text: Peninsular News And Advertiser (Newspaper) - September 27, 1861, Milford, Delaware from the (Ky.) Jonrual. The Solemn Duty of toe United States Government, The presenf unhappy war was beenn by the South, begun for the sake of Dis- union, and wns accepted and is carried on by the United States for the sake of the not, we hope, in vain. We know from the testimony of numer- ous Southern men, who dare not speak aloud in their own-homes, that there are multitudes of men in the South who are at heart for the Uuion, who, in their se- cret sonls, are "praying to the United States for deliverance almost as they Cray to Heaven for salvation, and who, if ever the power of the United States shall relieve them from the thraldom that now crashes their political lives out of them, will be able to assert and maintain a sn- Dremacj in fcueir respective States. We have not an eartfilf doubt that there are a majority of States whose people.thongh other States the same thing- Each ond every Slate remaining even temporarily in the United States would feel'that U had the power to assert nnd maintain its right of either seceding into ihe Southern Confederacy or of estab- lishing, together with such oilier Stales as it might be able to carry with it, independent sovereignty, and it her ruins, and we fully expected to find her population swelled from six and a half up to seven millions, even that being more than a million less than it was twenty years ago. Those journals, honest in their statements, and are no less surprised and saddened tlniii wo are by the disimil result. That would result is the loss, in the last decade, of lUUeUtllUCll n ov i exercise this fancied right whenever lor or nearly one million people.-- any cause.frivo'Ions or otherwise it should i _-_ npta of the become dissatisfied with the acts of the Government of its section. What is now the United Slates, as distinguished from the Confederate States, would almost certainly, within half-a-dozen years, con- sist of half-a-dozen petty and jarring powers, with no common bead. a majority of States wnose lhat now apparently unanimous for southern S independence, would if the deadly weight of a relentless despotism were lifted from their minds, hail the restoration of the Union as the ironed prisoner of a dun- -i_ At._ rtf find's blessed The same or even worse would be the condition of the States of the Southern Confederacy, based, as that Confederacy avowedly and would be, upon the as- sninptioii, as a fundamental principle of every State or every ever be recog The census for 1841 ,-'51 thus in the nearest ten thousands Four mora decades like the lust would leave in the "Green Isle" but inhab- itants two more, such as the last two, woald expatriate or starve all but 000. We do not look for ruin like that recuperation must, ot some day, and in some way, surely the descent-Can hardly stop above five mil- lions. Really, the British journals might better look at home for an ''effete" king- dom crumbling fast into decay. try, Mr. Weston denies that either iw proportions or its nature are such that we have no resource but to fold our hands and await ihe solution of the prob- lem by the mysterious action of Divine pious resignation, he pointedly frequently taught by those who never leach or practice it on any other subject. The evil is not and hus not been an increasing one rela- tively to thu means of relief from it. The question of tlie feubibility of emanci- pation is to be considered noi in relation lo the absolute number ai.d value of the slaves, but to thuir relative number and value as compaied to the number and wealth of the entire nation. Now, il appears from the successive censuses of the United States that the slaves who existed at the time of ihe adoption of the Cuns-imiion were of far greater relative importance, numerically and pe- cuniarily, than the at present in existence. The relative hails the return of God's blessed sunshine, and would greet with exulta- Eeon lion even the little privilege of giving free expression to their opinions. The present positions of several of the Southern States were never chosen, and have never beea endorsed, by the citi- zens of those States. Secession ordman- by legislatures never el- ected or'attthoriaed to act upon the sub- ject: such legislatures placed all the military and pecuniary resources of their States at the disposal of the Southern invited the Confederate armies to an immediate occupation of their territory and, after doing all this, they granted to their enslaved and man- acled people the empty aud miserable mockery of the privilege of deciding whether their States sl-onld or should 'not go into the Southern Confederacy. Of course, where the people would glad- ly have shouted "No" by tens of thons- a solitary "Non was heard. The States, transferred mon- strons and Heaven-defying 'fraud and violence to the Southern Oontederacy, are now subject to its tyrannicallaws and requisitions, and their people, who have not i free voice their own destinies, are looking for freedom to a power out- side ofthe dominion of the deadly tyran- ny under which they draw their breaths. It would be a fearful thing that the loyal millions in the Confederate States should be permanently abandoned by the Uni- ted States to the miserable doom to which, through no fault of their own, they have been subjected: Onr trust.onr conviction is, that, if the mighty armies of the Republic, defied as they have been to strife, shall plant the standards of the United States at enough points to guar- antee perfect freedom of thought and word and deed to the whole South, a large majority of the people of many if not all, of the Seceding States will de- clare their loyalty in a thunderbnrst ot joyous enthnsiasm. The policy of accepting peace on the nized as having the right to establish an independent government or independent government at will There would be no government in either section fit to be called one, Qur country, that wo have been so proud of, would be in a worse condition than the miserable little Re- Indeed, they are looking at home.- the wmlcs has been enormously greater r U.nt tif the. JitooL-o nnH nt nrt No pretend- Soath could publics of South America, ed sovereignty North or ever obtain from abroad a loan of even the most inconsiderable amount, for European nations would scorn to intrust their money to governments not even claiming to embody any principle of self-preservation. The powers which have not dared to provoke the warlike energies of earth's great Republic would deride ns in our helplessness, and, by the presence of even a single man-of-war, compel us to yield obedience to their haughty and tyranical dictation. Hor- rible servile insurrections would break oat everywhere in the slave-holding re- gions, making fields and are-sides deso- late. Masses of s-laves, first from the Slave States nearest to the Free States.aud af- terwards from those more remote, would by stealth and others the last vestige of slavery would disappear. All the petty powers, jealous and hostile, would have to keep standing armies, vast in proportion to the means of supporting them, the consequent taxes would impoverish the people to the point of hopeless and irre- To veil this damaging disclosure of the effects of England's rule on the fair island, w hich she has so long chained aud forced to help draw her conquering car, they are darkening reason, distorting figures and perverting facts. The last Dnblin University Magazine strives hard to whitewash the discreditable truth by showing lhat there has been no real de- crease of population, and, therefore, no blame attachable to the British Govern- ment, or lo Irish landlords; and the Times and its Dublin correspondent join iu this absurd attempt to hoodwink the world. The Magazine and the Times, giving the same figures with ours above, yet claim iu the last decide a gain of than that of the blacks, and at no penoc has it been so great ns iu the decade be tween 1850 and 1860. At this mcmcii the slaves constitute only abont one eighth of our population. In the Britisl colonies, where the blncks form four fifths of 'the population, they have been freed with perfect safely to the comma nity, and au experience of nearly thirl years has shown that the wlii es, eve where the relative numbers of the race are so immensely disproportioned, ha' nothing to fear from emancipation. I this country, therefore, all apprehension on the subject may be dismissed as idle and cowardly. It cannot be dangerous, argues Mr. Weston, to free a class num- England and the United States. Lasdoa Times b greatljr lia A proportionate emigration iis country in the next tea years, on pre- scly the same scale as IhalTroia Great ed abont oor prospecrs, Jritain, would rid us entirely of cnr slave icaa war opulntion, and be carried onl. uf warse, m H ith our immense maritime resoniws, at aud writer of tlie much less expense and trooble than the ictu osr ieau daily; xodus which has peopled til? antipodes with the English Y. Tribune. HOT YET. EV W1LUAH CTIiES etc. Its Amer- on .ha pecuur, y S esBentially iu his de- It mot have occurred to ererrbodv here that some special reason Time? ir. its, rroakinjr about ilie iuipolitry of incurring an enormous debt. Our coiiDtry Ims never been heavily taxed by the yovrrnineut, the fime has at length arrived when we should adopt a firm, vigorous and. permanent policy, frerii from the fl'.ictnations of commerce, and reliable fi-r yielding n repnlur support 10 '.lit- national chest.-- U. is. Gaz. 0 country, martvl of tip Ob, realm to snd-Vn Tlie aie that cloned in ihy Inrti Shall it behold tbee f SUall traitors lay that No: land of hope aad blesshc. So! And we who wear tliy Morions name. Fhall we, cravens, stand apart, When tbose whom then hast trusted aim The death-Wow at tby generous heart Forth coes the batfle c.rr and 3o'. Hosts rise ia harness, shouting So'. AuA they who fcm-nded in oar Jam! The power thai from sea lo sea, Bled they fn vain, or vainly plannrii To leave thfir country a2l fjiee Tlieir sleepinc ashes from Mow Send up the thrilling mnrjnnr, So: Knit hy the gentle ties which Jnn; These sister Slstes were prowJ 30 war, And forced the kindly Jinks so j For idle in sport lo For scornful hands aside to throw Ko'. by onr filters' memory. So! Our humming marts, our condition of recognizing the independ- ence of the Southern Cjnfederacy would be a terrible one. Nay. it would be a policy that we bnt feebly characterize by the word teirible. It would be the ever- lasting death, of the great and glorious hope that now lives in the hearts of tens of millions upon this continent and hun- dreds of millions throughout the civilized world. It would be the destruction of the mightiest work that the spirit of freedom has ever done upon the What has been the admiration and the wonder of the nations would be their pity and their scorn. Let no one delude himself with the thought or fancy that a Government, a nation, has not a right to defend itself, by all the powers nnd ener- gies at its command, against disruption and dissolution. To do this is, as a gen- eral truth, among a nation's most sacred rights and its highest and most solemn duties. The nation that should not rec- ognixe and assert the right and the duty would be the object of all mankind's con- tempt. Surely no human being supposes that England, or France, or Spain, or Austria, or Russia, if a portion, even a majority of a section of either of those kingdoms or empires should assert the right of erecting their section into an in- dependent realm, would permit the right irievable ruin. Hundred and thousands sperate men, accustomed to blood violence, and having no means of ibsistence for themselves and families would organize gangs of ban- ditti, such as for years have infested Mexico. But this condition of anarchy or half anarchy could not last forever, or even very long. From the midst of all the confusion and lawlessness and strife, some bold master spirit would spring up, and, rallying thousands to his standard, pursue his conquering and devastating march until the whole of what has been the United States would be made a bloody and relentless despotism, as drear and remorseless as any one recorded in history. A nd now the question is whether the United States through a dread of the in- conveniences and even the great suffer- ings and sacrifices of the war that is upon us, ought to accept this condition ot things for the sake of a brief, n hol- low or a nominal peace. To onr minds it would be a dreadful crime against God and the human race. It would mark the present generation of the people of this country as the guiltiest enemies and mur- derers of freedom in all the history of the world. Our glorious old fathers of '76 bequeathed not more to us than to the generations that are to come their posterity as well as great and magnificent inheritance of the Union. vice a loss of and 122, 000 more residents in Ireland now than iu 1841, instead of less As how We quote, italicising salient points. "Theactual population in 1851 was Ic 1861 it is This would show a decrease of But when we deduct for emigration, and for recruits for the army, we shall have a positive increase of RESIDENT population of nearly half a million in ten years." Thus her emigrants are siill RESIDENTS of Ire- land, and if all her sons should leave her shores, they all would live there yet Her dead of the last decade are still more resident, and why not count in her whole mortuary list For this, and for trash still more preposterous, see London Times, August 30th. Now, why this sad, continuous depop- ulation Iu vain may Dublin essayists and English sophisticates talk of Irinh laborers nocking to build English rail- roads and ply E'iglish factories. Why do they thus crowd ont England's own half-clad and half-fed millions Why does not Ireland busy her needy sons on lengthening railways and in humming factories of her own Idly do these babblers say that she has no vnst cities, Hor world-wide commerce. Why dues she not possess them Why does Dub- lin grow downwards, and why is not G-alway another Liverpool Under a jrood government and wisely liberal land- holders, population and wealth would have swelled, and with them all these things would have risen and flourished of themselves. No the great causes of this sorrowful decadence are government by England, and mismanage- ment by the landlords. These produce and foster two more among the people and a fixed hos- liliiy to the English rule. These causes, now bat barely named, are stubborn, staring facts, which no sophistry can evade, nor whitewashing conceal. Of all public themes this is one of the most mournful. If the picture of a ''De- serted by one of her most gift- The hoarse Atlantic, nrh his bays, Tlie calm, broad ocean of the And Mississippi's torrent flotr. And loud Niagara answers, 5o I bering only one eisluh of the population, and composed of a race peculiarly re- markable for mildness and docility, and for the readiness with which it submits to control. It is alleged, however, that the blacks, if ctnaneipaled.woulJ increase so npidly j as lo overwhelm with their numbers ihe white race at no distant period, and thus Africanize the Southern States. Those who make this assertion are also in the habit of an argument against emancipation, that the blacks cannot thrive except in slavery, and that in a sute ef freedom their numbers invariably diminish. Without undertaking to rec- oncile the contradictions of these theo- rists.it may be assumed as an established Kot yet the honr is nirh, Who. dtvp in -ft-m Earth's nn. itfi 111 say. Proud country, vrtk-ocw to She So soon art then, lifcf n-, l.iongisJow f" 5o! sullen group of For no "7 iLe iiiat The Iclory in our Jiiiui-Jfe" diys. Strong, as of old, to p3nj-J and That niichty arm which On clouds Sr-l.is Significant News from Richmond, Baltimore, Sept. The Awn-ii-an has received, by the hands of a refugee" from Virginia, spterul Viiginiu papers, iiicluilinir thf llichmond Whig, of ihe 6th, tthirh contains a remarkable letter from Franklin Minor, bitterly de- noui cing the udiuinistrationof JeffDuviF. The Richmond Examiiur, of the 12th, snvs It is evident to every in- observer, that the embittered remnant of the party, fully represented in the Virginia Convention, is bent on the organization of a regular opposition to the Government. Under all the names that it has borne, that ele- ment in our politics has been invariably azainst the Southern, and though the events oi last spring annihilated its ma- terial form, or at least caused it to dis- appear from ihe public view, it exists always wiih nnditrinisbcd virulence, and the opportunity to spring into sight apiin." The following article in the Rirhmond over the initials doubt from the pen of Franklin Minor Canasiiaa possessions are dan- J To tdium it may '-t-rasslT Gesr ES and In case of a war The following private letter to the I tsa- raise no such armies as editor is from au old persona! friend, but a-eare Moreover, the chief, long separated by party, and one of the obslirie has prevented the C.irm- Brst iu position and intellect in the great fwKB joiuitt- us has been slavery, eoairy of Alberaarle. It was obviously --d it ts clear to the sagacity of iiot dt-siitned for publication, but on that f.jr British or ebe j tic larore sonid tengstuee have exhaust- i ed Tie no doubt, is to i the integrity of the icrval repnb- 4 Sic, llse venr tttrcg of all others which I tot desire and Fwuce fears i Ocr Tjst marine and the 1 pix ss of our navy have induced the 2Tcst Ttiffers of tbe continent to regard us as KteSv to offer to the future :ui off- to the caral cower of Upon laod the strength ts insig- aiScaot, white the has imheno been her empire England herstlf has Terr so-rEv the ribio.fr greatness of a cattj-Ei spesfetuz berown tongue, and her i cacceaied has tainted much 1 of her Httretnre, and eororctl the dis- 1 coassesof ilr. Roebuck's reoart atotit the high tone we j bave ol'araTS in internal diplo- masT is of his country He i it audacity reason tor the coarse of Eng- En this crisis is, that she fears the surfs a irpmentloos military are now develoDtnsr be- JSriiEh statesmen that an emergency might arise saea they would find it ai- itajpQsstL4e ro restrain the iuipnlse oriviHssr ttw ttifo a union ES- To crrovL-ie airtfhit this she is send- 23JZ tt> tlii take frontier ostetisioiy, inat rtaii- to keeft down the ardor sf the arid seej> ei? our own seiven- rjortheni AgrieaJtare and tie War- In this the first preat crisis of oar tiny, the interests of the nonh most made subservient to ihe necessities of Us< times and of the country. Ils must consult, the siar.s of the Uses aod be governed accordingly. The A reason that should we sseeesffta ia tts the extraordinary spirit developed by it will five cs a psressise abroad tar exceeding any- thiEz" trs have previ.ictsly enjoyed. Our to this event, have beeu fact that if ihe increase of the black ele- pnrsujts incident to onr civilization aw <n t Vi ill rtnit ho on PVtl inf-rt it _ VL-, tnent in this country be an evil, in to way can it so easily bu checked as by emancipation, for it is perfectly certnin that the free blacks in the United States do not multiply in the same ratio as the slaves. So little is known of the recon- dite causes which, affect the progress of population, that no entirely satisfactory solution can be (riven of ihis phenome- non. The common explanation that the slow increase or positive decrease of the free blacks is owing to their miserable condition, will not answer In the first place, their condition is far better than it is commonly supposed to be by those who really know nothing; about them, and, had PS il may be, is' not nearly so bad as that of many populations in the old world who vigorously increase and multiply. And injhe second place, it is one of the best established facts of social science that the most miserable classes of a population sometimes increase most rapidly, while chisses enjoying every physical comfort rapidly decay. The eyperience of centuries has shown that in Europe children swarm in the huts of all yielding to this policy. We ing to husband our it-sources so as to avoid the calamities of the war as scnch as possible, and as things progress ii is more and more becoming apparent ibst i the da o. lias-great, elastic and thrifty race and will adnpt itself to the erccrssias- ces. But above all it is of hat onr agriculture should tn its movements with the Fhat oar production should torms which the changed the country requires. These are various. It 3s that wo should cultivate extensively possible, for tbey fcoar ply the great export baas of merce, and mnsi the ef preserving iha balance of Our fathers of later guarded, transmitted periods received, the sacred, the magnificent bequest to us, to be in tarn passed down by ns to those for whom as for ourselves the patriots who won it by their blood ordained it And now should we, can we.dare we in the face of heaven and earth, stop the awful beqnest in its descent, shiver it into worthless frag- ments, destroy that which is not our own bnt mankind's for ihis and the coming ages, defraud of the richest blessing ordained for them by ihe sainted and illustrious dead of a dead century, very account it mav be the better sipn of thii.-rs unseen and the better serve to en- lijihten the Administration respecting the te'uper of the public mind Albemarle, August 29, Mosely: I am utterly disgusted with your man Jeff Davis and his man Walk- er, and I want to know 'f yon will pub- iU-b my spleen if I it. I have just receivL-d a letter froai M-anassas. Our troops there one day last week had noth- ing for breakfast but salt and potatoes were sent eight "miles at double qnick to meet a false alarm, and got neither dinner uor supper when they catne back to it vms not very COG- i camp. Now, Mosely, it is evident to- resWt to'anv cue to dispHte them, nor me that your Government is rotten iu bow to -range the head. oupht tojae spikea up ..g are onder-' where men can see him. Yon have won that, a great victory, and got no fruits front but it Yoa have had charge of the Gov- Islikkv even to increase it beyond -eminent for sis months, and have done The'pre-' nothing. No meat, no bread, no pow-- bounded: der, no tragons, no any'hing but salt peouie is irrepressible; and potatoes, and yoa Mug ont, tho to be unexpscletlly Government has the entire confidence of realth is becoming more the whole people.' Now, it hasn't the dependence upon fore- j and I want to know whether I cat have s-'a eanrsUfr's is lifcetv to be fair hLnring. Esost disastrous defeat does not crush The only smart thing I have seen i" Ocr reroperative poser seems ereo proposition to postpone the PresS- <TEaier The i deutial election. This is Bet purpose trade. lost Having, for ihe great vantage at ot- otaer possession of the cotton rebeSsoa shorfd be triumphant. tesrrf.t.ifitsi'is: dition to onr exporting staples. this cosies at once to onr faasds ia thns claimed to be practically asserted It is absurd to suppose that either of any claim'of a portion of their people to the right of self-government, would submit to dismemberment, submit to be divided into two kingdoms or em- pires. Sooner would they wage a war of centuries, a war as they would justly consider it, of national life or death. To submit to the (separation of the United States into two independent pow- ers, would not only the most fatal ex- itaiple that we could fret for the existing generation of men. nnd to all generations that ore to come after tn, bnt would ren- der the whole of the thirty-four Suits one of the feeblest and wretched portions of the civilized world AH oor old glory wonld be turned to midnight darkrtws. The two or two monarchies, snpporine thnt to he the number into which onr "onritry fhonltl at Brsi be divided, conlJ never remain one year at A thoasnnd woald render collleions between vhem iDeviinWp. Keithrr of thv two could the least f-ecnrilj agtiinu iu own diwritcirraUon and dissolution. The U. S. Government Washington btving the precedent of per- ttiltinc: or twelve or Efttrn Statf-5; to go off tt plcssnrr, could not ref-train swindle all the human race of this and all the future time of what myriads of millions have contemplated with grati- tude and adoration as the mighliesl boon of God to his creatures, and leave oor names to creak and blacken on the gib- bet of infamy as the names of men who cursed their race and shall be corspH by ed sons, was thought ns sad as beautiful, what think you of a deserted country? The Irishman has peculiarly sirong at- tachments to his land and When made by misgovcrnment or op- pression to leave it and them, and sail in penury and rags for a land of space and hope, of freedom and abundance, "He drags at each remove a lengthening chain." The songs he Erin is my Erin Erin go bnt his yearning heart voiced forth, as memory roams back over the wide ocean homewards. But vain the yearning; for his countrymen still follo'w in his wake. We have received and sheltered them in millions, and they have fed themselves. Most bravely have they fonpht for their adopted linid; and so will they always fisht against all the tyrant? and trailers thai may assail or insult her. England mov govern on', iheir landlords mav nil their much ilas long as there shall be an n'.mosphcre I countrymen from sn "effete" to beir the sound of a cnr-e upon its an ample room bosom J liV iha'i the Decadence of Ireland. Not lonsr ago the Lo-idon ftyied the United Slates "the rcina'ns o an republic Althesa-d tears doubtless net the editorial and blurred the joarr.aiiMic pace 1 then, rau'tihoy have the return? of the Into cc'i.-ss, that of ihe Sue--! on formir'gin nrca onc-fotirih an. cs a? -c; nte. 'ho by Sr-ancii-rs nc artlltd iSat we ro tort nf need of English t'Tst wccias'rd wi'I laKe ir-e i-mn thai the exhi'niiun t i be in thf cm, a or frwnr, raluablf to ir. oar -nrrm did of rot onr rerret to Mr and vehicl-s, and your weakness remains patent to them, till yoa reform the abuses of yonr Administration. smaries; tiling England did in ihe American war, was '.he rcformalion of abases iti full view of the enemy, and her ill too. Your enemies know you, arf rotten. You won'l tell them any- thing new by turning out Davis nnd his whole I .im decidedly ir. favor of, if they dou't show ihcmselves more efficient. "Bat all you editors ping 'Hallelujahs' daily lo Da'vis Co. It frets me. Yocr soldiers are starving; but so long as the President nnd can wear fine linen, ire., yon sing II won'i do, my friend. Sumebody must tell the people ihe pltiiu or we are iti ieti Freezing and stsrva'.ion Ftarc yon in the face for nest winter, and you call OP women ntil children to give op their blankets ai.d brxsd for the pol- diers The woman have supported war ?o far. Yon couldn't be in the field to Jjy hat for iheir Yoo've had the Government for seven months, and von confess ii.nbility by yoi.r 1 daily ways, ai.J --tiil jcu sptak of 'confi- 'dci.c-.' "it ttfinin? hourly, I assure y.-.p. nt J nnlev: jircss ont plainly, an.] thnl coon, it lust? I rloii'i know any poli ujar.e, and I don't care for i ny; b'nt I cnr; fur my country and ;he ITBTC ra< nre fichtine Jor nv. Pt.d it f.irs ray (.'fill them trcst- <-d o-iirse I trrnt my dogB tnd tocfi. j ibc- YankffR. know it. Show .f- -r home, you ,Kr "Verr will he then ly r iNEWSPAFERr NEWSPAPER!


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text: Home > Sex > Great sex Updated 15 April 2014 Rediscover the lost art of kissing Remember your first kiss? There was a risky, risqué and special something about it. Too many people forget the charm of good old necking, even if it doesn't lead anywhere. 0 Shutterstock Related French kiss like a pro Why kissing is so important A guide to great kissing Check Are you a sex addict? » Ask Sexologist » Talk Heart to heart » Quiz Are you ready for sex? » 4 sexercise moves 5 risky sex positions Remember your first kiss? Not the pecks on the cheek from Aunt Iris who wore too much of her favourite perfume from Paris, but the first proper French kiss. There was a risky, risqué and special something about it. Too many people - and couples - forget the charm of good old necking, even if it doesn't lead anywhere.As a single, delivering a memorable goodnight kiss to a date can help get you more dates - and more. But many couples lapse into a routine where kisses to say hello and goodbye are perfunctory and impersonal. They tend to reserve the real saliva-slavered lip-locks to lovemaking. Wrong.Done properly, kissing is the most fun you can have with your clothes on. It can create - or help revive - sparks in a relationship. Leaving the kids with the babysitter while you grab a movie and a curry can be changed to something erotic and charged by some earnest, teenager-type snogging in the car park.Males, in particular, tend to regard kissing as an entree to be rushed through on the way to the main course. Foolish. There's a good reason many sex workers refuse to kiss their clients as part of the deal: it's just too personal. Take the opportunity to kiss your partner or date for granted at your peril.So, here's a quick refresher course:Every good turn deserves oneThe way your partner kisses you is probably the way they like to be kissed. Try following their lead, rather than heading for their tonsils. Does she use her tongue like a bayonet, rigid and immobile? If so, and if you don't like it, try doing what you do like, rather than telling her she kisses like a Roto-Rooter, which could spoil the mood a bit.Get a gripHold her face in both hands and kiss long and deeply, but not too hard. If you tend to go at her mouth like a you're a dentist doing root canal work, visualise the thousands of nerve endings on every square millimetre of her tongue and lips. You need to apply very little pressure to make an impression. Cupping her face in your hands will feel good, but so will a palm placed lightly on the back of the neck, your fingers in her hair, on her hip, or on her ribs below her breast. Gently squeezing or pulling her towards you in this way gets your close.Don't just "suck face"As we said, visualise all those nerve endings awaiting your attention. Try running your tongue across her lips, sucking them or her tongue, or nibbling very softly on them with your teeth. There should be enough saliva to go around so that your lips can slide over each other's in a sexy, intensely metaphoric way. It's a world removed from Aunt Iris's platonic pecks and your date she'll be acutely aware of that.Take your timeKiss as though you have all the time in the world, even if the airport PA system is calling for you by name. With these long kisses, focus on getting your tongue deep into her mouth (without making her gag), and drawing hers into yours. Remember that your tongue has a smooth side and a rough one, a handy contrast when you're looking for applause from her nerve endings.Move aroundKiss her ears, eyelids and neck, all areas that can deliver shivery sensations if tended properly. If she doesn't like it, change immediately.Finally, a variety of wannabe Don Juan mistakes to avoid:The Mummy: locked in rigor mortis ad infinitum, the angle of your head, or the posture of your jaw remain rigid. Keep it fluid and sapient, O King.The Tonsillectomy: sticking your tongue too far down her throat. Take your cue from her. Explore the tip and sides of her tongue, rather than her gullet.(William Smook, Health24, updated April 2014)Read more:Should you kiss and tell?French kiss like a proThings that make you go hmmmAny questions? Ask our sexologist More in Sex Why a curvaceous booty drives men wild More: SexGreat sex SPONSORED: So many prizes! Click through and see our fantastic competitions. advertisement Get a quote Momentum - save up to 35% on healthcare advertisement Read Health24's Comments Policy Comment on this story 0 comments Add your comment Thank you, your comment has been submitted. 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The oil-producing country of 4.4 million people has a annual gross domestic product of $14 billion, according to the World Bank. The economy is forecast to grow 5.8 percent next year from 6.4 percent this year, according to the International Monetary Fund.
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Close to historic sights
Located on a quiet street, Caravaggio is less than 1.5 km from both Trevi Fountain and the Spanish Steps. You'll be about a 5-minute walk from Teatro dell'Opera di Roma, an impressive and historic opera house. Leonardo da Vinci Airport is 30 km away.
Walk by Italian fashion
Via Nazionale, one of Rome's most prominent shopping streets, is 1 block away. Considered to be relatively new in the historic city, the 150 year-old street boasts lavish hotels and stylish shops, including the sizeable Mel Bookstore, which stocks books in English.
Cappuccino with a smile
Guests love Caravaggio's amiable staff, who go out of their way to make stays pleasant. The staff even makes your cappuccino in the morning while you're selecting fresh pastries and fruit from the free continental breakfast buffet. Free WiFi is available in the lobby.
Fresh and tidy
The hotel's 21 guestrooms offer cozy touches, such as in-room antiques. Clean and fresh, the rooms provide a welcome respite from a jam-packed day of sightseeing.
The hotel staff is excellent, kind, and very attentive to the hosts' needs. However, the…
Have been at Rome for international symposium and have staid at hotel for 6 nights
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Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $89
- Double Room Single Use
- Double Room
- Double Room (with extra bed)
- Double Room
- Single Room
Recommended hotels
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 21 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 2 floors
- Check-in time 2 PM-midnight
- Check-out time is 11 AM
- Express check-in/out
Required at check in
- Credit card deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- No pets or service animals allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Airport shuttle (available on request) *
- No parking
In the hotel
- Free continental breakfast daily
- Computer station
- 24-hour front desk
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Luggage storage
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Library
In the room
- Air conditioning
- Minibar
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Desk
- Phone
- Daily housekeeping
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Also known as
- Caravaggio Albergo Roma
- Caravaggio Hotel Rome
- Caravaggio Rom
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Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 999.99, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.
For transfers, guests must contact the property before arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
The name on the credit card used at check-in to pay for incidentals must be the primary name on the guestroom reservation.
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You'll be asked to pay the following charges at check in or check out:
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 4 per person, per night, up to 10 nights. This tax does not apply to children under 10 years of age.
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Cribs/Infant beds are available for EUR 10 per night
Airport shuttle service is offered for an extra charge of EUR 57 per vehicle
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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Party Planning: Clara's First Birthday
Clara's big birthday shindig is tomorrow! Along with her actual birthday. It seems utterly insane to think that this time last year she was just arriving. Oy, how time flies. And since so many of you were asking for par-tay details I figured I'd toss up a quick little pre-party-prep post about all of my "supplies" for the bean's big day. You'll have to excuse me if you think I'm going overboard. I'm just a little obsessed with our girl and we're so honored and excited to celebrate her first year here (more on the reasons for my über appreciative b-day behavior here).
First I made Martha's ubiquitous paper poms with tissue paper and some string in our three main party colors (blue, green, and pink- just like her nursery).
You'll probably remember those colors from her invite (which we made here). Those hues are based on her bedroom- she just loves blue, green, and a hint of pink. At least for now. She'll probably go through a goth black-loving phase someday so I'll take pink, blue, and green while I can.
Now we have a handy little numbered photo. Because we all know I like listing stuff. Explanations below.
- This is a cloth party hat that gets passed around our entire family for every child's birthday. It was last worn in October by Clara's older cousin Emanuel on his first birthday and she's been eying it ever since.
- This is the birthday fabric that we designed on Spoonflower for Clara's 52 week photo. We also plan to use that as a backdrop for a little photo station where everyone at the party can stand and hold those white pieces of paper with colored borders while they pose for a pic. We plan to take each photo and add the person's name on the blank piece of paper in Photoshop and make a little album for Clara so she can start to learn and see names like "Granny" and "Nona" (her two grandmas) and look back to see everyone who came to celebrate her.
- Here are the fun patterned napkins and plates that we got from Party City on sale. Since our party's "theme" is based vaguely on Clara's weekly photos (which inspired her invitation) we thought the patterned napkins and plates looked like a background we would have chosen for one of her weekly shoots.
- Those are giant punch balloons that we grabbed from Target (I thought they'd look fun hanging from the trees on the patio if it doesn't rain on my
- These are the two banners I've made (one a long time ago with paper, and one recently with my stubborn sewing machine) full of fun patterns and colors that also remind us of backdrops for those weekly pics.
- Here we have piles of pink, blue, and green balloons from Target that I'd love to blow up and make into huge balloon garlands to be swagged around outside (or inside if it rains).
- Those are two tablecloths in pink and blue. Just to cover things like odd outdoor tables that don't match and to add more pops o' color.
- This is a festive table runner that I made with some of Clara's weekly fabrics (just like her quilt, but it was way faster and easier- I'll post the detailed instructions for ya soon).
- Then we have some sidewalk chalk to entertain the kiddos out on the patio. And next to that are little containers of bubbles shaped like ice cream cones (from Target) that will serve as favors for our wee guests (I want to personalize them with each of their names).
I still have to make her smash cake and arrange for the rest of the food, but that shouldn't be too hard (famous last words?). Oh and we're going to make a little time capsule that guests can add stuff to for her to open when she's 18. That should end up being hilarious. I hope.
Operation Start Blowing Up All Those Balloons is about to commence.
We also mentioned that we wanted to DIY a piñata a while back, but the jury is still out on whether it's going to work. So far I made paper maché (mixing approximately two parts water to one part flour)…
… and blew up one of those punch balloons from Target that wasn't in our color scheme (the orange one)…
… and cut a bunch of newspaper strips…
… which I paper machéd to the big balloon…
… which I then let dry a bit overnight and then hung outside this morning to hopefully speed up the drying process (since it was still soggy and looking a bit – uh – questionable). Might be a wop-wop project. We'll have to see.
I still have to let it dry, pop the balloon, fill it with little toys or candy, and add ruffled tissue paper all over it so it doesn't look like a big goiter (we actually want to make it a pull string piñata since that works well for smaller kids but we'll have to see how it goes and post details if we get 'er done).
But more nerveracking than my homemade piñata's fledgling looks is the forecast. Boo. What's the deal with the whole scattered t-storms thing?
Please for the love of balloons in trees and bubble yielding ice cream cones, let it be clear and sunny-ish for just two early afternoon hours. Then it can rain cats and dogs all night.
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292 Comments
everything looks so colorful and fun! maybe you could use a blowdryer to help the piñata dry faster. It might work.
I made a homemade pinata for my daughter's birthday party once. I made it the day before which was dumb because it was not drying fast enough, so I stuck it in the oven on low (100-150 degrees) for an hour or so and it dried right up. I painted it with poster paint to make it look like a strawberry.
Worked great execpt that I put way too many layers of paper on it, and it was hard as a rock and could not be broken. We finally had to take it down and the hub had to take a butcher knife to it, ha!
Oh I love setting up for a party and getting things all lined up for the main event. Have so much fun tomorrow (rain or shine)!
In addition to Photoshopping in people's names, you should totally Photoshop in how old everyone is. :) I am 2,079 weeks old myself. Ha Ha!
Looks like a fun party! Hope the weather holds out for you!
We have an annual 3rd of July party, that's right. It's the 3rd for us, that way everyone can attend, since everyone has something going on for the 4th!
Anyway…we do the annual pinata for the kiddos. I make one by using a leftover 12 pack of soda box. Throw the fruit leathers and trinkets in through the handle of the box. I the glue crepe paper on the outside. We usually go with the "It looks like a firecraker!" look.
Something for you to try if your paper mache doesn't work out for you!
Been dropping in on you two for awhile, and I love your blog! You have such a nice house!
This is adorable! I love the colors. My sister got married four years ago and had the exact same color scheme (the bright blue, pink, and green). Those shades together make one of my favorite combinations.
If it makes you feel any better, my college graduation is on Sunday and supposed to be on our football field, which will probably be soaking wet.
You might have better luck building your pinata out of cardboard, like Alicia Policia's method.
I just thought of these pins I pinned:
http://pinterest.com/pin/21855220/ Cute for kids and adults. And this could be a really cute decoration to use some balloons: http://pinterest.com/pin/21854163/ Not that you need another thing or two on your list. :)
I'm thinking Sunny thoughts for Richmond! The party plans look GREAT! Sounds to be a VERY fun and darling little party :)
thought of you all when i saw this…
Have a great party! The colors are adorable.
Happy Birthday to Clara!
Are you guys going to write her a letter about her first year for the time capsule?
Wishing you good weather for the party! :)
I write my kids a letter every year on their birthdays and will give them the big stack when they turn 21! They have no idea :)
Nona means grandma in Italian, right? my mom wanted to go with that but I used my new-mom VETO because we're not italian like you guys!! She went with Nana instead.
We'll see what happens when Rose starts actually talking. My husband called one grandpa "Beanpa" because that just how it came out!!
Party on tomorrow, guys!!
I love the pom poms. I made about 80 of those for a friends wedding a while back. So simple and cute.
Also hope the weather is nice for you!! I live a few miles north of you and I am hoping for nice weather for much less fun reasons. The husband and I need to change out break pads this weekend and that is no fun in muggy rain fall.
The pom poms are so bright and colorful. Love them!
Hopefully the thunderstorms will be passing. Enjoy!
How adorable! I love the colors and the poms. So cute. I am stealing your idea for the weekly pictures when my little one is born, plus the time capsule idea! That is great! Hope you have a great weekend. I am disappointed about the rain forcast too. Hope the weatherman is wrong.
Knowing you guys, I'm actually a little surprised you didn't go with some greener options for partyware. Compostable plates and cutlery (or reusable!), for example. I love the DIY items– the banner, the runner, even the dubious piñata– and I think it'd be great to expand on that each year so by the time she's five you won't have to buy a thing! Not to bum ya'll out or anything, you're amazing, but might be some food for thought for Clara's next birthdays. :)
Happy 1st birthday Clara!
I remember my son's 1st birthday: we were threatened with thunderstorms all day. His outside party started at 3:00, the sun was out, then the wind picked up, the skies got dark, and by the time the last guest left at 5, it poured! We couldn't have timed it more better. I'm going to hope the same happens for you too! You're going to have sooooo much fun though!!! Birthday parties for our little ones are THEE best!
Totally adorbs…but, then again, would we expect anything else from you guys?!? ;) Rain or shine (c'mon sunshine!!!), Clara will have a fabulous 1st bday celebration filled with the love and laughter of family and friends!
I hope she enjoys her smash cake as much as my 1st-born May baby did. I still die laughing when we watch the video of Jack COVERED in icing, raising chubby fistfuls of cake in pure, unadulterated glee with the biggest, cutest smile on his face! I'm misty just thinking about it because my baby is now a 5'7″, size 11.5 shoe-wearin', will-be-12-in two weeks young man! Whoever said "time flies", was definitely a parent.
I hope it will be dry for you! My son's 1st birthday last July was the first day it rained here in about 7 weeks. I couldn't believe it. But we had fun anyway. :)
I like the idea of a time capsule…I think I might try this for my sons 1st birthday in December. [which I've started planning already lol]
I love your blog & I've started taking weekly pictures of my baby [Ive missed a few weeks here & there] forget sometimes w/ a toddler running around but its fun to see how much he has changed week to week.
Happy First Birthday Clara!! & I hope it doesn't rain!
Awh, have a wonderful day tomorrow! (I think the rain will hold out for you.) I hope you all have a blast! Everything looks fabulous!
I didn't go through and read all of the previous comments about paper mache and not sure your exact process… BUT, making sure each layer is dry before adding the next one seems to help. It will dry faster and should make for a smoother look as it helps give a foundation for each additional layer. (Okay wow, I promise I'm not a paper mache junkie lol)
Also, HAPPY BIRTHDY CLARA! I'm praying for good weather for your amazing birthday party! When did 1-yr birthdays get so cool?
Still love that we share a birthday :) Happy birthday to us, Clara!!
Just wanted to wish "the cutie girl" (as my 3 year old so calls her) a very Happy 1st Birthday!!!!! I hope you all enjoy the day!! Clara is a very lucky little girl to have such wonderful parents!!
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Gas prices dropped another 2 cents in Rhode Island this week while Massachusetts prices were unchanged, according to the weekly survey by AAA Southern New England. more
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ATLANTA – Aquaculture businesses and private nonprofits in certain Rhode Island and Massachusetts counties are now eligible to receive economic-injury disaster loans from the U.S. Small Business Administration as a result of the below-average ocean temperatures and "excessive ice" this past winter. more
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Rhode Island has ample reason to increase the amount of renewable energy it uses. Just talk to the 23 projects that recently were on the receiving end of $1.6 million in federal support to restore historic coastal sites damaged by Hurricane Sandy in 2012. more
Rhode Island has positioned itself as a leader in the offshore wind energy movement alongside Massachusetts, according to a new report from the National Wildlife Federation assessing offshore wind progress among Atlantic Coast states. more
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(Updated, July 10, 11:02 a.m.) Cape Wind Associates LLC has a tentative agreement to lease 14 acres at Quonset Business Park in North Kingstown as a staging area to build its planned 130-turbine windfarm off the coast of Massachusetts, the Quonset Development Corporation said Wednesday. more
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The School for Marine Science & Technology at the University of Massachusetts Darmouth has received $4.4 million for sea scallop research under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Northeast Cooperative Research Program. more
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Oysters, which account for about 98 percent of all Rhode Island aquaculture products, increased in value by 49 percent in 2013 compared to the previous year, according to David Beutel, aquaculture coordinator for the R.I. Coastal Resources Management Council. more
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Nickee Butlangan, Associated Press
MANILA, Philippines — At least 14 Philippine marines and Abu Sayyaf militants were killed in a clash in a new U.S.-backed offensive aimed at rescuing six foreign and Filipino hostages and stopping the al-Qaida-linked gunmen from staging more kidnappings in the country's south, a military commander said Sunday.
Seven marines and seven Abu Sayyaf fighters were killed in the gunbattle, which raged for an hour Saturday in a sparsely populated village near coastal Patikul town in Sulu province. Six marines and about 10 gunmen were wounded, marine Col. Jose Cenabre said.
Government troops backed by assault helicopters were hunting down the fleeing militants, who were believed to be led by Jul-Aswan Sawadjaan, an Abu Sayyaf commander accused in the kidnappings of a Jordanian journalist and two European bird watchers who are still being held by the militants.
One of Sawadjaan's sons and a minor Abu Sayyaf commander are believed to have been killed in the firefight, said Cenabre, who heads security forces in Sulu. He said the marines initially had difficulty returning fire because the dozens of militants took cover near a row of houses.
The firefight was part of a new military offensive that started last week and is aimed at rescuing the three foreign captives, who were abducted last year, along with three Filipinos kidnapped separately by the militants in recent weeks, he said.
Although a large number of marines and policemen are involved in the offensive, only small units have been deployed to hunt down the Abu Sayyaf in two jungle encampments in Sulu, Cenabre said without providing details of the operation. U.S. forces were providing intelligence but were not involved in actual combat, he said.
While Abu Sayyaf abductions still occur, they are far fewer today than the massive kidnappings that terrorized Sulu and outlying provinces in the early 2000s, when the group had many commanders and strong ties with terrorist organizations, including Indonesian-based Jemaah Islamiyah.
U.S.-backed military offensives have crippled the Abu Sayyaf in recent years, but it remains a key security threat. Washington lists the group as a terrorist organization.
Philippine troops and police special forces, meanwhile, killed one of two gunmen who were trying to extort money Saturday from a restaurant in Sulu's capital town of Jolo, Cenabre said.
Armed with pistols, the two men shot it out with government forces. One was shot in the head and died and the other was captured, Cenabre said. He said investigators were trying to determine whether the two had ties with the Abu Sayyaf, which is also notorious for extortion.
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text:
How does NC's proposed "defense of marriage" amendment fit into the larger picture? This is not the first time the North Carolina has attempted to codify a constitutional amendment to resist social change. Segregation and the ban on interracial marriage were adopted into the state constitution under very similar circumstances, using very similar language. Come join Professor James Coleman, Professor Katharine Bartlett, and Supreme Court veteran Professor Walter Dellinger to discuss "Amendment One" and its relationship to the broader picture of civil rights. For more information, please contact Christine Kearsley at email@example.com.
CANCELED: The Amendment in Historical & Legal Context
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Hotel San Giovanni
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Che bella vista!
Lots to catch up on! Hope you're all well and enjoying NZ summer! Also to all my family and friends overseas- that you're having a wonderful time whatever the season may be. Wednesday night after our day of shopping- what a dinner we had ahead! Michel made his special cheese 'raclette'.. We filled our plates with tomatoes, avocados and potatoes and then you use the big machine in the centre of the table to melt your choice of cheese and ...
La Vista Sopra du Mondo!
... we got there, Roberto told us about the tower up the top which was used to communicate to people in the other nearby mountains hundreds of years ago. We then walked through the old town which had a football field with rocks for spectators to sit on. For lunch we had pizzoccheri. This is a traditional pasta of this town and is made with dark flour which makes the pasta look almost black. Arianna was explaining to us that the pasta makes you feel ...
Tirano to St Moritz
... in the town again we looked for a place for dinner. All very expensive in St Moritz so we found a pub which was reasonable and had a nice dinner before walking home admiring the pretty street lights. Heading for Zermatt tomorrow with another scenic train ride - bit hard to take really. Hope it is not too hot in Perth!! Just checked -4 here at the moment. Funny thing is it is cold but not ...
Lost, again!
... happens and where it takes you.
I started looking for hotel signs. Followed a few signs but didn't find anything. I was driving through a valley with lush hills on both sides and streams flowing along the road. Just after Spinedi-Ca' San Giorgio I saw a hotel and restaurant on the side of the road, with parking. Perfect!
Friendly staff that spoke enough English, good price. Wifi and a good restaurant. What a day!
420 Kilometer
Best driving experience?
So I have to admit that I included the Stelvio Pass on this trip after seeing the guys from Top Gear driving it, and although they did it in super cars I knew it would be a good drive on the bike as well.
Getting there from M�nchen wasn't as straight forward as I had hoped, but then again when you drive without a GPS and rely on your memory and a few screenshots you might end up a little lost ...


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I have a question about the recipe "Spring Pea and Ricotta Torte with Lemon and Mint" from TasteFood.
How do you determine if pecorino is young or old?
I'm answering mostly to thank you for calling attention to this recipe. The season has come around again and I'll be making this.
To answer your question: I don't know, but suggest a good cheese shop or department where someone will know. Is that acceptable?
Pretty sure aged Pecorino is harder and more crumbly than a young one - also a sharper/saltier taste. Kind of deeper color too. (When in doubt, I'd just ask your cheese guy. And ask for a taste.)
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Azzitizz was created in October of 2010. Founding members Michael Grotto and Chris Doxey had a lucid vision of creating a unique, straightforward, and in-your-face rock and roll band. Soon after creating the core components of Azzitizz, Grotto and Doxey locked down rock vocalist, Mark Champeau. Soon after Champeau's arrival, Azzitizz incorporated a second guitarist, Darren Doxey, into the mix in which Darren's unique rock-and-rollabilly style added to the bands originality. The final addition of Jazz trained drummer Mark Memmo was added to the roster adding a new dimension to the bands sound.
We are Azzitizz, a pure original rock and roll band that brings a unique power to move people and connects with the audience on an electrifying level!


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Methods for manufacturing a photomask, such as a chrome on glass photomask and a phase shift photomask are provided. A selective main chrome etch and a selective chrome overetch in the fabrication process provides a photomask having improved image quality and provides nominal image size control and image size uniformity across the photomask within current process flows and manufacturing steps. The selective etch process utilizes a main etch where the resist etch selectivity (amount of chrome removed to resist removed) is higher than in the overetch step in which the etch is more selective to removal of the resist layer relative to the chrome layer. To control the etch selectivities the composition of the etchant chemistry and/or the etchant reactor hardware settings (power, voltage, etc.) can be adjusted.
1. A method of making a photomask using a two-step opaque layer etching process which comprises:
providing a transparent substrate;
depositing an opaque layer on the transparent substrate;
depositing a resist layer on the opaque layer;
imaging and developing a resist mask pattern in the resist layer which exposes portions of the opaque layer;
etching the exposed portions of the opaque layer using a first etchant in a main etch first step that etches both the opaque layer and the resist layer and forms a patterned opaque layer;
etching any residual opaque layer in an overetch second step using a second etchant that etches both the opaque layer and the resist layer, whereby the second etchant needs to be more selective to etching the resist layer than the opaque layer; and
removing the resist layer and forming the photomask; wherein the first etchant has a selectivity of the amount of opaque layer removed to the amount of resist layer removed of about 0.4 to 1 and the second etchant has a selectivity of the amount of opaque layer removed to the amount of resist layer removed of about 0.3 to 0.75.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. A method of making a phase shift photomask using a two-step opaque layer etching process which comprises:
providing a transparent substrate;
depositing a phase shift layer on the transparent substrate;
depositing an opaque layer on the phase shift layer;
depositing a resist layer on the opaque layer;
imaging and developing a resist mask pattern in the resist layer which exposes portions of the opaque layer;
etching the exposed portions of the opaque layer using a first etchant in a main etch first step that etches both the opaque layer and the resist layer and forms a patterned opaque layer;
etching any residual opaque layer in an overetch second step using a second etchant that etches both the opaque layer and the resist layer, whereby the second etchant needs to be more selective to etching the resist layer than the opaque layer;
etching the phase shift layer; and
removing the opaque layer and the resist layer and forming the phase shift photomask wherein the first etchant has a selectivity of the amount of opaque layer removed to the amount of resist layer removed of about 0.4 to 1 and the second etchant has a selectivity of the amount of opaque layer removed to the amount of resist layer removed of about 0.3 to 0.75.
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. The method of
11. The method of
12. The method of
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for improving resolution of critical features printed on an optical mask for semiconductor fabrication, and in particular, to a method and apparatus for etching chrome films on optical masks to improve the across mask image size uniformity and linearity and reduce errors in the nominal image size on optical masks.
2. Description of Related Art
In the manufacture of circuit patterns on electronic components, such as the manufacture of integrated circuits on semiconductor substrates, photomasks are used to transfer the desired circuit pattern onto the substrate workpiece. A photomask is typically employed a large number of times for the production of numerous electronic devices. This places stringent demands on the quality of a photomask since any flaws or defects in the photomask are reproduced in the workpiece, which directly affects the operability of the resultant workpiece.
One of the biggest technical challenges in photomask manufacturing is to build a high accuracy photomask that meets the stringent across mask critical dimension uniformity (CDU) specifications required by the semiconductor industry. The across mask CDU is typically obtained by measuring the line width of critical features on the mask at many locations across the mask using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and is expressed as a 3 sigma value in nanometers. For photomasks used for building semiconductor devices in the 90 nm technology node the mask CDU specification is typically <7 nm (3 sigma). For 65 nm devices the mask CDU specification is typically <5 nm (3 sigma) and for 45 nm devices the mask CDU specification is <3.5 nm (3 sigma). This invention is aimed at enabling achievement of these strict across mask CD uniformity specifications.
A conventional photomask comprises a patterned metal film, such as chrome, deposited onto the surface of a transparent base. To make the photomask the metal film is blanket deposited on the transparent base and covered with a photoresist. A desired pattern is exposed and developed on the photoresist, and then portions of the underlying exposed metal film are removed from the developed areas. Any remaining photoresist is subsequently removed leaving a patterned metal film on the substrate workpiece.
In typical processes of manufacturing a chrome film photomask, a wet etch process may be used in which cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate and perchloric acid are employed. However, the use of a wet etch process in the manufacture of a chrome mask makes it difficult to manufacture the mask with high accuracy as a result of the wet etching processes causing side etching effects/biases.
While the following description will be directed for convenience to chrome-on-glass (COG) masks, other masks such as phase shift (PSM) masks having a phase shift layer of for example MoSi on the glass surface may be made using the method of the invention. In general, the silicide layer is formed over the transparent substrate to provide good joining ability between the mask material of silicide and the substrate. A chrome layer and photoresist layer are then formed on the MoSi layer as described above.
Dry etch processes are preferably employed for the formation of chrome photomasks. A typical dry etch process of chrome masking typically employs the use of a mixed gas of chlorine, e.g., Cl2 and oxygen (O2). The dry etch processes were found to be advantageous for manufacturing a mask with high accuracy, however, the etch rate of chrome using conventional dry etch processes is low and not selective. Additionally, such conventional dry etch processes typically cause several defects in the pattern for the photomask, such as opaque defects, clear defects, and poor resolution features, which in turn are transferred to the workpiece rendering it inoperable.
As a result of the difference in etch selectivity between the resist and chrome films, the resists have been modified to improve their etch resistance and selectivity to the underlying chrome film during dry etch processes. For example, a prior art technique to improve resolution features on the resultant mask is to reduce the thickness of the photoresist film deposited thereover the chrome film. The thinning of the resist film may however, lead to the resist film being completely removed during the chrome etch before the patterned images are fully transferred into the chrome layer. Other techniques of modifying the resists to improve their etch resistance and selectivity to the underlying chrome film during dry etch processes has been to modify the resist chemistry. However, it has been found that increasing etch resistance of the material can also degrade important resist performance parameters, such as, sensitivity, image quality and stability of the resist.
Accordingly, a need continues to exist in the art to provide an improved method to make a photomask that allows for the achievement of the desired nominal image size and image size uniformity on the photomask with a method which is efficient, easy and relatively inexpensive.
Bearing in mind the problems and deficiencies of the prior art, it is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved method for manufacturing a photomask such as a COG mask and a PSM mask which achieves a desired minimum feature size resolution on a photomask.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a method of making a photomask such as a COG mask and a PSM mask that will have improved across mask critical dimension uniformity and linearity of the photomask.
Still other objects and advantages of the invention will in part be obvious and will in part be apparent from the specification.
The above and other objects and advantages, which will be apparent to one of skill in the art, are achieved in the present invention which is directed to a method of making a photomask which comprises:
The transparent substrate typically comprises quartz, glass, silica glass, polysilicate glass, soda glass, or a thin membrane material made of silicon, SiN, SiC or diamond. The opaque layer generally has a thickness ranging from about 500 Å to about 1200 Å, and preferably comprises a chrome-based material including chrome or Cr:O:N. The resist layer typically has a thickness of about 2000 Å to 5000 Å.
The photomask formed in the opaque layer in accordance with the method of the instant invention forms lithographic photomasks including optical photomasks, EUV photomasks, X-ray photomasks, SCALPEL photomasks and photomasks in technologies typically using a chrome film as a pattern blocking layer and/or transparent film such as MoSi to form a phase shift photomask (PSM). In the PSM, a quartz substrate is overlaid with a MoSi layer followed by a patterned chrome layer. The MoSi layer is then patterned to form the PSM as is known in the art.
The features of the invention believed to be novel and the elements characteristic of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The figures are for illustration purposes only and are not drawn to scale. The invention itself, however, both as to organization and method of operation, may best be understood by reference to the detailed description which follows taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
In describing the preferred embodiment of the present invention, reference will be made herein to
The present invention relates to a method for making a photomask using a main etch and an overetch step to etch the opaque layer forming the desired pattern in the opaque layer of the mask. The present invention improves the minimum resolution features that can be achieved on a photomask as well as improving the post etch feature size linearity and critical dimension uniformity that can be achieved on a photomask within current process flows and manufacturing. The instant invention overcomes such photomask manufacturing problems by advantageously adjusting the chrome (opaque layer) to resist selectivity for the main etch and the overetch step.
Referring to the drawings,
The following description is an application of the present invention in a dry etching process of an opaque layer, preferably a chrome film, for formation of an optical mask. While the preferred embodiment of the present invention is described in terms of the dry etch process of a chrome film to form an optical mask, it will be understood and appreciated by those skilled in the art that the present invention includes etching processes of other films for formation of a variety of masks, and is generally applicable to the manufacturing processes of electronic devices and structures.
Referring again to
A resist layer 16 is then deposited over the opaque layer. The resist layer 16 may be deposited by known techniques including, for example, spin coating, and the like. Resist layer 16 may comprise a positive or a negative resist layer and typically is about 2000 Å to 5000 Å thick.
As shown in
The overetch step is now performed as also shown in
Table 1 compares the across mask CD uniformity (expressed as a 3 sigma value in nanometer dimension) for two gate level masks processed with different overetch conditions. In this case the main etch for both masks was identical (only the overetch condition was different). Mask A had an overetch etch selectivity ratio that was the same as the main etch selectivity ratio. Mask B using the method of the invention had an overetch etch selectivity ratio that was more aggressive (low selectivity to resist�lower etch selectivity ratio) than the main etch selectivity ratio. In the specific embodiment for Mask B, the overetch condition was made more aggressive to removing the resist than removing the chrome (lower selectivity to resist) by increasing the duty cycle of the lower electrode RF power setting by 20%. As the table clearly illustrates, Mask B clearly had a substantial reduction (61%) in the amount of change/degrade in the across mask CD uniformity due to the etching process.
Table 2 compares again selectivity for main etch and over etch steps for different substrates as well as global CD uniformity. POR is prior art and new is the invention.
Table 3 compares the linearity range with the invention having the lowest range in linearity for clear measurements designated feature sizes range from 200 nm to 1000 nm in size.
The final mask is shown in
The pattern contained in the photomask may then be reproduced onto a surface of a workpiece typically by placing the photomask over the workpiece and irritating a radiation-sensitive resist material on the workpiece. The variety of radiation sources includes visible light, ultraviolet light, x-ray radiation, electrons, ions and EUV (Extreme Ultraviolet). When illuminated by the radiation, the opaque layer pattern on the photomask serves to selectively block portions of the radiation beam while allowing other portions to be transmitted through the openings in the opaque layer. In this manner, complex geometries having very narrow line widths can be reproduced allowing the economical production of very large-scale integrated circuits and other devices.
A dry-etching process is generally conducted in a vacuum chamber in which gases, typically chlorine and oxygen are injected. An electrical field is created between an anode and a cathode in the vacuum chamber thereby forming a reactive gas plasma. Positive ions of the reactive gas plasma are accelerated toward the photomask which is oriented such that the surface area of the quartz substrate is perpendicular to the electrical field. The directional ion bombardment enhances the etch rate of the Cr opaque material in the vertical direction but not in the horizontal direction.
The reaction between the reactive gas plasma and the Cr opaque material is a multi-step process. First, a reaction between the chlorine gas and exposed Cr opaque material forms chrome radical species. The oxygen then reacts with the chrome radical species to create a volatile which can �boil off� thereby removing the exposed Cr opaque material.
As shown in
Conventional plasma etch systems such as the Applied Materials, Inc. TETRA� DPS� etch system (available from Applied Materials, Inc., of Santa Clara, Calif.) or the Generation 4 Photomask Etcher from Unaxis Inc (St. Petersburg, Fla.). may be used to provide excellent results. A plasma processing system which permits separate power application for plasma generation and for substrate biasing is preferred and is commonly referred to as a Decoupled Plasma Source (DPS). Substrate biasing is used to attract ions and other high energy species from the plasma toward the substrate surface, enabling anisotropic etching. Separate application of power for plasma generation and power for substrate biasing permits separate control of the plasma density and the attractive forces (DC voltage) generated on the surface of the substrate.
The main chrome mask layer etch is preferably performed using a plasma generated from a chlorine-oxygen-helium-CO2 gas mixture. CO2 is used to control the selectivity of the etchant wherein CO2 is added to reduce the aggressiveness of the etchant (higher Cr/resist ratio) to the resist layer. The molecular ratio of the chlorine:oxygen:helium:CO2 gas mixture may vary widely such as 75:5:5:0 to 150:10:10:0 and is typically about 105:7:7:0. When CO2 is used the ratio is typically about 105:2:5:7 to 150:2:5:14. The total gas flow rate may likewise vary widely at about 85 to 170 sccm and is generally about 119 sccm. The ICP coil is powered to generate a high density plasma having the desired Cr: resist selectivity. The lower electrode is powered to produce a suitable bias voltage. The temperature of the substrate is typically about 25� C., while the wall temperature of the process chamber is typically about 25-50� C. The pressure in the chamber is generally 2-5 mT, e.g., 2.5 mT. The etch end point may be detected by optical emission spectroscopy as is well-known in the art, for example, discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,658, which patent is hereby incorporated by reference
The chrome layer is then overetched beyond endpoint to remove residual chrome from open regions and to leave a vertical sidewall. The overetch step is generally an extension of the chrome etch process described above but in the method of the invention is performed under different etchant conditions and/or a different etchant chemistry forming a more aggressive etch of the resist versus the chrome than in the main etch step. In a preferred method, conditions are the same as the main etch but the CO2 is removed from the etchant mixture.
Another way of illustrating the important functions of the main etch and overetch steps is shown in
After completion of the main and overetch chrome layer etch, a strip and clean process is typically performed to remove any residual contaminants from the surface of the chrome layer. The strip chemical used is typically heated sulfuric peroxide and applied over the surface of the substrate plate. After treatment with sulfuric peroxide, the substrate plate is rinsed with CO2-reionized, or CO2-sparged deionized water. After strip, the substrate plate is typically subjected to an acid clean using an industry standard 70:30 H2SO4/H2O2, solution, followed by another deionized water rinse.
Referring now to
The reactor chamber 20 has an inlet port 22 through which an etchant gas composition is introduced into the reactor chamber when etching through the HDP RIE plasma etch method. Reacted and unreacted etchant gas and reaction byproducts are exhausted from the reaction chamber 20 by means of a pump (not shown) through outlet port 24.
Also shown in
It is an important feature of the invention that the main etch be performed under etchant conditions and/or an etchant composition wherein the etchant has a selectivity of the amount of chrome removed to the amount of resist removed (Cr:resist) ratio of about 0.4 to 1 or higher, preferably 0.45 to 1 and most preferably 0.75 to 1 and that the overetch step be more aggressive to the etching of the photoresist layer than the chrome layer vis-�-vis the main etch. The Cr:resist selectivity ratio for the overetch is therefore lower than the main etch ratio and is typically about 0.3 to 0.75, preferably 0.45 to 0.6. The important feature of the invention is that the etch selectivity ratio for the main etch etchant be higher than the etch selectivity ratio for the overetch etchant. Using such selectivities for the main etch of the chrome in combination with the overetch step has been found to provide an enhanced process for making a photomask having improved CD uniformity.
The combination of the main etch and the overetch selectivities provides the method of the invention which forms a mask having excellent CDU properties.
It is an important feature of the invention that the etchant conditions be adjusted to provide a main etch having a Cr:resist ratio greater than the overetch ratio, e.g., for a main etch ratio of 0.8, the overetch ratio is less than 0.8. A preferred main etch selectivity ratio is 0.9 and an overetch selectivity ratio is 0.7. To form such a selective etch plasma it is preferred to adjust the reactor voltage and duty cycle during the etchant process.
The etchant composition can also be adjusted to change the selectivity. For example, it is preferred that a gas such as CO2 be added to the ClS/O2 (usually containing He also) mixture to moderate the aggressiveness of the etchant to the resist.
Referring now to
Referring now to
Lines A (X-Line), B (Y-Line), C (X-Space), and D (Y-Space) represent the measured feature size of the lines and spaces on the etched substrate, and it is clear that the pattern of
While the present invention has been particularly described, in conjunction with a specific preferred embodiment, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. It is therefore contemplated that the appended claims will embrace any such alternatives, modifications and variations as falling within the true scope and spirit of the present invention.
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Ohio State President Michael V. Drake is expected to unveil his vision and plans for the university during his investiture address. He's following a tradition established by a number of former university presidents who have used their formal welcomes to detail plans and goals for the coming years.
Some Ohio State presidents have had no formal introductions, and rather took their oath of office in private ceremonies. However, a number of presidents have had formal public introductions, which fall into three categories — inaugurations, installments and investitures.
Dr. Sheldon Retchin, one of the nation's most respected and prominent academic medical center leaders, began his tenure as executive vice president of Health Sciences and CEO of Wexner Medical Center on March 2.
Arts and Sciences For a full listing of events, go to asc.osu.edu/events. Undergraduate Juried Exhibition Through April 17 An annual Undergraduate Juried Exhibition showcases the work of selected undergraduate BFA and BA students in the Department of Art. Awardees of the Department of Art Scholarships are represented in the exhibition. Public Reception: April 2, 4:30-5:30 […]
In his annual State of Academic Affairs speech to University Senate, Executive Vice President and Provost Joseph Steinmetz said that Ohio State will bring the arts and humanities into the Discovery Themes collaboration.
Tanner Fritz's hockey skills were evident early. His skills in the classroom came later, but he's a true dual threat on a breakaway strike on goal and as a standout student.
Since 1962, Ohio State's north residential area has been a standing tribute to student and alumni veterans. More than 50 years later, the university's most ambitious residence hall project — the North Residential District Transformation — will help grow this tradition.
Research associate Caitlin Slevin went from not being able to afford the home she desired in Weinland Park to breaking ground on the new construction thanks to the OSU Faculty and Staff University District Homeownership Incentive Program.
Verdi's "Requiem" is a challenging piece for the School of Music students and a definitive delight for the listening audience.
The role that music plays in social change took center stage February 17 when President Michael V. Drake delivered the 2015 United Black World Month keynote address at the Wexner Medical Center's University Hospital East and the Ross Heart Hospital.