text:
An improved horizontal slab gel electrophoresis apparatus having compartments for vertical wicks at each end of a removable horizontal trough. Adjacent to the vertical wicks are vertical buffer compartments with built in electrodes. A partition separates the vertical wicks from the buffer compartment and includes a slot with a silicone plug which can be removed after curing or hardening of the vertical wicks to permit communication between the buffer and the gel slab. Flow adapters and an interconnecting tube permit constant circulation of the buffer to maintain equal volume and pH. The horizontal trough has slots for insertion of combs to form up to seventy-five sample wells and additional slots at each end for sealing the end of the horizontal slab when the gel slab is removed. The apparatus includes coils in a horizontal bed or plate beneath the trough for cooling the gel slab during a run and levelling screws for levelling the horizontal trough before pouring the gel slab.
1. An electrophoresis method comprising:
forming vertical wicks of a gel;
hardening said vertical wicks;
forming a horizontal slab of gel between said vertical wicks and in contact therewith;
forming a plurality of sample wells simultaneously with the formation of said horizontal slab;
applying an electric current to said horizontal slab through said vertical wicks whereby sample molecules migrate into said horizontal gel and are resolved from each other on the basis of size and/or charge.
2. The method according to claim 1 including:
adding a stain to said wells whereby the sample molecules may be visualized during migration.
3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the gel for said vertical wicks is a different concentration than the gel for said horizontal slab.
4. The method according to claim 3 wherein the gel for said wicks is a higher percentage concentrative gel than the gel for the horizontal gel slab.
5. The method according to claim 4 including:
forming said vertical wicks of agarose gel;
forming said horizontal slab of polyacrylamide gel.
6. The method according to claim 1 including:
forming said horizontal slab on a horizontal ultraviolet transmitting surface whereby said slab may be illuminated from beneath said surface for visualization during a sample run.
7. The method according to claim 6 wherein said horizontal surface includes:
a removable horizontal tray which may be placed directly on a source of illumination without removing the gel from the tray.
8. The method according to claim 1 wherein the step of simultaneously forming a plurality of wells comprises simultaneously forming a plurality of narrow rectangular wells.
This is a division of application Ser. No. 873,448, filed Jan. 30, 1978 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,151,065.
This invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for electrophoresis and more particularly relates to horizontal slab gel electrophoresis.
The most commonly used technique for separation and purification of colloidal particles is by vertical gel electrophoresis using either tubes or slabs. However, certain problems are inherent with a vertical slab gel electrophoresis apparatus. For example, for obvious reasons it has been impossible to use very low percentage agarose gels that are necessary to separate high molecular weight fragments. For such resolutions gels of much less than 0.7% are necessary and cannot be used in a vertical slab gel electrophoresis apparatus. Also the thickness and therefore the capacities of vertical gels have been limited because thick gels are difficult to support and the number of samples per gel is small, usually no more than twenty-five.
Many of the above problems can be eliminated by the use of horizontal rather than a horizontal electrophoresis apparatus. While there have been horizontal slab gel electrophoresis devices described they also suffer from some deficiencies. Among these are that previous devices have not been able to accommodate the variable size gels and there has been no visualization or manipulation of the gels during operation. Further, the use of paper wicks for contact with a running buffer or coolant has been a disadvantage because the wicks can dry out, reducing the conductivity and sometimes even tear. Also, maintenance of the buffer equilibrium and pH as well as maintaining constant voltage have also been problems with prior art devices. One prior art device does provide a horizontal plate for a gel, but does not provide any easy method to remove the gel and appears to be unsuitable for very soft or low percentage gels. All of the above problems with the horizontal and vertical slab gel electrophoresis devices can be eliminated by use of the horizontal slab gel electrophresis device disclosed herein.
The purpose of the present invention is to provide an improved horizontal slab gel electrophoresis apparatus.
The present invention consists of a horizontal bed on which a removable trough or tray rests into which a horizontal slab gel can be poured. At the end of the trough are vertical chambers or compartments for forming vertical wicks of the agarose or acrylamide gels which contact the horizontal slab. The vertical chamber is separated into two compartments by a partition with a buffer being in the compartment farthest from the horizontal slab in the trough. A removable silicone plug in a slot in the partition permits communication between the outermost compartments and the vertical wicks of gel. The outermost compartments are filled with a buffer which can be circulated through a tube connecting these compartments by a pump connected to flow adapters. Electrodes permanently installed in these compartments permit application of a voltage to opposite ends of the running buffer and therefore to the vertical and horizontal slabs of gel.
The removable trough or tray has vertical sides and open ends with handles provided for lifting the tray with the gel out of the apparatus after electrophoresis. The trough or tray has slots in the vertical sides for installation of combs to form up to seventy-five samples wells in three separate areas, as well as vertical slots in each end for installation of end plates to seal a gel slab. For very soft low percentage gels, the end plates can be inserted before lifting the tray. The tray is also made of an ultraviolet transmitting or transparent plastic, permitting viewing of the gel or sample run while still in the tray. The horizontal bed beneath the trough has grooves or coils through which a coolant can be circulated maintaining the horizontal slab gel temperature low during a run.
The device is set up by placing a levelling bulb in the approximate center of the tray when resting on the horizontal bed. The apparatus is then levelled by levelling screws at each end and at the rear of the center for this purpose. An agarose or acrylamide gel is then poured into the tray and the combs inserted to form sample wells. Preferably, the vertical gel wicks are poured prior to pouring the horizontal slab but may be formed simultaneously therewith by allowing the gel to run into the vertical compartments when forming the horizontal slab. After allowing the gel to cure for a period of time the combs are removed and the wells filled with samples. In some cases if the samples are very small, the wells may be prefilled with a running buffer and the samples layered underneath. The end compartments are filled with a buffer solution which is continuously circulated through an interconnecting tube and flow adapters by a peristaltic pump. Electrodes mounted in the buffer compartments conduct electricity to the gel through a slot in a partition separating the buffer compartment and the gel wick. After the gel has cured or hardened a plug in a partition separating the wick compartment from a buffer compartment is removed and the outer compartment filled with a buffer.
The horizontal slab gel trough or tray can be sectioned into lengthwise sections by longitudinal partitions permitting the simultaneous use of a variety of gel concentrations. A transparent plastic cover fits the top of the entire apparatus to prevent contamination and for safety purposes to prevent electrical shock while electrophoresis takes place.
It is one object of the present invention to provide a horizontal slab gel electrophoresis apparatus which incorporates vertical gel wicks.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a horizontal slab gel electrophoresis apparatus which permits easy removal of the gel after a run has been made.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a horizontal slab gel electrophoresis apparatus which permits manipulation and visualization of the gel during a sample run.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a horizontal slab gel electrophoresis apparatus in which the size of the sample wells can be easily controlled.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a horizontal slab gel electrophoresis apparatus in which a buffer solution may be continuously circulated.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a horizontal slab gel electrophoresis apparatus which permits direct cooling of the horizontal slab during a sample run.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a horizontal slab gel electrophoresis apparatus which provides an improved method of contacting the gel with a running buffer.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a horizontal slab gel electrophoresis apparatus having a removable tray for easily removing the gel after a run.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a horizontal slab gel electrophoresis apparatus in which a removable tray is constructed of an ultraviolet transmitting material to permit viewing of the gel through the removable tray.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein like reference numbers identify like parts throughout.
FIG. 1 is a top view with cover removed of a horizontal slab gel electrophoresis apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the horizontal slab gel electrophoresis apparatus taken at 2--2 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken at 3--3 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a top view with cover removed of the electrophoresis apparatus during a sample run;
FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken at 5--5 of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a view of the horizontal slab gel trough or tray removed from the apparatus; and
FIG. 7 is an exploded view illustrating the various features and functions of the apparatus from beginning to end of a run.
The horizontal slab gel electrophoresis apparatus disclosed herein has many novel features that eliminate the problems of present gel devices described above. As can be seen in FIG. 1, (drawn with cover removed) the horizontal gel apparatus of the present invention has a horizontal bed 10 enclosed by a frame having sides 12, end plates 14 and bottom plates 16. The sides 12 and end plates 14 also enclose chambers at each end separated into compartments 18, 20, 22 and 24 by partitions 26 and 28. The sides 12, ends 14, bottom plates 16 and partition 28 are all secured together and sealed.
Resting on the horizontal bed 10 is a removable horizontal trough or tray 30 having borders 32 forming handles attached to the vertical sides 34. The trough is preferably constructed of an ultraviolet transmitting plastic such as clear UVT Plexiglas. The vertical sides 34 of the horizontal trough 30 have a plurality of spaced apart slots 36 and 38 on the ends for insertion of end plates for sealing and enclosing a gel in the tray and additional slots or grooves 40, 42, 44 and 46 for holding a selected number of combs such as 48 and 50 or solid guide plates (not shown). The particular grooves or slots selected for use depends upon the number of samples and spaces desired. For example, the spacing desired and illustrated in the drawings are two sets of twenty samples equally spaced.
The horizontal bed or plate 10 not only supports the horizontal trough 30 but also serves as a cooling block. The horizontal bed 10 is constructed of sheets of Plexiglas sandwiched together with one of the sheets having grooves 49 milled into the sheet. The grooves 49 provide a circulatory path for a coolant thus cooling the horizontal bed 10 and the horizontal trough 30. The coolant is supplied to the grooves or coils 48 by flow adapters 50 and 52 for attachment of hoses 54 and 56. Coolant can thus be circulated through the horizontal plate or bed 10 providing a great deal of cooling to the horizontal slab gel during a test run.
The end of the horizontal bed 10 and trough 30 terminate coincidentally at the transverse or crosswise vertical wells or compartments 20 and 22. These vertical wells 20 and 22 provide for a vertical wick of gel material in contact with the horizontal slab of gel as illustrated in FIG. 2. The vertical wicks of gel 60 are preferably poured prior to the pouring of the horizontal slab but may be poured simultaneously therewith. The partitions 26 and 28 separating the compartments 20 and 22 from compartments 18 and 24 have elongate slots 58 sealed by a removable silicone plug 62 while the gel is hardening.
After a gel is poured and hardened the plug 62 may be removed so that the vertical wick in compartments 20 and 22 may be in communication with wells or compartments 18 and 24. The compartments 18 and 24 are for a buffer and are interconnected by a tube 64 in order to maintain the pH and volume in the two buffer compartments equal. Buffer is circulated in the compartments 18 and 24 by a peristaltic pump (not shown) connected to the compartments by flow adapters 66 and 68 connected by means of hoses 70 and 72.
In many prior art devices electrical connections are made by simply inserting loose electrodes into the buffer solution. The present device, however, incorporates plastic rods 74 rigidly secured to the end walls 14 on which permanent electrodes 76, preferably platinum, are mounted. Sockets 78 attached to the outside of frame walls 12 are connected to the electrodes 76. The sockets 78 permit easy connection to the electrodes by male plugs 80 connected to a source of electricity (not shown).
Levelling screws 82, 84 and 86 are provided for levelling the trough 30 resting on the horizontal bed 10. The levelling screws 82 and 84 are on lips or flanges on the bottom pieces 16 while the levelling screw 86 is provided on a flange 88.
Before the horizontal slab of gel 60 is poured a level is placed in the middle of the trough 30 and the device or apparatus is levelled by levelling screws 82, 84 and 86.
The preparation of the horizontal slab gel electrophoresis apparatus for running samples is illustrated in FIG. 4 (with cover removed), 5 and 6. The apparatus is set up as illustrated in FIG. 1 with the trough on tray 30 resting on the horizontal bed 10. Vertical wicks of gel 60 can be poured in the compartments 20 and 22 up to the level of the horizontal bed prior to insertion of the trough 30. While this is preferred, the trough 30 could be placed on the horizontal bed and the gel poured into the trough 30 and wells or compartment 20 and 22 simultaneously. However, pouring of the wicks in wells or compartments 20 and 22 first is preferred because the wicks can be different percentage gel than the horizontal slab gel.
After the horizontal slab of gel 60 has been poured into the trough 30, combs are inserted in selected grooves or slots 40, 42, 44 or 46 to produce the number of desired sample wells. In the drawings two combs 48 and 50 are illustrated producing twenty wells in two rows illustrated at 90 and 92 of FIG. 4. A cover 96 is then placed over the apparatus and the gel 60 is allowed to cure or harden. After the gel hardens the combs are removed producing two rows of sample wells 90 and 92 of twenty each. The ease of mounting the combs 48 and 50 permits very narrow sample wells to be produced and as many as twenty-five in each row have been utilized. Further, by using grooves 40, 44 and 46 as many as seventy-five samples can be tested in a single run. More or less channels could be provided within certain limits if desired.
In addition to the rows of samples illustrated the horizontal slab 60 could be partitioned along its entire length into several horizontal slabs as illustrated in phantom in FIG. 4 by means of lengthwise partitions 35 supported by cross bars 37 and 39 engaged in slots 36 and 38. This additional feature demonstrates the versatility of this device permitting the use of different percentage gels to compare the migration of fragments in these different gels.
After the gel hardens the combs 48 and 50 are removed and samples placed in each of the sample wells in the rows 90 and 92. If the samples are much smaller than the wells then the wells may be first filled with a buffer and the samples layered in beneath the surface of the buffer. The silicone plugs 62 are then removed from the slots 58 and the compartments 18 and 24 filled above the slots 58 with a buffer. The tube 64 permits the buffer to equalize in the two compartments 18 and 24 preventing any variation in the pH. A peristaltic pump (not shown) constantly circulates buffer in the wells 18 and 24 through hoses 70 and 72. A voltage is applied to electrode 76 in the buffer wells 18 and 24 through plugs 80 connected to a source of electricity (not shown).
Because preparative runs can require significant amounts of current which could result in heating of the horizontal slab of gel 60 in the trough 30, a coolant is circulated through the horizontal bed or plate by means of the hose connections 56 and 54 connected to the coils or grooves 49 in the horizontal bed. With this cooling block formed in the horizontal bed being used the gel slab 60 can be maintained as low as 5� centigrade. Maintaining this lower temperature is particularly important when using softer gels which have a watery consistency. The cover 96 covers the entire apparatus preventing evaporation and also for safety purposes.
When a run is completed the trough 30 can be lifted out of the device separating the connection of the horizontal slab of gel 60 with the wicks in the wells 20 and 22 as illustrated in FIG. 6. If the gel is of a soft, watery consistency then end plates 94 and 96 can be inserted prior to removal from the appararatus. In any event, end plates 94 and 96 can be inserted in the slots 36 and 38 respectively after removal of the tray to seal the gel in order to permit staining of the horizontal slab. The cover 96 is preferably constructed of Plexiglas and is placed over the electrophoresis apparatus when it is in operation. This has two purposes: first, it prevents dehydration of the gel 60 and second, it reduces the hazards of electrical shock.
The current from the buffer wells or compartments 18 and 24 is conducted to the horizontal trough 30 by vertical wicks of agarose or polyacrylamide gel in wells 20 and 22. As was indicated previously, the wicks are preferably poured prior to the pouring of the horizontal slab but both can be poured simultaneously. The vertical wicks are formed in the compartments or wells 20 and 22 sectioned or partitioned off from the buffer wells across 18 and 24. Direct contact of the adjacent wells or troughs 18, 20 and 22, 24 is permitted through the slots 58 which can be closed off by a removable silicone plug to separate two regions. Once the wicks of gel 60 have been poured and hardened the plugs 62 can be removed and the running buffer added to the compartments 18 and 24. The electrodes preferably platinum, are wound or wrapped around a plastic dowel 74 attached to the back end walls 14 of the buffer wells. The buffer is circulated from one well to the other by a peristaltic pump to maintain constant pH and ionic strength between the compartments. The hollow tube 64 connecting the two compartments maintains a constant volume between the compartments.
The sample wells in the rows 90 and 92 should be narrow to reduce the band width of the sample. The size of the sample wells can be very small and easily controlled because of the ease by which they can be formed by combs 48 and 50. The sample wells reach the bottom of the agarose or acrylamide gel without affecting the sample pattern. Samples are run into the gel at low voltage until the sample has entered the gel as determined by direct visualization. Once the sample has entered the gel the voltage can be increased. Samples have been run in 0.12 inch thick gels at 250 volts and 100 milliamps without distorting the fragment patterns. However, at this amperage it is necessary to keep the gel cool by circulating a coolant through the horizontal bed or cooling block 10 to maintain a constant temperature anywhere between 5� and 20� centigrade. The sample fragments are visualized by staining after the run. If the gel is stained prior to the run it is possible to visualize the fragments as they migrate through the gel. However, in a run without stain the trough is lifted out of the apparatus with the gel breaking the horizontal slab away from the vertical wicks as illustrated in FIG. 7. The shape of vertical wicks 20' and 22' are shown after the horizontal slab 60' has been lifted out with the trough 30 which can then be sealed by end plates 94 and 96 and stained.
The gel 60' can be stained directly in the trough 30 by sealing the end plates 94 and 96 with a suitable agarose or acrylamide gel. The slab of gel 60' then can be removed from the trough 30 and viewed by placing it directly on a long wave transilluminator or viewed directly through the trough 30 constructed of an ultraviolet transmitting material such as Plexiglas.
The electrophoresis apparatus is designed to accommodate either a large number of analytical samples or milligram quantities of fragments for preparative runs. The slots in the sides of the trough illustrated in FIG. 7 allow for placement of two or three combs of up to twenty-five teeth each giving a single gel a total capacity of up to seventy-five samples. In contrast to vertical gels where it is very difficult to remove the combs from low percentage agarose gels, the combs 48 and 50 can be removed with ease from gels down to 0.2% of agarose gel. Some samples run simultaneously in the seventy-five wells produce very reproducible patterns.
To allow for large preparative runs, the walls of the trough 30 were made relatively high (e.g., 13/4 inches). Using 1/2 inch thick agarose gel slabs (0.3, 0.5, 0.8, and 1.2%), good separation of samples was achieved. The use of very low percentage agarose gels facilitates the removal of samples.
The most distinctive features of this horizontal slab gel apparatus can be more clearly seen in FIG. 7. Among these is the use of the vertical agarose or polyacrylamide wicks 20' and 22'. With most instruments now in use a paper wick now connects the running buffer with the horizontal slab. These paper wicks tear easily, drying out during the run and are unable to carry the large electrical currents required for large preparative slabs. When the wicks 20' and 22' are poured first an interface illustrated at dotted lines 98 is produced between the horizontal slab and vertical wicks but does not effect electrical contact between these two slabs. At the end of each run the trough 30 is removed thereby separating the horizontal slab 60' from the vertical wicks 20' and 22'. Vertical wicks can be reused many times with some having been used for up to ten different runs without any apparent changes.
As was indicated previously, partitions (shown in phantom in FIG. 4) mounted in the trough 30 will allow simultaneous running of different percentage slabs, particularly those of agarose. At the ends of each trough 30 rectangular plates 37 and 39 can be inserted in the slots 36 and 38. The plates 37 and 39 would also include vertically cut slots which will hold dividers 35 running the length of the agarose trough. This will partition the gel bed into a number of sections with four having been successfully used. These compartments can be treated as individual slabs for running different comparison tests. This arrangement has been used to look at the relationship between molecular weight with different gels or agarose concentrations. It is also possible to study different agarose concentrations at the same time by using this apparatus. In particular, agarose concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 were simultaneously run. From this run the resolving power for high molecular weight fragments was determined.
When run with sample fragments of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fragments in the lower percentage agarose the difference in migration rates is very pronounced for 10�106 restriction fragments of DNA and decreases for the 1.6�106 fragments. The increased migration rate is very useful for rapid assay of restriction enzymes during their purification. The horizontal gel electrophoresis apparatus disclosed can be used analytically as well as preparatively. By using three combs instead of the two shown at 48 and 50 with twenty-five teeth, seventy-five samples can be run simultaneously or separately. These samples can be viewed as they run if a stain is incorporated into the gel or stained later without being removed from the trough 30. The cover 96 is also provided with openings 100 closed by stoppers 102 to permit the addition of any type of material such as a stain or gas before or duing a run.
For preparative runs, the horizontal gel is far superior to the vertical because thicker slabs can be poured and the percentage of agarose can be greatly reduced. Preparative gels containing as low as 0.2% agarose have been run. The greater yield of restriction fragments from the lower percentage gels is very useful.
The sectioning of the horizontal slab by lengthwise dividers gives the horizontal gel a versatility not obtainable with vertical gels. In a single run we were able to establish relationships between agarose concentrations and molecular weight. If a vertical gel apparatus were being used it would require four separate runs to obtain the same information. The design facilitates the use of vertical wicks, a most important design feature and provides an easy method of making contact with buffer wells or compartments because they eliminate the need for other modes of less convenient and reproducible current carriers. Further, the agarose or polyacrylamide wicks are reusable, are able to carry up to 200 milliamps and never dry out or produce current variations along the gel. Other important features of the invention are the removable trough, the cooling block to maintain a constant temperature in the gel during a run and the recirculation system for constant circulation of a running buffer.
Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that the full scope of the invention is not limited to the details disclosed herein and may be practiced otherwise than specifically described.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Momacita had a warmth about her. You could see it in her smile and you could feel it emanating out of her very being. Her hugs were as good as gold and her laughter was contagious. Standing near Momacita, it seemed as if everything was safe; everything was going to be okay. Her faith could move mountains.
She had faith in me and for that I am forever grateful.
I fled to her house. It was after dark. I had to get there. I had to get away. The only items I could take were those I could carry as I rode away on my beach cruiser. My Walkman and cassette tapes were on the list of necessities. I didn't call and ask permission. I just showed up.
Was I crying? Visibly upset? Or, was I relived?
The time I spent living in Momacita's presence were absolutely days of relief and restoration. Yet, I was not at a spa.
I was a teenager and Momacita was a single mom with 3 daughters, 2 of them teenagers. We lived in a HUD subsidized, 2 bedroom, sparsely furnished apartment. It was the 80's and people were feeling the pinch of Reganomics. Momacita was not able to work due to disability.
I remember the day began with the smell of beans cooking on the stove. I can see Momacita now, in her night gown, stirring a pot of beans. She would season them so that it seemed like you were eating a special grandma stew. I promise, it had healing properties, thanks to Momacita's special touch.
The food came from the food bank. I remember a certain day of the week she would get a bag of beans, a bag of rice and a block of "Reagan" cheese (American). After I moved into my own apartment, I went and got these same items for myself once or twice. It was better than nothing.
Because at the time, I could not even think about going back home. I would rather sleep in my car, and I did.
Once I settled down a bit, I had a series of waitress gigs including Bob's Big Boy and Norm's and I lived in apartments with roommates. It could have been dismal but it was blissful in a sense. Maybe not so much at the time as it is now, reflecting back on the 30+ years of life that have passed since then and the many times when Momacita's love and faith intervened in my life, turning me away from destruction and toward rejuvenation and healing.
I was learning to live a life free from fear and violence. I was learning what it was like to live principles versus just preaching them in public.
If it weren't for women like Momacita, who knows where I'd be.
It was easy to say yes when the family asked me to speak at the memorial. I wanted to share the story of Momacita's love with all in attendance. I believe she deserves public recognition and I hope the story inspires others to know what a difference love and acceptance can make in someone's life.
On October 31, 2014 this loving woman, who touched the live's of many made her transition. She was a living example of the saying, "one person can make a difference" and an example of someone who cares for people, regardless of their race or biological family ties. She proved it doesn't require lots of money to make a mighty difference. A little love can go a long way.
When I feel like giving up, or I think I don't have anything to give, I remember this. I think of all the people who did little things here and there to help me out, to lift me up. I try to be aware of the fact that my meanness or kindness could be a turning point in someone's life whether I realize it or not.
Here's to Momacita, an angel in the darkness. God bless her and the many women like her who provide a safe haven for lost souls and who help parent and redirect youth who come from broken homes.
Come visit us on the fourth Friday of the month to read the continuation of the story. Subscribe to the blog to receive daily words and music to help you stay galvanized.

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my car keeps overheating. i have replaced the radiator, the thermostat, and all of the sensors. so the only thing i have left is the water pump. i have the parts but i just cant find a place where i can get it done for under 200. thats all i can afford. please help.
1998 Volkswagen Passat
Volkswagen Q&AAsk Your Question
1998 Volkswagen Passat Question: water pump
Answer #1Bret Bodas June 04, 2009, 00:32Master
It's highly likely the water pump is bad. The impeller on the pump is plastic and it breaks off and stops circulating coolant through the engine, allowing it to overheat.
It's unfortunate that money was wasted replacing items that were not the cause of the problem, and now you cannot afford the repair needed. Whatever you do, don't allow the engine to overheat, this will cause even more damage. You can try negotiating with a shop for a payment plan on the repair. Did a shop recommend replacing the radiator and sensors?
Answer #2Kamikazi2142 June 04, 2009, 03:38Enthusiast
hey, yeah, if a shop recommended replacing all those parts, they should be held responsible for your current money deficit, but, the best thing would be, using the bus system, go and shop for a shop that will allow a payment plan.
what ever happened to the good ol' air cooled Vdubs?
are you the only guy who knows it all Bret?
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Dec. 9, 1840
Herkimer County
New York, USA
Dec. 29, 1913
Linn County
Iowa, USA
Anderson family:
Joseph Scroggs Anderson
(1834-1905), Nancy Jane "Jennie" Frazee Anderson,
Lew Wallace Anderson
Minna Kadgihn Anderson
John B. Anderson
Emma W. Anderson
Belle Anderson
Joseph R. Anderson
Donald Anderson
Paul G. Anderson
John Burton Anderson
Lura C. Anderson
Helen Anderson Reidel
James S. Anderson
Audrey Anderson
Aaron Frazee
Nancy Clapsaddle Frazee
The Evening Gazette
(Cedar Rapids), Mon., Dec. 29, 1913, p. 1, last column.
Early Settler
In Cedar Rapids,
Passes Away
Mrs. J. S. Anderson Came Here 65 Years Ago
She Undoubtedly Was The Longest Continuous Resident Of This City And Always Took An Active Interest In All Community Affairs - Funeral Wednesday Morning At The Home.
__After an illness of some time, which she had borne with much fortitude, Mrs. Nancy Jane Anderson, widow of the late J. S. Anderson, passed away this morning at her home, 2008 Fifth avenue, Vernon Heights. The funeral will be held at the home Wednesday morning at 10 o'clock. The services will be in charge of Rev. Dr. E. J. Lockwood, pastor of St. Paul's M. E. church and interment will be in Linwood cemetery.
__[Photo w/caption, "Mrs. J. S. Anderson]
__Mrs. Anderson perhaps was the longest continuous resident of Cedar Rapids, having come here sixty-five years ago when she was a child of 8 years. Her parents entered land from the government, taking up eighty acres in the vicinty of what is now the Bohemian cemetery. This land was purchased for a dollar and a quarter an acre. Mrs. Anderson had made her home on the west side until four years ago, when she moved into her new home in Vernon Heights. Always solicitous for the welfare of her friends and possessed of a kindly and genial nature, "Aunt Jennie," as Mrs. Anderson was familiarly called by her acquaintances, made many warm friends during her long residence in Cedar Rapids. She was essentially a home woman, but she took an active interest in civic affairs and attended meetings of the Woman's club and other literary organizations.
__Mrs. Anderson maiden name was Nancy Jane Frazee. She was married to J. S. Anderson in 1865, who passed away in February, 1905. Mrs. Anderson was born in Herkimer county, N. Y., December 9, 1840, and came to Cedar Rapids with her parents,
and Nancy Clapsaddle Frazee, in 1848. They made the trip westward by way of the Erie canal and the Great Lakes to Chicago, and thence by team to this place.
__Mr. and Mrs. Anderson were the parents of three sons, Lew W., and Joseph R. of the firm of J. S. Anderson & Sons, and John B., claim agent for the Iowa Railway & Light company. Mrs. Anderson had two brothers and six sisters, all of whom had preceded her in death. She also had six grandchildren. Mary, Paul and Donald, children of Mr. and Mrs. Lew W. Anderson, and Burton, Helen and James, children of Mr. and Mrs. John B. Anderson. Joseph R. Anderson made his home with his mother.
__Mrs. Anderson was a devoted member of St. Paul's church and her life, was a beneficial influence in the moral development and social progess of the community.
Joseph Scroggs Anderson
Born West Moreland Co., Pennsylvania
August 10th, 1834
Removed To Cedar Rapids 1853, Making
His First Home In A Log Cabin on This Site
Died February 8th, 1905
Nancy Jane Frazee
His Wife
Born Herkimer Co., New York
December 9th, 1840
Removed To Cedar Rapids 1848
Died December 29th, 1913
Murdoch-Linwood Cemetery
Cedar Rapids
Linn County
Iowa, USA
Plot: Original Founders
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Frank Holmes
Record added: Aug 02, 2008
Find A Grave Memorial# 28731554
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lilac bushes
I have four lilac bushes (small, not sure what variety...they came with the house). They are all in different areas of my yard, not all together. They budded and some of the buds (but not many) have flowered. I noticed there is a lot of new growth but the majority of leaves on each bush are shriveled and the tips are browning/black. I am really confused as to what is causing this. Is this a fungus/disease or could this be due to frostbite? I kinda ruled out frost because my neighbors lilac tree is beautiful and FULL of flowers. But it did warm up here (SE WI)and then got cold again but I'm not sure that we actually got frost. Any ideas?
It could have been frost, I think. A couple of years ago one of mine did what yours are doing, after a light frost. All mine are in a row, and only one on the end of the row had those symptoms. Next year they were all fine. There are so many tiny microclimates these things can happen.
Or maybe it's something else...
Hey learning, I cant imagine any variety of lilac that isnt hardy to WI. But, Elvis is right, a frost at the wrong time can nip those buds a bit. You dont say how old your home is, but if these lilacs are still small, they are probably still very young and therefore vulnerable. Prune after the bloom time is over. Dont neglect this step. While young, just nip off the brown blooms. The older and taller your lilacs get, the less susceptable to frost. You might want to make a note of which plantings do the best- bloom-wise. Just hang on and hang in. Your lilac lovlies will do well for you. Pondy
Thanks for advice. The house is 15 years old but most of the landscaping (I was told by neighbor) is about 8-10 years old. I know these bushes are at least 5 years old because the people we bought from lived there for 4 years and other than mow the grass they did absolutely NOTHING outdoors. All of the landscaping was in pretty bad shape when we bought a year ago. Nice stuff....just overgrown, crowded and generally neglected.
I would say all three of the lilac bushes are about 3-4ft. tall. One is perhaps 5 ft. tall. So they are definitely a dwarf variety. I noticed lots of new growth this year but not alot of blooms. How far should I prune it back?
I think they should be pruned and regularly for shape, but as Tsugajunkie says, timing is VERY important. Prune right after bloom so they can produce enough growth for next years flowers. One to two weeks after bloom is the limit, I would say.


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|Half Baths
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
Classic beach house that has been fully updated, without losing the charm of the Ocean Drive style. From the wood paneled walls to the large bedrooms and sitting areas, you will love the nostalgic, yet comfortable feeling you get from staying in Sand-Bar.
Just on the third row of houses from the beach, it is a short walk to plant yourself on one of the least crowded stretches of beach in North Myrtle. In the Tilghman section, you are surrounded by private homes and your view to the ocean is not obstructed by high rise condo buildings nor do you have to squeeze into a tiny spot on the beach. Spread your blanket and chairs, relax and watch the waves roll in.
Main Street Ocean Drive is just 7 blocks away - a great walk on a moonlit night after enjoying the amusement rides or arcade downtown. Or, take a short bike ride to grab lunch or do some shopping. Sand-Bar is conveniently nestled in a quaint section of the beach ,yet close to everything. But, be warned, when you leave the house, you will yearn for the sanctuary and quiet of Sand-Bar.
Inside the house you will find two big screen tv's, two separate family areas a fully stocked kitchen, a sun deck for relaxing, a covered deck downstairs and two enclosed porches. Two of the bedrooms are large enough to sleep a family of four in each, with two queen beds. Now that's a big bedroom!
Sand-Bar has been lovingly cared for by a single owner family since it was built in 1954. Close attention has been paid to comfort and style since we use the house all but a few weeks a year when it is available for rent.
Property is very close to the beach great location, lots of room. It is an old home but very comfortable. The only thing is one of the queen beds felt like you would roll off, and the steps are very small. But we would stay again. :)


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When to cut bromeliad blooms
GrandmabirdieSeptember 21, 2013
I a bromeliad that has the pink blossom w/blue tiny flowers. Should I cut the bloom now that it is dying? Will it bloom again or just the new pups?
tsugajunkie z5 SE WI
The pink will still look good even if the blue buds have faded. It (the mother plant) will not bloom again so there is no hurry to cut the stem off. Just a matter of when you tire of it. The pups will have the next bloom. From what I can see it looks like it could be Aechmea fasciata.
This post was edited by tsugajunkie on Tue, Sep 24, 13 at 19:21


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Customize Your Start Menu in Windows NT
Customize Your Start Menu in Windows NT.
To make changes to the NT 4.0 Start menu, click the Start button and choose Settings, then Taskbar. Next, click the Start Menu Programs tab. You can use the Add or Remove buttons if you know exactly what you want. Or click the Advanced button to browse your hard drive and drag and drop applications into the Start Menu folder. You can also add programs from NT Explorer or My Computer by dragging and dropping them onto the Start button. NT uses both a common Start Menu and a user-specific Start Menu. The common Start Menu displays the applications that everybody in a group uses. The user-specific Start Menu is another list of applications that a particular user wants to see in the Start Menu. When that user logs in, the portion of the Start Menu stored in his or her profile is added to the common Start Menu. Users can change their own Start Menus, but only administrators can change the common Start Menu. The user-specific Start Menu folder is found under Winnt\Profiles\(username)\Start Menu. The common Start Menu folder is found under Winnt\Profiles\All Users\Start Menu.
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A dental handpiece including a pair of complementary housing sections defining an angulate through passageway, a pair of shafts in angulate relation within the passageway, and gearing on the proximate shaft ends for transmitting rotary motion therebetween.
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
United States Patent 1191 Reiter Mar. 26, 1974 [5 1 DENTAL HANDPIECE 1,112,565 10/1914 Schultz 32/27 [76] Inventor: Gabriel Reiter, 8204 ventnor Ave. 3,421,224 1/1969 Brehm et a1. 32/27 Margate, NJ. 08402 Primary Examiner-Louis G. Mancene [22] led: 32 1971 Assistant Examiner1. O. Lever 121 Appl. Nu: 195,269
[57] ABSTRACT 52 U.S. Cl. 32 27 1- l s l i In. CL 7 A61 c 4 A dental handpiece mcludmg a pair of complementary 5141 Field 01' l ti'riil'ffffjill'f. '.".'.'..IZ'QIQIIIIII. 32/26, 27 housing definivg angulate 5 way, a pan of shafts 1n angulate relation w1th1n the [56] References cued passageway, and gearing on the proximate shaft ends UNITED STATES PATENTS for transmitting rotary motion therebetween.
1,838,982 12/1931 Angell 1. 32/27 4 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures PATENTEDMARZB 1974 3798,77.
ATTORNEY DENTAL HANDPIECE BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION As is well known to those versed in the art, dental handpieces, such as contra angles, right angles and other types of handpieces are subject to rapid wear inherent in the environment of usage and extremely high speeds, so that frequent cleaning, lubricating, repair and replacement of parts is necessary. This is not only expensive, both for the handpieces and repair parts and supplies, but extremely time-consuming for the dental practitioner and his staff.
. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, it is an important object of the present invention to provide a handpiece for dental use, the improved features of which are equally applicable to a wide variety of dental handpieces, which is highly reliable in operation, runs relatively cool in continuous service with substantial freedom from vibration at extremely high speeds, and which is capable of extremely economic manufacture to justify discard of the handpiece in place of periodic cleaning, lubrication and repair.
Other objects of the present invention will become apparent upon reading the following specification and referring to the accompanying drawings, which form a material part of this disclosure.
The invention accordingly consists in the features of construction, combinations of elements, and arrangements of parts, which will be exemplified in the construction hereinafter described, and of which the scope will be indicated by the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating a dental handpiece constructed in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view illustrating certain component parts of the instant handpiece.
FIG. 3 is a longitudinal view showing a handpiece of the present invention in assembled condition, but with parts removed to illustrate the interior construction.
DESCRIPTION or THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now more particularly to the drawings, and specifically to FIG. 1 thereof, a dental handpiece is there generally designated 10, and includes an angulate housing 11, as for use in conjunction with engines ofvarious types. While a right angle handpiece is shown in the illustrated embodiment, it is appreciated that a contra angle or other desired handpiece may advantageously incorporate the unique features of the instant invention.
The angulate housing 11 is composed of a pair of complementary sections 12 and l3,.which may be essentially identical to each other, but of opposite hand. 7
having a hollow or recess 18 communicating with and extending in angulate relation with respect to the hollow or recess 16 of the housing section portion 15. The hollow or recess 16 opens through the end 20 of portion remote from portion 17, while the hollow or recess 18 opens through the end 21 of portion 17 remote from the portion 15. Thus, the communicating recesses 16 and 18 combine to define a continuous hollow or re cess in and opening through opposite ends of the hous ing section 12. A
The elongate hollow or recess 16 of the housing section portion 15 is provided with a reduced portion 22 having a generally semicylindrical configuration and terminating at opposite ends in oppositely facing semicircular surfaces or walls 23 and 24. From the reduced portion 22 of hollow or recess 16, the hollow is generally of increased internal dimensions toward the section end 20. In the other direction, the reduced portion opens into the relatively large cross-section of hollow or recess 18.
The hollow or recess 18 of portion 17 may be considered as terminating remote from the section portion 15 in the end wall 21. The end wall 21 is formed with a generally semicylindrical cutout or notch 25 which may be considered as a reduced portion of the hollow or recess 18.
lnteriorly of the angulately disposed communicating recesses or hollows 16 and 18, substantially at the juncture or apex thereof, there is provided a lug-projection or abutment 26, in the form of a pin or stub shaft extending generally normal to the plane of intersecting hollowsor recesses 16 and 18 and terminating at a free end substantially flush with the coplanar surfaces of housing section 12 bounding the hollows or recesses, such surfaces being designated 27 and 28.
Provided on the surfaces 27 and 28 may be a plurality of formations 29 and 30, respectively. As illustrated, the formations 29 and 30 may be circular recesses, cavities or holes.
The complementary housing section 13 may be essentially identical to the housing section 12, except that formations are provided for interfitting engagement with the recesses or holes 29 and 30, such as suitable projections or pins. Thus, it will be appreciated that the pair of complementary housing sections 12 and 13, in
their assembled relation, combine to define an angulate through passageway opening through opposite ends of the housing. The reduced hollow portion 22 of section 12, and its complementary, facing reduced hollow portion of section 13 combine to define a generally cylindrical, open ended reduced passageway portion 36 terminating in oppositely outwardly facing circular end surfaces 37 and 38. Similarly, the reduced portion 25 and its complementary facing reduced portion of section 13 combine to define a generally cylindrical reduced portion 40 terminating at its opposite ends in oppositely facing surfaces of end wall 21 and complementary end wall 41 of housing section 13.-
'Disposed interiorly of the through passageway 35 are a pair of shafts 42 and 43 arranged in angulate relation with respect to each other each in a respective angulately disposed portion of the passageway 35. More specifically, the shaft 42 is relatively long and disposed in the relatively long region of passageway 35, being formed with a coaxial generally cylindrical journal 44 rotatably received in the reduced passageway portion 36, the latter serving to provide a bearing for the journal. By this means, the shaft 42 is axially rotatable, and a pair of spaced enlargements or shoulders 45 and 46 are provided on the shaft 42 on opposite sides of the shaft journal 44 for respective limiting engagement with surfaces 37 and 38. The shoulders 45 and 46 thus limit the shaft against excessive longitudinal shifting while permitting of free shaft rotation.
The shaft 43 is similarly provided with an axial .cylindrical journal 48 rotatably supported in the reduced portion 40, and a pair of spaced enlargements or shoulders 49 and 50 are provided on the shaft 43 for respective limiting engagement with the inner and outer sides of housing end wall 21, 41. The shaft 43 is thereby axially journaled and effectively restrained against excessive longitudinal shifting.
The distal or outer end of shaft 44, as at 51 may be provided for suitable driven connection with the various drivers or engines conventionally employed, and further the outer or distal end of shaft 43 may be provided with a head 52 for removable snap-on engagement of prophy cups, or other tools.
On the inner, proximate ends of shafts 42 and 43, adjacent to the apex-of the angulate shaft relationship, the shafts are respectively provided with bevel gears 54 and 55 in meshing relation with each other. The bevel gears 54 and 55 have their smaller ends abuttingly engageable with the abutment pin or lug 26, and the complementary abutment lug of housing section 13, to effectively rigidify the overhanging gears in their driving relationship and further resistrelative longitudinal shaft movement.
As will appear from a careful observation of the drawings, the bevel gears 54 and 55 are each configured so that its teeth are of a convex arcuate configura' tion extending longitudinally along the crest of each tooth. While the shafts 42 and 43, and their respective bevel gears 54 and 55 are shown as being generally at right angles to each other, it is appreciated that the annular relationship may be different, as desired. However, the arcuately convex tooth crest configuration serves to permit of substantial variation in angularity of the shafts 42 and 43 without adversely affecting the driving interengagement between the'gears 54 and 55. In addition, the arcuately convex configuration of each tooth crest extending longitudinally therealong permits of relatively simple manufacture by molding of plastic material.
lndeed, it is intended that the several parts of the instant handpiece, as described hereinbefore, may be economically mass-produced by plastic molding techniques, permitting of easy assembly by merely dropping the shafts 42 and 43 into one of the housing sections brication, repair or replacement of parts, theeconomies effected permit of discarding the assembly and using a new assembl y of the present invention.
From the foregoing it will now be appreciated that the present invention provides a dental handpiece which is extremely simple in construction, economic in manufacture and use, and which otherwise fully accomplishes its intended objects.
Although the present invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it is understood that certain changes and modifications may be made within the spirit of the invention.
What is claimed is:
l. A dental handpiece comprising a pair of angulate housing sections arranged in complementary facing relation and combining to define a housing having an angulate through passageway, a pair of shafts extending,
define shaft journal bearings, bevel gears on the proximate shaft ends in meshing engagement with each other for transmitting rotary motion between shafts, and limit means fixed in said housing sections limiting longitudinal shaft movement to assure proper motion transmission, said limit means comprising an abutment fixed at the apex of said angular passageway in limiting engagement with both said gears.
2. A dental handpiece according to claim 5, said limit means further comprising shoulders on. said shafts engageable with said reduced portions. I
3. A dental handpiece comprising a pair of angulate housing sections arranged in complementary facing relation and combining to define a housing having an angulate through passageway, a pair of shafts extending in angulate relation with respect to each other and into respective ends of said housing terminating proximate to the apex of said angulate relation, reduced portions in said housing sections in respective facing relation with each other and rotatably receiving said shafts to define shaft journal bearings, bevel gears on the proximate shaft ends in meshing engagement with each other for transmitting rotary motion between shafts, and limit means fixed in said housing sections limiting longitudinal shaft movement to assure proper motion transmission, said bevel gears each having its teeth of convex arcuate configuration extending longitudinally along the tooth crest, to facilitate molding and permit of angulate variation without motion transmission malfunction.
4. A dental handpiece according to claim 7, said housing sections, shafts and gears all being molded of plastic material.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Customer Reviews for
Bone: 20th Anniversary Full Color One Volume Edition (Slipcase)
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Posted January 10, 2012
Excellent- A must for any fan of great storytelling, art, or comics
Bone by Jeff Smith is a fantastic fantasy epic, revolving around the three Bones, a secret princess, a war between men of the Valley, and the Rat Creatures of the mountains. Dragons, magic, treasure, and a healthy dose of humor, all can be found in the pages of this riveting story, now collected into a single, colored volume. Similar to Harry Potter, Bone can be shared with people of any age, and is one purchase that you'll never have cause to regret.
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Check out the new, mobile-friendly WineSpectator.com!
How much does geography mean to you? A great deal probably when you are buying Burgundy. I assume that most Wine Spectator readers expect a wine labeled Montrachet to cost many times more than one sold simply as Bourgogne.
For the full article, check out the new issue of Wine Spectator, on newsstands June 15, 1995.
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Steven Hill: No one has been more influential in defining this narrative than New York Times columnist and Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Krugman.
Why Guatemalans, Mexicans and other Latin Americans are coming to the United States and the poor are becoming poorer in their countries.
Progressive Media Advocates
By Steven Hill
Carole Bartolotto: The problem with concluding that GMOs are safe is that the argument for their safety rests solely on animal studies. These studies are offered as evidence that the debate over GMOs is over. Nothing could be further from the truth.
Margo McCall: There's increasing evidence that adopting a plant-based diet is better for human health, the planet, and of course for the more than 9 billion animals that are killed for consumption each year in the U.S alone.
Joe Mathews: Thanks to Xi Jinping, Chinese millionaires have propped up the state's sagging real estate market, universities, and companies.


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Attorney General Peter Kilmartin joins Political Roundtable to discuss warnings to the state from credit-rating agencies over 38 Studios; the debating over repaying the company's debt; and other issues.
One year ago, a gunman entered Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut and killed 20 children and six adults. Afterwards, schools in Rhode Island and around the country were on high alert, and many called for a conversation about how to make students safer.
So, what happened?
In Rhode Island, lawmakers passed a bill requiring school districts to work with local law enforcement on safety reviews and report their emergency plans to the State Department of Education.
In the aftermath of last year's Newtown school shootings, Rhode Island politicians leaped on the gun control bandwagon. RIPR political analyst Scott MacKay wonders what's happened since.
After last December's horrific school massacre in Connecticut, political leaders from the White House to the Rhode Island State House vowed to crack down on gun violence. Gov. Lincoln Chafee, Attorney General Peter Kilmartin, House Speaker Gordon Fox and Senate President Teresa Paiva Weed all advocated measures to advance gun control in our state.
With the rising temperatures comes a spike in crime across the capital city. In a series we're calling Hot City: Crime in Providence we're taking a look at summer crime by focusing the month of July.
Last year the area encompassing Smith Hill, Elmhurst and the north end saw the highest number of crimes. Rhode Island Public Radio's Catherine Welch sat down with Teny Gross, executive director of the Institute for the Study and Practice of Nonviolence about what's happening on the streets of Providence.
City-wide Crime Stats | Create infographics
Data from: Providence Police Department
Two suspects have been charged in the murder of a 12-year-old Providence girl. Police say 21-year-old Branden Castro and 20-year-old Ricardo Vasquez have been charged with murder, conspiracy to murder and other felony charges.
12-year-old Aynis Vargas was shot and killed at a party last month in the Hartford Avenue housing development. Three women were also injured.
South Providence residents – concerned about a recent uptick in gun crime – rallied on Broad Street Monday.
About 200 people linked arms on Broad Street and shouted "Peace in our Streets" in a show of solidarity against violent crime. The line extended two blocks. June saw a rash of shootings in the capital city, including the murder of a 12 year old girl. Rally organizer Kobi Dennis said the event was aimed at allaying residents' fears as much as taking a stand against crime.
As far as I can tell from the Rhode Island General Assembly's online legislation tracker, not a single bill dealing with reducing firearm violence has made it out of committee. Most have been recommended "held for further study," a kind of legislative purgatory, although some bills could be revived at the last minute.
Happy Friday and welcome back. Your tips and thoughts are always appreciated in my inbox at idonnis (at) ripr (dot) org. Let's dive in.


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Latest United Nations Industrial Development Organization Stories
LONDON, July 4, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- - Second edition of Summit takes place alongside 1st PHARMATECH AFRICA Exhibition in Accra, Ghana, Sept.
CHANGZHOU, China, June 23, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- Trina Solar Limited (NYSE: TSL) ("Trina Solar" or the "Company"), a global leader in photovoltaic ("PV") modules, solutions, and services, today
The Global Cleantech Innovation Programme for SMEs provides small and medium-size enterprises in growing economies with training, mentoring, and access to investors.
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BOSTON, Dec. 13, 2010 /PRNewswire/ -- Cabot Corporation (NYSE: CBT) today announced that Cabot Specialty Fluids has been recognized for its sustainable business model at this year's United Nations International Development Organization (UNIDO) chemical leasing awards.
- To play, gamble.
- To impose upon; delude; trick; humbug; also, to joke; chaff.
- A deceitful game or trick; trickery; humbug; nonsense.


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The brand is partnering with Lolë for its 2015 Lolë White Tour.
The two will lend their expertise to an exciting new program.
Food is inspiring many beauty brands.
Two new airless bottle lines are ideal for cleansers and body products.
Tips to determine who's right—and who's not.
Yankee Candle's new 'chick' and 'bunny' designs celebrate spring.
Signs agreement with luxury organic sunscreen company COOLA
Primer Potion has new packaging, and 100% of its sales will support UD's new organization, The Ultraviolet Edge.
They will develop new regulatory monitoring and automated production software for the cosmetics industry.


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It's a weekend of stellar and star-packed openings, with well-reviewed X-Men: First Class opening (finally fanboys get a glimpse at naked Jennifer Lawrence as Mystique, picture below), along with buzzing indies Beginners, Submarine and Beautiful Boy. While Christopher Plummer and Ewan McGregor shine...Read More »
The fate of an entire franchise was at stake with X-Men reboot First Class.Read More »
While some of us were gallivanting around the south of France, others caught screenings of Matthew Vaughn's crack at the X-Men franchise, First Class, which boasts an appealing cast led by James McAvoy, Michael Fassbender and Jennifer Lawrence and --for starters--strong reviews. The movie opens wide...Read More »
Marvel Entertainment is a model for a company that has cannily looked out for its own interests as it seeks to exploit and protect its rich endowment of comic characters and stories. With Shakespearean actor-director Kenneth Branagh's epic adventure Thor hitting theaters May 6, Anthony D'Alessandro ...Read More »
The summer is upon us, with a plethora of viewing choices, many of them utterly avoidable. I lay out the summer movie landscape.Read More »
Here is MTV's take on this new still of Jennifer Lawrence as X-Men: First Class's Mystique: "This may not be the most engaging of press images, but we're satisfied with a static shot of the iconic character in full makeup—not to mention confident we'll see Mystique in a variety of more dynamic, even...Read More »
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He is sad to go, but directing the latest X-Men installment, The Wolverine, for Twentieth Century Fox with Hugh Jackman would have kept Darren Aronofsky out of the country and away from family for too long.Read More »
Action heroes come in two categories: New School and Old School. Just last weekend, Liam Neeson, 58, led the box office pack with Unknown, showing 16-year old Justin Bieber and I Am Number Four's 20-year old Alex Pettyfer who's Daddy. Neeson isn't the first, nor will he be the last, older man showi...Read More »
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Owenvale Court
607 Springfield Road, Belfast BT12 7FN
Owenvale Court is now a highly respected and homely residential care home situated in West Belfast.
The Home, now managed by Care Circle Group, has built a reputation of providing excellent residential care within a modern and homely environment.
Group: Care Circle Group
Person in charge: Paula Kennedy (Manager)
Local Authority / Social Services: Belfast Health and Social Care Trust (click for contact details)
Type of Service: Care Home only (Residential Care) – Privately Owned , 47 residents
Registered Care Categories*: Old Age • Physical Disability • Sensory Impairment
Specialist Care Categories: Cancer Care • Challenging Behaviour • Down Syndrome • Drug Dependence (past or present) • Epilepsy • Hearing Impairment & Deafness • Huntington's Disease • Schizophrenia • Speech Impairment • Stroke • Visual Impairment
Admission Information: Ages 65+.
Single Rooms: 47
Rooms with ensuite WC: 47
Weekly Charges Guide: Personal Care Single £450 – £475
Facilities & Services: Day Care • Respite Care • Convalescent Care • Own GP if required • Own Furniture if required • Close to Local shops • Near Public Transport • Lift • Wheelchair access • Gardens for residents • Residents Kitchenette • Phone Point in own room/Mobile • Television point in own room
* The Regulation & Quality Improvement Authority (RQIA) is responsible for the registration and inspection of social care services in Northern Ireland.
Awards / Recognitions
November 2010
Employer of Choice, Northern Ireland 2010
Date: Thursday 04 Nov 2010
more details
Current Recommendations
Recommendation Score: 8.1 (8.060)
The user 'Recommendation Score' (8.1 for Owenvale Court) is calculated using a combination of the average of all ratings on user Recommendations submitted in the last 2 years, and the total number of user recommendations submitted in relation to the number of beds at the care home. The maximum Recommendation Score is 10. To see more about the carehome.co.uk user recommendations please click here.
Review of Owenvale Court
Management and staff were excellent. My uncle was very happy, the staff took time to get to know and understands his needs. The dinning room is lovely, with a cafe layout. Lounge are opened out into reception area and seating arrangements enabled good interactions. The manager, Paula is absolutely fabulous.
Overall Standard: Excellent
Facilities: Excellent
Care / Support: Excellent
Cleanliness: Excellent
Treated with Dignity: Excellent
Food & Drink: Excellent
Staff: Excellent
Activities: Excellent
Management: Excellent
Safety / Security: Excellent
Rooms: Good
Value for Money: Excellent
How likely would you be to recommend Owenvale Court? Extremely likely
Submitted by Moira McNama (Niece of Resident/Service User) on Wednesday 4 February 2015. Review relates to January 2015.
Job Vacancies
(Care Home / Nursing Home • Full Time)
Belfast, County Down
26 Mar 2015
Apply Here
Care Home Idol 2014
There are currently no Care Home Idol entrants who have performed at Owenvale Court
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text:
HAVE: Agave Attenuata
t_tyler(6b)February 19, 2008
I have two cuttings from an Agave Attenuata; they are good sized (the leaves are about a foot long. Any larger and the get expensive and difficult to ship.)
I would like to trade these for some thing on my trade list, but I am open to trading for other plant if you have some thing cool
Thanks -t


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|Jack Nicklaus's legendary career spans more than 40 years with 100 worldwide titles, including a record 20 major championships. Jack strives for excellence in every aspect of his life, from his award-winning golf course designs to his area rug collection with Shaw Living. Nicklaus area rugs capture that same dedication to traditional excellence and perfection.
Machine woven of Shaw's EverTouch recyclable nylon, the area rug collection features a wonderfully soft hand and exceptional durability. The 18th century designs are rich in tradition and authenticity using color combinations that fit today's lifestyles and color direction. This collection's attention to every detail and harmonious color is as legendary as the man whose life inspired it.


text:
Could someone recommend a doctor in Miami who is experienced with Celiac Disease? I've been gluten free for 5 years but my symptoms are starting to come back and I wanted to see a doctor knowledgeable about the disease so I don't waste my time. Thanks in advance.
Miami Doctors
Started by shorebird, Feb 24 2013 01:50 PMmiami celiac celiac disease doctor specialty florida
No replies to this topic
Posted 24 February 2013 - 01:50 PM
- 0
Also tagged with one or more of these keywords: miami, celiac, celiac disease, doctor, specialty, florida
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0 members, 0 guests, 0 anonymous users


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Priscillas communication with me before her arrival was very friendly and efficient. She kept me updated about her arrival times and in the end she was very punctual. While being at my house, the communication and organisation for me personally was very easy and uncomplicated as she is very self-dependent. She basically had left before we got up in the mornings and returned very late in the evenings. Still she always took the time in the evening for a chat which we really enjoyed. She left the room and the shared bathroom completely tidy and clean. I can highly recommend her as your guest and would always be happy to welcome Priscilla again at my house
Priscilla was such a joy to meet. I really wished we had met her sooner during her travels to San Jose! She is polite, caring and easy to get along with. I highly recommend her as a guest!
Priscilla was a fine guest. Straight to the point and very business like.


text:
Ratings from customers who've taken this class.
(5 stars is highest rating)
Read all reviews for this class
Highlight of my class:
Spending time with my husband without our three teenagers.
Anything you'd like to share?
Great instructors!
Could we make it better?
It may be nice for the couples class to sit in 4-somes rather than u-shaped. Easier to talk together that way.
Highlight of my class:
Wonderful. A lot better than I expected. My wife and I thoroughly enjoyed ourselves. The two chefs we were tutored by, Patricia and Gion, were very informative but mostly so very kind and patient.
Anything you'd like to share?
We, ourselves love to cook and we are looking forward to using our newly acquired recipe and techniques for a family night. We will continue to watch for other classes we'd like to take.
Could we make it better?
It is somewhat cost prohibitive, but all good things must be patiently awaited. Again, thank you and please pass on our thanks to Patricia and Gion.


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Bioethics Jobs. Current Bioethics Jobs | Submit a Job
Posted: March 26, 2015
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Assistant Professor, Associate Professor or Professor
California, United States
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Henry Rutgers Professor of Bioethics
Newark, NJ, United States
inaugural Henry Rutgers Professor of Bioethics at Rutgers University
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Two research fellow positions (preferably postdoctoral) in Ethics/Governance of the Life Sciences
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Assistant, Associate or Full Professor (MCL or UTL)
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University of California, San Francisco
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Boston , MA, United States
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2-Year Fellowship in Clinical and Organizational Bioethics
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Associate Director Research, Center for Bioethics
Danville, Pennsylvania, United States
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Research Ethics Assistant or Associate Professor
Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Nashville, TN, United States
Clinical Ethics Faculty position in the School of Medicine.
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A PhD SCHOLARSHIP IN NEUROETHICS/BIOETHICS
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A PhD SCHOLARSHIP IN NEUROETHICS/BIOETHICS/APPLIED ETHICS, UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA
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New York City, New York, United States
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Postdoctoral Fellow in Biomedical Ethics / Decision Science
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Postdoctoral research fellowship in ethics and decision science.


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Tag Archives: families
Help for Soldiers Dealing with Depression and Other Issues
The Center for Veterans Issues is an organization that is to be commended. Not only do they help returning veterans with finding housing, dealing with post traumatic stress, financial situations, or drug abuse, they are all about treating the entire … Continue reading
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Dial A Ride Service, San Diego, CA
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Prime Ride Airport Shuttle
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You need a dress that's as bubbly and sweet as you are, so give your wardrobe a refreshing new feel with the Southern Bellini Peach Lace Dress! Cap sleeves and a rounded neckline keep it classy on a fitted bodice, with a peach lace overlay to display your feminine side. A bit of gathering at the waist turns into a full skirt that's filled with A-line loveliness. Hidden back zipper/hook clasp. Lined. Model is 5'8" and is wearing a size small. 100% Polyester. Hand Wash Cold. Imported.
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I bought this dress for my MOH at my wedding and she looked amazing. It was the perfect color and fit great!
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looks awesome
This member has provided no bio about themself...
looks awesome
far cry 2 ;)
hey stalker this guy loves you haha :P
Sounds good. Im tracking now. Ow and btw, do i have to jailbreak my phone for this ?
looks interesting and stuff, but what is the point of the game. i usually play half life so im noob to such games ;) thnxx in advance.
nice !
funny idea. you need to add some stuff to it though
it was a gr8 mod ? It IS a great mod.
WoooW ~!
i guess the best engine ever.
Downloading NOW !!!
Nice mod !!! I'm downloading right away ^^
I think that is a very cool idea :D:D cant wait
sweetnessss the one screenshot looks like crysis.
give the zombie different look please :)
25december 2009 ?? damn alot can happen in the world by than
so why dont you get it than
all my favorite games have a stargate mod :)
that video is so sexy !
holy s%$# i must say when i see this.
omg this looks so good ! to bad i cant play crysis on my pc :(
looks cool
is he trying so kill the chopper with a sub machine gun LOL ?
I HOPE GTA 4 WILL COME TO PC SOON TO AND TO STEAM OF course.com
reminds me of silent hill
sweet stuff
i love this mod is good
hell yeah thiz modz iz goodz
so why did you bring this mod out without the .wad files in it anyway ??
this makes the noobs confused and they will get very frustrated :P
you are on the correct site my friend.
just look for it on here.
Not fixing anything !!!
Looking Good !!!
hahaha that video is so funny dude
OMG i love the part where they do the Michael Jackson dance WoooT !!!
last update 7 months ago :( please give us something !! just a little bit would make me happy for now :)
i knew its going to happen to this game !!
yeah that was indeed cool !
hey man this game is a classic! i played it a lot few years a go.
Hey men good luck with this. Maybe you could try source engine so you get more people playing your mod by the time you finished.
This MUST be the best game ever since its almost 100 years old and still so damn popular!
Sweet lord! What is that there?
my fav rifle
i like
No im not from Thailand. Im european actually
hot background.
Damn i love maps in space like this !
haha thats loooong time ago but i remember it too
this looks kool !
When will i be able to play this ?
looks really professional !
chopper looks very coolio
What requirements will is actually have he?
Looking good !
Nice stairs !!
I hope to see people on server !!
So i can only spawn zombies in zombie strike right??
Looks great this !!!!
Cool shizzle
Nice image !
The image looks hot .....
Downloading the mod now :)
But I need to know when !!!! :)
For a second i thought it was an in game image :P .
I'm downloading it now cause this looks awesome :D
This look very nice:D
I hope there will be servers up "D:D:D
I hope ill be playing this soon :D
This seems very nice :D
Sweet cant wait guys "D