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A filter for underwater color correction is described which could be characterized by optical transmission exhibiting more attenuation of blue/green light than red light and having a ratio of transmission at 600 nanometers and 700 nanometers substantially less than 50%.
1. A color correcting filter for use underwater comprising a material with optical transmission properties as shown in any of FIGS. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.
2. A color correcting filter for use underwater with optical path lengths in excess of about 10 feet comprising material with optical transmission properties exhibiting more attenuation throughout a range of 400 to 420 nanometers than in the range of about 680 nanometers, with a ratio of transmission at 600 nanometers and 700 nanometers substantially less than 50%.
3. A color correcting filter for use underwater comprising:
a) an entrance subject to impinging light;
b) an exit from which light is emitted; and
c) located between said entrance and exit, a material with optical properties as shown in any of FIGS. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.
4. A color correcting filter for use underwater with optical path lengths in excess of about 10 feet comprising an entrance subject to impinging light, an exit from which light is emitted, and located between said entrance and exit, a material with optical transmission properties exhibiting more attenuation throughout a range of 400 to 420 nanometers than in the range of about 680 nanometers, with a ratio of transmission at 600 nanometers and 700 nanometers substantially less than 50%.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/860,273, filed Apr. 1, 1992, now abandoned which is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/633,622, filed Dec. 28, 1990 now abandoned.
The present invention relates to underwater color correction with particular application to underwater photography and underwater dive masks.
It is well known that light is made up of electromagnetic radiation having a range of wavelengths usually considered to be between 0.4 and 0.7 microns. Underwater color correction is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,542,959; 3,588,215 and 3,929,487. In addition, the following publications discuss the "UR/Pro Marine CY Filter" (which may be described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,542,959): Frink, "Warmer U/W Photos", Skindiver, December 1983; Herbst, "New Filter Banishes the Undersea Blues", May 1986 and Holland, "Filters May Improve your U/W Photography", February 1988. Murphy, in "Shark Eye", appearing in Skindiver, May 1987, apparently describes a filter which may be related to U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,588,215 and 3,929,487. Adams, in "Exposure Control for Underwater Photography", appearing in ElectroOptical System Design Conference, 1971, at page 336, discusses the use of color correcting red filters, as does Rowlands, in The Underwater Photographer's Handbook, pages 74-75, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Cardone, in "Clearoptic Lenses", in Skindiver, May 1989, describes a yellow filter, sometimes known as "shooters" glasses.
Additional work in underwater color correction is reported in Biays, "Aquacolor Underwater Cinematography: Breaking the Available Light and Color Barriers Underwater", in SMPTE Journal, March 1985, Vol. 94, No. 3, at page 270 et seq, and in "Banishing the Blues", by Dawson, in Florida Keys Magazine, December 1987, page 13 et seq.
The statement found in the Biays publication (see page 275) that deterrents to accurate color correction have been "complex variables for water color cast; turbidity; determining the correct filters; compounded exposure problems; and inability to change filters continually within conventional underwater camera housings" is accurate today.
The foregoing collection of prior art can be categorized as suggesting using either a specially created filter for underwater work (Kreutzig) or using the Kodak color correcting red family of filters. Use of the Kodak color correcting filter family includes using either an appropriately selected one of the Kodak color correction filters or use of a combination of Kodak color correcting red filters selected appropriate to the optical path length.
The present invention departs from the foregoing prior art in a number of respects. In the first place, it recognizes that the Kodak color correcting filters which were never designed for underwater work are in fact not suitable or not as suitable as filters specially designed for this application. Based on experimental work which has been performed, the present invention cuts through the confusion caused by attempts to tailor a filter characteristic for the particular type of water by basing filter characteristics not on the particular water (see Biays at page 279 for optical characteristics of different types of water) environment, but rather using water characteristics for distilled water in order to derive filter characteristics usable in sea water applications.
More particularly, the present invention provides a family of filters, each different filter in the family optimized for use at a particular optical path length or in a region of optical path lengths. As is reported in the prior art, appropriate filter correction depends on the optical path length of natural light through the water environment. The optical path length takes into account not only the distance between the subject and the viewer (whether it is a human viewer or a camera, either film or video), but also must take into account the length of the optical path travelled by the natural light from the water/air interface to the subject. For example, when viewing or photographing a subject ten feet below the water surface with the camera or viewer ten feet from the subject, the optical path length is twenty feet, not merely the ten feet between the subject and the viewer.
In determining the optical characteristics of a filter optimized for a particular path length, the first step is to determine the transmission characteristic of distilled water for the same path length. FIG. 1 illustrates the transmission for a water path length of fifteen feet, plotting percentage transmission vs. optical wavelength (from 0.4 to 0.7 microns). The filter characteristic then for this path length is determined to complement the curve shown in FIG. 1. An example of an appropriate filter characteristic for the fifteen foot path length is shown in FIG. 2.
Using this procedure, filter characteristics for other path lengths can also be determined. Table 1, reproduced below, shows important percentages of transmission of the optimum filter characteristic for path lengths of from five feet to fifty feet, in five foot increments.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________λ 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50__________________________________________________________________________0.400 64.6 41.7 26.9 17.4 11.2 7.2 4.7 3.0 1.95 1.30.450 61.8 38.1 23.6 14.6 9.0 5.6 3.4 2.1 1.3 0.80.470 61.5 37.8 23.2 14.3 8.8 5.4 3.3 2.0 1.3 0.80.500 61.6 38.0 23.4 14.4 8.9 5.5 3.4 2.1 1.3 0.80.520 61.9 38.4 23.8 14.7 9.1 5.7 3.5 2.2 1.3 0.80.550 62.8 39.4 24.7 15.5 9.8 6.1 3.8 2.4 1.5 1.00.570 64.2 41.2 26.5 17.0 11.0 7.0 4.5 2.9 1.9 1.20.600 71.5 51.1 36.5 26.1 18.6 13.3 9.5 6.8 4.9 3.50.650 91.8 84.3 77.4 71.0 65.3 60.0 55.0 50.5 46.5 42.70.670 95.2 90.7 86.3 82.2 78.2 74.5 70.9 67.5 64.3 61.20.700 99.0 98.0 97.0 96.1 95.0 94.1 93.2 92.3 91.4 90.4__________________________________________________________________________
FIG. 3 shows the filter characteristic for a Kodak CCR 50R filter (suitable for a fifteen foot path length). This characteristic can be compared either with FIG. 2 or with Table 1 for the fifteen foot path length to show the significant differences between these filter characteristics. These two characteristics differ significantly especially in the region around 0.5 microns, as well as in the region from about 0.57 microns up to about 0.69 microns. In particular, the filter characteristic of the invention is more attenuating in the region about 0.5 microns, as well as in the region from about 0.58 microns through 0.69 microns than is the CCR 50R filter.
The Kreutzig filter, the characteristic of which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,542,959, can also be compared with the important percent transmission shown in Table 1. The Kreutzig filter is said to be useful over an optical path length distance of about eight to about fifty feet. Comparing the characteristic of the Kreutzig filter to the data points shown in Table 1, for example at 0.6 microns and above, it is readily apparent that there are substantial differences between the characteristics shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,542,959 and that of Table 1.
FIGS. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 illustrate the data points shown in Table 1 for optical path lengths of 5, 10, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 feet; FIG. 2 shows the characteristic of Table 1 for the 15 foot path length.
Accordingly, the invention provides a color correcting filter for use underwater comprising a material with optical transmission properties as shown in any of FIGS. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12.
The invention also comprehends a method of color correction for use underwater comprising the steps of:
(a) determining a path length for light travel from a water/air interface to a user surface,
(b) selecting that one of the filters characterized respectively by optical transmission properties as shown in any of FIGS. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 corresponding to the path length determination of step (a), and
(c) inserting the filter selected in step (b) into a light path leading to the user surface.
The invention also comprehends a method of determining optical transmission properties for a color correction filter for undersea use comprising the steps of:
(a) selecting a path length corresponding to path length of light from a water/air interface to a user surface at which the color correction filter will be applicable,
(b) determining for the selected path, optical transmission properties of distilled water,
(c) producing an optical transmission characteristic complementary to the optical transmission property determined in step (b), and
(d) fashioning an optical filter with the optical transmission characteristics determined in step (c).
The invention also comprehends a color correcting filter for use underwater with optical path length in excess of about ten feet comprising a material with optical transmission properties exhibiting more attenuation of blue/green light than red light and a ratio of transmission at 0.6 and 0.7 microns substantially less than 50%.
The foregoing aspects of the invention relate to a filter which provides color correction for the molecular nature of water and in many instances can be used even though the water contains additional impurities, contaminants, etc. However, there are applications where the filter must be especially tailored for the particular characteristics of the water environment and the aspect of the invention now to be described provides for a method of determining the appropriate filter characteristics and a method for determining the constituents of an appropriate filter. A filter is made up of one or more colorants wherein each colorant has a specific color transmission characteristic (which can be plotted as percent transmission vs. wavelength) for a given density of that colorant. Thus, using a single colorant, there is a family of filter characteristics which can be produced by varying the density of that colorant. Furthermore, it is not necessary that the filter be composed of only a single colorant and rather it can be composed of a mixture of two colorants wherein the density of each is variable. Finally, there is no reason to limit a filter to two colorants so that actually more than two colorants can be used. The resultant filter characteristic depends then on each of the colorants used in the filter and the density of each of the colorants. In accordance with this aspect of the invention, the desired final filter characteristic is determined by first deriving, measuring or estimating the optical characteristic of the water environment. Thus, this aspect of the invention is not restricted to the use of distilled water characteristic. Once the optical properties are obtained, the desired filter characteristic is determined to complement the water characteristic.
A candidate colorant is selected based on a comparison of the colorant's transmission characteristic to the desired filter characteristic. The transmission characteristic for the candidate colorant is then determined for a range of densities. In an optimum density, the candidate colorant can be determined by noting which density produces the smallest deviation between the colorant transmission characteristic and the desired filter characteristic. The deviation is merely a sum of the absolute value of the differences between the candidate color characteristic and the desired filter characteristic taken at specified points of the spectrum. If desired, this deviation can be a weighted sum, as will be described.
There is of course no guarantee that any density of the candidate colorant will provide the desired "match" to the desired filter characteristic. If this is the case then, the candidate colorant can be changed in a search for a "best fit" or closest match.
Plotting colorant characteristic and comparing it to the desired characteristic will reveal areas in the spectrum that may require more or less attenuation. A second colorant may then be chosen to reduce those deviations. This process may be continued using additional colorants.
Thereafter, a family of filter characteristics are created based on a given density of a first candidate colorant and a family of densities for the second candidate colorant.
A second family of characteristics is created by selecting a second density for the first candidate colorant and again using the same family of densities for the second candidate colorant. This process is continued to create additional families of characteristics for the densities of the first candidate colorant.
At the completion of this process, the best fit from all of the families of curves is determined in the manner already described to determine the best characteristic that can be obtained by using the first and second candidate colorants.
Of course the resolution of this determination depends on how fine the steps are between the different densities used to create the different families of curves. The optimum resolution is obtained by using very fine changes. On the other hand, this creates a large number of characteristic curves in each family and a large number of families which has a significant impact on the time taken to process all of this data. The process can be shortened by running it in several stages. More particularly, in a first iteration of the process, the steps used in varying the density are gross, e.g. only nine steps are used in density from 10%-90%. This process concludes by obtaining the best fit after investigating 10% changes in density.
Using the best fit from the first iteration, the density is varied around this point in finer steps, i.e. 1% steps. The second iteration then concludes with the density resolved to 1%. Of course, the process can continue with still finer gradations in density variations if desired.
Those skilled in the art are aware that the process of printing from photographic negatives can be used to implement color correction. In other words, by varying the printing process, colors reproduced in the negative can be enhanced or deemphasized within certain limits. Accordingly, while the curves of FIGS. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 show how to correct for water path induced color imbalances, it is within the skill of the art to perform the color correction exhibited by the characteristic curves of these figures in two stages. In other words, rather than doing the entire color correction at the filter, color correction which is equivalent to the color correction exhibited in FIGS. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 can be implemented in two stages. In a first stage a modified color correcting filter is used, i.e. one which departs from the curve of FIGS. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Because of the departure of such a modified filter from the characteristic curve of FIGS. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, the resulting negative will not be wholly color corrected. However, the first stage of color correction implemented by the modified filter is then assisted with a second color correction stage implemented in the printing process. Accordingly, the invention also comprehends a method of color correction including a first stage of color correction applied at an underwater user surface (i.e. a filter) and a second color correction stage applied in photographic printing, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) determining a path length for light travel from a water/air interface to said user surface;
(b) selecting that one of the filters characterized respectively by optical transmission properties as shown in any of FIGS. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 corresponding to the path length determination of step (a);
(c) modifying the filter selected in step (b) so as to provide for some but not all of the color correction exhibited in the selected filter;
(d) photographically exposing film using the modified filter of step (c);
(e) processing the film exposed in step (d) to produce a photographic negative; and
(f) producing a photographic print from the negative of step (e) and simultaneously providing additional color correction So that in toto the color correction implemented in this step (f) and in said step (d) provides for overall color correction corresponding to the filter characteristics selected in step (b).
The invention will further be described in the following portion of this specification when taken in conjunction with the attached drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is the optical transmission properties of fifteen feet of distilled water;
FIG. 2 illustrates the optical properties of the filter in accordance with the present invention designed for an optical path length of fifteen feet;
FIG. 3 illustrates the optical properties of the Kodak CC 50R filter;
FIGS. 4-12 illustrate the optical properties of a filter in accordance with the present invention for optical path lengths of 5, 10, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 feet, respectively;
FIG. 13 shows typical use of the filter of the invention; and
FIG. 14 plots transmission characteristics of different types of water.
FIG. 13 schematically illustrates a typical application of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 13, an object 20 and a "user" 40 are both located underwater. The water/air interface is identified at 11. The user 40 represents either a person viewing the underwater object 20 or some type of camera such as a photographic or video camera. The object 20 is illuminated by natural light which enters the water at the interface 11. Natural light is differentially attenuated by the water so that, absent other measures, the user 40 would not see a true color rendition of the object 20. In accordance with the present invention, an optical filter 30 is used to compensate for some or all of this differential light attenuation so as to color balance the light exiting from the filter 30 as compared to the light entering the filter 30. An important parameter in determining the optical characteristics of a suitable filter 30 is the so-called optical path length which is the sum of the distances P1 and P2, as shown in FIG. 13. P1 is a measure of the light path from the air/water interface 11 to the object 20 and P2 is a measure of the distance from the object 20 to the user 40 or the user surface 35.
One of the problems which had not been adequately addressed in the prior art was a determination of a suitable filter characteristic, and more particularly, how to estimate the differential attenuation of water. FIG. 14 is a copy of FIG. 16 of the Biays publication illustrating the optical properties of "pure" water, average ocean water, maximum coastal water, average coastal water and turbid water. Rather than attempting to rationalize these differences, one aspect of the invention uses, as a baseline for designing the optical properties of an appropriate filter, the optical properties of distilled water or the pure water curve shown in FIG. 14.
Having selected a measure of the water characteristics, those skilled in the art are familiar with calculating the optical properties for any given path length. Thus a first step in selecting appropriate optical properties or a filter is calculating the optical properties of pure or distilled water for an appropriate path length. As will be described below, the variations in differential attenuation as a function of changes in path length have led to the use of a family of filters which are designed for path lengths in increments of five feet over the range from five feet to fifty feet. It should be apparent that while a filter designed for a ten foot optical path length (for example) is optimum for that path length, it can also be used for a range of path lengths on both sides of the optimum. It should also be understood that the five foot increment is preferable although not essential to the use of the present invention. Better results may be obtained by using smaller increments. However, a five foot increment leads to a worst case error of 2.5 feet.
Having determined the optical characteristics of the medium for the appropriate path length, a complementary filter characteristic is then determined. For example, FIG. 1 shows the optical properties of distilled water for a fifteen foot path length and indicates that the greatest attenuation is at 0.7 microns where only about 22% of the incident illumination is retained. The ideal filter is one that reduces the attenuation at all other wavelengths so that the light exiting the water path/filter combination shows equal transmission at all wavelengths, i.e., a so-called "flat" characteristic. Thus the complementary filter "complements" the differential attenuation so that the cojoint action of the differential attenuation of water and the differential attenuation provided by the complementing filter produce overall smooth or horizontal attenuation characteristics, i.e. removing any differential attenuation over the combination of water and filter.
Using the foregoing technique, optical transmission properties for a family of filters is illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 4-12 for path lengths of 15 feet, 5, 10, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 feet, respectively.
Given the optical properties, i.e. the transmission characteristics of a desired filter, the present state of technology is entirely adequate to allow those skilled in the art to reproduce a filter matching the desired characteristics. Accordingly, it is not necessary to describe how to actually manufacture a filter to match any of the filter characteristics shown in FIGS. 2 and 4-12.
Notwithstanding the fact that those skilled in the art can produce a filter to match a given desired filter characteristic, in large part, the processing used today is a hit-or-miss or iterative process and the aspect of the invention which will now be described provides for a deterministic process for (1) determining the desired filter characteristic for the optical properties of any specific type of water or water environment, and (2) selecting that colorant or group of colorants and the density of each colorant included in the group so that the resulting filter characteristic will match the desired filter characteristic. While the mechanized process comprising this aspect of the invention can be carried out with pencil and paper, a computer program or a collection of programs have been created in order to automate the process.
Table 2, reproduced below, is a basic program in order to create a file of data characteristics of a particular filter characteristic. The program reproduced in Table 2 characterizes a filter in terms of transmission coefficients in the range of 400 nanometers to 700 nanometers, in 10 nanometer steps, i.e. 31 numbers.
The program reproduced in Table 3 provides for the calculation and plotting of a desired filter characteristic for the water path characteristic contained in a file named WATER.DAT. The program creates arrays designated WATER, TEMPO, FINAL and FILTER. The array named WATER holds the transmission coefficients taken from the file WATER.DAT created by running the program from Table 2. The array TEMPO holds the transmission coefficients for a one-foot path length. The array FINAL holds the transmission coefficients for the operator-selected path length, WP. Finally, the array FILTER holds the transmission coefficients for the complementing filter for the water path WP.
Referring to Table 3, lines 1140-1170 dimension the four arrays, WATER, TEMPO, FINAL and FILTER. Lines 1210-1250 fill the array WATER. Lines 1260-1270 accept the user's selection of the water path WP. Lines 1280-1310 load the arrays TEMPO and FINAL. Each value in the TEMPO array is created as the 0.1th root of the corresponding value in the array WATER. The value in the array FINAL is the corresponding value in the array TEMPO raised to the WP power. Because water transmits least, or is most attenuating, at the red end of the spectrum, the user enters (at line 1360) the value TR which is the best estimate for the transmission coefficient at the red end of the spectrum. The value TR is used as the last value (corresponding to 700 nanometers) in the array FILTER. In line 1460, the value NORM is calculated as the product of TR and the value in the array FINAL for 700 nanometers. Lines 1490-1510 compute the rest of the entries in the array FILTER based on the value NORM. Lines 1540-1580 transfer the data from the array FILTER to the file COMFILT.DAT. Lines 1600-1980 plots the data from the array FILTER.
Table 4 reproduces a program which computes the transmission plots of filters to complement a specified water path. This program uses four arrays, WATER to hold the transmission coefficients taken from the file WATER.DAT, TEMPO holds the transmission coefficients for a one-foot path of water, FINAL contains the composite transmission coefficients, and the array F holds the transmission coefficients of the filters as input by the operator. This program can be used to check that the filter characteristics computed for example from the program shown in Table 3 actually produces the desired flat or horizontal characteristic for the combination of the selected path length and the selected filter.
The programs shown in Tables 2-4 are useful in creating the desired filter characteristic based on the water path length and the characteristics of the water. The program reproduced in Table 5 however is useful to the filter designer to select the particular colorants and their densities (either a single colorant or a group of colorants) so as to create the filter with the desired characteristics. The program reproduced in Table 5 is shown for the case when two colorants are used. Those skilled in the art will understand, however, that the program is generally applicable regardless of the number of colorants used. For example, if the user desires to create a filter using three colorants, then the program shown in Table 5 can be run on a first occasion using two of the desired three colorants. The final filter characteristic then is used as one of the colorant inputs on the next running of the program and the third colorant becomes the second input on the second iteration of running the program shown in Table 5.
The program shown in Table 5 uses ten arrays, each 31 numbers in length. The first pair of arrays, COLOR1 and COLOR2, hold the transmission characteristics for the first and second filters. The next pair of arrays, TEMPO1 and TEMPO2, hold reduced values (the 100th root of the values in COLOR1 or COLOR2. The arrays FINAL1 and FINAL2 are the values corresponding to the attenuation of either colorant 1 or colorant 2 for the specified density or percentage. The array DESIRED describes the desired filter characteristic. The array RESULT is the resultant characteristic of the combination of colorant 1 and colorant 2 in the selected percentages. The arrays SUMMER and WEIGHT are used in calculating the array RESULT, as will be described.
Lines 1290-1330 load the array DESIRED from the COMFILT.DAT file. In lines 1350-1390, the user selects either equal weighting of all points in the spectrum or unequal weighting. If unequal weighting is selected, the array WEIGHT is loaded with a weight (from 0 to 1) for each of the 31 wavelengths in the range 400-700 nanometers. On the other hand, if the operator has selected equal weighting, then lines 1550-1570 load the array WEIGHT with unit values. Lines 1600-1680 load the array COLOR1 for the transmission coefficients for the first colorant. Similarly, lines 1710-1790 load the array COLOR2 with the transmission coefficients of the second colorant. The data come from the file COLOR1.DAT and COLOR2.DAT. In the next portion of the program, the values C1P and C2P are used, where C1P identifies the percentage of colorant 1 (its density) and C2P is likewise the percentage (or density) of colorant 2. Lines 1860-1890 load the arrays TEMPO1 and TEMPO2 from the arrays COLOR1 and COLOR2, respectively. In each case, the value in the array TEMPO is the 100th root of the corresponding value in the array COLOR.
Lines 1910-2190 determines the optimum percentages of the two colorants, P1 and P2, based on the deviation between the resultant characteristic created by the specified percentages of colorants 1 and 2 from the desired characteristic. To do this, a loop is created to vary the percentage of the first colorant (from 10 to 90 in steps of 10 units--line 1920). For each step, the array FINAL is loaded with the value from the array TEMPO1 raised to the power C1P. For each value in the array FINAL1, the array FINAL2 is created by varying the percentage of colorant 2 (C2P) from 10 to 90 in steps of 10 units each. Each value in the array FINAL2 is the corresponding value from TEMPO2 raised to the power C2P. On each step, that is, for each value of C2P, lines 2000-2020 load an array RESULT and an array SUMMER. The RESULT array is the product of FINAL1 and FINAL2. The array SUMMER is the absolute value of the difference between the arrays RESULT and DESIRED, multiplied by the weight given at that particular wavelength. Each time the array SUMMER is filled, lines 2040-2070 compare the sum of all values in the array SUMMER (that is, the weighted deviation) to a threshold QUAL. QUAL is initialized at the value 31 (in line 1910). Line 2080 compares SUM and the threshold QUAL. The desired goal is to make SUM as small as possible. Therefore, if on any given iteration, SUM is larger than the threshold QUAL, lines 2120-2150 merely print the result, i.e. the different percentages and QUAL. On the other hand, if SUM is less than the threshold (the desired result), then the threshold is replaced by SUM and the data is printed out at lines 2120-2150. QUAL is a running indication of the best "quality" combination obtained with P1 and P2. If the combination produces a closer match, P1, P2 and QUAL are updated. An inferior match skips the update. Thus, on each iteration, the threshold is reduced in a search for the pair of values C1P and C2P which produce the least weighted deviation. After the loop of lines 1920-2160 is run, the program has determined the values C1P and C2P for the least or smallest deviation.
Thereafter, in lines 2200-2440, the loop is again run with slightly different values. In the second loop, the step changes are unity rather than 10 and the values used for C1P and C2P are between P1-9 and P1+10 (or P2-9 through P2+10). In other words, the loop 1920-2190 determines in steps of 10% changes the optimum percentages of the first and second colorants. For example, let's assume that the optimum percentage of colorant 1 is 30% and the optimum percentage of colorant 2 is 60%, then the second loop will test percentages of colorant 1 from 21 through 40 (30-9 to 30+10) in unit steps for colorant 1 and will also test the values 51-70 (60-9 through 60+10) also in unit steps. Accordingly, at the end of the second loop, i.e. the optimum values for the percentages of colorant 1 and colorant 2 and the deviation between the result and the desired characteristic will have been determined.
Lines 2490-3160 merely document this result.
It should be apparent from the foregoing then that the invention provides a family of filters whose optical properties provide for color correction based on the differential absorption of light by pure water. In many cases, although the water path actually encountered differs from pure water, the optical properties will provide suitable color correction. In addition, while the optical properties of the filters described herein provide for overall color correction, it is also apparent that the overall color correction, at least in the case of making photographic prints, can be implemented in two different stages. In a first stage, rather than using a filter whose characteristic is as illustrated in the application, a modified filter is employed, i.e. one which introduces some but not all of the color correction described in the filter characteristics. The second stage of color correction is implemented in the photographic printing process wherein selective enhancement/de-enhancement of colors is implemented so as to provide for the as-yet unprovided correction. By using this two step process, the overall color correction implemented is as is illustrated in the various figures in this application. The invention also describes a method of deriving color correction optical filter characteristics based on differential absorption by water which is not pure water. In accordance with this aspect of the invention, the actual characteristics of the water are measured and then a filter characteristic is created based on the measured properties of the water path. It should also be apparent that the color correction produced by using actual water path measurements can also be implemented in two stages. In other words, the optical filter characteristic designed for water which is not pure can be followed in the same two stage process which has been described for color correction for pure water. ##SPC1##
It should be apparent from all of the foregoing that many changes can be made to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein which fall within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention should be construed in accordance with the attached claims, and not be limited by the examples described herein.
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Independent, professional, & caring au pair required to work flexible hours in our loving home.
We are busy professionals living in a spacious house 2 miles from Central Birmingham. The role is to provide flexible 121 care for our 2 y/o in addition to his current nursery attendance, and assist with some of the "school run" collection of our 4 y
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Feather and sheet moss
I was wondering if someone could tell me if sheet and feather moss will grow on a bed of small aquarium gravel? I was planning on putting a six inch layer of small aquarium gravel on the bottom of my tank and place both types of moss on top of that, there will be water ciculating through the lower three inches of gravel and pumped up to a water fall and drip wall where it will go back through the gravel and start the whole process again, I also plan to place a couple of sundews and such in the feather moss, does any one know if this might be do-able?
I seem to find that moss grows on most things if your water is good enough and you water it well. If the water is three inches below the moss, you may not get enough wicking from the gravel to sustain the moss only that way. I would expect to have to water the moss daily or so depending on humidity levels in the tank (at least until it establishes). You may try sphagnum and keep it "mowed".
Except for sphagnum, I've always thought it necessary to give moss a soil-type mixture. I do know that Patrick at Saurian Enterprises (dart frog shop) is a big fan of the gravel-only method, so you might want to shoot him an e-mail. The link to his info can be found in the kingsnake classifieds.
have you thought of bark chips or long fibered shagnum??
I find various types of moss show up on their own with this material. it does break down but both have a biostatic effect and it's almost impossible to overwater.
I'm using broken bricks to grow Selaginellas.( I know not really a moss) lol
I emailed Patrick at Saurian Enterprises (thanx cdfortin)and will wait for his response, if he doesnt respond I will go ahead and try with the info you guys supplied, I will add five inches of gravel and four inches of RO water( thanx drew or) that will be drawn out of the tank, filtered by a canister filter, then returned from the filter to the water falls and drip wall, thanx garyfla, but Im trying to stay away from any "soil type" substrate as that seems to be where my problems always start =) Ill keep you guys up to date on my progress.
Good call on the filter too, I hadn't thought of that but I should have! Have fun with your project! I am jealous of you, I want to set my 29 gallon tank up as a nice terrarium but am moving soon so pretty much everything is on hold. I hate holding patterns.
Patrick gave me an email back and stated that it is almost impossible to grow moss on gravel due mostly to the moist humid conditions of tropical tanks, but I will not give up! "I must....grow....moss!" (in the voice of Capt Kirk!) drew or, when you get yourself settled in set up your tank and send in some pics, I have some pics in the gallery, check em out, its a 29 gallon going on a "piggy back" ride! LOL!
I grew moss in mine. Or rather, it grew it self. I snagged a small patch of moss from the woods and put it on a rock. Maybe 6 months later, it was growing on a log a few feet away. The moss you put in will probably never really attach itself, but it will toss off some spores that will latch on and grow where they can. Mine grows on this constantly moist limb of cypress.
I removed all the plants from the bottom of the tank and removed all the fouled soil,I will be adding the gravel tommorrow,I decided to try and grow moss on med sized river rocks,If moss can grow on rocks out doors I dont see why,if given the same conditions,it shouldnt grow in my tank,I will gather the moss covered rocks myself and place them on top of the gravel,my ferns are still growing strong along with the "papa gayo" and the one brom.I found a beautiful 10" pot over flowing with babytears,I will add a nice bunch next to the water fall,I will be adding the venting system also, it will be built into the canopy and will circulate the air in the tank,I will have more or less a "sealed" system,the only time I will have to remove the canopy will be once a week,as I plan on removing my critters for good =( I will be strictly plants now as I believe that I am not yet ready to handle critters,I hope to work my way up to keeping PDFs but will do so ONLY when I know that I can provide that PERFECT little slice of the rain forest for them, might take a year....might take twenty, only time will tell! =)
The entire floor of my terrarium is covered in a layer of living moss. The substrate is straight coconut coir and the moss I used started to grow naturally in my Bulbophyllum orchid pots. I removed the moss from the orchids pots and planted little plugs of moss into the terrarium. You could always use sphagnum moss over a drainage layer as a substrate. The sphagnum will eventually grow if given enough light and if only pure water is used. If the sphagnum does not grow itself other mosses will begin to grow on it or you can add others that you find and see what you can get to grow.
Moss in nature is part of a cycle and does not show up until the conditions are suitable. I don't think you will have success growing moss on rocks alone without a lot of trouble.
I have two inches of Hydrotron pellets below the coir substrate. There is no water feature or drain involved but I have never run into problems with excess water. The coir stays evenly moist so I very rarely add water to the substrate layer. You could use a false bottom as long as you lay down some fiberglass window screen to stop the substrate from falling into the water.
The tank is a 24.5" high x 18" deep hexagon. The 3 back walls are covered in cork bark and tree fern using the Great stuff foam method. I mist the epiphyte walls daily but I cannot grow any serious moisture loving plants as epiphytes without adding sphagnum moss to help trap more moisture. I have an epiphytic fern, Bulbopyllum and Pleurothallid orchids, and Tillandsias mounted on the walls.
I saw it mentioned that sphagnum needs lots of light, but I find most of it here in the Pacific Northwest in low light areas. Usually S. facing, with a hillside to the N. that reflects full light most of the day, but never direct sun. I think that purity of water is key for mosses. I have found that 1/4 strength evenly balanced fertilizers in rain water have little to no impact on the different variety of mosses. (I grow orchids, so I try to keep the moss happy but if it's moss or an orchid you know what wins. You should see what happens to the moss on my noble Dendrobiums when the winter dry spell comes on!)
Let me know if this is enough information for you,


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My 12-year-old daughter's friend gets a large allowance each week. Of course, now my daughter wants more money. What should I do?
- Paul
Some parents have their kids earn an allowance by completing regular household chores, like cleaning or taking out the trash. Others believe simple chores like these are expected of all members of the family. These parents may give their kids a nominal allowance with no strings attached. Some parents offer alternative money-making opportunities with bigger chores, like raking the leaves or cleaning the garage.
Whichever system you use, giving an allowance teaches responsibility and money management. An allowance also allows kids to make their financial "mistakes" with relatively small amounts.
The amount you choose to give should be based on a variety of factors, including your family's budget, the cost of living in your city, whether your child has ways to make supplemental money (for example, by babysitting), and what she is expected to spend her money on. A raise may or may not be in order, but be sure to explain why you made your decision.
Reviewed by: Steven Dowshen, MD
Date reviewed: April 2013
Note: All information is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor.
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Meir Panim delivers warmth, special care to families in need.
About the Author: Rafi Harkham is an Editor and Senior Analyst at The Jewish Press.
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Lausanne has become the center stage of act that would put the world's best novelist or Broadway producer to shame.
Inspections of Iranian nuclear sites won't uncover possible nuclear activity in North Korea, or even China.
Colel Chabad and IFCJ have made sure thousands of Israelis will celebrate Passover with good food this year.
Former Secy of State Hillary Clinton says she wants to see US-Israeli relations on a "constructive footing" and Israel negotiating with the PA.
Jabotinsky said "Go To Hell" was a good retort to opponents of the Jewish people; fitting for Obama.
A rocket launched from Gaza landed in the Sinai, in the Egyptian half of the town of Rafiach (Rafah).
Rami Levi's operating and net profit suffered from a 12% increase in the costs of selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses.
Matzah baking isn't all just hard work. Sometimes it can be fun too.
Obama pulled off one of US history's greatest cons,twice fooling a gullible electorate and most Jews
How do you put a love of Judaism into a middle-aged man when it was never there in the first place?
Today on the Hebrew calendar is the 10th of Nisan – the day the People of Israel crossed into their new Land.
Former Prime Minister Ehud Olmert found guilty of fraud and breach of trust in a retrial in the 'Talansky Affair.'
While in Auschwitz I felt a tangible intensity. I could sense that I was in a place of sheer evil.
Obama needs to wake up. The real enemy is not Netanyahu but Iran, Hizbullah, Hamas, Islamic Jihad,IS
Iran suddenly refuses to transfer its already enriched uranium, despite prior agreement.
Danny Goldstein, founder and chairman of 'Calcala' ('Finance'): "We are focused on making Israel a better place to live and a better place to invest by merging the best of Israel and America – representing Israelis, but with an eye on the American perspective."
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu: "The Israeli economy grew more than most Western economies, almost 2.5 times the OECD average…In contrast to the collapsing economies around us, Israel's credit rating was upgraded last year."
Deputy FM Danny Ayalon said Israel would not be cooperating with the Council in the wake of its passage of a resolution ordering a 'fact-finding mission' into Israel's conduct in Judea and Samaria: "We have no reason to continue cooperating with a hypocritical organization which specializes in double-speak and has a mission to smear us."
Since Kadima's fracturing is inevitable, the leadership primary becomes significance in that it will determine which leader will secure the votes of those Kadima MKs whose allegiance is to the party, and not its leader.
PM Netanyahu: "Israel will do everything to help" find the killer, who had "strong murderous anti-Semitic motive"; UN Human Rights Council "should be ashamed" to host a Hamas official on the day of a terrorist attack.
Dalia Itzik, Kadima's Knesset Faction Chairwoman and the last faction member yet to announce who she will support in the upcoming primary between Livni and Shaul Mofaz, has been linked to discussions with Mofaz's campaign over the weekend.
Noted Israeli author and Israel Prize Laureate A.B. Yehoshua said that living outside Israel "is a very deep failure of the Jewish people," and lamented that immigration numbers from the United States are "minimal" and "embarrassing." He was equally acerbic regarding the large Israeli ex-patriot community.
The resolution read, "Egypt after the revolution will never be a friend of the Zionist entity, the number one enemy of Egypt and the Arab nation." It also supported Palestinian resistance "in all its kinds and forms."
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35 Attending
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Wed, 10 Dec 2014
3 comments
The four-tracker is up on Spotify now.
Thu, 27 Nov 2014
Post a comment
The Londoner has turned out a bass-heavy refix of the pop hit under his Harmonimix alias.
Thu, 6 Nov 2014
Dummy go inside the 1-800 Dinosaur camp and discover, among other things, their love of fresh fruit.
Tue, 3 Jun 2014
1 comment
The UK singer does vocals on "The Catch Up", which is available now via Soundcloud.
Tue, 4 Mar 2014
2 comments
Here's a 75-minute video of the producer, singer and songwriter playing at the BBC 6 Music Festival last weekend.
Fri, 17 Jan 2014
Last night's Radio 1 appearance from the mysterious producer was a hoax, but a pretty funny one.
Thu, 31 Oct 2013
The UK singer and producer took home the prize for his second album, Overgrown.
Fri, 24 May 2013
NPR have an 90-minute stream of the UK artist's show from earlier this month at the 9:30 club in Washington, DC.
Tue, 16 Apr 2013
Dummy have rounded up three songs from the UK producer/singer/songwriter's set last weekend: "Overgrown," "Voyeur" and "Digital Lion."
Mon, 8 Apr 2013
The UK artist speaks candidly with The Guardian about the marketing campaign for his new LP, Overgrown.
Fri, 8 Mar 2013
6 comments
There's now a longer sneak peek at the London artist's second LP up for streaming, featuring clips of every track. [via FACT]
Thu, 7 Mar 2013
Head to self-titled to hear the collaborative effort, which will appear on Blake's upcoming Overgrown LP.
Wed, 25 Mar 2015
Tale Of Us, Four Tet, Jamie xx and more have been billed for the Belgian three-dayer.
Wed, 11 Mar 2015
James Blake, Seven Davis Jr, Laurent Garnier and Henrik Schwarz will head to Gilles Peterson's gathering in Sète this July.
Tue, 17 Feb 2015
James Blake, James Holden and Ten Walls are among the first wave of acts.
Thu, 12 Feb 2015
8 comments
The Manchester festival has announced the lineup for this year's edition, going down over two days in June.
7 comments
Underworld, Dixon, Richie Hawtin and more are confirmed for the event's tenth edition.
Wed, 21 Jan 2015
Caribou, Dixon, James Blake and Simian Mobile Disco will all head to Barcelona in May.
Mon, 8 Dec 2014
James Blake and friends will bring their party to Sound Nightclub on Wednesday.
Tue, 25 Nov 2014
The record will arrive next month on Blake's own 1-800-Dinosaur label.


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The Centauri 1000 is the first Ultra Bright Programmable Smart light for cycling that features over 1000 lumens of intense light that is programmable while riding
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Very quickly after meeting Gabrielle Hamilton, I understood why she was a terrific and much-admired chef. I knew that her restaurant, Prune, was ground-breaking, that she seemed to have come out of nowhere, instead of being a product of the "system" (she'd emerged from the invisible subculture of catering), to open one of the most quirky, totally uncompromising, and quickly-embraced restaurants in New York City. Her purportedly (but not really) Franco-phobic menus were intensely, notoriously personal, her early embrace of the nose-to-tail attitude was way, way ahead the times, and chefs--all chefs--seemed to like and respect her. Almost as quickly, it became apparent that this chef could write.
Short pieces appeared here and there over the years and they were sharp, funny, incisive, unsparing of both author and subjects--straight to the point and pretense-free, like Hamilton herself. She could write really well. And she had, from all accounts, a story to tell. So when it was announced that Blood, Bones, and Butter was in the works, I was very excited.
It was a long wait.
Five years later, I finally got my hands on an advance copy and eagerly devoured it. It was of course brilliant. I expected it to be. But I wasn't prepared for exactly how goddamn brilliant the thing was, or how enchanted, difficult, strange, rich, inspiring and just plain hard her life and career--her long road to Prune--had been. I was unprepared for page after page of such sharp, carefully-crafted, ballistically-precise sentences. I was, frankly, devastated. I put this amazing memoir down and wanted to crawl under the bed, retroactively withdraw every book, every page I'd ever written. And burn them.
Blood, Bones, and Butter is, quite simply, the far-and-away best chef or food-genre memoir...ever. EVER. It certainly kicked the hell out of my Kitchen Confidential, which suddenly, in a second, felt shallow, sophomoric and ultimately lightweight next to this...this monster of a book, this--at times--truly hardscrabble life…Blood, Bones, and Butter is deeper, better written, more hardcore, more fully fleshed-out; a more well-rounded story than every sunflower-and-saffron account of soft-core food porn in France. It's as bullshit and pretense-free as AJ Leibling--and at least as well written, but more poignant, romantic--even thrilling.
It makes any "as told to" account of famous chef's lives look instantly ludicrous and bloodless. I've struggled to think of somebody/anybody who's written a better account of the journey to chefdom and can't think of anyone who's come even close.
Writing a memoir of one's life as a chef--or even writing about one's relationship with food--has, with the publication of this book, become much more difficult. Hamilton has raised the bar higher than most of us could ever hope to reach. This book will sell a gazillion copies. It will be a bestseller. It will be an enduring classic. It will inspire generation after generation of young cooks, and anyone who really loves food and understands the context in which it is best enjoyed, NOT as some isolated, over-valued object of desire, but as only one important aspect of a larger, richer spectrum of experiences. Each plate of food--like the menu at Prune--is the end result of a long and sometimes very difficult struggle.
Read this book and prepare to clean your system of all that's come before. It's a game-changer and a truly great work by a great writer and great chef.
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Fantastic memoir. Gabrielle has a fascinating life. Read the book then go to the restaurant down in the East Village. Highly recommended read. I couldn't put it down!Published 5 days ago by EatMoreGreens
Very interesting memoir from start to finish. Gabrielle has lead a very interesting if not troubled life.Published 12 days ago by Sally Reichert
Lambertville/New Hope WAS a great place to grow up. This life does not do justice to that history. Don't waste your money.Published 16 days ago by L. P. Cioppi
Wonderfully written, you can taste all of Hamilton's experiences as well as her cooking. Don't read this when you're hungry!Published 27 days ago by pjw


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Beginning in 1877, he was student of Charles Laloue, a long-time member of the Artistes Francais, a prestigious French art association. Gifted beyond measure, Galien-Laloue became well known at the turn of the century for capturing the very ambiance of Paris on his canvas. He made his exhibiting debut at the Salon des Artistes Français in 1877 and continued to show his works there with great success throughout his life.
During the early part of his career as an artist, Galien-Laloue took on several pseudonyms because of an exclusive contract with a major gallery. These pseudonyms included L. Dupuy, J. Lievin, Lenoir and E. Galiany, all of which are listed in the E. Benezit Dictionnaire des Peintres, Sculpteurs, Dessinateurs et Graveurs and the Galien-Laloue Catalogue.
Working in gouache with light, delicate strokes, Galien-Laloue had the uncanny ability to give the illusion of detail in an Impressionistic style. Well known in France, his paintings of the early 1900s accurately represent the era in which he lived - Paris' happy, bustling days of horse-drawn carriages, trolley cars, and its first omnibuses.
A typical Galien-Laloue painting depicts scenes of Parisian sidewalks and avenues crowded with people or turn-of-the-century tourists mingling before the capital's monuments.
In addition, the artist's landscapes of Normandy and Seine-et-Marne are highly esteemed, as well as the military scenes he produced in 1914. Indeed, Galien-Laloue's works are valued not only for their contribution to 20th century art, but also for the actual history, which they document.
A forerunner in popularizing the painting of street scenes, Galien-Laloue has inspired and influenced many of yesterday's and today's artists, including renowned French Impressionists Edouard Cortes and Antoine Blanchard.


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Wii U
New game announced for the WiiU
DeathSoul2000 posted...
SegavsCapcom posted...I keep wanting to get into Skylanders, but they keep coming out with new games.
Mostly has to do with new figures.
My sig will never happen, but it would be awesome if it did.
3DS FC: 1306-5920-0665 _PSN: SegavsCapcom_ Steam: SegavsCapcom_NNID: SegavsCapcom
dj-izzle posted...
RS_YELARAKA posted...Jobocan posted...splashinkarp posted...Bongbuddy posted...More kiddy games. Not surprising.
Yeah but the problem is a lot of them feel like they are, even if the games aren't. Basically look at 3D world, the game can be plays by teens/adults but it was clearly advertised for kids. Even the difficulty was heavily adjusted for tikes.
I've yet to see a single Wii U game ad/commercial not geared towards kids. In fact Nintendo (more technically Mario's creator) even done-right admits that he always wanted to express his childhood and send off his ideas as games to give to children of Japan...and yes even Zelda has a much younger demographic then in America.
"Stating your opinion on GameFaqs is a declaration of war" - anonymous.
Well, most of the non "kiddy" games didn't sell very well, did they? In fact, most of the "kiddy" games didn't sell very well either. Nor has the system itself.
The Internet allows us to make more mistakes faster than any invention in history. With the possible exceptions of Handguns and Tequila!
Jobocan posted...
splashinkarp posted...Bongbuddy posted...More kiddy games. Not surprising.
No. It's kiddy on all consoles. Especially the Wii U. Hold that victim card up higher. ;)
Wii U board protocol:
1. "You're a _____!" 2. "Even if I am, does that take away from my point?" 3. "Um, er... you're a _____!"
I like how on the trailer that Nintendo posted to their own YouTube channel, the kid is holding a PS4 controller.
"What are you doing, Flame Mammoth? Don't be stupid!"
splashinkarp posted...
I would much rather have a Spyro The Dragon game instead of Skylanders.
Well that's not going to happen anytime soon, Skylanders has eclipsed Spyro's peak popularity several times by this point, I don't follow it but it from the advertising I doubt he's even the most popular Skylander.
'The fact of the matter is that we've been here constantly. We've been betraying peoples expectations, in a good way, for a long time.'
monkeyspoon posted...
Thomageddon posted...Nintendo used to have an adult sense of humor. Remember conkur's bad fur day?
They actually published it themselves in NA. Never knew that. THQ published it in EU.
Mandrew257 posted...
At least it's something.
Yeah, "something" that I don't want to play.


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Sitting down at the long, rectangular wooden table in the back of the governor's reception room on Thursday, Gov. Mark Dayton noted that the last time he had sat there was during the 20-day state government shutdown that ended in July.
Tagged with: government shutdown Greg Davids Lucinda Jesson Mark Dayton Tina Smith Yvonne Prettner-SolonRead More »


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As the 11th edition of the All Africa Junior Athletics Championship taking place in Mauritius enters day-five, Nigeria
All Africa Junior Athletics: Nigeria Win 9 medals— Sep 1, 2013 | Leave a comment
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Get to know the candidates running for the KBOO Board in this on-air forum. This station belongs to its members, and you can participate in selecting the KBOO Board this September.
More info on the election and the annual meeting on 9/17/11
Hosted by Abe Proctor. Joe Uris is still on vacation.
The austerity kick in Washington is exactly the wrong thing at the wrong time. At a time of enormous economic duress, the government is tying its own hands, robbing itself of its most effective tool in periods of high unemployment and low demand -- spending. Abandoning Keynsian economics has always carried a high human cost -- and now we know it's bad politics, too.
With Joe on hiatus, Abe surveys the economic, social and political wreckage of the new age of austerity.
The gradual corruption and demise of the liberal class has occurred without much comment. For decades it was a modest curb against the worst excesses of power. Once the pillars of this class, the Democratic Party, the unions, and the liberal church, collapsed, the poor, the working class, and even the middle class no longer had a defender, thus creating a vacuum that is increasingly filled by opportunists and charlatans. The electoral process, flooded with money, is heavily influenced by corporations. The Supreme Court votes for the powerful.
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Hosted by Abe Proctor. Joe Uris is on Summer Vacation.
Even in these days of shadow, we manage somehow to lurch toward enlightenment. Amid the unfolding debt debacle -- and the first-ever downgrade of U.S. credit -- the Dept.
What's a progressive to do these days? A federal court has declared the "individual mandate" provision of the health care bill to be unconstitutional, making it nearly inevitable that the case will find its way to the Supreme Court. Hmm, what sort of provision might have avoided precisely this outcome? A public option, perhaps?
Hosted by Abe Procctor. Joe Uris is on vacation for the summer.
The triumph of the ruling class is at hand. With a vote in Washington looming, the America in which we have all grown up is primed for sacrifice on the altar of tax cuts and deficit reduction. Congressional Republicans threatened to blow up the global economy unless they got exactly what they wanted -- and the president gave it to them. Our political system is wholly, finally, broken.
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Angry Emotions
I found this very helpful:
Angry Emotions
Don't answer anger with anger:
Avoid responding to your child's anger with anger of your own. Your anger will tend to escalate your child's sour mood. Instead, control your own anger first. Reply to your child in a calm, even-tempered voice. You will be better able to direct your child's actions, and you'll be modeling the behavior you wish to see in your child.
Good Ways/Bad Ways:
Your child needs to learn that while angry emotions are normal, there are acceptable and unacceptable ways of dealing with them. You can help your child learn this by acknowledging the reason he's angry. Often, just knowing that you understand his feelings can calm him down. As an example, what if your child is angry because his brother took his bike without asking, and he's shouting and swearing? Calmly acknowledge the reason for his anger by saying something like, "I know it's frustrating when Alex takes your things without asking." This will often cause a pause in your child's behavior, as he ponders this new response from you. Next, ask a question that directs your child's thinking in a more productive way, "How do you think you can get him to remember to ask?" If he responds in an angry way, prompt him in a more positive direction, "Getting angry won't get your point across. What do you think will?" Stay with him and guide him through the resolution process.
Time Out:
If a child's angry behavior is out of line, immediately stop him and send him to his room to cool off. Don't try to deal with the behavior at the peak of his anger. Later, when he's calmed down, take the time to let him know, specifically, what he did that you disapprove of. Engage him in a conversation to develop a plan for avoiding the behavior in the future.
Talk to your child about his anger. Tell him that it's important for him to learn how to control his temper. Suggest that the first thing he does is learn to get control of himself before he does or says things that are inappropriate. Let your child know, in advance, that next time he explodes in anger you'll help him by asking him to go to his room to cool off. Advise him that if he doesn't immediately do as asked he would lose a privilege for the rest of the day, such as using the telephone, watching TV or playing with friends.
Have a plan:
Help your child develop an "anger control plan." At a quiet time, have a discussion about anger. Brainstorm to come up with a list of things he can do when he feels himself losing control. As an example, he could put on his headphones and listen to music, go outside and throw a few basketballs, or take a shower. Have him write down the ideas on an index card and put them in a handy place. Encourage and support him when he uses some of the ideas. You might choose use a code word that you can use to let him know his anger is getting out of control and he needs a cooling off period. Either he or you can use the word to signal a pause in the conversation, and allow him time to get himself together.
A Parent's Anger Question:
I find myself getting angry with my kids much too often. I can't seem to help myself - they really know how to push my buttons. When they purposely disobey me, or are outright disrespectful, I fly off the handle. How can I control my own anger when it's the kids' misbehavior that makes me so mad?
Think about it:
Is it your children's misbehavior that makes you angry? Or is it your view of their behavior that creates angry feelings? There's a big difference. The first question suggests that you have no control over your emotions or actions. The second implies that by changing your view you can change your reaction.
Time Out is for big people too:
Put some space between you and the child who's pushing your buttons. When you feel your anger rising, either put your child in time out, or put yourself there! A few minutes away from the source of your angry feelings can help you calm down enough to address the situation rationally. Nothing can be solved in a fit of anger. You'll be better off if you take the time to calm down and then approach your child from a position of strength.
What's normal? Learn more about child development by reading a book or taking a class. If you learn that your child's current behavior is age-appropriate and normal, you'll be less likely to overreact to the behavior. It's amazing how alike children are, and just knowing that your kid is responding in a typical way can help you handle the issue with a level head.
Don't hit:
If your anger causes you to strike out at your child, you'll need to learn ways to control your outburst. A creative solution is to channel your physical reaction into a burst of applause! Seriously, when you feel yourself about to strike, simply clap your hands, good and hard and fast, while you express your feelings of anger. Try it now! Pretend you're angry, clap your hands, and tell your imaginary child how you feel. You'll find that in addition to releasing your pent-up anger it sends a very clear message to your child.
Act * don't react:
Take the time to think about the things that make you angry. Put together a list of family rules. Enumerate the consequences for breaking the rules. Communicate clear expectations to your children. Decide in advance what methods of discipline you will use. If you have a plan up front, you'll be less likely to lose control when your children misbehave. Hug 'em: When you find yourself ready to put your hands around your kid and shake him, DO put your hands around him * and love him. Embrace him in a hug. If possible, do this in front of a mirror or reflective window. A few minutes of quiet, while you embrace your child, will often temper your angry feelings with the strong feeling of love between you. Elizabeth Pantley is a parent educator and frequently quoted expert who presents lectures across the United States. She is the mother of four children (who sleep all night) and is also the author of Perfect Parenting, Kid Cooperation, Hidden Messages, and her most current, The No-Cry Sleep Solution.
There was a really good show on Dr. Phil yesterday about this topic. There were a few mothers on that let Phil put cameras in there house to see "raging" behavior. He talked about a REACH approach to dealing with anger and hostility. It was really good. In the end, we all have to do the best that we can to raise healthy happy kids. They learn from our behavior and don't always have the cognitive ability to be in control of their own emotions and behavior. We need to teach them how to be in control of themselves, and it's not always easy to do that. I know I have reacted to things badly a few times, and I can't take it back, I can only try not to repeat it.


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Twitter has become a powerful communications tool. And it has changed the publishing food chain: Twitter is now first and foremost when sharing breaking news and sports.
Six Missouri School of Journalism alumni discussed challenges to effective reporting on government and politics at the 2014 Curtis B. Hurley Symposium on Sept. 23 at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C.
To help you navigate our fast-changing industry, RJI collects and assembles some of the top stories from around the Web of interest to journalism innovators and entrepreneurs.
The Hacks/Hackers network has grown to be a valuable resource for journalism communities around the world. Jeanne Brooks joins the network as its first-ever executive director.
Do news audiences really behave the way you think they do? And what if all people really want is data-driven explanation?
Every news outlet has its own app, but who wants to open them all every morning? Enter the aggregated news apps, which have gone from Flipboard, Zite and Trove to Yahoo News Digest (born as Summly), NYT Now, Circa and the most recent entrant from Al Jazeera: AJ+.
Could a single two-letter word be used to convey news? And what if a platform combined features of Snapchat, Vine and Instagram?
This week was put-up-or-shut-up time for Apple, with its stock sagging and innovations coming from others (mainly Samsung) while Apple's iterations were minor by comparison. With the spotlight squarely on Apple and Cook, the company pushed in all its chips with a brand new product, the Apple Watch, along with one-touch Apple Pay, and some larger, thinner iPhones.
Gregory Moore, editor of the Denver Post, had a conversation with David Lieb for the 2014 Gerald M. Boyd Lecture Series.
How could complicated news be better explained? We explore some examples.
Hashtag activism, sometimes derisively called "slacktivism," has become de rigueur as more people use social networks to spread memes, gather signatures and raise awareness of important issues. But the practice has also come under scrutiny because it might take the place of more real-world action; most often, hashtag activism doesn't lead to protests in the street.
Are audio versions of text stories another potential revenue stream? And how did WNYC's mobile app incorporate personalized playlists?
On this week's podcast, which is part of EdShift's larger Special Series, we'll discuss blending learning and where it fits into the future of education. Guests include MediaShift's education curator Katy Culver at the University of Wisconsin, Kelvin Thompson from the University of Central Florida, and Mark E. Johnson, at the University of Georgia.
Why are social shares more important than page views? And how did online quizzes take off?
We've added two new e-books to the RJI Newsbook Catalog, both from the Center for Public Integrity — Big Oil, Bad Air and After the Meltdown.
Ideas. Experiments. Research. Solutions.
Copyright © 2014 — Curators of the University of Missouri. All rights reserved.
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Analysis Topic: Commodity Markets - Metals, Softs & OilsThe analysis published under this topic are as follows.
Monday, December 16, 2013
Gold Analysts Split Over Fed's 2014 Impact on Gold Price / Commodities / Gold and Silver 2013
The PRICE of gold bounced from a steady drop Monday lunchtime in London, trading back at $1234 per ounce as Asian stockmarkets ended sharply down but Europe ticked up ahead of this week's US Federal Reserve policy decision, due Wednesday.
China's gold premiums above international prices edged lower again, dropping to $6 per ounce at the close of solid trading on the Shanghai Gold Exchange.
Sunday, December 15, 2013
Gold, Frankincense and Myrrh / Commodities / Gold and Silver 2013
Sean Brodrick writes: Christmas is a season for many things… and it's also a time for commodities. No, I don't mean the jewelry you'll inevitably buy your sweetheart. I'm talking the old-time commodities: gold, frankincense and myrrh.
Those were the gifts of the Magi to baby Jesus. In one form or another, these commodities or their replacements are still highly sought-after more than 2,000 years later.
Sunday, December 15, 2013
Debunking The 6 Key Myths About Gold / Commodities / Gold and Silver 2013
Here is how we respond to the myths of gold as propagated by some father-in-laws, some financial advisers and all Paul Krugmans.
Myth 1: Gold "Is A Barbaric Relic"
In fact, John Maynard Keynes never said gold was a "barbaric relic". Actually, Keynes said that the gold standard monetary system was a barbaric relic.
Saturday, December 14, 2013
JP Morgan House Account Reveals Gold Selling then Buying Pattern for 2013 / Commodities / Gold and Silver 2013
Here is a chart that I was able to construct from CME data that shows JP Morgan's Comex Gold Delivery activity for their 'house account' only.
I have marked the nominal price of gold on the chart for this year. The last data is as of December 10, 2013.
The months marked with boxes are 'active months' for the delivery process. December is also an active month.
Saturday, December 14, 2013
Silver Rigged Market Manipulation Coming To An End / Commodities / Gold and Silver 2013
No one can question the fact that the demand for silver has grown exponentially in the past few years, record sales for American Eagle coins being one small example, record buying in India, another larger example. Demand has never been greater. Supply, on the other hand, keeps diminishing.
Global mining production is at its lowest in the past decade. The annual Consumption/ Production ratio is indicative of acute deficits. Whenever there is a situation where demand rises sharply, while supply commensurately declines, it is a recipe for higher prices, and usually, much higher prices. This is true, unless one is talking about the silver market. Under the conditions of record rising demand and considerably less supply, the price of silver is at its lowest levels in the past three years.
Saturday, December 14, 2013
Gold Price Drop Due to Market Manipulation or Lack of Demand? / Commodities / Gold and Silver 2014
What is holding down the gold price? Fear of the end of quantitative easing? Manipulation by a few big players? Central banks leasing inventories? CPM Group Managing Partner Jeffrey M. Christian says forget about all of that. The bottom line is that demand is down as investors big and small wait to see where the price will settle before they start buying again. In this interview with The Gold Report, he explains the impact of new gold investors buying—and selling—ETFs, hedge funds, algo traders and central banks—all factors that could lead to an upward trend in gold equities in 2014 and reinforce the long-term case for owning gold.Read full article... Read full article...
Friday, December 13, 2013
Contrarian Gold Stocks Investing / Commodities / Gold and Silver Stocks 2013
The gold-mining stocks have suffered a disastrous year, plummeting while the rest of the stock markets soared. This vast performance gap has catapulted bearishness on this sector to epic extremes. Few own gold stocks anymore, and everyone aware of them loathes them. This has crushed their stock prices to unsustainable fundamentally-absurd levels. They now offer the ultimate contrarian buying opportunity.Read full article... Read full article...
Friday, December 13, 2013
Signs of Gold's Upcoming Price Decline / Commodities / Gold and Silver 2013
This week was full of action for precious metals investors and traders. Gold, mining stocks, and (especially) silver rallied in the first days of the week only to disappoint on Wednesday and Thursday. No wonder; the rally didn't have "strong legs" as gold's strength was meager compared to that seen in the euro - another USD alternative.
In today's essay we will provide you with 3 gold-related charts (courtesy of http://stockcharts.com), each will tell a different story about gold's performance, but ultimately, they will all point in the same direction - the direction of another move lower in the price of gold.Read full article... Read full article...
Friday, December 13, 2013
GOLD Bear Market Ending in December / Commodities / Gold and Silver 2013
Our Last major Elliott Wave Analysis of Gold came in early September when Gold had touched the 1434 area, and in that analysis we called for a re-test of 1271-1285 levels. This was based on our Elliott Wave Analysis of the patterns involved since the 1923 spot highs in the fall of 2011. Our clients of course were updated on a regular basis since that public analysis and we have been looking for clues to a bottom in this Gold bear cycle from the 2011 highs.Read full article... Read full article...
Friday, December 13, 2013
Critical Week Ahead for Gold Bugs as Bear Market Continues / Commodities / Gold and Silver 2013
LONDON gold in Dollars terms traded flat for the week Friday morning, holding around $1230 per ounceafter what one analyst calls "a tumultuous few days."
Stockmarkets ticked higher but London's FTSE100 headed for a 1.5% drop on the week.
Silver also erased the last of its mid-week gains, which reached 5.0% yesterday morning, to trade back at $19.55 per ounce.Read full article... Read full article...
Friday, December 13, 2013
Gold Price Could Retest 1180 June Low / Commodities / Gold and Silver 2013
Gold reversed sharply to the downside at the start of September, through the rising trend line of a corrective channel. As we know that's an important signal for a change in trend, which means that bearish price action is now back in view that could accelerate to the downside soon if we consider recent break of 1251 swing low that confirms a completed wave 2 and wave 3 underway to the lows.Read full article... Read full article...
Friday, December 13, 2013
China and the Great Precious Metals Migration / Commodities / Gold and Silver 2013
The desire of gold is not for gold. It is for the means of freedom and benefit. ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson
The century-old fiat experiment is playing out its final stages. With instability rising, the massive shift in wealth is accelerating to the East. Precious metals are one vehicle leading the way.
Friday, December 13, 2013
Gold Opportunity Today Same as It Was for Stocks in 2009 / Commodities / Gold and Silver 2013
Michael Lombardi writes:
I turned bullish on gold bullion in 2002. At that point, gold bullion was trading around $300.00 an ounce. Now, it trades above $1,250. Simple math suggests this is an increase of about 260% in 11 years, or an average gain of about 23.6% a year.
Other asset classes, like stocks, haven't performed this well. In 2002, the Dow Jones Industrial Average was trading near 10,000. Now, it hovers close to 16,000, up 60%, or an average of 5.45% per year, over the last 11 years.
Friday, December 13, 2013
Gold The "For Sale" Sign / Commodities / Gold and Silver 2013
Sasha Cekerevac writes: Do you feel wealthier today compared to last year?
According to the Federal Reserve, you should, as the household net worth of Americans rose 2.5% between the second and third quarters of 2013 for a total of $77.3 trillion. (Source: "Financial Accounts of the United States," Federal Reserve, December 9, 2013.)Read full article... Read full article...
Friday, December 13, 2013
Has Shale Oil Broken OPEC's Grip? Oil Stocks Powerhouses of the Future / Commodities / Shale Oil and Gas
The Shale Age is the age of the nimble junior, and exploration has revealed oil and gas resources that could forever alter the global production profile. Peter Dupont, oil and gas analyst for Edison Investment Research, tells The Energy Report how companies in North and South America, Australia, Africa and the U.K. are upending the oil and gas order and creating a whole new energy investment landscape.
The Energy Report: The price of Brent is holding steady above $100/barrel ($100/bbl) while West Texas Intermediate's (WTI) price is slipping back into the $90s. How are these prices and the spread between them affecting exploration and production of oil and gas?Read full article... Read full article...


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Shell Eco-marathon challenges student teams from around the globe to design, build and drive the most fuel-efficient vehicles. This season promises once again to be memorable and record-braking, as we celebrate the 30th anniversary of this remarkable programme. In 2015 the events take place in Manila, Philippines, Detroit, USA, and Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Find out more!
Regional events
Shell Eco-marathon Asia 2015 hit the streets of Manila, in the Philippines, from February 26 to March 1, 2015.
Shell Eco-marathon Americas 2015 takes over Cobo Center and the streets of downtown Detroit, April 9-12, 2015. Learn more here.
Shel Eco-marathon Europe 2015 takes to streets of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, for the last time on May 21-24. Find out more.


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(August 31, 2006: Galesburg, MI 49053) In Thursday's non-league contest, the Beatty Rangers (Cassopolis, MI) football team bounced the host Galesburg-Augusta Rams (Galesburg, MI), by a score of 50-12.
Next up, the Rangers face the Buchanan Bucks (Buchanan, MI) in a Lakeland contest, on Friday, September 8. Beatty will attempt to improve on its 2-0 season record. The Bucks enter the contest with a 1-1 record after their 22-14 non-league win over Bronson (Bronson, MI).
The Rams now own a 0-2 record. They play next when they travel to Pennfield for a Kalamazoo Valley contest on Friday, September 8. Galesburg-Augusta will face a Panthers team coming off a 38-20 non-league loss to Constantine (Constantine, MI). The Panthers record now stands at 1-1.
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2015 Annual Meeting Program Guide
Call for Student Posters
Submit your student poster at the STLE 70th Annual Meeting.
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Tribology STEM CAMP
Experiments needed for STLE's 3rd Annual Tribology STEM Camp @STLE2015
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Exhibition Dates: May 18-20
Exhibition Hours:
Monday: 12:00 p.m. - 5:30 p.m.
Tuesday: 9:00 a.m - 12:00 (closed from noon- 2 pm for President's Luncheon), 2:00 p.m. - 5:30 p.m.
Wednesday: 9:30 - noon
The five-day conference (Sunday-Thursday) showcases more than 400 technical papers, application- based case studies and best practice reports, and discussion panels on technical or market trends. STLE's Annual Meeting & Exhibition is the industry's most respected venue for technical information, professional development and international networking opportunities.
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You must be logged in to register. If you have forgotten your login and password, please contact STLE headquarters at firstname.lastname@example.com to retrieve your account information.
See who's preregistered!!
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STLE Annual Meeting Conference Hotel, Omni Hotel, is filling up and rooms on certain days are limited. Please call the Omni Hotel directly to determine availability. (800)843-6664
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No one will contact you on behalf of STLE to make hotel arrangements. Please be aware that anyone contacting you offering to make your hotel reservations is not representing STLE. <more information>
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Commanding Officer Southwest Regional Maintenance Center
Monday, May 18, 2015 10:30am – 12:00pm
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See who's exhibiting at the STLE Annual Meeting in Dallas!
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2015 STLE Early Careerist Awards Program <more information> Deadline March 31!
Choose from 11 Industry Specific Courses
Courses are held on Sunday, May 17th and Wednesday May 20th
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Need to be billed, pay with a check or registering as a non-member speaker? Use the PDF regular form: Regular
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text: I have lived in Swallowcliffe for 3 years with my wife Sue and our two dogs Boomer and Luna. We have two sons in their twenties, Danny lives in London and Luke in Dubai. I have been in the music business for many years both as a trumpet player and composer although I took time out to project manage the building of the house. My hobbies include, golf, cycling and cookery. I do most of the cooking and my breakfast speciality is smoked haddock rosti with poached eggs. People tell me that I'm a very sociable person and one of the nicest compliments we receive from our guests is that they feel very welcome and relaxed in our home. My life motto is "Always look on the bright side of life"


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- Newsletter Layout
My layout experience is primarily in newsletters, books, and brochures
- The Field Brief - Phase 2After an initial redesign to bring The Field Brief up to typographic standards (shown in phase 1 below), I moved to phase 2 of the redesign process.In phase 2 I focused on reorienting the layout to facilitate a better reading experience, more imagery, and a folding structure that collapses the piece to standard mailing size.
- When folded for mailing, The Field Brief collapses down to the addressee panel with the teaser or splash image on the opposite side.
- Phase 1: Ploughshares Fund Newsletters - The Field Brief
The basic design for the Ploughshares Fund Newsletter was done by an outside designer who did not focus on the typography of the piece. To provide more structure and a cohesive look, I rebuilt the paragraph styles using a baseline grid and left justified text to keep the clean, structured look that has become a part of Ploughshares Fund's brand. In addition, I added the title, The Field Brief, to further enforce that this piece is a distinct product with a set purpose rather than just a "throw away" newsletter.
I am also responsible for all photo research for these pieces.


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logged onto Yahoo and there was an ad for Disneyparks with the words on the ad "Big news from DisneyParks at 1 PM Today".
Anyone know what this is all about?
PS: I put this here because I thought this was a good a place as any. The Mods who know best, can place it in another forum if they see fit.


text: Vivian Gabbard posted a new journal entry, "A year in review". 4/5/2014 It has now been over a year since David died and a lot has changed in my life. After his death, I was forced to leave the home David had for ten years and for those who knew h Read more of Vivian's journal entry "A year in review" 2 Comments heart 6 people hearted this


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- Musician's Friend Best Selection, Price & Service. Guaranteed.
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