text:
Polyfluorocarbon resin or polychlorofluorocarbon resin, especially polytetrafluoroethylene in powder form is added to a conventional inert inorganic finely divided filler for dental restorative composite compositions, in combination with conventional liquid polymerizable binder systems to provide a composite composition possessing improved mechanical properties, especially wear or abrasion resistance. As little as 1.0% by weight or less of the total weight of filler of the polyfluorocarbon or polychlorofluorocarbon resin powder imparts improved wear. Abrasion superior to conventional amalgams suitable for use on occlusal surfaces resistance is achieved.
1. In a dental restorative composition having improved resistance to abrasion comprising from about 50 to 90 parts by weight of finely divided filler particles, and about 10 to about 50 parts by weight of liquid polymerizable organic resin binder, the improvement wherein about 1% to about 10% by weight of the filler is selected from the group consisting of polyfluorocarbon resin and polyfluorochlorocarbon resin.
2. The dental restorative composite composition of claim 1 which includes from 65 to 85 parts by weight of finely divided inorganic filler and 35 to 15 parts by weight of the liquid polymerizable organic resin binder.
3. The dental restorative composition of claim 1 wherein said resin is polytetrafluoroethylene.
4. A dental restorative composition of claim 1 wherein the resin comprises from about 1% to about 5% by weight of the filler.
5. The dental restorative composition of claim 1 wherein said total filler comprises 95 to 99% by weight of amorphous silica and 1 to 5% by weight of polytetrafluoroethylene.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to dental restorative composite compositions, and particularly, to the use of polyfluorocarbon resins or polychlorofluorocarbon resins, as a minor component of the finely divided, inorganic filler in dental restorative composite compositions.
2. Discussion of the Prior Art
Dental restorative composites, generally in the form of highly filled blends of a liquid polymerizable organic resin matrix and finely divided, inorganic particulate filler, have achieved wide commercial success and are used extensively in clinical dental practice. Basically, most of the dental restorative composites which have become commercially available, or which are described in the literature, are based upon the development of the system first disclosed by Bowen in U.S. Pat. No. 3,066,112. In the direct filling system or restorative composite described in this patent, the liquid polymerizable organic resin matrix or binder is principally the reaction product of bisphenol and glycidyl methacrylate, referred to as BIS-GMA, preferably combined with one or more other active monomers, referred to as reactive diluents, especially other dimethacrylates, for example, triethylene glycidyl methacrylate. The system also includes a catalyst or polymerization initiator, such as, for example, benzoyl peroxide. Preferably, to allow the polymerization to take place in a reasonable period of time, a polymerization accelerator or activator, such as, for example, N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine is also present in the composite. A particularly attractive catalyst/accelerator combination, which eliminates the color-forming amine, is cumene hydroperoxide-acetyl thiourea which is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,991,008. Other ingredients, such as stabilizers or UV-absorbers may also be present in association with the polymerizable constituents to increase shelf life and otherwise prevent degradation of the properties of the restorative composite composition. Another ingredient usually used in dental restorative composite compositions is a coupling or fixing agent for enhancing the adhesion of the inert inorganic filler particles with the binder matrix. Ethylenically unsaturated organosilane compounds are generally used for this purpose. Still further, restorative composite compositions may include various dyes or pigments to obtain various shades to conform to the color of the tooth structure with which the restorative composite material is being used.
The composite restorative materials are generally provided for commercial use as multi-package systems, most typically a two package system, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,926,906 to Lee, et al. In these systems, the reactive monomers are generally provided in the form of a paste blended with the finely divided inert inorganic filler with the reactive diluent and/or catalyst and/or activator maintained separately from each other and/or from the polymerization ingredients or reactive diluent.
The most commonly used inorganic filler materials are typically crystalline quartz or amorphous silica, although other materials, such as, for example, fused silica, crystalline silica, glass beads, fused alumina and the like have also been disclosed. It has also been suggested to utilize fillers having a negative coefficient of thermal expansion such as, for example, betaeucryptite, a lithium aluminum silicate. The use of fillers of low negative coefficients of thermal expansion is highly desirable in order to more closely match the resultant composite with the tooth structure in terms of thermal expansion. Still further, there have been several proposals for utilizing radio-opaque glasses as a component of the filler in dental restorative composite compositions. The use of radio-opaque additives enables the cured composite to be distinguished from the surrounding tooth structure during x-ray analysis commonly used in dental diagnostics.
While many advances have been made in the mechanical properties of dental restorative composite compositions, there does not seem to have been sufficient consideration given to the wear or abrasion resistance characteristics of the cured dental composites and there is still area for improvement in this particular property. The tooth-matching composite restoratives, as described above, are now widely used for interior restorations and repair of incisor fractures. In fact, their use for restorations where aesthetics is important has grown to an almost complete replacement of the previously used amalgams. However, composite restorations have been found in clinical studies to be unsuitable for occlusion surface restorations because of poor wear manifested by loss of anatomical form. Studies by Leinfelder, et al., J. Prosthet. Dent., 33, 407-416 (1975); Williams, et al., Int. Assoc. Dent. Res., Abst. No. 560, March 1972 and Phillips, et al., J. Prosthet. Dent., 30, 891-897 (1973) have shown that previously known dental composite resins have insufficient resistance to abrasive wear to be used in class I and II cavity preparations. Because of the poor clinical performance of composite resins compared to amalgams, the American Dental Association at present does not condone their use for occlusal surfaces. Thus, there is a great incentive to devise or produce a dental composite resin with resistance to wear abrasion that is equal to or superior to amalgams.
It has been suggested in U.S. Pat. No. 3,469,317 to Jarby that polyethylene, polymonochlorotrifluoroethylene or polytetrafluoroethylene, as well as several other synthetic polymers, in finely divided form, can be used directly as temporary or permanent tooth fillings or as a cavity lining for permanent fillings, and that such fillings exhibit a high resistance to abrasion and chewing pressure. Nevertheless, it has not been suggested that the finely divided polyhalocarbons, i.e. halogen-substituted polyethylenes, could be added, as only a minor amount of the total inorganic finely divided filler component of dental restorative composite compositions, and still impart such large improvement in abrasion resistance.
It is accordingly an objective of the present invention to provide a dental restorative composite composition formed from a blend of liquid polymerizable resin binder matrix and a finely divided solid inert inorganic filler which has improved wear resistance, without loss of any other essential physical properties, such as compressive strength. It is also an object of the present invention to provide such dental restorative composite composition which can be used for occlusal surface restorations. These and other objects of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description.
It has now been found that dental restorative composite compositions employing small percentages of polytetrafluoroethylene or other similar low friction coefficient non-toxic polyfluorocarbon resins or polychlorofluorocarbon resins, with other conventional fillers, impart to the cured composite greatly increased wear or abrasion resistance, without degrading the other desirable characteristics of the composite, such as coefficient of thermal expansion, translucency, thermal conductivity and compressive strangth.
The other components of the improved dental restorative composite compositions of this invention, such as polymerizable organic binder matrix, catalysts, accelerators, coupling agents, UV-absorbers, stabilizers, pigments and the like, can be selected from any of the type conventionally used in dental restorative composite compositions.
Any of the non-toxic polyfluorocarbon resins or polyfluorochlorocarbon resins which are solid at room temperature and which exhibit the low coefficient of friction which characterize this class of fluorinated hydrocarbon polymers in general and polytetrafluoroethylene in particular can be used in this invention. Examples of the polyfluorocarbon resins include polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinated ethylenepropylene copolymer (copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene), polyhexafluoropropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride (--CH2 CF2 --)n, etc. Copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ethers, such as DuPont's Teflon PFA, can also be used. Examples of the polyfluorochlorocarbon resins include, for example, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, etc. Generally, any of the resins obtained by polymerizing monomers of the lower alkenes such as ethylene, propylene, butene, and 4-methylpentene-1, in which all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluorine and/or chlorine atoms, providing at least two-thirds of the halogens are fluorine, can be used as the wear resistance imparting additive in this invention. Fluorinated graphite, (CF)n can also be used. Polytetrafluoroethylene is the preferred additive.
The polyfluorocarbon or polyfluorochlorocarbon resin filler additive constitutes from about 1 to 10%, preferably about 1 to 5%, more preferably about 1.5 to 3%, of the total amount of filler. Generally, the total filler, including the additive, constitutes from at least about 50 parts by weight and up to about 90 parts by weight of the total filler and binder, and preferably, from about 65 parts by weight to about 85 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the total filler and binder and correspondingly, from 10 to 50 parts by weight, preferably 15 to 35 parts by weight of the polymerizable binder, per 100 parts by weight of the filler and binder.
Any of the conventional fillers can constitute the major proportion of the total weight of filler. Representative of such suitable filler materials include, for example, silica, glass beads, aluminum oxide, fused silica, fused or crystalline quartz, lithium aluminum silicate, barium glass, and the like.
The particle sizes of filler materials, including the conventional filler and the polyhalocarbon additive, generally range from submicron to about 125 microns, with the average particles having an average mean diameter in the range of from submicron to about 30 microns and preferably, from about 2 to 5 microns for the conventional filler and from submicron to about 30 microns for the polyhalocarbon additive, most preferably about 0.1 to 5 microns.
A preferred filler contains about 95 to 99 parts by weight of the amorphous silica and about 1 to 5 parts by weight of polytetrafluoroethylene per 100 parts by weight of filler particles.
The dental restorative composite composition of this invention therefor includes, per 100 parts by weight, about 50 to 90 parts by weight, preferably 65 to 85 parts by weight of finely divided inert inorganic filler particles (including conventional siliceous filler plus polyhalocarbon additive), about 10 to 50 parts by weight, preferably about 15 to 35 parts by weight of liquid polymerizable organic resin binder (including polymerizable monomers and other reactive monomers or diluents), about 0.1 to 2% by weight based on the weight of the binder of catalysts, about 0.1 to 2% by weight based on the weight of binder of accelerators, and about 0 to 5% by weight based on the weight of the binder, preferably about 1 to 5% by weight of organosilane coupling agent.
The polymerizable organic resin binder can generally be any acrylic resin, such as, for example, methylmethacrylate, methylacrylate, ethylmethacrylate, etc., although dimethacrylates such as those derived from aliphatic glycols or those having structures known in the art as vinyl esters, are more suitable. The preferred polymerizable monomers are those based upon BIS-GMA and other di-, tri- and tetra-methacrylates, such as disclosed by Bowen in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 3,066,112. Other suitable polymerizable monomer systems which can be used in this invention are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,179,623; 3,539,533; 3,730,947; 3,766,132; 3,774,305; 3,835,090; 3,839,065; 3,854,009; 3,860,556; 3,862,920; 3,882,600; 3,911,581; 3,923,280; and 3,991,008. Each of these patents teach suitable polymerizable monomers, reactive diluents, catalysts, accelerators and other conventionally used adjuvants and additives in dental restorative composite compositions for such applications as dental fillings, dental cements and the like. Accordingly, the disclosures of these references should therefor be considered to be incorporated herein by reference. For example, the polymerization catalyst is generally a peroxide such as benzoyl peroxide, 2-4-dichlorobenzoyl peroxide, 4-chlorobenzoyl peroxide, etc. Suitable activators or accelerators which cause decomposition of the catalyst to provide free radicals for promoting the polymerization reaction include such preferred compounds as N,N-dialkylanilines and N,N-dialkyltoluidines. A particularly desirable class of catalysts, based on their greater shelf stability, are hydroperoxides which are used in conjuction with substituted thioureas as accelerators, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,991,008. Other suitable activators include, for example, paratoluenesulfinic acid, para-tolyldiethanol amine and other tertiary amines. The binder system can also include various well known stabilizers or UV-absorbers to increase the shelf life of the unpolymerized composite resin compositions.
It is also preferred to include coupling agents for enhancing the adhesion between the polymerizable resin binder and the filler. Examples of suitable coupling agents, include, for example, vinyltrichlorosilane, tris(2-methoxyethoxy) silane, tris(acetoxy) vinylsilane, 1-N-(vinylbenzylaminoethyl)aminopropyltrimethoxy silane -3, 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane, etc. Generally, the filler particles are treated with the silane coupling agent prior to blending the filler and liquid polymerizable matrix or it can be added to the polymerizable resin binder prior to addition of the inorganic particulate filler.
The dental restorative composite composition can be prepared, for example, by mixing each of the ingredients in any conventional manner, although a preferred packaging system is that disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,926,906 to Lee, Jr., et al. According to the so-called two package system described in this patent, each package contains the unpolymerized monomers and any reactive diluents and inorganic filler and additive, preferably in the proportion present in the final product. One package contains the initiator or catalyst and the other package contains the reductant or accelerator. By combining roughly equal portions from the two packages, the catalyst and accelerator in each package react with each other to generate free radicals, thereby causing polymerization of the polymerizable resin system.
The composite resin composition can also be blended, prior to curing, with pigments or dyestuffs in amounts required to more closely approximate, in the cured composite material, the natural color of the tooth enamel, with which the composite material is being used. Examples of suitable pigments or dyestuffs include, for example, iron oxide black, cadmium yellow, cadmium orange, fluorescent zinc oxides, titanium dioxide, etc.
The following non-limiting illustrative examples will further demonstrate the practice of this invention.
Dental restorative composites were prepared by first blending (a) 25% by weight of an organic binder containing a 1:1 by weight mixture of bis-phenol A-glycidyl methacrylate product (BIS-GMA)-hexamethylenedimethacrylate mixture containing 5% by weight, based on the total monomers, of silane coupling agent (3-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane) and 1% by weight, based on the total monomers, of acetylthiourea reductant; and (b) 75% by weight of filler. In Sample No. 1, the filler was 100% IMSIL A-10 (amorphous silica having an average particle size of about 2 microns), and in Run No. 2, the filler consisted of 98% by weight of the silica and 2% by weight of Teflon powder of submicron mean average particle size. The resultant pastes were treated with cumene hydroperoxide in an amount of about 2% by weight based on the total monomers, and cured in cups or molds. The composite resin was cured in about 3 minutes at room temperature. The cured composites were tested for their wear or abrasion characteristics on a sliding wear machine, in comparison with a commercial amalgam.
The sliding wear test machine permits measurement of the depth of the wear track with time caused by a stylus of human enamel pressed against a rotating disc of the material tested. The pressure of the stylus and the speed of rotation are equivalent to the stress and strain occurring in human mastication. The apparatus is fully described in the 1977 PhD thesis, "Wear and Degradation of Polymers and Polymeric Composite Materials", submitted to the University of Connecticut by Paresh J. Sheth and is available from that school. This machine has been found to rank material with respect to wear in the same order as found by clinical studies. Commercial dental restorative composites were found to be markedly inferior to amalgams in wear abrasion against human enamel in results obtained with this sliding wear tester.
The wear data was summarized and compared with a commercial amalgam (Velvaloy, a product of S. S. White & Company) in the following table.
TABLE I______________________________________WEAR OR EXPERIMENTAL COMPOSITES Time to reach to 50 Wear depth afterSample microns depth (hrs) 50 hrs. (microns)______________________________________ Amalgam 90 17.51. IMSIL A-10 43 602. IMSIL A-10 + 150 (est.)* 5 Teflon______________________________________ *The time to reach 50 microns depth is only estimated in this table since with the composite containing Teflon, the wear test was terminated at 120 hours, when the wear depth was only about 38 microns.
It is therefore seen from the above table, that addition of the Teflon powder to a silica filled composite which wears much more rapidly than conventional amalgam results in a filled composite that has greater wear or abrasion resistance than amalgam.
Patent Citations
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text:
Linux Journal Press Announces the Release of "The Linux Cookbook"
The Linux Cookbook's step-by-step format makes it easy for readers to find what they need fast. In over 1,500 "recipes", author Michael Stutz shows readers how to accomplish everyday tasks using all the free, Open Source software that comes with Linux. Readers learn how to:
Connect to the Internet, manage email and chat online
Produce professional-quality typeset documents and create posters and large banners
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Browse the Web, archive entire Web sites, and write HTML with powerful Linux tools
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Use spelling and grammar checkers, word counters, and powerful dictionary tools
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Record and play sound, apply sound effects, make MP3 files, and run audio CDs
Available in bookstores or from Linux Journal Press (http://store.linuxjournal.com), The Linux Cookbook is the all-in-one introductory guide and desktop reference for using Linux.
About the AuthorAs a technology correspondent with Wired News, Michael Stutz was one of the first journalists to write about Linux and the Open Source movement in the mainstream press. He has contributed to the GNU Project and the Linux Documentation Project, and has created the Design Science License (DSL), a generalized "copyleft" license designed to fit any work. Applicable to The Linux Cookbook, the DSL permits unrestricted redistribution and modification, provided that all copies and derivatives retain the same permissions. Find more information at the author's Web site (http://www.dsl.org).
About Linux Journal PressLinux Journal Press publishes books on cutting-edge Linux topics that help to advance the acceptance and usability of Linux. An imprint of No Starch Press (http://www.nostarch.com), Linux Journal Press titles are developed in partnership with Linux Journal (http://www.linuxjournal.com).
Contact Amanda Staab at +1 415-863-9900 or email@example.com to schedule an interview or request a review copy.
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Winnipeg Free Press - PRINT EDITION
Something rotten in the state of education
With school bells set to call Canadian youth back to campus, the wise words of celluloid hero Will Hunting are still ringing in my ears.
"You dropped a 150 grand on a f... education you coulda got for a dollar fifty in late charges at the public library."
That movie line was fiction, spoken and written by Harvard grad Matt Damon, but sadly that's the financial picture facing students today.
This I know as a university educator, as the mother of a high-school grad wondering where to learn, and as a researcher of "knowledge production" in the post-secondary millennial marketplace.
What's the price of knowledge today? When I started university years ago, my $540 tuition and $150 for books was easy to pay for with a summer job, which then allowed me to devote the academic year to full-time study.
That is not the case now. Faced with rising tuition and lifetime debt, students today squeeze class and study between shifts flipping burgers and serving drinks.
Statistics Canada reports between 1991 and 2005, undergrad arts tuition increased by 135 per cent from $1,714 a year to $5,366 a year. For 2011/12, undergrad tuition fees went up 4.3 per cent while inflation was up only 2.7 per cent in the same period. Costs of professional and graduate programs increased substantially more. Student debt hovers around $15 billion nationally.
The Canadian Federation of Students reports 55 per cent of students graduate with debt and 20 per cent owe between $10,000 and $30,000.
Today, upwards of 52 per cent of university operating budgets are made up of student tuition, where as in 1990, it was a mere 14 per cent.
It's not professors who have eaten the budget. The median salary of a tenured university professor in Manitoba is $98,900 and national salary increases are 2.8 per cent, a mere 0.1 per cent above the rate of inflation, yet workload has increased substantially as enrolments have increased 49 per cent in the past decade.
Universities, meanwhile, have come to rely on tuition as income, with institutions competing to attract what were once students and are now called "basic income units."
Is this the price of knowledge? There appears to be something wrong with the state of education.
Operating under financial constraints, universities have become focused on interests outside academic ones. They build buildings, they engage in massive marketing campaigns, they woo the elite for private donations and increasingly rely on third-party funding. Universities have become corporate. They look like marketing machines in competition with others creating and trying to sell programs at the best rate of return.
Governments seem to act solely as regulatory agents creating performance indicators and ensuring accountability.
It appears knowledge has become a commodity that is sold and exchanged, regulated and accounted for.
Under this arrangement, universities are often referred to as credential marts and increasingly mirror commercialized entities.
Noted scholar, fellow and tutor John Newman in his book The Idea of A University in 1854 suggested the idea of the university was intellectual formation. We have not come a long way on this front. It seems today this is defined as marketized, corporatized, demand-driven knowledge transfer instead of the intellectual, analytical and practical knowledge Newman suggested.
The optimism that education was to help society progress, be a key component of social change, social growth and social transformation as well as assisting people to develop their human potential is supplanted by a reality of unstable work, spending years paying off debt, and constant struggle and stress.
It is not a question of who is to blame for this but a question of what we should consider an appropriate way to acquire knowledge and what the institutions that provide that service should look like. I'll ponder this as I go to the library to return an overdue book.
Kelly Gorkoff is on sabbatical from the University of Winnipeg where she teaches in the criminal justice department.
Republished from the Winnipeg Free Press print edition September 2, 2014 A13
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Using guineapig poop as fertilizer...
Hi ive just started using guineapig poop as fertilizer. Just to try it out.Has any one else ever done this befor? And will it work because im afraid my newly set tomatoes are not growing bigger.
While it isn't an ideal fertilizer I doubt it will hurt anything unless you overdo it.
Animal fertilizers are primarily nitrogen and low in other nutrients. While tomato plants need some nitrogen, they don't need a lot and it is the other nutrients - phosphorus and potassium specifically - that most benefit the fruit and the roots. Nitrogen is basically for leaves and too much of it makes the plant focus on producing stems and leaves rather than fruit. It can also contribute to the development of blossom end rot.
It is also recommended that animal manures be composted first rather than used fresh so to eliminate any possible bacterial problems. But unless you have a GP farm I doubt you'd have enough to compost.
If I recall correctly from your other posts, this plant is in a container and only set some fruit a week or so back, correct? If so, then I'd advise more patience ;) as tomatoes don't grow that fast. And the use of a well-balanced, full-nutrient, fertilizer. There are many available and using them diluted to 1/4 strength each time you water will get you much better results.
Good luck.
Really makes no difference which plant it is, ;) the points I made above about using well-balanced fertilizers rather than animal manures applies to all tomato plants and especially those in containers.
Sheep pellets and GP 'poop' have the same shortcomings when it comes to growing tomatoes. Tomato plants need phosphorus and potassium more than they need nitrogen and they need the micro-nutrients you won't find in animal manures.
What are you bedding your piggies on? I liked to use a base of shredded newspaper topped with ground corncobs. I didn't put mine directly in the garden but did compost it. My little GP (who passed away a couple weeks ago) made a lot of urine which seemed better suited to the compost pile. The ground corncobs were great as they urine always soaked through them and into the newspaper and she never had wet feet. The corncobs also helped loosen up some rock hard soil I had as they did not compost down as much as the other ingredients. The thing with rabbit and guinea pig poop is that it will not burn your plants the way chicken, cow or horse manure will so it isn't a problem putting directly on newly planted areas. Just not a lot of nutrients. Now the urine may be a little too strong for some plants due to the high ammonia.
I haven't tried it directly on my plants , but I do add it and the shredded bedding from their tank into my compost pile. I figure it couldnt hurt once it is well composted and it is a couple bags less every week going into the landfill :)
I'm so glad others are questioning this as a possibility! I hate to just throw it away. My neighbor thinks it could make you sick if you sprinkle it in the garden. My thinking is they are just like little cows...what can it hurt? He sees them as dirty rodents.


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WASHINGTON, Oct. 31, 2014 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- Following is the daily "Profile America" feature from the U.S.
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The Jersey Devil is a creature in folklore that dates back to early Native American legends. It is claimed to roam the area in Southern New Jersey around the Pine Barrens. But, reported sightings, especially in the early 1900s, have been from all over New Jersey. Descriptions of the creature vary, but the most common is that it has the head of a goat, kangaroo-like body, bat-like wings, horns, small arms, clawed front hands, hooves on the rear legs, and a forked tail. The origin of this...
The Halloween pennant (Celithemis eponina) is a species of dragonfly that can be found in North America. Its range includes eastern and central areas of North America, where it emerges at different times during the year. In northern areas of its range, it can be seen between the months of June to August, but in other areas of its range, like Florida, it can be seen throughout the year. Its range also includes areas just south of Canada and New Mexico. It can be found in marshy habitats around...
The Halloween Crab (Gecarcinus quadratus or Gercarcinus ruricola), also known as the moon crab, should not be confused with the Halloween hermit crab. They dig burrows in rainforest habitat and are native to Central America. It lives in the forest at least some of its adult life. They have lungs that need to be moist all the time. If not, they could dry out and die. The Halloween crab is very territorial and will fight back if threatened. Photo Copyright and Credit
- One who brings meat to the table; hence, in some countries, the official title of the grand master or steward of the king's or a nobleman's household.


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Sprouting in the pod
Quite a few of my beans of all varieties have broken their seed coats and enlarged their cotyledons while still inside the pod. These were shelled out and dried with the others to test if they will germinate next year.
What causes beans to sprout inside the pod like this?
I thought this might have been due to my foliar fertilizer use until nearby organic gardening friends told me that their beans this year also did this. They attributed it to the excessive rains.
When shelling I found two or three beans that had done this, I've never had this happen before. I sure hope the growing season next year is better than this one has been. We've had an awful lot of damp if not rainy days here.
I've always believed it's due to higher rainfall than the bean needs to fill out. It's usually the biggest bean in the pod. (I'm talking Lima beans)
I've experimented with them for the next planting season & found that as long as the outer skin hasn't cracked, they sprout.
No, the sprouted ones are not viable.
I've found that in rainy weather, it's best to pick pods that have started to dry, and move them indoors. I then open one, or two, to check on sprouting. If I find sprouting, I open them all. If no sprouting, I let them fully dry.
"What causes beans to sprout inside the pod like this?
I think we all agree wet conditions cause this sprouting, but rain isn't always the reason. *smile*
Toward the end of the season last year, there was a threat of rain so I decided to pick my "seed" beans a little early. They were almost dry, but not quite. I got to my last variety and realized I was out of empty baskets. So, I grabbed one of those grocery store "plastic" bags and emptied one of my bean baskets into it. Long story short, I "forgot" about the beans in the plastic bag. A few weeks later I rediscovered them and, much to my dismay, found them sprouting. During that time the beans were finishing their drying process naturally but, being in the plastic bag, the moisture had nowhere to go so it just condensed inside the bag.
Yet another reason to switch back to paper bags lol.
I've grown a Goose bean that was olive green cutshort like the Ma Williams and didn't have any of the red color.
When I pick into plastic bags, I have to get them out of the bags that night, and the inside of the bag is still wet.
Somebody handy with a sewing machine could make reusable cloth picking bags, possibly these could be hung to dry?


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Love this bag! I have the black/white version. huge bag, light weight. Want it in other colors!
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Love this bag! Very durable has lots of space. Best purchase by far at LuLu :) just a little tip for this bag to hold up since the bottom doesn't hold it up properly I left a small planning book to form it's shape and it worked it holds up better stands on it's own without falling over. And I love the additional small bag inside holds little items so they won't get lost in your purse especially your phone. :) hope you enjoy the purse as much as I do!
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This bag is great and holds everything! The only thing I wish about it was that the bottom piece that holds the shape is a little too small. It doesn't really fit well. But other than that I love it and get many compliments on it!
Very big, fits lots of books for school :)
This Bag fit absolutely everything. I love it and highly recommend it for anyone that travels with lots of stuff. I would even use it as a diaper bag. Everything fits confortably.
The bag is nice, I like it that it's clean and there are no labels on the bag itself. I feel like it's larger than it's on the picture, but I love large bags so it's even better. If you are a fan of large bags, you won't regret purchasing!
I love the bag when I saw it, but to me it looks bigger in person than on line.
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Compositions in powder form of sterols or stanol esters, and milk powder and/or proteins are disclosed. A process of making the compositions is also disclosed. The suitability of incorporation of the compositions in powder form in food products, for example beverages and milk products, is also disclosed.
1-10. (canceled)
11. A composition in powder form which comprises:
(a) about 50 to 90% by weight of an ester of a sterol and/or a stanol;
(b) about 5 to 50% by weight milk powder and/or a protein, based on the total weight of the composition; and
with the proviso that no emulsifiers other than those of component (b) are present.
12. The composition of
13. The composition of
14. The composition of
15. The composition of
16. The composition of
17. The composition of
18. The composition of
19. A composition in powder form which comprises:
(a) about 62 to 76% by weight of a fatty acid ester of a sterol and/or stanol,
(b) about 12 to 15% by weight sodium and/or calcium caseinate and
(c) about 10 to 20% by weight glucose, with weights based on the total weight of the composition; and
with the proviso that the quantities shown add up to 100% by weight.
20. A food which comprises from about 0.1% to about 50% by weight of the composition of
21. The food of
22. A process for the production of a sterol and/or stanol ester composition in powder form, which process comprises:
(i) dispersing or dissolving milk powder or a protein (component (b)), optionally together with an antioxidant and/or a carbohydrate (component (c)), in water at room temperature to form a dispersion or a solution;
(ii) heating the dispersion or solution to a temperature of about 50 to 90� C.;
(iii) adding the ester of a sterol and/or stanol (component (a)) also heated to a temperature of about 50 to 90� C. to the heated dispersion;
(iv) homogenizing components (a), (b) and optionally (c) to form an emulsion; and
(v) spray drying the emulsion to produce the sterol and/or stanol ester composition in powder form.
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. Section 119 of International Application No. PCT/EP2006/007997 filed Aug. 12, 2006 and German Patent Application No. 10 2005 039 836.7 filed Aug. 23, 2005, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
This invention relates generally to foods and, more particularly, to compositions containing sterol and/or stanol esters for incorporation in foods, cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations, to a process for their production and to preparations, more particularly foods, which contain these compositions.
The addition of sterols and stanols to foods for their cholesterol-lowering properties and the resulting prevention of future diseases, such as atherosclerosis, heart disease and hypertension, has been known for years.
Since phytosterols and stanols are insoluble in water and only poorly soluble in fats and oils, the incorporation of these cholesterol-lowering agents in food preparations, cosmetic or pharmaceutical products poses considerable problems. The unfavorable solubility behavior of the substances results not only in poor dispersibility, but also in reduced bioavailability and in unsatisfactory stability of the food preparations. Accordingly, the prior art proposes numerous formulations for solving these problems.
Efforts to increase solubility included the formulation of esters of the sterols, as described, for example, in European patent application EP 1275309 A1, or esters of the stanols, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,502,045, which had slightly improved processability, but which also showed lower hypocholesterolaemic activity in relation to the free sterols. However, the esterified derivatives also show insufficient solubility to allow simple incorporation. Apart from the fact that the esterified sterols behave differently in their bioavailability, they also have other formulation properties through their different physicochemical character and necessitate the use of other auxiliaries.
Numerous patent applications describe how the availability of sterols can be improved by reducing their particle sizes, mainly by micronization. German Offenlegungsschrift DE 102 53 111 A1 describes powder-form phytosterol formulations with a mean particle size of 0.01 to 100 μm which can readily be redispersed in water. A process for the production of a sterol dispersion, in which the sterols have a particle size distribution of 0.1 to 30 μm, is disclosed in International patent application WO 03/105611 A2.
However, the micronization of the sterol particles is often not in itself sufficient to enable good incorporation to be achieved. Although the bioavailability of the finely dispersed particles can be improved by increasing the surface, the micronized particles show poor wetting behavior, readily aggregate and generally float on water-containing surfaces. In many cases, the ground sterol can only be dispersed in a beverage by special methods involving intensive mixing. However, intensive mixers are not normally available to the end user of the food manufacturers.
Accordingly, many manufacturers combine micronization of the sterols with the additional use of emulsifiers. One example of this are the preparations described in European patent EP 0897671 B1 which contain sterols and sterol esters with a particle size of at most 15 μm in a mixture with selected emulsifiers, the ratio by weight of emulsifier to sterol in the aqueous phase being less than 1:2. A particular disadvantage of these known preparations is that they tend to agglomerate.
Emulsifiers commonly used in foods are monoglycerides and polysorbates (U.S. Pat. No. 6,623,780 B1, U.S. Pat. No. 6,376,482 B2, WO 02/28204 A1). Powder-form sterol ester formulations having a low protein content and also containing mono- and diglycerides as emulsifiers are disclosed in International patent application WO 03/086468 A1. Even though these emulsifiers are distinguished by high compatibility and have been known for some time as food emulsifiers, efforts are being made to reduce the quantity in which such emulsifiers are used or even to avoid them altogether because emulsifiers also influence the bioavailability of other substances present in the foods or can adversely affect the stability of the formulations. Avoiding emulsifiers was also the goal of the sterol formulations disclosed in European patent EP 1059851 B1 which contain thickeners for better dispersibility. However, these preparations are not sufficiently stable.
Numerous other methods for improving solubility and dispersibility, such as formulation as emulsions, microemulsions, dispersions, suspensions or complexing with cyclodextrins or bile salts, are described in International patent application WO 99/63841 A1, which also mentions formulation in the form of preparations. PEG, PVP, copolymers, cellulose ethers and esters are proposed as carriers. The direct use of food bases as carriers for powdered sterols is also known, cf. EP 1 003 388 B1.
The choice of proteins as carriers for unesterified sterols and stanols is disclosed in WO 01/37681. Synergistic effects of sitosterol and soya proteins are described in EP 0669835 B1.
The problem addressed by the present invention was to provide compositions which would be free from the disadvantages described above and which would enable sterol and/or stanol esters to be simply and effectively dispersed in foods without any need for emulsifiers, more particularly such emulsifiers as lecithins, monoglycerides, diglycerides, polysorbates, sodium stearyl lactate, glycerol monostearate, lactic acid esters and polyglycerol esters. In addition, the sterol and/or sterol ester compositions would be simple to produce and would be distinguished over prior art compositions by good storage stability.
The present invention provides a composition in powder form which comprises:
(a) about 50 to 90% by weight of an ester of a sterol and/or a stanol;
Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a process for the production of a sterol and/or stanol ester composition in powder form, which process comprises,
Yet another aspect of the invention is a food product, for example a beverage or a milk product, which comprises from about 0.1% to about 50% by weight of the composition of the invention.
By virtue of the presence of milk powder or proteins, especially emulsifiers of the caseinate type, the compositions according to the invention are distinguished by good solubilizing properties, reduced aggregation and agglomeration properties and improved wettability, thus allowing the simple dispersion of sterol and stanol esters in water- and fat-containing preparations. The compositions possess excellent handling properties since they can be further processed without expensive machinery and, in addition, exhibit excellent long-term stability. They thus provide advantages over preparations which either are completely free from emulsifiers or contain such emulsifiers as lecithins, monoglycerides, diglycerides, polysorbates, sodium stearyl lactylate, glycerol monostearate, lactic acid esters and polyglycerol esters.
The compositions according to the invention may readily be incorporated in foods, more particularly in milk, milk beverages, whey and yoghurt beverages, margarine, fruit juices, fruit juice mixtures, fruit juice beverages, vegetable juices, carbonated and still beverages, soya milk beverages or high-protein liquid food substitute beverages and fermented milk preparations, yoghurt, drinking yoghurt or cheese preparations, and in cosmetic or pharmaceutical preparations.
The proviso �free from other emulsifiers than those of group (b)� shall be understood to mean that the use in particular of typical food emulsifiers, such as lecithins, monoglycerides, diglycerides, polysorbates, sodium stearyl lactylate, glycerol monostearate, lactic acid esters and polyglycerol esters, is avoided for the reasons described above. Although emulsifiers naturally occurring in foods, such as cholesterol, for example, cannot be avoided in the pre-formulation; no other emulsifiers are intended to be added as auxiliaries during the production of the sterol/stanol preparations according to the invention.
Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients or reaction conditions used herein are to be understood as modified in all instances by the term �about.�
The use of �and/or� shall be understood that, for example, �A and/or B� shall encompass the following embodiments: �A� or �B� or �A and B.�
It shall be also understood that �tester� shall encompass one or more esters; �sterol� shall encompass one or more sterols; and �stanol� shall encompass one or more stanols, as well as mixtures thereof.
It shall be further understood that the use of the singular as used herein shall encompass one or more of the components described. The use of the plural herein shall be understood to encompass the singular as well as the plural form.
Sterols and/or Stanol Esters
Esters of sterols obtained from plants and vegetable raw materials, so-called phytosterols and phytostanols, are used for the purposes of the invention. Known examples are ergosterol, brassica sterol, campesterol, avenasterol, desmosterol, clionasterol, stigmasterol, poriferasterol, chalinosterol, sitosterol and mixtures thereof. Of these, β-sitosterol and campesterol are preferably used. The hydrogenated saturated forms of the sterols, so-called stanols, are also included among the compounds used, β-sitostanol and campestanol esters again being preferred. Vegetable raw material sources include, inter alia, seeds and oils of soybeans, canola, palm kernels, corn, cocoa, rape, sugar cane, sunflower, olive, cotton, soya, peanut or products from tall oil production. Esterification products with saturated and/or unsaturated C6-22 and preferably C12-18 fatty acids are preferably processed, although the invention is not limited to esters of this type. Phenolic acid esters, more particularly derivatives of cinnamic acid, caffeic acid and ferulic acid, may also be used. Naturally occurring esters may be directly obtained from vegetable raw materials or the sterol/stanol esters may be produced by transesterification with other esters. Derivatives obtained by esterification of free sterols or stanols with the corresponding fatty acids may also be used. The preparations according to the invention contain 50 to 90% by weight, preferably 60 to 80% by weight and more particularly 62 to 76% by weight sterol and/or stanol esters, based on the powder-form compositions.
Accordingly, the present invention also relates to food preparations containing sterol/stanol ester formulations having the above-mentioned composition. They are preferably used in beverages and milk products which contain 0.1 to 50% by weight and preferably 1 to 20% by weight of the powder-form preparations, based on the total weight of the foods.
Milk Powders and/or Proteins
Commercially available whole milk and skimmed milk powders obtained from the particular milk products by drying are used as the milk powder. They may be used in the form of mixtures with other proteins or as sole carrier. If other proteins are added or if proteins rather than the milk powder are used as the carrier, the proteins in question are understood to be isolated proteins which are obtained from natural animal and vegetable sources and which are added in the production of the powder-form preparations. Possible sources for proteins are plants, such as wheat, soya, lupins, corn, or sources of animal origin, such as eggs or milk.
Milk powder or proteins obtained from milk, such as sodium and/or calcium caseinates, are preferably used. Caseinates are particularly preferred for the purposes of the invention because, on the one hand, they have emulsifying properties without, at the same time, showing the above-mentioned disadvantages of the food emulsifiers otherwise typically used in particular for the production of beverages and milk products, more especially fermentation products, such as yoghurt. Caseinates, and particularly sodium or calcium caseinates, are otherwise typically used as emulsifiers in the manufacture of meat and sausage products.
The compositions according to the invention contain about 5 to 50% by weight, preferably about 10 to 30% by weight, more preferably about 12 to 20% by weight and most preferably about 12 to 15% by weight milk powder and/or proteins, based on the emulsifier-free powder-form preparation. Sodium caseinate and/or calcium caseinate are preferably used as the proteins.
An additional improvement in dispersibility, which affords advantages in particular in the incorporation of sterol ester powders in clear liquids, was achieved by the addition of carbohydrates. The compounds used as carbohydrates all contain food-grade sugars selected from the group consisting of glucose, sucrose, fructose, trehalose, maltose, maltodextrin, cyclodextrin, invert sugar, palatinose and lactose, and mixtures thereof. Glucose in the form of glucose syrup is preferably used as the carbohydrate. The use of about 3 to 30% by weight, preferably about 5 to 20% by weight and, more particularly, about 10 to 20% by weight carbohydrates, based on the weight of the powder-form sterol/stanol ester formulation, has proved beneficial to the dispersibility and stability of the preparation.
Compositions in which the ratio by weight of milk powder and/or protein�component b)�to the carbohydrates�component c)�is about 1:5 to 5:1, preferably about 1:3 to 3:1 and, more particularly, about 1:1 to 1:1.5, are particularly advantageous in regard to enhancing the formulation of the compositions of the present invention.
The compositions according to the invention may contain antioxidants, preservatives and flow promoters as further auxiliaries. Examples of possible antioxidants or preservatives are tocopherols, lecithins, ascorbic acid, parabens, butyl hydroxytoluene, anisole, or benzoic acid and salts thereof. Tocopherols are preferably used as antioxidants Silicon dioxide is preferably used as a flow regulator and promoter.
The present invention also relates to a process for the production of the powder-form sterol and/or stanol ester compositions, which process comprises:
The emulsifier-free powder-form compositions are preferably obtained by:
Compositions according to the invention are (all quantities based on the total weight of the particular preparation):
(A) Powder-form compositions containing
The following formulations are preferred for their improved storage stability, dispersibility and processability in foods:
(C) Powder-form compositions containing
Compositions having the following composition are particularly preferred:
(E) Powder-form compositions containing
Emulsions having the following composition are especially preferred:
(H) Powder-form compositions containing
Formulations with the following composition have the best storage stability:
(K) Powder-form compositions containing
The following examples are for the purpose of illustrating the invention and should not be construed in any manner whatsoever as limiting the scope of the present invention.
29.5 g spray dried skimmed milk powder (Almil), 0.5 g tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (Budenheim) and 0.05 g sodium ascorbate (Rewe) were dispersed in 170 grams of water. The dispersion was heated to about 70� C. 70 grams of sterol ester (Vegapure� 95 E, Cognis Deutschland GmbH) were heated to about 70� C. and added with stirring to the aqueous dispersion. The pH value of the dispersion was between 6.8 and 7.4. The pre-emulsion thus prepared was then homogenized at 220/30 bar in a Schr�der LAB 100/60 homogenizer (about three passes in succession), the temperature of the emulsion being maintained at 65 to 70� C. Finally, the emulsion thus prepared was spray dried under the following conditions in an APV type LAB 3S spray drying tower:
In a mixer (Gericke), 1% SiO2 was added as a flow aid. The powder thus produced was distinguished by good stirrability at room temperature both in water and in milk (0.3 and 1.5% by weight fat content).
14.8 g casein (Almil) were dispersed in 75 g water and, after the addition of about 9 grams of 20% sodium hydroxide, the dispersion was heated to 80� C. and stirred until a clear solution with a pH value of about 7 was formed. 12 grams of glucose syrup (80%) and 0.05 g sodium ascorbate (Rewe) were then dispersed in 100 grams water. The dispersion was heated to about 70� C. and added to the sodium caseinate solution. 71 grams of sterol ester (Vegapure� 95 E, Cognis Deutschland GmbH) were heated to about 70� C. and added with stirring to the aqueous dispersion. The pH value of the dispersion was between 6.8 and 7.4. The pre-emulsion thus prepared was then homogenized at 220/30 bar in a Schr�der LAB 100/60 homogenizer (about three passes in succession), the temperature of the emulsion being maintained at 65 to 70� C. Finally, the emulsion thus prepared was spray dried in an APV type LAB 3S spray drying tower under the same conditions as in Example 1.
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NBA - Page 10
Cleveland Cavaliers – A History of Bad, REALLY Bad Decisions
The NBA draft lottery was on Tuesday night and what a shocker! The team with the best odds of winning didn't come home with the number one pick for the 21st time in its 24 years of existence. Honestly shocking to most was the team that actually won -- the Cleveland Cavaliers. Initially I thought this was a joke; however, as reality set in I couldn't help but initially think "boy do I feel bad for whoever ends up there".
Kurt Helin From Pro Basketball Talk Says Spurs Tough To Beat
As the NBA prepares for the Finals beginning on June 5th, Kurt Helin, lead writer from Pro Basketball Talk, joined Sportstalk to discuss the dominant play by the San Antonio Spurs in the Western Conference Finals. Helin also was impressed with Miami's defensive intensity in Game 2, although he does
NBA Conference Finals Preview and Predictions – Will the Spurs Meet the Heat?
Well, that was odd. After 2 rounds that were so unpredictable, so underdog heavy, so intriguing, we got exactly what was supposed to happen in the end. The NBA conference finals in the East and West will feature the top 2 seeds going head-to-head for a right to face the best from the counter conference
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The Fool-Proof Reasons the Miami Heat Will Win it All
It's obvious the Miami Heat aren't messing around. After a first round that featured so many upsets, the Heat have shown they are here to play. After opening up the second round with a convincing win over the Nets on Tuesday night,107-86, Miami seems poised to the Finals for a 4th consecutive year and take home the crown for the 3rd season in a row. Here's why:
Kevin Durant's Entire NBA MVP Acceptance Speech [VIDEO]
Previewing the NBA East Playoffs – Who Will Win
As another grueling 82 season ends, another chapter begins with the NBA playoffs. We take a look at each first round playoff series with a matchup to watch and predictions. This is on the Eastern Conference, be sure to check out the preview of the West.
#1 India


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Games for the whole family
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The rangers need your help! In the wildlife sanctuary, more and more injured animals arrive every day. Dress the majestic wolf's wounds and vaccinate the cheeky raccoon, so that they can be passed on to bigger reservations and parcs as soon as they're well again.
Head off to the animal rescue Sunflower! Each day there are new animals arriving and slowly but surely, the old professor won't be able to care for all the cats, dogs and hamsters anymore. Now it's up to you: groom, feed and play !
Great adventures on the horse ranch! Groom your own horse, ride through the woods together and win all the tournaments! Take care that the stalls are always clean and that there's enough food for your darling, so that you can share many hours together in the riding ring.
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Animal Hospital Africa
The african animals are on the run! The hippos moan about toothache and the elefant feels pain in his trunk– a clear case for the animal hospital! Find out what's wrong with the animals and heal them. Step by step you extend your hospital so that more animals and illnesses can be treated.
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The magical fun for all fairy friends! Princess Lillifee wants to celebrate a great fairy ball in her beautiful garden. Of course many things need to be preparated! Cindy needs help with the cakes, Ursli would like to hang up balloons and finally, Prince Wladimir waits for a dance.


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In this year's James Dyson Award competition, there were over 600 entries from 18 different countries. Participants vying for the international design award were asked to design a device that solves a problem. 606 more words
She survived a plane crash. Now she's revolutionizing health care in Nicaragua
Looking at Vivian Pellas, you would never know she was once ravaged with burns and broken bones, and barely survived. She is polished and all smiles as she reaches in for a handshake, but her hand is masked by a glove that covers scars from burns she suffered in a plane crash 25 years ago. 514 more words
Ihor Lakatosh's Story: How Healing the Body Helps the Soul
(Photo credits: AP / Michael Dwyer)
For those who have a healthy, working body, it's easy to take it for granted. It's only when our body isn't working so well that we realize how profound an impact our body has on our life . 971 more words


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All Schools
(9) All Schools
(9) High Schools
(3) High Schools
(3) Elementary Schools
(8) Elementary Schools
(8) Preschools
(3) Preschools
(3) Public Schools
(57) Public Schools
(9) All Schools
(9) High Schools
(3) High Schools
(3) Elementary Schools
(8) Elementary Schools
(8) Preschools
(3) Preschools
(3) Public Schools
(57) Public Schools
There are 9 private schools in Hartford, CT, serving 887 students.
Minority enrollment is 49% of the student body, which is more than the CT state average of 23%.
The student:teacher ratio of 7:1 is lower than the state private school average of 8:1.
Hartford, Connecticut Private Schools
- School Location Students Grades
HartfordCovenant Preparatory School
135 Broad St
Hartford, CT 06105
(860)547-028953 students | Gr. 5-8
All-boys (Non-sectarian)
HartfordEagle House Educational Program
1680 Albany Ave
Hartford, CT 06105
(860)297-0552Special Program Emphasis13 students | Gr. KG-8
HartfordGray Lodge School
105 Spring St
Hartford, CT 06105
(860)522-936317 students | Gr. 8-12
All-girls | Special Education School (Non-sectarian)
HartfordHartford Area Sd A School
474 Woodland Street
Hartford, CT 06112
(860)724-5777(Seventh-Day Adventist)133 students | Gr. PK-8
HartfordOak Hill School
120 Holcomb St
Hartford, CT 06112
(860)769-3851Special Education School87 students | Gr. PK
HartfordSaints Cyril & Methodius School35 Groton Street
Hartford, CT 06106
(860)522-8490(Roman Catholic)111 students | Gr. K-8
HartfordSt. Augustine School
20 Clifford Street
Hartford, CT 06114
(860)249-5661(Roman Catholic)135 students | Gr. PK-8
HartfordThe Grace S Webb School
200 Retreat Ave
Hartford, CT 06106
(860)545-7238Special Education School95 students | Gr. 1-12
HartfordWatkinson School
180 Bloomfield Avenue
Hartford, CT 06105
(860)236-5618243 students | Gr. 6-12
Area Statistics
Recent Articles
Updated March 26, 2015
Small private schools often feel that they cannot afford to market their schools. Facebook is free. Here is how to use it effectively.
What are the attributes which make 21st century military schools so special? We find out in this article.
Getting into a private school is a time-consuming process. We look at the various deadlines involved.


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Department of Statistics and Biostatistics
Welcome to our website!!!Fall Orientations, new and returning graduate students.
- New student orientations: Thursday, September 18 at 7 PM in 207 North Science. The second Orientation is Tuesday, September 23 at 7 PM in the same room.
- Returning students orientation: Monday, September 22 at 7 PM in 207 North Science.
There are many job opportunities locally for Statisticians in many diverse areas of application, such as Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, Medical Statistics, Pharmaceutical, Biotech, Finance, Banking, Government, Education, Consulting, and many others. So, we encourage you to consider the fields of Statistics and Biostatistics as a program of study, whether graduate or undergraduate. Many of our undergraduate students are double-majors. Math, Economics, and Psychology majors, in particular, have found double-majoring with Statistics to be valuable in getting a job or pursuing higher degrees.
Our department offers many courses in Statistical Methods and Probability at the undergraduate and graduate levels. Most of the courses include the use of computers and computer software to perform the statistical analysis of data. The software includes MS EXCEL, MINITAB, SPSS, SAS, and R. We are a growing department in the growing field of Statistics.
Contact Us
Department of Statistics and Biostatistics
Department Chair: Dr. Eric Suess
North Science 229
College of Science
Phone: (510) 885-3435
Fax: (510) 885-4714
Office Hours: 9-6 M-Th; 9-12 F
Student News
- Alumni Association scholarships can make a positive difference
- CSUEB to honor Bay Area business leaders during June commencement ceremonies
- University Art Gallery to host annual juried student exhibition through June 12
- Number of grads from CSUEB's MS in online teaching and learning exceeds 500


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I have a weatherby 223 and am going to start reloading for it, and was wondering what precautions if any for using 5.56 brass, and resizing it using a 223 die??? Or should I stick with just 223 brass?
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No difference. I shoot most of my 223 ammo through an AR and I load on a Dillon press. When I load I dump all brass, military and 223 into a box and start loading. I shoot it the same way. With the brass all mixed up my AR will still hold groups of 3/4 moa without a problem. If your wanting better accuracy it would pay to sort your brass, but 95% of my shooting if off handed at running targets so 3/4 moa is no draw back to me.
Heres your difference 5.56 on the top .223 on the bottom R1 and R2 radius are different
After you shoot them once in your rifle the 223 and 556 will be the same.
Just walking on the edge of of my grave.
I am using range 5.56 brass, probably shot through an AR. I am reloading for a bolt action rifle that on the barrel says "not to use 5.565".
It's easy: Full length resize the brass and trim to spec. Then you must deal with that military primer crimp. My preferred method of removing the crimp is a cartridge case deburring tool.
Thanks Alsaqr and everybody else for the help
Trimming is the main issue. In my experience, the generous chamber dimensions of an AR will let the brass stretch. M-249's more so. Resize in standard .223 die and trim. Good to go.
There is a belief 5.56 brass is thicker resulting in less internal volume. Not necessarily true. Different makers have different thicknesses. Sort by headstamp and develop load for that headstamp.
In life, strive to take the high road....It offers a better field of fire.
"Robo is right" Fuzzball
Awesum, Shade, and Robo, and all the others for helping me. Looks like i am gonna go brass hunting tonight at te local pit, there is always a large amount of everything


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Property to let in Ravenscraig Drive, Priesthill, Glasgow G53
£575 pcm (£133 pw)
Ravenscraig Drive, Priesthill G53,Semi-detached house to rent - 2 bedrooms
Scottish Property Centre (Shawlands) are delighted to offer to the rental market this well proportioned and immaculately presented two bedroom mid terrace semi detached home in Priesthill on Glasgow's south side. This property is available from the ... More details
Note: Distances are straight line measurements
- Priesthill & Darnley (0.2 miles)
- Nitshill (0.7 miles)
Marketed by Scottish Property Centre, G41. Call 0141 376 0146


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- Award-winning customer service
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Chevy R30 Turn Signal LightWe have 5 Items In-stock.
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4:30 PM Varsity Baseball Game!
8:30 AM - 4:30 PM UTMB Furr HS Blood Drive
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The Futures Academy gives students the opportunity to earn a FREE Associate's degree!
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Furr students, parents and community band together to celebrate and thank our wonderful board member Juliet Stipeche
Furr jRotc students rally together to collaborate with the Houston Food Bank to bring valuable resources to the community.
The Family Learning Academy serves as an opportunity for families to partner with schools and community organizations to strengthen how families are able to contribute to their children's academic development.


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A Little Note For You All
moonwolf_gwAugust 10, 2012
Hi everyone,
I am unable to answer my e-mails at the moment, and I'm sorry for the inconvenience. I will let you all know when I'm able to answer them and get back to you. Thank you for your cooperation!
Brad AKA Moonwolf


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Mack finds right fit with Bulldogs
INDIANAPOLIS -- It was a strange coincidence that Butler's Shelvin Mack was selected Sunday to sit next to Kentucky's top spokesperson.
DeWayne Peevy, the University of Kentucky's public relations director who also works for the NCAA during the Final Four, happened to be placed next to Mack in a conference room for the assembled Final Four media.
Mack is from Lexington, Ky., and like most people from that city, let alone the Commonwealth, grew up a Kentucky fan. As he matured into a legitimate Division I prospect, his dream was to play for the Wildcats.
Who wouldn't? But he knew early on that he wasn't a fit for Tubby Smith's Wildcats, who went elsewhere early in the recruiting process before Billy Gillispie took over for Smith as Mack's high school career progressed.
So often the easy thing to do is take a jab at the local school for not recognizing talent in its own city or state before he joins another institution. There have been countless examples -- some more notable than others, like when the local media questioned Connecticut coach Jim Calhoun for not recruiting Waterbury's Ryan Gomes, who starred for nearby Big East rival Providence.
Sometimes a player isn't the right answer at the opportune time for an elite program. Scholarship openings don't always occur at the same time a player like Mack is available.
"I realized that they weren't recruiting me, so I was looking for other schools and found the right one for me," Mack said on the eve of playing for the national title against Duke.
"I wanted to go to a school that could showcase my talent."
Mack was on an AAU squad with plenty of recognition during the summer. The D1 Greyhounds also had Ohio State's William Buford and Kentucky's Darius Miller. But Mack's role wasn't to stand out on that team, even though on his high school team he was a big-time scorer with 1,725 points and more than 500 assists at Bryan Station High.
He plays to win and does what he can to get his teammates involved. He's just a winner." -- Gordon Hayward on Shelvin Mack
"I wasn't the right fit," Mack said. "That was OK. It didn't bother me. It was very easy for me to be overshadowed. My job on the team was to [assist] other players and make sure they did their jobs."
Mack said once he committed to Butler and it was apparent that he was headed to Indianapolis, there was sudden interest from Gillispie. He said Gillispie offered a scholarship, but Mack was locked in at Butler.
All Mack has done since he arrived at Butler is win. He started all 32 games as a freshman when the Bulldogs won 26 games. He started all 37 games this season.
In June 2009, when he arrived in Colorado Springs at the USA Basketball trials, he was not expected to be the point guard for the Under-19 world championship team. The job was going to go to Connecticut's Kemba Walker, but he withdrew. Pitt's Ashton Gibbs and Duke-bound transfer Seth Curry also came in with a bit more hype than Mack. Mack was an afterthought, along with teammate and classmate Gordon Hayward. Yet Mack made the team easily.
He was named captain, and led the U.S. to gold in this event for the first time since 1991.
"They saw that he was a great player and that he's a winner," Hayward said. "He plays to win and does what he can to get his teammates involved. He's just a winner."
Hayward said the U.S. team was a collection of individuals when it started, as you would expect, but it was Mack who gathered them together to ensure they were a team in the short three-week window they were together.
"That's why he was named captain," Hayward said. "He does all those little things to win. Some games he would score and it helped our team. Other games he would come in and dish out assists and get rebounds. I'm really proud of him for that."
After coaching Mack and Hayward on that gold medal run, Pitt coach Jamie Dixon said the one thing he learned that summer was that he "didn't want to play Butler."
The comparison of Mack to NBA All-Star Chauncey Billups has been made, and it's possible. And Mack's leadership capabilities, for this level, are hard to dispute.
On Saturday night, Mack was battling a stomach issue that he thought was food poisoning. Despite the magnitude of the stage, he didn't push the coaching staff to get on the court.
"I wouldn't be able to go 100 percent, so I didn't want to short-change my teammates," Mack said.
Butler beat Michigan State despite the fact that Mack played only 25 minutes. The Bulldogs haven't lost since Dec. 22 at UAB.
"It's just a confidence we have in each other to get the job done no matter what obstacles we face," Mack said. "We take a lot of pride in being a group of guys that come in and work hard every day. We're not worried about rankings or what happened in high school.
"It would be a great feeling to be able to get it done and shock a lot of people. The coaches know the great teams and the hard schedule. People see Butler and most people are like, 'Who's that?' They don't know the tradition and what goes with it."
What the world is watching is just how much of a winner Mack has become and likely would have been wherever he landed. Kentucky might not have been the right fit two years ago, and that's fine. The Wildcats did quite well with John Wall and Eric Bledsoe this season. With Mack on board, Butler isn't complaining, either.
Andy Katz is a senior writer at ESPN.com.
NCAA Tournament home page
- Forde: An epic game was nearly best ever
- Katz: Duke finds a way in the end
- O'Neil: Stunned Bulldogs proved they belong
- Schlabach: Coach K cements place
- Brennan: How Duke won the title
- Schlabach: Emotions high and low at Hinkle
- Experts' roundtable: Title game debate
- Forde: Can Butler make history?
- Schlabach: Nored holds his head high
- Katz: Mack finds a home with Butler
- Forde: The ultimate David vs. Goliath
- O'Neil: Butler does it the Bulldog way
- Katz: Blue Devils look to create own legacy
- Writer roundtable: Final Four predictions
- O'Neil: No superstars, no problem
- Schlabach: Hometowns all in for Butler
- Forde: WVU's win over Duke not forgotten
- Brennan: Four underrated storylines
- Powers: Scheyer living his dream
- Katz: A coaching view of the Final Four
- Forde: Green gives Sparty boost off bench
- O'Neil: Duke duo pursues artistic side
- Forde: Butler part Hollywood, part Heartland
- Schlabach: The quick rise of Brad Stevens
- Hill: Izzo is king of the state
- Forde: Final Four Likability Index
- Katz: Love story for Huggs, WVU
- Katz: Final Four primer
- Brennan: 10 Things To Know
- College Basketball Nation blog
- Forde/Katz: An epic final game
- Forde/Katz: Coach K legacy
- Katz interviews Stevens after loss
- Katz talks to Coach K after win
- Coach K previews title game
- Bilas and Vitale on semifinals
- Bilas and Vitale on Butler-MSU
- Bilas and Vitale on Duke-WVU
- Gottlieb's Final Four picks
- Katz and Brennan on Saturday's semis
- Mayne Event: Butler right at home?
- Mazzulla's bumpy road to Indy
- Hill on Izzo's place among the greats
- Advice from a real-life "Hoosier"
- Katz's Final Four preview
- Duke's Smith follow's dad's Final Four legacy
- Brad Stevens on Butler hysteria
- Vitale: Final Four players to watch
- Instant Intel: Butler vs. Duke
- Bilas: Who has the edge in title game?
- Experts: Eight burning questions
- Gottlieb: How to beat ... Duke
- Fraschilla: How to beat ... Michigan State
- Lunardi: How to beat ... Butler
- Bilas: How to beat ... West Virginia
- Instant Intel: West Virginia vs. Duke
- Instant Intel: Butler vs. Michigan State
- Bilas: Thoughts heading into the Final Four
- Tournament Challenge
- Lunardi's team-by-team breakdowns
- By the numbers: NCAA tournament 1-65
- Brackets: HTML | GIF | PDF
- Goodman: Grading every D-I coaching hire
- Recruiting: Eliminated teams' chances in '16
- Goodman: What's next for Texas
- Rankin: Scouting Terps commit Diamond Stone
- Goodman: What's next for Tennessee


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A wreath you can eat! Wreaths made of chocolates are very popular during the holiday season and is one of the best ways to welcome people into your home. They can be easily made using chocolate without wrappers or even with those wrapped in various hues. Let us see how to make these delightful decorations without any hassles…
Steps to Make Chocolate Wreath with Hershey Kisses
This is among the easiest of all chocolate wreaths. The chocolates can be unwrapped and stuck on the wreath for a brown colored one, while the wrappers can stay on if you want the wreaths to be colorful.
Ideas for Decorating Chocolate Wreaths
Wreaths made of chocolates can be made within a matter of minutes. Try it!
Image credit: redoitdesign.wordpress.com/ ; jackiefo.blogspot.com/ ; detroitknitter.blogspot.com/


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Thought-Controlled Apps On Android May Not Be Far 72
from the add-gps-and-stir dept.
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
than a bluetooth douche tag
Emotive uses brain waves to operate machines.
When my computer is screaming, "Porn, porn . . . and more porn!"
"Oh, it must be a problem with the new mouse, that is about to go meet its maker."
"Where's my hammer . . . ?"
Would it be?
I think it'd be great!
A few times now I'll be standing in line for one thing or another and someone will go "Hello?" so I turn slightly and say "Hi." And then they go "Are you still at work?" and I go "No, this is the bank, I don't work here" and they go "Oh, well, can I hitch a ride?" and then I go, "Well.. I don't really know you, but how far are you heading?" and they go "Great, see you in about 20 minutes" and I look perplexed for a moment, then I realize.
If everyone who had a bluetooth were able to communicate via their mind to their phone instead of audibly, that would save me a lot of confusion. I welcome it with open arms.
Apple has had mind control for years... just look at their army of fanboys.
Thought control has been built into iOS for a long time.
How else would you explain this?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dikaQjMO388 [youtube.com]
If everyone who had a bluetooth were able to communicate via their mind to their phone instead of audibly, that would save me a lot of confusion. I welcome it with open arms.
I realised recently that when I walk down the street and see someone talking to themself I now assume it's a Bluetooth headset. The other day this led to an interesting run-in with a good, old fashioned, crazy person. Sign of the times.
No, but it might lead to accidental core dump.
After Goliath's defeat, giants ceased to command respect. - Freeman Dyson


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Alba Hotel
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- Swimming pool
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Greece vs turkey
... night card playing this time. Aust swept the series of "********" against NZ. Woke up in Turkey! Marmaris is in a spectacular location. Hills everywhere. We met our driver who appeared to be fairly new to the task of driving. Staying on the right side of the road was a challenge. But a great guy with perfect English. He had two daughters, loved mountains and was hard if hearing. So we got on like a house on fire. En route we passed through an avenue of huge eucalypts. ...
Departure day
... during which the coach thermometer showed it dropped from 29 to 21 degrees. There was the obligatory cafe stop which added at least 25 minutes to the journey. Barry came back to the coach though with a Turkish Eye for me.
No rep at the hotel or on the coach, just a CD the driver played as we approached the airport.
Unloaded in the rain, under cover but I think more of a sun shade than roof!
Inside one long queue followed another. A ...
Today we are in Marmaris. The weather is beautiful today, much warner than it has been. It is supposed to gout to 79 today, but it is always cool in the morning.
Today we are taking a bus ride of 1.5 hours to historic Dalyan. This is an ancient city located on the Dalyan river. This river meanders from Koycegiz Lake down to the ocean. On the way it passes through large ...
Idillic Bay day
... corner who cooked me a very nice mince meat flat bread. Just after lunch the rain started, very heavy with loud thunder thrown in. The hotel had a power cut. They got the lifts going again fairly swiftly but wifi was out for the day. After the downpour we walked up to the old village which was much quieter but more run down. They really do have chickens in all the back yards. After our stroll we had an hour in the sun by the pool then it was waffle time. ...
A La Carte day
... We the had a Tunisian moment as I told Barry I had been stung and tried to pull out the stinger while in intense pain. Barry though had a page and a half to go! He finally got the message as I pointed out to him the reading time was over. Trouble was this coincided with waffles time. The barman gave us a strange look as we asked for just a glass of ice and I adjourned to the toilet to give myself some first aid. With the ice ...


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People use desktops each day for a variety of makes use of. If you are tasked with buying a desktop for your property or place of work, the choice can be complicated by characteristics and alternatives that you might be not certain about. That is all about to modify in the article that follows, you will study some details about desktop computer systems that will demonstrate to be of aid.
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EUGENE, Ore. — Police are searching for a suspect accused of trying to rob three young women at gunpoint. Investigators say the man approached a 19-year-old and her two friends at about 12:30 a.m. Sunday, near East 17th Avenue and Patterson Street. The girls say they were walking home from a party when a man … Continue reading »
Eugene Armed Robbery Suspect Arrested
EUGENE, Ore. — A robbery suspect is under arrest after police say he held up a downtown Eugene business and then fled. Eugene police received a 911 call at 8:30 a.m. Monday, reporting an armed robbery at B & B Distributors. Police say 49-year-old Paul Shields used a gun to get DVDs from an employee. B … Continue reading »
Eugene Police Search for Armed Robbers
EUGENE, Ore — Eugene Police continue to search for two suspects in an armed robbery that occurred Wednesday night. It happened at the McDonald's on Willakenzie and Coburg Roads just before midnight. Police say the business was closed, but employees were still inside, when two men in ski masks entered through a back door. They … Continue reading »