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Sept, 19, 1972 w, GQLDSWORTHY ETAL 3,692,601
METHOD FOR MAKING A STORAGE TANK BY APPLYING CONTINUOUS FILAMENTS To THE INTERIOR SURFACE OF A ROTATING MOLD Filed July 27, 1970 10 Sheets-Sheet l INVENTORS WILLIAM BGOLDSWQRTHY ETHRIDGE E. HARDESTY' BY M ATTORNEY P 1972 w. B. GOLDSWORTHY ETAL 3,692,601
METHOD FOR MAKING A STORAGE TANK BY APPLYING CONTINUOUS FILAMENTS TO THE INTERIOR SURFACE OF A ROTATING MOLD l0 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed July 2'7, 1970 WILLIAM B. GOLDSWORTHY ETHRIDGE E. HARDESTY M MW ATTORNEY Sept. 19, 1972 w. B. GOLDSWORTHY ET AL 3,592,591 METHOD FOR MAKING A STORAGE TANK BY APPLYING CONTINUOUS FILAMENTS TO THE INTERIOR SURFACE OF A ROTATING MOLD Filed July 27, 1970 10 Sheets-Sheet 5 W u 7 7. 1 W w 6 I 7 nm m. a O O IL. & L r w 4 I 3 0 \u H \Mw 3 2 4 H B 3 u B H 9 6 m 7 9 l I. o l/ 2 m/HW H 6 ,0 a 3 w 4 fl 5 6. 1 I 7 m E w 2 x 87 w 5 9 9 m.
ATTORNEY Sept. 19, 1972 w, GQLDSWQRTHY EI'AL 3,692,601
. STO BY A METHOD FOR MAKING A RAGE TANK PPLYING CONTINUOUS FILAMENTS TO THE INTERIOR SURFACE OF A ROTATING MOL Filed July 2'7, 1970 10 Sheetseet 4.
5' Hull-Uh INVENTORS AT TO RNE Y WILLIAM B. GOLDSWORTHY ETHRIDGE E. HARDESTY.
w. B. GOLDSWORTHY E AL 3,692,601 METHOD FOR MAKING A STORAGE TANK BY APPLYING CONTINUOUS A ROTATING MOLD Sept. 19, 1972 FILAMENTS TO THE INTERIOR SURFACE OF Filed July 27, 1970 l0 Sheets-Sheet 5 INVENTORS WILLIAM B.'G OLDSWORTHY ETHRIQGE E HARDESTY WrfiW fl ,Mw
ATTORNEY M e t e 25 m 9WD- S LS Ot MGh NS TO Al W.'B. GOLDSWORTHY ET AL METHOD FOR MAKING A STORAGE TANK BY APPLYIN Sept. 19, 1972 FILAMENTS TO THE INTERIOR SURFACE OF A HOT Filed July 27, 1970 FIG. 19
INVENTO RS WILLIAM B. GOLDSWO RTHY ETH RIDGE E. HARDESTY BY fiw wy J mfk ATTORNEY p 1972 w. B. GOLDSWORTHY E'IAL 3,692,601
METHOD FOR MAKING A STORAGE TANK BY APPLYING CONTINUOUS FILAMEN'IS TO THE INTERIOR SURFACE OF A ROTATING MOLD Filed July 27, 1970 I 10 Sheets-Sheet '7 FIG. 22
INVENTORS WILLIAM B. GOLDSWORTHY ETHRIDGE E. HARDESTY ATTORNEY Sept. 19, 1972 w, 5 D W TH ETAL 3,692,601
METHOD FOR MAKING A RAGE T K B PPLYING C INUOUS FILAMENTS TO THE INTERIOR SURFACE OF A R TI D Filed July 27, 1970 0 She -Sheet 8 Z 1/ //r l J 1/ f E FIG. 28a
FIG. 28b
' INVENTORS' WILLIAM B. GOLDSWORTHY ETHRIDGE E. HARDESTY BY W v ATTORNEY Sept. 19, 1972 w GQLDSWQRTHY ETAL 3,692,601
METHOD FOR MAKING A STORAGE TANK BY APPLYING CONTINUOUS FILAMENTS To THE INTERIOR SURFACE OF A ROTATING MOLD Filed July 27, 1970 10 Sheets-Sheet 9 INVENTORS WILLIAM B.GOLDSWORTHY ETHRIDGE E. HARDESTY FIG. 30
ATTORNEY p 1.972 w. B. GOLDSWORTHY E AL 3,592,601
METHOD FOR MAKING A STORAGE TANK B! APPLYING CONTINUOUS FILAMENTS TO THE INTERIOR SURFACE OF A ROTATING MOLD Filed July 27, 1970 10 Sheets-Sheet 10 FIGBZ INVENTORS WILLIAM B. GOLDSWORTHY ETHRIDGE E. HARDESTY BY M L W ATTORNEY United States Patent ABSTRACT on THE mscLosURE I A fiberglass reinforced storage tank formed by constructing a filament reinforced cylindrical sidewall. and enclosing the transverse ends with alpair of end domes. The end domes are prefabricated in a circular'mold of proper contour and size. A solventdispersed mold release agent is sprayed into the mold over the entire rnold surfacefGlass filaments are then laid along with a spray, of catalyzed ,binder resin in the rotating heated mold, beginning at the center and extending to the outer-periphery thereof to form the resin cured rigid end domes. The annular cylindrical side wall is formed by applyingfiberglass resin to the interior surface of a rotating cylindrical mold in the presence of 2 catalyzed bindenresin withthe formed end domes secured to the transverse ends of the mold during side wall formation. A particulate matter such as sand may be added to the'composition. The mold is divided into longitudinal arcuate sections which..are capable of separating for removal of a finally formed storage tank.
DISCLOSURE This inventionrelates in general to certain new and useful improvements in apparatus and process for making fiberglass reinforced storage tanks.v More particularly, the invention relates to an improved method of making fiberglass reinforced storage tanks by initially forming a pair of tank end domes. A cylindrical side wall ofthe tank is centrifugally cast making'the prefabricated end domes for the tank an integral inclusion in the annular side wall.
-It has long been a common practice to constructunderground storage tanks for the containment of liquid fuels such as gasoline, fuel oil,'etc. from sheet steel "or. other heavy metals. It has also been a common, practice to coat all exterior surfaces of such tanks with a corrosion preventive film such as bitumasti filled. resins, etc. Hoyvever, these external coatings when applied to the tanks have not been'entirely successful in preventing th'e encroachment of metal corroding'fluids. In addition, the majority of these tanks are not coated on theinner sur-v face which very often leads to corrosion from the interior surface. p f j In order to obviate the problems enconuntered with metal tanks, many industries such as the petroleum industry have attempted to employ glass reinforced plastic tanks which are resistant to corrosive soil conditions 'or normally corrosive liquid contents. In addition, reinforced plastic tanks are not subjected to thejpossible incidental damage from stray ele'ctric currents resulting in galvanic attack as is oftentimes the casein steel ta'hksIIn view of 3,692,601 Patented Sept. 19, 1972 the evident advantages of glass reinforced tanks for underground service, many industries have sought suppliers for these tanks. Typically, the presently available reinforced plastic tanks are constructed by standard filament winding techniques to accumulate the cylindrical side wall and the end dome structure. These filament winding techniques are more fully described in US. Letters Patent No. 2,731,376. Filament winding techniques are often quite expensive and require a substantial amount of time in'order to complete the fabricating of the structure.
' .Another technique of forming the tank side wall resides in the application of glass mat or a combination of filament strands and chopped glass along with glass mat which are directly applied to the surface of a mandrel. However, conventional glass mats and chopped glass do not provide sufiicient hoop strength and more importantly do not provide for adequate buckling resistance against external loading.
There have been other attempts to cylindrically cast the tank side wall by applying strands, glass mats, or chopped glass, or a combination of these elements to the interior surface of a mold. The glass reinforced material is then resin impregnated and cured in order to form the cylindrical structure. However, in underground tanks where the'primary loading is a compressive buckling, (as opposed to hoop tension in the case of the above ground tanks), it is desirable to produce a relatively inexpensive but fairly thick tank wall. The extant techniques result in tanks with high strength hoop tension. Accordingly, the conventional hand lay-up and spraying techniques have severe shortcomings in the fabrication of underground tanks and similar structures.
The present invention is, therefore, designed to provide an apparatus and method for producing a thick wall tank section with inexpensive raw materials that are combined in such manner to provide adequate compressive buckling resistance as well as economic feasibility.
OBJECTS It is, therefore, the primary object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for the production of filament reinforced storage tanks adaptable for use in underground systems.
iIt'is another object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus of the type stated for the manufacturing of fiber reinforced storage tanks by separately forming various components forming part of the storage tank and finally assembling these components into a unitary structure.
It is an additional object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for producing fiber reinforced storage tanks on a mass-production basis which eliminates the necessity of employing conventional filament winding techniques and manually directed spray-up.
It is another salient object of the present invention t o'provide an apparatus and method of the type stated which is readily adaptable to produce storage tanks of a wide variety of sizes and shapes.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a"method of producing filament reinforced fiberglass storage tanks which enables formation of a tank with all It is also an object of the present invention to provide both a method and apparatus of producing filament reinforced fiberglass storage tanks where particulate matter such as sand may be incorporated into the composite for enhancing the structural properties and the overall appearance of the final tank.
With the above and other objects in view, our invention resides in the novel features of form, construction, arrangement, and combination of parts presently described and pointed out in the claims.
FIGURES In the accompanying drawings (10 sheets):
FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing the apparatus for preforming cylindrical end domes which form part of the storage tanks of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing the apparatus for forming the annular cylindrical side wall of the storage tanks of the present invention with the end domes as an inclusion thereof;
FIG. 3 is a top plan view of the apparatus of FIG. 1 for constructing the end domes forming part of the filament reinforced tank, and which is constructed in accordance with and embodies the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a side elevational view of the apparatus of FIG. 3 for constructing the end domes;
FIG. 5 is a top plan view of the apparatus of FIG. 2 for making the side wall of a filament reinforced storage tank, and which is constructed in accordance with and embodies the present invention;
FIGS. 6 and 7 are vertical sectional views taken along lines 66 and 77 respectively of FIG. 3;
FIG. 8 is a fragmentary sectional view taken along line 88 of FIG. 7.
FIG. 9 is a vertical fragmentary sectional view taken along line 99 of FIG. 3;
FIG. 10 is a vertical fragmentary sectional view taken along line 1010 of FIG. 9;
FIG. 11 is a vertical fragmentary sectional view taken along line 1111 of FIG. 10;
FIG. 12 is a horizontal fragmentary sectional view taken along line 12-12 of FIG. 10';
FIG. 13 is a front elevational view of a portion of the apparatus of FIGS. 2 and 5 for forming the side wall of the tank;
FIG. 14 is a vertical sectional view taken along line 14-14 of FIG. 13;
FIGS. 15 and 16 are fragmentary sectional views taken along lines 1515 and 16-16, respectively, of FIG. 13;
FIG. 17 is an end elevational view showing the carriage forming part of the apparatus of FIG. 13;
FIG. 18 is a vertical fragmentary sectional view taken along line 18-18 of FIG. 17;
FIG. 19 is a vertical fragmentary sectional view taken along line 19-19 of FIG. 17 and showing the lance supporting frame forming part of the present invention;
FIGS. 2027 are a series of sequential schematic sectional views showing the application of strands to a mold to form the side wall shell of a tank, of which;
FIG. 20 is a schematic side elevational view showing the initial laying of circumferential filament strands in a groove forming part of the mold of the present invention;
FIG. 21 is a top plan view showing the laying of circumferential filament strands in the grooves forming part of the mold of the present invention;
FIG. 22 is a schematic end elevational view showing the laying of a second layer of fiberglass strands in the form of spirals;
'FIG. 23 is a schematic top plan view showing the application of the second layer of strands in the form of spirals in the fabrication of the side wall shell;
FIG. 24 is a schematic side elevational view showing the application of the third layer of strands in the form of circumferential elements in the fabrication of the side wall shell;
FIG. 25 is a top plan view showing the application of the third layer in the form of circumferential strands;
FIG. 26 is a schematic side elevational view showing the laying of filament strands in the form of spirals to constitute the fourth layer;
FIG. 27 is a schematic top plan view showing the laying of the filament strands in the form of spirals to constitute the fourth layer.
FIG. 28 comprises three schematic sectional views showing the various stages in securing the end domes to the tank side wall of which:
FIG. 28a is a fragmentary vertical sectional view showing a portion of the mold used to form the tank side wall;
FIG. 28b is a fragmentary vertical sectional view showing a portion of the side wall formed in the mold; and
FIG. 28c discloses the technique of incorporating a flange on the end dome integrally into the tank side wall.
FIG. 29 is a perspective view showing the finished tank forming part of the present invention;
FIG. 30 is a vertical sectional view showing the interior of the finished tank of FIG. 28;
FIG. 31 is a perspective view of a modified form of apparatus for forming the storage tank side wall of the present invention; and
FIG. 32 is a side elevational view of the apparatus of FIG. 30.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION The present invention provides a unique method for constructing underground storage tanks on a rapid and economical basis. This method is described hereinafter in detail. A particular embodiment of an apparatus suitable for accomplishing the method of the present invention is also illustrated and described herein. The storage tanks of the present invention are constructed by separately forming an annular cylindrical tank shell or so-called annular side wall in a three-piece mold. The end domes, which are ultimately secured to the annular side wall are also formed in a separate female mold.
The end domes are prefabricated in a circular metal female mold which is positioned horizontaly and has a concave major surface, contoured to form the dome portion. The mold is also provided with an integral circular ring extending upwardly from the concave major surface. The mold is heated and a thin film of solvent dispersed mold release is sprayed upon the concave surface thereof. Thereafter a resin gel coating may be optionally sprayed over the entire mold surface. The gel coating, if employed, should be pigmented with an inert cololid. After the gel has been allowed to stiffen slightly, fiberglass filaments are layed on the entire surface in a spray of catalyzed binder resin. The mold is rotated about its axis of rotation and the speed of rotation is automatically programmed to coincide with the rate and pattern at which the glass filaments are applied. As the fiberglass deposition path increases radially outward from the axis of rotation of the mold, the speed of the mold is proportionally reduced. The circular upstanding peripheral flange only carries a sufficient amount of binder-resin to hold the filaments in place to create a slighlty rigid self-supporting flange. The end dome will have a raised center embossment forming a small hole in the end dome which is locally reinforced about its periphery and root. This hole formed in the end dome allows access for subsequent processing.
The annular side wall of the storage tank is formed in a three-piece external cylindrical mold. In essence, the mold is divided into three curved longitudinal plates arranged apart. One of the curved plates is hinged along both edges to each of the other two plates. These plates are, in turn, fastened together along the remaining respective edges by a full length quick release cam lock mechanism. The interior surface of the mold is highly polished and contains a plurality of circumferential grooves longitudinally spaced along the length of the cylinder. The grooves are approximately 6" wide by 2" deep and form the tanks reinforcing ribs, or so'-called"external hoops. These ribs assure adequate buckling resistance in the finished tankwall structure. ln'addition, the endsof the cylindrical mold are recessedto receivethe circumferential rim flanges of both of the end'domes which; are separately prefabricated. External restraining lugs 'are'also provided to hold the end domes securely and accurately'in position. The cylinrical metal mold is 'a lso' warmed 'andis rotated about its major axis. The cylindricalsupportand transfer of rotating force is accomplished by"conven tiona'l drive rollers and idlers. r
A lance ararngement comprising several tubes is'inserted into the tank interior along its major axis. The lance carries a plurality of axially spaced radially directed tubes for transporting the glass filamentfrovings. Additional tubes are carried by the lances to deliver the liquid binder-resin. It is also possible to have the lance carry high intensity lights for allowing an operator to view the" process and monitor the operations. When the prefabricated end domes are locked into position, and the'lance' is in: serted for its full "length into the'tank moldinterior the mold is rotated initially ata relatively slow speed. A solvent dispersed mold release agent is sprayed by the leading tube on the inner metal surface as the lance is being inserted into the cylindrical metal mold. Following this, an exterior gel coat is applied and allowed to stilfen These materials are substantially the same as those employed in the end dome fabrication.
After the application of the mold release agent and the binder-resin, the speed of rotation of the cylindrical mold is increased. All buttwo of the filament nozzles lay circumferential rovings into the grooves longitudinally spaced along the length of the mold. It is also possible to'adda particulate matter to the resin-glass composition during the formation of the side wall of the tank, as well as in-the end dome fabrication. A separate nozzle carried by the lance would be capable of applying the proper amount of metered sand or other particulate matter during the'formation of the component. The amount of'sand added is regulated in accordance with the structural properties desired in the final product as well as the surface appearance to be achieved. In addition, the particulate matter filler is a relatively inexpensive componentand the amount used would be dependent upon the. overalleconomies which are desired in the fabrication of the components. a
This coverage is obtained by reciprocating the lanc back and forth horizontally. Furthermore, this filament application is continued until an initial high-density structural layer in the form of a .fiat ring is obtained in each hoop. Thereafter, the speed of rotation of the mold is reduced or the glass feed rate is increased and glass filaments are caused to lay down in the form of overlapping continuous fiat spirals until the groove is filled. Flat bands of filament spirals are also applied by the two remaining filament nozzles to the peripheral flanges of the end dome. Thereafter, the rotational velocity of the mold is again increased to its original velocity to lay down complete and continuous layers of circumferential windings or 'so call'ed fcir'cumferentials over the entire inner mold surface. Thelar'ice reciprocates during the rotation of the mold. Simultaneously with the laying of the continuousfilam'ents, alight spray of liquid, catalyzed binder resin has also been applied. Particulate matter may also be added during this time as well. 1
After the application of the surface shell of circumferential strands, the mold is again slowed and a flat spiral core deposition is resumed in the manner as previously described. This spiral deposition is applied'to the entire inner surface and also to the end dome'fian'ges. This filament application is continued until'the design shell-wall thickness has been achieved. 4 --r Thereafter, the mold speed of rotation is increased-and additional liquid resin is applied in the form of a very thin resin float on the inner. surface. The inherent centripetal force from the rotation of the mold aids in compact-V ing the glass-resin composite. Furthermore, the end dome rims are now merged into an integral part of the whole tank structure with a resin-rich inner surface now extended to bond With, that of the prefabricated end dome. This type of'construction essentially forms a unitized one-piece structure with an unbroken shell structure and inner skin.
After'allo'wing sufiicient time for the resin to cure, the mold is stopped and the end dome restraining lugs are relieved. The mold is unlocked and swung open and the finished tank is lifted out. Thereafter, subsequent finishing operations and hardware attaching operations may be employed.
' The present invention includes a number of unique aspectsin the fabrication of storage tanks and similar st'r'uCturesQn'e of the unique aspects resides in the centrifugal'application to the interior surface of a rotating mold of a combination of glass strands and resin in predetermined properly metered quantities to form a structural shape. Furthermore, the invention includes the application of glass strands in combination with a curable resin and a particulate matter such as sand o r the like, to the interior surface of airotating mold in such quantities as to produce aftank structure with sufficient wall thickness to resist compressive: buckling loads in a relatively inexpensive manner."The quantities of these materials are all properly meteredand deposited on the interior surface of the mold in properly timed relationship to form the predetermined desired structure.
A furtherunique aspect of the present invention resides in a" mechanism for employing a lance capable of depositing theresin, the particulate matter and the glass strands to the interior surface of the mold where the rate of reciprocative movement of the lance is properly programmed tov the speed of rotation of the mold in such manner that glass strands can be applied to the interior surfaceof the mold in a circumferential pattern, such as occurs in filament winding on an external surface, or in helically formed strands, or in a swirl pattern.
In addition to the foregoing, the present invention also provides an apparatus which includes a number of unique aspects for accomplishing the various operations necessary in the fabrication of both the end domes and the tank side wall.
Inaddition to the foregoing, the present invention provides a unique method of bonding the end dome to the tank side wall by providing an end dome with a resinstarved peripheral flange which is capable of being wound into the tank side wall during the formation of the tank side wall so that the end dome actually becomes an integral inclusion in the formation of the tank side wall.
METHOD The entire tank is constructed by preforming each of the end walls or so-called end domes in the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1. In essence, a pair of end domes are formed and these end domes are connected to and structurallywintergrated into a tank side wall hereinafter described. In the formation of the end domes, a resin matrix :is laid in the mold surface and the fiber reinforced material is thereafter deposited on the resin layer. Generally, the mold is rotated at a speed which is programmed to the filament deposition rate. In one embodiment of the invention, it is possible to rotate the mold and employ a series of feeding heads which extend for the radius of the mold, thereby applying a continuous layer of filament to the mold surface as it rotates. As another embodiment, it is possible to reciprocate the filament feeding tube for a distance equal to the radius of the mold as the mold rotates. Furthermore, it is also possible to rotate the filament feeding tube about the mold in circles of increasing radii in order to lay continuous filament strands on the entire surface of the mold.
- The-.moldds also heated in order to obtain faster solidification-10f the binder resin and shorter cure time in the completed lay-up. If desired, a solvent-dispersed mold release may be sprayed upon the surface of the mold prior to the time that the resin matrix and filaments are laid therein. The filaments are laid in such fashion that they cover the entire crown surface of the mold and extend up onto a center embossment in order to provide a locally reinforced center aperture. In addition, the mold has a side wall which is also designed to receive the filament strands. However, this latter portion of the mold will have a resin starved layer so that the portion of filament strands which form a peripheral flange on the end dome is rather dry and contains only enough resin to hold the filaments in place.
After the end domes have been formed, they can be conveniently removed from the mold. For this purpose, the mold may be a segmented mold divided into a plurality of arcuate sections which are designed to shift radially in order to enable the removal of the mold. Any conventional mechanism, however, for removing the final end dome from the mold may be employed.
The mechanism for producing the annular side wall of the tank and for integrally including the end domes in the formation of the annular side wall is more fully illustrated in FIG. 2. A number of sequences are performed during the actual tank formation. By reference to FIG. 2, it can be seen that the mold for producing the annular side wall is segmented and each of the sections is arcuately pivotal so that the side wall formed therein can be removed. It can be seen that a pallet containing a series of roving spools are shiftable with a feed carriage, the latter containing a lance which extends into the mold.
As an initial step in the formation of the tank structure, the previously prefabricated end domes are inserted into the transverse ends of the cylindrical mold. Thereafter, a lance which feeds both the filament from the pallet and which contains resin applicators is inserted through the aperture of the end dome into the cylindrical mold.
After the lance arrangement which carries the filament and resin matrix has been inserted into the mold, the resin applicators are actuated to lay a thin resin layer on the surface of the mold while the mold is rotating. Furthermore, the mold is rotating at a relatively slow speed which is only sufiicient to cause the centrifugal force to hold the resin against the side wall. Thereafter, the filament feeding nozzles which are mounted on the lance are advanced to a point where they are close to grooved surfaces on the interior of the mold.
The mold is provided with a series of longitudinally spaced circumferential grooves which are designed to form external hoops in the final tank side wall. After the filament feed nozzles have been advanced close to the surface of the grooves, a layer of filament is laid into each of the grooves at a rate identical to the peripheral speed of the surface through the rotation of the mold. At this point, the lance is advanced causing the fibers to lay side-by-side within the confines of each of the grooves. It should be recognized that an individual feeding nozzle is provided for each groove. In order to provide a fiber thickness of several layers, the lance may be shifted so that the feed nozzles are shifted several times between the limits of the grooves.
After each of the mold grooves have been filled with the filament applied in a side-by-side pattern, much in the same manner as employed in conventional filament winding techniques, the rate of filament feeding to the feeding nozzles is changed. Metering rollers are provided for regulation of feed rate and are programmed to account for the change in peripheral speed of the deposition surface. As the filaments are applied to the groove, the build-up will reduce the overall radius of filament application and accordingly, the peripheral speed thereof will change. Inasmuch as the filament must be applied at the same rate as the peripheral speed of the deposition surface moving past the filament nozzles, the metering rollers are designed to account for this change in peripheral speed.
After the grooves have been completely filled, the amplitude of the lance reciprocation is increased to a distance which is slightly greater than the distance between the two grooves. Actually, each feeding nozzle will move from the midpoint of the area between one set of grooves to the midpoint of the area existing between the next adjacent set of grooves. The filament is laid down in flat strands which are adjacent to each other until the nominal wall thickness has been attained.
The speed of rotation of the mold and the speed of reciprocation of the lance is held constant and the glass feed rate is materially increased by an order of magnitude to cause the filaments to lay in a swirl or spiral pattern. Simultaneously with the laying of the enlarged quantity of filament in these patterns, a resin spray from the resin feeding heads is applied and the rate of application is commensurate with the amount of glass deposited in the mold. It should be recognized that as an alternative, the glass feed rate could be maintained constant and the speed of rotation of the mold could be reduced in order to increase the amount of glass laid in the mold per unit of time. This build-up of s-wirl pattern filaments is continued until the desired wall thickness is attained. Thereafter, the resin application is ceased and the speed of rotation of the mold is increased. By placing a maximum centrifugal force on the deposited materials, it is possible to densify the materials and fioat out the entrained air. In addition, this type of action will cause the resin to move to the inner surface since the resin has a lower density than the reinforcing material. This will also cause a resin-rich inner layer which, in turn, forms a rather unique seal which can be further enhanced by the addition of small thin glass flakes. The mold is continually rotated at this speed and the lance is removed.
As an alternative, particulate matter, such as sand, may be added during the formation of either the end domes or the tank side wall, or both. The amount of sand typically would range from approximately 10% by weight of the total composition to approximately by weight of the total composition. The sand is added either simultaneously with the application of the resin or at intermittent time intervals with respect to the resin. Separate nozzles are provided on the lance for adding the sand. In addition, the sand would be metered in order to provide the proper amount.
A longitudinally shiftable heater is located on the opposite side of the cylindrical mold with respect to the lance structure. After removal of the lance, the heater can be inserted through the central aperture of the opposite end dome and into the mold causing the resin impregnated reinforced fiberglass to cure. It should be noted that the relatively resin-poor peripheral flange on each of the end domes has been integrally included in the winding process during the formation of the annular side wall. Furthermore, this flange becomes an integral part of the side wall during the impregnation of the resin and overwindings of filament strands, thereby causing a structurally rigid fluidtight seal to exist between each of the end domes and the annular side wall. It should be recognized that the side wall could be discretely formed with the end domes adhesively or otherwise secured to the side wall after the latter has been cured.
By the unique methods described herein, it can be seen that it is possible to produce a relatively large tank for liquid storage by centrifugal casting of continuous filament strands. Furthermore, it is possible to build a relatively thick side Wall in a relatively short period of time and to produce a resin-rich inner surface on the interior surface of the tank. In addition, the glass is transported by an air vehicle in the lance and this type of arrangement materially reduces the normal problem encountered in the transporting of fiberglass. The tank produced by the method and the apparatus of the present invention is rather unique in that it is capable of withstanding high compression loads. Normally, surface tanks are designed to have a high burst strength with high top loads. However, the underground tanks must also be able to withstand high compression loads. Accordingly, the conventional filament winding techniques are not applicable for producing the desired type of underground storage tank. The tank of the present invention is uniquely designed to produce a side wall with a high buckling modulus. The filament Winding technique alone will provide a tank shell or side wall With a high degree of tensile strength and some compressive strength. By using the combination of filament placement and the type of resin and fiber reinforced deposition employed herein, it is also possible to obtain the high buckling modulus.
In order to accomplish the method of the present invention, a preferred embodiment of the apparatus for producing the storage tank described herein is more fully illustrated and described. It should be recognized that there are a number of components which can be substituted for the components herein described in this particular embodiment of the apparatus. For example, pneumatic drive systems could be conveniently substituted for the gear drive systems illustrated and described herein. Nevertheless, the particular embodiments of the apparatus herein described and illustrated have been found to be the most preferred embodiments.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION (APPARATUS) Apparatus for producing storage tank end domes Referring now in more detail and by reference characters to the drawings which illustrate a preferred embodiment of the present invention, A designates a system of apparatus for producing filament reinforced storage tanks T. The tank T generally includes an annular side wall 1 having a seriesof longitudinally spaced circumferential ribs or so-called hoops 2. Furthermore, the tank T includes a pair of end domes 3, at each of the transverse ends. Each of the end domes 3 is substantially identical in construction.
Referring now to FIGS. 4 and 6, E represents an end dome forming apparatus forming part of the system A and having a circular base housing 5.'The base housing 5 is provided with a bottom wall 6 and an inwardly struck annular support flange 7 at its upper end. Rotatably mounted on the flange 7 by means of ball bearings 8 is a circular female mold 9 which is horizontally disposed and which is secured to a lower support housing 9 in the manner as illustrated in FIG. 6. The circular mold 9 has a down- 'wardly extending boss 10, which is engageable on the base housing 5 and is adjustably positioned thereon by means of a plurality of circumferentially spaced bolts 11.
The mold 9 is a segmented member and consists of a series of endwise abutting arcuate sections 12 which are arranged in a circular pattern in the manner is illustrated in FIGS. 3, 4, and 6. Furthermore, the various arcuate sections 12 are radially shiftable for a short distance in order to remove an end dome structure 3 which is formed with the mold 9, in a manner to be hereinafter described in more detail.
The mold 9 generally includes a concave major surface 13 which integrally merges into a recessed side wall 14 in the manner as illustrated in FIG. 6. Additionally, the side wall 14 merges into an extended relatively short annular flange 15. The casing of each of the arcuate sections 12 forming the mold 9 carries conventional heating elements which are connected to a suitable source of electrical power (not shown) for energizing the heating elements.
The support housing 9' includes a horizontal plate 16, which is somewhat centrally recessed on its upper surface for accommodating a removable upstanding plug 17 is also provided with an upstanding eyelet 19* for engagement by a conventional hook for removal of the plug 17.
Mounted in the base housing 5 is a conventional electric motor 27 for driving a worm 28 through a conventional gear reduction mechanism. The worm 28 is disposed in meshing engagement with a worm gear 29, the latter being mounted upon a rotatable worm shaft 30. The worm shaft 30 is journaled in conventional ball bearings 31 mounted in the base housing 5 and is also secured to the underside of the support housing 9' for rotating the mold 9. In addition, the electric motor '27 is also connected to the source of electrical power for energizing the same.
Secured to the base housing 5 is a power housing 32 which is more fully illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7. Mounted on the upper surface of the housing 32 is a filament dispensing mechanism 33 which comprises a movable head 34 carrying a lance 35. The head 34 includes an outer casing 36 having a downwardly extending integrally formed sleeve 37 which serves as a quill shaft. The sleeve 37 is journaled in upper bearings 38 formed in the top wall of the housing 32 in the manner as illustrated in FIG. 9. The lower end of the sleeve 37 is journaled in ball bearings 39 retained by an inwardly extending flange 40 in the manner as illustrated in FIG. 9. Carried by the quill shaft 37 and being rotatable therewith is a worm gear 41 which meshes with a conventional worm 42, the latter being powered by a conventional electric motor 43. The motor 43 is secured to the underside of the top wall of the housing 32 by means of a bracket 44. In addition, the motor 43 may be provided with conventional speed reducers as desired.
The inwardly struck flange 40 is provided with a downwardly extending hub 45 for journaling a central drive shaft 46 in a ball bearing 47. The drive shaft 46 is concentrically disposed within the quill shaft 37 and is journaled at its upper end by means of ball bearings 48. The central drive shaft 46 extends downwardly beneath the quill shaft 37 and carries a worm gear 51 which, in turn, meshes with a worm 52, the latter also being driven by the motor 43. It should also be understood that the worm 52 may be conventionally driven by any other power source. Thus, it can be seen that the central drive shaft 46 can be rotated independently of, or in timed relation to the rotation of the quill shaft 37.
Extending horizontally through the head 34 is an idler shaft 53 which carries a helical gear 54 at its rearward end. The shaft 53 is, in turn, journaled in bearings 55 carried by the head 34, as illustrated in FIG. 12. The helical gear 54, in turn, meshes with a helical gear 56 on the upper end of the central drive shaft 46 for rotation of the idler shaft 53. The forward end of the idler shaft 53 carries a helical gear 5 7 substantialy similar to the helical gear 54 and which, in turn, meshes with a cooperating helical gear 58, as more fully illustrated in FIGS. 11 and 12. The helical gear 58 is mounted on a stub shaft 59 which is journaled in bearings 60, also carried by the head 34. The upper end of the stub shaft 59 is provided with a worm gear 61 which meshes with a worm wheel 62, the latter being more fully illustrated in FIGS. 10 and 11. By further reference to FIG. 10, it can be seen that the worm wheel 62 is carried by a worm shaft 63 which is similarly mounted in bearings 64 carried in the head 34. By means of this construction, it can be seen that the drive shaft 46 will rotate the helical gear 56 and, in turn, rotate the idler shaft 53. This will, in turn, cause rotation of the stub shaft 59 through the action of the worm gear 61 and worm wheel 62. Rotation of the worm wheel 62 will cause the worm shaft 63 to rotate.
Also mounted on the worm shaft 63 and being rotatable therewith is a pivot block 65, which is located near the forward end of the casing 36 in the manner as illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10. The pivot block 65 is provided with a forwardly extending sleeve 66 which carries the lance 35. It can be seen that the entire head 34 can be pivoted or rotated in a horizontal plane about the central axis of the quill shaft 37. In like manner, through the action of the pivot block 65 the lance 35 can be rotated or pivoted in a vertical plane about the central axis of the worm shaft 63. The pivot block 65 is actually constructed in the form of a type of spool valve and includes a drum 67 which is rotatable about a spool 68. The spool 68 is provided with circumferential grooving in order to provide a filament passageway.
The lance 35 includes a pair of filament feeding tubes 69 and a resin feeding tube 70, the latter extending forwardly of the filament feeding tubes 69. The rearward end of the drum 67 is secured to a flexible bellows 71 which is, in turn, secured to an upstanding bracket 72 in the manner as illustrated in FIG. 9. The bracket 72 carries a pair of vertically disposed metering rollers 73 which are located immediately forward of a tapered supply tube 74. The supply tube 74 receives glass filament from individual filament spools 75 mounted ona creel-frame 76. The strands of filament are threaded through eyelets 77 and pulled through the supply tube 74 and through the metering rollers 73. The filament strands are also pulled through a feeding aperture 78 and into the bellows 71. The strands are then threaded into the feeding tubes 69. A number of available rate controllers could be used to control the metering rollers and hence the rate of feed. For example, an infinitely variable speed electric motor with a programmed SCR control circuit could be employed.
By further reference to 'FIG. 9, it can be seen that a funnel-like guide tube 79 is formed in the bellows 71 and receives the strands and circumferentially disposed thereabout is a venturi tube 80. The venturi tube 80 is connected to a suitable source of air under pressure through an air pressure tube 81. Thus, it can be seen that filament in essence is sucked through the tapered guide tube '79, through air formed in the venturi tube 80 and is urged into the flexible bellows 71. Furthermore, the air under pressure carries the filament through the filament feeding tube 69. The resin supply tube 70 is connected to a suitable source of liquid resin (not shown). A conventional guillotine type cutter 81 is also mounted on the head 34 for periodically severing the filament strands.
The end domes which are formed in the mold 9 may be hemispherical in shapeor the end domes may be generally designed to conform to the classic design of socalled bumped end closures. The actual shape of the end dome is often predicated on the end use of the tank. The mold 9 is rotated through the action of the motor 27 about its axis of rotation and the speed thereof is automatically programmed to coincide with the rate at which the glass filament is applied to the crown surface thereof. As the glass filament is applied, the heating elements are energized for anticipating a faster solidification rate. Fur thermore, better wetting of the glass filament is obtained through a temporary lower viscosity in the resin. In addition, a shorter cure time in the completed lay-up is also achieved. It is preferable to rotate-the mold 9 and simultaneously oscillate the lance 35 so that the glass filament can be applied in a type of FIG. 8 pattern. It is also preferable to employ continuous rovings from standard 30-40 pound packages and at least 6 strands of 30- or 60-end rovings are laid onto the mold surface simultaneously. With at least six strands applied simultaneously, a nominal wall thickness can be achieved in a relatively short period of time.
It can be seen the end dome mold has a raised center embossment through the plug 17 and so that when the lay-up is complete, an aperture locally reinforced about its periphery and root is produced in the center of the dome. This reinforcement is created since the glass filaments will be laid partially upon the lower margin of the plug 17. The end hole thus formed in the end dome is designed to provide access for subsequent processing which will be described hereinafter in more detail. It should be observed that the end dome could be formed with an in- Wardly struck annular flange such as by the mold illustrated in FIG. 4. This flange forms a lip which engages the transverse margin of the tank side Wall when the end dome is disposed against the tank side wall. However by forming an end dome with no inwardly struck peripheral flange of the type described (as illustrated in FIG. 28), a nonsegmented mold could be employed. Furthermore, it has been found to be very desirable to form either a parabolic or hemispherical shaped end dome. By using a parabolically or hemispherically shaped end dome mold and properly programmed speed to the rate of resin application and mold size, the resin will become evenly distributed over the mold major surface.
Any continuous material or synthetic filament capable of being bent to conform to a desired shape can be employed in the present invention. The most preferred filamentemployed in the present invention is that made of glass. However, it should be recognized that boron filaments, graphite tows, filaments from lithium and other grown-whisker crystals can be employed. In addition, metal wire may be interspersed with the glass filaments in the event that it is desired to add some type of. metallic body to the fiberglass reinforced structure which is produced, such as for electrical conductivity. Furthermore, quartz filaments may also be employed.
Any material which is normally liquefied or which is capable at some stage of the process of being liquefied and softened for a period of time may be employed as the resin binder or so-called matrix. The matrix should be sufiicient to flow around the filaments and fill the interstices between adjacent filaments and layers thereof before achieving a rigid state or completing polymerization to become a rigid solid.'Furthermore, the matrix should possess the ability to adhere to the reinforcement. Some examples of the suitable binders or matrix which can be employed in the present invention are vairous thermoplastic resins, such as nylon, polyethylene, polypropylene, many of the polycarbonates, etc. In addition, thermosetting resins such as polyesters, many of the phenolics and epoxys, etc. can be used. Generally, the thermosetting resins should be capable of being fused into an insoluble, nonheat softening mass upon application of heat or similar method of triggering the. catalytic system. Other binders or matrices are hard waxes, eutectic ceramics, eutectic metals, synthetic rubbers, etc.
Also mounted on the power housing 32 is an air removal and glass compacting roller mechanism 82 which generally comprises a swinga'ble head 83 having an outer casing 84. Pivotally secured to the underside of the casing 84 is a support rod 85 which is mounted on the housing 32. The rod 85 pivotally supports the head 83 in the manner illustrated in FIG. 7. The head could be mechanicallyv actuated if desired by a suitable gearing system and prime mover. Extending outwardly of the casing 84 through a slot formed therein is a retaining hub 101 which carries an outwardly extending arm 102. Itis possible to shift the arm 102 in a vertical plane, and through the pivotal connection, it is possible to swing the same arm 102 in a horizontal plane. In addition, through a suitable drive mechanism and programming mechanism (not shown) these two motions can be performed simultaneously.
Mounted on the outer end of the arm 102 is a depend ing bracket 103, which is adjustably positioned on the arm 102 by means of a bolt 104. Mounted on the lower end of the arm 102 is a horizontally disposed roller 105 which is retained thereon by means of a laterally extending link (not shown). The roller 105 is provided with a riged annular surface in the manner as illustrated in FIG. 7. Also mounted on the bracket 103 is a laterally extending link 106 which rotatably supports a roller 107. The link 106 and roller 107 is more fully illustrated in FIG. 8 and the link 106 comprises a rackbar 108 having a series of laterally struck flanges 109. Extending axially between each of the flanges 109 is a wire rope 110 which carries a series of substantially aligned individual discs 111. The
13 discs 111 are spaced at selected distances by means of links 112. Furthermore, each of the links 112 and disc 111 is covered by a Teflon sleeve 113.
The roller 107 is designed to bear against the surface of the fiberglass which is deposited upon the concave major surface 13, the recessed side Wall 14 and the annular flange 15. It can be seen that the concave major surface 13 gradually merges into the side wall 14, and, therefore, the curvature of the roller 107 in the manner as illustrated in FIG. 8 is capable of bearing against this portion of the deposited glass. However, due to the sharp incline created by the upstanding plug 17, the roller 105 is de signed to bear against the glass deposited on the side wall of the plug 17.
Basically, these rollers are designed to bear againstthe upper surface of the fiberglass in order to compact the fiberglass and urge the same into the resin layer. By urging the fiberglass into the resin, the resin matrix is forced upwardly so that a resin rich inner layer is formed in the end dome which is being constructed. This resin rich inner layer provides a fairly dense and liquid impervious structure. Furthermore, it obviates the problem of stray glass fibers or strands extending inwardly into the tank and causing the condition known as wicking" where fluids are conducted through the voids in the Wall which has just been formed. In addition, any entrained air is also forced to the inner surface. It has been found that this type of structure is very suitable in smoothing out rough surface imperfections and removing entrained air formed on the inner surface of the end dome 3.
Referring again to FIGS. 1 and 3, it can be seen that the arm 102 can be rotated and also shifted in a vertical plane. In addition, it is laid upon the surface of the mold 9 during rotation of the mold 9 so that it covers substantially the entire surface of the applied glass filament. When not in use, the arm 102 can be raised and rotated so that it can be lowered into a solvent tank 114 located at the outer end of the power housing 32.
The power housing 32 is also provided with a suitable control mechanism containing a conventional control programmer which is designed to perform each of the aforementioned functions in a pre-established timed relationship. Thus, filament will be applied to the surface of the side wall 14 in timed relationship to the application of the liquid matrix or resin. The mold 9 will be rotated at a proper speed to coincide with the application of the filament. In addition, during the application of the glass filament, the lance 35 may be reciprocated in a side-toside motion so as to cover the entire surface of the mold 9. Simultaneously, the arm 102 is lowered so that the rollers 105, 107 engage the upper surface of the applied filament in order to smooth out any imperfections therein and remove entrained air during the process.
The end dome 3, which is formed in this operation, is more fully illustrated in FIGS. 28 and 29. The end dome 3 generally comprises a crowned side wall 115 having a laterally struck annular flange 116. The crowned side wall 115 is also provided with a centrally located aperture 118, which is locally reinforced by means of an annular inwardly struck flange 119.
The end dome 3 which has been formed includes a relatively thin resin-rich inner layer or so-called resin float on the inner surface of the crowned side wall 115. However, the annular flange 116 is under-impregnated and is essentially dry. This type of construction in the flange 116 provides a porous and minimal base upon which additional filaments can be added during the final winding process. In addition, the flange 116 is for-med with a taper extending toward the peripheral margin thereof. Thus, when the end domes 3 are held into engagement with the annular side wall 1, in a manner hereinafter described, additional filament windings and resin deposited on the flange will cause the flange 116 to become nearly completely integrated, structurally, into the entire tank structure.
After the end dome 3 has been formed and cured in the mold 94, it may be removed by means of a conventional hoist having a hook which can be inserted in the eyelet19. By means of this construction, the upstanding plug 17 will be removed from the mold 9 and the enlarged base 18 will engage the underside of the end dome 3 thus formed, and remove the same from the mold 9. However, it should be understood that for removal of the end dome 3, the various sections 12 may be radially shifted for a short distance. Again, these operations are conventionally performed by the suitable control and programming mechanism (not shown) which may be provided with the apparatus.
Apparatus for producing storage tank side Walls The system A includes an apparatus S for forming the side wall 1 or so-called shell of the tank T is more fully illustrated in FIGS. 2, 5, 13-27 and 30-33. The apparatus S generally comprises an external cylindrical mold havingthree arcuately shaped side wall sections 121, 122 and 123, more fully illustrated in FIG. 14. It can be seen that each of the sections 121-123 is arranged so that each constitutes a 120 arc of the total cylindrical mold 120.
The mold 120 is rotatably supported by a mold supporting frame 124 which generally comprises two pairs of longitudinally spaced hydraulically operated leveling devices 125 located at each of the transverse ends of the mold 120, as illustrated in FIG. 14. Each of the level devices 125 includes pistons 126 which carry support rollers 133, 134 at their upper ends by means of pivot pins 127. Thus, it can be seen that by actuation of the pistons 126, it is possible to raise the pivot pin 127 of each of the rollers 133, 134.
The mold 120 is provided with a pair of annular tracks providing bearing surfaces for the rollers 133, 134, thereby enabling rotatable movement of the mold 120. By means of the above-outlined construction, it is possible to vertically adjust the axis of rotation of the mold 120 by actuation of the level devices 125. By elevating or extending each of the rollers 133, 134 through the same distance, the axis of rotation of the mold 120 can be shifted vertically without creating any horizontal displacement of the same. It can be seen that the rollers 133, 134
-are extended or retracted along radial lines which originate from the axis of rotation. Furthermore, a desired amount of horizontal displacement can be obtained by raising one of the rollers 133, 134 slightly higher than the other.
However, in many cases it is undesirable to change the axial centerline of the tank being formed inasmuch as the remaining structure of the apparatus is not designed for vertical adjustment. Furthermore, in many cases, different diameters may be formed in the apparatus. It is desirable in these situations to maintain the axial centerline of the tank along the same horizontal plane in coaxial alignment with the lance to be hereinafter described. If the new mold which is employed in a tank forming process has a smaller diameter than a tank which was previously formed, the rollers 133, 134 are elevated.
By further reference to FIGS. 13 and 14, it can be seen that the arcuate section 122 is pivotally mounted on the arcuate section 121 by means of a longitudinally extending pivot rod 135' which is held by pairs of leaf-type hinges 136 rigidly secured to each of the two sections in the manner as illustrated in FIG. 16. Furthermore, a longitudinally extending sealing ring 137 is formed on one longitudinal margin of one of the sections 121, 122 and is located near the inner annular surface of the section. The sealing ring 137 fits within a mating groove in the opposing longitudinal margin of the other arcuate section. The arcuate section 123 is pivotally connected to the arcuate section 122 through the same type of construction as illustrated in FIG. 14.
The arcuate section 123, however, is not pivoted to the arcuate section 121 and is capable of being locked thereto by means of cam lock 138 illustrated in FIG. 15. It can be seen that a plurality of longitudinally aligned and mechanically interconnected cam locks 138 are provided for looking the three arcuate sections 121-123 in the form of the cylindrical mold. The lock 138 generally comprises a ring 139 which is engageable with a hook 140 formed on the arcuate section 123. A latch 141, through the action of a cam-like member 142, is capable of rigidly holding the hook 140 in a rigid position when the latch 141 is snapped into the position illustrated in the solid lines of FIG. 15. The dotted lines of FIG. 15 illustrate the movement of the latch and the retaining ring 139 in the manner as illustrated for locking the two sections 121, 123 together.
By reference to FIG. 28, it can be seen that the interior surface of the metal mold 120 is provided with a series of longitudinally spaced circumferential grooves 143 which are equally spaced with respect to each other. The groove 143 may have equal widths though in many cases the center groove has a larger Width than the remaining grooves. A center groove may be provided with a larger width than the remaining grooves. For the purpose of the present invention, with an eight foot diameter tank, having a length of sixteen feet, it is preferable to employ five grooves which are six inches wide and approximately two inches deep. The number of grooves, however, is proportional to the length of the tank. These grooves are designed to form the tanks reinforcing ribs 2 or so-called external hoops to assure adequate buckling resistance in the finished tank wall structure. Furthermore, the ends of the mold 120 are provided with annular recesses 144 at each transverse end to receive the circumferential rim flanges of each of the end domes 3. Furthermore, external restraining lugs 145 are provided on each transverse end of the tank, the lugs being circumferentially spaced in order to hold the end domes 3 secure and accurately in position.
The metal mold 120 may also be provided with externally located heating elements (not shown) in order to heat the mold during rotation about its major axis. A heating blanket (not shown) may also be disposed around the extension surface to the mold 120. The heating of the metal mold 120, and for that matter the end dome molds as well, will provide a faster flash-off of solvents in the mold release agent and provide reduced viscosity in the gel coat and binder resin. In addition, the application of heat will substantially reduce care time.
Mounted rearwardly of the mold 120, in the manner as illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 14, are a pair of longitudinally spaced upstanding frames 150 and extending between the frames 150 and journaled therein at the upper ends of the frames 150 is an idler shaft 151 which carries a pair of forwardly extending arms 152. Rotatably mounted on the outer end of the arms 152 are driving rollers 153 which bear against the track 135 formed on the mold 120 for rotating the same. Rigidly mounted on the base of one of the frames 150 is a conventional variable speed electric motor 154 which is connected to a suitable source of alternating current electrical power source (not shown). The motor 154 drives a sprocket 155 which, in turn, drives a sprocket 156 on the idler shaft 151 by means of a drive chain 157. In like manner, the idler shaft drives each of the rollers 153 through drive chains (not shown). Thus, by varying the speed of the motor 154, it is possible to regulate the speed of rotation of the mold 120. However, in the formation of many side wall structures, particularly large diameter structures, it may be preferable to drive the mold 120 by means of the rollers 133, 134.
The arms 152 are provided with integrally formed rearwardly extending links 158 and connected to the frames 150 and the links 158, are actuating cylinders 159, which are, in turn, connected to a suitable control mechanism to be hereinafter described in detail. By actuation of the cylinders 159, it is possible to raise and lower the arms 152, and hence shift the drive rollers 153 out of engagement with the molds 120. Thus, when .it is desired to open the mold 120, the cylinders 159 are retracted causing the arms 152 to be pivoted about the idler shaft 151 in order to avoid interference with the arcuate sections 121-123 forming part of the mold 120..After the arms 152 have been shifted to an upward position, the various cam locks 138 can be opened for opening the arcuate sections of the mold to enable removal of a tank formed therein. f By further reference to FIGS. 2 and 13, it can be seen that the mold 120 is supported in a position where it is disposed in alignment with and abuts against a pair of tracks 160. Shiftably mounted on the left end of the track 160 with respect to the mold 120 is a heater carriage 161 which carries an insertion heater 162. The heater carriage 161 is movable into and out of the mold 120. Also shiftable along the tracks 160 and being located on the right hand end of the mold 120, reference being made to FIG. 13, is a shiftable lance supporting carriage 163, and connected to the carriage 163 and being movable therewith is a creel supporting platform 164. The platform 164 carries a series of roving spools 165 for feeding individual roving strands to the carriage 163 generally com.- prises a U-shaped base frame 166. Extending between the flanges forming the U-shaped base frame 166 are a pair of axles 167 which carry rollers 168 for supporting the carriage 163 on the tracks 160. Shiftably disposed on the base frame 166 is an upper carriage frame 169 which is shiftable on the base frame 166 by means of pairsjof roller bearings 170. The upper carriage frame 169 carries a control panel 171 for controlling the various operations of the components forming part of the side wall forming apparatus S. The control panel 171 is suitably connected to a control mechanism and a control programmer (neither illustrated nor described in detail herein, inas much as this structure is conventional). The upper carriage frame 169 is powered in its shifting movement with respect to the base frame 166 by means of a hydraulic cylinder 172, the latter being actuated by the control mechanism. g
The upper carriage frame 169 carries a lance supporting housing and is provided with an air operated filament feeding system 173. The feeding mechanism 173 comprises a manifold 174 having a series of filament guides 175. Each filament guide 175 is designed to receive the individual roving strands from the creel supporting platform 164 and each guide is associated with a pair of metering rollers 176. The rollers 176 are rotatably supported on the carriage frame 169 and are driven by a conventional alternating electrical motor 176 through a gear train 177. Each filament guide is disposed within an air chamber 178 and is provided with an open discharge 179 in an area proximate a venturi throat 180 formed in the air chamber 178. Each of the chambers .178 receives air under pressure through air lines181, inthe manner as illustrated in FIG. 19. The filament which is moved into the filament guides 175 through the metering rollers 176 is sucked into the venturi throat by means of the air under pressure intro@ duced into the chambers 178. Each venturi throat 180 is connected to a filament feeding tube 186 located in a lance 183. The lance 183 comprises a cylindrical mounting hub 185 which carries the series of filament feeding tubes 186. A conventional guillotine type cutter18-2 is located in the manifold 174 and extends througheach of the tubes 186 in order to sever strands at desired time intervals. It can be seen that the filament strands are essentially drawn into the tubes 186 by means of the high pressure area in the venturi throat 180*. The proper tension is maintained on the strands by means of the meter ing rollers 176. After a complete winding operation has been performed, the various strands in the tubes 186 can be severed by means of the conventional cutter 182.
The feeding tubes 186 terminate in feeding heads "187 at various distances along the length of the lance 183.
Generally, a feeding head 187 is provided for each-circumferential groove 143 formed in the mold 120. Furthermore, each feeding head is designed to be disposed in approximate circumferential alignment with each of the grooves 143 and end dome flanges 116, when the lance 183 is completely disposed within the mold 120. The lance 183 also carries a resin supply tube 188 which is provided along its length with radially extending resin feeder pipes 190. Generally, a resin feeder pipe 190 is provided for each filament feeding head 187. The resin' feeder pipe 190 may be located along side of the feeding head 187 or it may be located in an angular position. The glass and the resin are generally laid or deposited simultaneously. However, the glass and resin may be deposited in sequential operations. When sequential operations are employed the resin is generally sprayed first and then followed by the application of glass; though the glass could first be applied and followed by a spray of resin.
The resin feeder pipes may be pivotally mounted on the resin supply tube 188 'in any conventional manner so that the pipes may be swingable in order to enter through the aperture 118 formed in the end dome 3. Furthermore, in place of using pivotal pipes, it is also possible to use extensible resin feeding heads in order to accomplish the same result. In this construction, the resin feeding head can be retracted when the lance 183 is inserted into the aperture 118 of the end dome 3. After the lance has been inserted for the desired length, the resin feeding heads can then be extended as desired.
A conventional valve structure (not shown) is connected to the resin supply tube 188 and is mounted on the upper carriage frame 169 for controlling the flow of resin. The resin supply line 188 is connected to a suitable source of liquid resin 195 by means of a resin tube 196. A suitable pump 197 connected to the source of resin 195 is also provided for pumping liquid resin to the resin supply tube 188. With many catalyzed resins, it is preferable to use a pressurized container.
The various filament feeding heads 187 are connected to the respective filament tubes 186 in such manner that they are pivotal with respect to the feeding tubes 186. Any conventional mechanism may be employed for accomplishing this pivotal mounting. Furthermore, filament communication will be maintained between the tubes 186 and the feeding heads 187. A conventional ball socket structure having the proper apertures may be employed for this purpose. Thus, when the lance 183 is inserted in the aperture 118 of the dome 3, the feeding heads 187 will pivot upwardly so that they are substantially parallel with the tubes 186.
By reference to FIG. 13, it is to be noted that the heads 187 fold up toward the center of the lance 183. In other words, the heads 187 at the left-hand end of the lance 183 will pivot upwardly to the left. After the lance 183 has been inserted through the aperture 118, the feeding heads can then fall to their fully extended position in the manner as illustrated in FIG. 13. The lance is also shifted back slightly in order to permit the endmost heads 187 to fall to their fully extended positions. Furthermore, it should be noted that the feeding heads 187, when extended, terminate in a position which is slightly above the inner wall of the mold 120.
It should be recognized that the feeding heads 187 may also be extensible and retractable. By means of this construction, the feeding heads would be retracted while the lance 183 is inserted into the mold and extended after the lance has been inserted to the proper position. Furthermore, it is also possible to employ a lance which is shiftable toward the annular side wall after the lance has been inserted into the mold. For example the aperture 118 could be enlarged and the lance 183'could be inserted in such manner that the feeding tubes186 pass through the aperture 118. After all of the tubes 186 have passed through the aperture 118, the lance is then lowered .so that the terminal ends ofthe feeding heads'187- will be closely'disposed to the surfaces of filament deposition.
As a modification to the above described system for producing the tank side wall T, it is also possible to add particulate matter such as sand, or other conventional filler material. The addition of particulate matter, such as sand, will offer a substantially superior compressive strength and good rigidity, somewhat analogous to concrete type structures. Furthermore, the addition of par ticulate matter enables increased strength under bending loads. In addition, resin-bound sand composites inherently include substantial resistance to fiex cracking. The sand aggregate can be introduced and positioned at any rate and volume required in order to achieve the optimum loading fraction. Thus, it can be seen that the sand enhances the flexural modulii while the binder resin exhibits the specific adhesion required and the resistance to interlaminar sheer that can be obtained within the desired economic limits.
The preferred particulate material employed in the present invention is sand. However, many other materials may be used, such as particulate silica, small hollow spheres of various material and carbon and graphite. If, for example, weight is a material factor in the formation of the tank, vermiculite or small hollow spheres of various materials such as glass or phenolic resin would be preferred. The particle size of the particulate matter can be selected within fairly wide limits with the following sizes being representative rather than limiting. A large particle in the range of from 8 to 64 mesh and a small particle in the range of from 100 mesh to 5 microns have been found to produce structures having the desired characteristics. In addition, it has been found that the amount of sand can range from 0 to of the overall weight of the tank.
The particulate matter would be introduced into the resin-glass composition by means of a separate nozzle and feeding tube (not shown) included on the lance. The feeding head would be similar to the feeding head 187 and closely disposed to the surface of filament deposition. It is possible to add the sand in various Ways in order to achieve the desired result. For example, all of the sand couldbe added after the addition of the resin. Typically, it is desirable to add the sand either simultaneously with the resin or after the application of the swirl patterns. The sand being heavier than the resin will actually replace the resin and move toward the exterior surface of the structure being formed. In essence, the resin would be forced inwardly in order to produce a more resin rich layer on the interior surface. In addition, the sand also packs the glass into the resin matrix.
: Inasmuch as the sand would move toward the exterior surface of the structure, the sand, in essence, forms a protective layerthereby rendering the structure more resistant to abrasive action. The sand also provides a rather pleasant aesthetic appearance. It can be observed that inasmuch as the particulate matter is relatively inexpensive compared to the overall cost of the glass and resin matrix,
OPERATION In the manufacture of the tanks T, each of the end domes 3 is first prefabricated in the circular mold 9. The mold is rotated about its axis of rotation and the speed thereof is automatically programmed to coincide with the rate at which the glass filaments are laid therein. During the application of the glass filament, the mold is also warmed for achieving better wetting and shorter cure time. Initially, a thin film of solvent dispersed mold release is sprayed on the crown surface of the mold 9. The heat from the mold aids in the acceleration of the solvent removal. Thereafter, a resin gel coat is sprayed over the entire mold surface. This resin gel coat may be pigmented with an inert colloid for improved corrosion resistance and appearance.
At this point, it should be recognized that the mold could be engraved to produce raised letters or other indicia which is ultimately transferred to the end domes 3. After a sufiicient time to allow the gel film to stiffen slightly, generally a few minutes, the glass filaments are laid down in a spray of catalyzed binder resin. 'Layers of filament are also heavily deposited around the base of the upstanding plug 17 so that the entire end dome, when complete, will have a locally reinforced central aperture 118. It may be desirable to employ two end dome forming apparatus E in order to keep pace with the molding cycles of the tank shell or side wall. Both apparatus could be operated from the same control programmer.
In the formation of the tank T, the end domes 3, which have been formed are secured to the transverse ends of the mold 120 and retained in place by means of the external restraining lugs 145.
The entire carriage 163 is then shifted to the left so that the lance extends through the aperture 118 formed in the end dome 3 and into the mold 120 in the manner as illustrated in FIG. 2. It should be recognized that as the lane 183 extends through the aperture 118, the various feeding heads 187 will be pivoted upwardly and then will extend to the lower position as they pass through the aperture 118. The carriage is automatically stopped when the feeding heads have reached a position where each feeding head is disposed in proximate relation to a groove 143 formed in the mold interior surface. The same is also true of the resin feeding heads 187. The lance 183 may also carry high-intensity lights to allow an operator to view the process and monitor the various operations.
With the prefabricated end domes 3 locked in place, and the lance 183 inserted for its full length into the tank mold interior, the mold 120 is rotated at a relatively slow speed. A solvent dispersed mold release is sprayed only on the inner metal surface of the mold 120 and not on the circumferential flanges 116 of the end domes 3. An exterior gel coat is thereafter applied and allowed to stiffen. The speed of rotation of the mold 120 is then increased to preferably at least revolutions per minute where each of the filament nozzles will lay circumferential rovings into each of the grooves 143 simultaneously. However, the speed of rotation of the mold 120 is primarily a function of the mold radius. The circumferential strands are laid approximately side-by-side in the manner as illustrated in FIGS. 23 and 24 until a uniform coverage of the entire width of the groove is attained. During the rotation of the molds 120, the lance 183 is reciprocated by means of the hydraulic cylinder 172. Again, these respective movements are controlled by the control mechanism and the programmer, which form part of the apparatus of the present invention. This type of filament laying is continued until an initial high-density structural layer in the form of flat rings is obtained in each of the grooves 143. Thereafter, the speed of rotation of the mold 120 is decreased and the glass filaments are caused to lay in overlapping continuous fiat spirals until the groove is entirely filled in the manner as illustrated in FIGS. 24 and 25. This additional layer builds a low-density core in the groove which is flush with the interior annular surface of the mold. Actually, this additional core merely provides a build-up and does not necessarily provide significant structural ability which is better achieved by the circumferential windings. The speed of rotation of the mold 120 is then increased again to its original velocity to lay down a complete and continuous layer of circumferential windings over the entire interior mold surface. The lance 183 is now reciprocated for a greater distance so that all parts of the mold interior surface are covered by at least one of the feed nozzles. During the laying of the continuous filament, a light spray of liquid catalyzed binder resin may also be applied. Consequently, air entrapment and air inclusion will be floated to the inner surface and continue to be removed as more of the fiberglass and resin are applied.
After laying down the surface shell of circumferential strands, the mold is again reduced in speed and fiat spiral (core) deposition is resumed. This core deposition takes place over the entire inner surface of the mold and also over the end dome flanges 116. This application which is illustrated in FIGS. 26 and 27 is continued until the design shell-wall thickness has been achieved. All of the strands of glass roving are then severed and this may be accomplished by use of the cutter. 181. The speed of rotation of the mold is again increased substantially and sutficient additional liquid resin is applied to form a very thin, unbroken, glass-like resin float on the inner surface.
The three elements of FIG. 28 more fully illustrate the manner in which the end dome 3 is wound into the side wall 1. In FIG. 28a, the cross sectional view of the mold 120 is illustrated. FIG. 28b discloses a portion of the side wall 1 of the tank T having been laid in the mold 120. Finally, FIG. 280 discloses the technique for incorporating the flanges of the end dome 3 integrally into the side wall 1.
It should also be recognized that it is possible to accomplish the winding techniques of both filament winding and flat spiral deposition by regulating the feed rate of the filament as opposed to regulating the speed of rotation of the mold. In this latter embodiment, it is possible to regulate the metering roller, which will in turn adjust the amount of filament deposited in the mold. Thus, when it is desired to lay the filament in the form of spiral core deposition, the filament rate is materially increased. In like manner, when it is desired to employ straight-line filament winding techniques, the speed of filament deposition is substantially reduced or mold rotational velocity increased so that the filament is applied at the same rate of peripheral speed of the mold. In many applications, this latter technique is preferred inasmuch as the speed of filament feed must always be monitored and adjusted to compensate forthe thickness of the side wall in order to insure a compatability of side wall speed with filament deposition rate. The mechanism for accomplishing this monitoring control function is conventional and is mounted in the carriage 163.
Centrifugal force serves to compact the glass-resin composites and also aids in retaining this glassy inner surface which is important for maximum liquid retention and relative impermeability. This resin rich inner layer serves as an excellent liner for resistance to corrosion. Furthermore, the end dome rims are now an integral, merged-in part of the Whole tank structure with a resin-rich inner surface new extended to bond with that of the prefabricated end domes 3. In essence, a unitized one-piece structure with an unbroken inner skin is formed.
After allowing sufficient time for the resin to cure, which is about 20 minutes, the mold is stopped and the end dome restraining lugs are relieved. The mold is unlocked through the action of the cam locks 138 and swing open so that the finished tank can be lifted out. Thereafter, new end domes can be locked in place and the operation started again into another tank-building cycle. In essence, it has been established that the, tank-building operation requires approximately 75 minutes, which of course, depends primarily upon the size of the tank being constructed and also upon the resin-catalyst system and the size of the rovings employed.
After the tank has been removed from the mold 120,
.tank finishing operations are thereafter performed. End
'dome caps 210 are inserted in each of the end dome aper-
Referenced by
Original Image


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Thames Journey
By Nigel Hess
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Thames Journey composed by Nigel Hess (1953-). Concert Band. For Wind Band. Masterworks; Part(s); Score; Wind Band. Faber Edition: Faber Wind Band Series. 20th Century; Masterwork. Published by Faber Music (AP.12-0571558666).
ISBN 0571558666. 20th Century; Masterwork.
A 10-minute work which follows the journey of London's River Thames, from its origins as a few drops of water in Wiltshire to the point where it meets the open sea. Along the way, Hess draws upon many musical links along the Thames, such as an old Wiltshire melody, morris dancing in Oxfordshire, boating songs from Berkshire. With such rich and diverse sources of music across several counties and centuries, this has quite understandably become one of Hess's most popular wind band works to date.
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Nike Men's Penn State Nittany Lions Blue Sideline Dri-FIT Performance Visor
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Let your team spirit soar in the Nike® Men's Penn State Nittany Lions Dri-FIT® Performance Visor. Dri-FIT® technology wicks away moisture to keep your head cool and dry, even in the most intense conditions. The 3-D embroidered team logo on the front panel makes it easy for you to show your school spirit all year round. Show your support for the Lions in the stands, on the street or on the golf course with this adjustable visor.
- Nike® PSU Nittany Lions adjustable performance visor
- 3D embroidered Penn State logo on center front panel
- Swoosh™ design trademark on left side
- Dri-FIT® technology with internal sweatband for ultimate comfort
- Dri-FIT® trademark embroidered on back strap
- One size fits most
- Officially licensed collegiate product
- Fabric: 100% polyester
- Style: 00027682X-PE1
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Country of Origin: ImportedWeb ID: 19278966


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|Reviews for failure
| SkinnyLove203 chapter 1 . 8/1/2012
| True Talker chapter 1 . 7/28/2012
| simpleplan13 chapter 1 . 7/14/2012
I like how you explained to your readers why you did what you did. I also love "all while I was in love, in hate with you."... It describes relationships well and it's so true about writing. You write about it all. I also liked the ending. You really explained the impact this person had on you with great imagery like the bacteria and test. It does suck though that you felt you had to delete the pieces...
Review Marathon this weekend! (link in my profile)
| skersey chapter 1 . 6/9/2012
wow. this is strong, and i love the images at the end. so much feeling with this. you've got guts. "words that as a whole created a film of bacteria that have been analyzed to death." My favorite line


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By Lisa Becker
YouŌĆÖve heard of the movie Four Wedding and a Funeral?┬Ā Well, the story of how I met my husband online is Four Dates and a Wedding.┬Ā Those online dates yielded some valuable lessons, which IŌĆÖm happy to share in order to help other online love seekers:
Date 1: ┬ĀJustin
When I dipped my toe into the online dating pool, I was reeling from a bad breakup.┬Ā Too modest and emotionally-bruised to write glowing things about myself in my profile, I instead wrote what other people would say about me, such as my family and co-workers.┬Ā For example, I wrote, ŌĆ£My friends would say IŌĆÖm fun, easy going and incredibly loyal, and my nephew would say IŌĆÖm incredibly silly but sing a mean rendition of IŌĆÖve Been Working on the Railroad.ŌĆØ┬Ā I received dozens of generic emails reading, ŌĆ£You sound interesting and I think we would have a lot in common.ŌĆØ┬Ā It felt as though these men were carpet bombing the online dating site in the hopes of getting someone to respond.┬Ā Justin emailed me one simple line that captured my attention and heart: ŌĆ£I would say adorable.ŌĆØ┬Ā I was hooked!┬Ā While it didnŌĆÖt work out in the long run, he was as sweet, charming and sincere as I had imagined he would be.
Lesson:┬Ā If it doesnŌĆÖt sound as if heŌĆÖs read your profile, he might not have.
Related:┬Ā3 Benefits of Meeting People Online
Date 2:┬Ā Pete
From his profile and our brief email exchanges, Pete sounded like fun.┬Ā He had three photos posted, and all of them seemed to be taken in a party setting where he was enjoying a cocktail. On our one and only dinner date, PeteŌĆÖs true colors rang through.┬Ā Every story seemed to begin with, ŌĆ£My buddies and I were out drinking one night.ŌĆØ┬Ā I knew right away that he wasnŌĆÖt the man for me.
Lesson:┬Ā Pay attention to the little details, as they can often be quite telling.
Related:┬ĀHow to Find Love Online with Non-Traditional Dating Sites
Date 3:┬Ā Eric
After receiving an email from someone and deciding I wanted to start an online conversation, I sent a series of questions to see if we would be compatible, such as the last book he read or the favorite part of his job.┬Ā IŌĆÖm a huge fan of pop culture so I also asked questions to see if we would have fun bantering about various topics.┬Ā Eric and I seemed to be twins separated at birth.┬Ā We had so much in common that I was convinced he was perfect for me. ┬Ā Unfortunately for me, after our lunch date, it became quite apparent that Eric was gay.┬Ā And to toss out a Seinfeld pop culture reference here: ŌĆ£Not that thereŌĆÖs anything wrong with that.ŌĆØ┬Ā As lovely as he was and as much fun as we had together, I was convinced that once he came out of the closet, we would both be competing for the same man.
Lesson:┬Ā If he sounds too good to be true, he probably is.
Date 4:┬Ā Todd
Typically, I would avoid anyone who didnŌĆÖt post a photo online because I heard that men who were married or in committed relationships would secretly troll the dating sites looking for hook ups.┬Ā Todd didnŌĆÖt have a photo posted with his profile, but he was so charming via email that I decided to meet him anyway.┬Ā We planned to meet at a local restaurant.┬Ā Since I didnŌĆÖt have a picture to reference, he gave me a description of himself.┬Ā It could not have been farther from the truth.┬Ā Fortunately, he knew what I looked like, so he was able to spot me in the crowded restaurant.┬Ā I donŌĆÖt know if he was delusional or trying to be deceptive, but either way, it was a turn off.
Lesson:┬Ā If thereŌĆÖs no photo, proceed with caution.
Wedding:┬Ā Steve
Not long after my date with Todd, I had my first date with Steve, which turned out to be my last first date ever. ┬ĀWeŌĆÖve been happily married for 10 years, which in Los Angeles is apparently no small feat.┬Ā So, if it happened for me, thereŌĆÖs hope for anyone!
Lisa Becker had endured her share of hilarious and heinous cyber dates, many of which inspired Click: An Online Love Story and Double Click.┬Ā She is now happily married to a wonderful man she met online and lives in Manhattan Beach with him and their two daughters.┬Ā


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ATLANTA (AP) - Federal authorities say three people were found trying to take loaded guns and inert grenades onto flights departing from Atlanta's airport.
SAVANNAH, Ga. (AP) - Before workers can start to deepen the busy shipping channel to the Port of Savannah, they first must remove a Confederate shipwreck still sitting at the bottom of the Savannah River after 150 years.
ATLANTA (AP) - Flashing the same stone-faced glare that once was so familiar in the boxing ring, Evander Holyfield appeared headed toward another fight.
ATLANTA (AP) - State labor officials say metro Atlanta's unemployment rate stands at 6.4 percent.
ATLANTA (AP) â Authorities say one person has been killed in a shooting that wounded three others in DeKalb County, just outside Atlanta.
SMYRNA, Ga. (AP) - Georgia's child protection agency is facing a $1 million lawsuit in the death of a malnourished 14-year-old girl who weighed 43 pounds when she died in June in Smyrna.
ATLANTA (AP) - A Georgia death row inmate convicted in the death of his 15-year-old neighbor is set to be executed.
ATLANTA (AP) - The Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles has denied clemency for a death row inmate set to die this week.
ATLANTA (AP) - Family members of a Georgia death row inmate set to die this week spoke at his clemency hearing.
EATONTON, Ga. (AP) - The unsolved beheading of a retiree and the killing of his elderly wife has so rattled their gated, lakeside Georgia community that neighbors are casting about for even outlandish explanations. Was it a mob hit? A drug dealer? A hungry alligator?
ATHENS, Ga. (AP) - Six years ago, University of Georgia football legend Herschel Walker revealed he had been dealing for years, including during his playing days as a UGA running back, with dissociative identity disorder, a mental health condition popularly understood as having multiple personalities.
ATLANTA (AP) - The state ethics commission has settled for more than $1.8 million with three former employees alleging retaliation stemming from an investigation into complaints against Gov. Nathan Deal.
ATLANTA (AP) - Georgia residents will now be allowed to list their blood type on their driver's license or identification card.
FLOWERY BRANCH, Ga. (AP) - The Atlanta Falcons have announced they will be featured on HBO Sports' documentary series Hard Knocks this summer.
ATLANTA (AP) - Gov. Nathan Deal is overhauling Georgia's child welfare agency, replacing the current director who will now report directly to the governor.
ATLANTA (AP) - Republican Rep. Tom Price of Georgia has decided not to seek a top leadership position in the House after Majority Leader Eric Cantor's decision to step down, saying he wants to focus on serving as the next chairman of the Budget Committee.
ATLANTA (AP) - Reviews suggest that at least 500 law enforcement officers in Georgia may have lied about fulfilling required training in the last year.
SAVANNAH, Ga. (AP) - Celebrity cook Paula Deen, whose career was derailed after she admitted using racial slurs, is going digital.
ATLANTA (AP) - The National Weather Service has issued a severe thunderstorm watch covering most of north, central and western Georgia.
BALTIMORE (AP) - An Arkansas megachurch pastor was elected Tuesday to lead the country's Southern Baptists as the conservative denomination tries to turn around declining membership, church attendance and baptisms and faces increasing conflict with mainstream culture, especially over its conviction that gay sex is immoral.


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