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A substantially permanently buoyant balloon suitable for use as a toy or in advertising, for example, is provided which includes an envelope containing a lighter than air gas such as helium, which envelope is made from attached panels of a nonelastomeric polymer sheet material carrying a continuous metal layer on at least one side thereof. The metal layer can either be a thin metal film contiguously bonded to the polymer, or can be metal which is vapor deposited over the surface of the polymer. The balloon itself is constructed so that the ratio of its volume taken to the two-thirds power divided by its surface area is in the range of from about 0.21 to about 0.01, and the weight of the envelope can range from about 2.6 ū 10-4 gm/cm2 to about 1.7 ū 10-2 gm/cm2. The envelope is preferably manufactured in two dimensional "lay-flat" form in any desired two dimensional shape unlike conventional balloon envelopes which are inherently three dimensional surfaces. Balloon envelopes having the above described volume to surface area ratio and made with the above described composite panel material will be maintained buoyant for an indefinite period of time when filled with the lighter than air gas.
1. A substantially permanently air buoyant balloon comprising a substantially gas impermeable envelope filled with a lighter than air gas at about atmospheric pressure, said envelope being made from attached panels of a composite material comprising at least one nonelastomeric polymer sheet continuous throughout said panel which has a continuous opaque coating of a vapor deposited metal on at least one side thereof, said panels being attached to form said envelope by continuous seals along peripheral portions thereof, said envelope having an internal volume of up to about 20 cu. ft. and having a ratio of its volume taken to the two-thirds power to its surface area of from about 0.21 to about 0.01, and an average envelope weight in the range of from about 2.6 ū 10-4 gm/cm2 to about 1.7 ū 10-4 gm/cm2.
2. The air buoyant balloon of claim 1 wherein said continuous coating of vapor deposited metal has a thickness in the range of from about 3 ū 10-7 inch to about 2 ū 10-3 inch.
3. The air buoyant balloon of claim 1 wherein said layer of vapor deposited metal has a thickness in the range of from about 1 ū 10-6 inch to about 5 ū 10-5 inch.
4. The air buoyant balloon of claim 1 wherein said vapor deposited metal is aluminum.
5. The air buoyant balloon of claim 1 wherein said nonelastomeric polymer is selected from polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride, polyesters, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, regenerated cellulose, polyurethane, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, ionomers, polyamides and nitrile polymers.
6. The air buoyant balloon of claim 1 wherein said panels of composite material comprise a first said nonelastomeric polymer sheet having said continuous coating of vapor deposited metal thereon, and a second sheet of a nonelastomeric polymer continuously bonded to said vapor deposited metal thereby leaving said vapor deposited metal sandwiched between said first and second sheets of nonelastomeric polymer.
7. The air buoyant balloon of claim 6 wherein said metal is aluminum.
8. The air buoyant balloon of claim 1 wherein said panels of composite material comprise said nonelastomeric polymer sheet having a continuous coating of a vapor deposited metal on both sides thereof.
9. The air buoyant balloon of claim 8 wherein said metal is aluminum.
10. The air buoyant balloon of claim 1 wherein said lighter than air gas is helium.
11. A substantially permanently air buoyant balloon comprising a substantially gas impermeable envelope filled with helium at about atmospheric pressure, said envelope being made from attached panels of a composite material comprising at least one nonelastomeric polymer sheet continuous throughout said panel which has a continuous coating of a vapor deposited metal on at least one side thereof, said continuous coating having a thickness in the range of from about 1 ū 10-6 to about 5 ū 10-5 inch, said panels being attached to form said envelope by continuous seals along peripheral portions thereof, said envelope having an internal volume of up to about 20 cu. ft. and having a ratio of its volume taken to the two-thirds power to its surface area of from about 0.21 to about 0.01 and an average envelope weight in the range of from about 2.6 ū 10-4 gm/cm2 to about 1.7 ū 10-2 gm/cm2.
12. The air buoyant balloon of claim 11 wherein said vapor deposited metal is aluminum.
13. The air buoyant balloon of claim 11 wherein said nonelastomeric polymer is selected from polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride, polyesters, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, regenerated cellulose, polyurethane, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, ionomers, polyamides and nitrile polymers.
14. The air buoyant balloon of claim 11 wherein said panels of composite material comprise a first said nonelastomeric polymer sheet having said continuous coating of vapor deposited metal thereon, and a second sheet of a nonelastomeric polymer continuously bonded to said vapor deposited metal thereby leaving said vapor deposited metal sandwiched between said first and second sheets of nonelastomeric polymer.
15. The air buoyant balloon of claim 14 wherein said metal is aluminum.
16. The air buoyant balloon of claim 11 wherein said panels of composite material comprise said nonelastomeric polymer sheet having a continuous coating of a vapor deposited metal on both sides thereof.
17. The air buoyant ballon of claim 16 wherein said metal is aluminum.
This invention relates to lighter than air balloons. In another aspect, this invention relates to a novel substantially balloon for use as a toy or in advertising which will remain buoyant for an indefinite period of time in excess of about one year with a potential maximum lifetime exceeding several years, e.g., at least 30 years.
Conventionally small toy or advertising balloons are made by filling an elastomeric material with a helium containing gas. Such lighter than air balloons have been commonly used and sold for many years at fairs, circuses, restaurants and shopping centers and the like, where helium is available to fill the balloons shortly before use or sale. Thus, it is commonly known that such balloons invariably lose their buoyancy within a matter of a few hours or few days at most, as the result of helium losses by diffusion through the elastomeric envelope material. Therefore, such balloons have not been marketed through conventional channels of commerce because of the limited shelf life amounting to only a matter of days. The limited lifetime of such balloons as disappointed millions of children and has prevented the sale of the buoyant balloons by the vast majority of merchants who do not have the resources to fill the balloons as they are sold and who cannot afford the inevitable losses which are associated with the short shelf life of the product.
Larger aeronautical balloons have been made which have relatively long buoyant lifetimes. In general, as the volume of a balloon is increased then it becomes easier to design relatively impermeable envelope materials, because the larger volume of gases will support the relatively thick envelope which is necessary to provide impermeability for the lighter than air gases. Much work has been conducted in the field of large aeronautical balloons to devise composite envelope materials which are relatively impermeable to gases and provide great strength. For example, German Pat. No. 217,110 discloses an envelope material made by gluing galvanic metal paper to cotton, linen or silk cloth. German Pat. No. 219,440 discloses a balloon envelope material made by sandwiching cloth between sheets of aluminum and copper. German Pat. No. 224,521 discloses a balloon envelope material made by bonding corrugated sheets of metal, glass or organic material to fabrics. German Pat. No. 227,150 discloses balloon envelope materials which are made less permeable by deposition of a metallic mirror finish thereto in a reducing bath. German Pat. No. 515,083 discloses balloon envelope material made by gluing cellulose skin to metal foil to mutually increase the strength of the layers. U.S. Pat. No. 1,793,075 discloses gas envelope material made by combining layers of rubberized fabric, rubber cement and metal leaf. U.S. Pat. No. 1,801,666 discloses a gas envelope material made by coating a sheet of aluminum with a tacky rubber isomer, baking the resulting composite to form an enamel coat and adhering the resulting sheet to fabric, paper, rubber or leather. None of the above patents disclose methods by which the composite sheet materials can be fashioned into balloon envelopes other than by the conventional methods of sewing, taping and joint caulking which are only suitable for the very large aeronautical balloons which have a substantially large wall thickness of the envelope material.
As is apparent from the above discussion based upon relatively old patents, most of the research in balloon technology occurred before the World War II era and was related to aeronautical type balloons for transmitting men and/or equipment. In these patents, the words "gastight" or "gasproof" or "impermeable" are used in a loose sense to describe virtually all nonwoven or nonporous materials. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,730,626 described rubber material as "gastight material" whereas such materials invariably have measurable permeability to lighter than air gases. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 1,449,748 describes rubber impregnated fabric coated with drying oil and aluminum powder as "gasproof" where "gas resistant" would be more accurate. As a further example of this usage, treated animal skins were inaccurately described as "gastight" or "impermeable" in U.S. Pat. No. 1,709,499 and German Pat. No. 227,521. Thus, when the ratio of a balloon's volume to the surface area of its envelope is relatively large, e.g. Volume/Area greater than 0.2 meters (0.7 ft.) and typically greater than 1.5 meters (5 ft.), then the normal diffusion of the lighter than air gas such as helium through the envelope material is negligible in that the balloon can remain buoyant and aloft for several days and even several years and thus fulfill its designed capability. Therefore, the prior art balloon envelope materials discussed in these patents which relate to larger aeronautical balloons are described as impermeable or gasproof even though such materials are not truly impermeable or gasproof.
It is known to use metal powdered coatings on a balloon envelope for the purpose of protecting the envelope from heat and light but not to significantly improve gas impermeability. Disclosures of such coatings are found in German Pat. Nos. 276,717; 286,260; and 262,005. Furthermore, metal layers have been provided on a balloon envelope to improve electrical conductivity such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 1,180,732, or to improve the special characteristics of weather balloons in which an indefinite life is undesirable, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,340,732.
Recent developments in aeronautical balloon technology disclosed the use of biaxially oriented plastic film from polyolefins such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,608,849. Again, with the large aeronautical balloons with envelopes which have relatively large volume to surface area ratios, it is not necessary to have completely gas impermeable envelopes in order for the balloon to have a very long buoyant lifetime.
Thus, all of the teachings referenced above are concerned with aeronautical balloons which range from weather balloons having a volume approximately 100 cu. ft. to larger balloons intended for practical lifting of men or materials which range in volume from about 2000 cu. ft. to over 1 million cu. ft. The materials disclosed as suitable for such large balloons cannot be scaled down to form suitable toy or advertising balloons which have a volume in the order of 20 cu. ft. or smaller because the increase in surface area in relation to volume of the resulting envelope accompanying such a reduction in size will allow too much of the lighter than air gas to escape through the envelope material.
For example, with a given polymeric envelope material of given permeability and configuration, the buoyant lifetime (TL) varies in proportion to the square of the linear size (D), e.g., the diameter or radius in the case of a sphere, as defined by the equation TL ∝D2.
Using this common mathematical expression it is readily possible to compare the performance of relatively smaller balloons to that of a hypothetical large spherical balloon having a radius of 62 ft., a corresponding volume of 1 million cubic feet and a reasonable hypothetical buoyant lifetime expectancy of 100 years based on the properties of conventional balloon envelope materials. Such a balloon would correspond in size to a large blimp or dirigible gas bag and its efficiency in terms of buoyant lifetime or rate of helium loss is so great that any further improvement in buoyant lifetime is economically trivial. The choice of this extremely large balloon for a standard is also significant because the relatively thick envelope allows the use of sophisticated complex laminate envelope material which cannot in actual practice be scaled down for a smaller balloon. The scaling down of this balloon to a small blimp having a sphere radius of 36 ft. and a volume of 200,000 cu. ft. will result in a hypothetical buoyant lifetime of 34 years. Further scaling down such balloon to a typical 1 to 4 man sporting balloon having a sphere radius of 18 ft. and a volume of 24,000 cu. ft. results in a hypothetical buoyant lifetime of 8.4 years. Further scaling the large balloon down to a size of a minimum size man lift balloon having a sphere radius of 12 ft. and a volume of 7,000 cu. ft. results in a hypothetical buoyant lifetime of about 3.7 years. To further scale such large balloon down to the size of a toy balloon having a sphere radius of 0.49 ft. and volume of 1/2 cu. ft. results in a hypothetical buoyant lifetime of only about 2.3 days. Thus, it is clear that conventional balloons with relatively long hypothetical buoyant lifetimes, cannot be effectively scaled down using existing balloon envelope technology to yield small balloons having a volume of 20 cu. ft. or less and relatively small volume to surface area ratios but also relatively long buoyant lifetimes.
According to the invention, I have discovered that buoyant balloons having extremely long and indefinite lifetimes but also having a relatively small volume to surface area ratios can be made utilizing a balloon envelope material which comprises a composite of a nonelastomeric polymer sheet or laminate which carries a continuous layer or coating of a metal on at least one side thereof, and wherein the envelope has an internal volume of up to about 20 cu. ft. and a ratio of its volume taken to the two-thirds power to its surface area of from about 0.21 to about 0.01, and furthermore wherein the average weight of the envelope is in the range of from about 2.6 ū 10-4 gm/cm2 to about 1.7 ū 10-2 gm/cm2. The continuous metal layer can be a thin metal film or foil such as an aluminum foil laminated to the nonelastomeric polymer, or in a preferred embodiment of the subject invention the metal coating can be formed on the nonelastomeric polymer sheet by vapor deposition techniques including vacuum metallizing, vapor phase deposition and cathode sputtering.
In accordance with one embodiment of the subject invention, the balloon envelope is made by sealing, such as heat sealing peripheral portions of panels made of the above material while in a two dimension lay-flat form to any desired two-dimensional shape. The resulting envelope is filled with a lighter than air gas, preferably helium, and it is substantially impermeable thereto and will remain buoyant for a long period of time.
This invention can be more easily understood from a study of the drawings in which:
FIGS. 1 through 4 are cross sectional views of various envelope materials which can be used in the balloon of the subject invention;
FIG. 5 is a plan view of panels for a specific balloon envelope which can be made in accordance with the subject invention;
FIG. 6 is a plan view of two of the panels described in FIG. 5 sealed together at peripheral regions to form the lay-flat balloon envelope in the scope of the subject invention;
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the envelope of FIG. 6 inflated with a lighter than air gas;
FIGS. 8a through 8c are partial detail views showing nozzle sealing arrangements for envelopes of the subject invention; and
FIGS. 9 through 15 illustrate some typical envelope shapes which can be utilized in the scope of the subject invention.
As set forth in the prior art description of this specification, it is impossible to scale down engineering designs of large aeronautical balloons to design small balloons having a volume of about 20 cu. ft. or less and which have long buoyant lifetimes, e.g., which exceed several weeks. In essence, in the larger aeronautical balloons which have a relatively large ratio of volume to surface area, some diffusion of the lighter than air gas from the interior through the envelope is permissible. Furthermore, because of the relatively large volume of the gas, the envelope can be relatively thick and heavy, but yet still be lifted by the large volume of buoyant gas. When using conventional techniques, however, in designing smaller balloons, in order to have a buoyant body, the wall thicknesses of conventional materials are generally so thin that the lighter than air gas easily diffuses therethrough and thus the balloon loses its buoyancy in a relatively short period of time. In essence, I found that in order for a balloon which is a toy balloon or an advertising balloon having up to about 20 cu. ft. in volume to be substantially permanently buoyant, it is necessary that the envelope be substantially impermeable to the lighter than air gas it carries, typically helium, because the volume to surface area ratio is so small that even slight permeability of the envelope results in disastrous loss of the buoyant fluid. In addition, it is necessary that the envelope material not be so heavy as to offset the gross lifting force of the buoyant fluid.
Inflatable balloons and toys are not presently made of such an ideal envelope material. For example, small elastomeric balloons which are normally filled with helium usually become nonbuoyant within two or three days because of diffusion of the helium through the elastomeric skin. Furthermore, the materials with which nonbuoyant air inflatable toys are made are not acceptable even though such toys can be filled with air and remain filled with air indefinitely. The reason for this is that these toys contain air, at most, at a trivial pressure above atmospheric and thus air diffuses both in and out of the plastic envelope at about equal rates so that there is no driving force for deflation. Furthermore, such plastics with which the envelopes for the toys are made are far less permeable to O2 and N2 than to helium and the volume to surface area ratios are immaterial in non-air buoyant inflatable objects.
I have found that envelopes can be made which when filled with lighter than air gas remain substantially permanently buoyant for balloons up to 20 cu. ft. in volume if the envelope material comprises certain nonelastomeric polymer sheets having a continuous thin metal coating or layer thereon or therein. The envelopes of the subject invention also have a ratio of the initial internal volume (Vo) taken to the two-thirds power divided by the surface area (S) of the envelope in the range of about 0.21 to about 0.01, i.e., the ratio of (Vo 2/3 /S) = ś 0.21 to ś 0.01. The unit weight of the envelope (depending upon the size) can range from a low of about 5.3 ū 10-4 lbs./ft.2 (2.6 ū 10-4 gm/cm2) to a high of about 3.5 ū 10-2 lbs./ft.2 (1.7 ū 10-2 gm/cm2).
In essence, the thin metal layer on the plastic is impermeable to the lighter than air gas and the layer of the nonelastomeric polymer provides structural integrity for the metal as well as filling any pinholes or imperfections that may exist in the continuous metal layer. The resulting composite is substantially impermeable to lighter than air gases such as helium which are used in the balloon as the buoyant fluid. The structure of the envelope material can take various forms, examples of which are illustrated in FIGS. 1 through 4 of the drawing. It is to be understood, however, that other structures can be utilized in the scope of the subject invention so long as they comprise the basic substrate of the nonelastomeric polymer having the continuous metal coating or layer thereon or therein and so long as the resulting unit weight of the composite and volume to surface area relationship of the envelope falls within the ranges set forth above.
Now specifically referring to FIG. 1, a cross sectional view of an envelope material which can be used in the scope of the subject invention is schematically depicted. As shown, the structure 10 comprises a laminate of a nonelastomeric continuous polymer film 12, e.g., polyethylene having a thickness of 0.1 to 6.5 mils, and a continuous layer 14 of a polymer which can be either similar or dissimilar to the polymer which forms layer 12, and a thin sheet of metal film 16 which is laminated to sheets 12 and 14 by conventional techniques such as heat laminating. The metal film 16 can be any thinly rolled film of any well known metal or alloy. Preferably, film 16 is a thin film of aluminum. Generally, the thickness of film 16 will depend upon the density of the metal and the malleability of the metal, but can range in thickness from about 0.1 to about 2.4 mils.
It is noted that layers 12 and 14 need not have the same thickness and indeed when layer 14 is the inner layer for the envelope, it is generally preferred that it be from 0.05 to 20 times as thick as the outer layer 12 and be used essentially to heat seal the various panels in the envelope together along peripheral portions thereof as well as to contribute to the increased strength of the envelope. A particularly acceptable combination comprises layer 12 made of polyethylene having a thickness of from 0.25 to 2 mils; layer 16 being a thinly rolled aluminum film having a thickness from 0.17 to 1.0 mils and layer 14 being a dissimilar resin to that in layer 12 such as a polyester having a thickness in the range of from 0.25 to 2 mils.
Essentially, all common continuous nonelastomeric polymer films are usable as layers 12 and 14 within the scope of the subject invention, for example, polyolefins such as polyethylene or polypropylene; polyvinylidene chloride (saran); polyester; polyvinyl chloride; cellophane; polyvinyl alcohol; regenerated cellulose, polyurethane, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, isonomers, polyamides and nitrile polymers, and the like. As stated, aluminum is the preferred metal to be used as layer 16, especially in the case of rolled metals. However, most malleable common metals can also be used so long as they can be rolled or drawn or formed into thin substantially continuous films. It is noted that these substantially continuous metal films can have numerous pinholes having a size ranging from microscopic to the order of several milimeters. Examples of other suitable metals include copper, gold, silver, iron, chromium, nickel, and the like.
FIG. 2 depicts another composite envelope material which can be used in the scope of the subject invention. As shown, composite 20 comprises a basic substrate of a continuous nonelastomeric polymer film 22 which can be made of the same material as films 12 and 14 described in FIG. 1 above. However, the continuous layer 24 is a vapor deposited metal. Any conventional technique can be utilized for the vapor deposition of metal layer 24 upon the nonelastomeric polymer layer 22. It is noted that the vapor deposit shown as metal layer 24 in FIG. 2 is grossly exaggerated in thickness for illustrative purposes. Generally, layer 24 will have a thickness in the range of from about 3 ū 10-7 in. to about 2 ū 10-3 in. and preferably from about 1 ū 10-6 in. to about 5 ū 10-5 in. I found that the continuous nonelastic polymer film 22 can receive a coating of metal through vapor deposition sufficient to render the film essentially opaque and result in a substantially gas impermeable composite. Other examples of envelope materials which carry vapor deposited metal coatings thereon which can be used in the scope of the subject invention are schematically depicted in FIGS. 3 and 4. As illustrated in FIG. 3, composite 30 comprises two continuous nonelastomeric films 32 and 34 having a continuous layer 36 of vapor deposited metal sandwiched therebetween. This composite is conveniently made by initially vapor depositing the metal layer 36 on either layer 32 or 34 of the nonelastomeric polymer film and thereafter laminating the remaining layer of nonelastomeric film 32 or 34 to the vapor deposited metal layer. FIG. 4 illustrates still another composite 40 which can be used as balloon material in the scope of the subject invention. As shown, vapor deposited metal layers 42 and 44 are formed on both sides of the continuous nonelastomeric polymer film 46 in the manner described above. Any other metal-nonelastomeric polymer film composite can be used in the scope of the subject invention to produce the novel balloon envelope material so long as the average weight of the resulting film falls within the range of from about 2.6 ū 10-4 gm/cm2 to about 1.7 ū 10-2 gm/cm2.
Now referring to FIGS. 5 through 8, a process is depicted for making a lay-flat balloon envelope in accordance with the subject invention. FIG. 5 depicts two juxtapositioned panels 50 and 52, each made of a composite metal nonelastomeric film in the shape of a fish. In general, panels 50 and 52 can be cut from sheets of the composite in any conventional manner. Tab 54 extends from the peripheral portions of panels 50 and 52 and will serve as a gas filling nozzle. As shown in FIG. 6, the two panels 50 and 52 are sealed together along seal area 62 (i.e., the peripheral portions of the two panels). Furthermore, if desired, when using heat sealable composite sheet materials 50 and 52, the seal 62 can be formed simultaneously when the fish shape is cut from the juxtapositioned sheets. It is noted that a filling nipple 64 is formed from tab 54 by not sealing the end portion 66 thereby allowing access to the interior of the sealed panels. In addition, as illustrated, anchor tab 68 is formed by sealing the two protrusions at the base of the body and a metal or plastic brad 69 is inserted therethrough. The balloon envelope is then filled with a lighter than air gas such as helium at about atmospheric pressure by inserting a hose from a helium source into the end portion 66 of nozzle 64 to form the inflated balloon 70 as shown in FIG. 7. The end of nozzle 64 is sealed at this point either with a heat seal as depicted as seal 80 in FIG. 8a, alternately, the nozzle 64 can be merely clamped with spring clamps 82 and/or 84 or the like as illustrated in FIGS. 8b and 8c. It is noted that if the inner layer of the two panels 50 and 52 forming the balloon 70 are compatible for heat sealing, then a suitable tool for heat sealing the end portion 66 of nozzle 64 can comprise a resistance heater and pressure bars in a pliers like device. Alternately, any other type of heat seal apparatus can be utilized. Virtually any type of common valve seal used for inflating conventional plastic toys and the like can also be utilized in place of the filling nozzle described above or such seals as adhesive patches and hypodermic type septums can likewise be used. Furthermore, with toy balloons such as fish 70, a special tether line 72 is preferred. Tether line 72 basically comprises an elastomeric section 74 which is interspersed between two non-stretchable sections 76 and 78. The elastomeric section 74 will provide a bouncing action when the balloon 70 is carried by the line 72 which is similar in feel to that experienced when an air buoyant elastomeric balloon is carried on a tether line. It is, of course, within the scope of the subject invention to include one or more elastomeric sections within tether line 72 or include a tether line 72 which is totally elastomeric to provide the "bounce" effect.
The characteristics of springy responses and ability to recover original shape after deformation, which are normally associated with elastomeric balloons, can also be imparted to the balloon of the present invention by attaching to the envelopes thereof one or more sections of elastic string, band or sheet material or the like in such a manner that the elastic material is reversibly stretched by inflation of the envelope, e.g., an elastic band may be attached at each of its ends to corresponding opposed points on the inner surfaces of two juxtapositioned lay-flat panels such that the relative motion of the two panels away from each other on inflation causes the band to stretch and thus create and maintain a slight pressure above atmospheric pressure in the envelope sufficient to keep the peripheral portions of the balloons inflated even after the loss of some buoyant gas. A similar effect can be achieved by placing a continuous, at least partially elastic band, around any exterior portion of the envelope before or after inflation, e.g. around the neck or waist of a human figure balloon.
It is noted that various sealing techniques can be used to seal the composite envelope sheet material to form the balloon envelopes in accordance with the subject invention. If the composite panels are heat sealable, then the panels can be heat sealed together in any conventional manner. For example, a jaw type sealer using a hot bar or rollers can be used to fabricate the heat seals, or impulse sealers can be used which deliver a controlled impulse of electrical current through a ribbon and the resistance of the ribbon converts this current to heat thus forming a seal. Alternately, a hot wire sealer can be used which basically comprises a heating element comprising hot wires which are heated by means of electrical current. Other types of thermal energy generating means can be used such as ultrasonic sealing, or sealing by light or other forms of radiant energy such as laser energy, dielectric sealing (electronic), induction bonding, or infrared bonding.
Furthermore, other means of sealing the envelope panels can be utilized in the scope of the subject invention other than heat sealing, such as for example adhesive bonding, solvent sealing, extruded bead sealing, and hot melt sealing. When sealing peripheral portions of the composite envelope panels together with adhesive bonding, an adhesive such as ethylene vinyl acetate can be applied to the peripheral portions of the envelope material such as through zone coating of these materials (i.e., the printing press method). Examples of other methods of applying such added sealant are by adding strips of a sealing material between the two films to be sealed at the sealing edges; extruding a flat strip of sealing material on the sealing edge; extruding a string of sealing material on the sealing edge; and adding a string of sealing material between the two films to be sealed at the sealing edges.
Various shaped balloon envelopes can be made in the scope of the subject invention. Some simpler shapes are illustrated in FIGS. 9 through 13.
FIG. 9 illustrates a three sided seal pouch 90 which basically comprises a single piece of the composite envelope material folded at edge 92 to form two juxtapositioned panels which are then sealed face to face along seal area 94 on the two ends and side as illustrated. As shown, the nonsealed space or gap 96 forms a gas inlet for envelope 90 and can be sealed after the envelope is filled with a lighter than air gas by any technique set forth above. Alternately, a tab can be formed on the sheets to form a nozzle arrangement such as shown in FIGS. 5 through 8. The three seal pouch can be easily manufactured from a single web of material. The single web can be drawn over a triangular shaped mandrel and folded into a V-shape and then the heat seals can be made using crimping rollers for the side seal and rotary crimp jaws for the end seals in a continuous motion.
FIG. 10 illustrates another simple envelope shape which can be made in the scope of the subject invention. As shown, envelope 100 is formed from two juxtapositioned sheets which are sealed on all ends and sides face to face except for filling gap 102, as illustrated. Pouch 100 can be made by sealing two webs of material at both sides and ends face to face using crimping rollers for the side seal and rotary crimp jaws for the end seals in a continuous motion.
FIG. 11 illustrates an envelope 110 in the form of a pillow pouch which can be made from a tubular formed pouch with a lap 112 sealed together and the ends 114 sealed together. In this instance, the filling gap 116 remains in the pouch as illustrated and discussed above in relation to FIGS. 9 and 10. The pillow pouch can be made from a single web of material which is shown over the forming guide and around a tube. A fin or lap body heat seal is made and the material is advanced by a belting action or by the end heat sealing jaws making the end seals and simultaneously cutting off the tubing in a continuous process.
In like manner, FIG. 12 illustrates a tetrahedral pouch 120 made from a tube of the envelope material. In the tetrahedral pouch, a lap or face to face body seal and face to face end seals at 90░ to each other are formed as illustrated as seals 122 in FIG. 12. The tube can be preformed or formed in the process of forming the tetrahedral pouch. For example, a web material can be drawn over a forming guide and around a metal tube. The body heat seal is made and the film is advanced by either the end heat sealing jaws or by belting action. The cross end seals are made alternately in a 90░ angle to the preceding cross heat seal. Again, the filling tap 124 remains as illustrated in the pouch. Another simple envelope is illustrated in FIG. 13 as a gusset pouch. This is made very similar to the envelope of FIG. 9 except a fold or gusset 132 is made in the pouch before seal 134 and filling gap 136 are formed.
In addition to the simple shapes, more complex shaped balloons can be made in the scope of the subject invention such as illustrated in FIG. 14. A bottle shaped balloon made in accordance with the subject invention is shown in FIG. 14. The balloon 140 is made with five separate panels of composite material. As shown, the neck of bottle 140 is made from two panels 142 which are sealed together along peripheral portions thereof at areas 144. The base of panel 142 are sealed to a circular panel 146 at seal areas 148. The circular panel 146 encloses the top of cylindrical shaped panel 150 at seal areas 152. Cylindrical shaped panel 150 is made from a single piece of composite envelope material sealed with an overlap seal at seal area 154. The base of bottle 140 comprises another circular panel 146 with an attachment tab 148 for attaching a tether line thereto. Complex shapes such as bottle 140 can be used not only as toys but also in advertising and will be maintained buoyant for an indefinite period of time. Thus, various sizes and shapes of air buoyant balloons can be made in the scope of the subject invention with the metal-nonelastomeric polymer composite envelope material. It is only necessary that the nonelastomeric polymer have a continuous coating of a metal or a layer of metal laminated thereto or therewithin. Although such composite materials are generally used in the lay-flat condition, they can typically be formed into curved or dished sections having a maximum depth of about 50% of the panel size using vacuum or mechanical dies without harm to the metal layer. The envelope can have an internal volume up to about 20 cu. ft. and have a ratio of its volume taken to the two-thirds power to its surface area in the range from about 0.21 to about 0.01 and an average envelope weight in the range of from about 2.6 ū 10-4 gm/cm2 to about 1.7 ū 10-2 gm/cm2. All such balloons will have a buoyant life several times greater than conventional air buoyant balloons of comparable size. The useful buoyant lifetime can be varied with the choice of envelope materials which are used in the scope of the subject invention and can be easily determined from simple calculation. Furthermore, in relation to the envelope weight, the minimum weight of the nonelastomeric polymer which is used in all balloons is 2.4 ū 10-4 gm/cm2 (4.9 ū 10-4 lbs./ft.2). Generally, more polymer can be utilized in the envelopes which are made with the vapor deposited metals. For example, the maximum weight of polymer which can be used in envelopes which carry at least a layer of vapor deposited metal is about 1.7 ū 10-2 gm/cm2 (3.5 ū 10-2 lbs./ft.2). Furthermore, the maximum weight of polymer in rolled metal laminate balloon envelopes made in the scope of the subject invention is about 1.65 ū 10-2 gm/cm2 (3.4 ū 10-2 lbs./ft.2). In working with envelopes carrying the vapor deposited metal in general, the minimum total envelope weight is 2.6 ū 10-4 gm/cm2 (5.3 ū 10-4 lbs./ft.2). Likewise, when working with the metal laminates having a thin sheet of metal laminated to the nonelastomeric polymer, the minimum envelope weight is about 2.3 ū 10-3 gm/cm2 (4.7 ū 10-3 lbs./ft.2). In general, the specific envelope material can be tailored for any specific shape to obtain the desired buoyant lifetime by simple calculation.
For any set of similar balloons, the following geometric relationships exist:
vo = CD3 (2)
s = θvo 2/3 (3)
D = scale size for any balloon of given geometric configuration
S = surface area of the envelope
Vo = initial volume of the fully inflated envelope
B, C and θ are constants independent of size for any given geometric configuration.
Because many balloons are difficult to define geometrically, it is generally convenient to choose the total thickness, r of the polymer layers of the envelope as the scale size (D)
Thus let: r = D
Then from equations (1), (2) and (33)
S = Br r2 (4)
Vo = Cr r33 (5) ##EQU1## Where Br and Cr are identical respectively to B and C for the particular case where r = D.
Using these equations, various values of θ can be calculated for any given shape. For example, θ values for typical shapes are set forth in Table 1 below:
Table 1______________________________________Approximate θ Values Shape Theta ##STR1##______________________________________Cube 6.0 ś 0.17Sphere ś 4.84 ś 0.21Lay-flat square ś 5.5 ś 0.18Human shape ś 10.0 ś 0.10Rectangular parallelepiped ś 20.6 ś 0.05 (30ū30ū1)Tetrahedron ś 7.2 ś 0.14Cylinder (length = 10, ś 8.35 ś 0.12 diam. = 1)______________________________________
In determining the buoyant lifetime (TL) of balloons made with the composite envelopes of the subject invention, the rate of diffusion (-dV/dT) of the lift gas from inside the nonextensible envelope is given by the equation:
______________________________________ ##STR2## (7)where: P = permeability constant characteristic of the polymer material or combination of polymer materials and the lift gas chosen T = elapsed time since inflation r = total thickness of the polymer layer or layers of the envelope material* V = volume of lift gas at time T(V=Vo at T=0) F = effective fraction of the envelope surface not contiguously bonded to a metal layer______________________________________ *The relatively minor areas of overlapping or butted seals are neglected in these equations.
The weight (downward force = W) of a balloon envelope is given by the equation:
______________________________________(8) W = ρE rS + ρ.sub.μ r.sub.μ S*where: ρE = average density of the envelope polymer materials* ρ.sub.μ = density of metal r.sub.μj = total average thickness of the metal layer or layers______________________________________ *The relatively minor areas of overlapping or butted seals are neglected in these equations.
The gross lifting force, U, of the gas in the balloon is given by the equation:
U = V (ρ air - ρ gas) = V (Δρ) (9)
ρ air = density of air
ρ gas = density of lift gas in the envelope
Δρ = ρ air - ρ gas
The net lifting force (L) is obtained by combining equations (8) and (9) to give:
L = U - W = V(Δρ) - ρE rS - ρ.sub.μ r.sub.μ S (10)
let: D = r, then the following equation can be derived by combining equations (5), (6) and (10): ##EQU2## differentiation of (11) with respect to time yields: ##EQU3## Since D = r, combining equations (5), (6), (7) and (12) yields:
dL = -(Δρ)FPθCr 1/3 Vo 1/3 dT (13)
when T = 0, L = Lo and when T = TL (buoyant lifetime), L = 0. Thus integration of equation (13) and algebraic arrangement gives: ##EQU4## When L = Lo, V = Vo. Thus substitution of equation (11) into equation (14) gives: ##EQU5##
In the particular preferred case of thinly vapor deposited metal composite envelopes the value of r.sub.μ may be assumed to be a vanishingly small constant with the result that equation (15) can be written in the form of the simpler approximate equation (16). ##EQU6## Furthermore, if r.sub.μ is constant then F is also constant; thus equation (16) shows that otherwise geometrically similar balloons having identical vapor deposited metallic layers and made from identical materials have, under identical conditions, lifetimes which are proportional to the 2/3 power of the initial volume. Under these restrictions, three constants, K1, K2 and K3, can be defined by the following equations: ##EQU7## Since all scale dimensions of similar balloons are proportional, (19) can also be written as:
where D is any definable scale size (e.g., diameter) and K4 is a constant for any given balloon geometry and composition under standard conditions.
Equation (15) may be used to calculate the buoyant lifetime of any balloon having a metallic layer in the envelope. Any of equations (16) through (20) may be similarly applied to the specific case where the metal layer is a very thin vapor deposited material.
Furthermore, based on equation (6), the minimum volume and minimum surface area for any particular shape of balloon can readily be derived as a function of TL as is shown in equations (21) and (22) below: ##EQU8## where E = weight per unit area of envelope
R = rate of buoyancy loss per unit area of envelope
Balloons of various shapes made in the scope of the subject invention can have extremely long buoyant lifetimes, i.e., a year or more. A comparison of the minimum volumes for various shaped balloons having a 1 year buoyant lifetime (TL) which can be made in the subject invention with 0.25 mil polyester as the nonelastomeric polymer in the composite combined with both sheet aluminum and vapor deposited aluminum in the composite, respectively, is shown in Table 2 below:
Table 2______________________________________Comparison of Rolled Aluminum (0.17 mil) and Vapor DepositedAluminum on the Minimum Volume (Ft3) of Balloons WithOne Year Buoyant Lifetimes (TL)θ 4.85 6 10 20.6______________________________________EnvelopeMaterial0.17 mil rolledAl + 0.25 mil Vmin = 0.051 0.098 0.45 3.96coated polyester4 ū 10-3 mil vapordeposited Al+ 0.25 mil coated Vmin = 0.0070 0.0134 0.062 0.542polyester______________________________________
Table 3 is presented to show comparison of several materials suitable for use in the construction of helium filled balloons, within the scope of this invention, in the size range of 0.25 to 2 cu. ft., each having a typical shape factor of θ = 10.
The optimum envelope weight is listed as that corresponding to U/W ' 2 because this generally corresponds to the theoretical optimum value for all polymer balloons. The entries for U/W = 1 (neutral buoyancy) are included because substantially neutrally buoyant including slightly negatively buoyant balloons are suitable for toys or advertising devices which depend on rising air currents, e.g., those over a heat source, for buoyancy and such balloons can be made in the scope of the subject invention.
Table 3__________________________________________________________________________Comparison of Materials For The Construction of Helium Balloons(θ = 10) in the Size Range 0.25 - 2.0 Ft.3__________________________________________________________________________VOLUME (FT3) 0.25 0.50 1.0 2.0Surface Area (Ft2) 3.97 6.30 10.0 15.9(cm2) 3,690 5,850 9,290 14,700Optimum Envelope Wt(gm)(U/W = 2) 3.54 7.08 14.2 28.3Maximum Envelope Wt (gm)(U/W = 1) 7.08 14.2 28.3 56.6Optimum Envelope Wtper Unit Area (gm/cm2) 9.59ū10-4 1.21ū10-3 1.52ū10-3 1.92ū10-3Maximum Envelope Wtper Unit Area (gm/cm2) 1.92ū10-3 2.42ū10-3 3.05ū10-3 3.83ū10-3Weight Range perUnitArea of Typical 1/4 mil 5.97-8.89ū10-4Polymer 1 mil 2.39-3.56ū10-3 ##STR3##Films (gm/cm2) 1/2 mil 1.19-1.78ū10-3Weight of RolledAluminum per 0.17mil 1.17ū10-3Unit Area (gm/cm2) 0.35mil 2.40ū10-3 ##STR4##Typical Avg. Weightof Vapor Deposited 2.1ū10-5 ##STR5##Aluminum per UnitArea (gm/cm2)__________________________________________________________________________
In general, despite the presence of numerous original pinholes in the metal layers and a far greater number of holes or fissures arising from assembly and handling, it has been found that continuously bonded laminates made of 0.35 mil rolled aluminum foil and polyolefin film (usually 1.25 to 3.25 mils) show a buoyancy loss rate (R) of less than 0.02 grams per year per sq. ft. or 2.2 ū 10-5 grams per year per cm2. Some typical balloons of the subject invention made with composite panel materials A through F set forth in Table 4 below were made and compared to a balloon made with composite laminate material F in Table 5 below which is not made in the scope of the subject invention:
Table 4______________________________________Description Of Film Samples For Helium Permeation ThicknessNo. Description (mil)______________________________________A 3/4 mil polypropylene / 1/2 milpolyethylene / .00035 aluminum /2 mils polyethylene 3.6B Metallized (Aluminum) polyester1/2mil / 11/2 mils polyolefin 2.0C Saran coated metallized (Aluminum)polyester 1/2 mil / 11/2 milspolyolefin 2.0D Metallized (Aluminum) polyester1/2 mil / 2 mils polyethylene 2.5E Metallized (Aluminum) polyester1/2 mil (2 sides) / 1 mil polyethylene 1.5F Saran coated Polyester 1/2 mil /1 mil saran 1.5______________________________________
Balloons made with the above composite panel materials were filled with helium and monitored for helium permeation. The helium permeations measured in grams of buoyancy lost per 1000 sq. in. of film are set forth in Table 5 below:
Table 5______________________________________Helium Permeability - Test ResultsNo. Helium Permeation*______________________________________A 0.2B 3.6C 7.0D 6.8E 1.1F 94.0______________________________________ *Helium Permeation = buoyancy loss in grams per 1000 square inches of envelope material per year.
As can be readily seen, the balloons made in accordance with the subject invention are substantially impermeable and therefore remain buoyant over an extended period of time as compared with the balloons made with the composite material F.
While this invention has been described in relation to its preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that various modifications thereof will now be apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading the specification and it is intended to cover such modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.
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Officials: Flu shots on the way
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Local health providers used up most of their initial vaccine supply in September and are still waiting for the rest of their seasonal influenza vaccine to arrive.
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Say it ain't so: Jonas Brothers announce breakup
New York — The Jonas Brothers are disbanding.
Nick, Joe and Kevin announced Tuesday they're ending their highly successful run. The news comes after the brothers abruptly canceled their tour over creative differences earlier this month. »Read Full Article(4)
Summerfest adds 80-foot Ferris wheel
What's old is new again at Summerfest.
The Ferris wheel is back. Not the Ferris wheel that once sat on the Midway but a new one soaring 80 feet into the sky and set up on the north end of Henry W. Maier Festival Park. »Read Full Article
Pete's Pops, a cart selling frozen treats, launching in June
A cart called Pete's Pops, peddling frozen-fruit confections in flavors like strawberry basil, will debut in Milwaukee within a couple of weeks, with a second expected in Wauwatosa around the Fourth of July. »Read Full Blog Post(1)
Miranda Lambert; Lucy Hale; Matisyahu; the Orwells; Paul Weller; Bob Mould; Hamilton Leithauser
Matisyahu »Read Full Article
Delayed Glendale Hofbrauhaus not likely to open in 2014
On Tap Today: Local documentary premiere 'Can You Hear Us Now?' at Oriental Theatre
Tragically, teens affected by violence in Milwaukee and beyond is an issue that isn't going away any time soon. Boys & Girls Clubs of Greater Milwaukee recognizes that, and now the new documentary "Can You Hear Us Now?" gives voice to area teens who have struggled with trauma, with gang violence, with the loss of loved ones who have been shot and killed.
A year in the making, the 40-minute documentary will premiere at 6:30 p.m. tonight at Landmark's Oriental Theatre, 2230 N. Farwell Ave. Admission is free; register for a ticket at eventbrite.com. »Read Full Blog Post


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These apple red beverage napkins are very high quality. They are 3-ply which makes them thicker than your average napkin. They are great for picnics and BBQs. Also perfect for weddings, birthdays, and work parties. Includes 50 count 10" square beverage napkins.
" The shopping experience was wonderful and you had everything I need. Thank you so much! "


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Franchise Index: Previous Season / Next Season
15-1-0, NFC Central Division · 1985 NFL Season Summary
SRS: Total 15.9, Offense: 6.5, Defense: 9.4, SoS: -0.2, avg is 0.0.
Scored 456 points (28.5/g), 2nd of 28 in the NFL. Allowed 198 points (12.4/g), 1st.
Differential of 258 points (16.1/g), 1st. Expected W-L: 14.1-1.9.
Mike Ditka (15-1-0)
Offensive Coordinator: Ed Hughes
Defensive Coordinator: Buddy Ryan
Stadium: Soldier Field
Training Camp: UW Platteville (Platteville, Wisconsin)
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Previous Cartoon | Next Cartoon
Niagara FoolsNiagara Fools (1956) - Woody Woodpecker Theatrical Cartoon Series
This page has been viewed 56 times this month, and 2189 times total.
- Woody Woodpecker Theatrical Cartoon SeriesTheatricalSeriesCartoon
- Traditional Animation
- Walter Lantz Productions
- Distributed by: Universal International
- Cartoon Characters: Woody Woodpecker, Guide, Tourists.
- Voice Actors: Bob Johnson.
- Directed By Paul J. Smith.
- Produced By Walter Lantz.
- Animated By Les Kline, Robert Bentley.
- Written By Milt Schaffer, Dick Kinney.
- Music: Clarence E. Wheeler.
- Originally Released on October 22, 1956.
- Originally Released Theatrically.
- TechniColor
Cartoon Summary:
Woody Woodpecker is a tourist inspecting the wonders of Niagara Falls. Listening to the guide narrating the history of those who rode over the Falls in a barrel,... (more)
Cartoon Production Information:
With arguably the most famous laugh of any cartoon character in history ("ha-ha-ha-HA-ha"), Woody Woodpecker pecked his way into our lives through a 1940 Andy Panda theatrical short entitled Knock... (more)
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PC Mount 1:1 Audio Transformer (600 ohm)
Highly efficient compact transformers are commonly used in a variety of audio interface circuits, including line matching, telephone coupling, pulse trigger, interstage and isolation situations.
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21-1045 - Rosin Core Solder 60/40 Tin/Lead 6OZ.
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21-4769 - Pro-Wick Desoldering Braid - .055" x 25' Yellow
Pro Wick® is based on pure rosin (Type R Flux) and meets all of the most stringent soldering standards for worldwide applications: MIL-F-142560D Type R, NASA specification NHB5300.4, NPC200-4, and SP-5002. The advanced braid design has a strong ca...
555-9985 - 3 Input 8 Ohm / 70V Professional PA Amplifier 80W
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Compact versatile public address amplifier. Three channel mixer amplifier accepts two microphones and one AUX/phono input and will drive 4/8/16ohm loads or 70V distributed systems.
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I've been watching the growing numbers. Last year for the aniversary date of Sept. 7th we had around 950 members. It took til mid Oct. to hit 1000. We have picked up so far nearing 1600 in the last year. I am curious as to how many it will be Sept. 7th.Originally Posted by Sean
You may need to revise when you would make a jump to a new server type. At this rate which is nearly doubling, you have a lot of people joining. It would be nice if more subscribed so that evenutal move would not be a burden on you finacially.


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Developmental Biology aims to understand the emergence of an organism from a single cell. It probes embryos with experiments in the hope of unravelling principles that govern the way they are made
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TampaTeks's curator insight, March 30, 3:32 PM
For the first time, physicists have performed machine learning on a photonic quantum computer, demonstrating that quantum computers may be able to exponentially speed up the rate at which certain machine learning tasks are performed


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Nice little piece in InsideToronto.com about our adopt-a-tree program. The piece, by Natalie Chu, apparently appeared in the July 17th weekly print edition, and can be found… 34 more words
Tags » Tree Watering
7 adopted, 7 to go!
We're halfway there! Met two more neighbors this morning in the park — young mothers with toddlers and babes in arms (you know who you are ;) — and they have adopted Trees #2 and #3. 18 more words
Getting water to those tree seedlings when there's no rain
When there's over 500 new tree seedlings planted and things are drying out, I needed to rig up some kind of watering system that was portable. 88 more words


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Karen Erb
Deana Justak
GFWC Mission Statement
GFWC Illinois is a philanthropic organization dedicated to community improvement by enhancing the lives of others through volunteer service.
3 Great Reasons to Join
Volunteer opportunities for women to better their communities.
Women networking toward common goals and mutual interest.
Personal growth through leadership training and development.
GFWC Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs membership ranges from ages 12 to 100!
Almost 6000 women, in about 200 clubs, throughout the state of Illinois, in small towns and big cities, have found fun and fellowship working together with over 100,000 women world wide to improve their communities and support charities and important causes. In the past GFWC has supported the installation of street lights nationwide, the painting of white lines in the center of highways, the installation of seat belts in our automobiles, supported soldiers and veterans, and worked to fight child abuse to name just a few of our programs.
The GFWC Illinois State Project is: Our Promise A Safe Place for Every Child (prevention of child abuse). Today the signature project of all GFWC clubs worldwide is to work to fight domestic violence, because THERE IS NO EXCUSE FOR ABUSE.
Won't you join with us and become a member of GFWC Illinois? A list of our clubs in your area can be found by calling our office in Joliet or visit this page to see clubs that have their own web sites.
Our members belong to one of GFWC's three divisions:
* General clubs, in every state and internationally, whose members range in age from 18 to 102
* Junior clubs, in 25 states, whose members meet the requirements for Junior membership in their state
* Juniorette clubs, sponsored by women's or Junior women's clubs, whose members are middle school, junior high school, and high school students
Click here to see pictures from the 2014 Blue Ribbon Fashion Show
Click here to see our photographer's pictures of the 2014 State Convention.
The password is: gfwc
Follow this link to see more pictures from the 2013 Convention.
Good morning GFWC Illinois!
What a wonderful spring this will be…filled with amazing, fun-
While I won't be with you in Lisle this year, I know you will enjoy your time with Sheila E. Shea. She is a valued member of the Executive Committee, not only for her expertise as our GFWC President-
State conventions add a renewed sense of belonging and a spark of excitement to GFWC and I hope you will be joining all your GFWC Sisters this spring as we do the Happy Dance all across the country celebrating your accomplishments.
Thank you GFWC Illinois for truly Living the Volunteer Spirit!
Babs J. Condon, GFWC International President
Pinwheel Gardens
Partnering with Prevent Child Abuse -
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For more information about our Pinwheel Gardens Click HERE.
The 6th Annual Illinois Walk for Children: Be a Superhero to Every Child is a fundraiser for Prevent Child Abuse Illinois to help continue their efforts of providing child abuse prevention education throughout the State of Illinois.
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Walk for Children
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Sure, we just blogged about Iggy Azalea's Rag & Bone Surf Print Leggings, but that doesn't mean it's too soon to do a Who Wore it Better!
On our initial post reader Shelly wrote, "Lala Anthony also wore these leggings while promoting Think Like A Man in Atlanta. Her ensemble is cute also." Well, which ensemble do you prefer?
Both ladies opted for orange tones, with Iggy in a sleeveless top and Lala in a long sleeved blouse. The ladies truly differed with their footwear with Iggy in gold peep toes and Lala in bright yellow Christian Louboutin Pigalle pumps.
The form fitting $187 pants/jeggings boast a fun, summer ready print:
Both ladies put forth valiant efforts, but I think Lala takes this one. The vibrant pants call for vibrant accents, and Lala's all over it.
What do you think?
*Can't decide? Get the pants here.
*I saw Think Like a Man last night and it was hilarious. Definitely go check it out!
*Morehouse pix spied at Mrs.Grapevine.
*It seems Mashonda's also a fan of the print…
It's a popular pant!
it's basically the same outfit. they both look lovely.
i think i prefer iggy's top & i definately prefer lala's shoes. but since their tops are so similar, i think i would give it to lala overall
These Rag and Bone Surf Print Leggings are fly. I have seen them been sported by bloggers at various fashion weeks. La La n Iggy are both rocking them out. Although Iggy's shoes not really feeling..
Seeing as the white chick looks as though she's very stumpy indeed with those trousers, I would have to say Lala. Also, she genuinely looks cute!
They are slick wearing the same outfit. Both look good
**side bar** is Lala really needed for all the promo appearances?!?! I seen the NY premiere of the movie and her part was no more then 10mins for the whole film O_o
the model because of the top and shoes. well the overall fit.
Lala is too busty for that type of top it makes her look fat
OMG I was hoping that movie was good! And Iggy works it way better, why Lala got to have her shirt tucked in?
I have to go with Iggy on this one minus the shoes. It looks a little ill-fitting on Lala.
They both look great. I would pair LaLa's shoes with Iggy's top!! I am a fan of covering my booty when wearing leggings!!
Iggy for the outfit, LaLa for the shoes!
If Iggy had a fade she who look so bomb.. I thought she had a fade when i first she it..she would be to hot
Iggy's top, LaLa's shoes!
I cannot be the only person that thinks this outfit is not cute
@Dannielle – you are not alone. Not only is it not cute, it breaks the whole "leggings are not pants" rule. Or does that only apply to people who are not celebrities.
Lala !
Lala always looks so heavy, that top is not for her.
If Iggy wouldve had LaLa's shoes on she's would've had my vote.
I love both looks…. I jus hate Iggy's shoes.
In my opinion the, "leggings are not pants rule" came about when people were wearing them any which way. If you have the body for it, if the shirt is complimentary, and the material of the leggings aren't too shear, I think it can work.
If Iggy would've tucked in her shirt like LaLa it probably would have taken her outfit to a different level. I like LaLa's look better. A nude shoe would have been great.
Iggy looks more relaxed…LaLa looks a little frumpy :-/


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Ivan Eland: The public could be forgiven for missing the real message of Obama's Afghanistan speech: "We've lost the war, but we are declaring victory anyway and getting out."
Why Guatemalans, Mexicans and other Latin Americans are coming to the United States and the poor are becoming poorer in their countries.
Progressive Media Advocates
By Ivan Eland
Carole Bartolotto: The problem with concluding that GMOs are safe is that the argument for their safety rests solely on animal studies. These studies are offered as evidence that the debate over GMOs is over. Nothing could be further from the truth.
Margo McCall: There's increasing evidence that adopting a plant-based diet is better for human health, the planet, and of course for the more than 9 billion animals that are killed for consumption each year in the U.S alone.
Joe Mathews: Thanks to Xi Jinping, Chinese millionaires have propped up the state's sagging real estate market, universities, and companies.


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In making my choice, everything had to change—most important, my expectations of myself. I had to acknowledge that sometimes life isn't great, and that there is no shame in driving a minivan (but I still love my badass flames on the sides). When life felt drab, alcohol didn't add any color, it just washed me out more. And when I feel tempted to drink, I remember that. Being honest didn't just change my behavior, it also changed my attitude. I am now fully present for my kids. When I read them a bedtime story, I'm not rushing through it so I can get started on my buzz. When they wake in the middle of the night, I don't have to push it off on my husband because I'm "too tired." Most of all, I know that if I remain on this path, my children will never have to see me drunk, and the joy in that is so much sweeter than any amount of pinot grigio. And when it's not, there's always Ben & Jerry's Half Baked Fro Yo.
Don't get me wrong, there have been plenty of times when I wanted badly to reach for a glass of wine. Once, I told a friend that I couldn't believe I still wanted to drink so much, and she said, "Of course you do. You're an alcoholic. But that's a short-term solution, and all it will do is set your addiction back in motion."
One Maryland mom wrote me these lovely words of encouragement: "On the other side of the fence you will meet a group of moms that you want to go out with in the evening; moms who have a drink now and then but remember where they were after a night out; moms who can safely preach to their teens about drinking in moderation because they do; moms who don't feel the need to take a cooler of beer to a Brownie campout; moms who are fun to be around because of who they are and not because of the number of drinks they've had." I look forward to being that mom.
Ridiculous Baby Products
Best Cities for Families
Awesome iPhone Apps for Kids


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More first spring blooms!
I can't get photobucket to work--won't upload my pictures--so I'm trying out GW's method--one pic at a time, I guess (if this works).
After complaining about my Munstead Wood bud just sitting there staring at me and doing nothing, it finally burst into bloom. Isn't it beautiful!
Munstead Wood--first bloom ever!
For those of you who have inquired, here is the infamous DR. HUEY! Found him growing in a shady corner in a spot where I took out a grafted rose (grafted to Dr. Huey, obviously) about 7 years ago! And here is the good Dr. patiently waiting to do his thing 7 years later!
I personally really like the Dr. Huey bloom--good color and shape. My only objection to Dr. Huey is that after his one-time blooming period is over for the year, he gets every disease that the garden is capable of producing--and he gets them bad! He is a total blackspot disaster then--but rather lovely during his early blooming period.
Dr. Huey--resurrected.
That's all the new blooms for now--but I still have other roses that haven't opened yet, particularly the new ones I plant this spring, so hopefully I will be back soon--and hopefully photobucket will be working by then, cuz this one at a time posting is tiresome---but better than nothing. : )
Beautiful! Thanks for sharing Kate! That Eden is absolutely breathtaking.
Your roses are glorious, Kate. Eden Climber is the loveliest I've seen, and Mort is outstanding. I'm loving my new Munstead Wood, which began blooming in its pot before I could get it planted. Yours looks just as wonderful. Let us see more when the rest of them start popping. Diane
Carol, I'm not real good on scents, but Munstead Wood and Jubilee Celebration are supposed to have strong fragrance. The other roses shown have less--but they do have some fragrance.
Looks like Eden Cl. is the winner in this thread, doesn't it! Well, she always knew she was! LOL
Really nice, Kate! I'm a fan of Dr. Huey too I have to admit. He showed up in the back of my front bed a couple of years ago and I just let him ramble over the top of my azaleas. He seems to bloom right as the azaleas are fading, so its a good trade off.
That Mortimer Sackler is really pretty too...love how its a nice full bush, rather than a bunch of octopus canes.
Eden is stunning also. Mine too is a diva...she uses one of my grapevines for support...God forbid she should allow be to tie her to a chainlink fence!


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Customer satisfaction questionnaire for hero honda motors limited
HERO Electric Maxi
Hero had made a brand name for itself in the motorcycle cycle industry long before it ever entered the market with Hero Electric. Herorsquo;s partnership with Honda had resulted in a range of products that made it a household name synonymous with quality and affordability. Now Hero has decided to br ... read more
HERO Electric Optima Plus
One of the major issues with electric vehicles is their range which severely affects their day to day usability. The average time any personal vehicle is parked any day is more than 8 hours, whether that is at work or at home or somewhere in between. Going by that standard, an electric vehicle which ... read more
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New Cars
Hyundai Santro Xing
Hyundai is a best seller car from the South Korean auto maker Hyundai. However, recently i10 became the flagship brand of the company in India after beating Santro on the sales charts. The overall length of Hyundai Santro is 3565 mm. Overall width of the car is 1525 mm while overall height is 1590 m ... read more
Honda Brio
The Brio was launched in September 2011. It is a radical looking small car that brings good looks to the masses! The front has a slightly cab forward design and the bonnet is pretty small. It wears the family logo rather proudly in a heavily chromed horizontal grille. There is a strong crease runnin ... read more
Used Cars
Honda Accord 3.0 V6 AT (2006)
very good condition of car value for money ... read more
|Registration no: DL3CAK6018
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Toyota Corolla Limited Edition (H7) (2009)
I am selling my Toyota Corolla Limited Edition (H7) 2009 bought in Ludhiana in 2009 , it's been driven for kilometers. ... read more
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|Colour: Silver Metallic
|City: Ludhiana
|Asking Price: 5,00,000
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A-star wins TNS customer satisfaction study
*A-star customers most satisfied than their peers says TNS total customer satisfaction study *A-star pips Hyundai i10,Chevrolet Spark, Tata Indica and Hyundai Santro to win the customer satis
FAST TRACK CARS has proven record in the field of dealing in USED CARS And NEW CARS over a period of 10 Years and has been always ensured in providing Best Customer Services. Please, DO NOT FOLLOW
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I have so enjoyed your website, and wait for each new email. I have been trying to research more about "Property Field Inspection." First I am a woman, second every thing I bring up is about the Mechanical Inspection or Appraisal of property. After spending months researching endless possibilities, this business appeals to me the most. Working alone and travel who can beat that! I have tried many endless business opportunities that went okay, but not enough to keep food on the table. I would love to know more about this type of business, any suggestions?
Thanks for your question. It is a very common one. Lots of people interested in field inspection as a possible business opportunity. So, first, in answer to your question, yes, field inspection is a real business. But truthfully it's more like a job.
Field inspectors visit houses and businesses and complete an assigned report on the location and usually take a photograph or two.
Field inspectors make money by being paid a very small fee per inspection. Who is paying for inspection varies based on the economic conditions in your area.
If the real estate market is up, the demand comes most from insurance companies. They want to verify that something being insured actually exists.
If the real estate market is down, most of the demand comes from lenders, and other companies involved in the liquidation of foreclosed properties.
If you want to do this, here are three things to keep in mind:
I hope this helps and gives you some idea.
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The brand's Pink Nation app, which is available for iPad, iPhone, and Android devices, is in the middle of a spring break takeover that includes a scavenger hunt that asks consumers to find and scan icons over the course of four weeks.
Like many weary of the winter weather this year, lingerie retailer Victoria's Secret's Pink brand, which targets a college-age audience, saying it "dreams big to dress you in comfy, effortlessly cool wear" and is "for the independent spirit on campus," is getting ready for spring break with the Spring Break Scavenger Hunt in its Pink Nation app.
The in-app contest asks consumers to find each of four icons that spell out P-I-N-K. One letter will be released per week through March 2 "for sweet surprises - and the best vacay ever."
According to the brand, fans who find all four icons are in "for a final treat."
In addition, the first 100 to scan the icon each week "get a freebie."
Participants must use Pink Nation's so-called Pink Viewer to scan each icon as it is revealed on the Pink website, as well as in Pink stores and on campuses.
When the "P" icon is scanned, for example, a message pops up that says, "You found me!" and reveals a "Spring Break Must-Pack," the Skinny Pant, with the message, "Vacay is all about loungin' - so do it right in our comfy new lightweight fit (perfect for the plane ride, too!)" and a link to shop for said pants.
The message is also accompanied by a spring break playlist on 8tracks Internet radio.
The brand announced a spring break takeover of its Pink Nation app on February 7 and 8 to its 13.9 million fans and 546,000 followers.
According to a post on Twitter, the app also includes #PINKSpringBreak mobile wallpapers.
Victoria's Secret declined comment.
However, Anna Bager, vice president and general manager of the IAB Mobile Marketing Center of Excellence, who spoke in general terms and not about the Pink Nation app initiative specifically, said these types of apps and campaigns tend to do fairly well, likening the scenario to a successful mobile campaign from Gillette in Sweden that sought to increase razor sales in winter months when women were less likely to shave their legs.
Apps that combine shopping, social, location, and/or contests generally yield high interaction and are good ideas, she says. However, a brand's challenge is to make sure that not only can users find the app, but also that they create enough buzz to increase opportunities for consumers to use the app. If consumers download it and it's not interesting enough, they won't go back, she adds.
According to the Pink website, the so-called Pink Nation has 7.4 million members and more than 3 million Pink girls have the brand's apps.
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Midnight Lightning (bouldering)
|Midnight Lightning
Unknown climber on Midnight Lightning with its iconic lightning bolt
|Yosemite National Park
|Climbing Area
|Camp 4 (Yosemite)
|Route Type
|First ascent
|Ron Kauk, 1978
Midnight Lightning is a bouldering problem on the Columbia Boulder in Camp 4 of Yosemite National Park. It has been described as the world's most famous bouldering problem.[1] The first ascent was by Ron Kauk in 1978; the first female ascent was by Lynn Hill in 1998.[2] Sam Moses, writing in Sports Illustrated said the most difficult move on Midnight lightning is a "spider-monkey swing 15 feet (4.6 metres) off the ground. The climber must suspend himself by the fingertips of his left hand, swing around a ledge of rock and propel himself far enough up, about four feet, to grab a precarious fingertip hold with his right hand. To do that he has to create momentum from stillness."[3]
The problem had been easily identified by a chalk lightning bolt draw by John Bachar in 1978 while attempting the problem with John Yablonski and Ron Kauk. In May 2013, the iconic chalk lightning bolt was scrubbed off the face of the boulder.[1] The bolt was re-drawn in the same location a few days later.[4]
- ^ a b "Midnight Lightning bolt, the icon of free climbing in Yosemite disappears for a day". planetmountain.com. 7 May 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
- ^ Corey Rich (August 2008). "Yosemite in 3-D". National Geographic. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
- ^ Sam Moses (2 June 1986). "On The Rocks, Kauk Is It". Sport Illustrated. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
- ^ Brendon Leonard (9 May 2013). "Climber Removes Yosemite's Iconic 'Midnight Lightning'". Adventure Journal. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
|This climbing-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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Maria's TaqueriaDecember 16, 2014Mexican • Boston, United States
the food here gets better and better everytime i eat here
I'm a independent, outgoing kind of guy that likes to have fun & enjoy life. Nothing is stable in life, so get use to the always changing dynamics.
the food here gets better and better everytime i eat here
Try the new pollo en salsa roja. its amazing :-)
Service is slow and uneven. Had a party of 25 people and they didnt seem to be able to handle that many guests.
The food is so good here. Reminds me of my favorite Chinese restaurant back home in Brooklyn.
The endless apps is true. Dont try to test the theory. You will hate yourself in the morning
Nice clean place to get Chinese in my neighborhood. Really fast service.
If you dont want to share your whole pack of cigarettes dont smoke around here.
The wings and mac and steak tips are awesome
When using the drive thru at this @ McDonalds check your bag They forgot my fries sauce & I got a box w/ 4 nuggets instead of the 6 I ordered. #Idiots
Best theater downtown. (Also the only one).
Always seems over packed with people asking for change
Total re-did their arcade section. No more tokens or counting tickets. Everything collects on your game card. Cool indeed.


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Yukon, OK, United States
"Poorly researched"
Look up Andrew Ferguson review in The Weekly Standard in which he goes over the details D'Souza brings up and refutes them with transcripts, actual research into the original material (i.e., Obama's autobiographical works), and direct analysis of the author's conclusions. I'm embarrassed to say I bought into the notions of this book before I considered how terribly put together it might have been. Wish I could dump it for my credit back.
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Narendra Modi, Arvind Kejriwal nothing in front of Rahul Gandhi: Lalu Prasad Yadav
Top Stories
- Supreme Court strikes down Section 66A, says it violates right to speech
- Pakistan Day: PM greets, MoS VK Singh tweets #disgust
- DK Ravi's death: Govt calls in CBI, tells court he had a 'relationship' with batchmate
- Mufti Mohammad Sayeed says will take Army into confidence on AFSPA
- 1987 Hashimpura massacre: The photographs that stand witness
On a visit to relief camps of riot victims in Muzzafarnagar, RJD chief Lalu Prasad Yadav on Sunday blamed both the BJP and the SP for the communal violence in Muzaffarnagar even as he heaped praise on Rahul Gandhi, saying Narendra Modi and Arvind Kejriwal were nothing in front of the Congress Vice President.
"Kejriwal and Modi are nothing in front of Rahul. Rahul Gandhi is Rahul Gandhi. You guys have put them (Kejriwal, Modi) on the moon. It is you, who give them publicity. What have they done so far," the RJD chief said, adding his party will tie up with the Congress for the Lok Sabha polls.
Lalu, whose visit to the area comes a week after the Congress Vice President's unannounced visit to the camps in Shamli last Sunday, echoed Rahul's views that those living in camps should go back to their villages.
"We have come here to wipe away the tears of the victims.
They should go back to their homes. Government should facilitate that," Lalu told reporters.
Slamming Aam Admi Party, he said the party is doing a "drama" by renouncing facilities such as vehicles with read-beacon cars, security etc.
"AAP is talking about corruption, they themselves are corrupt, he alleged.
Training his guns on Modi and his close aide Amit Shah, whom the RJD chief described as the Gujarat Chief Minister's "General Manager for communalising society", Lalu said, "He (Shah) is spoiling the whole atmosphere. He is ... currently their warhorse in Muzaffarnagar".
"RSS, Modi and Amit Shah, who is working here (in Uttar Pradesh) are well-known for this and see the riots happened.
People used to live in Muzaffarnagar together but the riots happened... "Communal violence erupted in UP after Amit Shah was sent to handle the party's poll campaign here. He is spoiling the atmosphere of the state," he alleged.
... contd.


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Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Willcox
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The back yard
It has been a real tough summer... No money, or at least not enough. As the wedding approaches we are now panicking about the extra luggage fee. Another $200 at the most. We need the "stuff." WEDDING: Jen, my God Jen, the world doesn't revolve around you. You stress your mother out. Yes, this is your day but there are a lot of people helping you pull this off. At 29/30 years old you should be paying for the wedding not ...
Through A Glass Darkly
... The White Sands should be called White Gypsum. Despite the temperatures over 100 degrees the powder felt cool on our bare feet. We climbed up a dune just to see the other side. A grader drove by pushing the sand off of the road as if it were snow. Frequently, we saw dust devils dancing across the desert. Sometimes they were low to the ground and other times they were tall columns stretching high above the ground. July and August are considered the rainy or monsoon ...
A Day of Extremes...
... turn, but missed it. We easily turned around in an area that many others had used before us.
Finally we got to the campground shrouded in darkness. No lights anywhere were to be found to guide us. After talking with a couple of other campers, we unhitched Sooby and found our site. A nice level spot it was, and very welcome. As I came in after hooking up the water and power, all we could do was laugh! ...
Willcox and it's Historic District
... the other famous cowboys. He attended most rodeos and shows with his horse "KO KO" who is buried in front of his big statue in Railroad Park in the Historic District. The horse was beautiful and at first he was buried on his ranch in CA but when he died he was moved back to his home town of Willcox and his real heart was placed inside the statue. That way his heart would always be left in his home town. What was really interesting is that he was ...
Lots to Offer in Willcox, AZ!
... year-long search for the "cities of gold". Coronado died in obscurity at the age of 42, but his expedition brought back knowledge of the northern land and peoples that enabled explorers and missionaries to colonize the Southwest and help develop the distinctive culture we know today.
Tombstone, AZ lies between Willcox and the Mexican Border and is a real cowboy town, founded in 1879. Remember "The Life and Legend of Wyatt ...


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'I did the right thing,' he says in his defence
Faces charges that could earn him a year in jail
Admits to being part of plan to abandon baby
NEW YORK: A cab driver said he was just trying to do "the right thing" when he told a tall tale of finding a baby girl abandoned in his car.
Driver Klever Sailema, who prosecutors say faces charges that could earn him a year in jail for his role in the scheme to abandon the six-month-old girl, told the Daily News in Monday's editions that he lied in order to save the child.
"I feel bad, but ultimately I feel like I did the right thing," the 44-year-old Ecuadorean immigrant said. "My intentions were not to lie to the police."
Sailemao had been hailed as a hero after he took the baby to a firehouse and told the authorities an unknown man had left her in his car and disappeared. He was arraigned in Queens Criminal court late on Saturday on charges of falsely reporting an incident and criminal facilitation. His girlfriend, Maria Siavichay, was arraigned on a charge of criminal facilitation. A Criminal Court released Sailema and Siavichay, 21, without bail and ordered them to appear in court April 7. The baby's 14-year-old mother probably would not be charged because of her age, the police said. The baby's father, identified by the police only as Siavichay's 27-year-old brother, was being sought.
A spokesman for the District Attorney said Siavichay's brother could face statutory rape charges for having sex with the 14-year-old girl.
A lawyer for Sailema and Siavichay said the driver had "acted responsibly for the welfare of the child."
A state safe haven law allows parents unable to care for newborns to leave them anonymously at hospitals, police stations or firehouses without risking prosecution, but it applies only to children up to five days old.
Sailema said he was asked to drop off the girl, Daniella, at the firehouse because he was the only one in the country legally. He said Siavichay pleaded with him to drop off the girl. Finally, he said he relented.
"I was afraid the baby might end up abandoned in the bitter cold,' Sailema told the News. "I knew the baby would be taken care of and be in good hands. There was nothing else to be done."
Sailema was briefly the toast of New York City after he delivered the baby to a Queens firehouse on Thursday. A day later, under questioning by detectives, he admitted he knew the mother's family in the Bronx and had participated in the plan to abandon the baby. The baby has been placed in a foster home. — AP


text: sometimes immediately after eating i experience severe bloating and a severe pain in my lower stomach. The only way i can get releif is to make myself throw up. i happens roughly once a month or two. Ive tried eliminating certain foods but i cant find a common denominator. Ive been told by drs that i have a hiatal hyernia could that be my problem>


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Re: [govtrack] Re: Working on Govtrack
Expand Messages
- Harvey Frey wrote:
> I was looking through your "active legislation" page, to try an findNo...
> a short interesting bill I could practice my inchoate perl skills on,
> and found it very difficult to find the meat for all the trash.
> Is there a way to toggle a filter for that list, to get rid of all
> the resolutions, post office namings, and other items that get in the
> way of finding the interesting stuff?
> Also, do you have a list somewhere of the more useful scripts youNo, and those scripts aren't even posted publicly (yet). They're
> use on the bills?
probably virtually incoherent.
> I thought for a start I might try to make a hyperlinked TOC of theI have a thing that marks up references to the U.S.C. when it appears
> major sections of the bill, and the code sections affected. Perhaps
> you've already done that easy stuff.
like "(## U.S.C. ##)". You can see what I do by comparing what I get
from THOMAS (more or less):
The .gen.html files also mark changes since the previous version and are
getting paragraph ids (in the works).
For doing a TOC, the most useful thing would probably be to find
paragraphs that are TOC entries and then adding an attribute to the node
that references the paragraph later on where the section starts (and
maybe similarly from the later paragraph to the TOC entry).
- Josh Tauberer
- GovTrack.us
"Yields falsehood when preceded by its quotation! Yields
falsehood when preceded by its quotation!" Achilles to
Tortoise (in "Godel, Escher, Bach" by Douglas Hofstadter)
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Keep on rolling with the Mobile Storage Set from Quirky, an easy-to-assemble configuration based on the Crates modular storage solution. It includes a Crate with two Half Drawers, fully mobilized by Casters.
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The Dante Reserve Chardonnay is an easy white wine; smooth, soft and perfect for light dining moments.