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Sealing and Trimming Out Our Kitchen's Cork Floors
When we last talked floors in the kitchen, they looked pretty much done.
But if you looked closely, they weren't. They still needed some finishing touches – namely shoe molding to cover the gaps around the edges (which are intentional to allow for temperature expansion and contraction) and some coats of sealant (to keep moisture out of the seams and provide some added durability).
The short version of the "adding shoe molding" step goes something like this: Now you see a gap…
And now you don't…
Of course then there's caulk and paint involved (to cover the nail holes and any seams like where corners meet).
But let's go with the longer version of the story – which has a few more twists and turns – for folks who like details. The first twist was that we actually ended up ditching our plans to reuse our old shoe molding, despite having saved (and meticulously labeled) all of the old pieces when we removed them a few weeks ago:
We initially thought that reusing it (after all that meticulous labeling) would make our lives easier. You know, not having to re-cut shoe molding for each span of wall. But when we tried to put some of the old painted pieces in place, they didn't look so hot. The paint job was a little scrappy looking, and even with touch ups we worried the less than crisp edges wouldn't look as finished as they could (especially since there's such a high contrast between the white trim and the dark floor).
So we opted to install all new shoe molding. We had to buy some new stuff for around the cabinets anyway (like the peninsula, which didn't have old shoe molding for us to reuse since it was newly added), so it wasn't a bit deal to pick up a few more pieces of it. We figured it wasn't worth "finishing" our pretty new floor job with rough looking trim. So in total, it was about $35 worth of shoe molding for a nice clean "like new" (because it is new) look.
Since we don't own a pneumatic nail gun, we installed it old skool style (although we've talked about getting one – maybe for Christmas this year?). After cutting each piece, we'd pre-hammer our nails against a piece of scrap wood to get them in a ways, which minimized how much hammering we'd have to do against the floors.
Even when it was ready to nail into place, we still put a piece of cardboard under the work area to keep from banging up the floor too much. Oh, and forgive that piece of baseboard for looking a bit beat up. It was new too (the previous piece was too short since we switched the fridge and pantry location) so we hadn't painted it yet. It came pre-primed but a bit scraped up.
Once the nail was in as far as I could get it with my hammer, I used a manual nail punch to get it in even farther, just beneath the surface. Love that thing. It's basically just a metal peg with a tiny head that you place right on the nail and bang the end of it to sink the nail in (without leaving big dings in the wood like hammering the nail directly could cause).
I wouldn't say there were any "big" transformations as part of this step, but if I had to name one – it would be the area around the peninsula, which was lacking both shoe and baseboard:
Here it is with baseboard, finally. I'd been dying to add it, but we always figured it didn't make sense to add until the new floor was in.
And here's what it looked like once we had cut the shoe:
…and now here it is with the shoe all hammered in. It still needs some work (we'd love to add wood molding to hide the metal brackets and add interest to the back of the peninsula someday), but at least it's looking a bit more finished. When the stools are in there (and you're looking at it from a normal height instead of squatting in front of it) you actually don't notice the brackets too much.
Oh and that picture above is after another important step of the shoe-ing process: Caulk! We always go over all of our seams (including the corners) with a bead of caulk to make everything look more polished. So here's us gunning a line of it on:
And here I am using my finger to smooth it out. We like to dip our pointer fingers in a cup of warm water to help keep it smooth as we go (and to help keep the caulk from sticking to our hands).
The step after this… well, after the caulk dries… is to paint. We still have to do some of this in a couple of spots, but overall it's looking much better. But before any "after" pictures, let's talk about sealing the cork. Even though our cork planks already came pre-sealed, experts recommend sealing them with three additional coats of water based poly after they're installed to add protection and effectively seal the cracks between the boards (which aren't sealed even if the tops of each plank come pre-sealed). This also should keep dust and crud from settling into any seams so it'll hopefully look nice and smooth for the long haul.
We had trouble finding much good info about how this step should go, so we called Lumber Liquidators (where we got our cork) and got to speak with one of their installers. He actually installs and seals the Lisbon Cork that we purchased, so he was able to give us some very clear instructions:
- Hand sand with 100 – 150 grit sandpaper to remove some of the existing finish ("anything higher and you're just polishing them").
- Apply a layer of the poly with a 3/8th nap roller
- After that has dried (about four hours according to our poly manufacturer's label), repeat steps 1 & 2 again… and then a third time.
So yeah, those were his explicit instructions… and we veered off course pretty quickly. But we're so happy we decided to test things first, because even when experts recommend something, after you painstakingly install something, you want it to look awesome. Not scratched or purple. Yikes.
When it comes to what we used, we got some PRO Water-Based Polyurethane from Home Depot since it came highly recommended. We were so glad we didn't have to use oil-based stuff since when we refinished our first house's floors it stunk for months- especially on a hot day. Thankfully this stuff has no odor after the four hour drying period. So hooray for water-based stuff.
But our deviations off course began after we picked up the recommended poly. It all started at the sanding step. The sound of that very step made us nervous. Sand our pretty new floors?!? So we did some tests on scrap pieces first. On the first piece we sanded just as instructed with the exact grit he recommended. We even watched the guy demonstrate his hand-sanding technique and replicated it exactly, but it left some very obvious (and ugly) swirly scratches on it. And even after applying a layer of poly it didn't disguise them. Bummers.
So we thought that maybe sanding in a straight motion might be less terrible looking. Nope… just a different brand of scraped-up-yuck (in person it's really clear that the surface is scratched, although in this pic it looks sort of like wood grain). Not good.
Since sanding seemed to only make things worse, we gave it a go without any initial sanding. We feared it might bead up or slide right off or something without roughing up the surface first. But nope, it worked just fine – and even made the color of the cork really pop. And that, my friends, is how we decided to skip the sanding step. Thank goodness for testing (if we had sanded a corner of the room instead of a test plank, we'd probably be pretty ticked off).
Having opted out of sanding, we went straight to applying it with a 3/8th nap roller, as per the second instruction. Enter "Yikes" moment number 2. This purple party certainly didn't look right:
So in a total and complete panic (yes, there might have been some cursing) we quickly wiped up the thick-ish layer of poly that the 3/8th nap roller left with paper towels. It just didn't feel right. The part of us that lives by the "thin and even coats" mantra (which is how we always apply water-based poly to seal things like wood furniture) decided that we needed to revise this instruction, pronto. So we broke out the least nappy rollers that we had: ultra smooth small foam rollers (the same thing that we use to poly furniture when we stain or paint it).
Worked like a charm. No more glowing purpley-blue haze, just nice thin and even coats to protect things and seal our floors for the long haul. Because just like when you seal furniture, the rule is that thin and even coats adhere better and last longer (anything too thick can crack or peel right off). So it actually makes sense that this works on floors too – all without the purple haze. Whew.
Our revised technique seems to have worked just fine. We can't even begin to guess why the installer's detailed tips didn't work on our sample planks (perhaps he installs lighter cork more often since it's more common, so maybe the scratches or purple haze aren't as apparent on that color?).
Thankfully, after three coats (one applied on Friday night right before we went to bed – so we wouldn't have to avoid the kitchen all day – followed by one on Saturday night and one on Sunday night) it didn't discolor and it seems to be sealed. Not that we tested it out by dumping water on it or anything. But we have had some small spills that were really easy to wipe up (one even involved boiling water that a friend was using to sanitize her bottles). And it seems to standing up to Clara just fine so far, dump trucks and all:
So now here are some "after"-ish pictures of the floors all trimmed out and sealed, with Clara doing some quality control exercises.
We even dropped a plate (which miraculously didn't break thanks to the soft cork that cushioned the blow) and there was nary a ding or a dent. And Burger's nails don't make any marks either (we heard from someone on this post who has cork floors and a 70lb dog and still doesn't have any nail scratches, which is pretty cool since we weren't sure how a larger dog would work with cork).
Oh and there was one other thing that are required to "finish" the floors: transitions. We have four doorways in this room, and each needed its own "reducer" – which is a piece designed to join two rooms where one floor is slightly higher than the other. Ours is only about a half-inch higher in the kitchen (due to the asbestos liner under our original vinyl tile, which meant that we couldn't tear it up and would have to float the cork over it). The guy at Lumber Liquidators suggested getting oak transitions since cork, being a slightly softer wood, could get more beat up on an edge like this where things can catch. LL sold transitions for about $45 a pop, but I found similar options at Home Depot for $29. So after measuring, cutting, and nailing them in – our floors were officially transitioned. Okay, well, I'm actually waiting for two longer length reducers to come in on special order at Home Depot (they only carry 47″ lengths for $17 in the store), so our floors are officially mostly transitioned, to the tune of $140 total (including the special order pieces).
And once we get around to having our other floors stained darker, we might have something that looks more like this (the cork and hardwoods will never look identical, but the same rich mocha tone will unify and help with flow, so our rooms don't feel as chopped up and disjointed). Ahh, if only getting floors refinished were as easy as Photoshop…
So we'll call that a wrap on the kitchen floor. And since it was the last big project in the kitchen, we're thinking we owe you guys some real after pictures and a full-on budget and time breakdown for the entire project. How does that sound? We have some photos to take and some receipts to tally up, so let's say Wednesday. Same time, same place. In the meantime, what did you guys do this weekend? Any shoe molding installation or sealing going on?
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315 Comments
Oh it must feel so good to be finished!! Will you guys stain your own floors this time? We did it in our home, and it was pretty easy!
Looks amazing, the dark tones of the cork flooring work so well with the white cabinetry!
Just curious though – why did you decide to add baseboard and shoe molding around the peninsula, while only adding shoe molding to the side of the fridge and pantry?
Floors are looking goooood!
We had my sister-law, her husband, and her kids (4 yr and 10 mo) out for the weekend, and we had a ton of fun! I did sneak in a little craftiness – I got my sis-in-law totally hooked on Ana White's site after I showed her our new bed, and I spraypainted our master bathroom light fixtures – pitted brass to gloss black, looking much better now!) during our lovely March heatwave here.
Did you also caulk the gap between the baseboard and the drywall? And if so, does this mean that you'll be repainting that portion of your wall? I have this gap right now and am contemplating not caulking it because I'm too lazy to repaint the wall :)
wow, two fatal instructions — sanding and 3/8″ nap — from the "expert". that's scary, and your talking about it, and your meticulous previewing of the sanding, is why this is better than HGTV. they never get bad advice or make/acknowledge mistakes, even though you see the results with your own two eyes on the screen. (extreme home makeover, i always wondered how the impoverished jobless ill people and their 12 children under 10 were going to pay the $9,000 yearly prop tax on the new palace).
in terms of cladding the peninsula to hide the brackets, the bronson pinchot project at DIY network has him redoing a whole kitchen in reclaimed wood, very trendy, a little over the top, but also very pretty. it might give you some ideas for your penin panels.
thank you for this. it's kind of creepy how nervous the sanding pictures made me. it's like watching the perils of pauline!
LOVE the new floors, but the important question is:
But now we have to wait until next fall to see what happens next. :(
Wow This looks awesome! I love that's not something you see everyday. And your wood will look to good stained. Great idea!
We have cork floors in our kitchen and dining rooms too (love the softer feel underfoot – especially because we spend so much time in the kitchen!) and we have an 85lb hound. We've noticed little ticks in the floor from her nails, and also little indents (from where I've moved a stool to stand on it to reach something) but overall these things are hidden by the natural pattern of the cork and I wouldn't change a thing.
The cork was here when we bought the place and so we haven't had to seal it, do you know if it's a process that has to be repeated periodically?
You might want to use latex gloves when applying the caulking —– it probably contains a California Proposition 65
Warning: This product contains a chemical known to the State of California to cause birth defects or other reproductive harm.
We have the same wood floors in our house (also a 50s rancher) and I love the varied warm toned wood but when I see them against your new kitchen floors it definitely makes them look orange and dated. I hope I'm not just blinded by love for our house and our floors really do add character haha.
Looks awesome!!
It looks amazing!
On the subject of nail guns, though, I happen to have just bought one! I had always thought the cost would be prohibitive, but when I was at my beloved Lowe's about a month ago, the hardware guy showed me this: http://www.lowes.com/pd_103500-43657-FP209599DI_4294813361_4294937087_?productId=1205535&Ns=p_product_prd_lis_ord_nbr|0||p_product_qty_sales_dollar|1&pl=1¤tURL=%2Fpl_Air%2BTools%2Band%2BCompressors_4294813361_4294937087_%3FNs%3Dp_product_prd_lis_ord_nbr%7C0%7C%7Cp_product_qty_sales_dollar%7C1&facetInfo=
It's compact, lightweight, and $99! I've used it for a bunch of stuff so far, and I absolutely adore it. It works perfectly for home projects, though I obviously wouldn't try to use it for, say, building a heavy duty outdoor deck.
The best part is that there are a variety of attachments for purpose, so it can become a paint sprayer when I finally sack up enough to tackle repainting the kitchen cabinets!
We actually laid new flooring this weekend too and are on the shoe molding step. However, that is where we are stuck as my husband is having a hard time figuring out how to cut the angles of the shoe molding. Do you have any quick tips on getting the proper angles? Keeping up with all the steps you used to put in your floors REALLY helped out with putting ours in so thanks a ton!! Your flooring looks great and now I'm eager to get mine finished off and call that room done.
Just curious, how come you didn't use baseboard along with the shoe trim on the refrigerator unit? I think it would look more polished.
Absolutely beautiful! I've loved the idea of cork floors in a kitchen since I first saw them in a Frank Lloyd Wright home (Kentuck Knob, in case you're wondering). So much more comfortable on your feet (and back) than the tile I seem to see everywhere!
We installed wood in our last house, but I'm definitely inspired by your installation how-to's. And I'm pinning it for our future home inspiration! thanks for sharing!
The floors look amazing, and I really like the transition thingies – they look much classier than the cheap-o metal ones that came with our house . . . I may have to DIY myself some nicer options, since it seemed pretty simple.
This weekend for me? Patching a huge drywall hole. Didn't end up quite as nice at the edges as I'd hoped (you can see a raised area where the patch was placed in), but I've now figured out that I might have been able to avoid that if I'd sanded off all of the wall texture first before applying the mesh tape around the seams, so it would sit lower. Live and learn, right? Good thing it's in the master bathroom; I'm not feeling a compulsive need to start all over again, since it's not something most people will ever see (and I have plans to paint a mural on that wall anyway, which will mask the imperfections quite nicely).
If you have any more trim to do before you buy your pneumatic nailer, there is a dandy little tool called a nail spinner for only about $5. It fits into your drill and it holds the nail while drilling it in so you don't have to worry about cracking your trim. You still have to use your hammer and nail sink to get the nail in all the way, but it works faster and you won't have any cracked trim. We trimmed out our entire house this way after having gutted it. A couple of years later we bought our air nailer and we both said we didn't know why we didn't do it sooner!!! ;) It makes any project SO much easier! Good luck! You guys do really nice work!!
It looks great!
Putting my molding geek hat on, the molding you used is quarter round. Quarter round is as high as it is tall. Shoe molding is taller than wide, and goes the same distance up as quarter round, but protrudes less on the floor than quarter round.
Oh my, I can imagine the panic when the purple haze happened! Yikes!
Great fix…looks amazing.
looking gooood kids! love it. I'm working on the hubs to maybe do something similar when we finish our basement!
~ Jillian
You guys are awesome! I am always amazed how you end up going with your gut-feeling when things don't go quite as planned. I have been painting kitchen cabinets all weekend…
Very nice! We just finished installing a new floor in our basement, and it's amazing how much those finishing touches make a difference in the overall appearance of the floor – and the room!
Please! Do yourselves a favor and buy an air compressor driven nail gun. We've remodeled from top to bottom and you're gonna need one, especially if you have all those bathrooms to do still. Also, you can use the compressor to fill up your tires! Other than the frustration of watching you guys do things the hard way (in the time it takes you to get contractor quotes, you could just get a permit and do the wiring yourselves! It's not hard!), I love you guys. Maybe I'll send in a reader redesign one day.
I can relate to the meticulous removal of molding in the attempt to reuse it! Aren't you glad the DIY gods gave us caulk!? Nice looking kitchen.
I just want to say a big old thank you to you guys! I found your blog not too long ago, and have been loving following along with your home renovations. My husband and I just purchased our first home (owned it a week today!), and you two are such an inspiration to us. We have a huge number of projects to take on (spent about 25 hours total this weekend working on removing popcorn ceilings), and it's so wonderful to see other DIY enthusiasts able to take on projects yourself! So thanks for doing what you do, and sharing everything along the way!
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Favorite Philly act: George Miller from Jump turned me onto Toy Soldiers, and I've really been enjoying them. Also, though they're ubiquitous these days, I'm also a big fan of The Roots.
Favorite Philly venue : World Café Live. Love the acoustics, sight lines, vibe and programming. I'm getting too old to really enjoy music in venues where there is no seating and where your feet stick to the crud built up on the floor.
Now in heavy rotation: In addition to Trombone Shorty, the Shakes, the Roots (both Undun and the Betty Wright collaboration) and Toy Soldiers, Big Sam, The Kills' Blood Pressure, Chimes of Freedom (the Dylan benefit tribute for Amnesty), Carolina Chocolate Drops, Leaving Eden; a variety of recent Paste mPlayer issue tracks, Bruce Springsteen's Wrecking Ball, Bonnie Raitt's Slipstream. And not to leave jazz out: Terell Stafford's new CD, This Side of Strayhorn.
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First record purchased: The Sesame Street series.
Last record purchased: Frank Ocean, Channel Orange.
Favorite Philly act: The Roots, Hall and Oates, The Sound of Philadelphia.
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First record purchased: My earliest music purchase I can recollect is Dr. Dre's "Let Me Ride" maxi-single.
Last record purchased: Probably the James Blake album. I'm downloading free music almost everyday.
Favorite Philly act: The Roots. Maybe Diplo, if he ever dropped another solo album.
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RD2011 Hear you Scream
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Author Comments
Rated 5 / 5 stars
I just want you to know...
I just want you to know I f**king love this.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
your simply amazing and ive been waiting for a new song for ages now! this is beautiful and haunting, the lyrics are powerful and meaningful. as always your voice is perfect. <3 jinx
Rated 4.5 / 5 stars
Wonderful music and vocal
I just have to say that I love this song. There's a special deep to it and a great meaning. I can really connect to it.
Both the music and the vocals sound great and they work perfectly together.
Keep up the good work!
Rated 5 / 5 stars
You have a golden voice!
Great song!
Rated 5 / 5 stars
love your music
you're seriously underrated. also, it's "dying" not "deing" in the lyrics.
Fixed :D


text:
La Quinta Inn & Suites Snellville - Stone Mountain
La Quinta Inn & Suites Snellville - Stone Mountain
Hotel Guest Rating: 7.4/10
2971 Main Street West
Snellville, GA 30078
Hotel Freebies Available*
• Free Breakfast show dates
• Free Internet in Room show dates
• Free Parking show dates
Welcome to the La Quinta Inn & Suites Snellville - Stone Mountain
An indoor pool and free breakfast are highlights for guests at the non-smoking La Quinta Inn & Suites Snellville - Stone Mountain.
Hotel Features
The four-story, non-smoking La Quinta Inn & Suites has 58 rooms and four suites, each of which features a work desk, microwave, refrigerator, coffeemaker, iron, ironing board, hairdryer and free Wi-Fi. Guests start the day off right at the hotel's free breakfast, which includes fresh waffles and eggs. Active types make time for a dip in the indoor pool or workout in the fitness room. Corporate guests, meanwhile, take advantage of the business center and meeting rooms. Pets are permitted, and there is plenty of free parking.
Hotel Location
La Quinta Inn & Suites Snellville is six miles from Stone Mountain Park and one mile from the South Gwinnett Athletic Association Sports Center. Atlanta's Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport is 33 miles away. Downtown Atlanta can be reached in less than 30 minutes.
Guest Favorites
Free breakfast and Wi-Fi help make La Quinta Inn & Suites Snellville - Stone Mountain a budget-friendly option for Priceline guests.
La Quinta Inn & Suites Snellville - Stone Mountain Amenities
- 24-hour front desk
- Accessible facilities
- Air conditioning
- Air conditioning individually controlled in room
- Alarm clock
- AM/FM radio
- Business center
- Cable television
- Children welcome
- Coin operated laundry
- Color television
- Complimentary continental breakfast
- Complimentary in-room coffee or tea
- Continental breakfast
- Direct dial telephone
- Dry cleaning
- Elevators
- Exercise gym
- Fire safety compliant
- Fitness center on-site
- Free high speed internet connection
- Free local calls
- Free parking
- Free toll free calls
- Front desk
- Full service housekeeping
- Hairdryer
- Heated guest rooms
- High speed internet access fee
- High speed internet access for laptop in public areas
- Housekeeping - daily
- Indoor pool
- Interior corridors
- Iron
- Ironing board
- Laundry/Valet service
- Lobby coffee service
- Meeting rooms
- Non-smoking
- Non-smoking rooms (generic)
- On-site business center
- On-site business center is staffed
- On-Site parking
- Onsite laundry
- Parking
- Parking lot
- Pets allowed
- Photocopy center
- Pool
- Public area air conditioned
- Remote control television
- Safe deposit box
- Security
- Telephone
- Valet cleaning
- Wakeup service
- Wireless connectivity
- Wireless internet connection
- Wireless internet connection in public areas
Hotel Information
You must show a valid photo ID and credit card upon check-in. Please note that all special requests cannot be guaranteed and are subject to availability upon check-in. Additional charges may apply. Guests are required to show a photo identification and credit card upon check-in. Please note that all Special Requests are subject to availability and additional charges may apply.
Hotel Guest Reviews of the La Quinta Inn & Suites Snellville - Stone MountainOur hotel ratings and reviews are from real hotel guests. Priceline.com ensures that its reviews are guests-only by proactively sending hotel surveys to customers after they've completed their hotel stays. In the post-stay surveys, priceline.com hotel customers are asked a number of questions about their stay and the hotel. On a scale of 1-10 with 10 being the best, the survey asks guests to rate their overall experience and specifically rate the hotel's cleanliness, staff and location. Priceline.com does not allow site visitors to post unsolicited hotel reviews.
Sort by: All Travelers | Business Traveler(2) | Solo Traveler(4) | Traveling as Couple(1) | Family with Young Children(3) | Senior Traveler(1) | Group Traveler(1)
Kristen from Savannah, GA
March 14, 2015
Family Traveling with Young Children
March 14, 2015
Family Traveling with Young Children
It was so clean and everyone was so nice wa
The toilets were really close to the.floor
Verified Hotel Guest from Durham, NC
February 25, 2015
Solo Traveler
February 25, 2015
Solo Traveler
The room was perfect, staff was friendly, everything was great...
The heavy clorine smell from around the indoor pool area. The back door to the parking lot needs steps to exit onto the elevated Parking area, instead of the long walkway down to the side of the building to get to the parking area.
Jill from Muscle Shoals, AL
December 21, 2014
Business Traveler
December 21, 2014
Business Traveler
Beds are very comfortable.
Will have stayed a total of 4 different stays and was not offered any discounts for repeat bookings.
Michael from Tampa, FL
December 20, 2014
Family Traveling with Young Children
December 20, 2014
Family Traveling with Young Children
Right where it needs to be in Snellville to get wherever you need to go.
Wasn't made aware of remodeling being done at the time on the floor we were assigned to, but it also wasn't taking place while we were in the rooms.
Verified Hotel Guest from Soddy Daisy, TN
September 9, 2014
Family Traveling with Young Children
September 9, 2014
Family Traveling with Young Children
This guest did not leave comments about this hotel.
Catie from Murfreesboro, TN
August 10, 2014
Group Traveler
August 10, 2014
Group Traveler
It was very clean and well maintained and quite.
Traffic in that area is rough
the air conditioning could freeze younout which was wonderful...we really liked it.
Verified Hotel Guest from Chesapeake, VA
July 28, 2014
Solo Traveler
July 28, 2014
Solo Traveler
price was a little steep for the location
Sandra from Honolulu, HI
June 2, 2014
Business Traveler
June 2, 2014
Business Traveler
The staff was quite friendly and helpful.
The internet was too slow to be of any use.
Sandy from Vidalia, GA
March 28, 2014
Solo Traveler
March 28, 2014
Solo Traveler
This guest did not leave comments about this hotel.
Brian from Jacksonville, FL
March 16, 2014
Solo Traveler
March 16, 2014
Solo Traveler
Close to my work.
The heated indoor pool didnt feel heated at all.
Not worth the--- to stay. I can get better deals at Westin hotels.
Reviews of La Quinta Inn & Suites Snellville - Stone Mountain
(1 - 10 of 13 reviews)
(1 - 10 of 13 reviews)
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text:
problem with muskmelons
I carefully prepared the soil and planted a number of different kinds of cantalopes and muskmelons this spring. Alot of them seemed to get chewed and/or wilted or just plain disappeared. There are a few, probably 10-15%, that are doing ok. My other crops are mostly doing very well.
I replanted and even the new little seedlings are having problems--many come up and then seem to wilt. Others are ok.
Anyone know what I did wrong? I haven't had this particular problem before. I have been spraying them all with spinosad and did also do a couple early treatments with permethrin because I have had so much trouble with cucumber beetles in the past. These are dying too early, before even the cucumber beetles could be making them sick (I think?)
thanks in advance


text:
Metal Mezuzah with White Enamel, Pink Beads and Scrolling Lines
This metal Mezuzah is covered with a white enamel coat, scrolling lines, metal accent pieces and a Hebrew letter Shin as well as pink beads in three different sizes. Read more
In accordance with our shipping policy
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Product Description
This elegant metal Mezuzah features a white enamel coat covering its body that is overlaid with metal accent pieces, Hebrew letter Shin and pink beads. The metal accents appear as concentric frames and scrolling lines as well as beads chains. The beads appear on the frames and in the center as a vertical column of spaced beads. The Hebrew letter Shin appears near the in a small-sized Hebrew language font.
This item is a gorgeous gift for an engagement!
General Information
Estimated processing time:
3-5 Business Days.Learn More
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text:
Old familiar faces with a sprinkling of new the likely recipe for Italian coach Jacques Brunel
- Rugby
- February 3, 2015, 11:00
You have to admire Warren Gatland's chutzpah. No doubt he rubs up some people the wrong way, but this, of course, is also part of the plan. Unveiling (...)
Treviso defeat Zebre in All-Italian Pro12 clash
- Pro12
- December 28, 2014, 18:24
Zebre 16 Benetton Treviso 26 Treviso ended their wait for a first victory of the season in any competition by winning the all-Italian Guinness(...)
Roman nightmare rounds off miserable Ireland campaign
- International
- March 16, 2013, 17:13
Ireland succumbed to a first defeat to Italy in the Six Nations after an indisciplined afternoon at the Stadio Olimpico when the injury jinx th(...)
Castrogiovanni is ruled out of Rome finale
- International
- March 15, 2013, 06:00
Castrogiovanni, whose mooted move from Leicester Tigers to Toulon has seemingly fallen through, was forced off in the first half at Twic(...)
Castrogiovanni is ruled out of Rome finale
- International
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As anticipated, Jacques Brunel has decided not to risk Italy 's iconic and talismanic prop Martin Castrogiovanni or flanker Robert Barbieri, al(...)


text:
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Best in Denver. Best in Colorado. And one of the top 50 orthopedic surgery programs in the country.
Our doctors help make University of Colorado Hospital the best in the region, so we're honored to be nationally ranked by U.S. News and World Report's rank. It's our mission to lead the community in high-quality, innovative orthopedic care. And as part of an academic medical institution, we're also leading cutting-edge musculoskeletal research and training the next generation of orthopedic surgeons.
Learn more about our clinical services and schedule an appointment today.
Emily Lindley, PhD, is now part of the largest-ever state research program on medical marijuana—and the first that compares the benefits of medical marijuana to a commonly used opioid for chronic pain. More »
A serious car accident left Devyn Brinkerhoff with life-threatening injuries, among the worst the trauma team had seen. But thanks to quick communication between her providers in Wyoming and a coordinated team at University of Colorado Hospital, Devyn has made a remarkable comeback. More »
A local doctor is helping out the talented cowboys who sustained some sort of injury during their two weeks at the National Western Stock Show. Dr. Jason Stoneback is the Director of Orthopedic Trauma and Fracture Surgery at University of Colorado Hospital, but he's also a cowboy himself. More »
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text:
The streets of Central Yharnam are empty of friendly faces. Patrols of hounds and savage villagers patrol, attacking any outsider roaming their city. Knocking on door after door I am turned away, mocked for my stupidity at being caught outside on the night of the hunt, or derided as a foreigner there is no refuge offered. The only bit of comfort I find is the voice of a child, asking after her mother and offering me a small music box in return. I descend into the darkness of the sewers below Yharnam to carve my way through crawling corpses and giant rats towards my next foe: Father Gascoigne.
After the jump, how many days since your last confession? Continue reading →


text:
Fourth of July Fireworks: Military Fights for Energy Independence, but Congress Might Stand in the Way
As we prepare to celebrate Independence Day, some members of Congress are intent on prolonging our dependence--on fossil fuels. At a time when we should be promoting American progress, some of our Congressional representatives are trying to hold America back by rebuffing the efforts of the U.S. military to move toward cleaner forms of energy.
The military's goal, first and foremost, is to be an effective fighting force. For years, our armed forces have been at the forefront of technological innovation in a number of fields, developing battlefield technologies for improved communication, medical care, and transportation-- innovations like the Internet, GPS, and others that proved to be game-changers in the private sector as well. In the same fashion, the military has been leading the way on new energy resources, deploying alternatives to the fossil fuels that threaten our national security, hurt our economy and endanger our health. "We're doing this for one reason," said Navy Secretary Ray Mabus. "To be better war fighters."
The U.S. Department of Defense is the single largest consumer of fuel in the whole world; its fuel purchases often support nations whose interests are hostile to ours. Our dependence on oil puts soldiers' lives at risk. Yet the House of Representatives just voted to essentially ban the Department of Defense from purchasing biofuels until they get to the point where they're cheaper than fossil fuels--even though DOD routinely invests in emerging technologies that it needs to hasten them toward commercial viability. That's how we got the Internet. The Senate Armed Services Committee also has voted to obstruct DOD's pursuit of advanced biofuels. After the full Senate returns from the Fourth of July recess, it will consider whether these harmful provisions will become law.
The military's use of clean energy is cutting edge, helping power ships, planes and soldiers in the field, as well as fueling economic growth and job creation here at home. Navy and Air Force jets are already flying on a biofuel blend that comes from plants--a fuel that's made, from field to factory, in America. The Army is working with American entrepreneurs to develop powerful steam engines that run on biodiesel, and are strong enough to move tanks. The Marine Corps is looking at plant-based fuels to power personnel carriers and generators in remote locations. Military bases are looking to solar and wind power to meet their local energy needs, and to advanced vehicles that reduce oil demand.
The military's interest in biofuels and other forms of renewable energy has nothing to do with politics or polar bears. "There is not a shred of political correctness" to it, Vice-Admiral Dennis McGinn told Scientific American. It's about saving lives, saving money, and protecting America's national security.
Congressional bans on biofuels could just be the tip of the iceberg. Other renewable energy programs that make good military sense could be on the chopping block if partisans in Congress get their way. Military leaders, past and present, have clearly expressed an operational need for fossil fuel alternatives, and are working hard to develop them. Congress should join the military in moving America forward, instead of sounding a retreat.
- Feed: Peter Lehner NRDC
- Original article
Authored by:
Peter Lehner
I am the Executive Director of NRDC. The position is my second at NRDC. Beginning in 1994, I led the Clean Water Program for five years, before leaving in 1999 to serve as the head of the Environmental Protection Bureau for the Attorney General of the State of New York.
Other Posts by Peter Lehner
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Shreya Aajad says:
First of all Happy independence Day, I think we can puchase the bio fule whenever we have problem in purchasing fossil one. But I do not get what is the logic behind fighting on the topic which has a simple solution.
Cliff Claven says:
"The military's interest in biofuels and other forms of renewable energy has nothing to do with politics or polar bears. "There is not a shred of political correctness" to it, Vice-Admiral Dennis McGinn told Scientific American. It's about saving lives, saving money, and protecting America's national security." It is rich irony to hear how the military connection to biofuels is not about politics. Mr. McGinn is now a lobbyist and president of the American Council on Renewable Energy (ACRE). The US military biofuels effort is indeed being pushed from the top down by administration politics. The U.S. Congress has been subsidizing biomass crops to the tune of $6 Billion a year since 2005. The Department of Energy has already spent more than $600 Million on biorefineries since 2010. The IRS has been granting millions in annual tax breaks. The USDA has been giving out hundreds of millions in loan guarantees to the likes of Range Fuels that implode in high-profile bankruptcies. Now the Administration is using the Department of Defense to funnel more subsidies. These refineries go out of business (or never start) as soon as the free money dries up. Google "ethanol bankruptcy" and the endless list will water your eyes. There are failed biorefineries for sale all over the country, yet a government $16 Trillion in the hole is spending taxpayer money to build more. Since 2007, the U.S. Military has purchased 1.3 million gallons of biofuels at an average price of $48 per gallon. Biofuels are not just bad economics, they are bad thermodynamics. Dead end.
"It would seem imperitive to rapidly develop molten salt SMRs. They require a direct hit (by a far more devastating nuclear warhead) to do any conceivable damage, whereas, the light water SMRs still require large amounts of water which seems more easily breachable, perhaps even by simple terrorist means.I don't think the LWR SMRs actually house a volume 1,000x as large as the water in case of ..."
"C'mon now Bob. Sure, efficiency programs could count even if they don't work. So could nuclear plants even if they don't work, and there are a lot more nuclear plants that didn't work than efficiency programs. I used to have a button that said "I don't pay for Zimmer". I said in my first message that Georgia wasn't a good place to make the comparison with renewables. ..."
"Jesse, sound climate policy has to be based on sound science. Climate change is the result of heat being trapped in the closed system of our biosphere and the greenhouse gases that trap that heat will linger for 1000 years. How Nature, or the species that is responsible for the buildup of ..."
"The key variable to look at going forward will be water usage. Water is so scarce is some regions now that they cannot even consider certain power options because of it. Wind and solar are so popular in Texas and California because those states are basically out of fresh water. ..."
Would Standardized Nuclear Plant Designs Prevent Construction Overruns and Delays? Lessons From the 1970s (35)
Scott Edward Anderson is a consultant, blogger, and media commentator who blogs at The Green Skeptic. More »
Christine Hertzog is a consultant, author, and a professional explainer focused on Smart Grid. More »
Elias Hinckley is a strategic advisor on energy finance and energy policy to investors, energy companies and governments More »
Gary Hunt Gary is an Executive-in-Residence at Deloitte Investments with extensive experience in the energy & utility industries. More »
Jesse Jenkins is a graduate student and researcher at MIT with expertise in energy technology, policy, and innovation. More »
Kelly Klima is a Research Scientist at the Department of Engineering and Public Policy of Carnegie Mellon University. More »
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Geoffrey Styles is Managing Director of GSW Strategy Group, LLC and an award-winning blogger. More »
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text:
Jack Marshall | July 6, 2009 | Comments
The DIY Web site creation service doubled the number of users signing up for trials of its services in a two-day period.
DIY Web site creation service Moonfruit says it has experienced "overwhelming results" with a promotional campaign it is currently running on Twitter to celebrate its 10th birthday. The idea is a simple one: Users that include the hashtag "#moonfruit" in their tweets are entered into a daily drawing to win one of 10 Apple Macbooks.
What's surprising is how quickly the buzz has spread. By Thursday evening, Moonfruit had topped Twitter's trending searches since the previous day, ahead of subjects such as Michael Jackson, Wimbledon, "IranElection," and the new iPhone.
Although the concept of a Twitter promotion isn't a new one, Moonfruit founder Wendy White said even she had been surprised by its success. The promotion drove a 600 percent uplift in traffic to the site, and doubled the number of users signing up for trials of its services since the Wednesday launch.
"The response has been beyond belief, far more effective than other marketing channels," said White. "We wanted to drive both brand awareness and direct response, but this has achieved both in a far more personal way," she added.
White also praised the creative ways in which Twitter users have been sneaking the word into their tweets. "I wonder if #moonfruit would make my dog sick. Kinda like chocolate does?" asked one user. Another seemed happy to tweet the term without even knowing its meaning: "Would one of my lovely followers please tell me what #moonfruit actually is?"
In addition to the 10 laptops, the self-service Web site creation firm decided late last week to award an Apple iPod touch to the most creative Moonfruit tribute. So far those have included posters and a song posted as a YouTube video. The campaign will run till this Friday.
MTV ran a similar campaign earlier this year inviting users to play a game of Telephone, mimicking the game during which kids whisper a specific message to the person next to them, usually altering the original message. The MTV campaign promoted a reality program called "The Phone," and was aimed at getting people to talk up the show.
Moonfruit offers its users, including businesses and individual users, a range of tools to create their own Web sites online without any knowledge of coding.
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Jack Marshall was a staff writer and stats editor for ClickZ News from 2007 until August 2011.
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text: Teddy Pendergrass - Life Is A Song Worth Singing (Jay West Edit) FREE DOWNLOAD!!! by JAY WEST (OFFICIAL) published on 2013/04/17 19:07:58 +0000 5000 followers! Thanks for supporting my music, here's a free edit of one of my favourite Teddy Pendergrass songs for everyone who is in love with the funk. Enjoy!!!


text:
A frequency offset synchronizer is provided which includes an initial timing estimator, and a combined frequency offset and refined timing estimator. The initial timing estimator determines a rough timing value from input data samples and a reference synchronization word. The combined frequency offset and refined timing estimator operates in the close vicinity of the rough timing estimate and determines the frequency offset and synchronization timing from the input data samples and the reference synchronization word.
1. A unit comprising:
an initial estimator adapted to produce a rough timing estimate from a normalized differential correlation between a TDMA reference synchronization word and input data samples shifted by a variable amount; and
a second estimator adapted to determine a frequency offset and synchronization timing from said rough timing estimate, said data samples and said reference synchronization word.
2. A unit according to
3. A unit according to
4. A unit according to
5. A unit according to
6. A method comprising:
producing a rough timing estimate from a normalized differential correlation between a TDMA reference synchronization word and input data samples shifted by a variable amount; and
generating a frequency offset and synchronization timing from said rough timing estimate, said data samples and said reference synchronization word.
7. A method according to
8. A method according to
9. A method according to
10. A method according to
11. A unit comprising:
an initial estimator; and
a second estimator,
wherein said initial estimator is adapted to generate a normalized differential correlation between a TDMA reference synchronization word and input data samples shifted by a variable amount, such that a rough timing estimate is achieved, and wherein said second estimator, when operating in the close vicinity of said rough timing estimate, is adapted to determine a frequency offset and synchronization timing.
12. A unit according to
a log likelihood module; and
a selector,
wherein said log likelihood module is adapted to determine a log likelihood metric between said time and frequency shifted versions of said input data samples, and said reference synchronization word, and said selector is adapted to select the values of a time shift and a frequency offset which produce a minimum value of said log.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/910,817 filed Aug. 13, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,301,317 which is incorporated herein by reference.
The present relates to digital telecommunication systems generally and to synchronization of such telecommunication systems in particular.
Mobile radio involves communication between mobile units and a base station via transmission of radio signals. One method of communication is known as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) in which a period of time is divided into multiple timeslots, each of which is assigned to a different communicating unit. In order for a receiving unit to decode the signals intended for it, the receiving unit must synchronize to the timeslot assigned to it. Therefore, each message sent to a receiving unit has a synchronization signal included therein. Once the receiving unit is synchronized to the sending unit, the receiving unit can decode the symbols being sent.
Unfortunately, the transmitted signal may be reflected off obstructions (such as trees, buildings, etc.) which are in the path between the sending and receiving units. The obstructions cause a portion or portions of the transmitted signal to arrive at the receiving unit after the main portion is received. This is known as multipath propagation and must be compensated within the receiving unit. If the mobile station is moving, the signal it receives can also be subject to fading.
Furthermore, the local oscillators which provide the timing and frequency basis in the mobile and base stations often drift apart. Of particular concern is that of frequency drift, or offset. The frequency offset increases the error probability in the receiving unit. In addition, it is typically desired that the mobile station lock onto the received frequency for transmission purposes, to enable the base station to decode the transmission of the mobile units without having to perform frequency acquisition.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,177,740 to Toy et al. describes a synchronization method which estimates the synchronization timing but has no correction for frequency offsets.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,343,498 to Toy et al. describes one synchronization system and method which initially estimates the timing of the synchronization words after which it estimates the frequency drift. The frequency offset is then corrected at the frequency of the local oscillator.
An object of the present invention is to provide a novel synchronization method for digital telecommunication systems which performs combined frame timing, symbol timing and frequency offset acquisition.
There is provided, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a method and unit for performing initial frame and symbol time acquisition for multipath channels with large frequency offsets and, if desired, with fading. A coarse time acquisition is initially performed using a metric that is insensitive to frequency offsets, after which a more accurate frame and symbol acquisition, along with hypothesis testing over a range of possible frequency offsets, is performed to achieve a final estimate of the timing and the frequency offset.
More specifically, there is provided, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a frequency offset synchronizer which includes an initial timing estimator and a combined frequency offset and refined timing estimator. The initial timing estimator determines a rough timing value from input data samples and a reference synchronization word. The combined frequency offset and refined timing estimator operates in the close vicinity of the rough timing estimate and determines the frequency offset and synchronization timing from the input data samples and the reference synchronization word.
Additionally, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the initial timing estimator includes a unit for performing a normalized differential correlation between the input data samples, shifted by a varying amount τ, and the reference synchronization word and a selector for selecting the value of τ which provides the best correlation to be the rough timing estimate.
The combined frequency offset and refined timing estimator includes a log likelihood metric unit for determining a log likelihood metric between time and frequency shifted versions of the input data samples and the reference synchronization word and a selector for selecting the value of a time shift and a frequency offset which produce a minimum value of the log likelihood metric.
Moreover, the log likelihood metric means operates a multiplicity of times on different frames of data. It can include a frequency offset loop and a timing loop within the frequency offset loop. The frequency offset loop can be performed a multiplicity of times, each time reducing the range of frequencies of the loop but increasing the resolution.
The present invention incorporates the methods performed by the frequency offset synchronizer of the present invention and any digital communication system incorporating the method or synchronizer of the present invention.
The present invention will be understood and appreciated more fully from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the appended drawings in which:
FIGS. 1A and 1B are schematic block diagram illustrations of a transmitter and a receiver, respectively, forming a digital radio communication system in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is block diagram illustration of a frequency offset synchronizer forming part of the receiver of FIG. 1B; and
FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustration of the operations of a frequency offset and timing estimator forming part of the synchronizer of FIG. 2.
Reference is now made to FIGS. 1A and 1B which illustrate a transmitter 10 and a receiver 12, respectively, forming a digital radio communication system. The transmitter 10 of FIG. 1A is a typical transmitter and the receiver 12 of FIG. 1B includes a frequency offset synchronizer in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The present invention will be shown for a time division multiple access (TDMA) digital communication system, it being appreciated that the present invention is implementable in all digital communication systems which provide a synchronization signal.
Data to be transmitted is provided to a combiner 14 which combines the data with a reference synchronization word s, formed of a sequence of symbols so from a storage unit (such as a read only memory (ROM)) 16 and other required data in a standard format into a frame of data to be transmitted within one timeslot. Encoder 18 encodes the frame of data in any desired manner and maps consecutive bits to a symbol of a predetermined symbol constellation. Digital-to-analog (D/A) converter 20 converts the symbols to an analog signal in accordance with a timing signal based on the frequency of oscillation of a transmit timing oscillator 22. The analog signal is then further processed, indicated by dots 24, and the resultant signal is transmitted by radio frequency (RF) transmitter 26. The frequency of transmission is determined by a transmit frequency oscillator 25.
An RF receiver 30 of unit 12, operating at the frequency of a receive frequency oscillator 31, receives the transmitted signal which, in turn, is heterodyned by a down converter 32 to provide an intermediate frequency (IF) signal. The IF signal can be converted to a baseband signal, if desired. An analog-to-digital (A/D) converter, 34 samples the IF signal, or alternatively, the baseband signal, at a rate determined by a receive timing oscillator 36, resulting in a plurality of received samples yi.
It will be appreciated that the frequency of receive frequency oscillator 31 should match that of transmit frequency oscillator 25 although it is common that the two frequencies have an offset ωoffset therebetween. This offset must be determined and then compensated in order to accurately decode the symbol data and in order for the mobile unit to properly transmit to the base station.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, unit 12 also comprises a frequency offset synchronizer 38 which determines the offsetωoffset while synchronizing to the reference synchronization word s sent with the transmitted data. There are a plurality of possible reference words s, all of which are stored in ROM 40, of which only a known one is transmitted at a time. The output of frequency offset synchronizer 38, the offsetsωoffset and the timing index j, are provided to a decoder 42 which utilizes the two variables to decode the received data.
As shown in FIG. 2 to which reference is now made, frequency offset synchronizer 38 comprises two elements, an initial timing estimator 50, which provides a rough timing estimate τr, and a combined frequency offset and timing estimator 52 which refines rough timing; estimate τr, to produce the synchronization timing, while determining the frequency offsetωoffset.
Initial timing estimator 50 utilizes a normalized differential correlation Λ(τ). An exemplary correlation is provided in Equation 1:
where the yr+1 are the received symbol samples sampled once per symbol and shifted by the amount τ, where τ has a resolution of a fraction of a symbol Tsymbol (e.g. T symbol /4), zi=yi�yi−1* is a received differential symbol, si is one symbol of one reference sequence stored in ROM 40, RZi=si�si−1* is a differential form of one transmitted reference symbol and * indicates the complex conjugate.
Equation 1 is determined for all possible time shift values τ and the reference sequence s belonging to the receiving unit. The value τr which produces a maximum (or peak) value Λ(τ) is the rough timing estimate.
Because Equation 1 is in a differential form and has an absolute value, it is insensitive to frequency offsets and therefore, can be utilized to provide the rough timing estimate τr. The correlation (i.e. the nominator of Equation 1) provides the quality of the received data samples y1 and the normalization with respect to the energy of the received data samples y1 (i.e. the denominator) reduces any preference for strong signals over fading signals. Equation 1 is not optimal for a single path channel, but produces good results. In the multipath channel, instead of getting only one maximum as in the single path channel, we would get several peaks, all in the vicinity of the main peak. Accordingly, the timing estimate τr is just a rough estimate.
Combined frequency offset and timing estimator 52 utilizes the rough timing estimate τr to determine the synchronization timing while determining the frequency offsetωoffset. Estimator 52 utilizes a log likelihood metric C(y′,hopt) of a signal passed through a multipath channel having additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) as shown in Equation 2:
where yi′yi+τ
The optimal channel tap vector h opt for each value of time shift index j is produced by minimizing Equation 2 (via the least squares criterion), as follows:
where the length of all the vectors is taken as the memory of the channel, denoted here by K. For example, the channel memory might be of length 3. It is noted that the matrix
may be calculated in advance for all the possible synchronization words s, and it turns out that, for the synchronization words defined in the IS-55 TDMA standard, the matrix equals (Nx−K)�I3, where I3 is the unit matrix of order 3, and thus Equation 3 reduces simply to:
Equation 4 is the correlation between the shifted data samples and the transmitted synchronization word s.
To avoid the frequency offset problem, the log likelihood metric C(y′, hopt) is determined over the possible frequency offset span by first rotating the input samples {tilde over (y)}i′=yi′�e−jω offset ′ and then calculating C({tilde over (y)}′,h opt). The frequency offset ωoffset and the timing τr�j1, which minimize the log likelihood metric C({tilde over (y)}′,h opt) over the reduced time span τr�J are selected as the output frequency offset and synchronization timing.
FIG. 3, to which reference is now made, illustrates the operations of estimator 52. Initially (step 60), estimator 52 selects the shifted data samples yi′=yi+τ
Estimator 52 then begins a loop (step 62) over a predetermined set of possible values of the frequency offset ωoffset and, in step 64, determines the current values of {tilde over (y)}′, the time and frequency shifted data samples for the current value of frequency and time indices, ωoffset and j1, respectively.
Estimator 52 then begins a loop (step 66) over the time shifting index j in which the current optimal channel tap vector h opt is determined (step 68) from Equation 4 and the log likelihood metric C({tilde over (y)}′,h opt) is determined (step 70) from Equation 2.
When both the frequency and time loops 62 and 66, respectively, are finished, estimator 52 has a series of values for the log likelihood metric C({tilde over (y′)},h opt). Estimator 52 then chooses the values of frequency and time indices ωoffset and j1, which produced the minimum (i.e. best) value of the log likelihood metric C({tilde over (y′)},h opt). Estimator 52 then produces the frequency offset ωoffset and the refined timing, which is simply τr+j1 (step 72).
It will be appreciated that the frequency offset loop 62 can be performed in two or more stages. In this embodiment, the selection operation of step 72 is performed within loop 62 and the frequency band (i.e. range of offset ωoffset frequencies) which provided the best results for that loop is divided into a finer resolution. Loop 62 is then repeated for the finer resolution frequency offsets. This provides a solution with a fine resolution on the frequency offsets with fewer computations than when calculating loop 62 for the entire range at the fine resolution.
For example, in the first stage, the frequency offset band can be divided into six sections, each of 1600 Hz for a spread of �4800 Hz. For each section, the center frequency is utilized. Thus, loop 62 is performed six times, once at each of the center frequencies. In addition, the time shift range J is set as 2Tsymbol, where Tsymbol is the time between symbols, and the time step is �Tsymbol.
From the output of the first stage, which is a two dimensional table of time shift j and center frequency offset ωoffset, the entry which provides the smallest value of the log likelihood metric C({tilde over (y)}′,h opt) is selected. It is noted that the time shift j of the selected solution may still differ from the best solution since the center frequencies of the selected bands typically differ from the real frequency offset.
In the second stage, the selected frequency band is divided into ten finer bands, to achieve a fine frequency resolution of 160 Hz Loop 62 is repeated for each band, where the frequency utilized is typically the center frequency of the fine band. Selection step 72 then selects the time and frequency shift values which produce the best log likelihood metric C({tilde over (y)}′,h opt), as described hereinabove.
It is further noted that the operations of estimator 52 can be repeated several times, on different input data samples, in order to improve the frequency offset estimation in the presence of fading. When the received synchronization word happens to be subject to a deep fade, the frequency estimation might err significantly. To overcome this, estimator 52 can operate on two data frames, comparing the frequency estimation results.
If the results agree (i.e. the frequency offsets ωoffset are less than some threshold, for example, 150 Hz apart), then estimator 52 averages the two frequency offsets. If desired, the average can be weighted by the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the frames, the received signal strength indication (RSSI) of the frames or of any other weight.
If the results disagree, estimator 52 operates on a third frame and compares its results with the results of the two previous frames. If the results of the third frame are close to the results of one of the previous frames, then estimator 52 averages the two close frequency offsets, as described hereinabove. Otherwise, the frequency offset of the frame with the largest SNR or RSSI is chosen.
It is noted that, when a frequency offset exists, the received signal, including fading, multipath and noise, is spectrally shifted by the receive frequency oscillator 31, resulting in:
Assuming that there is no noise and that the channel taps h are perfectly estimated, the log likelihood metric becomes:
Since 1−cos(ωoffsetτ) is a convex function when |ωoffsetτ|≦π/2, then if
the log likelihood metric will be a convex function with its minimum at foffset=0 (i.e. at the value for which we search). For example, for the IS-55 standard,
Ns=14, K=3 and thus, if foffset<552 Hz, the log likelihood metric will be a convex function. For larger frequency offsets, this convexity property no longer holds although the resultant values of the log likelihood metric are still larger than that of a zero frequency offset.
It is noted that the above analysis assumes that the real channel taps h are utilized which is typically not true. Despite this, simulations show good agreement with the above analysis. The convexity of the log likelihood metric function with respect to frequency offset ensures that a local minimum with respect to the frequency offset will also be a global minimum.
It will be appreciated that the present invention is not limited by what has been described hereinabove and that numerous modifications, all of which fall within the scope of the present invention, exist. For example, for better results, frequency offset synchronizer 38 could include only combined frequency offset and timing estimator 52. However, this is significantly more time and computationally expensive.
It will further be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described herein above. Rather the scope of the invention is defined by the claims which follow.
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Do not peel, but cut off stem end of apples.
Remove core & part of pulp, leaving about 3/4" around core cavity.
Place apples in a lightly greased pan.
Mix fruits, sugar & cinnamon; use to fill cavities in apples.
Sprinkle pecans on top of apples.
Bake at 365 degrees until tender.
Serve with a spoonful of whipped cream on top of each apple.


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Review by:
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on Sep. 05, 2013 :
This short story radiates power in its distinctive and understated way, and is rich in symbolism, with great attention to physical detail.
The relationship between the two protagonists is handled in such an artistic and understated manner that the emotional impact of their estrangement is subtle, but highly palpable.
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E Readers
on March 25, 2013 :
The writer has examined every detail, movement, look and feeling with microscopic vigilance in this unusual short story. Two male lovers, two agendas crossing paths on different levels. There is a sense of ending, of mourning a relationship but no tangible or verbal conclusion that explains the situation completely. The setting, as with all the stories from this author, is beuatifully presented.
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on March 23, 2013 :
Felt like I'd actually been there.
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S. A. Williams
on Jan. 22, 2013 :
In less than 1,700 words, Gavin William Wright has crafted a touching and amazing short story which introduces two complex and conflicted characters. Despite the short length the character development is amazing and feels complete and the plot is engaging. A great quick read!
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Dealer Rating
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Need advice on barrel composter
Hello fellow gardeners,
I am new to composting but am highly motivated. We have dogs/ deer/squirrels so I am interested in an enclosed composter to help keep these four-legged creatures out. I am considering the Rapid Blend Easy Composter sold by Garden's Alive. It is a turnable drum design with vented sides and barrel design that can hold 50 gal of material. Can anyone recommend it - or tell me why I shouldn't get it? It will only cost me $100 plus shipping if I buy it before my coupon expires. Unfortunately there are no reviews for it on their website.
Thank you in advance!
I'm not a fan of these kind of composting systems...why?...you'll find that they are way too small. If you are composting any amount of tree leaves & other materials, a barrel will not begin to handle them. I have a wire mesh bin that is 6' in diameter by 4' high & I have space so I can set up 3 of them if needed. Once you start using compost, you will find that you can never make enough of it to go around.
Thanks for the input. Do you actually put food scraps in this compost system? I have done one like you suggest for grass clippings and leaves at my old house. But on this property I know I will attract all sorts of animals if it's open and has food in it.
You might want to do a search over in the compost forum.
Most of them don't like tumbler type composting. I do, but I tumble for a couple of weeks, til partially broken down, then turn it into a free staning composter. Less work on my back IMHO. I also have 2 tumblers and 2 free standers, so I have a lot more to work with!
The big problem with tumblers is adding and adding and adding and you can never really finish! That's why I do the partial in the tumbler and then add to the other to finish.
It works for me! Nancy
We have two tumbler composters and the problem is that it all mixes around in various stages of composting. I'm probably partially to blame -- I don't tumble them on a daily basis.
nancyjane -- I like your idea of moving the compost out once it's partially finished.
My husband wants to build a big worm bin instead, he seems to think that would be the best thing for us since we have a small yard and mostly food scraps to compost. Last year we bought a bale of straw to add to the compost, and it helped, but if we could keep worms going that would probably be better.
I have given up on traditional composting.
Now that I know about hugelkultur, I am burying wood scraps at the bottom of my raised beds, and filling with my compostables making sure there is a lot of nitrogen as the decomposing wood can use a lot of nitrogen.
bury the woody debree, lots of coffee grounds or comfrey leaves, and the kitchen scrapes, and cover with 8" or more of soil, and just call it good. So far, the plants are doing fine planted almost immediately over this. but of course, nothing too advance, usually from seed so it is a while before the roots get down there.
The other thing I do is the vitamix - put in the days kitchen scapes and 5-6 cups of water and blend for a minute, just poor on the beds between plants.
Regular composting was frankly too much work.


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General Dynamics Information Technology Interview Questions in Arlington, VA
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I applied through other source. The process took 2 weeks – interviewed at General Dynamics Information Technology in August 2012.Interview Details
Process was swift it began on the phone then in person. I was refereed by a former co-worker who happened to be on the contract. I could tell the Program Manager did not know anything about strategic communications or marketing. She did have a military background and was in the medical field. She was highly educated and was very methodological her process was conducted like a research project.Interview Questions
Negotiation DetailsNo negotiation necessary salary was way above what I was targeting. I was able to take pre-planned leave before I came on board. I was however required to check emails and participate in meetings over the phone.Accepted OfferPositive Experience
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The process took a week – interviewed at General Dynamics Information Technology in September 2011.Interview Details
The hiring process was very personal. I met directly with the person who would have been my manager, as well as her manager. Everyone was very honest and straightforward about the company's expectations, the skills required to do the job, the position responsibilities, the salary, etc. They were open to discussing compensation options as well. The interviewers asked specific questions regarding my experience doing exactly what I would be expected to do at General Dynamics, which was a true test of my knowledge and experience (rather than your typical "what's your biggest weakness" type questions). It was a refreshing interview, somewhat challenging, but it felt tailored to the position and the time spent answering direct questions seemed very worthwhile.Interview Questions
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- Walk us through the process from receipt of an RFP to signature of the contract. Answer Question
- Tell us about your experience operating in an audit-ready environment and the procedures in place to ensure compliance. Answer Question
I originally accepted an offer, but my current company counter-offered a promotion to a position in a location that was more desirable.Declined OfferPositive ExperienceAverage Interview


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Fatal Poems. Below are examples of fatal poems. This list of poems about fatal is made of PoetrySoup member poems. PoetrySoup is a great resource for examples of fatal poems or list of fatal poetry. These examples illustrate what fatal poems looks like and its form. There is also a link (below) to the definition where you can discuss fatal poems.
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