text:
Last update: Tuesday 21 October 2014 [25 news items]
Intel may stop providing subsidies for mobile solutions; switch to providing support through different methods
Oct 21, 16:06
With better-than-expected performance in the third quarter of 2014, some market watchers have speculated that Intel will stop providing subsidies for its mobile device solutions to...
Samsung Galaxy S5 carries over US$250 BOM, IHS teardown reveals
Apr 16, 14:48
The Samsung Galaxy S5 with 32GB of NAND flash memory carries a BOM of US$251.52, according to IHS. The cost rises to US$256.52 when the US$5 manufacturing cost is added.
Apple iPhone 5s carries US$199 BOM and manufacturing cost, IHS says
Sep 26, 14:47
Apple's new flagship product- the iPhone 5s- features some cutting-edge components that represent pioneering achievements for the smartphone market while maintaining a nearly identical...
Decrease in manufacturing costs helps Xiaomi new Red Rice smartphone carry a US$85 BOM, says TrendForce
Aug 29, 21:41
According to global market research firm TrendForce, smartphone manufacturing costs are decreasing, which is changing the shipment proportion of handsets. In 2014, entry-level devices...
Low-end iPad Mini carries US$188 BOM, says IHS
Nov 6, 15:17
The base model of Apple's new iPad Mini with Wi-Fi only and 16G of NAND flash memory carries a bill of materials (BOM) of US$188, according to research firm IHS. When the US$10.00...
Apple iPhone 5 carries US$199 BOM, says IHS
Sep 19, 16:08
The new iPhone 5 carries a bill of materials (BOM) of US$199 for the low-end model with 16GB of NAND flash memory, according to a preliminary virtual teardown conducted by the IHS...
Low-end Google Nexus 7 carries US$152 BOM, IHS teardown reveals
Jul 12, 14:33
The entry-level 8GB version of Google's new Nexus 7 media tablet carries a bill of materials (BOM) of US$151.75, according to preliminary findings from the IHS iSuppli Teardown Analysis...
Taiwan ODMs show no interest in ultra-low price handset market
Jun 14, 01:05
China-based second-tier smartphone brand vendors have recently been pushing their ultra-low price smartphones, priced at only CNY500 (US$79), in the retail channel, but since these...
Computex 2012: Asus Taichi features a BOM of around US$900, OEMs estimate
Jun 8, 01:25
Asustek Computer has unveiled its latest ultrabook innovation with the announcement of Asus Taichi – a tablet PC and ultrabook hybrid with a top cover that is itself a double-sided...
DRAM share of average smartphone BOM falls by half, says IHS
May 21, 10:25
Although smartphones are increasing their usage of DRAM, the memory's share of the total cost of these advanced cellphones actually has fallen by more than half in the course of a...
iPhone 4S carries BOM of US$188, says IHS
Oct 21, 01:35
On the outside, the iPhone 4S may have disappointed some with its perceived lack of new features. But on the inside, the latest member of the iPhone line includes a wealth of innovation,...
Intel reportedly releasing reference BOM for ultrabooks
Aug 5, 01:15
Intel has reportedly revealed a reference BOM (bill of materials) without assembly costs for 21mm ultrabooks at US$475-650 and 18mm models at US$493-710, according to sources at notebook...
Samsung Chromebook carries US$332.12 BOM, says IHS iSuppli
Jun 14, 16:55
Besides serving as the first physical example of Google's new vision for computing that puts less emphasis on PC hardware in favor of the cloud, the Series 5 Chromebook from Samsung...
XOOM BOM totals US$359.92, says IHS iSuppli
Mar 2, 11:47
The Motorola XOOM's materials cost closely approximates that of a comparably equipped iPad, as revealed by a physical dissection conducted by the IHS iSuppli. The XOOM carries a bill...
CDMA iPhone to contribute strong sales to Foxconn and Pegatron in 2011
Jan 13, 01:15
Apple's CDMA iPhone orders could contribute about NT$1.9-2.1 billion (US$65.39-72.28 million) to each of its assembly partners, Foxconn Electronics (Hon Hai Precision Industry) and...
New iPod nano BOM at US$43.73, says iSuppli
Sep 28, 09:08
Apple's new sixth-generation iPod nano proves the old adage that less is more by delivering a compelling user experience in a product exhibiting remarkable economy in terms of its...
BlackBerry Torch carries US$171.05 BOM, says iSuppli
Aug 18, 14:08
Research in Motion's new Torch 9800 smartphone carries a bill of materials (BOM) of US$171.05, according to research firm iSuppli.
iPhone 4 carries bill of materials of US$187.51, iSuppli says
Jun 29, 11:18
The iPhone 4's design may be radically different, but the strategy remains the same, with the latest member of the product line carrying a bill of materials (BOM) that should continue...
Google Nexus One carries US$174.15 materials cost, says iSuppli
Jan 11, 14:37
The Nexus One, sold with the Google brand name but manufactured by High Tech Computer (HTC), carries a bill of materials (BOM) of US$174.15, based on a preliminary estimate from iSuppli...
Apple Mac Mini carries US$376.20 bill of materials, iSuppli says
Jun 29, 16:01
Apple's latest Mac Mini desktop computer comes at a premium and bears higher component costs due to the Mac Mini's use of parts designed for mobile PCs, according to a dissection...
E-book chip market to surpass US$1 billion by 2013, says In-Stat
Jun 3, 16:46
E-book shipments are taking off, with worldwide shipments expected to grow from almost one million units in 2008 to close to 30 million in 2013, according to In-Stat. This rapid shipment...
Palm Pre aims at the iPhone, iSuppli cost analysis reveals
Apr 30, 15:51
Palm is aiming high with its new Pre, a smartphone that rival's Apple's iPhone in terms of slickness and hardware features, according to iSuppli.
BlackBerry Storm carries combined BOM and manufacturing cost of US$202, iSuppli estimates
Feb 2, 10:41
The BlackBerry Storm 9530 from Research in Motion (RIM) carries a combined materials and manufacturing cost of US$202.89, according to a teardown conducted by iSuppli. This cost includes...
T-Mobile G1 Android handset has US$143.89 BOM, says iSuppli
Nov 12, 11:56
The T-Mobile G1 smartphone, the first wireless handset to be based on Google Android mobile operating system, carries a bill-of-materials (BOM) cost of US$143.89, according to a virtual...
New Apple iPhone carries US$173 BOM, iSuppli estimates
Jun 25, 09:32
Apple's second-generation iPhone is expected to carry an initial hardware Bill Of Materials (BOM) and manufacturing cost of US$173, according to a preliminary "virtual teardown"...
- Taiwan IC design houses gearing up to offer solutions for USB Type-C
- Prospects of IC backend service industry remain promising: Q&A with UTAC Holdings CEO William John Nelson
- Qualcomm, MediaTek shifting some 28nm chip orders away from TSMC
- Tablet vendors looking to tackle niche markets in 2015
- Getac chairman expects over 15% on-year growth in rugged PC shipments in 2015
- Global wind power installations increase 42% in 2014, says Navigant
- Sapphire makers seeing strong orders in March
- Genius Electronic Optical offers LED fishing lights
- Digitimes Research: Tianma expects new high-end display fabs to enter production in 2H15
- Digitimes Research: Microsoft to push 2 inexpensive notebooks in mid-2015 to counter Chromebook penetration
- Foxconn to cooperate with SK C&C to tap China IT service market
- Green Energy Technology to not deal out dividend for 2014
- Apple dictates the ranking of top 10 MEMS manufacturers in 2014, says IHS
- Senao Networks steps into industrial computing
- Commercial TV market in China expected to reach 3.35 million in 2015, says firm
- Inotera board approves NT$34.4 billion for transition to 20nm
- Nan Ya Photonics exhibits omni-directional LED light bulb
- Lenovo separates mobile business unit by brand
- LED light bulb prices to fall to US$5 in 2015, says Epistar chairman
- Digitimes Research: Holitech to become 2nd-largest touch panel maker in China after acquisitions
- Young Fast aims to reduce cash outflow and increase new solutions to improve performance in 2015
- Apple to release 3 iPhone models in 2H15
- Apple Watch yields have been low but are increasing, say touch panel makers
- Taiwan makers lower prices for PERC monocrystalline solar cells
- Taiwan International Lighting Show begins
- Releases
- White papers
- Bulletin
- Iceleads raises US$3.5M in Series-A funding for global expansion of its BuyNow solution
- Join ThroughTek's upcoming IoT/M2M webinar!
- KFA: Compact power entry module with filter now with ground line choke
- 2015 Taipei international cycle show: HOLUX exhibits wearable Heart-Rate Smartwatch WRL-8100
- Advantest wins new customer with installation of V93000 semiconductor test system at Shanghai Haier IC in China
- AccuTouch Five Wire Resistive Touchscreens
- Getting the Most Out Of Your Next Generation Digital Security Surveillance System
- Embracing the New Generation Intel Atom Family with DDR3 Memory Support
- Got The Message? Ensuring efficient and reliable delivery of content across a mission critical digital signage network
- Emb' Store On-Demand Software Service for Embedded Computing
27-Mar-2015 markets closed
|TSE electronic
|OTC electronic
- Lenovo realigns business following merger integration (Mar 19) - Company release
- China becomes the world's third largest arms exporter (Mar 16) - BBC News
- CoinTerra, yet another troubled Bitcoin miner startup, goes bust (Jan 29) - Ars Technica
- Swatch co-inventor: Apple will succeed and an ice age is coming for Swiss watches (Mar 10) - Bloomberg
- Judge says US$415 million settlement in Silicon Valley hiring case is 'substantial' (Mar 3) - PC World
- China 'drops US tech giants' from approved list (Feb 26) - BBC News
- Samsung Electronics, China trade deal give boost to South Korea's yuan hub ambitions (Feb 24) - Reuters
- Qualcomm to pay record $975m in China antitrust case (Feb 10) - BBC News
- Digitimes Research: Microsoft to push 2 inexpensive notebooks in mid-2015 to counter Chromebook penetration
- Digitimes Research: Holitech to become 2nd-largest touch panel maker in China after acquisitions
- Digitimes Research: White-box tablet players turn to Windows 2-in-1s using Intel Bay Trail in 2Q15
- Digitimes Research: Taiwan on-cell touch panel shipments to see strong growth, yet offer little profit
- Digitimes Research: Dual-OS tablets becoming popular in white-box market, but Google GMS remains an obstacle
Prospects of IC backend service industry remain promising: Q&A with UTAC Holdings CEO William John Nelson
The IC backend service industry was capped by a flurry of merger and acquisition (M&A) activities...
Consolidation needed to address oversupply in NOR flash industry: Q&A with Macronix chairman Miin Wu
Macronix International, which ranks as the world's second-largest NOR flash supplier with a 19% share...
Cloud applications to boost storage demand: Q&A with Seagate senior sales and marketing VP BS Teh
The applications, demand and service areas for the global storage device industry have seen profound...
Still aiming at growth in PC market: Q&A with Lenovo Taiwan president Justin Liang
Lenovo, which had the fourth-largest market share next to Asustek Computer, Acer and Apple in the Taiwan...
- Smartphone and tablet industry: The view from Taiwan - May 2012
Taiwan-based companies have a long and successful history of involvement in the supply chain for mobile devices, which for the purposes of this article consist...
- Taiwan motherboard industry overview - May 2012
The year 2011 saw the motherboard industry reverse its trend of declining shipments year-on-year, to post a slight 0.2% growth. This upturn in fortunes was expected...
- Notebook market overview - Jun 2011
The notebook industry in 2010 experienced several major events that significantly changed the industry's ecosystem for the year and the industry is also believed...
- LCD TV overview - Jun 2011
Growth of the global LCD TV market was not as strong as expected in 2010 as the market continued to feel the aftershocks of the economic recession that had hit...
- Wireless broadband developments in Southeast Asia markets
As of 2013, the 10 ASEAN nations had a total of over 700 million mobile subscriptions, with the CAGR from 2003-2013 reaching 24%. This Digitimes Research Special Report analyzes the various mobile broadband markets in ASEAN and looks at the respective trends in 4G LTE development for those markets.
- 2015 global tablet demand forecast
This Digitimes Research Special Report provides a 2015 forecast for the global tablet market and analyzes the strategies of key market players such as Google, Apple, Intel, and Microsoft.
- 2015 China smartphone panel trend forecast
This Digitimes Research Special Report analyzes the strategies of key China-based major panel makers BOE, Tianma and IVO for attacking the different market segments through technology and pricing, and their relationship to local vendors Huawei, Lenovo, ZTE, Xiaomi and Coolpad.


text:
RVs for Sale near Longview, WA
Save This Search
Get a Free Email Alert
See the Latest Listings in Your Area
We'll notify you each time a new listing matches your search, so you'll be the first to see the newest listings!
We'll notify you each time a new listing matches your search, so you'll be the first to see the newest listings!
Create a free account to gain access to the newest listings! Don't let others see the perfect home before you.
Your Search
RVs for Sale near Longview, WA
Receive Notifications
Log in to RVParkStore.com AccountYou will need to log in to your account for us to save your search.
Simply Create a FREE Account - It only takes a moment:
By creating this account, you agree to the RVParkStore.com
User Agreement and
Privacy Statement.
RVs for Sale near Longview, WA. Looking to buy a rv? RVParkStore.com has 1 rvs near Longview. Click here to list your RV for sale.
|Save this Search
|Sort By
|Back to Search
Regular Listings
2005 Regal
Price: $28,000 Options: TV Antenna, Stereo System, Smoke Detector, Air Conditioning, Awning, Stove, Self-Contained, Water Heater, Micr...
9.6 miles
|Back to Search
|Sell a RV

subset: commoncrawl


text:
When to water after spraying daconil? to use liquid fish fert?
Can I water/ fertlize plants after spraying with Daconil (Ortho brand)?
DO I need to re-spray them if the leaves get wet? I have a drip/mister irrigation set up. The mist is light and low to the ground but it does get the bottom leaves wet. I also want to pour some fish fertilizer on them in case they need a nutrient boost.
I see many posts that say to re-spray after heavy rain. But how about a light rain? Or a mist?
I am wondering if I water the plants with my fish fertilizer or use my drip/spray if I need to re-spray with the daconil?
I used the daconil for the first time yesterday. I have some yellowing leaves and possible fungus.
See photos.
Yellow leaves bottom right
Brown spot bottom right on lower leaf
Leaf I removed
Black spots and some areas with chewed spots (sprayed for bugs several days ago)
Worst one..leaf now removed
White spots and a spider web. Treated for bugs already
Some spots
I have the same question. The directions on the container are not very clear. I've never used fungicide before and have lived with leaf spot and rot, but last year my tomatoes developed anthracnose, which causes spots on the fruit that eventually grow into large rotten circles. I've always avoided pesticides and been able to wait out the pest or the fungus, but this year I'm spraying! If you find out an answer, please post it.
We have some rain on the way...so it looks like my plants will get water anway.
I wonder if I reapply Daconil when the rain stops? I want to make sure there I treat them correctly.
I hope the fish fertlizer I watered in yesterday absorbed.
I also see some yellowing that looks like herbacide drift. I have been reading and think one plant has it at the top. (not pictured above though)
I keep reading other people's postings and learning more!
Thanks Tomato people!


text:
Co-pilot likely crashed deliberately
Energy relief program a mixed bag
WATCH: Thursday's region council meeting
Niagara's newspapers livestreamed Thursday's Niagara Region council meeting. Watch it here.
67's dump IceDogs 8-5 in series opener
A four-goal performance by Vince Dunn wasn't enough to lift the Niagara IceDogs to a road win over the Ottawa 67's Thursday.
Big Brother star shines light on leadership
It was a talk on being a good leader — but mostly it was prime time to see Big Brother reality TV star Dan Gheesling.
Spotlight shines on girls high school V-ball
Call it March Gladness for girls high school volleyball.
'A significant breakthrough'
A just-announced provincial review of inmate segregation is a long overdue breakthrough that proves Ontario's been doing things wrong.
Feds toughen cockpit rules
All Canadian airlines will immediately be required to have two crew in the cockpit at all times, the federal transportation minister said Thursday.
MacLeod named winner of Harold Biggar award
Megan MacLeod has the perfect body type to be an excellent basketball player.
Hope House set to close
Hope is not lost.
Board slashes com. centre money request
Watch live as the Niagara Regional Police Services board has its monthly meeting.
Port Colborne and Wainfleet's best chosen
Some of the best people and businesses along the Lake Erie shoreline now have fancy awards that recognize their contributions to the community.
'I don't know what else I would have done'
Serving in the U.S. military isn't for everyone.
Law: Do Mulder & Scully still matter?
When The X-Files premiered on Sept. 10, 1993, Bill Clinton was eight months into his presidency.
Featured Businesses


text: This property looks better from the courtyard than the approach. The room was dark but large and there are no elevators for the 2 storey structure. The restaurant and bar were handy and the complimentary breakfast was better than some. It was walking distance to some shopping areas and easy to drive from/to. The staff were very friendly and helpful.... More


text:
19th November 2014 Launch of Bishop Kevin Doran's First Pastoral Letter "A Future Full of Hope"
Bishop Kevin Doran today published a Pastoral Letter called "A Future Full of Hope". The focus of the pastoral letter is the shared contribution of parents, teachers, schools and parishes in the education of children including their education in faith. The title of the pastoral letter is taken from the prophet Jeremiah. In a time of great social and political unrest, Jeremiah, speaking in the name of God, says: "I know the plans I have in mind for you, says the LORD, plans for your welfare, not for disaster! plans to give you a future full of hope."Speaking to a gathering of parents, teachers and children at Scoil na n-Aingeal Naofa, Boyle , Bishop Kevin said: "As Christians, we believe in a God who is good and who, by inviting us into relationship with Him, not only promises us happiness in the next life, but gives a purpose to our existence here and now, which can transform the way we live our lives and the way we participate with one another in society".
A Future Full of Hope - Launch of Bishop Kevin's Pastoral Letter on Education Bishop Kevin Doran has launched his first Pastoral Letter. You can download a copy of the pastoral letter here
Wednesday 22nd October 2014
I am delighted to be with you this morning to celebrate the centenary of Cliffoney Primary School.Every September for one hundred years, this school has welcomed a new group of junior infants. These "junior infants" were your mothers and fathers, your aunts and uncles and even your grandparents. Alongside all of those children there have been all the teachers and the parents. This school has been an integral part of the life of this community and has helped to form the community.
St. Teresa's Church, Clarendon Street, Dublin15th October 2014
St. Teresa of Avila tends to be associated in the minds of many people, with mystical experiences, with great spiritual struggles and with consola¬tions in prayer. This image of her is true, but even a casual glance at her letters makes it clear that she was also a very practical woman. While living an enclosed contemplative life, she was actively concerned with the well-being of the sisters in monasteries spread across Spain, and she was not by any means removed from the concerns of the world around her, outside the monastery. I must say that has always been my experience of her sisters in Ireland and elsewhere. In keeping with the charism of Carmel, their contemplative life is not removed from what the Second Vatican Council would call "the joys and the hopes, the grief and the anguish" of the people of our time. (Gaudium et Spes, 1)


text:
March Exhibition: Youth Art Month
Talented Arts Program
The Talented Arts Exhibition presents works by students in the Tangipahoa Parish School System's Talented Arts Program, grades 1-12. This exhibition is on display from March 19th-31st with a closing reception on Tuesday, March 31 from 6-7:30 p.m.
If you cannot attend the receptions for either exhibit, please visit the HRAC during our normal hours of operation Monday through Friday from noon to 5 p.m. For more information about this exhibition and other HRAC events, please call the HRAC at 985-542-7113.
Celebrating the Written Word
Our second annual "Celebrating the Written Word" literary festival was a great success - all our panels, master classes and lectures went well, and our closing reception was the icing on the cake.
HRAC wishes to thank its sponsors who helped with this year's festival, and we are delighted to thank our special guest speakers, who entertained us and gave us very interesting insights and perspectives on writing. We cannot wait for next year.
Be sure to look at the HRAC website on Friday afternoon for the online postings of all the winning entries from the 2015 "So You Think You Can Write" writing contest. HRAC would like to send out a big congratulations to everyone who placed.
Membership Gala on April 17
March is Membership Month at Hammond Regional Arts Center and the annual membership drive culminates in our membership gala on April 17th.
The theme for this year's gala is Membership Fiesta with tequila drinks provided by Don Saul.
It is an exciting time to be engaged with the arts at HRAC. Become a member or renew today to enjoy all the diverse exhibitions, programs, and events at the arts center. We look forward to seeing you! Already a member? Consider giving a membership to a family member or a friend for a special occasion.
Calendar of Events
What's new?
HRAC is happy to announce a change in our gallery hours. We are now open on Monday and closed on Saturdays.
The Hammond Regional Arts Center (HRAC) supports, promotes, and coordinates visual, performing, and literary arts in Tangipahoa Parish and surrounding parishes. Our primary mission is to enrich lives through quality arts education, develop an appreciation of the arts within individuals, and introduce the public to professional exhibitions, performances and literature.
The Hammond Regional Arts Center is supported in part by a Decentralized Arts Funding Grant from the Arts Council of Greater Baton Rouge in cooperation with the Louisiana Division of the Arts, Office of Cultural Development, Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism, and Louisiana State Arts Council.
Our sincere gratitude goes out to our many supporters! Special thanks to those who have shown support of our efforts to promote the arts.


text:
Commission on Intellectual Property Rights CONFERENCE "HOW INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS COULD WORK BETTER FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND POOR PEOPLE" TRANSCRIPT Session 4: Copyright 21st – 22nd FEBRUARY 2002 THE ROYAL SOCIETY 6 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5AG SESSION 4: Copyright in Developing Countries John Barton: Chair, Chair of the IPR Commission This final session today will be dealing with issues surrounding copyrights. In our travels in the Commission we've been finding that prices for computer programmes in the developing world are often just as high as they are in the developed world, with no concept of differential pricing that we found. The analogue of differential pricing is a higher rate of copying. We see scientific literature and scientific data moving to the Internet. This can provide wonderful access for what will be the terms of distribution. How will data protection legislation, like that here in Europe, affect the developing world? We see digital content providers in both the video and audio areas increasingly seeking to protect their material through technological means such as encryption and then seeking to protect those technological protections by legislation like the US Digital Millennium Copyright Act. How will this affect the developing world? What position should the developing countries take when they are asked to enact a DMCA. These issues extend beyond the cultural area where they restrict access to cultural materials. We have an excellent panel to help us with these issues. Let me introduce our first panellist, Dianne Daley. She is a partner of Foga, Daley and Company, Attorneys at Law in Kingston, Jamaica. She has served as Legal Director and Head of the Jamaican Government's Copyright Unit and she is the Executive Director designate for the Jamaican IP Office. Diane Daley: Foga, Daley and Co., Attorneys at Law, Jamaica My topic is basically giving a Caribbean perspective to copyright issues in the new millennium. I will start by saying that copyright in developing countries is by no mean homogenous but there are commonalities, particularly among Caribbean countries. One key commonality is the fact that most Caribbean policies have favoured copyright protection in general and they are all small developing economies and these countries have modernised and nationalised their copyright legislation over the past two decades basically bringing up to date some early twentieth century laws that we inherited from the UK. The major policy premise for Caribbean countries is that copyright is critical to the development of local cultural industries. Such protection stimulates creativity and innovation offering the possibility of revenue generation. Of all the different forms of IPRs, we see copyright as the most positive and as offering us a potential comparative advantage. At the same time, Caribbean countries are embracing the information age and that was just a statement from our Prime Minister in Jamaica, which links the knowledge based society to social and economic development and his sentiments are echoed throughout the Caribbean looking at it in a very positive light. However, copyright laws have not moved at a fast enough pace in the countries to address the issues that have now arisen on account of the information age. Slide: The merits and threats of the information for developing countries and in particular the Caribbean. How the copyright system has been working for right holders in these countries and how these countries should be tackling the issues that are now presented by the new millennium. I think it is widely acknowledged that the information age has presented both threats and merits. In terms of merits, copyright is a main contender because copyright is essential to the protection of content and content is said to be the king of the information age. So we have to grapple with these new copyright issues if we are to fully maximise the merits and the benefits of the information age. Some of those merits in the eyes of Caribbean economies are that the Internet, the information age, will promote better access to information, education will be able to reach more remote areas. There are the opportunities for export of cultural products and by this I am referring to even the digital delivery of music products and it will also facilitate entry into global markets, business growth and expansion and ultimately economic growth and development. It is viewed as levelling the playing field for Caribbean economies in the area, cultural industries and, in particular, the music industry as music is uniquely adaptable to digital environment. Other merits are reduction of costs, reduction of overheads and reduction of costs association with traditional publisher and producer roles. That is one of the highlights that developing countries are looking at. In terms of threats, I think Caribbean countries have also acknowledged the threat of the so- called digital divide and that is not just a North South divide. That is also a divide among countries of the sub region of the Caribbean. There has also been a lot of dialogue and discussion about the conflict of IPRs with access to information and the fact that IPRs put a price, a premium, on access to information. Other threats to copyright are that the ease of access to copyright content on the Internet threatens the copyright owners ability to earn from on-line exploitation. Internet is a cheaper medium for pirates and Internet also strengthens the justification of the consumer for having the content free of charge. For Caribbean countries the merits are far more readily apparent than the threats. As a result, our countries tend to focus more on using these new technologies rather than establishing a proper and regulatory framework for use and access. In terms of the copyright experience in Caribbean countries, most copyright laws have been recently updated based on the TRIPS agreement standards. The copyright system, and there is a difference between the law and the actual system that supports the law, those systems are only now becoming operational, so that modalities that were subject to the passage of regulations or the existence of administrative structures such as collecting societies, those are just coming on stream. As a result, a large portion of local rights holders are not yet "logged in" to any national royalty collection agency and focusing on this, just because for our countries and for most countries, when you think about copyright, apart from the whole culture and personality rights that have been promoted, we are thinking about money as a bottom line and how to extract the revenue from exploitation. Whereas we are just now getting into these modules of collective administration to get royalties, the Internet is making some of these modules redundant so we are catching up but not fast enough. In the traditional collecting society regimes, much of the revenues collected from collective management are still destined to developing countries. In my knowledge there are no net inflows yet of revenue through music collectives and that seems to be a concern in particular for Jamaica because music is our most hopeful commodity and you wonder why, since we consume so much of our local music and much of our local music is consumed abroad, why it is that there is still a net outflow to collecting societies abroad for foreign repertoire. Another aspect is that most stakeholders, copyright owner groups are loosely organised and this impedes their effectiveness and participation in lobby and this has resulted in an over dependence on governments to intervene and sort out your copyright issues and industry problems. Although copyright consciousness is growing and there is overall public awareness on the part of rights holders, piracy is still prevalent again among consumers and this may be due to low rights enforcement. There is a reluctance to use the system to enforce rights. Piracy is also a fact among creators and that has a lot to do with the traditional business practices of just using samples of different works without a proper rights clearance method. In terms of the Internet experience it is acknowledged, and copyright owners in our countries are concerned about the fact, that there are threats to piracy and infringement of their rights over the Internet and the fact is that, although the laws are updated, they are not yet Internet ready and so they do not serve as a significant impediment to wanton use of the Internet and the liability of ISPs is not a live issue. Some of the reasons are that for the Internet we do not have a developed legal and regulatory framework in the Caribbean as yet. Another key point is that the Caribbean Internet , ISP, is really an access provider, not really providing a range of services like America online. The underdeveloped landscape, without Internet ready IP laws, there is little deterrent to piracy on the Internet, especially within the actual countries. Only a few of the countries in the Caribbean have acceded to the WIPO so-called Internet Treaties, the WIPO Copyright Treaty and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty. Other laws affecting the Internet are being developed only piecemeal. Regarding Digital Divide, the Caribbean countries are moving progressively to bridge the Digital Divide each at its own pace. Looking at other factors which contribute to the digital divide, there have been measures to deal with access to computers and computer software for example. In Jamaica we have dropped all of the taxes and duties on computers and computer software. However, in the Caribbean, in general, significant levels of software piracy still point to cost as an impediment. There is the whole telecommunications platform and many Caribbean countries have been liberalising their telecom sector so that access to telecommunications infrastructure will be broadened. The other problem is that even though many of our business enterprises are going on the Internet now, there is a lack of knowledge of how to use these Internet tools appropriately to maximise the benefits of e-commerce and so there is a lot of brochure-ware as opposed to a commercially active presence on the web. There is not much vigilance in terms of acquiring IPRs to cover the global spectrum or in defending those rights. The way forward is a focus on copyright. There are many other factors that are involved in this process. One of the ways forward that we have been looking at is improving the copyright law and also improving the copyright system. One of the ways that the Caribbean countries have been approaching it is through implementation of the WIPO Internet Treaties. The second aspect of that is really revisiting the exceptions to copyright infringement. In the earlier talks on patents someone suggested that one way of benefiting poor countries is to limit protection. Duration is something that has to be considered but not only the duration of the rights but in terms of exceptions to those rights. In terms of improvement to the system, there has to be come increased participation in the policy process and also developing some rights management systems that are applicable to the digital environment and increasing the copyright awareness generally. I assume that most of us are familiar with the WIPO Internet Treaties and I wish to add that all Caribbean authors and artists have the view that they stand to benefit from the implementation of the WIPO Treaties, because they have increased protection and there is also increased protection in particular for performers of musical works. In Jamaica everybody is an aspiring Bob Marley. That is the aspiration. In terms of implementing these treaties, although it is important we do know, and we have some input from our librarians, that the WIPO Treaty Compliance Laws will have an impact on custodians of corporate material. I would just flag the issue of database protection here because that could be even more restrictive based on the fact that a lot of the information in the databases is originating abroad. Of course, consumers of copyright material might have to pay more for access. Revisiting exceptions to infringement. We have been talking a great deal about balance and this is one of the ways to ensure that there is balance, even in this digital age and that is to look at the exceptions that now exist, the traditional ones like fair dealing, exceptions for libraries and archives, exceptions for public purposes. In our copyright laws we have not yet changed for application to the digital media and so that has to be done and some of those exceptions might need to be broadened. We might not be successful in getting an open-ended model for fair dealing exceptions as Australia had tried to do but was shot down by the copyright owners. We can achieve a balance. As I said before, participation in the policy development process is also critical. Regarding the development of electronic rights management systems, I made the point that they should be workable in a digital environment, they should be non-discriminatory across borders and they should fully integrate creators and performers from developing countries. We are outside of the system, so royalties don't come back to us as they should. I think that the information age has presented IPRs with formidable challenges and in particular the copyrights system, but also opportunities for small developing economies, like ours, to leapfrog in development. IPRs must be safeguarded to promote legitimate e-commerce and to provide an incentive. A delicate balance must be achieved between rights and access so that the law does not place an undue burden on users and custodians of copyright material. Finally, as developing economies grapple with the issues of the new millennium, we must seek to develop solutions that encourage use of digital technologies, promote access to information, while preserving the right of copyrights owners. This has to be not only a regional approach but also a global approach, because as someone from the Inter American Development Bank said "Political will is the difference between digital divide and a digital opportunity" and we would have to think that that political will would have to be an international political will to help us to leapfrog in development through these new technologies. Thank you. John Barton Our second speaker is Denise Nicholson, a Copyright Services Librarian, at the University of the Witswatersrand in Johannesburg, which is responsible for the Copyright Services Office, The Central Copyright Fund, Copyright Clearances and provides a copyright advisory service. She is a member of the International Federation of Library Associations Committee on Copyright and other legal matters and is appointed to the Advisory Board. Denise Nicholson: University of the Witswatersrand, South Africa I wish to thank the Commission for inviting me to do this talk today. How are lecturers supposed to carry out their teaching functions when it is such a hassle to get permission? Trying to do the noble thing a lecturer at my institution recently applied for permission to copy ten pages of music for ten students. That shouldn't be a tall order. Well after the rights holder demanded cash upfront and laid down various conditions, his lecture was delayed and in the end he had to use alternative material. Would you be surprised if he didn't bother next time? Similarly a choirmaster applied for permission to copy a few songs for thirty boys. When he was quoted the equivalent of £62 per boy he decided to copy them anyway. His attitude was that the need for cultural development in this country far outweighed the commercial interests of a multimillion a year publisher who would not have had a sale anyway, because the price of the original was excessive. Just two of many examples. Copyright restrictions cause even bigger problems in the southern African development community SADC of which South Africa is a member. Copyright laws and priorities differ considerably. For some wars, famine, illiteracy and disease are far more pressing issues that copyright. Vast differences in infrastructure and resources make sharing of information and co-ordination of educational projects extremely difficult. Currently, copyright restrictions are hampering the regional educational project for the functionally illiterate. Before being able to implement the project, the following factors have to be resolved. Lack of infrastructure and funding for copyright clearance in most of these countries, use of multimedia depends on availability of electricity and to the communications infrastructure. If copyright fees are too high or permission is refused, alternative material will have to be used. Clearance of multiple copies, translations and adaptations will be problematic. Bilateral or multilateral agreements will be necessary because of different copyright laws and protocols and while these hurdles delay the process, there are people out there waiting to be educated. South Africa has a copyright act last amended in 1997 and regulations which have limited exemptions for education based on the American Classroom guideline. It has also signed various international treaties including the WIPO and TRIPS Agreements. Due to pressure from rights owners to tighten the laws, the Government published draft regulations in 1998 and proposals to amend the Copyright Act in 2000. These amendments addressed print media only. Unfortunately, they were very restrictive towards education. Apart from eroding fair use and withdrawing virtually all current exemptions for education, the proposed amendments failed to address the needs of the disabled and the illiterate, as well as distance education and digital technology. As a result, the educational sector lobbied Government and the more controversial amendments were subsequently withdrawn. While stakeholders continued to debate issues of around print media, electronic copyright is not being addressed at all, which leaves South Africa lagging behind developed countries. This slide shows a squatter camp outside Johannesburg, a typical home environment for thousands of South Africans living in urban areas. However, more than half the population live in rural areas with limited housing and schooling. South Africa has two very different dimensions. First world and Third World. In the First World dimension, there is a sophisticated infrastructure with advance technologies, where IP issues are being addressed. Unfortunately, this dimension is overshadowed by the Third World dimension, where a third of the population live below the poverty lines. Illiteracy, including functional illiteracy, is a serious problem. Unemployment is high. Communities can barely afford food and clothing, let alone pay for books and copyright royalties. Oral communication remains a main source of information in rural areas, but the print medium is essential for advancement to literacy and education. Rural schools, libraries and resource centres are poorly resourced. Falling exchange rates and higher prices make the acquisition of textbooks and other reading material almost impossible. Photostatted material provides an alternative. So what does copyright mean to the rural child who sits under a tree or in a ramshackle building because he has no classroom, or to the illiterate, unemployed adult who depends on literacy trainers to provide him with information. Copyright is as foreign to them as a fresh slice of bread, running water, electric lights, a new book or a computer. Yet, without knowing it, copyright has a serious impact on their lives. It determines exactly what education and information they can have depending on their financial status. Access to information is restricted by illiteracy, various socio economic factors as well as lack of funds and infrastructure to apply for permission and, of course, copyright laws themselves. Literacy teachers are often the only source of information, but copyright laws restrict them from making copies for these communities outside the classroom situation. Urban squatters may attend Government schools and use public libraries. However, without a fixed address, they cannot borrow material and so they depend on photocopies. Copyright fees are unaffordable. South Africa has eleven official languages. Imagine the problems when translations are needed for teaching purposes. Perhaps too many restrictions encourage non-compliance. Tragically, the lack of access to information and education has been a major factor in the spread of HIV/AIDS. In such a devastating pandemic, surely the nursing sister who needs to disseminate copies of vital information to health workers should be exempted from having to apply for permission and pay royalties. The need to distribute essential information for the public good surely outweighs commercial interests. Adult life expectancy has reduced to 47 years in the Sub-Saharan region and is expected to drop even further. Extension of the copyright term beyond 50 years should not be considered. Access to information would be restricted even more and information would never enter the public domain. Most tertiary institutions in South Africa are creators, consumers and publishers of copyrights and uphold the concept of copyrights. However, most of these students cannot afford textbooks and depend on financial aid to pay their fees. The print medium often photocopied is the main source of information provided to students. Electronic resources are limited and copyright literacy levels are low. Most tertiary libraries are under resourced and have had to join consortia to share print and electronic resources. Many have had to cancel journals and purchase less books because of budget cuts, falling exchange rates, high prices and VAT. Some libraries have not been able to buy new books for several years. They have had to resort to photocopied extracts of material on short loan. This is a contentious issue which needs to be addressed in copyright law as students cannot be expected to buy whole books or subscribe to journals just to use extracts for short-term projects. Government documents and other public domain material are not easily accessible. Currently, there is a vigorous debate over the extent to which publishers are adding value to these, example law reports, and charging full copyright fees. For the disabled, the legislation has no provisions for conversion into alternate formats. An example is Brail or audiotapes. Should the disabled really be expected to apply for conversion every time they need to access information? Copyright clearance currently restricts institutions from providing necessary information to their students, as royalties are too high and procedures cumbersome. Budgetary restraints determine what material will be used and quite often alternative material has to be substituted. Transactional licenses are most common as a blanket license excludes various works, including electronic, and is felt to be too expensive. Our rights organisation is aggressively marketing the blanket license and has obtained mandates from many publishers who previously waived or reduced fees for educational purposes. Electronic licensing tends to be covered by contract law rather than copyright law. Copyright issues and fees are address in the contracts and copyright clearance is not necessary. Digital technology has created an explosion of information in the First World dimension of South Africa. Commerce and some areas of education have been revolutionised. However, the high cost of equipment, networking and maintenance still hamper the educational process. Without adequate bandwidth and telecommunications infrastructure, what is the use of digital technology? It is said that the world becomes a stage if one has access to a computer. Unfortunately, this does not apply to millions of South Africans who do not have access to a telephone, never mind a computer. Sub-Saharan Africa has fewer telephones that Manhattan or Tokyo, so what use is a dial-up modem or the Internet for that matter. If people cannot even access the print media, how can digital technology and electronic copyright possibly make a difference? Technology is advancing at such a rate that the digital information divide continues to widen. Whilst developed countries are addressing electronic copyright issues the needs of developing countries have yet to be addressed in the print media. In conclusion, there has to be a balance between the just demands of rights owners and consumers. To create a culture of reading in developing countries, copyright laws must take into account the need for eradication of illiteracy and massification of education. They must also address distance education, multilingualism and the needs of the disabled. Literacy is the key to an untapped market for publishers. Neutering education today will provide tomorrows readers and authors. After all, if one remains illiterate, how will one ever read and understand the copyright law. Appropriate copyright exemptions and perhaps cheaper licensing will provide the means to get there. Thank you for listening. John Barton Thank you very much. Let me introduce Professor Paul David. He is a Professor of both the All Souls College, Oxford and is my colleague at Stanford although he is in the Economics Department. He has been a leading economist both in Economic History and particularly in the Economics of Technology. He's consulted with the groups in many government agencies, UNCTAD, The World Bank, OECD and the Economic Commission of the European Union. Paul David: Universities of Oxford and Stanford I am grateful to the Commission for inviting me to appear here, particularly since this has been a wonderfully informative set of discussions. I feel I have learned a great deal. The title of this very short presentation alludes to the American poet, Robert Frost's Ode to Individuals, which celebrates the stone fences that distinguish the rural landscape of upland New England. Good fences make good neighbours. Perhaps it is so, where the resource involved his land unto which the livestock from neighbouring farms may wonder without fences and therefore graze on and destroy the provender of the animals already pastured there. But is it so, also, when one scientist pours over the data gathered by another? Simple consideration of the economics of public goods and the public goods nature of information tells us that such is not the case. Information is not like forage, depleted for use and consumption. Datasets are not subject to being overgrazed but, instead, are likely to be enriched and rendered more accurate and more fully documented the more researchers are allowed to comb through them. It is by means of wide and open disclosure and sceptical efforts to replicate novel research findings that scientific communities collectively build bodies of reliable knowledge. There is good reason for hesitating to embrace private property rights as a universal panacea, for that is a system of resource application that has been found to work well, when it does work well, only in the domain of conventional commodities, commodities which are exhausted in the process of use and cannot be simultaneously enjoyed by many. This is not a new idea. In 1813, Thomas Jefferson in a letter to a Baltimore inventor, Isaac MacPherson, pointed out that it was provident nature that had made ideas like fire instantly expansible over space without lessening the intensity at any point. He who lights his candle like mine – Jefferson - gains illumination without darkening me. Ideas are then are like fire rather than like coal. The implications of that are quite far reaching. In the realm of knowledge and information, and information is the output of scientific activity as well the necessary input into further discoveries and invention, an overly literal application of the metaphor property emphasising the desirability of socially enforced rights to exclude trespassers or to alienate commodities by means of exchange may lead to its perverse economic policies, particularly in the field of scientific and technological research. By its very nature, the alternative to proprietary research, i.e the system backed up by IPR protections for copyright patent, is the pursuit of open science. This requires the patronage from the external resources, either from grant and contract funding or for those who are publicly or personally engaged or from both. The central problems facing researchers in the developing countries are routed in a lack of adequate material resources to pursue their work in the effective open mode of cooperation of scientists throughout the world. Thus it is tempting for them and for their governments to think of embracing proprietary research as a solution to the income constraints under which they presently labour. The same thought will occur quite naturally to those who wish to help these less advantaged colleagues. After all, this course of self-help in meeting the rising costs of modern scientific research demonstratively has proved attractive to the administrators of many far better endowed universities and public institutions in the West and the industrially advanced countries who find themselves financially constrained, and also to individual researchers there, who see it as a means of further advancing both their work and by better equipping their laboratories and incidentally advancing their material standard of living. In the developed countries, this course has provided, at best, only a small margin of incremental research support, averaging 8-10% among research universities in the United States. Yet in some fields, particularly in the live sciences where the share of funding from the industrial sources approach is 25% at leading institutions, the commercialisation movement is perceptively encroaching upon the culture of academic research and challenging the ethos of collaborative open science. Consequently, we must worry that by applying the same remedy to a mend the economic disabilities of open science in the developing countries would have more profound trans-formative effects and might, in the end, result in further isolation of researchers there from the remaining sources of cooperative exchange with publicly supported colleagues and institutions elsewhere. This is a very real problem in the changes that are taking place in the global system of IPRs and the responses that that is beginning to evoke. It is true that in the Private Property Rights system we have a readily prescribed potentially potent cure for the condition of impoverished open science that people claim property rights and charge for it. Unfortunately, this is a cure in which the patient dies. We really have to think of something better to do. I now want to take you through one or two further points and emphasise in this that there are two regimes for the conduct of scientific investigation. Open science, proprietary research. Neither represents a perfect solution. The problem for science and technology policy in the developing world and the developed world is to maintain a balance between the two, because together they are complementary. Open science has a logic that supports rapid advance in the stock of reliable knowledge. It elicits disclosure, disclosure is a mechanism through which priority is claimed, the reward system is attached to verified claims of priority, and disclosure advances the speed with which a validation of claims proceeds. It puts new information in the hands of the community as a whole because there is no reason to believe that the individual discoverer of a particular property, or the developer of a particular new research tool, knows all the possible ramifications or the range of applications for it. By referring to the community to establish reputation he also directs individuals' attention to solving problems that are helpful to other scientists at large. It is a system which obliges people to give away what they learn. Consequently, they cannot extract any rights for it. So this is a system that cannot survive by itself. It must exist in a symbiotic relationship with another system which is able to capture enough of surplus from other sources to support this activity. The nature of information is such that, unless some means of restricting access to the use of information if provided, one cannot derive or appropriate any of the material benefits. The proprietary research system solves that problem. It is this, in some sense, which lies at the core of the economic logic of IPRs. It is a bargain and a clever social contrivance to elicit disclosure because secrecy is far more inefficient as a system through this disclosure, so that the knowledge can be put into a common domain of ideas. In exchange for disclosure there is a grant of exclusivity in the commercial and other uses. IPRs have some other uses as well as the effecting of the social bargain involving disclosure. In the realm of copyright there is the stabilisation of creative material, i.e. moral rights to the control of texts so that attribution is not mistaken, so that there is not misappropriation of claims to creative achievements. It is quite possible to separate the moral claims and the stabilisation of moral claim without conferring exclusive rights to exploit. The point that underlies this entire talk is that the balance between the two systems of open science, which requires the maintenance of a common knowledge domain, and proprietary knowledge which involves the co modification and restriction of utilisation of that domain, has been disturbed by a whole series of trends, which I think people are familiar with. I want to consider some of the implications of these changes. I want to touch on one, because this is a session focused particularly on copyright rather than patent, I wedged into the copyright section sui generis protection and particular legal protection of databases which has been afforded under the European Directive of 11 March 1996. This is a piece of legislation about which people know surprisingly little. It has very far- reaching implications. Fundamentally, it reaches most of the conventions that exist with regard to copyright. It makes not provisions for fair use for educational research purposes, except where it can be shown that the use is purely illustrative and in no way damages or could damage the commercial interests of the copyright holder. It permits legal protection for non-copyrightable material, which is placed in a database. A database can be virtually anything. It doesn't have to be electronic. A database is any collection of facts under this law. Every time any feature of the database such as its formatting, search engines or content is altered, the rights to the material in the database are renewed for another fifteen years, so it gives you a means of indefinite protection. There are no provisions that limit the right of a database owner who has imbedded in a database publicly produced data, such as satellite images or remote sensing information which is essentially nonreplicable, there is no limit on their ability to charge anything they want for it, so there is no possibility of competition policy being invoked on the view that this is exploitation of use of exploitation monopoly. This challenges then one of the fundamental collective legacies of accumulative scientific research, the development of databases. We are in an era now where, through the use of electronic media and through advance research routines, it is possible to create a very extensive link to databases which generate a discovery space, a space in which bio informatics is increasingly exploited to do sophisticated data mining to actually discover relationships. This is an important research tool for many groups and it is one that would, otherwise in the absence of these restrictions, continue to expand. The few bits of experience we have with the privatisation of public knowledge suggests that the transfer of these kinds of monopoly rights lead to enormous increases in the prices charged for access because there are specialised commercial uses, as in the case of satellite images in which the costs of the given land set image was increased from $400 to $4,000 an image, overnight, when the control of these passed into the hands of a private company. Consequently, this is a very diverse issue. It is an issue which, because of the features of the European law had certain reciprocity features, again, violating national treaty conventions in copyright, set in motion legislative movement which is still going on in the United States. At present, the good news is that the Unites States has not followed the EU into this morass. On the other hand, the existence of a now split regime has meant that a number of attempts to create new information databases, particularly in bio informatics, has been frustrated because the essential features of these databases is to link the existing knowledge base. Since much of the knowledge base is in, for example, the National Centre for Biotechnology Information in the United States some efforts by the European Bio Informatics Group to build new databases have been blocked because it violates policy. The way to go in this is not for the US to harmonise up but rather for national implementation to reinsert fair use, research and education exclusions into the database and to think about the various means of either public licensing or buyout of information by public agencies to protect the public domain. Chris Zeilinski: Health Information for Development I was a participant in the workshop that was held a month ago by the Commission on this topic. I wanted to clarify some of the issues relating to the concept Essential Information that is mentioned in your background information. Information is not a monolith, and yet is considered as such under copyright law. One doesn't distinguish types of information. Equally there is no access right to information under any regime I am aware of. Considering that made me look at the way essential drugs were treated. If you look at the definitions of essential drugs in the WHO declarations on the subject, there is actually an identified access right. Humans have a right to access drugs and medicines that are essential for their development. I wondered if there wasn't scope to extend that to information whether there is a right of access to information that is essential to human development. One of the points that was made in the background documentation is that one has to be careful not to stress that there is essential information, suggesting also that that would be somehow distinguished from nonessential information. That isn't the point. The point is that the notion that there is some information that humans need in order to develop and adapt information has an access right perhaps is the one that I wanted to put forward. People suggested this might be difficult to define and yet in the 1971 Paris Revision to the Berne Convention that was attempted. The Paris Revisions grant the right to developing countries to translate and republish under statutory license if necessary information that is considered important for educational purposes. So there is an attempt at a definition there. The Paris Revisions didn't get anywhere, of course, and they were not very successful. However, I think there is a groundswell right now where this idea is becoming more relevant and, in particular, there is a draft Convention on Multilingualism and Open Access in Cyberspace, is the title, which UNESCO is working through, which does contain elements of essential information. I would welcome seeing this in the recommendations of the Commission if that is considered suitable. There is a practical side to this in the various open access initiatives that we are witnessing, particularly in the last two years where academic and scholarly information is being made available to developing countries either for free or under very favourable terms in a cooperative activity between the rights holders and the library and music community which essentially, I thank, is based on the concept of essential information. Peter Drahos: Australian National University I have a comment on Dianne Daley's presentation. She said at the beginning of her presentation that the citizens of the Caribbean had embraced copyright law and seen its many advantages. While that may be true, I think it is worth adding an historical footnote here about the Caribbean came to have copyright law. In the early 1980's most Caribbean states did not have copyright law, but they did have a very good microwave system, which they used to broadcast American movies. Now, we are not obliged to pay licences because they didn't have copyright law. At the behest of the American Motion Picture Association, Congress passed legislation called the Caribbean Basin Initiative 1983 which included Section 232, subsections 1,2 and 3 conditionalities which offered the Caribbean states duty free trading privileges in the US market, but conditional upon the adoption of copyright. Within the space of two years, almost every Caribbean state acquired copyright law, and US lawyers drafted all of this law because Caribbean states did not have any copyright expertise. So we have a very interesting example of a wholesale international transplant of copyright institutions in a remarkably short space of time. I was interested in your observations, Dianne, that you apparently still remain net losers in the area of musical royalty flows, an area where, as you mentioned, you had the comparative advantage of Bob Marley. I would also be interested, following on from Denise's extremely interesting presentation, about what impact this had had on textbooks in the Caribbean. I suppose there is a moral here which is that when a state or a group states embrace an institution from another state a certain sort of inertia is set up where it becomes difficult to contemplate more efficient institutional arrangements such as, for example, the free software movement which, in a way, makes the link between copyright and software protection much more problematic. David Bramley: WHO Each of the speakers this afternoon mentioned the link between copyright holders and the charge for using copyright protected material. The experience of the organisation I work for uses copyright actually for a different purpose. WHO is a publisher. We produce about 500 or 600 books or reports each year. We have 100,000 pages on our website. We have a lot of content. Although we sell it to some people in developed countries, because that's how you reach those markets, we actually give it away more often than we sell it. Why we exercise copyright, however, and we don't put it in the public domain, we have a fairly sophisticated licensing procedure, is actually to protect the integrity and accuracy of our information. It may not be important to a commercial company that may only want the money, but to WHO the fact that our guidelines on the treatment of a particular disease are formally released, we publish them but if someone else wants to republish them its done under a license which says you don't change these you use only the references to generic drugs, things like that, is quite important to us so that people can rely on the information they receive from us. It also enables us, if we are licensing on the Internet, to withdraw that information when it becomes out-of-date and when a new version is available. Unfortunately, on the Internet I have found material on breastfeeding, for instance, which we issued well over ten years ago and which is now out of date because it doesn't mention HIV transmission but is still circulating on a Canadian Website as WHO's guidelines. There are other reasons as well. By putting information in the public domain you just abandon it in a sense. We are able by licensing to follow up our target audiences. We are following up who receives the information. We are able to get feedback. So copyright has another aspect, though I quite agree that may not be the one that's mostly used by society. Milton Lore: London School of Economics This is about open archive systems and open content. To put things in context, there is only 9.4% of the world population is attached to the Internet. Of these, more than 50% are living in developed nations. There is an increasing trend towards the digitisation of educational resources. In a country such as India, where I come from, these are not affordable and places such as educational institutions and public libraries in the cities used to have print material which could normally be shared by more that one person now reduced because of the digitisation of online resources thanks to the login and password method. Could there be an initiative with regard to open archive systems which would help developing nations to access more and more educational materials. As the moment, some journals are available only online and they are not available in print form. People in developing nations, especially students and research communities are highly deprived of this information. One suggestion could be that a country could be subscribed to particular resources especially resources such as CABI on physics, chemistry and biology. It is available but at extremely unaffordable prices and they can restrict the number of users. They can monitor the kind of users so that all the research institution students can have access to these materials. Maureen Duffy: British Copyright Council I wish to put in an element that has been lost. We have been talking about copyright but, of course, copyright is initially author's right and author's right is one of the universal human rights according to the Universal Declaration on Human Rights. It maybe that we are approaching a point where, indeed, one size does not fit all, where we should be looking at author's right, at copyright, at corporate right, at Traditional Knowledge right and sui generis rights for dealing with other areas. I think that this may, indeed, be the way that we should be thinking of going. Author's right is the right of the creator vested in the natural person and it includes the moral right, which I was glad to hear being brought into the discussion. The moral right of paternity, which is vested in the author, is absolutely crucial for the consumer, not only for the author. The moral right of paternity is the guarantee of integrity that tells the consumer that what he or she is getting is the real thing. In the next round, I agree as Professor John Barton said this morning, this is perhaps not the round for it but I would like to flag up that I hope the next round will come soon and that it will begin to address the further problems and including the importance of author's right, particularly to the creators of developing countries. John Lindsay: Kingston University The Information for Development Forum was formed about 20 years ago to consider the issue of information and development. I must admit we have never had this number of people at a meeting, so I think I might brand this meeting as one in the series of The Information for Development Forum and, in turn, that means that you could have a 20 years history to the Commission that might be useful. One of the problems that beggars us, is that we have at least nine meanings of the word "information." When people use the word, we don't know which of those words they are meaning. It is interesting the way the chunking and clumping has been done by the Commission into the eight topics that we seem to be dealing with here. There seems to me to be something really quite strikingly missing in the whole of the structure, because if we are going to talk about anything at all we have to name it. And if we are going to have a communal knowledge of a thing, it has to have a record. The structure of that record and the content of that record then becomes what we classically understood as being information of which the archetype is the bibliographic record. So, when you structure your bibliographic records, you are building on a knowledge base that involves from the machine-readable record, through to the Anglo-American cataloguing rules, through to the duodecimal classification system, a set of structures that are developed over really a very long period of time. Then, as the new technology comes on, we develop from the record structure the concept of metadata, we then have the concept of the electronic governance interoperability framework which produces the concept of the subject, the service and the identifier and these are all going to require the structures that are inherited from the concept of the bibliographic record. Paul David referred to the real danger and damage in the database protocol from the European Union. It seems to me that that has to be systematically and structurally fought and in order to ensure that we stop the enclosure movement of what is core to the communal knowledge of society, we have to ensure that the concept of the bibliographic record extended into electronic data and the structures of the content of the bibliographic record are made into international public goods. That argument has to be made very loudly. Peter Thompson: World Press Centre We have two big historic changes that we have muddled up at the moment, which is the digital revolution that has already made it inevitable that the poorest villages in the poorest countries on earth will be using IT within a generation. That is absolutely unavoidable given the increasing rate of growth in the technical power of the technology and declining costs and given that one copy of networked information can serve every digital devise. Given those two things, it is inevitable for all the world's public information to be instantly accessible to everybody rich and poor in the lifetimes of just about everybody in this room. One of the problems that I have had with how to address myself to the Commission is how do you raise such a big question? Is the whole development literature actually looking at the question of how would you organise the available public information and public knowledge direct from the PCs and other devises on which it is generated, put it together as superior information about what is happening and what is available such that there is equal access for all IT users to the available public information and public knowledge. This doesn't require any changes to IPR but it is a different context from the context in which this discussion is going. Funkazi Koraye-Crooks: Africa Bureau for Cooperation for Development, WIPO I came here today because I saw the wonderful title, "How Intellectual Property Rights could work better for developing countries" thereby giving me the premise that we presume that in some parts of the Middle East the copyright laws are not working as well as they should. I would like to plead with the Commission to take timeout to speak to those who actually work in the developing nations right now and let them share with you what are the current problems and obstacles that the people in those countries currently face. I'll give you one simple example. I work specifically with the music industry. The whole concept and the various principles of copyright to a large proportion of the music industry, in Africa, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Nigeria, Ghana, I could go on forever, is alien. The idea of what is a publisher is still an alien concept. I was in Nairobi last year talking to the musicians, the stakeholders who were trying to assist them in developing a music industry and using the copyright law that was present under TRIPS to say, "Listen, you can become a profitable group as an industry, but let us be aware of what IPRs are." After a few minutes we found out very simply that the idea of what is an assignment as opposed to a licensee was nonexistent for many of the musicians and the authors over there. In Malawi you have a Government that has actually committed to trying to develop a music industry in Malawi. Unfortunately, Malawi does not possess one single cassette manufacturing plant. Therefore, every piece of music in Malawi is imported into the country. The problem the Malawian Government explained was that the copyright laws says "national treatment now because of TRIPS." This means that international repertoire belonging to the majors, such as Michael Jackson, should be given the same sort of protection as the local Malawian artist. What is the problem? There is no licensee subsidiary presence of any of the international right holders for all those works in Malawi. So the Government has said that if we are trying to clear out piracy in this country, we can do it for our own local artists. We can't do it for the international artists. How, therefore, do we create a vacuum that no one will fill. Write, for example, to the record companies. See what they can do? In the past the structured recording industry had a great presence in Africa so they actually helped with the infrastructure building in the music industry, providing the protection and the mechanisms required between the artists who, basically, is a talented creator. He doesn't know what a contact is, he doesn't want to know who will manage his rights, who'd play the music, who'd pay his rights and I just found, that now, the majors tend not to be in Africa for various reasons. As a result, as Dianne Daley actually indicated, a lot of that role has been placed on the governments, on the government who, with all due respect to them, don't understand how in principle to actually implement these laws. If we do really want to make progression in the least developing countries in Africa, we need to currently understand why they are having those problems today. Last year we were invited to a meeting with the World Bank, because the World Bank had decided that poverty reduction could be achieved by the development of the music industry. They were going to pick six countries in Africa and they were going to pour money into these six countries into the music industry for the purpose of poverty reduction. I'm not sure how they picked the six countries. The meeting lasted a day and a half and I was aghast on the one hand, but pleased on the other hand, because they had managed to gather the IBMs of this world and others who offered to pour in a million and a half dollars in six countries in Africa into the music industry. According to IBM they would provide new technology that would, in their words, "Leapfrog and close the digital divide between African and the developed nations. They would put in new technology so all an artist needs to do is to walk in, record his music, and once it gets put up onto the net he would get his royalties." I tried to share with him that most of those countries have no light, until today, so how they were going to get electricity for the purposes of running these fancy things was neither here nor there. There has been a lot of theory today, but if we are to take this step forward we need to try and understand the practical problems facing most of the developing nations. Dianne Daley I just wanted to endorse what Maureen Duffy and Funkazi Koraye-Crooks said, but I wanted to just correct also the history of the Caribbean and copyright laws. As former British Colonies, we had copyright laws from the 1911 and in Jamaica, in particular, and the larger countries that place a lot of emphasis on music, Jamaican musicians and performers started their dialogue about updating the copyright law just after they became independent. I have to admit that the whole advent of the TRIPS Agreement did influence the process and countries moved much faster with updating their copyright laws but to say that debates in Parliament were against copyright is wrong, they were in favour of copyright and Jamaican musicians were always pushing it. Whether or not they understand the full implications of a copyright law is debateable, but they certainly embraced that copyright philosophy and the information age. As for US lawyers drafting our laws, that is something that most of the Caribbean countries totally resisted. We basically relied on our own legal draftsmen and they were required to run this in line with complying with the TRIPS Agreement. Certainly, we were not influenced by the US. What we would love to happen, in the area of broadcasting and cable, is that there should be some consideration given for the fact that we are in the footprint of the US satellite and so we do receive cable programmes and that has been an issue between Caribbean economies and the US to see how we can best arrange licensing scenarios to enable us to legally receive these programmes. This is an issue that still needs to be sorted out. Denise Nicholson A point about authors' rights. Copyright was created to protect the author, but essentially it is now the publishers who are being protected, not the authors. Developing countries do not want to be marginalized, but we do need to have our uniqueness recognised in any global negotiations and agreements. We should be able to use the good parts of developed countries' legislation and recognise the bad parts instead of them being imposed on us. In South Africa we have a tendency from the publishing industry to keep saying we have got to be like America and the UK, and we say we are not America, we are not the UK, we are unique and we have different problems and we need to have some legislation that addresses that. Paul David One of the things that has been brought out in the discussion is that copyright serves a multiplicity of functions. The inherited system of copyright imposes on the way in which these functions are fulfilled, a set of restrictions that may be perverse in their operation. Copyright was not historically created to protect authors. Copyright grew out of the system of privileges which was to protect publishers. Copyright is the right to copy. That I came to be extended through a theory embodied in 1791 to entrench legislation as part of a natural right of office is part of a tradition which doesn't exist in Anglo-Saxon and common law countries. It is for those countries part of a bargain for society. That it serves a function of protecting the moral rights of authors is undoubtedly true. The question then is, "Does that also couple with the right to collect royalty." If you argue that there is a rationale for collecting royalties in that you are trying to elicit disclosure, then you have to look at the application of copyright as it exists, for example, in its extension to the protection of software. This is flagrantly an abuse of that bargain because in software copyright it used to be the case that you had to reveal the machine code, you don't have to reveal the source code, now you don't even have to deposit the entire machine code. A fragment of the machine code is sufficient. There is no disclosure from a functional viewpoint in that bargain. It is simply a way of claiming revenues and, indeed, there is nothing that actually protects the original writer of the code. A notion which has a certain aura and ethos in some circumstances has been extended to many, many things which are now protected by copyright. There the main function that they perform is to provide a source of revenue. If a distributed goal of obtaining revenue for worthy recipients is the objective then one has to think of the penalties which are exacted because the workings of this monopoly restrict the access of people to the relative information. So, from an economist's viewpoint you want to ask, if we are going to give people the special protections of a monopoly what is it that we are getting in exchange from a societal viewpoint. By trying to keep that in focus one can address lots of the issues that have been raised with regard to protection of Traditional Knowledge. It is interesting and important to ask what is the goal that we are trying to achieve. If we are trying to elicit disclosure of TK then you want to make sure that the nature of the rights that you are creating does not create access barriers to that knowledge. This applies a fortiori in the application of both patent and copyright protection and database protection to those areas where there is a common social good in the exchange of information which is used to produce more information. If that is a shared human enterprise then we want to exempt that activity from the force of copyright and patent protection.
Pages to are hidden for
"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights"Please download to view full document


text:
March 3, 2014 - Products
Meritor Inc. announced the introduction of the P600 Series planetary axles, including the P610 and P614. These two planetary axles are engineered for heavy-haul, oil field, logging and mining applications globally and are ready for production.
The P610 and P614 axles, available in tandem and tridem configurations, use common components from other Meritor axles, allowing for reduced lead times and quicker customer deliveries. As an addition to Meritor's specialty drivetrain product portfolio, the heavy-haul planetary axles' features include:
Tags: Meritor, Axles
Go directly to this company's home page
We offer e-newsletters that deliver targeted news and information for the entire fleet industry.
The expert, Mark Betner from CITGO, will answer your questions
The expert, Rence Oliphant from Hendrickson, will answer your questions
Drones And the Future of Package Delivery
How Will 3D Printing Affect Trucking?
Ultimate Test Drive Video: Brain and Brawn
Ultimate Test Drive Video: Small Block, Big Load
Webasto Releases Advanced Heater Controls
V-Flap II is An Aerodynamic Mud Flap
Cloud-Based In-Cab Video System Launched
Fan Drive Cools Better in Severe Applications


text:
02:40 min
38 months ago 89%
150324 views
05:01 min
22 months ago 89%
687 views
01:05 min
12 months ago 89%
942 views
02:00 min
12 months ago 89%
6205 views
01:44 min
46 months ago 88%
16913 views
03:52 min
70 months ago 88%
1496057 views
02:50 min
17 months ago 88%
6351 views
05:32 min
77 months ago 88%
841887 views
04:00 min
50 months ago 88%
125862 views
03:26 min
12 months ago 88%
6133 views
04:31 min
79 months ago 87%
292049 views
05:48 min
46 months ago 87%
41544 views
08:18 min
16 months ago 87%
23365 views
03:45 min
19 months ago 86%
16601 views
00:30 min
63 months ago 86%
74954 views
02:57 min
72 months ago 86%
173897 views
04:57 min
26 months ago 86%
1936 views
01:14 min
18 months ago 86%
4146 views
03:02 min
13 months ago 86%
4979 views
04:14 min
12 months ago 86%
2300 views
Here at GotGayPorn we provide a huge collection of free gay porn videos that are 100% free to view right at your disposal. We don't charge our visitors for any of the content we provide so feel free to watch as many videos as your throbbing cock can handle! Gay porn is a big hit in the adult industry and even straight men tend to enjoy watching two men get down and dirty in front of the camera - we even have women visitors who also get excited by the prospect of watching two men suck and fuck on video.
If you are one of the many people that enjoy watching a good cum filled gay video then you will love our website filled with the latest content the adult industry has to offer. It doesn't matter what category of porn you are after as we have everything from ass licking videos to men getting fucked bareback - we have it all and more. You will find tons of quality content consisting of some of the best gay porn you are ever likely to find and if that isn't enough then we provide all of our content in HD quality so you will be able to enjoy videos like you are in the room with them yourself!
GotGayPorn consists of many different features and settings so you will be able to customize your experience with a couple of clicks of a button. Our favorite feature is the "local guys" tab at the top of the website which will allow you to meet and fuck local men in your area - if that isn't enough then we also provide live webcam feeds so you can get up close and personal with your favorite gay models in real time.
If all of the above features don't tickle your fancy then maybe becoming a gold subscriber will? For a low monthly cost you can gain access to exclusive gay content that has never been seen before and with daily updates you will have all of the content you desire right at your disposal. GotGayPorn is one of the most popular gay porn tube websites out there and with all of our quality lengthy videos and HD quality content you can't go wrong with our free videos - we won't ever charge you a cent for this service.


text:
Meir Panim delivers warmth, special care to families in need.
Posted on: May 29th, 2012News & Views → Eye on "Palestine"
The revelation is particularly disturbing because Israel recently agreed to ease restrictions on Palestinian prisoners in Israeli jails so that they would end their hunger strike. An explicit term of the agreement required the prisoners to sign a pledge forswearing terrorist activity.
Posted on: May 29th, 2012News & Views → Israel
Deputy Minister for Development of the Negev and Galilee Ayoob Kara on Monday called on Western democracies "to stop their intolerable procrastination, which allows the Assad regime to continue its massacres."
Posted on: May 29th, 2012News & Views → Israel
Five yeshiva high school students from Jerusalem were detained Sunday, after an altercation with an Arab at "HaKotel HaKatan," near the Western Wall, Honenu reports. The students were held in remand until the middle of the night and then released on condition of a restraining order banning them from entering the Old City of Jerusalem for 15 days.
Posted on: May 25th, 2012News & Views → Israel
A rally in Hebron Thursday night which protested the lack of enforcement on illegal Arab construction currently taking place along Zion Road, the 700 meter route connecting the Jewish neighborhood of Kiryat Arba and the Cave of the Patriarchs. Spokesman Noam Arnon said "the Jews are discriminated against, and nowadays a Jew can't build an inch, while the Arabs are free to build."
Posted on: May 25th, 2012News & Views → Israel → IDF
Ground Forces Commander Maj. Gen. Shlomo (Sami) Turgeman this week presented the IDF future project to supply soldiers in the field with equipment capable of intercepting rockets, similar to the successful anti-rocket defense system, the Iron Dome.
Posted on: May 24th, 2012News & Views → Israel
The general director of Peace Now, Yariv Oppenheier, has urged Attorney General Yehuda Weinstein to open a criminal investigation into MKs Miri Regev (Likud), Danny Danon (Likud), and Michael Ben-Ari (National Union), for making speeches Wednesday in Tel Aviv he says incite racism and violence.
Posted on: May 24th, 2012News & Views → Israel
Manny Pacquiao, the World Boxing Organization welterweight champion, will visit Israel after his title defense fight against Timothy Bradley on June 9, according to his Jewish promoter Bob Arum in a report by JTA.
Posted on: May 24th, 2012News & Views → Israel
These days, the dream of Aliya often goes hand-in-hand with the dream of making it big in hi-tech. An increasing number of immigrants are entrepreneurs. A group of highly educated, creative and motivated brainiacs is at the core of what is now commonly referred to as "Start-up Nation." The maker of a new quiz app is a new Israeli company, run by American olim, and vying to become the next big thing.
Posted on: May 23rd, 2012News & Views → Israel
Angry and frightened working-class residents in parts of Tel Aviv are accusing Israeli police and Tel Aviv Mayor Ron Huldai of failing to aggressively confront an unprecedented spike in the number of violent acts against local citizens by a growing number of illegal African refugees.
Posted on: May 23rd, 2012News & Views → Israel
Training held on Jerusalem College of Engineering campus. ZAKA volunteers: "The objective is to create a unified work technique"
Posted on: May 23rd, 2012News & Views → Global
Nitsana Darshan-Leitner, director of the Shurat HaDin Israel Law Center, received an award Tuesday night for her role in fighting terrorism through international courts and defending the civil rights of Israeli terror victims. Having dealt a heavy blow to Syria, now she's after the Bank of China.
Posted on: May 23rd, 2012News & Views → Global
Rabbi Shlomo Rosenfeld: "The Jewish people are again being made a scapegoat for the lack of world peace while the Palestinian terrorists and murderers are depicted as innocent peace seekers. I want to state in no uncertain terms that the EU's one sided support of the Palestinian demands is an extension of the Holocaust."
Posted on: May 23rd, 2012Judaism → Holidays
Israel Antiquities Authority and the Ir David Foundation announced that a clay seal was discovered bearing the name of the city of Bethlehem, evidence that the city existed during the period of the First Temple in Jerusalem. The find coincides with the upcoming holiday of Shavuot, during which time Jews from around the world focus on the story of the biblical figure Ruth, set in the city of Bethlehem.
Posted on: May 23rd, 2012News & Views → Israel
Nefesh B'Nefesh organized a special celebration yesterday in Ein Yael, Jerusalem for new Olim to better prepare them for their first Shavuot in Israel.
Posted on: May 22nd, 2012News & Views → News Briefs
The new law will end the obligation of Jewish couples to be wedded only by the rabbi of their locale, permitting them to choose any recognized Orthodox rabbi in the country to perform their marriage.
Posted on: May 22nd, 2012News & Views → Israel
On Monday an indictment was filed against two youths from the Ramat Migron outpost charged with assaulting a policeman. The two were arrested just before Shabbat last week, after, according to police, they refused to leave the outpost despite a closed military zone order effective on the site. According to police they violently resisted their removal from the site.
Posted on: May 21st, 2012News & Views → Global
Anatolia News Agency cited a Cypriot official as saying that Netanyahu offered to build a gas terminal for Cyprus on condition that all 10,000 construction workers be Israeli citizens and that 20,000 Israeli "commandos" be deployed to protect the workers and the terminal.
Posted on: May 21st, 2012News & Views → Israel
A Jerusalem Day attack on a family of Jews driving near the community of Maale HaZeitim in the Arab Ras al Amoud neighborhood has increased tension between Jews and Muslims in the region, amid intensified demands from Jewish residents that Jerusalem police forces crack down on threats to security.
Posted on: May 21st, 2012News & Views → Israel
Frequent travelers to the US from Israel – and vice versa - will soon have a smoother time making the landing, thanks to Israel's entry into the US Global Entry Program.
Posted on: May 21st, 2012News & Views → Eye on "Palestine"
Former Prime Minister Ehud Olmert on Sunday urged Israeli leaders to surrender large swaths of Jerusalem to the Palestinian Authority if they want peace. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Jerusalem Mayor Nir Barkat disagree.
Printed from: http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/idf-artillery-hits-target-in-syria/2014/06/02/
Scan this QR code to visit this page online:


text:
Does anyone here think it will ever get to the point where people truly leave in large numbers? Second question will regulation return?
1 recommendation
Nonsense.Most households have a choice of 3 or 4 pay-tv options.
You may want to read the recent outages and problems with WOW.
seems like company's are charging for every thing now days soon the will start charging .50 cents a month for the cable wire ill bet u on that.