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Rapport interne ISN-02-47 1 Ion beam transport from the source to the first orbits of a cyclotron J.L. Belmont I.S.N. 53 avenue des Martyrs F 38026 Grenoble cedex France Abstract The ions produced by an external source and axially injected into the cyclotron are considered. The ion beam, with a fit structure, must be carefully placed on the orbit to be accelerated and well extracted. One has to match: its position on the first turn, its shape, its chopped time structure due to radio frequency. A compromise between different necessities must be obtained. In fact beam losses can be significant, and the ion transfer efficiency from the source to the orbit varies from a few per cent to 70% ! Key words: axial injection, cyclotron CONTENTS : INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 3 HOW TO DESIGN THE ELEMENTS ........................................................................................ 4 THE LOW ENERGY BEAM TRANSPORT LINE....................................................... 5 LENSES USED ALONG THE BEAM HANDLING ...................................................................... 5 AN EXAMPLE OF LONG LINE : STUDIES OF A SEVERAL 100 M LONG LINE AT GRENOBLE. ... 6 ALIGNMENT OF THE OPTICS............................................................................................... 7 SPACE CHARGE EFFECTS ................................................................................................... 8 VACUUM EFFECTS ............................................................................................................. 9 CENTRAL REGION ....................................................................................................... 11 RESEARCH OF THE CYCLOTRON ACCEPTANCE AND THE POSITION OF THE FIRST ORBIT.... 11 INSIGHT INTO ORBIT CENTRING ....................................................................................... 12 Effects of the accelerating gaps : centring ................................................................ 12 Effects of the accelerating gaps : focusing ................................................................ 13 INFLECTORS ................................................................................................................. 14 THE ELECTROSTATIC MIRROR ......................................................................................... 14 THE SPIRAL INFLECTOR ................................................................................................... 14 To built the spiral inflector ........................................................................................ 14 September. 2002 Rapport interne ISN-02-47 2 THE HYPERBOLOID INFLECTOR ....................................................................................... 14 EDGE EFFECTS AT THE INFLECTOR ENTRANCE AND EXIT ................................................. 15 FOCUSING OF THE CYLINDRICALLY SYMMETRIC MAGNETIC LENSES . 15 THE BUNCHING ............................................................................................................ 16 PERTURBATIONS OF THE BUNCHING ................................................................................ 18 CODES .............................................................................................................................. 18 CONCLUSION. ............................................................................................................... 18 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................... 19 REFERENCES................................................................................................................. 19 APPENDIX 1 .................................................................................................................... 21 September. 2002 Rapport interne ISN-02-47 3 Introduction Probably more than one hundred years of man power has been spent throughout the world for solving the problems of ion axial injection [32] [6] [4] ! Different ways have been used, some methods are now obsolete but a large variety can be founded yet, depending on : The required transmission efficiency between the source and the target. The present tendency is to tray to obtain good transfer : the ions can be very difficult to product, like exotic isotopes, and cross sections of the nuclear reaction can be very small ! But in others case, this efficiency is not the main problem. The efforts that one can put for the money and the man power and the quality of that man power : a very good efficiency between the source and the target postulate a lots of calculus, drawings, an array of equipments - but a simple design can give not too bad results ! The flexibility of the machine to be matched to the different mechanical compromises necessary for the proposed solutions : noses of the accelerating dees, hole inside the yoke, level of magnetic field, room for the sources … etc. To extract a good quality beam from a cyclotron with a good yield implies that the internal beam is well controlled at its birth : the ions must be properly injected on their equilibrium orbit. We describe briefly the different steps of axial injection devices. 1. The ions are extracted from the source Ion held at the high voltage. After analysis from S1 SOURCES different kinds of extracted ions, the desired ion controls beam Sn beam is made up, and its emittance calibrated. It is guided, more or less easily to the yoke. beam transfer Each part of the guide must not only transmit optics matching the beam with its particular proprieties but bunching pumping also adapt this beam to the structure that cyclotron follows. The beam must be matched to the YOKE conditions of the following part: it is the entrance in mag. field inflector "matching" or adaptation of the emittances. internal orbit 2. Inside the cyclotron yoke, the transport can use only the space available for optics, one has to take into account the reliability of the elements, the level of the vacuum, the magnetic fields created by the cyclotron. Figure 1. Diagram of axial injection 3. The beam being at low energy, it takes little to perturb it : parasitic fields, out centring.... 4. At the centre of the cyclotron an inflector bends the beam direction by 90°. 5. For each R.F. harmonic of the machine, one determines the beam shape, beam position and angle at the entrance of the first orbit, inflector and accelerating dee tips. One cannot chose an inflector and preceding guides without the previous knowledge of the central orbit ! September. 2002 Rapport interne ISN-02-47 4 How to design the elements If accurate field maps are available then the solution to all problems is the integration of the differential equations of the movement ... but with already known limit conditions! The configuration of the different electrodes and magnetic poles does not come from the solution of a set of "magic" equations ; it is rather the result of a great number of interactions between different parts of the injection system. For each kind of element one must choose an appropriate method of calculation. In addition, one must generally take into account the technology of fabrication, the space available, the time devoted for that and the price. This latter consideration has often been important! September. 2002 Rapport interne ISN-02-47 5 The low energy beam transport line The structure of the transfer from the source(s) to the cyclotron depends on the available space, the aim of injection, the desired quality and efficiency necessary for the extracted beam. The ions are extracted from the source, analysed, the desired beam is made up, and emittances calibrated – figure 1. The transfer line may be from 1 or 2 meters long, until about 40 m if ion source is out of cyclotron cave. Several meter long line has to be used to match carefully the beam to the internal orbit, with corrections for chromatism, isochronism, stigmatism [29] [28] [3]. Very long line is now studied or is under construction with cascade of machines for radioactive ion beams [23] [16]; then a part of the line is only devoted to the simplest possible transport. For each part, an appropriate method of calculation is chosen, taking into account the technology of fabrication, the space available, the time devoted for the studies, the construction, and price... This latter consideration has often been important. Inside the cyclotron yoke one pays special attention to the quality of the vacuum, the magnetic stray fields, the reliability of the elements, the "matching" of the emittances [27] [14]. The best way is to try to match the optics inside the 6 coordinates of phase space. For example at Ganil, for CIME, close to 7 meters are necessary and the decoupling between the 6 coordinates is obtained by specific sections included each one in each others. The optics are built with magnets, electrostatic deflectors, and lenses like described in the table I and II . Lenses used along the beam handling Quadrupole electrostatic magnetic ( V0 on R0) (nI (A.t). / pole R0) main advantages : low cost good vacuum efficient at high energy a part is defocusing, a part is defocusing Drawback : astigmatic astigmatic bulky, long bulky, long outgazing power consumption wires and feedthrough large cost aberrations aberrations focusing power (V0 /Vis) L/Ro2) (nI /B) L/Ro2) uses : . Vancouver (40 m), . Ganil for line, . MSU (k500) . Louvain astigmatic matching, . Texas (polarized I.S.) . Dubna with magnets... TABLE I. Quadrupole lenses used along the low energy beam transport line. September. 2002 Rapport interne ISN-02-47 6 Cylindrical Einzel lens solenoid lens Lens : ("Glaser" type) low price focusing quality compact, no degassing main advantages : short not disturbed by external field q/m dependent aberrations heavy, large, expensive (beam must be well centred) power consumption Drawback : sparking axis rotation : rad {2B}-1B(z) dz focusing power complicated formula ! (nI /B)2 L-1} (nI (A.t)., for gap 3R0) beam/lens : << 0.5 < 1 (vacuum chamber) uses : for beam line : abandoned used for beam line to : (- for line, used at the exit of sources. Berkeley, Catania (12), China, - stigmatic matching) ( Ganil,...) JAERI, Julich, Jyvskyl, MSU,.South-Africa.... inside yoke : in all cyclotrons TABLE II. Lenses with cylindrical symmetry used along the low energy beam transport line. An example of long line : studies of a several 100 m long line at Grenoble. In our institute we have studied a 120 m long line and experimented a such 18m FODO type line (focusing quadrupole, space, defocusing quadrupole, same space) [23] [14] The only equipment that was actually inside the beam tube (=80 mm) was beam position monitors, placed every 18 m. with ionic vacuum pumps. The periodic focusing structure was provided by ironless magnetic quadrupoles. Each quadrupole was 700 mm long and the distance between them was 800 mm, the pattern was 3 m long. These quadrupoles were in fact simply formed from copper bars connected in series, and through which a current of as much as 1500 A.(0.25 T/m) passes. The geometry provides a constant gradient, (better than 2 10-3) upon 66% of the radius, 65 mm diameter. The quadrupoles were mounted in groups of four, on 5.6 m long granite girders placed on adjustable jacks (like magnets of LEP, CERN). The alignment of the total assembly were achieved by means of these jacks, using a simple system of a stretched wire and a surveyor's level. This method (used on LEP) is simple and rapid : it could be repeated as often as necessary to compensate for ground subsidence. We have experimentally observed the importance of the rigidity of the granite which does not flow. A smooth oscillation of the axis, greater than the betatronic wave length, here 20 m, is without any importance. Upstream a matching section 6 meter long was applied before the channel. Price of a such line is 4500 euros by meter, girders, diagnostics, pumps... all include... but without the building! September. 2002 Rapport interne ISN-02-47 7 Alignment of the optics It is well known that a beam must be centred in the lenses for reducing the aberration effects. However small positioning errors exist in the alignment of optical elements (figure 2), the diagnostics could also be off centred. External fields, like the earth magnetic field, or stray field from the main magnet of the cyclotron, particularly in the case of a superconducting one, can disturb the ideal trajectory. This way the real central trajectory snakes around a virtual axis which can in fact oscillate too, but with a period longer than the betatronic oscillation of the guide ! With correctors and monitors the machine operators must spent time to minimize the effects of these perturbations. Stronger is the focusing effect of one lens (converging or diverging) stronger is the off centre displacement ; so the betatronic oscillation by pattern must be rather small and the number of lens as small as possible. For example, misalignments of regular FODO structure give less perturbations than with doublet or triplet periodical structures of quadupoles, for the same admittance (but FODO requires a longer emittance matching section). Example. About our 120m line, we have calculated the effect of misalignments. Our quadrupoles lenses, without iron, did not shield the earth magnetic field (external perturbation). The monitor was an oscillating wire. Note that an harp can change temporarily the potential well of the charges and so the effects of space charge and the beam envelope. The figure 3 shows 5 different positions of the central trajectory of the beam, obtained with 5 different sets of positioning errors of quadrupoles, stochastically disposed along the optics (for Rb1+ at 25 keV ; B = 0.21 T.m ; focus = m ; betatron oscillation of 50°/ pattern FODO) ) RMS value of quadrupole misalignments = 0.3 mm and 0.1 mrad first plane: without taking earth magnetic field into account and others, taking earth magnetic field into account (0.7 10-4 T.) The sensibility to errors was minimal for a betatronic oscillation of 45° per pattern with control of the beam each 18 m. We note that the maximum acceptance of the actual guide is not for the theoretical value of 76°/pattern without misalignment. A strong focalisation increases the beam angles due to the positioning errors, and a too small one does not keep the beam along the theoretical axis ! Figure 2. Central trajectory of the beam along stochastically disposed optics with one control of the beam position. September. 2002 Rapport interne ISN-02-47 8 Figure 3. 5 different positions of the central trajectory of the beam, obtained with 5 different sets of positioning errors of 72 quadrupoles, stochastically disposed along the optics, without and with control of the beam each 18 m (12 quadrupoles). Space charge effects For an high beam intensity, or even for medium intensity of high charged heavy ions, one has to consider the space charge effects. The very useful differential equations proposed by Lapopstole and Sacherer [33] describe the beam envelopes and are included in the code "Transport" of CERN , PSI at Villigen, and others... This code is easy to use, but some times it does not well describe the reality because of a neutralization of charges by capture of electrons or ions. To keep the validity of calculus, some laboratories eliminate theses effects with electrodes sweeping up the secondary charged particles. The adjustment of the optics must be made on pulsed beam at full intensity. The emittance, due to damage by the space charge, increase with the square of the run distance [14]. September. 2002 Rapport interne ISN-02-47 9 For having an insight into these phenomena, let suppose a revolution symmetry envelop beam, with intensity I0, a radius E, emittance , accelerated by the high voltage V to the velocity v= c : the differential equation is : (with : Z0 = (40c)-1 = 30 Ohm) E'' + k(s) E – (2 /E3) – I0 (Z0/) (1/(V E)) = 0 Thus approximately, a beam line with an average focusing k (average focalisation of k. m per meter) keeps its diameter when the current increases from zero to I, if we also increase k to k + k. One founds the relative increase of k : (the smaller is this variation than k and V 3/2 is the larger) k I Z0 1 k V k For example: let a small current of Ar6+ accelerated by V= 10 kVolts, = 80 mm.mrad, focused by lens with average focus per meter f = 1.7 m (betatronic phase progression per meter: 45°), for keeping the same beam diameter with 10 A one founds that the focus must decrease from 1.7 m to 1.35 m. The difference of potential between beam axis and the vacuum chamber wall of radius R0, for a beam of uniform density, is : Va = I0 (Z0/) {1+ Log (R0/E)} In the preceding example, the potential well of Ar 6+ is Va = 0.45 Volts for (R0/E) = 5. That well potential is sufficient for gathering the secondary electrons. To decrease the space charge effects, a solution is to increase the focusing per meter (even by reducing the beam diameter like into RFQ). A better solution is to increase the ion source high voltage V: the emittance decreases like V-1/2 , the limited current and the variation of k (versus the intensity) like V3/2. We note that with a high voltage V the beam is less perturbed by external magnetic fields and the focusing of the beam during the fist turns inside the machine is less depending on the RF phase (see later). Inconvenient : design, cost, sparks, difficult use of cylindrical lenses, power consumption, high voltage of R.F. dee for clearing the centre... As a result of that, Ganil rebuilt axial injection with V = 100 kV (1992), Agor injects with V = 40 kV and Triumf with V = 288 kV. At Julich, V< 8.5 kV is very small value for the present use of the machine. At several hundred kilovolts, like for PSI [38] axial injection of the 72 MeV injector, problems and designs are different that those exposed here, nevertheless it is an expensive but very good solution! Vacuum effects The residual gas along the trajectory has 2 main effects on the beam: lost of ions (the most important) and emittance increase. For a ion of charge q, in a gas "target" with a first potential of ionisation J, the cross section of the charge exchange from q to q-1 is given with a good approximation by A. Schlachter [37] : q,q-1 = 1.43 10-12 q1.17 J-2.76 cm2 The transmission T through a tube L meter long, with a known residual gas (influence of J-2.76) at the pressure P is: (one can neglected the other transformations that q, q-1) September. 2002 Rapport interne ISN-02-47 10 L P) T = e-(C with C = 2.65 1022 (m2.m.mbar)-1 For example we have tested the transmission of Rb1+ on the 18 m FODO line, depending on the nature of residual gas and its pressure. As we measured is practically independent of the energy (measures from 3 to 30 keV). One has the following transmission through 18 m. The pressure P of the injected gas is measured in the middle of 18 m tube, one small ionic pomp at each end, and the tube having been outgassed several day at 200°C leading to negligible effect of the outgassing of our wall chamber. (P in mbar, 1 mbar = 100Pa): with nitrogen : T = e-19100.P ; with argon T = e-20060.P ; with xenon : T = e-38700.P ; with helium T = e-2390.P . These measures give the values about 2 times smaller than from Schlachter's equation. (not so bad for a such cross section !) In a project of ion transfer with q = 15+ along 60 m we should need a vacuum P = 2.5 10-8 mbar: it is important that the design of the beam line take that pressure into account. The H- are often used with axial injection, precisely for avoiding lost of accelerated H- inside the cyclotron, lost due to the important gas leak by an internal ion source.[17]. If H - is transported inside a 18 meters long channel with nitrogen residual gas, we should have T = e-78000.P The emittances increase linearly with the pressure and depends on the nature of the residual gas and a few on the structure of the optics. At the pressure where the charge exchange is small, this effect is negligible. For example Rb+1 inside a nitrogen pressure 2 10-5 mbar, the emittance increase is 9 mm.mrad (measured and calculated), but it is zero below the necessary 10-6 mbar for a good transmission. September. 2002 Rapport interne ISN-02-47 11 Central region Research of the cyclotron : acceptance and the position of the first orbit Dee GAP The beam must reach the plane of orbit symmetry of the machine in a precise position and the beam emittance must be Dee GAP adjusted to the structure of the cyclotron. For that, the emittance of the beam G accelerated by the cyclotron has to be Rm known in order to prepare it upstream. O S Central region designs for various accelerating systems have been described extensively in the literature. The ways for injection obtaining these orbits are in very large axis numbers, from the simple use of a compass for a rotation in constant magnetic field to INFLECTOR the most sophisticated codes of the integration of the movements due to fields, themselves either measured or calculated with (huge) codes.[7] . Figure 4. Artistic view of the projection of the central orbit at the injection inside a cyclotron. For the determination of that central region design the general process is approximately the following 1) One must find a stable central orbit and its eigen emittance for the central R.F. phase of the burst accelerated, a little far from the centre, orbit witch corresponds to a good extraction (calculus of "accelerated equilibrium orbit"). Then, one calculates (or estimates !) the backward trajectory and emittance through the dee tips to the entrance inside the first accelerating gap. It is the location where the beam, which arrive from 90° inflector with its previous energy, must be injected. One founds a central point for injection (S) and a correlated centre of curvature (). (fig 4). At that point one seeks how is the actual beam which can be realised and injected in fact, then one calculates forward this set of particles and one checks if it is well accelerated [29]. Note that generally the position of the centre of rotation depends on the R.F. phase : for that reason the phase range cannot be large! 3) One defines a real inflector satisfying the preceding conditions. The beam must be injected centred on the hole yoke axis : (see figure 4, axis at the point O, with its centre of curvature and radius of curvature Rm, the inflector exit at the point S) 4) The upstream optics, throughout the yoke and the inflector, should provide the relevant beam like it has been previously calculated. This emittance depends on the R.F. phase too: a perfect matching to a large phase range is impossible. 5) It is necessary to do a lot of iterations for adapting the designs, specially the design of dee tips and eventually that of the inflector. September. 2002 Rapport interne ISN-02-47 12 6) For each RF harmonics, the technical structures are to be found, mainly the shapes of dee tips and of inflectors. These devices must not interfere! The beam path is normally operated in constant orbit mode for a given harmonic mode, i.e. the ions follow the same trajectories: the charge q , mass m , the source to V volts, the magnetic field level B following the low : (mV)/(qB2) = cte V and VRF must be proportional too. Insight into orbit centring At each iteration of calculations one proposes to change something and it is interesting to save time and to foresee qualitatively the effects of the proposed change. It is a very large time consuming task to calculate all the fields with accuracies and to compute the movements due to the forces. Effects of the accelerating gaps : centring If an accelerating interval of width d has an electric field E (it is the "hard edge" approximation on an interval d, with a constant magnetic field) like: E = E0 sin with E0 constant and = (t+0) 0 is the initial phase at the entrance inside d, at the time t = 0. The equation of motion can be integrated analytically to yield a simple relationship between the initial values of magnetic radius Rm = R0 , in, 0, t=0 and the final ones Rs , out, s, ts. (see figure 5). One finds that the centre of curvature is displaced perpendicularly to E0 by Yc = (R0/2dh){sin( +0) - sin0} = h ion ts with = h ion ts and h = R.F. harmonic versus ions, generally not integer here (bump or well of magnetic field in the centre, the magnetic field is not exactly isochronous, and one takes this into account by the relation :R.F. = h.ion = h.qB/m). Yc depends largely on the R.F. phase 0 at the entrance. in is the angle at the gap entrance between the vector of velocity and the normal to the 2 parallel equipotentials and out the angle at the gap exit. For simple, for fast (and fairly precise) calculations, each successive first GAP GAP gap has to be decomposed into 11 to 21 successive hard edge equipotential surfaces E Rm (supposed parallel 2 by 2 ) and for each of Rme S the 10 or 20 small different gaps the above Rm s e hard-edge calculus are applied. Now these equipotentials are obtained by numerical yc code. Each gap (decomposed in 10 to 20 s GAP small gaps) can be moved independently in one piece, very quickly by a small code Figure 5. Effect of one or several accelerating (without looking for the equipotentials, the intervals with an electric R.F. field E. gap keeping the same form). In this way the shape of the dee tips are found easily. (See Grenoble, Nice, Agor, Crakow ...)[18] [35] [36]. This way, several tens of layout can be tested in a morning ! September. 2002 Rapport interne ISN-02-47 13 The example of orbit centres of the Grenoble cyclotron is shown figure 6 for h = 2. Orbits are depending on initial phase. The 21 equipotentials have been measured in a rehographic tank and they were fitted with parabola, easy to use! Note that, now, the tracking codes of the ion trajectories inside the calculated field maps are may be accurate and fast enough ! Effects of the accelerating gaps : focusing The electrical vertical focusing due to the crossing of the accelerating gaps has to be calculated (at least for example, vertical components of electric fields can be obtained by development in series of Maxwell laws, close to the median plan). Unfortunately in the centre the magnetic field is not vertically focusing. The convergence (or divergence !) properties vary with the RF phase. Like we have seen, particles are not necessarily isochronous : one can choose the injection phases which correspond to a converging effect by the first gaps (with a graduated phase shift of the accelerated bunch to the central accelerated phase of the orbit at a larger radius). The presence of posts (or rods) crossing the median plane changes the focusing. Roughly, without vertical post the vertical focusing is twice more efficient, compensating the lack of magnetic focusing. Indeed without post the electric field extends deeply inside the dee and the dummy dee, like that, during the gap crossing, the phase shift is more important than with posts and the horizontal focusing is zero (it is without steering effect. Beam centring is easier with several posts, but the different orbits of the several RF harmonics in a such close space, leads to limit the number of posts. The variations of these centrings and the vertical focusing, depending on RF phases, decrease with the energy injection. The global apparent emittances (horizontal and vertical) of the internal beam, which mixes the emittance resulting from a phase mixture, will be larger and larger when the phase width of the bunch increases (but in fact the history of extracted trajectories and there oscillations depends on the RF phases too). Figure 6. An example of orbit centres depending on initial R.F. phase inside the Grenoble Cyclotron September. 2002 Rapport interne ISN-02-47 14 Inflectors Now, if we know where to inject the beam, we must choose one of the three types of inflectors (and theirs parameters) for bending the beam into the median plane. We have to satisfy the position of the inflector exit (point S), the centre of rotation at this exit () and the magnetic radius Rm; later we will have to match the emittances of the beam arriving through this inflector. The electrostatic mirror The device consists essentially of a pair of planar electrodes which are positioned at an angle of about 45 degrees to the incoming ion beam [21] [15] . The upper electrode is formed by a grid of fine wires. The ions enter the electric field of the mirror obliquely and lose some of their kinetic energy; they are then reaccelerated in the desired direction by the same electric field. The electrostatic mirror is attractive from the standpoint of simplicity and its reduced volume; it is not limited to work at constant orbit unlike the 2 others types of inflector. Its main disadvantages are that the applied potentials must be of the same order of magnitude as the ion source potential (sparks), its indispensable grid is destroyed by the high currents of heavy ions, and at its exit there is a restricted choice for the position of the centre . Its use is mainly reserved for cyclotron with only one active dee like at Berkeley (roughly, in that case is on the gap, the locus of oscillations of the rotation centres). The focusing and the coupling of vertical and horizontal motions are both weak. The effective emittance at its exit is slightly increased as compared to the source emittance and a part of the current is absorbed by the grids that one has to change from time to time. The spiral inflector The spiral inflector (also named "Belmont-Pabot inflector") (figure 7) would be a cylin- drical deflector in absence of a magnetic field (and the central trajectory would be inside a vertical plane) but in presence of the axial magnetic field Bz, this plane rotates as the particles gain radial velocity [31]. The central trajectory belongs to an hyperboloid. The shape and length of this inflector are determined by the parameter K0 = A/2Rm, were A is the electric radius and Rm the magnetic radius in a field Bz. The height of the inflector is A. The figure 7 shows, as a function of the parameter K0, a set of normalized (to Rm) trajectories projections in the median plane and the loci of corresponding orbit centres at the exit (loci of the point ). The electric field is directed along the X-axis at the entrance. Its magnitude remains constant throughout the whole inflector. The central trajectory is at constant energy and the deflection effect of electric field is maximum : this inflector is compact, without grid, and has a sophisticated shape. To obtain a more flexible design, a radial electric field component, proportional to the magnetic force along the trajectory, may be introduced. Such an electric field is obtained by gradually tilting the electrode surfaces and decreasing the gap. It is "a spiral inflector with slanted electrodes". In this way, an adjustable shift of the orbit centre at the exit is obtained, for a given K0 value. The loci of are large, it is not a line but a surface. Its characteristic parameter is : k0 = tg s , where s is the slant of electrodes with respect to the horizontal plane at the exit of the inflector. Its versatility has to be paid by its beam acceptance often smaller than without slant and by an increased complication of the machining procedure because of the continuously varying gap requirement. September. 2002 Rapport interne ISN-02-47 14 . Generally the equations of motion are given in function of K , with : K = K0 + (k0/2). (See appendix 1) The differential equations of this spiral inflectors are very coupled and must be numerically integrated [6] [31] [1] (see appendix 1). The obtained transfer matrix is very coupled and leads to difficult matching. The apparent emittances, in X, X' and Y, Y' planes, increase. It is the price of its compactness... The acceptance depends on parameters, it is quite large ; at Grenoble it was more than 400 mm mrad, with a 8 mm gap width) [2] To built the spiral inflector To draw the mechanical piece (made of copper-beryllium) is sophisticated. It is no evident to find a volume to put in the 2 insulators ; depending on cyclotrons, solutions are various ! Calculus and drawing made (one has to determine the lathe part, and milling machine part, and the position of reference axis) the machining is relatively simple ! One can cut the electrodes like spirals by successive holes with a milling machine. At Grenoble, 20 years ago, without automatic machine like we can have now, in less than half a day, we Figure 7. The spiral inflector. Projections of the carved out the ramp, by drilling of 120 trajectories and , depending on K0, on the median holes with the translatory and rotation plane. The central trajectory belongs to an motions calculated for each hole ! hyperboloid. The inflector must be carefully isolated from high R.F electric field. The 1 mm thick shielding of the Grenoble inflector is close to 1.5 mm from the inflector where the electric field is perpendicular to the magnetic field. It has been easily built by electrolytic deposing of copper on aluminium (sophisticated and precise) shape like the inflector, after that copper deposing the aluminium was chemically dissolved. The hyperboloid inflector The electrodes are formed by two pieces of concentric hyperboloids and their rotation axis is parallel to the magnetic field (figure 8). From the beginning to the end of the trajectory the beam rotation is 20.2°. The central trajectory is along an equipotential, but the contribution of electric field is not always to bent by 90° the beam. This inflector is not compact. The distance between the rotation centre and the injection axis "O" is 1.74 Rm and this axis is necessarily different from the axis of symmetry of the cyclotron : one have to drill the hole inside the yoke at that position which is in fair condition only without any magnetic saturation [36]. There are no free parameters for the adjustment of the position of the point . Rapport interne ISN-02-47 15 The differential equations of these inflectors are analytically solved [22] [15], the analytic transfer matrix for the transfer of the 6 dimensions of a beam is decoupled for a particular choice of the axis of reference : that hyperbolic inflector allows to construct easily an optics of good quality. It is used inside Julic and Ganil cyclotrons. Edge effects at the inflector entrance and exit On these two last types of inflector few millimetres of the electrodes are cut out (shortened) to eliminate the expansion of electric fringing field at its ends [41]. At Grenoble we have cut 4.5° of inflection O (4.5°/ 90°) at each sides of inflector. Figure 8. The hyperboloid inflector. Projection of the trajectory. on median plane. For a given magnetic radius Rm, the triangle O S is given. Focusing of the cylindrically symmetric magnetic lenses Whatever the inflector, a coupling is given by the magnetic field inside the yoke, along the beam injection but like for the magnetic Glaser lenses decoupling is obtained, here, by a rotation of axis, When the beam arrives from part without field and enters inside the field it crosses radial components Br of magnetic lines (figure 9), giving to the ion velocity a component of rotation proportional to Br and Br is proportional to the distance r from the axis of symmetry : r 3 3Bz Br r (Bz ) ( ) .... 2 z 16 z3 September. 2002 Rapport interne ISN-02-47 16 B lines Y ions Vq o ion r Z X symmetry axis B Figure 9. When the beam arrives from part without field and enters inside the field it crosses radial components Br of magnetic lines, giving to the ion velocity a component of rotation. The effect of axial field on this component leads to a rotation of the beam and a focusing (the diameter is r in the hard edge approximation). At the field exit the rotation stops (see Glaser lenses). We understand : 1) We must inject the beam axis centred on the symmetry axis of the magnetic field. 2) The beam always arrives inside the inflector with that velocity of rotation (which continues inside the inflector, but effects included inside equations . 3) The lengths of the paths and the velocities along the axis and for a particle at the radius "r" from the beam axis are different : the lens is not isochronous (see farther the effect on the "bunching" in case of a long path like inside superconducting cyclotron yokes). In hard edge approximation, for a path l long with h the R.F harmonic, one has: 2 2 l l r or 7.2 r lh 8 2 3 Rm Rm 4) At the reverse, the ions of ECR sources are created inside a magnetic field (and in that case, they are not inside a rotating plane) and at the exit of that field they receive a radial component of the velocity. This phenomena is the origin of the (apparent) large emittance of that type of source [19] and leads to an other kind of coupling that one attempts to reduce for example with the help of the axial magnetic field of the yoke. The bunching The source produces a continuous beam.[42] [12] In the last part of the transfer line, the "bunching" is set : by modulating the beam velocity during the RF period, more particles can be squeezed inside the phase range of the RF in which the ions are correctly accelerated (figure 10). We have seen above, several times, the advantages of a narrow R.F. phase width for increasing the quality of the extracted beam.. The idea is to decelerate particles in advance relatively to a central particle and to accel- erate particles late relatively to that central particle. Farther from the inflector this effect is September. 2002 Rapport interne ISN-02-47 17 applied, smaller is the acceleration-deceleration to apply. To group all the ions inside a narrow width of RF phase should impose to apply a linear velocity variation to ions. To apply a such sawtouth variation of the velocity is more difficult to realize than to use a simple sine variation which is "linear" during only a small part of the period ! ideal bunching beam RF bunch optics cyclotron Figure 10. Artistic view of the bunching ! (density of particles in Y-axis) Several axial injection systems employ a sine wave R.F. "buncher" and so the intensity of the extracted beam increases by a factor 3 to 5. The buncher is a simple tube, close to /2 long , (= v/c and =RF) on which several hundred volts R.F. are applied (with an adjustable phase) (figure 11). To go closer the sawtooth one uses Figure 11. Equipotentials due to the R.F. R.F. harmonics ! (intensity gain 8 to 15). applied. Theirs integrated effects depend on Several tubes apply the different harmonics. the ion positions inside the "inflating". A distance between tubes is equivalent to have more harmonics [14]. An interesting solution is the use of a single gap with two grids between which VRF an electric field, close of the sawtooth, is applied (figure 12). At the entrance inside beam the central device of the buncher, the width grids of the first gap is adjusted to and has no effect [12] An other proposed solution is to ground apply parabola voltage on a tube : that pro- duces a sawtooth energy variation, but . Figure 12. Single gap buncher for the sawtooth electronics are not easy to built! [11] signals At the bunching corresponds an energy spread and for a very good quality of the accelerated beam one needs chromatic optics and even partially isochronous ones. That is provided by the external line like previously indicated. In this case, the bunching must be applied September. 2002 Rapport interne ISN-02-47 18 far from the centre (like Cime of Ganil), this way one has the space for applying the different functions to the optics (and its problems of construction, setting and centring!). It is the opposed solution with a significant space charge or for the supraconducting cyclotrons: the bunching must be applied as close as possible to the inflector, with a high variation of velocity. Perturbations of the bunching We saw the necessary linearity of the velocity variation that is disturbed by the energy spread of the ion source, the instability of the power supply of acceleration, the space charge, the "inflating" of the equipotentials crossed not at the same position along the buncher tube, depending on the radius of the ion (see fig.11). One minimises this last effect by using a small diameter for the tube, requiring a beam waist, often slightly gridded (at Grenoble with only one thin ribbon on the diameter of the extremity of each tube). The longitudinal space charge effects are cured by positioning the buncher close to the inflector, the repulsing between ions compensating itself the energy spread at the inflector level with a proper combination of buncher voltage and the DC beam current"[40]. As indicated earlier (see fig.9), due to the different path lengths inside the magnetic field, the supra conducting cyclotrons or saturated iron cyclotrons encounter difficulties to bunch : again it is better to bunch as close as possible to the inflector if, this way, the path after the buncher along the magnetic field is reduced. But then the drawback of chromatic effect of the inflector appears. Here like along the optics, it is always particles "far" from the centre of the emittance that are lost ! For example the gain of Catania cyclotron bunching is about 4 ; this way the efficiency of injection reaches 36%. Codes A lot of very confident codes are written, and available (unhappily not always very well exportable!). Note : LIONS (orbits), GALOPR and SOSO (space charge, bunching, trajectory), CHA3D (map) at Ganil/Caen [7]; and RELAX3D (maps), CASINO (inflector), SPUNCH (bunching) at Triumf/Vancouver, TRANSPORT (beam), POISCR (map) at CERN etc.. Conclusion. The choice of devices results from compromises taking into account : the feasible implementations on the actual machine, the accuracy of the known field maps in one's possession, the time assigned to the task. These choices will depend upon the different means of the laboratory : financial, calculation, conception and realisations. To built an axial injection is always a challenge! Now one can have the help of the lot of studies which have been done on the subject all over the world. Roughly, if the number of dee is the same, centres are not very different or are homothetic : that can help to start a project. The adaptation of the beam to the cyclotron centres is a difficult part. Nevertheless, whatever the relentlessness to find solutions, generally one cannot solve all the problems for all R.F. harmonics : the cyclotron users have to choose the main range of energy and to limit the diversity of particles to be accelerated. For example at Grenoble we abandoned the use of 1st RF harmonic, interfering with the neutron production. September. 2002 Rapport interne ISN-02-47 19 Depending upon the designs, the ion transfer efficiencies, from the head of the beam transfer to the internal orbit, vary from a few per cent up to 70%. Common values are rather 10% to 20%. Acknowledgements The author would like to acknowledge the help of people who supplied information for this paper. References [1] Baartman R., The spiral inflector int. rep. Triumf D.N. 90-32 [2] Balden et al, Aspect of phase space 12th Int. Cyc. Conf. p.435 [3] Bashevoy V.V. et al. Simulation of the transmission 16th Int. Cyc. Conf. p.387 [4] Bellomo G.The central region for compact cyclotrons 12th Int. Cyc. Conf. p.325 Bellomo G. Axial injection project for the Milan sup. cyclo. 11th Int. Cyc. Conf. p.503 [6] Belmont J.L. & Pabot J.L.. IEEE Trans. NS-13 p.191 (1966) Belmont J.L. et al., Axial injection and central region of AVF cyclotrons ISN Internal report ISN-86-106 (From: Lecture notes of 1986 RCNP KIKUCHI summer school, RCNP Osaka University) and : ISN (now : "LPSC") Internal report ISN-86-106 (1986) Ion transport from the sorce to the first cyclotron orbit NUKLEONIKA 2003;48(Supplement 2):S13-S20 [7] Bertrand P. SPIRAL facility at Ganil : ion beam simulation...15th Int. Cyc. Conf. p.458 Bertrand P Inflecteur de Pabot-Belmont GANIL Int. Rep. PB 38-87 [8] Bertrand P. et al, Specific correlations under space charge 16th Int. Cyc. Conf. p.379 [9] Bourgarel M.P. et al. Modification of the Ganil injection 12th Int. Cyc. Conf. p.111 [10] Bourgarel MP. et al. Ganil axial injection design 12th Int. Cyc. Conf. p.161 [11] Brautigam W. H- operation of the cyclotron 15th Int. Cyc. Conf. P 654 [12] Chabert A. et al, The linear buncher of SPIRAL . N.I. and M. A 423 p.7 [13] Clark D.J. et al. Berkeley 88-inch cyclotron 5th Int. Cyc. Conf. p.610 and 11th Int. Cyc. Conf p.499 [14] De Conto J.M., R.I.B. at Grenoble : beam transport and acceleration 4th EPAC [15] Hazewindus N. W. axial injection system N.I. and M. 96 p.227 Hazewindus N. The axial injection system of the SIN injector cyclotron N.I. and M. 129 p.325-340 [16] Heikkinen P. et al. Ion optics in the Jyvaskyla K130 cyclotron 13th Int. Cyc. Conf. p.392 [17] Heikkinen P., et al, Feasibility studies of H- acceleration 15th Int. Cyc. Conf. p.650 [18] Khallouf A. "Trajectoires centrales" Thesis I.S.N - Grenoble (1986) [19] Krauss-Vogt W. Emittance and matching or ECR sources N.I. and M. A 268 [20] Linch F.Y. et al, Beam buncher for heavy ions N.I. and M. 159 p.245 [21] Marti F. et al. Axial injection in the K500 super. cyclo. 11th Int. Cyc. Conf. p.484 September. 2002 Rapport interne ISN-02-47 20 [22] Mûller R.W. Novel inflector for cyclic accelerators N.I.M.; 54; p.29 [23] Nibart V., Transport d'ions exotiques Thesis Grenoble I.S.N. Inter. report. ISN-96-01 [25] Pabot J.L. Contribution à l'étude de l'I.A. Thesis 1968 CEA report R-3729 [26] Pandit V.S. et al. Modification of a double drift beam bunching 16th Int. Cyc. Conf. [27] Ricaud Ch. et al. Status of the new high intensity injection system 2nd EPAC p.1252 [28] Ricaud Ch., Commissioning of the new high intensity A.I. 13th Int. Cyc. Conf. p.446 [29] Ricaud Ch., et al. Preliminary design of a new H. I. injection and 6-dimentional beam matching for axial injection 12th Int. Cyc. Conf. p. 372 and p. 432 [30] Rifuggiato D. et al Axial injection in the LNS super. cyclo. 15th Int. Cyc. Conf. p.646 [31] Root L., Design of an inflector for Triumf cyclotron Thesis [32] Ryckewaert G. Axial injection systems for cyclotrons 9th Int. Cyc. Conf. p.241 [33] Sacherer F.J., IEEE Trans. NS-18 p.1105 (1971) [35] Schapira J.P. Agor central region design 12th Int. Cyc. Conf. p.335 [36] Schapira J.P. & Mandrion P., Axial injection in the Orsay super. cyclo. 10th Int. Cyc. Conf. p.332 [37] Schlachter A. Charge change collisions 10th Int. Cyc. Conf. p. [38] Schryber U. et al. Status report on the new injector at SIN 10th Int. Cyc. Conf. p.43 [39] Skorka S.J IEEE Trans. NS 28 - p.129 [40] Stammbach Th. et al.; The PSI 2mA beam and future applications 16th Int. Cyc. Conf. [41] Toprek D. Beam orbit simulation in the central region N.I. and M. A 425 p.409 (1999) [42] Weiss M., Bunching of proton 13 IEEE NS 20 p.877 & IEEE NS 20 13 p.800 (1972) September. 2002 Rapport interne ISN-02-47 21 Appendix 1 Equations concerning the "spiral" or "Belmont-Pabot" inflectors The z axis is the axis of axial injection parallel to the (constant) magnetic field , x-y plane is in the median plane. A is the electric radius of curvature, the height of the inflector ; (at the exit, in the median plane of cyclotron, z = -A), Rm is the magnetic radius of the first cyclotron orbit. The ion path length s along the axis is given by s = Aθ K = A/2Rm - but with slanted electrodes with an angle ψ (tg ψ = tg ψs * sinθ) with ψs at the exit of the inflector , one have to take : K = A/2Rm + (tg ψs)/2 Central trajectories are given by : cos(2K 1) cos(2K 1) x A 22 2 4K 1 (2K 1) (2K 1) y A sin(2K 1) sin(2K 1) 2 (2K 1) (2K 1) z Asin - 1 The differential equations of the trajectories near to the central one were established by J.L.Pabot and completed by L.Root . α, β, γ are the Freynet's coordinates along the central trajectory given above, with A the unit on length.α has the electric field direction at the entrance of the inflector. " ' " means d/d(s/A) = d/dθ. α', β', γ' for the initial conditions are coupled by the entrance inside the magnetic field 1 2 k0 k' sin2 α" = + α 1 + 2 + 2k' k0 cos2θ 1 k0 sin 2 1 2 k0 k' sin2 + β k0 sinθ + β' (2k'+k0)cosθ 1 k0 sin2 2 - 2γ' 1 2 k0 k' sin2 β" = + α k0 sinθ + (2k'+k0) sinθ 1 k0 sin2 2 - α' (2k'+k0) cosθ 1 2 k0 k' sin2 + β 2k0k' + k0 sin2 2 1 k0 sin2 2 - γ' (2k'+k0) sinθ γ" = + 2α k0k' sinθ cosθ + 2α' + β (2k'+k0) cosθ + β' (2k'+k0) sinθ 2 - γ k 0 sin2θ September. 2002 Rapport interne ISN-02-47 22 September. 2002
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Stroh and Associates opens in Dickinson
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What exactly gets lost when I unlock bootloader? I don't care about x reality and things like that but I thought I had read somewhere that nfc gets lost also but can't find where I read that. Can anyone confirm what exactly is lost? Thanks.
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Superstar Bio part 26
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Superstar Bio
Palatka, Florida
|Michelle McCool wasn't fortunate enough to win the 2004 RAW Diva Search, but the lovely blonde has returned, this time to SmackDown!, where she is quickly making herself at home.
In her debut SmackDown! appearance in November of 2004, Michelle showed Rob Van Dam and Rey Mysterio some stretching techniques. Michelle has a background in gymnastics and kickboxing, and along with Joy Giovanni and Lauren Jones established herself as a promising new WWE diva.
Recently, McCool has also seen action in the ring against Dawn Marie and Melina and has been sent to the WWE's "Deep South" training center in Atlanta, GA.
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My 200th on JetPhotos.net [1440px]
HA-MOI was flying for 22 years in MALÉV fleet before she had been built in a restaurant in Abda, Hungary. Now this beautiful aircraft begins her new life as the 36 meters long fuselage is being tr... (more)
Water canon salute for the first Emirates flight at Budapest Airport. [1440px]
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Pronunciation: marrello
Added on: 2011-05-04 Listened: 2 timesin: agricoltura
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Blueberry planting question
All here have been a great wealth of information ;-)
My first few plants have arrived, 3 were dormant ->these I planted immediately. My 4th plant has arrived and it is completely leafed out... the paper work says this was greenhouse grown. First paragraph says plant immediately, second paragraph says to harden off appropriately... which should I do also keep in mind next week will be cold with night time lows in the 20's How susceptible to frost are bbs? I am thinking this one will be living in my porch for a little while.
thank you, mary
Also the leaves are showing signs of being iron deficient along with some leaves having dried brown spots. It has lost several leaves that are lying in the pot, these are from shipping or plant health??
Should I foliar treat with some form of iron??
Want to add the plant just arrived today..
Thank you for your advice.
Harden the plant off and protect it from frosts. As long as you keep the soil moist there is no hurry to plant it. The nursery advises quick planting as a lot of plants are lost due to drying out in the pots...keep it watered and you are golden.
Are the spots round? With lighter tan centers? If so probably a fungus like septoria. I usually ignore it but on young plants you probably should treat it with captan or whatever.
Iron deficient from the nursery does not say much about the nursery but sometimes what looks like iron chlorosis is actually caused by the plant getting chilled, perhaps in shipping? I have no idea where you live. But it would not hurt to give it a little iron or water it with vinegar water or even coffee.
Thank you for the info, I took a few pictures of it and downloaded them into photobucket. I will attach the link hopefully it will work.
Here is a link that might be useful: pictures of plant
It works. It looks to me like it needs fertilized. If you are going to wait a couple weeks before you plant and given the cold you mentioned that is not a bad idea I would go ahead and give it a little nitrogen. Key word being little.
Mary614, It is not clear from your pictures that your plants have an iron deficiency. I have never experienced an Fe deficiency in my blueberries but the pictures I have seen show a much yellower color as the interveinal chlorosis. Below is a link to a good publication from Oregon State University on blueberry nutrition you may find helpful. The lesions you do seem to have on your leaves might be due to physical damage during shipping as a guess.
There is another OSU pub you may find useful:
The question you ask above about temperatures for your plants is significantly dependent on the cultivar(s) you have chosen.
If you are really into blueberries, I HIGHLY recommend getting a copy of "Blueberries for Growers, Gardeners, Promotors." It is really, really well done. Do not get it from Amazon unless you want to overpay. Get it from here:
Here is a link that might be useful: Blueberry Nutrition
Thank you for the advice, I will see about getting some fertilizer for it. I will check out the book as well. I compared the leaves to several sites that had photo illustrations. The leaves are much paler in real life than the photos show. Picture 7's center leaf is closest to the whole plant.
FE deficient plants have a clear identifier of dark veins and yellowing of everything else on the leaf. OR, it is the opposite and that identifier is MG deficiency. Either way your new plants looks healthy to me from those pictures. I would baby it until the cold weather has passed and then plant out.
While you are waiting it is a good time to get a soil test done on the area you are going to plant. Adjust for ph and soil nutrients as needed.
Thank you everyone for the advice. I have been slowly hardening off the plant. It was soaking wet when it arrived, so I just foliar fed it with some miracle grow for acid loving plants on saturday morning. I have noticed that the soil mix has lots of wood chunks sticking out of it no bark to be seen.
It is still alive and a few of the smallest leaves are greening up. Should I treat it again with the miracle grow acid? The ground in the pot is still wet-it was outside when it rained yesterday.
I have a prepared bed of 50/50 pine bark and peat, I sent in a soil sample from the bed and one from our garden which is right next to the bb bed. I think I and every farmer in the state sent soil samples in at the same time ;-) The results should be back early next week from the confirmation email I had from the lab. At this point I have not added any fertilizer to the bed. I thought I would add according to their suggestions rather than guestimate.
Long post for the? should I fertilize the plant again since majority of leaves look the same?


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- Supports offline play
Scramble: The Free Word Search
Just like Scrabble and Words With Friends, use letters on bonus tiles such as double-letter score, and triple word score to maximize your points. Then give tournaments mode a try and get matched up against others opponents in a real-time rapid-fire 8-person bracket style tournament. Or sharpen your skills using practice mode. The more you play, the more experience points you earn to unlock fun new tables and win mega-power up prizes.
★ Tournaments mode: Lets you compete in a real-time fast-paced 8 person bracket-style tournament in one sitting – Earn experience points to unlock new table types and win mega-power up prizes
★ Daily Challenge: Come back daily to play new different boards with a fun twist
★ Challenge your Friends: Compete against your friends or make new ones with Smart Match based on your skill level
★ Practice Mode: Lets your practice on your own, anytime, anywhere and stay mentally active
★ Stats Tracker: Track your own progress over time such as your longest word, speed or highest scoring game to see how you rank compared to your friend
★ "Short but sweet, Scramble With Friends is a game designed exclusively for the socially-enabled word play fan. That said, Zynga …has delivered an addictive puzzler for those willing to engage with friends and randoms alike" -- PocketGamer UK
★ "One of the best time wasters you'll ever play" - Slide to Play
★ "Wonderful way to keep your brain sharp while having fun" – Player Review
Already a fan of the game? Like Scramble With Friends Free on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Zynga.Scramble
Follow Scramble With Friends Free on Twitter: https://twitter.com/ScrambleWF
Or follow us on Instagram: http://instagram.com/scramblewithfriends
● Use of this application is governed by the Zynga Terms of Service. These Terms are available through the License Agreement field below, and athttp://m.zynga.com/legal/terms-of-service.
● For specific information about how Zynga collects and uses personal or other data, please read our privacy policy at http://m.zynga.com/privacy/policy. Zynga's Privacy Policy is also available through the Privacy Policy field below.
● The game is free to play, however in-app purchases are available for additional content and premium currency. In-app purchases range from $0.99 to $99.99.
● This game does permit a user to connect to social networks, such as Facebook, and as such players may come into contact with other people when playing this game.
● Terms of Service for Social Networks you connect to in this game may also apply to you.
● You will be given the opportunity to participate in special offers, events, and programs from Zynga Inc. and its partners.
● Must be 13+ to play.
● Use of this application requires a Facebook or Games With Friends account.
Words On Tour
Solve hundreds of challenging word puzzles and travel through endless levels to reach some of the world's most famous cities.
★ CONNECT adjacent letters to form words by sliding your finger forwards, backwards…anyway you can
★ SOLVE puzzles by finding hidden phrases, collecting stamps and tiles, and more
★ DISCOVER special tiles that may either aid or hinder you on your journey
★ PLAY anytime and anywhere, online or offline on your mobile device or computer
★ CHALLENGE your friends on leaderboards
Join your fellow Explorers and like us on Facebook or follow us on Twitter or Instagram to stay up-to-date on game news, contests, polls and more.
● https://www.facebook.com/WordsOnTour
● https://twitter.com/WordsOnTour
● http://instagram.com/wordsontour
● Use of this application is governed by the Zynga Terms of Service. These Terms are available through the License Agreement field below, and at http://m.zynga.com/legal/terms-of-service.
● For specific information about how Zynga collects and uses personal or other data, please read our privacy policy at http://m.zynga.com/privacy/policy. Zynga's Privacy Policy is also available through the Privacy Policy field below.
● The game is free to play, however in-app purchases are available for additional content and premium currency. In-app purchases range from $0.99 to $99.99.
● This game does permit a user to connect to social networks, such as Facebook, and as such players may come into contact with other people when playing this game.
● Terms of Service for Social Networks you connect to in this game may also apply to you.
● You will be given the opportunity to participate in special offers, events, and programs from Zynga Inc. and its partners.
● Must be 13+ to play.
Word Search
★ Play more than 20 quests and categories puzzles like animals, cities, foods, sports and much more!
★ Daily Word Search puzzle: every day you will find a different puzzle with the most important ephemerides and events that happened on that date.
★ Timed Multiplayer Game 1 vs 1 with the puzzle size you want
★ Create YOUR Word Search game, select the words you want and send it to your friends through Whatsapp, Hangouts and others!
★ Word Search puzzles with different difficulty levels, from small 5 x 5 to 10 x 10 normal or large 20 x 20 perfect for tablets!
★ You will never lose your current game, the game is automatically saved so you can continue right where you left off.
★ Original help system for improved gameplay
★ Choose the number of words and types of help for greater challenges
★ You will never play the same puzzle! Endless possibilities!
★ Available for your mobile phone, 7 inch tablet or 10 inch HD devices and small or low resolution devices!
Word Game
Will appeal to Scrabble players to crossword solvers. Uses professional tournament word lists (CSW12 / TWL06), US and UK spellings.
** This free version is ad. supported
** Pro version has no ads., unlimited levels and more
** News, FAQ and Hi Scores at:
** funqai.com/and_wordgame.html
** Notice: Word Game 2 now available! https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.funqai.wordgame2
** Notice: If you have a Samsung Galaxy S4, please ensure that you are running at least Android version 4.4.2 to avoid slow down issues, or try Word Game 2.
There's nothing to do when no words exist.
Firstly you should try to avoid a situation where no words are available by looking ahead at what letters are coming next and planning accordingly. If that fails the 'X' buttons below the letter will swap out that letter for the next one.
These words aren't really words / A common word is not included.
There are a great many words in use in the English language and I cannot hope to please everyone as to their definition of what is a word or not. The 2 dictionaries offered to use are official word lists used in tournament Scrabble. I think if anyone knows whether a word should be in or out of a game like this then it's these guys.
If you are a WORD master and love a challenge, this is the game for you! Find as many WORDS as you can in this new word puzzle game! How many WORDS will you find before time runs out?
Drag to select letters and make words in all directions, even diagonally!
-Form words with TIME TILES to gain EXTRA TIME!
-Form words with BOMB TILES to clear the surrounding tiles!
-Form words quickly to get a Speed Chain!
Pressed For Words
Time is running out! Beat the clock and spell as many words as you can with this addictive anagram game, Pressed For Words.
Find as many words as you can in 2 ½ minutes.
- Simplified gameplay & clear user interface
- Over 4000 6-letter puzzles
- Hours of mind and spelling fun exercise!
Pressed For Words is a great game to practice spelling skills at your finger tips!!
Similar to "Word Whomp", Boggle, Scramble, and "Word Twist".
Word Search
All words to be searched are from Crosswords puzzles, there are names, abbreviations, contractions, concatenations, etc.
These are the game difficulties:
- EASY: search horizontally, vertically and diagonally
- MEDIUM: search horizontally, vertically, diagonally and backwards
- HARD: search horizontally, vertically, diagonally, backwards and just a clue about the word
Focusing on game play, this game has the following features:
- 14 achievements from google play games
- realtime multiplayer matches
- option to receive a hint about a word location
- option to solve the entire puzzle
- grid lines for better visualization
All puzzles were created automatically, so more will be added in the future!
Puzzles available on this languages:
- 900 english
- 900 spanish (Español)
- 900 brazilian portuguese (Português-BR)
- 600 german (Deutsch)
- 600 french (Français)
- 600 italian (Italiano)
- 600 russian (Русский)
- 600 danish (Dansk)
- 600 bulgarian (български)
- 600 czech (Čeština)
- 600 traditional chinese (普通話)
- 600 simplified chinese (台語)
- 600 chinese (Pinyin)
- 600 greek (Ελληνική)
- 600 estonian (Eesti)
- 600 croatian (Hrvatskom)
- 600 indonesian (Indonesia)
- 600 icelandic (Íslensku)
- 600 japanese (日本語)
- 600 korean (한국어)
- 600 lithuanian (Lietuvių)
- 600 latvian (Latviešu)
- 600 macedonian (Македонски)
- 600 hungarian (Magyar)
- 600 dutch (Nederlandse)
- 600 polish (Polski)
- 600 portuguese (Português-PT)
- 600 roumanian (Română)
- 600 slovakian (Slovenčina)
- 600 slovenian (Slovenski)
- 600 albanian (Shqiptare)
- 600 finnish (Suomi)
- 600 swedish (Svenska)
- 600 turkish (Türk)
- 600 hebrew (ברית)
- 600 hindi (हिन्दी)
- 200 norwegian (Norsk)
WordBuzz: Word Game
★ Frantic word frenzy or slow and steady - whatever word game takes your fancy
★ Quick games with leaderboards for you and your friends
★ Multiple levels introduce new challenges with lots more to come
★ Designed for low battery usage - ideal for that commute
★ A new take on word search games
★ A great new challenge for all the word game fans out there
★ Connect to Facebook see social leaderboards and friends scores
★ Sync and backup across multiple devices
★ Compete against friends in multiplayer mode
If you're a big fan of word games such WordSearch, Scrabble, Boggle, Word Soup or Word With Friends and want to play something with a little more spice then you should give this a try!
WordBuzz Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/WordBuzzGame
Scribble Games - Play Is Essential
Word Swipe : Word Search
Very Addictive word searching game with several packs based on different topics!!!
*** Game Facts ***
- One and only Word find game with scores, ranking and online competition.
- Each pack is based on a particular topic with nine levels.
- Normal, Medium, Hard & Expert difficulty modes.
- Challenge your skills in 4 difficulty modes in several packs.
- Compete with thousands of players around the world.
- Languages : English, Spanish, French, German, Italian & Portuguese.
*** Game Play ***
- Swipe over the characters in the board to form words shown above it.
- Find all the words in the list to complete the level.
- Faster you find words higher the score & ranking.
Word Swipe is one of the best android puzzle game and casual game supporting all popular mobile devices.
*** Other Features ***
- Awesome graphics with fluid animations.
- 5 Themes supported : Board, Fabric, Paper, Wood & Metal.
- Choose your board size to match your skill.
- All packs have individual player ranking system based on the highest Score achieved.
- Your rank naturally improves along with your skill as you play again and again, thats what makes WordSwipe so addictive.
Words of Wonder
Help Watson the Owl fight the grey curse and restore color to the storybook world! Use the power of words to unlock spectacular bonuses and spell your way to victory. New challenges await you at every turn – can you be the one to vanquish the curse forever?
****Game Features****
- More than 300 challenging word game levels with more coming soon!
- Play and compete with friends!
- Download and play in your choice of English, French, Italian, German or Spanish!
- Beautiful storybook-inspired level maps!
- Cool power ups and strategic score bonuses!
- Share progress with the Facebook version!
- Connect with Facebook to find friends who are already playing!
Before you download this experience, please consider that this app contains social media links to connect with others, in-app purchases that cost real money, push notifications to let you know when we have exciting updates like new content, as well as advertising for some third parties. In App Purchases from $0.99-$99.99
Terms of Use: https://rockyou.com/terms-of-service/
Word Wizards
Journey through a storybook landscape filled with danger and adventure and challenge the evil Bully who would twist your words and break your spelling.
Join our heroes on their quest to become Word Wizards and become one yourself! Your adventure starts now.
Word Battle
Gameplay: each user is given the same 9 random letters where each letter has some value assigned. In 40 seconds, you need to come up with a word, which gives you as many points as possible. It is up to you what strategy you choose to win a battle. The one with the highest word score wins. Word building is really fun! Moreover, the ability to compete and chat with others makes it even more gripping. Word battle is the fun, free social word game where your skills matter and you increase them by playing.
If you're a big fan of word games such Scrabble, Boggle, Ruzzle or Word With Friends and want to play something that would help to progress in word building then you should give this a try! Word Battle is a great game to practice spelling skills.
Word Battle Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/WordBattling
What our players have to say:
-- World Battle helps increase our word power and so with the spellings of words
-- Great game! Great way to exercise your brain.
-- Great Vocabulary Builder This game helps me keep my mind and memory sharp. Thanks! I really like challenges!
Use of this application requires a Facebook account.
More from developer
MixTwo – Mix 2 Pics 1 Word
Each puzzle contains two pictures. When mixed you get something new. What is it?
Fire + Water = Steam
"More challenging and satisfying than the four pictures games!"
"Couldn't put it down!"
"Just one more level!"
"If you like 4 Pics 1 Word or What's the Word... you will love MixTwo"
Mix the concepts from two pictures to solve the one word puzzle. Two pics mix to one word.
Its time to mix! Download it now to start the fun!
From the makers of Word Chums: "The best word game ever!" ✭✭✭✭✭


text:
Create HTML modules (building blocks) that look like new HTML tags. Use modules to form other modules. Easily pass parameters from multiple sources to modules and inner modules. Use as a drop-in templating language to any web framework.
Reuse HTML
with Modest
news-article page-header page-footer news-page lorem Jane Doe Test
- Templates look like HTML
- Easily build large templates out of small ones
- Clean separation of languages: javascript is javascript and HTML is HTML. Get rid of HTML snippets inside javascript.
- Less logic than "logicless" templates. It doesn't turn HTML into a programming language.
- Use stand-alone or with a framework, e.g. backbone, meteor, etc.
- Use "demo" elements to preview a design--they go away when compiled for production.
- Pass-through parameters are easier than "partials." Documentation and Example
- Download modest-preview.js.
- Put
<script src="modest-preview.js"></script>in the
headof your html file (after jquery).
Compile to Production*
- Install node.js (once)
npm install -g modest(once)
- Go into your project directory
- type
modestOR use grunt-modest
Report Bugs
modest-preview.js runs in the browser, and depends on jquery.
To compile to production, you need:
- node.js
- Python
- A C++ compiler
See the installation instructions for node-gyp for more information.
Development How-To
Change directories into your local clone and type
npm install
to get the node.js dependencies. After you make your changes, make sure your tests are run by test/all.js. The tests use vows. Make sure the tests still pass by running
npm test
Permission is granted under the MIT license.


text:
ScripSmart searches inventory for discounted Cabela's Gift Cards from multiple sources throughout the day. Each of these companies operate secondary gift cards markets where consumers sell unwanted gift cards for less than face value.
The Cabela's Gift Card is great for: Congratulations, His Birthday, Christmas, Fathers Day, Veterans' Day, Independence Day, Thank You, Employee Appreciation Day, Groomsmen, Paintball, Popular, Young Adults, Boat, Dad, Pet Lovers, Hunters, Men, Camping
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View All Discount
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text:
September 4, 2013 - Industry News
The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration is testing a new approach to screening new entrants into the business, in hopes of saving money and improving efficiency. In July the agency began a year-long test of a pre-screening process designed to identify high-risk applicants that need an on-site safety review and give low-risk applicants a way to file their information electronically.
Tags: FMCSA, CSA, Screening
We offer e-newsletters that deliver targeted news and information for the entire fleet industry.
The expert, Mark Betner from CITGO, will answer your questions
The expert, Rence Oliphant from Hendrickson, will answer your questions
Drones And the Future of Package Delivery
How Will 3D Printing Affect Trucking?
Ultimate Test Drive Video: Brain and Brawn
Ultimate Test Drive Video: Small Block, Big Load
Webasto Releases Advanced Heater Controls
V-Flap II is An Aerodynamic Mud Flap
Cloud-Based In-Cab Video System Launched
Fan Drive Cools Better in Severe Applications


text:
Teacher, poet and founder of an influential imprint
- People
- December 6, 2014, 01:00
Michael Smith's gift were many – as poet, translator, teacher, founder and guiding spirit of an influential press and literary journal. He was also me(...)
Brought to Book: Jonathan Meades on the trial and execution of Tony Blair
- Books
- June 24, 2014, 12:00
Jonathan Meades is an author and broadcaster, specialising in food, architecture, and culture. His latest book, An Encyclopaedia of Myself, "a port(...)
English teacher who planted seeds of curiosity about mysteries of the Amazon
- World
- June 14, 2014, 01:00
In my youth, two British travellers were chosen for discussion by my history teacher. Behind the choice lay a moral presupposition. The first trave(...)
Murder and mind games: The Cambridge Companion to Jorge Luis Borges
- Books
- June 14, 2014, 01:00
In a story called The Dead Man the Argentinean author Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986) writes about a character who emerges from a shabby working-class d(...)


text:
Graco pink/Grey side impact protection car seat
Suitable from weights 15-36kg. Graco girly car seat. Few light stains on it but in good all round condition. 2 cup holders either side of seat. Cost £80 brand new.
Suitable from weights 15-36kg. Graco girly car seat. Few light stains on it but in good all round condition. 2 cup holders either side of seat. Cost £80 brand new.
Graco car seat in excellent condition only used a couple of times Maxi group 2-3 between 15kg-36kg Age group 4-12 although I had my daughter in it since 3 years old
Graco travel cot in very good condition still in original cover great for going anywhere with baby
Bargain Graco Car seat clean and tidy for upto 13 kg weight child, its a bargain reduced price to £10 to go quick.
Booster seat aged to 12years in fairly good condition. Great seat for the price.
Unused graco front facing baby carrier. Item has a cotton dribble bib that you can detach and wash. It also comes with a carrying bag to make it easier to take out with you. We never used the item as we forgot we had it after trying it out with a ted
Graco Babys Car Seat - Excellent Condition Only selling As No Longer In Use Used For 0 to 12 months Open to reasonable offers Any questions please ask Call or text me on 07749208006 Thanks for Viewing
graco car seat for sale.. excellent condition just needs a wipe down
Very good condition. Can be used with or without the isofix base.
Almost new condition. Only used for 2 weeks whilst on holiday and been stored in plastic bag since return. This car seat is for Stage 2 or 3 back seperates from base to have just a booster seat when ready to move on.
High chair graco very good condition in box ..can delivery for petrol many
Used condition but still perfect working order. Easy to fit. Removable washable cover.
Graco junior stage one rear facing car seat, suitable from birth, excellent condition. £25 or make me an offer
Here I am selling a Graco Junior Maxi, Group 2-3 Car Sear. One black and grey in colour. One black and pink in colour. Both are forward facing to use with a normal seatbelt. Adjustable head support. 2 Cup holders on each seat. For w
Great condition Graco Baby car seat with Base, up to 13kg.. Fantastic item.. if you have any questions please call ..thanks
Graco car seat and Iso Fix Base for sale. Iso Fix Base makes it easy to get seat in and out of car without having to strap seat in all the time. In great condition.
Graci booster seat with cup holders grey with blue trim. Used condition hence price
Baby car seat with base, used but in perfect condition, from smoke and pet free home, great for a granny's car. Graco baby car seat base is the most convenient way for installing and removing baby's car seat form the vehicle without the need to threa
Graco Junior Mini Car Seat, Group 0+/1, 0-18kg : The seat is from a smoke-free environment. The Junior Mini is a great value car seat - use it rearward facing for new born, then forward facing up to 18 kg (approx. 4 years old!) So not only is
Graco ISO fix for multiple cars universal fitting, welcome to try your car seat in it.
Graco Trilogy Car Seat, excellent condition, collect Dunfermline. Perfect for someone starting out and not having to pay the £120 + from new.
Graco car seat 4 to 12 year olds with removable back rest to have only booster very good cond.
Limited edition pink hearts Graco Maxi booster seat. Stage 2 & 3. Age 4-12 years. Suitable from 15-36 kgs. With folding cup holders!!
Limited edition pink hearts Graco Maxi Junior carseat. Stage 2 & 3 (4-12 years) with extendable back and detachable booster seat. With cup holders!! In a great, used condition...
Used in very good condition Black colour


text:
Apply for CertificationHelp Organic Grow
The main benefit of organic certification for retail food stores is that consumers have confidence that the organic integrity of the products they buy extend from the seeds used to grow their food to their shopping basket. Consumers want to know the store where they shop cares enough to go the extra mile to provide them that assurance of organic integrity.
Apply for certification of your retail store by completing an application and sending it to email@example.com!
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text:
Hale Hualalai Bed and Breakfast
No availability found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
- Free High-Speed Internet
- Free parking
Photos of Hale Hualalai Bed and Breakfast
Travelers also recommend:
Historical Traveler Reviews Hale Hualalai Bed and Breakfast Holualoa
Best Place on the Big Island
We spent a week here between Christmas and New Year's and can't say enough good things about the place. It is located above Kailua-Kona just down the road from the artist colony at Holualoa, maybe ten minutes from downtown and high enough to be out of the heat and noise at the beach. It has only two guest rooms, both of which are very private, separated from the main house by a connecting lanai, very spacious, great views, nicely furnished, and the breakfast is world class. The proprietor serves coffee brewed from beans grown on the premises, and the food is incredibly good. There is really no reason to look elsewhere for accomodations on the Big Island unless this place is booked (even then I'd get on a waiting list).
The place and accommodations were great, the host even better
My wife and I stayed five days at Hale Hualalai B&B. We lucked into staying here and we'd go back in a minute. The suite is spacious and airy, clean as could be, and it has a spectacular view of the ocean from the living room and terrace. Our host was Lonn Armour, who calls it a coffee plantation. He grows his own Kona coffee beans and was once upon a time a chef. It shows. When Lonn, or Farmer Armour as he calls himself, suggests something for breakfast, take it. There isn't a better breakfast anywhere. The B&B has only two rooms. It's on the side of a mountain about 3500 feet high and about a five mile drive to town. It may not be suitable for little kids because there aren't any activities, but for a quiet place, a great view, good company, and fabulous food, this place is the best.
Incredible B+B
We spent three amazing days at Hale Hualalai just above the city of Kona in March. Imagine stepping out on to your own private lanai to overlook a grove of coffee trees in bloom, beyond which lies the incredible view of the ocean. Our hosts, Lonn and Jean, offered us wonderful island style hospitality in their beautiful home.
The highlight of each day definitely was discovering what fabulous creation Lonn had prepared for our breakfast. This included tropical fruit smoothies, an amazing quiche, and of course, genuine Kona coffee!
The island of Hawaii offers great diversity, from the rugged lava fields to beautiful beaches and incredible gardens, all of which we found to be easily accessible as day trips, allowing us to come back to Hale Hualalai to relax and enjoy the view from the lanai at the end of our day.
I would have to say this was the best B+B we have ever stayed in and our only regret was that we could not stay longer!
Couldn't ask for anything more from a B&B!
Not only is Lonn, the owner, the best cook ever (I fell in love with papaya and eggs benedict because of him) but he even took my husband and I on an awesome hike. Very nice and luxurious room with a great lanai. We didn't feel like we were staying right with the owner because it's a seperate room - it made the stay much more private feeling.
We'd done the in town thing in Kona and didn't much care for it. We loved the country feel of Lonn's B&B (he even grows/sells him own Kona coffee!) but it was still close enough to town when we wanted to go into Kona (maybe 9 minutes away?). You MUST stay here - it was a truly delightful experience and will definitely visit again!
A wonderful place
We stayed here for 4 nights in February 2004. The B and B sits on the hillside above town, to get there you must have a car. The views are lovely as you sit on your lanai to read.
The B and B has two suites each with the same amenities (I think). The one in which we stayed was spacious, with a living room (with wetbar), lanai, bedroom, and bath with both tub and shower. The bed was quite comfortable.
The Innkeeper, Lonn, is a former chef and his breakfast service was delicious, with local fruit, a specialty hot breakfast which was different each day, and his own coffee (grown on the premises and then roasted for him). Breakfast was served outdoors on the large covered lanai at the time of your choice.
It's a great place from which to base your exploration of the big island.
I was there for the Ironman together with my girl friend. It is a perfect guesthouse (There are two guesthouses and the mainhouse) with a magnificant view over Kona and the beaches. The breakfast was even for a hungry triatlete more than enough and more important: delicious!!
with fresh fruit from his garden and his own coffee!!!
If you want to go to Hawaii; this is the place to be.
If you want to I can sent you foto's of the house and the view.
Aart van Wijk ( a.v. email@example.com )
Unbelievably great service and cooking
My wife and I stayed at Hale Hualalai for a few days last summer and had a very pleasant stay. The proprietor Lonn, besides being a great guy, is a retired line cook and has worked at some of the finest retaurants in Hawaii. After one of his great breakfasts you will be supercharged for the day's activities. Lonn has a coffee orchard on the property and his special blend ranks with the best of them. Lonn is also a great source of local island information and always ready to make your stay a memorable one. The two rooms are well appointed, quiet and they have a great view of the Kona coast. Give this one a try for a truely memorable stay.
The Best B&B in Kona
This is a wonderful hideaway,with a view of the Pacific Ocean that one will never forget.Sunsets here are found nowhere else in the world.Your hosts,Lonn and Jean are ,very friendly and know the Big Island well.The best thing about this B&B is Lonn is one of this islands best chefs.I have stayed at this B&B three times and will again.I would recommend the Hale Hualalai to anyone.
The Big Island of Hawaii's best kept secret
Having lived on Oahu Hawaii for the last 30 years and having spent much time visiting all our neighbor islands, either on business, or for holiday, this kamaaina has been pleasantly surprised. If you are looking for a local experience with much exposure to Hawaii's hidden beauty, then a stay at HALE HUALALAI B&B is the way to go. Not only will you get a private suite style room with a lanai that gives an incredable view looking down the slope of Hualalai mountain to the ocean and Kona Town, but you will also get exposed to Hawaii's natural foliage and diverse bird population. If that isn't enough then wait until you try Lonns wonderful breakfasts using ingrediants he grows from vast collection of exotic fruit trees and if you like coffee then you will get your full daily of the 100% Kona coffee grown on the property. His only draw back is that he has only two rooms available, you need to book now.
Home away from Home
On my last 10 business trips to Kona, I have stayed at the Hale Hualalai. Up on the hill in the midst of coffee plantations, the Hale Hualalai has a commanding view of the coastline. Upon arrival, guests are greeted by the family cat and dog "Knucklehead" and "Lava." This charming B&B has two private master suites with separate balconies, sitting room, refrigerator, wet-bar and bathroom with Jacuzzi tub. The owner, Lonn Amour, a retired chef, cooks breakfast to order. Breakfast is served on a large covered lanai, from where guests can see the cruise ships in the distance pulling into port. Lonn happily provides information about local Island attractions, restaurants, hikes and secluded beaches which most tourists don't hear about.
Lonn grows his own Kona coffee. I enjoy awakening in the morning to the wonderful aroma of his home grown brew.
Located just 15 minutes from the airport and 15 minutes from downtown Kona and 5 minutes from the artist town of Holualoa, the Hale Hualalai is a comfortable and quiet B&B. When on the Big Island, I don't stay anywhere else.
TripAdvisor Reviews Hale Hualalai Bed and Breakfast Holualoa
Travel Blogs from Holualoa
Found a new beach
... them in and out. We were in the water for about half an hour before coming out to dry off and read a book. It was wonderful. We came home and BBQed all the remaining meat-steak, chicken, chicken wings, cooked up some rice and broccoli- nibbled on chips and salsa and had a feast. We also managed to drain the red and white wine, pineapple vodka, leaving enough gin and tonic for 2 drinks tomorrow. We ...
Hilo via Saddle Road
... dirt road and off we went. It was like driving through a scene in Jurrasic Park. The vegetation was amazing. We saw some people along the way. They appeared friendly enough. After a few miles we managed to turn around and head back to civilization. We headed home from here at 3:30 and made it to Tex's Drive-in before they closed for a coffee and Malasada! We were home by 7:30. It was one of the best days we have had yet but everyone pretty tired, especially the ...
Tour of the Volcano
... one mile across and over five-miles deep, and surrounded by cliffs up to 2000-feet high. Waipio Valley was once the home of thousands of Native Hawaiians. Today, there are less than 100 residents living amongst the waterfalls, taro fields and rivers permeating the valley. Hawaii Island's tallest waterfall, Hiilawe Falls cascades down 1,300 feet in the back of Waipio. From here we enjoyed our Malasadas....enough said...I was popular among all travellers for making ...
Honolulu : Pearl Harbour and the traditional Luau
... and probably the world, completely underestimated the Japanese. Their plan and its execution was quite brilliant and costly for the American military. It shocked the world. - The second big idea was that the Japanese totally underestimated the Americans. They believed that if they hurt the American forces enough by taking out their Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbour, the Americans would turn tail and leave the Pacific to the Japanese and their dreams for expansion. ...
Into Condo
... just relax. We popped open a few cold ones for the guys and some wine for the girls just relaxing on the lanai and enjoying the beautiful weather.
We cooked dinner out on the grill and ate on the lanai watching the sun set. Oh yea... Vacation.
Tired from the fresh air and all the walking around the Hilton complex yielded an early night so we can start fresh tomorrow. ...


text:
A wounded soldier deserts his troops during WOI and finds himself under the care of a lonely woman and her jealous son....
Director: Jochen Decostere
first assistant director: Peter Ghesquière
Camera: Rik Zang
DOP: Elke Dams
Sound: Korneel Moreaux
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