text:
After Kobe Bryant's emotional performance on Monday night, he was asked how important it was to have Derek Fisher and if he missed Fish when he was playing elsewhere. This gave Kobe an opportunity to bring up his favorite whipping boy, Smush Parker. "You mean when I was throwing to Smush? I shot with three motherf****** on me. That's the difference. Now I only shoot w/ one, maybe two." I've always said Derek Fisher was good enough to distract at least one motherf*****. And keeping with our old Kobe vs. LeBron debate, I bet we never hear LeBron use the word motherf***** when he's talking about a former teammate. He's too nice a guy. (LA Times)
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text:
Bupa Thomastown provides the highest level of care at all times. This facility offers high care for people who need regular assistance with most daily activities. Other services are available to residents include physiotherapy, podiatry and divensional therapy.
This 90-bed residence is spread across seven wings, including one dementia-specific, in a modern building perched on two acres in Glenroy. The residence is close to community facilities including the Glenroy RSL club and shopping centres.
BlueCross Clevedon Terrace in Heidelberg provides 55 low care places in a welcoming, home-style environment. Just two minutes from the Austin Hospital precinct, the residence is located in Heidelberg right near Heide Park and the Museum of Modern Art.
BlueCross Monterey in Glenroy is the secure and happy home of 80 low care residents, close to shops, the RSL club and other amenities. Ageing in place is offered to allow a person to remain in the same environment as their care needs develop.
Brand new 96-place residential aged care facility located in Reservoir. Catering for low, high, respite and dementia care. All single rooms with ensuites and Wi-Fi. CURRENT VACANCIES AVAILABLE.
Aurrum Reservoir is a high quality aged care facility catering to the cultural diversity of Melbourne's northern suburbs. Leading memory support and respite programs are provided in addition to permanent residential care.
Embracia in Reservoir is situated close to Melbourne's public transport and the Edwards Street shopping district in Reservoir. The home has no separate high and low care communities, which means people can remain in the community as their needs change.
Arcare Latrobe Aged Care Hostel offers residents large, well appointed single rooms with private ensuite. Arcare Latrobe offers home-like lounge rooms and a large dining room where the on-site chef caters for the community at Latrobe.
Vasey RSL Care-Vasey House is located close to the Mt Cooper Estate in Bundoora. It now offers a 90-bed aged care facility both low and high care as well as dementia-specific high care. Vasey House provides large garden areas and pathways.
Embracia on Ashley is conveniently located in Reservoir and close to Melbourne's public transport and the local shopping district of Reservoir. The home has a proud history of providing the best aged care and personalised service to its local community.
Villa Maria Bundoora offers quality residential aged care in a friendly home-like environment. The residence offers low care (ageing in place), high level care and a dementia specific unit. Staff provides 24 hour care and support, ensuring resident comfort and wellbeing.
Regis Karingal Manor has been recently extended and refurbished. The residence is a lively snapshot of the cultural colour of the overall community in Fawkner and the surrounding suburbs of Melbourne's north.
Just north of Melbourne, Opal Meadowglen delivers quality care in a friendly and inviting environment. The home is focused on making residents and their families always feel welcome.
Our commitment to residents and families is to provide the best of care in a home-like environment. Epping Aged Care warmly invites you to join our family.
Arcare Greenhill is a large and beautifully appointed facility. Residents can enjoy a care experience that is responsive to their needs. Family and friends have the opportunity to sit quietly with residents and enjoy a coffee and cake at the Coffee Shop.
Located just 30 minutes from Melbourne's CBD, Anzac Lodge is operated by a highly qualified team of professionals including a medical practitioner. The design and layout of the facility provide a cosy environment for residents.
Regis Heathcliff Manor is caring for people with high care needs and provides both twin share and single rooms with en-suites. Heathcliff Manor has a close association with the University of Melbourne's physiotherapy students.
Bethel Aged Care is a multicultural facility, reflected in our mix of residents as well as our staff. Ageing in place is provided for all levels of residential care including palliative care.
Bupa South Morang offers an established and extensive lifestyle program, with an activities officer running activities every day. The lifestyle program caters to every ability and interest level, so everyone can join in.
Estia Plenty Valley provides exceptional care and service from a home-style environment. The modern and comfortable home has been purpose-built for aged care, with its attractive gardens and quiet reading nooks.
Regions of Victoria
Gippsland, Goulburn, Mallee, Melbourne Eastern Suburbs, Melbourne Inner City, Melbourne Northern Suburbs, Melbourne Southern Suburbs, Melbourne Western Suburbs, Mornington Peninsula, Western Victoria, Wimmera,
Major towns of Victoria
Bairnsdale, Ballarat, Bendigo, Bright, Echuca, Geelong, Healesville, Horsham, Lorne, Mildura, Swan Hill, Wodonga, Warrnambool

subset: commoncrawl


text:
570 Prince Avenue
Athens-Clarke County, Georgia, 30601
Commute to Downtown Athens-Clarke County
Most errands can be accomplished on foot.
Score Details
570 Prince Avenue has a Walk Score of 86 out of 100. This location is Very Walkable so most errands can be accomplished on foot.
This location is in Athens-Clarke County. Nearby parks include Cobbham Historic District, Reese Street Historic District and Boulevard Historic District.
Nearby schools include St Joseph Catholic School, Chase Street Elementary School and Clarke Central High School.
The closest grocery stores are Daily Groceries Co-Op, Carniceria Costa De Jalisco 2 and Shiraz Fine Wine and Gourmet.
Nearby coffee shops include Big City Bread Cafe, Hendershots Coffee and Donderos' Kitchen. There are 35 restaurants within a 15 minute walk including Captain D's, Wendy's and Siri Thai Cuisine.
570 Prince Avenue is near The Tree That Owns Itself, University of Georgia and North Oconee River Park.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 570 Prince Avenue.
View all Athens-Clarke County apartments on a map.
Popular apartment searches include hardwood floor, fireplace and pool.
This location is in the city of Athens-Clarke County, GA. Athens-Clarke County has an average Walk Score of 25 and has 115,452 residents.


text:
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text:
Is this video by Ergodyne intended to promote their product? Yes, it is. Is the product they're promoting worth considering? I'd say yes to that too.
The 5850K Buddy System is a carry bag with space for tools and a series of zippered cases in which small tools and parts can be kept organized. It's a clever idea and will work for the tradesman who carries small tools and parts and wants to keep them from getting all mixed up in the bottom of the bag.
The Buddy System was announced in December 2012. It may be available in stores but is not yet available on the web. MSRP: $133.
Tool Boxes and Storage
A crowdfunded tool box for tech-obsessed hipsters
David Frane
David Frane's Blog
Held each year in the Pacific Northwest, this show has something of interest for every...
Please read our Content Guidelines before posting.
Check out Tool Videos from our Editors and Contributors
Copyright ©
2015 Hanley Wood Media, Inc. All rights reserved.


text:
Latest | Highest rated
Angie's List At $5: Poised For A Buyout, A Short-Squeeze And A January Effect Rally [View article]Dec 15, 2014. 03:33 PM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Is TripAdvisor Becoming A Big Threat To OTAs? [View article]Dec 15, 2014. 01:05 PM | 2 Likes |Link to Comment
Don't Be Left Holding The Bag: A Kate Spade, Michael Kors Pair Trade [View article]
KORS looked extremely expensive next to COH last year. It's about sustainability of intangible brand cache -- later represented in margins, followed by sales, and then profitability for these types of brands that take over the mind-share of the global consumer for a time.... Until the taste makers get sick of the old trend, they started, enough to start a new one....Aug 22, 2014. 12:05 PM | 1 Like |Link to Comment
Tesla: The Short Of The Decade? [View article]
DWAug 19, 2014. 01:18 PM | 4 Likes |Link to Comment
Tesla Motors to go open source with Supercharger network [View news story]Jun 12, 2014. 12:44 PM | 1 Like |Link to Comment
Return To The Firing Line: Revisiting Tesla [View article]
Isn't it a tad embarrassing to consistently rehash the same arguments at every new Tesla price point? You still don't recognize that the word "fundamental" does incorporate intangible value... and that it is actually a necessity to quantify intangibles -- no matter how imprecise methods to do so must be... (investors are in the business of predicting the future after all...)
Check back to the debate we had on my open letter to Prof. Damodaran from December: http://seekingalpha.co...
If you still think I'm wrong, you should be getting more and more comfortable re: shorting Tesla. When will you open your position?
DanMar 26, 2014. 07:03 PM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Deciding When To Short Tesla - Part 4 [View article]Feb 27, 2014. 05:15 PM | 4 Likes |Link to Comment
How I Can Explain 96% Of Your Portfolio's Returns, Part 2 [View article]Jan 31, 2014. 12:52 AM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Sorry this is very late. How would you incorporate enormous diversity of possible outcome into a stock price? (especially for a potentially paradigm shifting technology). Very interested to know your thoughts.
DanielJan 2, 2014. 10:21 PM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Your mind is too narrow. Good luck to you. And make sure you short Tesla if you believe everything you've said.
Dec 23, 2013. 03:50 PM | 1 Like |Link to Comment
" "I see qualitative factors as far more than just colour and commentary (they're integral for arriving at accurate future numbers)" - This type of statement drives me crazy. You're saying a qualitative factor is critical to determining a quantitative value. I then ask to outline your steps of quantifying the qualitative and you reply by stating that it's a form of "art." "
...It drives you crazy, because Tesla's future is naturally less precise and quantifiable than many other businesses. But this does not at all make it reasonable to value the company from a narrow point of view... Hence the creative valuation method... and the extreme diversity of scenarios. Why were quants so wrong a year ago? (even $67 forces a huge concession of error)
Not sure why you build a strawman/red herring by describing the market 8 years before I did. Clearly, the electric market will not have any sort of maturity in 7 years.
If you don't follow my assumptions about long-run market cap, and long-run profitability... then I recommend you spend some time on that.
Market cap incorporates market share AND profitability -- allowing us to take a broader perspective -- to see things as they really are. It's a bit of a cheat, but the assumption is not faulty, especially when we have already admitted a lack of precision. (if you can't admit this, you're just lying to yourself)Dec 23, 2013. 02:23 PM | 1 Like |Link to Comment
I incorporate both -- but I see qualitative factors as far more than just colour and commentary (they're integral for arriving at accurate future numbers). I believe there is significantly more alpha hidden in the qualitatives...especially for disruptive businesses and industries being disrupted. So I've chosen my slant with far more reason than you give credit. Markets are too efficient where there is clarity of numbers.
So one last challenge, if you think all of my assumptions are bogus in the charts of this article -- I'd love to hear what you think is more realistic for each scenario. Come back to me with your expected % size of the electric market and expectation of Tesla's profits as a % of that market in 2028 (or later if you like). You may also want to consider the buyout floor argument I emphasized in my 3rd Tesla article. Change the dilution numbers if you need to also.
If you get $67, I'll be shocked, but at least we'll have seen eye to eye.Dec 22, 2013. 07:17 PM | 1 Like |Link to Comment
I'm not a quant that's for sure. I'll gladly take a new title if analysts aren't allowed to use qualitative analysis... or creativity in a creative world.
Dec 22, 2013. 03:29 PM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Beating the market is an art :)
Dec 22, 2013. 10:59 AM | 1 Like |Link to Comment
I did. And I stand by it. I also bought BlackBerry shares and calls 2 weeks ago. If you think you can just ignore 2028... I don't know what more to say. Not sure you grasp the breadth of the word 'fundamental'. Also, please show me where Tesla's brand value is highlighted on its balance sheet.
To be frank with you...anything that is "testable, verifiable and proven" is entirely priced in. Spend some time on the efficient market hypothesis debate. The only reason EMH doesn't hold is because competitive landscapes evolve so rapidly that straight numbers can't come close to keeping up with them. Qualitative perception, cultural insight, knowledge of "irrational" human behavior, etc... are as important to investing well as economics and finance are... and I'm not just referring to understanding the way people act in financial markets... but ALL markets.
The reason half of Tesla's share float was sold short one year ago at $30, was because a herd of conventional thinking investors decided it was OK to ignore the qualitative story...assigning virtually no value to it.
Tesla is a special beast. I'd personally try and raise the $8 Billion to buy it at $67...never mind what the major automakers would do...Dec 20, 2013. 05:10 PM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
85 Comments


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Bomber County
The Poetry of A Lost Pilot's War
A New York Times Book Review contributor analyzes the abundance of poetry inspired by World War II while researching the life and fate of his missing-in-action Royal Air Force pilot grandfather, examining the relationship between the conflict's bombing campaigns and its poetry.
McMillan Palgrave
In early June 1943, James Eric Swift, a pilot with the 83rd Squadron of the Royal Air Force, boarded his Lancaster bomber for a night raid on Münster and disappeared.
Widespread aerial bombardment was to the Second World War what the trenches were to the First: a shocking and new form of warfare, wretched and unexpected, and carried out at a terrible scale of loss. Just as the trenches produced the most remarkable poetry of the First World War, so too did the bombing campaigns foster a haunting set of poems during the Second.
In researching the life of his grandfather, Daniel Swift became engrossed with the connections between air war and poetry. Ostensibly a narrative of the author's search for his lost grandfather through military and civilian archives and in interviews conducted in the Netherlands, Germany, and England, Bomber County is also an examination of the relationship between the bombing campaigns of World War II and poetry, an investigation into the experience of bombing and being bombed, and a powerful reckoning with the morals and literature of a vanished moment.
& Taylor
The author analyzes the abundance of poetry inspired by World War II while researching the life and fate of his missing-in-action Royal Air Force pilot grandfather, examining the relationship between the conflict's bombing campaigns and its poetry.
From the critics
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In the heat of a US election season, the sharp drop in September's unemployment rate raised some eyebrows. I think it is blatantly wrong to argue that government statisticians manipulated the data. But the jump in household jobs that triggered the drop in the unemployment rate was indeed extraordinary and requires further scrutiny. (more…)
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Last month, I explained why weak US jobs numbers for March shouldn't be taken at face value. Since then, we've had another month of disappointing employment data—and I have some more evidence to suggest that the underlying trends are better than you might think. (more…)


text:
Borderlands 2
about flesh stick (spoilers)
I was just wondering about his history. We meet him thru tiny Tina and kill him. He seemed like a normal bandit. Then we do the mission where we get the slag experiment tapes. Flesh stick was one of the test subjects but we don't find out what happens.
How/why did he survive that? Seems like no one else did. And he doesn't look like he's been experimented on
Just something I've wondered for quite some time now
Good question.
All I know is that when he is seated at the table, he has a name card that says "Evil b*stard that killed my parents" in front of him
I guess there is more to him than we think?
In pitch dark I go walking in your landscape.
If I remember correctly, Dr. Samuels from "Doctor's Orders" refers to Flesh-Stick not as a test subject but as a Hyperion liaison.
In other words, Flesh-Stick is the bandit that sold out Tiny Tina's parents to Hyperion for slag experimentation. Additionally, if you scope / zoom in on his place-card on Tiny Tina's tea table, it says as much. Something along the lines of "b****** that sold out my parents."
As I recall, the mother of the Tina in the ECHO in Wildlife Exploitation Preserve gave her a grenade to blow out the cell's wall, too - possibly explaining Tina's obsession with explosives.
But yes, while the game stops short of actually confirming that the Tina in the preserve is definitely the same Tina in Tundra, the ECHOs in the Preserve very strongly suggest that Flesh Stick sold Tina's parents (and her) out to Hyperion for experimentation, and that both her parents died there after giving her a chance to escape via explosives.
Wherever Poppy is, you want to be away from that side of the map - Guardsman Bob
I thought figured he sold out her parents. He got what he deserved.
It's just un-Hyperion like to not kill someone.
Well it wouldn't make sense to kill him if he was still bringing them test subjects. And Hyperion (or Jack, really) is bad and all that, but they dont just go around killing everyone for no reason. Jack acts like he hates bandits, but he always refers to the Raiders as bandits while using the actual bandits to do dirty work. They would probably have killed him if they were done with the experiments and wanted to tie up loose ends, but it looks like things ended abruptly in that place.
BTW does it ever explain why the place is empty (of scientists anyway), there's crumbled walls and highways, and the creatures are out and about?
Flesh Stick sold out Tiny Tina's out to Hyperion where they were used as Eridium test subjects and killed. If you pay attention to the dialog during the tea party, he mentions something about it, and you get the rest of the story from ECHOs as you're going through the Wildlife Exploitation Preserve.
Gamertag: Buddernipps


text:
FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of the handicapped accessible portable voting booth of the instant invention;
FIG. 2 is a front view thereof;
FIG. 3 is a rear view thereof;
FIG. 4 is a right side view thereof;
FIG. 5 is a left side view thereof;
FIG. 6 is a top view thereof;
FIG. 7 is a bottom view thereof; and,
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of multiple handicapped accessible portable voting booths of the instant invention in a nested configuration.
The portions of the Figures illustrated in broken lines are for illustrative purposes only and no part of the claimed subject matter.


text:
A water diverter for installation in a flush toilet bowl includes a cylindrical body having a cone-shaped end with a chain attached to the peak of the cone. The chain includes a clip that can be inserted into a water distribution port of a rim of the toilet. The body may be hollow to contain disinfectant and have inlet and outlet holes therein. Alternate embodiments are disclosed.
1. A water diverter for installation in a flush toilet, said diverter comprising a cylindrical plastic body from one to two inches in diameter and from six to eight inches in length, the diverter having a dorsal end portion and a proximal end portion, the proximal end portion having a generally cone shape, the peak of said cone having a retaining device therein connected to one end of a chain, a remote end of said chain having a clip means secured thereto, said clip means adapted to releasably be retained in distribution ports of a rim of the toilet.
2. A diverter device as claimed in claim 1 wherein said cylindrical body is hollow, has a capillary size aperture in the dorsal end portion thereof, and a larger aperture adjacent the proximal end portion thereof, said proximal end portion cone shape being defined by a cone shaped body having internal threads thereon, an internal surface of such cylindrical body having matching threads, said device being adapted to contain and dispense a disinfecting fluid.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains to toilet bowls and specifically to an attachment for toilet bowls to improve flushability and save on the amount of water required for flushing. The invention includes such improvement toilet bowls in the form of the attachment integrally molded into toilet bowls to obtain the foregoing ends.
It is known that a considerable amount of water is used each time that a toilet is flushed. It is desirable that the toilet be able to flush as soon as possible and to fully clean out the bowl. This invention concerns an addition to the toilet bowl as well as improved toilet bowl design which serves to deflect the swirling water downwardly towards the drain outlet, shortening the time required to obtain a flush, and decreasing the amount of necessary water required to obtain a full flush of the toilet bowl.
In the past it has been considered that the more water stored in the water closet or toilet the more complete the flushing action. It is well known, however, that often there is a considerable amount of time before a toilet flushes, even though a large amount of water has been added to the bowl without establishing a flushing action. Older toilets use up to four cubic feet of water. More modern toilets have water tanks holding approximately two cubic feet of water. Thus, up to five to six gallons of water are being utilized for each flush of conventional modern toilets. Toilets are commonly designed to have one or more inlet conduits in the side of the rim or under the rim of the circular bowl area and directed so as to provide a generally swirling pattern in the bowl of the water coming from the storage tank. The intent is to keep the interior of the bowl generally clean, providing a more sanitary interior bowl.
2. Prior Art
It is known in the prior art, particularly in U.S. Pat. No. 4,050,101 Logue, to place a permanent baffle on the inclined front interior wall of the toilet bowl to terminate or reduce the swirling action of the water and direct the water down towards the exit conduit so as to generally save water. This also envisions a permanently located baffle. In this case, the baffle is cemented with a water insoluble cement and results in a saving of forty to fifty percent of water.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,723,887 Wehr a flat deflector plate which extends downwardly from the peripheral rim to direct water toward the outlet and reduce the quantity of water required in flushing is disclosed. The edge of the plate is shaped complementary to the toilet bowl wall.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,050,101 Logue shows a baffle for a toilet bowl comprising a curved baffle which is positioned below the normal water level for swirling water directly into the outlet conduit. The purpose in this case is to save water.
In U.S. Pat. No. 2,689,353 Schuster a water closet is disclosed having a beam running longitudinally across the toilet bowl at just about the water line to prevent splashing when the toilet is being used. There is no discussion of the function of causing turbulence or directing water down to the exit conduit.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,121,940 Wolff is of background interest to demonstrate the utilization of baffles in toilet bowl arrangements to generate a turbulence to enhance cleansing during flushing.
In accordance with the present invention, a greatly improved turbulator system or water diverter which may be installed in existing toilet bowls with no tools at all and is extremely effective, sanitary, and results in being able to adapt all existing toilets to flush quicker and conserve energy without utilization of any tools or modification of the existing toilet structure or any permanent attachments to the toilet.
The diverter of the present invention can be molded into new toilet bowl structures. The device of the present invention includes a cylindrical shaft of a plastic material having approximately one inch to two inches in diameter, of cylindrical shape, and approximately six to eight inches long. One end of the cylinder has a means of securing it to the underside of the toilet bowl lip in a removable manner. Typical of commercial plastics that are preferred because of their inertness, smooth surface, resistance to color change and chipping are acrylics such as methyl methacrylate, available as Lucite�, and polycarbonate.
The upper end of the cylinder has a ring means or similar fixture molded into it with chain or other securing means with a hook at the end of it for securing the device to the under lip of the toilet at the forward side by retention in a water dispersion hole, for instance.
Within the scope of the invention there it is also envisioned to provide a bracket which clips over the edge of the toilet with a means for securing the chain means attached to the proximal end of the device. The materials utilized must be resistant to rust and the contamination of waste materials deposited into the toilet.
The device is placed at the front end of the toilet, laying against the inner surface of the front of the bowl and preferably is adjusted so that a little more than one-half is submerged in the resting water of the toilet bowl.
It should be long enough to prevent it from making the turn and going down the drainpipe and dense enough not to be moved away by the water swirl.
The chain or the clip at the end of it can be made of adjustable length so that the placement of the cylindrical body on the front end of the toilet bowl can be adjusted up or down, depending upon the particular curvature, incline, and depth of the water and height of the toilet bowl to obtain the optimum conditions. A significant portion of the water is diverted downwardly towards the outlet conduit and this causes the toilet to flush much sooner with much less water required.
In an alternative embodiment the cylinder is constructed with a hollowed out core and with the proximal cone end serving as a cap to enclose the interior of the cylinder. It is provided with internal threads which are utilized so as the external surfaces are smooth. A capillary hole is provided in the base of the cylinder and a larger hole in the side of the cylinder adjacent to the proximal end. The cylinder is then filled with disinfecting fluid usually with a bluish hue to it and upon flushing of the toilet drops of the fluid are dispersed into the bowl of water with their volume replaced with bowl water going into the upper hole.
Further embodiment of the device includes molding a hump into the front end of the toilet bowl rising approximately one and one-half inches and shaped to conform to the shape of the cylinder
The device of the present invention is a significant improvement over prior art devices since it is installed with virtually no tools, is designed so that no waste matter will be retained on it, easily flowing off of it. Inert materials are utilized to prevent rust and other corrosion from toilet cleaners and waste material.
In the accompanying drawing which forms a part of specification:
FIG. 1 is a side view of a typical toilet with storage tank section through the longitudinal axis of the bowl;
FIG. 2 is a top plan view of the toilet shown in FIG. 1 showing the device of the present invention in place, but with the toilet seat removed;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the device of the present invention showing a clear plastic cylinder;
FIG. 4 is a end elevational view thereof;
FIG. 5 is an end view of the proximal end of the cylinder;
FIG. 6 is a sectional view along lines 6--6 of FIG. 3;
FIG. 7 is an enlarged partial view of the device of the present invention placed in the toilet bowl which is shown partially in section;
FIG. 8 is a top plan view of the device in place in FIG. 7 with a schematic indication of the flow of water during flushing sequence;
FIG. 9 is a side view partially in section, similar to FIG. 7 showing schematically representation of the angular of flow of water from the rim of the toilet;
FIG. 10 is a top view, partially in section, of the device as shown in FIG. 9 with the forward wall of the toilet bowl shown in section;
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the device showing a clip means for installing it in the outlets;
FIG. 12 is a side view partially in section showing the device of the present invention molded in the side/forward wall of the toilet bowl;
FIG. 13 is a side view of the forward end of the toilet bowl, partially in section, showing a side elevational view of integrally molded device of the present invention comprising part of the forward wall of the toilet bowl;
FIG. 14 is a perspective view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 13 and also showing the flow of the water from force in the rim of the bowl.
In the accompanying drawing in FIG. 1 a typical toilet 2 is shown with the device 4 of the present invention in place.
The device 4 comprises a cylindrical body having a proximal end 6 and a distal end 8. The proximal end 6 in the embodiment shown has a tapered cone form 10 with a screw 11 for securing a beaded chain 14 thereto. The opposite end of the chain 14 is provided with a hook or clip 16 and extension 18.
The toilet 2 includes a seat 28 and usual seat cover 29 therefore. The forward interior wall of the toilet is indicated at 21 and the usual standing water in the toilet 2 is indicated at 24 with the top surface 22. The outlet 17 is at the base of the bowl 20.
In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 10 a wire bracket 34 sized to resiliently fit over the rim of the toilet 2 has the inner arm 36 extending downwardly as shown. The base of the arm 36 has an aperture provided therein for securing the chain 14 to it. Channel 44 in the bowl 20 is connected to the water supply and is in flow communication with the downward extending outlet ports 26.
The outlet ports 26 are shown schematically as a rectangular shape. In practice they are formed at a slanted angle to create a left or right swirling action when the toilet 2 is flushed.
When using the device 4 of the present invention, as the toilet 2 is flushed the initial swirling of the water is indicated at 40 in FIG. 8, however, as it comes around and is interfered with by the device 4 it is diverted away as indicated at 42 and directed downwardly towards the outlet 17. This causes the toilet 2 to flush much sooner and to flush with the consumption of much less water than normal.
An alternate embodiment of the device is shown in FIG. 11. The cylindrical device 4' is hollow and has an end cap the cone shaped 52 with internal threads 50 cooperating with threads on the interior of the cylinder 4' as shown schematically. The device 41 has an aperture 32 at the top thereof and a smaller aperture 30 at the base 8 thereof. The interior may be filled with disinfecting fluid which is typically colored blue. The holes 30 and 32 are designed so that if the toilet is flushed a little amount of disinfecting fluid is metered out at 30 in the form of a drop 54 as indicated. Volume is replaced by corresponding drops 56 as the toilet 2 is flushed and the water rises as shown in FIG. 12. In the absence of overhead pressure from the opening 32 the capillary size of the opening 30 is small enough to prevent the flow of fluid in the absence of additional pressure. The disinfecting fluid is indicated at 5 in FIG. 20.
Also shown in this embodiment of the device 4' is a modification of the clip 16 which can be fitted into the side opening 20' in the toilet rim indicated at 26A.
In FIGS. 13 and 14, an alternate embodiment of the device as shown in this case cut away toilet bowl 98 having an external channel 102 as shown. A device 90 of present invention is molded into the front wall 21' of the toilet bowl 98 and includes the generally cylindrical body 96 having a distal end 92 and a canted upper end 94 which blends into the inner front wall 21' of the toilet. When the toilet in this case is flushed, the outer channel area 102 is filled with water which flows from the outlets 104 in the rim 100 in offset streams 48 and has the same effect are in the prior embodiment to empty the interior 106.
While the invention has been described by reference to an illustrative embodiment, it is not intended that the novel device be limited thereby, but that modifications thereof are intended to be included as falling within the broad spirit and scope of the foregoing disclosure, the following claims and the appended drawings.
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Interviews for Top Jobs at Odyssey ComputingMore
Candidate Interview ReviewSort: Popular Date Difficulty
- Application Details
I applied through a recruiter. The process took a day – interviewed at Odyssey Computing.Interview Details
Got contacted by email. Then asked by the office manager a bunch of questions such as experience, resume, current pay, etc. Never got a reply back even though I sent a follow-up email. Doesn't seem like it has the courtesy to reply back if they don't find a good fit.No Offer


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Elks Building project on hold; permit fee unpaid
Granville "Beaver" Brinkman faces yet another road block in renovating the historic Elks Building on First Avenue West in downtown Dickinson.
A legal notice ordering work be stopped can be seen taped to the front door.
Passersby will see an untouched pile of bricks, architectural drafts and beams when looking in the windows of what was once an Elks Lodge.
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Making a vegetable bed
crozzroadJune 16, 2011
First time posting here :-)
I wanted to check if laying newspaper & compost/mulch is a good idea to make a vegetable bed in an existing lawn. One of my friends told me that this will not work as the lead content in the newspaper will make the soil unsuitable for vegetable gardening .
Your valuable thoughts ? ?
Your friend needs to drink deeper into the proverbial Pierian Spring...
Nearly all of the ink in newspapers today is soy based using carbon to make the color black. Harmless.
Newsprint is simply thin paper made from a combination of recycled matter/fiber and wood pulp. Harmless.
Google lasagna gardening for instructions on how to best prepare the space and pile stuff on for future gardening/planting.


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short-story limit="300000000000000000000000000000000"} ... , http://top.ge/, musi.ge, top.ge, , article, TOP., top.gi, seriali, www.top.ge, mshrali, qartuli, top ... - read more
Please vote if the answer you were given helped you or not, thats the best way to improve our algorithm. You can also submit an answer or search documents about qartuli gogoebis nomrebi.


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County chooses VHF digital radio over state ARMER plan
After nearly three years of meetings and study, Hubbard County voted Wednesday to move forward on the purchase of VHF digital radio equipment for emergency personnel, not align itself with the expensive state radio system called ARMER.
Sheriff Frank Homer said the VHF digital equipment makes the best fiscal sense for the county. He'd delay his recommendation, he said, "but there's grant monies out there and we need to move forward."
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Function over Fashion: New apparel focuses on safety first
Gone are the days when what you wore while riding had more to do with fashion than form. Today's top-end cycling apparel boasts a host of functional features that protect riders from the wind, weather, cars and crashes.Read More »
Hot Wheels: 6 new road wheels that reveal top trends
Three words sum up the current direction of road bike wheel technology: wide, tubeless, disc. Nearly every wheel maker is showing off new wares that piggyback the growing trend toward disc-equipped go-anywhere road bikes.Read More »
Exotic Foreign Imports: 5 racey new road bikes from Europe
Extensive integration, aero enhancements, ultra light weight, and lots of racing heritage are just of some of the hallmarks.Read More »
Interbike: Six new race-ready cyclocross bikes
From budget bikes to budget breakers, there are new cyclocross offerings for every level of racer.Read More »
Pro Bike Gallery: Jeremy Powers Focus Mares CX
National champion's 'cross race bike full of patriotic flare, prototype wheels, and cutting edge thru-axle technology.Read More »
Pro Bike Gallery: Katie Compton's Trek Boone 9 fleet
U.S. national champ has disc and canti cross bike options to choose from. Find out which one she currently prefers.Read More »
Interbike: Storck's 14.6-pound, $14,000 T.I.X. cross bike
High-end German bike maker launches first ever cross bike (with more budget friendly options), and is making renewed push into U.S. market.Read More »
Photo Gallery: 2014 Boulder Cup Cyclocross Race
Jeremy Powers and Katie Compton dominate at Colorado's Valmont Bike Park.Read More »
Interbike: Seven new gravel grinding road bikes
Tackle the road less traveled with these new off-road adventurers spotted at Interbike.Read More »
Interbike: Michelin rolls out puncture resistant 28c tire
Add the giant tire maker to the growing number of companies offering gravel road riding specific product.Read More »
Interbike: Lake offers toned down MX331 Cross
Black version of modular cyclocross shoe added to expansive line-up.Read More »
Interbike: Fix It Sticks option to traditional multi-tool
T-shaped problem solver provides leverage and is pack and saddle bag friendly.Read More »
Interbike: Scott launches protective RC ProTec kit
New proprietary carbon-impregnated material minimizes road rash if you crash.Read More »
Interbike: American Classic goes tubeless with Sprint 350 wheels
Yet another sign that tubeless road wheels are here to stay.Read More »
Review: Trek Émonda SLR 8 with Shimano Dura-Ace mechanical
New racey climber bike ticks all the right boxes — and yes, it's really light.Read More »
First Look: Rocky Mounts BrassKnuckles upright roof rack
Soon-to-be-released BrassKnuckles upright roof rack promises ease of use with a quieter, more aero profile. Here are our initial impressions.Read More »
Video: Making of a USA Pro Challenge race leader's jersey
From the moment racers cross the finish line, there's just a matter of minutes to crank out the leader's jerseys worn on the awards podium at the USA Pro Challenge.Read More »
Eurobike: BMC Impec Concept bike a look into the future?
Swiss bike maker shows off capabilities of its in-house advanced R&D lab, and provides a glimpse of what the aero road bike of the future might look like.Read More »
Eurobike: 2015 Giant Defy Advanced SL
Giant's 2015 Defy Advanced SL is lightest road frame ever produced by world's largest bike maker.Read More »
Pro Bike: Jens Voigt's Colorado Chrome Trek Madone
The affable German who coined the famous phrase Shut Up Legs has finally decided to call it a career. To commemorate the occasion, Trek made him a very special bike.Read More »
Spotted: Polished SRAM wireless shifting drivetrain
Bissell Development and Optum Pro Cycling teams are racing what looks (and feels) like a highly refined version of SRAM's yet-to-be-released electronic shifting drivetrain. RoadBikeReview got an exclusive up-close look at the updated system. See it here!Read More »
$3k Endurance Bike Shootout: And the winners are…
Find out which bikes our test team anointed Best Gran Fondo Racer, Best Climber, Best Pure Gravel Road Racer, and Best In Test.Read More »
Spotted: The ultimate urban commuter bike
Key features include removable handlebar-integrated lock, automatic gear shifting, electric power assist for steep hills, and fully-integrated turn signals, headlight and brake lights.Read More »
Gear of the Day: Pearl Izumi Team Speed Mesh Jersey
Want to wear the exact same style jersey as the leaders of the USA Pro Challenge bike race — and have the svelte figure to match? Check out this stealthy top.Read More »
$3k Endurance Bike Shootout: 2014 Specialized Roubaix SL4 Review
The original "comfort" bike continues to deliver a smooth ride thanks in part to a quartet of bump absorbing inserts.Read More »


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Album Rating: 4.5 | Sound Offthanks David Bowie
Digging: Kendrick Lamar - To Pimp a Butterfly
Yeah, this is pretty cool. It's probably a grower.
Album Rating: 4.5 | Sound Offi dunno i loved it the first time i heard it. i remember i listened to this like 5 times in my first week of owning it.
Tranquilized is probably my favourite. That song is sweet.
Album Rating: 4.5 | Sound OffTranquilized is definitely the best here
lets try this again
Album Rating: 4.5DEEEEEEEEEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD
edit your comment and add the necessary Es and As plz
Album Rating: 5.0RIP Dockaseuss
Album Rating: 4.5done
Never listened to this although it is one that has always knocked about due to the tasteful cover art, (JWGs worst crime.)
dude, listen to it
Album Rating: 4.5 | Sound Offyeah man, this brings the angry heroin sludge
Digging: Jeff Rosenstock - We Cool?
That album art must've stirred up some real shit.
Not as much as when they looked under the floorboards. Good old US Serial Killers. They don't fuck about, neither does this it's definitely got promise.
Album Rating: 4.5 | Sound Offohh yeah its unrelenting angst
Wtf dude haha.
Bands: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z


text:
Congratulations on the Daily Feature Award .. very well deservedNov 25th, 2013 Reply Subscriber
wow - perfectNov 17th, 2013 Reply
Your art is very inspirational to all of us artists and at Shadowness we like to thank our amazing artists for all they do, to show our appreciation for you, your artwork has been featured in todays Daily Inspiration #985
Wow what an amazing view and capture...Nov 17th, 2013 Reply
Congratulations, Sookie!
On behalf of my fellow gallery moderators, I am happy to share the news that your beautiful creation was selected for the Daily Feature Award and is now in rotation on the front page of Shadowness!
This piece can be seen under the "star" menu at the top of every page, and it will also be featured in the next issue of "Daily Inspirations"! fb.com/shadowness
i was in High Tatras many times and i just loved it :)Nov 12th, 2013 Reply Who wants a hug?
Absolutely Awesome!Dec 18th, 2012 Reply
Wonderful view and really nice shotFeb 29th, 2012 Reply Subscriber


text:
Press Contacts
- Leticia Linn, Tel. 202 974 3440
- Sebastiãn Oliel, Tel. 202 974 3459
- Sonia Mey Schmidt, Tel 202 974 3036
Launching of Vaccination Week in the Americas: News Conference Set April 25 at National Press Club
WHAT:ĀThe Pan American Health Organization, PAHO, together with the governments of the United States, Mexico and Canada, will hold a press conference Monday, April 25 at 10 a.m. at the National Press Club to launch Vaccination Week in the Americas, a multi-country immunization campaign.
WHEN: Monday, April 25, Coffee at 9:30 a.m., News Conference starts at 10 a.m.
WHERE: Zenger Room of the National Press Club, 13th floor, National Press Building, 529 14th St., Washington, D.C.
- Dr. Mirta Roses, Director, Pan American Health Organization
- Dr. Richard H. Carmona, U.S. Surgeon General
- Dr. Paul Gully, Deputy Chief Public Health Officer, Public Health Agency, Canada
- Dr. Roberto Tapia Conyer, Vice Secretary of Health, Secretary of Health, Mexico
- Dr. Jon Andrus, Chief, Immunization Unit, Pan American Health Organization
WHY: This week-long campaign, "Vaccination: An Act of Love," is an Americas-wide effort to reach those left behind, especially indigenous people, residents of remote border areas, and all children who have not received their complete vaccine doses. By joining together and carrying out immunization activities at the same time, the countries of the Americas hope to reach 44 million unvaccinated people.
Vaccines have drastically reduced infant death and disability caused by preventable diseases in the United States and throughout the Americas.Ā But without diligent efforts to maintain immunization programs here and strengthen them worldwide, vaccine-preventable diseases will remain a threat to children.Ā This multi-country immunization campaign, in which nations of the Americas from Canada in the north to Chile in the south participate, is an effort to bring the benefits of vaccination to millions of children and adults. It is being held in conjunction with National Infant Immunization Week in the U.S., and on the 50th anniversary of the introduction of the polio vaccine as "Safe, effective, and potent."Ā Since then, smallpox has been eradicated worldwide, polio was eradicated from the Americas, measles elimination is advancing, and the Americas are working on eradicating congenital rubella syndrome through vaccination.
For more information, please visit the Vaccination Week in the Americas web page.
For more information please contact , PAHO, Public Information, 202-974-3459.


text:
The present invention relates to optical elements comprising fluorochemical surface treatments having the general structure Rf-[G]m(CH2)nŚX wherein Rf is a fluorinated alkyl group, G is a divalent linking group selected from oxygen (ŚOŚ) and sulfonamido (ŚSO2RŚ), m is an integer ranging from 0 to 1, n is an integer ranging from 1 to 24, and X is polar group or polar group containing radical. The invention further relates to materials such as retroreflective sheetings, pavement markings and beaded projection screens comprising a binder and the surface treated optical elements.
1. Optical elements having a surface treatment comprising a fluorochemical having the general structure Rf-[G]n(CH2)mŚX wherein Rf is a fluorinated alkyl group, G is a divalent linking group selected from oxygen and sulfonamido, n is an integer ranging from 0 to 1, m is an integer ranging from 2 to 24, and X is a polar group or polar group containing radical.
2. The optical elements of
3. The optical elements of
4. The optical elements of
5. The optical elements of
6. The optical elements of
7. The optical elements of
8. The optical elements of
9. The optical elements of
10. The optical elements of
11. The optical elements of
12. A method of coating optical elements comprising the steps of:
a) providing an aqueous surface treatment according to
b) coating optical elements with said composition; and
c) drying said composition.
13. The method of
14. A pavement marking comprising a liquid binder and a multitude of the optical elements according to
15. The pavement marking of
16. A reflective sheeting comprising:
a) a top coat layer having an exposed surface;
b) a binder layer disposed on the exposed surface of the top coat layer; and
c) a multitude of optical elements according to
d) a space coat layer disposed on the binder layer; and
e) a reflective layer disposed on the space coat layer.
17. The reflective sheeting of
18. A rear projection screen comprising a transparent substrate and a multitude of optical elements according to
19. The rear projection screen of
[0001] The present invention relates to optical elements comprising fluorochemical surface treatments having the general structure Rf-[G]m(CH2)nŚX wherein Rf is a fluorinated alkyl group, G is a divalent linking group selected from oxygen (ŚOŚ) and sulfonamido (ŚSO2RŚ), m is an integer ranging from 0 to 1, n is an integer ranging from 1 to 24, and X is polar group or polar group containing radical. The invention further relates to materials such as retroreflective sheetings, pavement markings and beaded projection screens comprising a binder and the surface treated optical elements.
[0002] Beaded projection display screens, retroreflective sheeting used in the manufacture of roadway signs, and retroreflective paints typically include optical elements adhered through the use of a binder. In the case of beaded projection display materials, the optical elements are microscopic glass beads that act as lenses to collect projected light from the rear of the screen and focus it to relatively small spots, near the surfaces of the microspheres. The foci are approximately in the areas where the optical elements contact a front support layer. In other retroreflective materials, the optical elements act as lenses which focus the light onto a reflector (metal mirror of diffusely reflecting pigment) and once the light has been reflected off the reflector the microspheres again act as lenses to resend the light back toward the incoming light source. In order to contribute the desired retroreflective property, however, it is important that a layer of glass microspheres be present on the surface of the binder layer.
[0003] As discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,222,204, ordinary glass beads tend to sink into the uncured liquid binder layer. In instances wherein the individual beads are not entirely submerged, the optical properties of the bead can also be impaired by the binder wetting out the bead surface and spreading on the exposed bead surface. To address this problem, U.S. Pat. No. 3,222,204 teaches coating the glass beads with a thin surface coating of an oleophobic fluorocarbon-sizing agent. At column 5, lines 61-75, this reference states that, ōAqueous treating solutions of fluorocarbon chromium coordination complexes are preferred and are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,662,835 (Dec. 15, 1953) and 2,809,990 (Oct. 15, 1957) and 2,934,450 (Apr. 26, 1960). The complex may be made by reacting chromyl chloride with a fluorocarbon monocarboxylic acid (having a highly fluorinated terminal chain or tail containing 4 to 10 carbon atoms) in an isopropanol vehicle that serves as both a solvent and reducing agent, the chromium to acid mole ratio being in the range of 2:1 to 5:1. The resultant green-colored isopropanol solution of the complex is diluted with water at the time of use. The fluorocarbon acid preferably has 6 to 8 fully fluorinated (perfluorinated) carbon atoms in the terminal fluorocarbon chain or tail.ö Specific working examples include chromium coordination complexes of perfluorooctanoic acid and N-ethyl-N-perfluorooctanesulfonyl glycine.
[0004] U.S. Pat. No. 4,713,295 teaches coating glass beads with a mixture of substances. The mixture comprises a first substance which if used alone would tend to make the beads hydrophobic while leaving them oleophilic and a second substance which if used alone would tend to make the beads both hydrophobic and oleophobic. ōFor the best results, it is preferred to use a second substance which is an anionic fluorocarbon compound, and optimally, said second substance is a fluoro-alkyl-sulphonate, for example a fluoro-alkyl-sulphonate in which the alkyl has a long chain (C14 to C18).ö (See Column 4, lines 8-13). The exemplified hydrophobic and oleophobic substance is a potassium fluoroalkyl-sulphonate (for example FC129 from 3M). (See column 5, lines 50-52) FC129 is a potassium fluoroctyl sulphonyl-containing compound.
[0005] The invention further relates to reflective articles such as pavement markings, reflective sheeting, and projection screens comprising a binder and the surface treated optical elements of the invention. The optical elements are embedded in the binder surface at a depth of about 40 to 60 percent of their diameters.
[0006] The present invention relates to optical elements such as glass beads coated with a fluorocarbon surface treatment. The terminology ōoptical elementö refers to a material having a particle size ranging from about 25 to 1000 microns and having a refractive index ranging from about 1.5 to about 2.3 and higher. ōSurface treatmentö refers to the presence of a fluorochemical comprising a fluorinated alkyl segment, a hydrocarbon segment, and a polar group or polar group containing radical. The presence of such can be detected by means of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy.
[0007] The optical elements have at least one dimension that is no larger than 2 millimeters and preferably no larger than 250 microns. The optical elements may be in the form of any shape such as granules, flakes and fibers. However, spheroidal glass elements, denoted as ōglass beadsö, ōbeadsö and ōmicrospheresö hereinafter are preferred for materials such as retroreflective articles (e.g. retroreflective sheetings, pavement markings and beaded projection screens).
[0008] During the manufacture of retroreflective materials, optical elements are fixed in place by means of a liquid binder. Optical elements have a density or specific gravity several times that of the liquid binder, causing the optical elements to sink into the liquid binder layer, rather than float on the surface.
[0009] Preferred properties of optical elements will be described herein with respect to glass beads. Ordinary glass beads typically have a density of about 2.5 and a refractive index of about 1.5. ōHigh indexö beads refers to beads having a density of about 3.5 and a refractive index of about 1.9, whereas ōsuper high indexö typically refers to beads having a density of about 5 and a refractive index of about 2.3 or higher. The diameter of the glass beads typically ranges from a few microns to approximately 2500 microns and is preferably from about 25 to 1000 microns.
[0010] In addition to having the desired particle size and refractive index, the glass beads are typically transparent. The term transparent means that when viewed under an optical microscope (e.g., at 100X) the microspheres have the property of transmitting rays of visible light so that bodies beneath the microspheres, such as bodies of the same nature as the microspheres can be clearly seen through the microspheres, when both are immersed in oil of approximately the same refractive index as the microspheres. The outline, periphery or edges of bodies beneath the microspheres are clearly discernible. Although the oil should have a refractive index approximating that of the microspheres, it should not be so close that the microspheres seem to disappear as would be the case for a perfect match.
[0011] The optical elements may comprise microspheres that are ceramic. In general, ceramic microsphere optical elements are comprised of metal oxides that are substantially colorless. Suitable metal oxides include Al2O3, SiO2, ThO2, SnO2, TiO2, Y2O3 and ZrO2 with the oxides of zirconium, silicon, and titanium being preferred. The ceramic microspheres can exhibit a range of properties, depending on the kind and amounts of the various metal oxides employed as well as the method of manufacture. Preferred, however, are dense microspheres having substantially no open porosity that have an average hardness greater than sand.
[0012] Additional information concerning the desired properties for various end-uses and methods of manufacture of microspheres (e.g. sol-gel process), can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,493,403; 3,709,706; and 4,564,556; incorporated herein by reference. Glass beads suitable for use as optical elements in the invention are also commercially available from Flex-O-Lite Corporation, Fenton, Mo. and Nippon Electric Glass, Osaka, Japan.
[0013] The optical elements of the invention are coated with a surface treatment that alters the floatation properties of the optical element in the liquid binder. ōFloatö and derivations thereof, described in the context of glass beads, refers to the beads assuming a position wherein slightly more than half of each bead is submerged. The liquid binder preferably contacts the embedded beads only up to 5 to 30░ above their equators. The floatability of the glass beads can be affected to some extent by the particle size, particle size distribution, surface chemistry and chemical make-up of the particular glass beads as well as the chemical make-up, density, and viscosity of the binder. In general, however, only about 10% or less of the glass beads tend to float in heptane test liquid in the absence of an effective surface treatment.
[0014] The position that the glass beads attain relative to the undisturbed binder due to the surface treatment assists the anchoring of the beads in the ultimate dried or solidified binder coating. The glass beads are preferably embedded to about 40-70%, and more preferably to about 40-60% of their diameters. The beads are adequately exposed providing a sphere-lens having a large optical aperture relative to its size. During the drying or solidification of the binder, there is some shrinkage of the binder film. However, the beads remain bonded with the centers of the floated beads being approximately equidistant from the underlying back surface of the binder layer or the top surface of the base.
[0015] In addition to the improvement in floatation of the optical elements, it is also important that the surface treatment does not adversely affect the adhesion of the optical elements with the liquid binder. The adhesion can be evaluated in several ways and will be described herein with respect to a preferred optical element, glass beads. The initial adhesion can subjectively determined by estimating the depth to which the embedded glass beads have sunk into the binder after curing. The glass beads are preferably embedded to a depth of about 40-70%, and more preferably to about 40-60% of their diameters. Another way of evaluating adhesion is accelerated aging evaluations. A piece of cured glass bead-embedded binder is conditioned in boiling water for 24 hours. After conditioning, the glass beads are preferably embedded to the same extent as prior to conditioning and the individual glass beads are difficult to remove with a dissection probe. Yet another way to evaluate the effect of the binder on adhesion is comparative tensile testing. A uniform slurry of binder and untreated glass beads at a ratio of about 1 to 3 is drawn down into a film having a thickness of about 0.4 mm. A second slurry of binder and surface treated glass beads employing the same ratio of ingredients and film thickness is prepared. After the samples are fully cured, the samples are conditioned for 24 hours in water at ambient temperature. Tensile testing is conducted with a 1″ (2.5 cm) wide sample employing a 2″ (5 cm) gap at a rate of 0.5 inches (1.3 cm)/minute. The stress at break of the sample comprising the surface treated beads is about the same as or preferably greater than the control sample, comprising untreated beads (≧about 90% of the standard deviation of the average value). Any one of the previously described methods is typically sufficient to determine whether the surface treatment adversely affects the adhesion of the glass beads with the liquid binder. Preferably, however, all three of the evaluations are conducted.
[0016] The fluorochemical surface treatments comprise a fluorinated alkyl group, a hydrocarbon segment, and at least one polar group or polar group-containing organic radical. The compounds have the general formula Rf-[G]m(CH2)nŚX wherein Rf is a fluorinated alkyl group, G is a divalent linking group selected from oxygen (ŚOŚ) and sulfonamido (ŚSO2RŚ), m is an integer ranging from 0 to 1, n is an integer ranging from 2 to 24, and X is polar group or polar group containing radical. For embodiments wherein G is sulfonamido (ŚSO2RŚ), R is preferably a short alkyl group having r carbon atoms wherein r is 1 to 4.
[0017] The fluorinated alkyl group is preferably perfluorinated (i.e., all CŚH bonds are replaced by CŚF bonds). The fluorinated alkyl group typically comprises up to 12 carbon atoms (i.e. y=12) and can include linear, branched, and/or cyclic structures that may be substituted with one or more oxygen atoms. Preferably, the fluorinated alkyl group has less than 12 carbon atoms, more preferably less than 8, even more preferably less than 6 and most preferably 4 carbon atoms.
[0018] The hydrocarbon segment typically comprises up to 24 carbon atoms (i.e. m=24). Such hydrocarbon segment is typically linear. Preferably, m is no more than 12 and more preferably no more than 10.
[0019] The number of carbon atoms of the fluorinated alkyl group is related to the number of major atoms (C, S, O and N) in the compound (excluding the polar group) by the expression 2y+g+r+n wherein the sum is greater than or equal to 10 and wherein g is the number of chain atoms of G.
[0020] A wide variety of polar groups or polar group-containing organic radicals, X, are suitable provided such functional end-group(s) serve an intended purpose of binding the surface treatment to the optical elements and not adversely affecting the adhesion between the binder and the optical elements. Additionally, since the perfluoro tail is hydrophobic, the polar group or polar group-containing organic radical also permits the making of dilute emulsions, solutions, and dispersions for treating the optical elements. The polar group or polar group containing radical may be anionic, nonionic, cationic, or amphoteric. In general, the more commonly employed polar groups or polar group-containing organic radicals for aqueous delivery of the treatment solution include organic acids, particularly carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids; carboxylate salts and esters, sulfonates, ammonium salts, metal salts, hydroxyl, and transition metal complexes. The compound may have any one of these polar groups or polar group-containing organic radicals or any combination thereof. For enhanced water solubility and ease of processing, surface treatments having an acid group are preferably converted to the corresponding salt by neutralization with an appropriate base.
[0021] Preferred, however, are fluorochemical derivatives having polar groups or polar group-containing organic radicals that are substantially free of heavy metals and transition metals (trace impurities only). Representative preferred surface treatments include those having polar groups or polar group-containing organic radicals such as sulfonic acids carboxylic acids and salts thereof. The monovalent salts of these acids find particular utility as surfactants.
[0022] The fluorochemical derivatives described herein can be prepared with known techniques described in the literature. See for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,140,709 and 5,688,884; and Russian Patent SU 1019798 A. Fluorochemicals having the general formula Rf(CH2)nCO2H can be synthesized according to the procedure described in Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, 93, 1-25 (1999) and cited references described therein. Some of the derivatives described herein are commercially available as well. For example, a fluorochemical (believed to be C6F13CH2CH2SO3H) is available from Atofina Chemicals, Inc. Philadelphia, Pa. under the trade designation ōForafac 1033Dö.
[0023] The surface treatment is present on the optical elements in an amount sufficient such that greater than about 50% of the optical elements float in heptane. Preferably, the surface treatment improves the floatability such that greater than about 80% of the optical elements float in heptane and more preferably about 90-100% of the optical elements float in heptane.
[0024] The amount of fluorochemical derivative employed for coating the optical elements typically ranges from about 5 ppm to about 1000 ppm with respect to the weight of the optical elements. A preferred fluorochemical compound is one that contributes the desired floatation at minimum concentrations. The amount of fluorochemical derivative is usually about 600 ppm or less, preferably about 300 ppm or less, more preferably about 150 ppm, even more preferably about 100 ppm, and most preferably about 50 ppm or less. Typically, the overall coating thickness of the surface treatment of the present invention is greater than about 15 Angstroms, preferably, greater than about 20 Angstroms, and more preferably, greater than about 50 Angstroms. Thicker coatings can be obtained if desired, although it is preferred that the coating thickness be no greater than about 500 Angstroms, more preferably, no greater than about 300 Angstroms, and most preferably, no greater than about 150 Angstroms thick. Excessive concentrations of surface treatment can result in agglomeration of the optical elements. Such limits can be determined by routine experimentation and in some instances the agglomeration can be reduced by the use of flow control agents.
[0025] The fluorochemical compositions described herein for use as surface treatment for optical elements are typically solids. The surface treatments are combined with various solvents to form emulsion(s), solution(s) or dispersion(s). The emulsion(s), solution(s), and dispersion(s) are then further diluted in order to deliver the desired concentration. It is assumed that negligible amounts of the diluted surface treatment are lost and substantially all of the surface treatment present in the emulsion, solution or dispersion is deposited on the optical elements. Hence, the concentration (ppm) based on the weight of the optical elements being coated with the emulsion, solution, or dispersion is approximately equal to the amount retained on the optical elements upon evaporation of the solvent. Although aqueous emulsions, solutions, and dispersions are preferred, up to about 50% of a cosolvent such as methanol, isopropanol, or methyl perfluorobutyl ether may be added. Preferably, the aqueous emulsions, solutions, and dispersions comprise less than about 30% cosolvent, more preferably less than about 10% cosolvent, and most preferably the aqueous emulsions, solutions, and dispersions are substantially free of cosolvent. The aqueous surface treatment is coated on the optical elements typically by combining the optical elements with the minimum volume of aqueous surface treatment to uniformly coat the optical elements and then drying the coated elements. Although aqueous delivery is preferred, the surface treatment could also be applied from 100% organic solvent as well as by other techniques such as vapor deposition.
[0026] The surface treatment may comprise any one or any mixture of the presently described compounds as well as mixtures of the presently described surface treatment with other known surface treatments.
[0027] The optical elements may comprise one or more additional surface treatments such as adhesion promoters and flow control agents that reduce particle agglomeration. Various silanes such as 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane are commonly employed as adhesion promoters, whereas methacrylato chromic chloride, commercially available from Zaclon Inc, Cleveland, Ohio under the trade designation ōVolanö is a typical flow control agent.
[0028] The surface treated optical elements of the invention can be employed for producing a variety of reflective products or articles such as pavement markings, retroreflective sheeting, and beaded projection screens. Such products share the common feature of comprising a liquid binder layer and embedding a multitude of optical elements into the binder surface followed by solidifying the binder to retain the optical elements in place. In the pavement markings, retroreflective sheeting, and beaded projection screens of the invention, at least a portion of the optical elements will comprise the surface treated optical elements of the invention. Typically, the majority of, and preferably substantially all, the optical elements employed in the manufacture of the reflective products will comprise the surface treated optical elements of the invention.
[0029] Various known binder materials may be employed including various one and two-part curable binders, as well as thermoplastic binders wherein the binder attains a liquid state via heating until molten. Common binder materials include polyacrylates, methacrylates, polyolefins, polyurethanes, polyepoxide resins, phenolic resins, and polyesters. For reflective paints the binder may comprise reflective pigment. For reflective sheeting, however, the binder is typically transparent. Transparent binders are applied to a reflective base or may be applied to a release-coated support, from which after solidification of the binder, the beaded film is stripped and may subsequently be applied to a reflective base or be given a reflective coating or plating.
[0030] There are several types of retroreflective articles in which the surface treated optical elements may be used such as exposed lens (e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,326,634 and 2,354,018), embedded lens (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 2,407,680), and encapsulated lens (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 4,025,159) retroreflective sheeting. Retroreflective articles can be prepared by known methods including a method comprising the steps of: (i) forming a top coat on a release coated web (e.g. coating a solution of hydroxy-functional acrylic polyol and aliphatic polyfuntional isocyanate onto a release-coated paper web and then curing by conveying the coating through an oven at about 150░ C. for about 10 minutes); (ii) coating the exposed surface of the top coat with a liquid binder (e.g. coating a solution comprising an oil-free synthetic polyester resin and a butylated melamine resin); (iii) drying the binder to form an uncured tacky bead-bond layer; (iv) cascade-coating onto the bead-bond layer a plurality of glass microspheres forming a monolayer of embedded glass microspheres; (v) curing the bead-containing bead-bond layer to a non-tacky state (e.g. by heating to 150░ C.); forming a space coat layer over the bead-containing bead-bond layer (e.g. coating a 25% solids solution comprised of a polyvinylbutyral resin and a butylated melamine resin in a solvent and curing at 170░ C. for about 10 minutes); (vi) applying a reflective layer over the space coat layer (e.g. vapor deposition of aluminum metal at a thickness of about 100 nm); and stripping away the release-coated web. An adhesive layer is typically applied to the reflective layer (e.g. by coating a 0.025 mm thick layer of an aggressive acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive onto a silicone-treated release liner and pressing the adhesive against the reflective layer).
[0031] The surface treated optical elements are also useful in pavement marking materials. The optical elements can be incorporated into coating compositions that generally comprise a film-forming material having a multiplicity of optical elements dispersed therein. The surface treated optical elements may also be used in drop-on applications for such purposes as highway lane striping in which the optical elements are simply dropped onto wet paint or hot thermoplastic and adhered thereto.
[0032] One typical pavement marking sheet is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,248,932. This sheet material is a prefabricated strip adapted to be laid on and secured to pavement for such purposes as lane dividing lines and comprises a base sheet, such as a soft aluminum foil which is conformable to a roadway surface; a top layer (also called the support film or binder film) adhered to one surface of the base sheet and being very flexible and resistant to rupture; and a monolayer of surface treated optical elements such as transparent microsphere lens elements partially embedded in the top layer in a scattered or randomly separated manner. The pavement marking sheet construction may also include an adhesive (e.g., pressure sensitive, heat or solvent activated, or contact adhesive) on the bottom of the base sheet. The base sheet may be made of an elastomer such as acrylonitrile-butadiene polymer, polyurethane, or neoprene rubber. The top layer in which the surface treated microspheres are embedded is typically a polymer such as vinyl polymers, polyurethanes, epoxies, and polyesters. Alternatively, the surface treated microsphere lenses may be completely embedded in a layer of the pavement marking sheet.
[0033] Pavement marking sheets may be made by processes known in the art (see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 4,248,932), one example comprising the steps of: (i) coating onto a base sheet of soft aluminum (50 micrometers thick) a mixture of resins (e.g., epoxy and acrylonitrile butadiene elastomer mixture), pigment (TiO2) and solvent (e.g., methyl ethyl ketone) to form the support film; (ii) dropping onto the wet surface of the support film ingredients a multiplicity of the surface treated optical elements of the invention; and curing the support film at 150░ C. for about 10 minutes. A layer of adhesive is then usually coated on the bottom of the base sheet.
[0034] Pigments or other coloring agents may be included in the top layer in an amount sufficient to color the sheet material for use as a traffic control marking. Titanium dioxide will typically be used for obtaining a white color; whereas, lead chromate will typically be used to provide a yellow color.
[0035] A rear projection screen is a sheet-like optical device having a relatively thin viewing layer that is placed at an image surface of an optical projection apparatus. Rear projection screen displays comprising glass microspheres embedded in an opaque matrix are known from U.S. Pat. No. 2,378,252, for example. Generally, the size of the microspheres is less than about 150 microns. For maximum brightness, the microspheres have an index of refraction of less than about 1.8 and preferably from about 1.45 to about 1.75. A plurality of the surface treated glass microspheres are attached to and are in intimate contact with a major surface of a transparent substrate. Alternatively, a diffusion layer can be formed by coating an optically inhomogeneous material as a separate layer onto the transparent substrate prior to application of the opaque binder and microspheres. Rear projection screens are prepared by i) providing a substrate (e.g. polyester, polycarbonate) having an opaque binder disposed thereon (e.g. acrylate loaded with carbon black to make it opaque); and ii) applying the surface treated glass microspheres under conditions effective to produce microspheres in optical contact with the substrate and embedded in the opaque matrix.
[0036] In some useful embodiments of the invention, a specular reflective means is provided by a layer of metal (e.g. aluminum) vapor-deposited on the surface treated microspheres. Another useful specular reflective means is a dielectric reflector which comprises one or more layers of a transparent material behind the microspheres, each layer having a refractive index of about 0.3 higher or lower than that of the adjacent layer or beads and each layer having an optical thickness corresponding to an odd numbered multiple of about {fraction (1/4)} wavelength of light in the visible range. More detail on such dielectric reflectors is found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,700,305.
[0037] The invention is further illustrated by the following examples.
[0038] Test Methods
[0039] 1. Heptane FloatationŚA single layer of optical elements was spread on a clean inverted pint paint can lid. Heptane was slowly introduced with a syringe or dropper at the edge of the lid until it overflows. The percentage of optical elements floating was estimated visually. In the absence of indicating otherwise, the beads were tested within 24 hours of being coated with the surface treatment.
[0040] 2. Initial AdhesionŚA polyurethane liquid binder having the following components was prepared:
[0041] 27 parts Rutile titanium dioxide pigment (commercially available from Du Pont, New Johnsonville, Tenn. under the trade designation ōTipure R-960ö)
[0042] 25 parts polyester polyol (commercially available from Union Carbide Corp., Danbury, Conn. under the trade designation ōTone 0301ö)
[0043] 50 parts aliphatic polyisocyanate (commercially available from Bayer Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. under the trade designation ōDesmodur N-100ö)
[0044] The binder was drawn down on a paper liner at thickness of 30 mils. Immediately thereafter, a plurality of the indicated glass beads were sprinkled over the binder, maximizing the number of adhered beads per surface area of binder. The bead coated binder was then cured in an oven (100░ C. for 30 minutes is typically sufficient for the polyurethane binder). The bead-coated binder film was examined under a microscope. The sample passes when the optical elements are embedded to about 40-80% of their diameters. Preferably the optical elements are embedded to about 40-70% of their diameters.
[0045] 3. Accelerated Aging AdhesionŚA {fraction (1/4)}″ (0.6 cm) by 1″ (2.5 cm) piece of cured bead-coated binder film, prepared for the Initial Adhesion Test, is placed in a flask of boiling water for 24 hours. The aged sample is then inspected under a microscope to determine whether the optical elements remain embedded. The sample passes when the sample appears approximately the same as the initial sample and the beads are difficult to remove with a dissection probe.
[0046] 4. Coefficient of Retroreflection (RA), in cd/Lux/m2, was measured at an entrance angle of −4.0 degrees and an observation angle of 0.2░ according to Procedure B of ASTM Standard E 809-94a. The photometer used for the measurements is described in U.S. Defensive Publication No. T987,003.
[0047] Preparation of the Fluorochemicals
[0048] The surface treatments having the structure Rf(CH2)nCO2H can be synthesized according to the procedure described in Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, 93, 1-25 (1999) and cited references described therein.
[0049] Preparation of chromium hydroxy dichloride:
[0050] Into a beaker was placed 26.6 g of CrCl3.6H2O (0.1 mol), 193 ml of water. The chromium trichlroide rapidly dissolved in the water. To the solution was slowly added 13.3 g (1 equivalent) of 10 molal NaOH diluted with 100 mL of water. After addition, the solution was stirred at room temperature overnight, giving the desired chromium hydroxy dichloride aqueous solution.
[0051] Preparation of C8F17(CH2)10CO2Cr(OH)C12:
[0052] Into a beaker was placed 16.8 g of the above-prepared chromium hydroxy dichloride solution (0.005 mol); in a separate beaker was prepared a solution of C8F17(CH2)10CO2H (0.004 mol, 2.42 g) in 30 g of isopropanol. To the aqueous solution was slowly added the F-acid/isopropanol solution. Some precipitate appeared during the initial addition. After addition, the solution was stirred at room temperature for ca. 2 hr. Finally, to the solution was added 40 g of isopropanol and 0.3 g of perfluorobutyric acid, and the solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. A clear dark-green solution was obtained.
[0053] Preparation of C4F9(CH2)10CO2Cr(OH)C12:
[0054] Into a beaker was placed 33.6 g of the above-prepared chromium hydroxy dichloride solution (0.010 mol); in a separate beaker was prepared a solution of C4F9(CH2)10CO2H (0.00953 mol, 3.84 g) in 80 g of isopropanol. To the aqueous solution was slowly added the F-acid/isopropanol solution. Some precipitate appeared during the initial addition. After addition, the solution was stirred at room temperature for ca. 2 hr. Finally, to the solution was added 40 g of isoprpanol and 0.2 g of perfluorobutyric acid, and the solution was stirred at room te,perature overnight. A clear dark-green solution was obtained.
[0055] Preparation of C4F9(CH2)5CO2Cr(OH)C12:
[0056] Into a beaker was placed 33.6 g of the above-prepared chromium hydroxy dichloride solution (0.010 mol); in a separate beaker was prepared a solution of C4F9(CH2)5CO2H (0.021 mol, 6.6 g) in 80 g of isopropanol. To the aqueous solution was slowly added the F-acid/isopropanol solution. Some precipitate appeared during the initial addition. After addition, the solution was stirred at room temperature for ca. 2 hr. Finally, to the solution was added 40 g of isopropanol and 0.4 g of perfluorobutyric acid, and the solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. A clear dark-green solution was obtained.
[0057] Preparation of C4F90(CH2)4SO3H
[0058] In a 600 ml PARR stainless steel reactor, the following materials were charged: 130 g diglyme, 8 g adogen 464, 39.8 KF, 130 g normal-perfluorobutyl acid fluoride (90% purity), and 100 g butane sultone. The reactor was heated to 75░ C. and held at temperature for 70 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled to recover 184 g of product after treatment with KOH and extraction with toluene. The product was analyzed by NMR to identify its structure as being n-C4F90C4H8SO3K with a purity of 92%. The sulfonic acid salt was converted to the corresponding acid by acidifcation with H2SO4.
[0059] Preparation of (CF3)2CFCF20(CH2)4SO3H
[0060] In a 600 ml PARR stainless steel reactor, the following materials were charged: 110 g diglyme, 7 g adogen 464, 35 KF, 175 g iso-perfluorobutyl acid fluoride (70% purity), and 73 g butane sultone. The reactor was heated to 75░ C. and held at temperature for 70 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled to recover 106 g of product after treatment with KOH and extraction with toluene. The product was analyzed by NMR to identify its structure as being i-C4F90C4H8SO3K. The sulfonic acid salt was converted to the corresponding acid by acidifcation with H2SO4.
[0061] Optical Elements
[0062] The reflective glass beads employed to evaluate the effectiveness of the surface treatment of the invention had an index of refraction of 1.75 and an average diameter of 200 microns and were prepared according to the teaching of U.S. Pat. No. 4,564,556. Such beads are representative of optical elements commonly used for reflective paint (e.g. pavement markings).
[0063] For each of the examples the optical elements were surface treated by charging a 25 g sample of the beads into a round-bottom flask. A sufficient amount (8-10 ml) of the indicated solvent (water, about 2:1 blend of water and isopropanol) was added to cover and wet out the beads. The indicated fluorochemical (e.g. fluorinated (poly)urethane, fluorinated polyester, fluorinated polyphosphate) was then added as a dilute solution in an amount to provide the desired treatment level based on the weight of the reflective beads. The treated beads were dried in a forced air oven at 120░ C. for 30 to 60 minutes. The dried beads were tested according to the Heptane Floatation Test, as previously described.
[0064] For Examples 1-15, the beads were treated with the fluorochemical surface treatment indicated in column 1 of Table I at the concentration indicated in column 3. The surface treated beads were tested according to the Heptane Floatation test, as previously described, with the results reported in column 4 of Table I.
[0065] Adhesion testing was conducted on the glass beads surface treated with Forafac 1033D. The glass beads were pretreated with 600 ppm of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane commercially available from OSI Specialties, Danbury, Conn. under the trade designation ōSilquest A-1100ö. The beads were coated at the treatment level indicated in column 2 in the manner previously described. Table II depicts the % Float, Initial Adhesion, Accelerated Aging Adhesion, and the Coefficient of Retroreflection (RA).
[0066] The results show that the untreated glass beads as well as the beads that were only treated with the Silquest A-1100 did not float in heptane, nor the binder. Accordingly, RA was very low since very few beads were present on the binder surface. By further treating the glass beads with the Forafac 1033D, the float in heptane improved to 95-100%. The Heptane Floatation results correlated with the float testing in the binder as well allowing for the beads to be adhered at a sink depth of 30-50% of the diameter of the beads. The proper floatation in the binder is also reflected in the improved RA.
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The Little Book of LondonHardback Little Book of
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- Publisher: The History Press Ltd
- Format: Hardback | 192 pages
- Dimensions: 135mm x 205mm x 18mm | 320g
- Publication date: 1 February 2008
- Publication City/Country: Stroud
- Edition statement: Revised.
- Sales rank: 169,418
Product description
Did you Know? Lost property handed in to London Transport over the years has included three dead bats in a box, two human skulls, several silicon breast implants, an outboard motor from a boat, an artificial leg and a whole stuffed gorilla. After Charles II's son Duke of Monmouth was executed for treason his head was sewn back on so he could sit for a royal portrait. In 1868 London's first ever set of traffic lights blew up, killing a policeman and causing the mounts of a passing platoon of cavalry to stampede. When a new stretch of the Piccadilly Line tunnel was excavated from Finsbury Park to Hammersmith in July 1902, the spoil was used to build up the terraces at Chelsea's Stamford Bridge football ground. With a range of 30 miles, the main guns of HMS Belfast are targeted on Barnet and if fired would destroy Scratchwood Services on the M1.
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Since creating a popular weekly trivia-based cartoon strip for The Times, DAVID LONG has written and illustrated a number of books including two on London. Spectacular Vernacular: London's 100 Most Extraoridinary Buildings was oublished by The History Press in 2006, and a sequel called Tunnels, Towers and Temples: London's 100 Strangest Places appeared a year later.