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In April 2015, communities across the United States will celebrate Safe Kids Day, a day to celebrate kids, prevent injuries, and saves lives. With generous support from presenting sponsor Nationwide, as well as national sponsors Johnson & Johnson, Chevrolet, FedEx, Kidde and Tide, the Safe Kids Day campaign will raise awareness about the cause of child injury prevention – and raise the funds to support it.
In addition to our signature event in Los Angeles, Safe Kids Day will be celebrated with close to 200 events that will take place in communities across the country.
As the program manager for sports safety, where much of my work is focused on keeping kids healthy and in top shape for sports, I'm inspired by the young athletes I meet or hear about each day. Kids who are full of passion for the sports they love and a desire to work hard and play their best each time they're out on the field.
When I'm not working at Safe Kids, I spend most of my time coaching a club field hockey team with girls ages 12-19. This is an elite club that was created for the best players from northern Virginia to come together, play in tournaments and hopefully get recruited to play in college. They are incredible athletes and have an inspiring passion for the game.
As a technical advisor at Safe Kids Worldwide, where I work closely with families to help keep kids safe in and around cars, I dread hearing my work cell phone when it dings in the middle of the night or on a weekend. Unfortunately, that "ding" is often an e-mail telling me that yet another child has died because of heatstroke.
One of the things that inspires me to find creative and fun ways to keep kids safe every day is knowing that there's a whole world of people working together to do the exact same thing. Once you see these videos created by our fabulous partners in Brazil, you'll know what I mean.
Note: This article originally appeared on the The Huffington Post.
Note: This article originally appeared on The Huffington Post.
I knew I was in for it when the latrine caught on fire in the middle of the night.
I'm writing to you today with a heavy heart. This holiday weekend when most of us were celebrating the 4th of July, a home in Lancaster, Pennsylvania experienced a devastating fire. Three adults and four children died in this home fire. There were no smoke alarms in the home.
Note: This article originally appeared on The Huffington Post. Since its original publication five more children have died from heatstroke in cars in the United States.
Does it ever seem like Washington isn't listening to us? Well, recently the Senate Appropriations Committee sent a message that they were hearing us.
The Safe Kids blog covers a wide range of safety topics, offering valuable tips for parents and caregivers to help you keep your kids safe. In addition, you'll find personal stories shared by parents, insights for new moms and dads, ways to get involved and take action, and more.
Our bloggers include Safe Kids staff, parents, healthcare professionals, and others interested in raising awareness of preventable childhood injuries. See blogger profiles.
More than 100 communities across the United States will celebrate Safe Kids Day this year. Get the facts. »
1301 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20004-1707 | Phone: 202-662-0600
© 2014 Safe Kids Worldwide Privacy Policy
Safe Kids Worldwide was founded by Children's National Medical Center.


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An attempt to test Geoweasel in HD. Because it's a different aspect ratio than the original, a portion of the bottom is cut off because, as this is a test, I didn't feel like repositioning and resizing everything in the movie; I just needed to see if it would work.
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RaboDirect PRO12: Zebre v Munster preview
Last Updated: 02/05/13 2:50pm
Zebre go in search of their first ever RaboDirect PRO12 win when they host Munster at Stadio XXV Aprile in Parma on Friday.
The home side are desperate to finish the season on a high, after gaining nine losing bonus points - many of them by the narrowest of margins - in their 21 previous matches.
Zebre welcome back Italy internationals, centre Gonzalo Garcia and hooker Davide Giazzo, as well as their South African number eight Andries van Schalkwyk.
The trio have all recovered from injury and return to the starting XV after missing Zebre's last match - a 41-22 defeat to Leinster two weeks ago.
Meanwhile, it's a much changed Munster side that will take to the field against their Italian hosts following their narrow 16-10 defeat to Clermont Auvergne in their Heineken Cup semi-final.
Not surprisingly perhaps most of the frontliners are left at home in Ireland with the notable exception of Paul O'Connell who was named in the British and Irish Lions squad last Tuesday.
Besides O'Connell, of those who started last weekend in Montpellier, only three, Casey Laulala, Dave Kilcoyne & Mike Sherry, will start against Zebre.
Zebre: 15 Ruggero Trevisan, 14 Giovanbattista Venditti, 13 Alberto Benettin, 12 Gonzalo Garcia, 11 Sinoti Sinoti, 10 Daniel Halangahu, 9 Tito Tebaldi, 8 Andries Van Schalkwyk, 7 Mauro Bergamasco, 6 Filippo Ferrarini, 5 Marco Bortolami (c), 4 Josh Sole, 3 David Ryan, 2 Davide Giazzon, 1 Matias Aguero.
Replacements: 16 Andrea Mancini, 17 Luciano Leibson, 18 Andrea de Marchi, 19 Emiliano Caffini, 20 Filippo Cristiano, 21 Alberto Chillon, 22 Matteo Pratichetti, 23 Samuele Pace.
Munster: 15 Denis Hurley, 14 Ronan O'Mahony, 13 Casey Laulala, 12 Ian Keatley, 11 Johne Murphy, 10 JJ Hanrahan, 9 Cathal Sheridan, 8 Paddy Butler. 7 Sean Dougall, 6 Dave O'Callaghan, 5 Paul O'Connell (c), 4 Billy Holland, 3 John Ryan, 2 Mike Sherry, 1 David Kilcoyne.
Replacements: 16 Damian Varley, 17 James Cronin, 18 BJ Botha, 19 Ian Nagle, 20 Johnny Holland, 21 Duncan Williams, 22 Cian Bohane, 23 Felix Jones.
Guinness PRO12
Fri 27th Mar
Leinster34 - 34Glasgow Warriors
Ulster36 - 17Cardiff Blues
Sat 28th Mar
Scarlets15 - 26Edinburgh
Munster42 - 20Connacht
Ospreys53 - 22Zebre
Treviso17 - 32Dragons
Fri 10th Apr
Treviso0 - 0Ospreys
Glasgow Warriors0 - 0Cardiff Blues
Sat 11th Apr
Edinburgh0 - 0Munster
Zebre0 - 0Scarlets
Connacht0 - 0Ulster
Sun 12th Apr
Dragons0 - 0Leinster
Fri 24th Apr
Edinburgh0 - 0Zebre
Ulster0 - 0Leinster
Sat 25th Apr
Connacht0 - 0Glasgow Warriors
Munster0 - 0Treviso
Cardiff Blues0 - 0Ospreys
Dragons0 - 0Scarlets
Sat 9th May
Dragons0 - 0Edinburgh
Leinster0 - 0Treviso
Ospreys0 - 0Glasgow Warriors
Scarlets0 - 0Cardiff Blues
Ulster0 - 0Munster
Zebre0 - 0Connacht
Sat 16th May
Cardiff Blues0 - 0Zebre
Connacht0 - 0Ospreys
Edinburgh0 - 0Leinster
Glasgow Warriors0 - 0Ulster
Munster0 - 0Dragons
Treviso0 - 0Scarlets
RaboDirect PRO12 2012/13
Edinburgh hold off Dragons
Edinburgh signed off their RaboDirect PRO12 campaign with a 31-24 victory over the Dragons at Murrayfield.
Edinburgh v Dragons: Teams
Allan Jacobsen will start his last match in a 16-year Edinburgh rugby career against the Dragons at Murrayfield.
Scarlets v Treviso: Teams
The Scarlets will look to secure their spot in the PRO12 semi-finals when they host Treviso at Parc y Scarlets.
- Glasgow v Ospreys: Teams
- Treviso v Edinburgh: Teams
- Connacht battle to Zebre win
- Sweet double for Scarlets
- Ryan lights up Leinster win
- Ospreys grounded by Connacht
- Glasgow drubbing for Dragons
- Ulster back with bonus win
- Connacht v Ospreys: Teams
- Glasgow beat rock-bottom Zebre
- Munster ease past Edinburgh
- Dragons finish with a flourish
- Williams stars for Scarlets
- Leinster ease past Blues
- Ospreys win away at Ulster
- Zebre v Glasgow: Teams
- Munster v Edinburgh: Teams
- Cardiff leave Munster blue
- Connacht ease past Dragons
- Glasgow enjoy Treviso cruise
- Red-hot Ulster crush Scarlets
- Ospreys v Zebre: Teams
- Edinburgh v Leinster: Teams
- Glasgow edge Edinburgh again
- Leinster v Connacht: Teams
- Treviso v Zebre: Teams


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Geriatric nursing can be one of the most fulfilling careers a registered nurse can have especially if he or she is inclined towards caring for the elderly. Sure, it is not a glamorous job but it allows RNs to make a difference in the lives of older adults.
Geriatric nurses are typically assigned in assisted living or retirement communities, hospices, hospitals or clinics, patient homes, and in rehabilitation centers.Read more »


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Species of the Drosophila obscura species group (e.g., D. pseudoobscura, D. subobscura) have served as favorable models in evolutionary studies since the 1930's. Despite numbers of studies conducted with varied types of data, the basal phylogeny in this group is still controversial, presumably owing to not only the hypothetical 'rapid radiation' history of this group, but also limited taxon sampling from the Old World (esp. the Oriental and Afrotropical regions). Here we reconstruct the phylogeny of this group by using sequence data from 6 loci of 21 species (including 16 Old World ones) covering all the 6 subgroups of this group, estimate the divergence times among lineages, and statistically test the 'rapid radiation' hypothesis.
Phylogenetic analyses indicate that each of the subobscura, sinobscura, affinis, and pseudoobscura subgroups is monophyletic. The subobscura and microlabis subgroups form the basal clade in the obscura group. Partial species of the obscura subgroup (the D. ambigua/D. obscura/D. tristis triad plus the D. subsilvestris/D. dianensis pair) forms a monophyletic group which appears to be most closely related to the sinobscura subgroup. The remaining basal relationships in the obscura group are not resolved by the present study. Divergence times on a ML tree based on mtDNA data are estimated with a calibration of 30–35 Mya for the divergence between the obscura and melanogaster groups. The result suggests that at least half of the current major lineages of the obscura group originated by the mid-Miocene time (~15 Mya), a time of the last developing and fragmentation of the temperate forest in North Hemisphere.
The obscura group began to diversify rapidly before invading into the New World. The subobscura and microlabis subgroups form the basal clade in this group. The obscura subgroup is paraphyletic. Partial members of this subgroup (D. ambigua, D. obscura, D. tristis, D. subsilvestris, and D. dianensis) form a monophyletic group which appears to be most closely related to the sinobscura subgroup.
Species of the Drosophila obscura group (41 species assigned to six subgroups) are mostly inhabitants of temperate forest throughout the Holarctic region, with some can adapted into high-elevation temperate-like habitats in the Afrotropical, Neotropical and Oriental regions. Some of these species (e.g., D. pseudoobscura and its close relatives) have served as favorable models for evolutionary biology since the influential works of Dobzhansky and his colleagues in the 1930's [1,2]. The whole-genome sequence of D. pseudoobscura was determined following D. melanogaster. Comparisons between the two species have shed new light on Drosophila genome evolution [3]. In addition, in the past two decades, increasing number of evolutionary studies have been conducted in a historical background of the obscura species group on varied subjects, e.g., evolution of genome size [4], evolution of karyotype and P elements [5], origin and evolution of Drosophila Y chromosome [6] and genetics of morphological evolution [7].
Since the 1950's, a number of studies have been conducted to reconstruct phylogeny of the obscura group via a variety of approaches [2,8]. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies [9-13] clearly support the monophyly of the obscura species group and recover several well-supported lineages, for example, the affinis, pseudoobscura, and subobscura subgroups, the D. ambigua triad (D. obscura, D. ambigua and D. tristis), give essential support to the monophyletic origin of the New World species, i.e., those of the affinis and pseudoobscura subgroups. In spite of this, the relationship among the Old World obscura, subobscura, microlabis, and sinobscura subgroups, and their relationship to the New World clade are still poorly resolved. This phylogenetic predicament was partially ascribed to the "rapid radiation" history of the obscura group [10,12]. An alternative hypothesis to explain the lack of resolution at the base of this phylogeny is a bias in taxon sampling. For example, none of the previous phylogenetic studies has dealt with the obscura group as a whole: different studies employed different set of taxa, with species from the Afrotropical region (5 species) and Oriental region (8 described + 2 undescribed species) have rarely been investigated [14,15], probably due to the difficulty in collecting and/or culturing these poorly known taxa.
In the present study, nucleotide sequences (henceforth referred to as NT) from six loci (Table 1) of 21 D. obscura group species and 2 D. melanogaster group species (Table 2) are used to reconstruct the phylogeny of the obscura species group. Phylogenetic analyses are also performed based on translated amino acid sequences (henceforth referred to as AA). We then estimate the divergence times in the obscura group, and statistically test the previously proposed "rapid radiation" hypothesis [10,12]. Finally, the evolutionary history of the obscura group is discussed.
Table 1. Gene loci sampled in the present study. Numbers show aligned lengths and numbers of parsimony informative sites (PI, given in parentheses) for nucleotide or translated amino acid sequences of each locus.
Table 2. Species sampled in the present study and collection data of samples used for DNA sequencing.
Summary of the DNA sequences
The alignment of the six gene regions spanned 4,126 nucleotide or 1,149 amino acid positions (Table 1). Table 3 gives accession numbers for the nucleotide sequences, either cited from GenBank [9-11,13,15-28] or newly determined for this study.
Table 3. Accession numbers for sequences. Sequences with underlined accession numbers are used for the statistical test of temporal pattern only.
A plot of nucleotide substitution saturation is shown in Figure 1. For the mitochondrial sequences, the transition/transversion (ti/tv) ratio in 1st+2nd codon positions (Figure 1A) ranges from 13.50 (D. ambigua vs. D. obscura) to 1.313 (D. dianensis vs. D. guanche), with the average of 2.70; and the ratio in the 3rd codon position (Figure 1B) ranges from 6.750 (D. pseudoobscura vs. D. miranda) to 0.581 (D. affinis vs. D. madeirensis), with the average of 1.08. This suggests strong saturation in the 3rd codon positions between distantly related species. For the Adh gene, the ti/tv ratio in 1st+2nd codon positions (Figure 1C) ranges from 3.00 (e.g., D. ambigua vs. D. guanche) to 0.00 (D. miranda vs. D. persimilis); the ratio in the 3rd codon positions ranges from 4.50 (D. limingi vs. D. tsukubaensis) to 0.429 (D. obscura vs. D. affinis/D. limingi). Slight decrease of ti/tv is found in the 3rd codon positions with increase of pairwise distance.
Figure 1. Saturation plots for nucleotide substitutions. For each comparison, ratios of ti/tv for pairs of sequences (Y-coordinate) are graphed versus the corresponding numbers of total substitutions (X-coordinate). (A) and (B), concatenated sequence of the mitochondrial genes, 1st+2nd and 3rd codon positions, respectively; (C) and (D), Adh sequence, 1st+2nd and 3rd codon positions, respectively.
Pairwise partition homogeneity test (PHT)
Table 4 shows the results of pairwise PHT between NT partitions. On a threshold of P = 0.05 [29], incongruences are found in 4 out of 15 pairwise tests (ND2 vs. COI, ND2 vs. Adh, COI vs. COII, and COI vs. Adh) with un-weighted parsimony scheme. Compared to this, when a six-parameter weighting scheme (see below for details) was implemented, the P values for most pairwise comparisons increased greatly.
Table 4. Results of pairwise partition homogeneity test (PHT). Numbers above and below diagonal show P-values resulted of the un-weighted and the six-parameter weighting methods, respectively.
Incongruence between data partitions indicates that the two partitions compared have had different histories or that one of them violate the assumptions of the phylogenetic method [29]. The PHT is currently implemented with only parsimony, which assuming small number of actual sequence changes per site. Higher P values obtained by six-parameter weighting may indicates that, the six-parameter parsimony method fits the NT data better by accounting for the effect of multiple hits (as suggested in the saturation plot in Figure 1), thus reduces the incongruence in several pairwise comparisons.
Phylogenetic analyses with NT data
Results of analyses with NT data using the maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods are shown in Figure 2. These analyses lend strong support to the monophyly of the obscura group, recover the same set of major lineages in this group, including the affinis, pseudoobscura, subobscura and sinobscura subgroups, the D. ambigua triad (D. ambigua, D. obscura and D. tristis), and the D. dianensis/D. subsilvestris, D. bifasciata/D. imaii and D. limingi/D. tsukubaensis lineages, each supported with high bootstrap value (BP) or posterior probability (PP). All the trees strongly support the sister relationship between the affinis and pseudoobscura subgroups (BP = 94–97; PP = 1.00). They completely agree with each other with respect to relationship within each of the major lineages. The branching orders within the pseudoobscura and subobscura subgroups are largely consistent with those of previous studies. The order within the sinobscura subgroup is also suggested by data of morphology [30] or interspecific reproductive isolation (Gao et al., unpublished data).
Figure 2. Phylogenetic trees based on NT data. (A) A single MP tree constructed with un-weighted scheme (tree length = 3233; CI = 0.4930; RI = 0.5581); (B) A single MP tree constructed with six-parameter weighting scheme (tree length = 2313.3101, CI = 0.5016, RI = 0.6059); (C) ML tree (-ln L = 20990.05); (C) Bayesian tree. Numbers besides nodes indicate bootstrap values in (A), (B) and (C), but posterior probabilities in (D). Symbols indicate the taxonomic assignment of species: affinis subgroup (●); pseudoobscura subgroup (○); obscura subgroup (■); sinobscura subgroup (□); subobscura subgroup (◆); microlabis subgroup (◇).
The MP tree deduced with the un-weighted method (Figures 2A; henceforth referred to as uwMP tree) clusters the D. ambigua triad with the sinobscura subgroup, while puts the D. dianensis/D. subsilvestris pair outside this cluster. However, the MP tree deduced with the six-parameter weighting method (Figure 2B; henceforth referred to as 6pMP tree), the ML tree (Figure 2C) and the Bayesian tree (Figure 2D) congruously suggest a cluster of the D. ambigua triad and the D. dianensis/D. subsilvestris pair. This cluster (henceforth referred to as obscura cluster) forms a larger cluster with the sinobscura subgroup (henceforth referred to as obscura-sinobscura cluster). However, the supports for these relationships are also low.
D. microlabis, as the single representative of the microlabis subgroup, is placed at the basal position in the uwMP and 6pMP trees. However, this species is clustered with the subobscura subgroup in the ML tree (Figure 2C, BP = 93) and Bayesian tree (Figure 2D; PP = 1.00). The uwMP, 6pMP and Bayesian trees suggest weakly (BP = 6–39; PP = 0.81) a close relationship between the obscura-sinobscura cluster and the New World clade. However, the ML tree clusters all the Old World species into a large group with weak support (BP = 28).
Phylogenetic analyses with AA data set
Figure 3 shows the results of phylogenetic analyses with AA data, including the strict consensus of 17 equally parsimonious MP trees (Figure 3A) and the Bayesian trees inferred with the Poisson model (Figure 3B) or the GTR (General time reversible) model (Figure 3C). All these trees recover the same set of major lineages as those trees of NT data, clearly indicating that the microlabis and subobscura subgroups are basal to the remainder ingroup species (BP = 53; PP = 0.96–0.99), all of which form a very large monophyletic group. The Bayesian analyses strongly indicate that D. microlabis forms a monophyletic group with the subobscura subgroup (PP = 0.99). All the analyses with AA data lend strong support to the monophyly of the obscura cluster (BP = 87; PP = 1.00), while the obscura-sinobscura cluster is only weakly suggested by the Bayesian tree inferred with the Poisson model.
The Bayesian trees of AA data recover the same relationships within each of the major lineages as those of the NT data, except for that they suggest a branching order of (ambigua, (obscura, tristis)) in the D. ambigua triad, and that the tree inferred with the Poisson model clusters the Kunming (KM) strain of D. hubeiensis with D. sinobscura, instead of its conspecific Hubei (HB) strain. However, all these relationships are very weakly supported.
Figure 3. Phylogenetic trees based on AA data set. (A) Strict consensus of 17 equally parsimonious trees (tree length = 433, CI = 0.7367, RI = 0.7355); (B) Bayesian tree inferred with the Poisson model, with gamma-distributed rate variation across sites and a proportion of invariable sites; (C) Bayesian tree inferred with the GTR model, with gamma-distributed rate variation across sites and a proportion of invariable sites. Numbers besides nodes are bootstrap values of 1000 replicates in (A); those in (B) and (C) are posterior probabilities. Symbols are same as in Figure 2.
Divergence times in the obscura species group
The divergence times are estimated on a given tree – a ML tree constructed with the concatenated mitochondrial sequences. This tree is selected as a representative phylogenetic hypothesis of the obscura group based on the foregoing results. The results of time estimation are shown as a linearized form of the ML tree (Figure 4). In light of the upper bound (35 Mya) of the calibration time interval for the obscura-melanogaster divergence, the estimated time span for the major radiation of the obscura group is ~14.9–21.8 Mya, indicating that by the mid-Miocene time (~15 Mya), almost all the current major lineages of the obscura group had come into being. Even in light of the calibration point of 30 Mya, at least half of the major lineages are estimated to have originated by the mid-Miocene time. The splitting between the D. ambigua triad and the D. dianensis/D. subsilvestris pair (~14.9/12.9 Mya for upper/lower bounds) falls close to the major radiation of the obscura group, and the splitting between D. limingi and D. tsukubaensis (~13.0/11.2 Mya) appears to be rather old. The sinobscura subgroup began to diversify (~2.99/2.57 Mya) from about the mid-Pliocene time.
Figure 4. Linearized ML tree deduced from concatenated nucleotide sequences of the 4 mitochondrial loci. A time interval of 30–35 Mya for the obscura-melanogaster divergence [9] was used as calibration. Shaded areas (gray) indicate the time span of temperate forest developing in the Northern Hemisphere [50]. The numbers in the circle indicate the calibration points, and those in the panes indicate the estimated intervals of divergence times in light of the calibration points. For some very recent divergences, the estimates are not shown. Abbreviations: Eo. = Eocene; Oligo. = Oligocene; Mio = Miocene; Plio. = Pliocene; Q. = Quaternary. Symbols are same as in Figure 2.
Our estimate for the origin of the microlabis-subobscura clade (~19.5/16.7 Mya) falls close to previous estimation based on mutation distance of 11 genes (17.7 ± 4.4 Mya; D. pseudoobscura vs. D. subobscura) [31]; the estimate for the splitting between the affinis-pseudoobscura clade and the obscura-sinobscura cluster (~17.9/15.4 Mya) is clearly older than the previous one based on Adh sequences (13.1 ± 1.74 Mya; obscura subgroup vs. pseudoobscura subgroup) [32], and the estimate for the D. pseudoobscura-D. miranda divergence (4.93/3.76 Mya) differs greatly from the estimate based on mutation distances (2.00 ± 0.6 Mya) [31]. This is mainly due to that 1) our estimates is not directly based on pairwise distances, but on a given tree with branch lengths; 2) we use different calibration point from those studies [31,32].
Statistic test of the temporal pattern of evolutionary diversity
To test the temporal pattern of the evolution of the obscura group, an empirical tree of 27 obscura group species (a KITSCH tree; not shown) is constructed under an assumption of molecular clock, therefore all the terminal taxa on this tree are shown as contemporaneous. The cumulative frequency distribution (CFD) of the branching times (after normalization) along this tree is plotted (Figure 5). An "expected" CFD for 27-taxa trees is provided as contrast. This expected CFD, available from Wollenberg et al [33], is the average of five hundred 27-taxa trees generated by computer simulation under null model of stochastic speciation/extinction. The comparison between the empirical and average CFDs with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test [34] results a K-S D value of 0.4975. The P value associated with this D value is very low (P < 0.0004, significant), therefore rejected the null hypothesis [33], indicating that the branching pattern in the KITSCH tree differs from the expected stochastic timing of speciation/extinction [33]. It is clearly seen that the CFD of the KITSCH tree begins to deflect upwards from the average CFD at a relative early stage of the branching process, suggesting an ancient cluster of branching events during the evolutionary history of the obscura group.
Figure 5. CFD of normalized branching times for the KITSCH trees of 27 obscura group species. The largest difference between empirical and expected CFDs is indicated.
Phylogenetic relationship in the obscura group
Phylogeny of the obscura species group is investigated with dense taxon-sampling from the Old World, especially the Oriental region, using both nucleotide and translated amino acid sequences of multiple loci. The results corroborate some previously well-recognized relationships, and shed some new light on the evolutionary history of the obscura group, especially the relationship among major lineages.
The MP trees of NT data suggest with low confidence that D. microlabis alone, as a long-branch taxon, represents the first branch in the obscura group. However, it was strongly suggested in the ML tree (Figure 2C) and Bayesian trees (Figures 2D, 3B, and 3C) that D. microlabis forms a monophyletic group with the subobscura subgroup. A suspicion arises whether the basal position of D. microlabis is true, or an artifact due to long-branch attraction (LBA) by those outgroups? As demonstrated by Anderson and Swofford [35], if this relationship is true, MP method is prone to positively recover it, thus seems to perform as good as, or even better than ML method. Otherwise, ML will outperform MP by recovering the true relationship. As shown by some studies with empirical data and/or computer simulation [35-37], model-based methods (ML and Bayesian methods) can be relatively robust against branch-length differences, even against model violation. Therefore, it is very likely that the basal relationship of D. microlabis alone in the MP trees is an artifact due to LBA, while the ML and Bayesian trees suggest the true relationship between the microlabis and subobscura subgroups.
The Bayesian trees with AA data (Figures 3B, 3C) support with high confidences a basal position of the microlabis-subobscura clade in the obscura group. This relationship is also suggested by previous cladistic analyses [13]. In some previous studies lacking any representative of the microlabis subgroup [10,12,38], the subobscura subgroup alone was placed as basal to the rest in the obscura group. Moreover, comparison of more than 48 morphological characters among obscura group species (except for the microlabis and sinobscura subgroups) suggests that D. subobscura (as the only representative of the subobscura subgroup) differs more from the other Eurasian species than the latter differ from each other [39].
The monophyly of the obscura cluster is also suggested by morphological data: in the obscura group, D. dianensis, D. subsilvestris and D. obscura are the only species characterized by pale spots on several abdominal tergites in female [30,40], and large, somewhat quadrate 10th sternite in male [30,41]. In the present study, the obscura cluster appears to be most closely related to the sinobscura subgroup, while the remainder species of the obscura subgroup, i.e., the D. limingi/D. tsukubaensis pair and D. bifasciata/D. imaii pair, appear to have diverged earlier. Based on these evidences, we propose here a revised notion of the obscura subgroup, i.e., the cluster of the five species D. ambigua, D. obscura, D. tristis, D. dianensis and D. subsilvestris.
Consistent with some previous study [27], the present study clusters the Palearctic D. helvetica with the Nearctic D. affinis with strong support, clearly indicating its adscription to the affinis subgroup. Morphologically, D. helvetica possesses some diagnostic characters pertained to the affinis subgroup, e.g., very small distal sex-comb, 6 rows of acrostichal setulae. Some morphological similarities between D. helvetica and D. tolteca, a member of the affinis subgroup, are also found [40]. Given the Old World Origin of the obscura group [42] and the monophyletic nature of the affinis-pseudoobscura clade, D. helvetica undoubtedly represents a refluence of the New World element back into the Old World.
It was demonstrated that Bayesian posterior probability can overestimate the true probability of node confidences if substitution model used for phylogenetic analysis is oversimplified [43], and/or if concatenated sequences data are used [44]. In the 6pMP and ML trees of NT data, the BP supports for the obscura cluster are relatively low, and so are the BP supports for the obscura-sinobscura cluster. However, the corresponding PP values in the Bayesian tree of NT data seem to be excessively high. Also in the analyses with AA data, a remarkable discrepancy between BP and PP is found for the large clade consisting of the affinis, pseudoobscura, sinobscura, and obscura subgroups. In our Bayesian analysis with NT data, partition-specific models are used. The Bayesian analyses of AA data with simple (Poisson) and comprehensive (GTR) models yield comparable PP supports for the above relationships. Therefore, the great discrepancy between BP and PP may be partially due to our using of concatenated sequences. On the other hand, it was shown that BP in ML analyses is generally a conservative estimate of statistical confidence [44], and that compared to the BP in ML analyses, BP in MP analyses shows lower correlation with Bayesian PP [45].
The effect of taxon sampling on phylogenetic accuracy has been addressed by a number of studies [46-49], most of which favor addition of taxa, especially for breaking up long branches to improve information about state of internal nodes and rate at individual sites [47]. In the present study, adding of a number of Old World taxa enables us to trace some additional, ancient branching events, resulted in some largely congruent basal relationship in the obscura group, e.g., the close relationship between the D. ambigua triad and the D. dianensis/D. subsilvestris pair, that between the obscura cluster and the sinobscura subgroup, and the sister relationship between the microlabis and subobscura subgroups. The obscura group is presently known for 41 described and at least 2 undescribed species. Future studies with denser taxon sampling and larger number of characters (especially for nuclear gene sequence characters) are desirable to fully resolve the basal relationship in this group.
Temporal pattern of evolution
Throckmorton's [42] study with data of palegeography and fossil record has proposed that the founder of the obscura group arose and existed for short time before its expanding with the temperate forest. The temperate forest was proposed to began to spread in Northern Hemisphere with decreasing of temperature by about 10~15°C in Oligocene [50]. However, according to our time estimation (Figure 4), the Old World diversification of the obscura group began well after the origin of this group. By the mid-Miocene time, at least half of the current major lineages had come into being, indicating a more or less rapid major radiation of the obscura group. This is also suggested by the results of statistical test of temporal pattern (Figure 5), and reflected by the short internal branches in the phylogenetic trees (e.g., Figures 2C, 2D, 3B and 3C). On the other hand, obvious nucleotide substitution saturation (Figure 1) and base composition bias have been observed in the mitochondrial loci. All these results lend supports to the previous proposal [12] that either the rapid radiation, or the special evolutionary dynamics of the mtDNA in the obscura group may account for the phylogenetic predicament concerning the obscura group.
Biogeography and history of adaptive radiation
Two major patterns during the evolution of the family Drosophilidae have been proposed by Throckmorton [42] based on morphological and biogeographical data: 1) the primary tropical disjunction involving species groups, subgenera and genera; and 2) the temperate-forest disjunction involving species subgroups and species, represented typically by the obscura species group. Due to lacking of data about drosophilid faunas from either the Afrotropical or the Oriental region, the disjunction pattern of the obscura group within the Old World was thought to be not clear [42]. However, the pattern is now much more clearly seen: there are about 14 species (3 of the subobscura subgroup, 4 of the microlabis subgroup, 1 of the affinis subgroup, 5 of the obscura subgroup, and 1 ungrouped) are restricted to or mainly distributed in Europe/the Afrotropical region; and at least 11 species (3 of the sinobscura subgroup, 6 of the obscura subgroup, and 2 undescribed) restricted to East/Southeast Asia. Among the Eurasian species of the obscura group, at least 9 are restricted or mainly distributed in the Oriental region, with the southmost records from the Mt. Kinabalu of Malaysia. This clearly indicates a thorough adaptation of the group into high-elevation temperate-like habitats in the Oriental region, a pattern parallel to those in the Afrotropical and Neotropical regions [8,51,52].
Our time estimation for the major radiation of the obscura group is overlapped largely to the hypothetical time span of the developing of temperate forest in Northern Hemisphere (mid-Oligocene to mid-Miocene) [50,53]. It was proposed based on biogeographical data that, from the mid-Tertiary times, the temperate drosophilid faunas developed and spread with the temperate forest, until the time of the temperate-forest disjunction in mid Miocene age [42]. It is very likely that the fragmentation of the temperate forest had enforced the Old World diversification, and that the gradual desertification of the Asia interior onset from the early Miocene epoch [54] played important role in enforcing the disjunction of the temperate forest and thus the east-west disjunction of the obscura group within the Old World.
The cooling of the climate in the Qinghai-Tibet area of South Asia resulted from the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the Tertiary period was thought to provide favorable conditions for the Palearctic insect fauna to invade southwards [55]. It is reasonable to presume that changing of climate might have also facilitated the adaptation of the founders of the Oriental elements of the obscura group into South Asia. Probably the intensified uplift of the plateau in late Pliocene [55] has accelerated these elements (e.g., the sinobscura subgroup, initiated to diversify ~2.6–3.0 Mya) to spread around, giving rise to the current species in south China, India and Malaysia.
In conclusion, our phylogenetic study suggests that, the obscura group began to diversify rapidly in the Old World before invaded into the New World. Among the Old World lineages, the microlabis and subobscura subgroups form a monophyletic group basal to the rest of the obscura group. Our results corroborate the finding by the previous studies that the traditional obscura group is paraphyletic, with some of its members (the D. ambigua triad plus the D. dianensis/D. subsilvestris pair) forming a monophyletic cluster, which appears to be most closely related to the sinobscura subgroup.
Samples, DNA extraction, PCR, cloning and sequencing
Samples of twenty-one species of the D. obscura group and one species of the D. melanogaster group (Table 2) were used for DNA sequencing. DNA was extracted from single fly by standard phenol-chloroform method. The PCR cycle program comprised an initial 2 min of predenaturation at 94°C, 35 cycles of amplification (50 s of denaturation at 94°C; 1 min of annealing at 55°C for ND2 and COII, 51.5°C for Cyt b, 52°C for COI and Adh, 60°C for 28S; 1 min of extension at 72°C), and 5 min of sequence postextension at 72°C. The primers (all given left to right from 5' to 3' ends) for the PCR and sequencing of the ND2, COI, COII, Cyt b and 28S genes were: nd2-1 ATATT TACAG CTTTG AAGG, and nd2-2 AAGCT ACTGG GTTCA TACC for the ND2 gene [56]; UEA5 AGTTC TAGCA GGAGC TATTA CTAT, and UEA8 AAAAA TGTTG AGGGA AAAAT GTTA for the COI gene [57]; coii-1 ATGGC AGATT AGTGC AATGG and coii-2 GTTTA AGAGA CCAGT ACTTG [13] for the COII gene; Cyt b-F TTATG GTTGA TTATT ACGAA, and Cyt b-R CAAAA CATAT GCTTA TTCAA for the Cyt b gene; 28S-H CCCGA AGTAT CCTGA ATCTT TCGCA TTG (designed by T. Katoh in Hokkaido University), and 28S-T TCTTA GTAGC GGCGA GCG [58] for the 28S gene. PCR products were separated on 2.0% agarose gels, then excised from the gels and purified using Watson™ gel extraction mini kit (Watson Biotechnologies).
The Adh fragments of D. hubeiensis (KM), D. luguensis, D. dianensis, and D. limingi were amplified using the primers adh-e2+ CTGGAC TTCTG GGACA AGCG, and adh-e3- TAGAT GCCCG AGTCC CAGTG [27], and the PCR product was cloned into the PMD18-T Vector (TaKaRa), then transformed into Escherichia coli as host. Thereafter, the recombinant DNA was extracted then, and the Adh fragment was sequenced with the M13 universal primers AAGCT TGCAT GCCTG CAGGT CGACG and CGGTA CCCGG GGATC CTCTA GAGAT. After purifying of the product of sequence reaction, the sequences were determined using ABI 377 or ABI 3700 sequencer according to the protocol by manufacturer.
Sequence aligning and characterization
The newly collected sequences were edited using the Editseq module of the DNAStar package [59]. For each of the ND2, COI, COII, Cyt b, Adh and 28S gene fragment, homologous GenBank sequences were downloaded and aligned with newly determined sequences by the ClustalW method [60]. The intron region of the Adh gene was excluded from all analyses. The alignment was then adjusted by eye to make it conform to the codon assignments. Then the ends of a few COI and 28S sequences were trimmed slightly, so as to make the majority of homologous sequences well overlapped. We use MEGA3 [61] to calculate base composition and ti/tv ratios in each data partitions. Detection of substitution saturation in mitochondrial and nuclear data partitions was performed by plotting the ratio ti/tv for sequence pairs versus corresponding number of whole substitutions with respect to codon positions (1st+2nd or 3rd), with the pairwise ratios and numbers of substitutions calculated in MEGA3 [61], and plots worked out with the Microsoft Excel program. Only ingroup species are included for saturation analysis.
Pairwise partition homogeneity test (PHT) and phylogenetic analyses
Before the phylogenetic analyses, the NT data was subjected to pairwise PHT [62] between data partitions of different loci under either un-weighted or six-parameter weighting parsimony scheme [63,64] with PAUP* 4.0b10 [65], with heuristic search for 1000 replicates. Modeltest 3.6 [66] was used to estimate parameters of DNA substitution model for the six-parameter MP, ML and BI analyses.
Phylogenetic analyses with NT data set were performed using MP, ML and Bayesian inferring methods. The MP tree was constructed with either un-weighted or six-parameter weighting parsimony methods with heuristic search (initial trees obtained by 100 replicates random addition; branch swapping with TBR algorithm). For the six-parameter method, models specific to each locus were implemented in PAUP*4.0b10 [65], with each substitution classes was weighted based on its substitution rate (Rij, i.e., rate of transformation between nucleotide i and j) estimated with Modeltest3.6 [66]: wij = -ln (Rij/∑Ri). The weighting parameter stepmatrix for each locus was adjusted for satisfaction of triangle inequality in PAUP*4.0b10 [65]. To access the support level for each node on the MP trees, bootstrap (BP) [67] analyses were performed with 1000 replicates and heuristic search. The MP analysis with AA data was performed with similar strategy as that of the NT data set.
The ML analysis of NT data was performed using PAUP*4.0b10 [65], with parameters assigned as follows: base frequencies of A (respectively C, G and T) = 0.3089 (respectively 0.1385, 0.1319 and 0.4207); substitution rates of A-C (respectively A-G, A-T, C-G, C-T and G-T) = 2.0353 (respectively 13.2831, 6.7964, 5.9419, 33.5370 and 1.0000); proportion of invariable sites (I) = 0.5765; and gamma distribution shape parameter (α) = 0.8598.
Bayesian inferring was implemented in MrBayes3.1 [68]. The starting tree was randomly selected and four chains were run. For the analysis with NT data set, parameters are set as follows: "nst = 6" + "invgamma" applied to the character partition of mitochondrial genes, "nst = 6" + "gamma" to that of the Adh gene, and "nst = 2" + "gamma" to that of the 28S gene. Bayesian analyses of AA data were performed with either the Poisson or the GTR models, with gamma-distributed rate variation across sites and a proportion of invariable sites. For all the Bayesian analyses, two independent runs were implemented in parallel, with the Markov chains been sampled every 100 cycles. The runs were stopped after 2,000,000 cycles of MCMC (Markov Chain Monte Carlo) for NT data, but 1,000,000 cycles for AA data, till the average deviation of split frequencies fall well below 0.01. For all the runs, 1,000 trees sampled at early phase of the chain (well before the end of this phase, the likelihood values stop to increase, and start to fluctuate within a stable range) were discarded, and the remainders were summarized to obtain a majority rule tree which showing all the compatible partitions.
Estimates of divergence times in the obscura species group
Before estimating divergence times, relative-rate test using the program Phyltest2.0 [69] is conducted to examine constancy of sequence evolution between lineages in the obscura group. Since no time calibration point of fossil record or by geological dating is available for our estimation, we cite that used by Beckenbach et al. [9]: an interval of 30–35 Mya for the divergence between the obscura and melanogaster groups. The program r8s1.71 [70], which enables estimating divergence time in the absence of a molecular clock, is used to estimate the divergence times in the obscura species group. A ML tree constructed with mtDNA sequence data was used as the input tree file for time estimating. The model for the ML search is selected by Modeltest3.6 [66]: base frequencies are 0.3246, 0.1028, 0.1116 and 0.4610 for A, C, G and T, respectively; rates = 3.4175, 25.8349, 10.1514, 4.7640, 86.1667 and 1.0000 for A-C, A-G, A-T, C-G, C-T and G-T, respectively; I = 0.5629; α = 1.0481. A penalized likelihood (PL) [71] method is used for divergence time reconstructing, with a truncated Newton (TN) algorithm for finding optima of the objective functions. Cross-validation are checked over a range of smoothing values by set the parameters cvstart = 0, cvinc = 0.5 and cvnum = 10. Divergence time for all the nodes except for the root is estimated by rerunning of the input data with a selected smoothing parameter (= 316, which has the lowest cross-validation score) by checking of the cross-validation.
Statistic test of the temporal pattern of evolutionary diversity
We perform a statistic test [33] of temporal pattern in the obscura group. To reduce the effect of incomplete sampling of extant taxa, GenBank sequences of some additional obscura group species (Table 3) are also used. Based on the aligned sequence of 27 obscura group species, a F84 distance data matrix is created, and a so-called KITSCH tree is constructed, using the program DNADIST and KITSCH, respectively, both packed in Phylip3.6 [72]. For distance estimating using DNADIST, shape parameters of the Gamma distribution (α = 1.0353) and base frequencies (A = 0.3132; C = 0.1401; G = 0.1320; T = 0.4147) are estimated in Modeltest3.6 [66], and the ratio of ti/tv (= 1.1) is calculated in MEGA3 [61]. The branching times for the resulted KITSCH tree were normalized between zero (the time of the first branching event) and one (the present), cumulative frequency distribution (CFD) [34] of the scaled branching times for all the nodes (n = 25) in the tree is plotted. The dissimilarity between the resulted empirical CFD and expected (i.e., average) CFD specific for same number of extant taxa was quantified using a Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) goodness-of-fit statistic D [34]. The average CFD for specific number of extant species has been generated by Wallenberg et al. [33] by computer simulations under null model of stochastic lineage bifurcation and extinction. Therefore, we get the average CFD for 27 extant taxa by interpolated those for 25 and 30 taxa [33].
Authors' contributions
JG participated in design of the study, acquired the data, analyzed the data, and drafted the manuscript; HW and TA participated in conception and design of the study, critically revised intellectual content of the manuscript; JP participated in analysis and interpretation of data; YZ conceived the study and participated in its design and data interpretation, and preparing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We thank Drs. W. Pinsker, E. Haring, L. Serra, and H. Takamori for providing us with samples. We are grateful to Drs. M.J. Toda, G. Baechli, E. Haring, and two anonymous reviewers for their invaluable suggestions and comments. The present study was supported by grants of the State Key Basic Research and Development Plan, NSFC (30460026, 30621092), Bureau of Science and Technology of Yunnan Province, and JSPS (No. 12375002, 16370040, 19570077).
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|ISSN 1088-6850(online) ISSN 0002-9947(print)
Almost periodic operators in
Abstract | References | Similar Articles | Additional Information
Abstract: Let be a locally compact group, the Fourier algebra of , the Fourier-Stieltjes algebra of and the von Neumann algebra generated by the left regular representation of . Then is the predual of ; is a -module and is a closed ideal of . Let is a compact operator from into , the space of almost periodic operators in . Let be the -algebra generated by . Then . For a compact , let be the rank one operator on that sends to the constant function . We have the following results: (1) There exists a compact group such that AP. (2) For a compact Lie group , has a unique left invariant mean is semisimple. (3) If is an extension of a locally compact abelian group by an amenable discrete group then . (4) Let , the free group with generators, . If and is a compact operator from into then .
Retrieve articles in Transactions of the American Mathematical Society with MSC: 43A60, 22D10, 22D25
Retrieve articles in all journals with MSC: 43A60, 22D10, 22D25
Additional Information


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From barking dogs to couch-clawing cats, behavior is a big reason that pets are surrendered. Learn how to keep pets in their homes and make those in the shelter more adoptable.
Resources and Articles
From the Magazine
Behavior Department: Food for Thought
A behavior modification program designed to address food guarding behavior in the shelter environment.
Q & A: Playing with a Purpose
An experienced animal trainer shows shelters how to socialize dogs through play groups.
The "101" Department: Start Spreading the News
Pets for Life NYC, an animal surrender prevention program, seeks to give people the advice and services they need before they relinquish their pets to shelters. Find out how to create a similar pet safety net in your community.
Mouthpieces: Declawing: It's Not Like a Trip to the Spa
In this issue, Mouthpieces aims to give people the facts about declawing and offers kinder alternatives to this inhumane procedure.
Behavior Department: Kitty in Their Hands
Fledgling fosterers have a lot to learn before embarking on their first kitty-mentoring adventure. In this article, veteran fosterers offer their advice -- and their practical knowledge and experiences are worth their weight in kitten chow.
Sample: Nevada Humane Society - Animal Help Desk Caseworker Handbook
Clients ask your front desk staff for help with many different issues, from behavioral problems to rehoming animals. Use this sample helpdesk handbook from Nevada Humane to help your staff be ready to assist!
ASPCA Feline-ality Cat Body Postures
Happy or hissing? Calm or crazed? Learn what your felines are trying to tell you.
ASPCA Meet Your Match SAFER Canine Body Postures
Dogs use their ears, eyes and mouths to express themselves. Learn what they're trying to tell you.
Policies & Programs
Pets for Life
The HSUS Pets for Life program has one very ambitious goal: to keep pets and their people together. Pets for Life recognizes that one of the greatest threats to pets is a lack of understanding on the part of caregivers along with a lack of awareness of available resources.
Articles from Veterinary Technician Journal
Articles on caring for feral cats in clinics, educating cat owners, and more, by HSUS's own Nancy Peterson, Cat Programs Manager.
PetSmart Charities Webinars and Resources
PetSmart Charities provides access to webinars on a variety of animal welfare-related topics, links to animal-welfare presentations, conference materials, as well as links to governmental forms helpful for nonprofits.
Association of Pet Dog Trainers
The Association of Pet Dog Trainers (APDT) is a professional organization of individual trainers who are committed to becoming better trainers through education.
Maddie's Fund: Behavioral Assessment in Animal Shelters
Informative article on behavioral assessment in shelters by Dr. Sheila Segurson.
Center for Shelter Dogs - Training and Motivation
Training shelter dogs potentially increases their adoptability by teaching them behaviors that make them more desirable to adopters.


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It is believed a member of staff at the Enniskillen depot where it was on display described it as "offensive".
The Ambulance Service refused to confirm or deny if the photograph had been removed from display at the depot.
DUP MLA Arlene Foster said it was there as a tribute to Kitchener Johnston, a member of staff killed in the bombing.
She said it had been hanging on the wall for many years.
Ulster Unionist MLA Tom Elliott urged the Ambulance Service not to remove the photograph.
"I am aghast that a simple tribute by workmates can be targeted in such a sectarian way, and I urge those concerned not to bow to this absurd pressure in order to appear politically correct," he said.
A spokesman from the service said they were investigating an incident and hoped it could be resolved.
Eleven people were killed in the IRA explosion in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, on 8 November 1987. The blast injured 63 people, many of whom have never fully recovered.
It happened on Remembrance Sunday - the day when those who lost their lives during the First and Second World Wars are remembered.


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Dr. Timothy J. Crone, MD
Internal Medicine
- 9500 Euclid Ave
Cleveland, OH 44195
- 1 Location
- (216) 444-0933
Dr. Timothy J. Crone graduated from the Michigan State University College of Human Medicine in 2002. He works in Cleveland, OH and specializes in Internal Medicine. Dr. Crone is affiliated with Cleveland Clinic and Hillcrest Hospital.
Gender: Male
Languages Spoken: English
Internal Medicine
Medical School: Michigan State University College of Human Medicine; Graduated 2002
9500 Euclid Ave
Cleveland, OH 44195
(216) 444-0933
Fax: (216) 444-8530
Practice Website: clevelandclinic.org
Accepting New Patients: Yes
Medicare Accepted: Yes
Medicaid Accepted: Yes
Not Available


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14 New Year's Eve Party Ideas, Recipes, Drinks & Decorations
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New Years Napkin Rings
By: Debi Adams for Sizzix
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Ring in the new year with sparkling designs from the creative folks at Sizzix. Made with their Christmas Cardmaking Die collection and the bonus Textured Impressions Embossing Folder these homemade napkin rings will surely dazzle your new years.
- Sizzix Bigz Die - Regal Crest
- Sizzix Bigz Die w/Bonus Textured Impressions - Star, Primitive #2Metallic Paper
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- Empty Toilet-Paper Roll
- Button
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- Die-cut a Primitive Star from metallic paper, align the corresponding embossing folder over the shape and roll through the machine to emboss.
- Form swirls with silver pipe cleaner and attach to the Star. Embellish with a decorative button.
- Die-cut a Banner from white cardstock and add sentiment and border detail with a pen. Adhere to the front of the Star.
- Cover an empty toilet-paper roll with metallic paper and use as the "ring." Adhere the ring to the back of the Star.
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Jonny Coleman
Popular Stories
Latest Stories
19 days ago | Clubland
Complex is one of L.A.'s best kept secrets, inasmuch as a secret is possible in 2015. The Glendale-based club boasts one of the best sound systems in town and ambitious bookings across genres like Norwegian black metal, no-bullshit techno, EBM and...
2 years ago | Pop Music. Ever Heard of It?
Esthero, the local chanteuse with Toronto roots, emerged in the late 1990s and has collaborated with the likes of DJ Krush, Ian Pooley and Kanye West. Her solo oeuvre includes everything from trip-hop to country, all with pop sensibilities and a u...
2 years ago | EDM
Los Angeles has recently experienced a heavy influx of international dance music producers, DJs, and label chiefs. Brits like Michael Cook and Mark Lewis were throwing raves in the Southland in the late '80s and early '90s, while French dance roya...
3 years ago | EDM
In an oversaturated festival market, the Eagle Rock Music Festival returns this Saturday, October 6. For 14 years it's been creeping up as one of the most ambitious and forward-thinking local festivals, and become tremendously successful. It's got...


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Comment: Re:amusing ourselves to death (Score 1) 174
by american_caesar (#14046307) Attached to: The Areas of My Expertise
Hobo name #52: Boxcar Aldous Huxley
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
"If truth is beauty, how come no one has their hair done in the library?" -- Lily Tomlin


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CW Released 2,New Vampire Diaries Episode 15,Season 3 Spoiler Clips
CW released 2,new Vampire Diaries episode 15,season 3 spoiler clips. Earlier today,CW dropped two,new,sneak peek,clips (below) for next week's Vampire Diaries episode 15,and they look pretty damn good as Elena is in a lot of danger,Damon and Stefan just can't stop talking about Elena,and more. The episode is called, "All My Children."
The first clip is actually an extended promo clip that shows Elena on the run,but she doesn't get very far as Rebekah jumps right in her face. At one point,Elijah tells Damon,Elena will die,screaming in agony if he doesn't help him. Then Rebekah is spotted lighting up a match to try and have an Elena cookout.
The 2nd clip features a long,drawn out conversation between Damon and Stefan. They,of course,are talking about Elena again. The bottom line of the clip,is that both of them want to make sure Elena is safe,and that she doesn't mess up Esther's plan to kill off Klaus,and the rest of those Originals freaks. Check it out,below. Episode 15 airs Thursday,February 16th at 7pm central time on the CW. Follow us on Facebook by Clicking Here. Follow us on Twitter by Clicking Here.
Recent Posts from On The Flix:
- New Jurassic World Movie Pic Features Incredible Scenery Action
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- New Hawaii Five O Season 5,Episode 20 Official Spoiler Photos Hit The Net
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Posted October 22, 2012
Political party: fun and games associated with Obama and Romney.
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General Information Product Type: Protective Cover Manufacturer Part Number: 07006XEF Manufacturer Website Address: www. mrbarbq.com Manufacturer: Mr. Bar-B-Q, Inc Product Name: Premium Large Gas Grill Cover Brand Name: Mr. Bar.B.Q Miscellaneous Physical Characteristics Length: 42.0" Height: 68.0" Width: 21.0" Technical Information Application/Usage: Grill Warranty Safety Warning. Price: $30.70
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Richmond, VA- Delegate T. Scott Garrett, M.D. was named "Legislator of the Year" by the Psychiatric Society of Virginia (PSVA) for his advocacy in mental health care. The award was presented during the organizations' annual Spring Meeting in Richmond. Delegate Garrett currently serves on Joint Commission on Health Care's Behavioral Health Care Subcommittee and the […]
Scott Garrett
Delegate Garrett Named "Legislator of the Year" By Psychiatric Society of Virginia
2015 Garrett Gazette, Issue 7
Richmond, VA – Tomorrow is the final day of the 2015 session. We continue to meet in both the Senate and the House this evening to finish our work on time. I want to take this opportunity to provide you with a final update on the issues important to our community. The House of Delegates […]
Family of Fallen Soldier Recognized by General Assembly
By admin on February 21, 2015 in Featured, News Article
Richmond, VA – Major Michael Donahue was someone who cast a long shadow — literally and figuratively. The Army paratrooper, who stood 6 feet 5 inches tall, served three tours of duty overseas and mentored students as an assistant professor for Liberty University's Army ROTC program. "Michael Donahue inspired countless students on campus to achieve […]
- Title
- Del.Garrett Passes Bill to Expedite Mental Health Access in the ED
- Description
- House Bill 2368 directs the Department of Behavior...


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From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48 [gcide]:
Vicissitude \Vi*cis"si*tude\, noun [L. vicissitudo, fr. vicis change, turn: cf. F. vicissitude. See {Vicarious}.]
1. Regular change or succession from one thing to another; alternation; mutual succession; interchange.
God made two great lights . . . To illuminate the earth and rule the day In their vicissitude, and rule the night. --Milton.
2. Irregular change; revolution; mutation.
3. (pl.) Changing conditions of fortune in one's life; life's ups and downs. [PJC]
This man had, after many vicissitudes of fortune, sunk at last into abject and hopeless poverty. --Macaulay.
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
1: a variation in circumstances or fortune at different times in your life or in the development of something; "the project was subject to the usual vicissitudes of exploratory research"
2: mutability in life or nature (especially successive alternation from one condition to another)
The dictionary definitions are retrieved from a local copy of two of the open source DICT dictionaries. Click here for the database copyright information. DEFINE.COM is registered as an educational NONPROFIT corporation. We aim to please around here. We believe in using positive reinforcement to get things done. We make suggestions that are intended to make life more enjoyable. We think about efficiency, automation, security, PRIVACY, social and ecological responsibility and positive HUMANITARIAN ethics and VALUES. We are benevolent. DO NO HARM is our motto.


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Webcam Barth, Germany: Marina
A webcam in Barth, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany with the theme Harbors.
Current Local Time in Barth: 05:05 - It's currently night there (Sunrise: 06:50 - Sunset: 19:38) - Astronomical Data
This webcam was added on October 29, 2005 and is operated by Hotel Speicher. It got 29203 visitors since then. Shouldn't this webcam work or should the link be wrong please report that here. You can add this webcam here to myCams.
Hotels in the region of Barth
The current weather conditions and weather forecast for Barth in in cooperation with wetter.com:
Here we have a list of places in Germany with webcams nearby.


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Audi,an automobile manufacturing company is known best for its luxury cars, and performance oriented vehicles. The 100, 200, 4000, 80, 90, A4, A6, A8, Cabriolet, Coupe, Fox, Quattro, S4, S6, V8, TT, 5000, S8, A3, A5, Allroad Quattro, Q7, RS4, RS6, and the V8 are the various models of Audi car parts. At Car Parts Warehouse you can find the original equipment (OEM) and the after market replacement parts.
Air Conditioning System is used to cool and reduce the moisture content in the vehicle atmosphere. The Air Conditioning System's compressor works well only if the A/C clutch is in good working condition. There are two rotatory shafts found in a clutch. One shaft is connected to the engine and the other to the air conditioning system. One of the shafts is driven by the pulley or motor and the another shaft drives another device. The clutch is used to connect these two shafts. Once when the air conditioning system turns on, the electromagnetic force is generated and make these two shafts come together and the clutch starts working. The air conditioning system make use of the energy generated by the engine for its efficient working.
If you find any problem with the working of the Audi 100 A/C Clutch, you need to make an immediate replacement to avoid further damages of your vehicle. We have a very good collection of car parts for your Audi. We have wide range of steering parts, suspension parts, engine parts, body parts and other accessories. You can find complete set of car parts at Car Parts Warehouse. You can find your car parts through our online catalog. With the help of our online catalog you can find the right part you were searching in our website.
We ensure a better quality Audi 100 A/C Clutch at a reasonable price. At Car Parts Warehouse we sell only quality original equipment (OEM) and the after market replacement parts. We have full warranty for all the parts unless it is mentioned specifically in the website. Suppose, if you are unable to make the selection of your Audi 100 A/C Clutch from our online catalog, you are always welcome to seek the assistance from our sales and support team with the toll free line 1-800-565-5021 or you can also submit further queries through the email assistance at firstname.lastname@example.com.
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|Welcome to telegram.com. You have 2 articles remaining before being asked to register or login.
Coach: Bill Gibbons (29th year, 533-315; on leave). Associate head coach: Ann McInerney.
League: Patriot League.
2012-13 record: 18-14 (8-6 PL).
Top returnees: Sr. G Alex Smith (14.5 ppg, 81 percent FTs), Sr. G Brisje Malone (9.4 ppg, 5 apg), Sr. F Christine Ganser (7 ppg, 4.6 rpg), Jr. C Emily Parker (5.7 ppg, 4.1 rpg, 23 blocks), So. C Molly Hourigan (3.7 ppg, 3.8 rpg), So. F Raquel Scott (4.3 ppg, 5.3 rpg).
Key losses: F Amy Lepley (11.7 ppg, 5.3 rpg).
Notable newcomers: Fr. G/F Jenn Dynis, Fr. G/F Madelyn Ganser.
The story: The Crusaders will be without Gibbons to start the year, but they have his same annual goal of winning a league title. Holy Cross came up just short each of the last two years, falling to Navy in the 2012 and '13 PL finals. HC is expected to contend in the new 10-team Patriot League, but the Crusaders will need to find a way to replace the scoring, rebounding and passing of graduated All-PL forward Lepley. Smith, HC's leading scorer last year, and Malone form one of the PL's top backcourts. Up front, HC is hoping junior center Emily Parker, who battled knee issues last season, can return to the fine form of her freshman year, when she finished second on the team in rebounding. Hourigan, who started 14 of the last 15 games in 2012-13, and Scott, who showed flashes as a freshman, also give HC a presence inside. Senior forward Ganser is expected to be out to start the season. Holy Cross led the PL in scoring and field-goal percentage last year, but was last in the league in points allowed, so improved defense will be a key to the team's success. "We have high expectations after coming off back-to-back Patriot League championship games," McInerney said. "I think the goal this year is to continue to get better, stay positive, work hard, and to put ourselves in position to get back to the championship game with hopefully a different result."
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x-Cyclone Challenge, Ames, Iowa<
"I just have to stay consistently confident throughout the whole season," Malone said, "and adjust to a new role. When I have a bad game throughout the entire game, that tends to shake my confidence, but it doesn't take much to put it back up. You have to remember you're not always perfect. My uncle always told me, 'Next play,' so that's my mantra."
Contact Jennifer Tolandat firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Femi Olowosoyo joins Liberation Programs' board
Liberation Programs, Inc. has appointed Stanwich Congregational Church member Femi Olowosoyo to its board of directors.
Maps will lead you to the Bruce Museum's latest exhibition
The Bruce Museum's latest exhibition will not be hard to find: It's all about maps.
Greenwich doctor co-authors textbook on rotator cuff tears
Edward Craig, an orthopedic surgeon at Hospital for Special Surgery Physician Office in Greenwich, has co-authored a textbook on large rotator cuff tears, a common shoulder injury.
Temple Sholom teens cook Thanksgiving meals for seniors in need
On Nov. 25, Temple Sholom teens rolled up their sleeves while having some fun during the annual Teen Thanksgiving Cooking volunteer event.


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WISCONSIN NEWS ROUNDUP: Evansville man sentenced to 28 years prison for hiding and mutilating a corpse
A southern Wisconsin man will spend 28 years in prison for burning the body of an 18-year-old woman who answered his Internet ad for sex. Thirty year old Nathan Middleton of Evansville received a maximum sentence yesterday. That's after he pleaded guilty in March to two Rock County felony charges of hiding and mutilating a corpse. The incident happened last October.


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Destructoid Show: MGS menswear, GOW fitness, and Vizati
Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. Destructoid.com and Revision3 are proud to bring you another episode of the award-winning and critically-acclaimed Destructoid Show. (I totally just made all that up.)
In tonight's episode, we decrypt some top secret information from our Bothan/Australian spies regarding upcoming Call of Duty: Black Ops DLC. After that, and much to my chagrin, we discuss the future of the Gears of War franchise. Luckily, I prepared some childish commentary on this topic. From there, news of a more affordable Xbox 360 development kit, a free copy of Mass Effect 2 if you purchase Dragon Age 2, and talk about fabulous espionage fashion -- Konami unveils a new line of Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker menswear.
As it's a Wednesday, Tara has another installment of her Show & Tell segment, this time shining some light on Vizati, a puzzle game developed by a little two-person team called Different Pixel.
Finally, if you weren't aware, The Destructoid Show now has an official page on Facebook and an official Twitter. So go do the... Thing. With that.
Spoiler Alert: I found a pile of neckties sitting in my apartment lobby. I decided to wear one today.
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I'm glad that Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare isn't afraid to embrace the strange
10:30 AM on 03.25.2015
This 2015 D.I.C.E. Summit talk explains the entire history of Call of Duty's zombie mode
10:30 AM on 02.12.2015
Call of Duty unleashes DLC, zombie horde on PlayStation and PC in late February
5:00 PM on 02.04.2015


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|Page: 6 of 68
|Sort By:
Sanya, China Youth Hostels - We are a family inn that built independently, with lounge, kitchen on ground floor, and four kinds of rooms on 2nd to 5th floor. We aim to provide our guests a clean,quiet,comfortable
Chengdu, China Youth Hostels - My family house centrally located in the city of Chengdu, close to all the major attractions...
Kunming, China Youth Hostels - This hostel is absolutely charming, with staff that makes a tremendous effort for guests, Dorms are bright, spotless and modern"
Tianjin, China Youth Hostels - The inn is in the center of Hebei district, neighboring prosperous commercial center. It is just 10 minutes to Classical Chinese literature street by foot.
Hong Kong, China Youth Hostels - Lonely Planet Guidebook: 'Top 5 Lodging in Hong Kong... Just about the best deal in Hong Kong' TimeOut:
Hong Kong, China Youth Hostels - Chung Kiu Inn is located at the centre of Causeway Bay. The MTR Station, shops and restaurants are all located in close proximity
Hong Kong, China Youth Hostels - This budget guest house is certainly situated in the heart of Kowloon, TsimShaTusi, just a few steps aw
Xi'an, China Youth Hostels - Our hostel is well equipped with quality facilieies and a lovely atmosphere. It would be a good bet for staying with us.
Haikou, China Youth Hostels - Haikou Banana Hostel is managed by travelers for travelers.
We are conveniently located just off one o
Yangshuo, China Youth Hostels - Mo's Home is located in the heart of Yangshuo so our guests have the convenience of having all of t
|Page: 1 | 2 | 3 | ... 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
Find a China hostel and save money on discount lodging. Hosteling in China offers a different travel experience than staying at traditional accommodations. Youth hostels allow you to meet new people and learn from other international and worldly travelers. Most hostels are conveniently located in the center of the action close to public transportation, including buses and rails. Staying at a China hostel is a great option whether you are backpacking or traveling on a budget . Browse our hostels and plan your China vacation today!
|Page: 1 | 2 | 3 | ... 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |


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Changes related to "Category:Miscellaneous"
From OpenWetWare
This is a list of changes made recently to pages linked from a specified page (or to members of a specified category). Pages on your watchlist are bold.< Category:Miscellaneous
22 March 2015
|User:Jacob Esenther/Notebook/581/2015/03/20 (diff; hist) . . (+114) . . Jacob Esenther (Talk | contribs)


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Posted: Monday, October 21, 2013
An Invitation to Join the American Host Family Program
Students from all over the world enroll at Buffalo State, and an important part of their orientation is the opportunity to learn firsthand about our cultural patterns, economic and political outlooks, and everyday language skills. These experiences can assist them in class discussions and in their social relations with other students. It also gives them a better understanding of the American culture they will take back with them to their home countries.
The American Host Family Program is designed to give an international student a family with whom he or she can visit, enjoy an occasional meal, celebrate holidays, participate in community sporting and cultural events, and gain insight about our country and culture. The program also gives host families the opportunity to learn about another country's culture, holidays, and language. (It is important to note that it will be up to the host family and the student to discuss when and how often they will meet.)
International students are often far from home and do not see their families for months or even years. Some students may find the transition from their home country to our country very difficult. Being without their families and friends and adapting to a new culture and a new school can be difficult in many ways. T


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We were going to get some coffee when we saw the sexy, Mikayla. This sexy Columbian had a gorgeous face and an irresistible smile. With a little persuasion she decided to come hang out with us back at our place. When we got there, it took some begging, but she finally showed me her juicy tits and it was a hot rack. Then, she started playing with her sweet pussy right before she took off her panties and displayed her amazing ass. She knew how to shake that sexy ass and it drove me crazy. Then, she gave Rocca a fantastic, slobbery blowjob before she got her luscious pussy banged. She could not get enough, she rode that cock and took it in multiple positions, and could not stop begging for more. She got what she wanted, cream all over her.
"Going Downtown"
"Low Hanging Fruit"
Isabella De Santos
"Book Sperm"
Melanie Rios, Melanie Jane
"Smoke My Pipe"
Vanessa Lee
"Yuri Love"
Yurizan Beltran
"Bbq Buns"
"Senorita De Fuego"
Michelle Avanti
"Play Girl"
"Pussy Hunger"
Dahlia Denyle
"Touch Me"
Janelle James


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"Always be prepared" is the Boy Scout motto, and with this handy knife on his key ring, he'll be able to take on anything. (plumbersurplus.com, $2.16)
Pocket Knife Key Chain
The Easiest (and Prettiest) Chocolate Bark for Easter
This is almost too cute to eat. Almost!
DIY All-Natural Easter Egg Dyes
Who needs artificial coloring? A few common foods can create eggs that look rustic and fun.
Marbleize Your Easter Eggs With Nail Polish
Raid your beauty stash to recreate these cuties.
Passover Cookbooks to Inspire You
If you find the word "Seder" to be synonymous with "stress," enlist one of these books for some guidance.
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