text:
The Morisco and Hispano-Arabic culture and Malta. Some highlights on late medieval and early modern links Thomas FRELLER y Stephan HERGET BIBLID [0544-408X]. (1999) 48; 105-120 Resumen: El siglo XVI fue testigo de una política de represión e intimidación que llevó a la total expulsión de los descendientes de los arabófones convertidos; de hecho, un inten- to importante para erradicar la identidad de este, aún sospechoso, grupo étnico fue una pragmática dictada por el rey Felipe II, según la cual les estaba prohibido hablar y escribir en su propia lengua. En conexión con este proceso, la lengua maltesa y su historia fueron objeto de análisis por parte de los estudiosos hispano-árabes. El presente trabajo abre un nuevo campo de investigación. Abstract: In Spain the 16th century finally witnessed a policy of repression and deterrence which led to the complete expulsion of the christianized descendants from the Arabic occu- pation. One important attempt to erase the identity of this still suspicious ethnic group was a 'prematica' of King Philip II which prohibited to speak and write their own Arabic lan- guage. In connection with this development, also the Semitic Maltese language and its history was touched and observed by Hispano-Arabic scholars. This subject opens up a new field of investigation. Palabras clave: Relaciones hispano-árabes con Malta. Lengua maltesa. Orden de S. Juan. Key words: Maltese and Hispano-Arabic culture. Maltese Language. Order of St John. In general it is believed that it was the impact of the Great Siege (1565) cou- pled with the 'gloire' of the regime of the Knights of St John and the so-called economic desicilianismo policies of French Grand Masters La Cassiere and Lou- benx de Verdalle in the 1570s and the 1580s1 that put the Maltese islands on the 1. Both grand masters promoted an economic policy which sought new trade relationships in addi- tion to those with the Spanish-ruled Kingdom of Sicily. For a case study of the English side cf. V. MEAH, SECCIÓN ÁRABE-ISLAM 48 (1999), 105-120 106 THOMAS FRELLER Y STEPHAN HERGET European map. If one views the hundreds of historical, geographical, political or theological works and the innumerable travelogues of the late 16th, 17th and 18th centuries which deal with Malta and the Order's state, one grasps the meaning of this perspective. Central and North European travellers who visited Malta before the Great Siege and wrote in greater detail about its culture and social situation, were André Thevet (1549), Nicolas de Nicolay (1551) or Fuerer von Haimendorf (1564)2, who may be regarded as exceptions. As up to 1530 the Maltese islands were under the dominion of the crown of Aragon, and following 1530 when Malta was granted to the Knights of St. John as a fief through the Spanish king and emperor of the Holy German Empire Char- les V, the Maltese islands and their specific cultural heritage had achieved a wider development from the Hispanic world. Many of the characters of Spanish 16th and early 17th century autobiographic literature have the Mediterranean as the setting or background of their exploits and adventures. Many of them have ample references to Malta and the knights. With the exception of the biography of the soldier of fortune Alonso de Contreras who later became a knight of the Order himself3, these writings are totally neglected by Maltese scholars. Ironically Con- treras was only a mediocre author and much more gifted writers dealt with Malta. The contemporary Ordoñez de Cevallos, who even travelled to America, used Malta only briefly as the background of his bloody revenge story of an Andalusian lady4, while the Duque de Estrada, one of the most famous heroes of the time, gives more details about his various visits to the island and his prestigious recep- tions by the old bon vivant Grand Master Antoine de Paule5. Another interesting author who started his Vida in the course of his service as a soldier in Malta in 1612 was the Castillian Miguel de Castro6. Mallia-Milanes. "English Merchants' initial contacts with Malta: A Reconsideration". Melita Histori- ca, VI, 4 (1975), pp. 342-361 and A. P. Vella. An Elizabethan-Ottoman Conspiracy. Malta, 1972. 2. The quoted dates indicate the year when these travellers and authors visited Malta. For further details regarding these persons or their stay at Malta see the monograph by Th. Freller. The life and adventures of Michael Heberer von Bretten. Malta, 1997. 3. See Contreras' autobiography. The Life of Captain Alonso de Contreras. Knight of the Military Order of St John. Translated from the Spanish by Catherine Alison Philips. London, n.y. 4. Pedro Ordoñez de Cevallos. Viage del mundo. Madrid, 1614. 5. Cf. Diego Duque de Estrada. "Comentarios del desengañado, ó sea vida de D. Diego Duque de Estrada". Memorial Histórico Espanol: Coleccion de Documentos, Opùsculos y Antiguedades, que publica la Real Academia de la Historia, XII, (1860), p. 267. 6. Cf. Miguel de Castro. "Libro que comenzo en Malta (...), de su naciemiento y demas razones MEAH, SECCIÓN ÁRABE-ISLAM 48 (1999), 105-120 THE MORISCO AND HISPANO-ARABIC CULTURE AND MALTA 107 This automatically leads to a comparison with a genre of literature then enjo- ying widespread popularity: the Spanish picaro novels which embrace elements of travel literature, chivalric novel, biography, as well as farce. The semi-fictio- nal characters of these novels are motivated to see the foreign world by a search for adventure, fame, money, and, most of all, honra (reputation). The heroes of the books by Cervantes, Quevedo, Lope de Vega, Gongora, or else in the autobio- graphies of adventurers like Alonso de Contreras or Miguel de Castro, set out for the foreign world on a journey in a struggle for honra, personal success, and wealth. Rich in experience, they returned home years later, disillusioned and tempered. Many of them close their writings by indicating the utility of their reports for the education and the instruction of others. In this the Duque de Estrada's work does not differ much from the contemporary autobiographical notes of the members of the lower strata as the Madrilene Alonso de Contreras, a friend of Lope de Vega's, or the Castillian soldier Miguel de Castro. Their works make interesting reading especially for their contribution to Maltese literature studies. However they will not form the gist of this paper. Primarily, this essay investigates the awareness which may have been shaped by the inherent ethnological and political circumstances of late medieval and 16th century Spain. Secondly, this exercise exposes how fruitful a deeper investigation of the Spanish archives -apart from obvious political aspects- would be to gain a wider illuminating insight into the cultural and especially linguistic patrimony of 15th and 16th century Malta. These last two or three decades have witnessed an intense investigation into the subject of the Maltese language, and especially through the works of Godfrey de su familia, según la tenía y una memorias que llevó a España". Biblioteca de Autores Españoles. vol. XC, pp. 487-627. MEAH, SECCIÓN ÁRABE-ISLAM 48 (1999), 105-120 108 THOMAS FRELLER Y STEPHAN HERGET Wettinger and Michael Fsadni7, Arnold Cassola8, Joseph M. Brincat9 , Joseph Aquili na10, Thomas Freller and Albert Friggieri11, the origins, roots and development of written Maltese and the further shaping of this Semitic language by way of an admixture of Italian, French, Spanish, and Greek influences gained more transpa- rency. Up to 1968, the six-page word list presented by the German scholar and 'Ordinarius historiographicus' Hieronymus Megiser in his 'Propugnaculum Europae' (first edition Leipzig, 1606)12 was thought to be the first written specimen of the Maltese language13. Then, it was Godfrey Wettinger and Michael Fsadni who came across the 'cantilena' of the Maltese Pietro Caxaro written around 145014. The latter example leads us to the period when Malta was under the dominion of the Crown of Aragon (1284-1530)15. The status of the Maltese islands and their 7. Cf. G. Wettinger, M. Fsadni. Peter Caxaro's Cantilena. A Poem in Medieval Maltese. Malta, 1968. Cf. also F. Kabazi. "Ulteriori considerazioni linguistiche sulla Cantilena di Pietro Caxaro". Journal of Maltese Studies, 19-20, (1989-1990), pp. 42-45 and for a connection with the Iberian peninsula see Th. Bonnici. "Galician-Portuguese traits in Caxaro's Cantilena". JMS, 19-20, (1989- 1990), pp. 46-51. Essential to this topic is still the EI's Article on Malta written by Rossi, Isserlin and Vanhove. 8. Cf. A. Cassola. Regole per la lingua maltese. The 'Nobile, pio, cavalier francese Thezan' and his long-lost manuscript recovered. Malta, 1988 and by the same author "Un'edizione diversa della lista di voci maltesi del seicento di Hieronymus Megiser". Incontri Siculo-Maltesi. Ed. by G. Brincat (= Journal of Maltese Studies,17-18) (1987-1988), pp. 72-86. 9. Cf. J. M. Brincat. "Language and demography in Malta: The social foundations of the symbiosis between Semitic and Romance in standard Maltese". Malta. A Case Study in International Cross- Currents. Ed. by Stanley Fiorini and Victor Mallia-Milanes. Malta, 1991, pp. 91-110. 10. Cf. J. Aquilina. "Maltese Christian Words of Arabic Origin". Maltese Linguistic Surveys. Malta, 1976, pp. 19-24. 11. Cf. on the book on Malta (1588/1606) of the linguist and scholar Hieronymus Megiser, A. Friggieri, Th. Freller. Malta. The Bulwark of Malta. Malta, 1998. 12. Cf. Hieronymus Megiser. Propugnaculum Europae. Leipzig, 1606, pp. 9-14. Later editions of Megiser's book were published 1610 in Leipzig and 1611 and 1612 in Cracau. This German scholar visited Malta in October 1588. 13. The historian Giacomo Bosio in his famous history of the Order of St. John, referring to the projected erection of the 'città nuova' (Valletta), quotes a Maltese proverb: 'Iegi zimen en fel uardie, Col sceber raba iesu vquie' Giacomo Bosio. Dell'Istoria della Sacra Religione et Ill. ma Militia di San Giovanni Gierosolimitano. Rome, 1602, Vol. III, p. 746. 14. Cf. supra footnote 7. 15. The best survey of this period to date is presented by A. T. Luttrell. "Approaches to Medieval Malta". A. T. Luttrell (Ed.). Medieval Malta. Studies on Malta before the knights. London, 1975, pp. 1-70. In fact the change of dynasty in 1412 when Fernando de Antequera, a prince of Castille, was MEAH, SECCIÓN ÁRABE-ISLAM 48 (1999), 105-120 THE MORISCO AND HISPANO-ARABIC CULTURE AND MALTA 109 part in the sphere of the powerful Aragonese empire can be defined as an eastern frontier and naval base16, as well as an intersection of commercial exchange between the western and eastern Mediterranean17. The role of Malta engulfed between the Aragonese -later Castille-Aragonese empire- and the western Mediterranean 'common market', were never limited only to aspects related to politics, strategic and economical interests, but also embraced a special cultural relationship borne out by artistic implications18. Although the social, economic, as well as political ties lay firmly with Sicily, the specific development and shaping of late medieval Spain could not have left the Maltese islands untouched19. Up to the late 15th century and beyond, the Iberian peninsula was marked by a heterogeneous mixture of Christian, Arabic and Jewish cultures. When, on the 2nd of January 1492, the last Moorish ruler of Granada Boabdil surrendered the city to the 'reyes catolicos' Isabella and Fernando, the so-called 'Reconquista' had come to an end in Spain20. The problems of integration and chosen King of Aragon made no deep difference to the relationship of Malta to the Aragon country. Fernando de Antequera and his successors ruled the Aragonese confederation much as their ancestors of the House of Catalonia-Aragon had done. Still useful to consult is also P. De Jove y Hevia. Indagaciones acerca de la dominación de España en Malta de 1285 a 1530. Madrid, 1863. 16. This idea of Malta as a naval base was already mentioned in the 'Liber de fine' of the famous author and religious visionary from Mallorca Ramon Lull. Lull wrote his visions about the concept and spirit of the Christian Crusade at the end of the 13th century. For the reference to Malta cf. "Raymondi Lulli Libellus de fine". Ed. by A. Gottron. "Ramon Lulls Kreuzzugsideen". Abhandlungen zur Mittleren und Neueren Geschichte, Vol. 39 (Berlin-Leipzig, 1912), here p 86. In the course of his various travels through the western and central Mediterranean which led him also to Sicily and Tunisia, Lull might have visited also the Maltese islands. 17. One should also not forget that the Aragonese crown, had for a time, strong ambitions of conquering parts of the Morea and the Greek islands. 18. Cf. A. Florensa. "L'architettura di Spagna a Malta". Atti del XI Congresso di Storia dell' Architettura. Rome, 1970 and G. Mathew. "Schools of Painting in Medieval Malta". Journal of the Faculty of Arts; Royal University of Malta, VI, 1, (1974). 19. That Malta, prior to the complete Christian conquest of Spain was somehow put into the context of the Southern and Western Ibero-Muslim sphere is indicated by the Arabic author and geographer Al Qazmini who wrote in the second part of the 13th century. When mentioning Malta in his 'âthâr-al- bilâd' Al-Qazmini locates this 'prosperous' (sic) island near Andalusia! Here quoted from Al-Qazmini, âthâr-al-bilâd (Goettingen, 1848), p 373. For the possibility of a mix-up of the island of Galite (Hâlita, respectively Gâlita), north of Cape Serrat, Tunisia, with Malta (Malita) cf J. M. Brincat. Malta 870 - 1054. Al-Himyarî' s account and its linguistic implications. Malta, 1995, pp. 41 seq. 20. The fact that all Spain was conquered and christianized did not signify the end of the plan of the 'Reconquista'. The intention of the 'Reconquista' was also to claim big parts of the North African coast where the Spanish tried to reoccupy the territories supposed to have formerly belonged to the Visigoths. MEAH, SECCIÓN ÁRABE-ISLAM 48 (1999), 105-120 110 THOMAS FRELLER Y STEPHAN HERGET identity of the remaining Moorish communities in Spain -especially in the country of Andalusia and the region of Valencia- remained unsolved, even more so during the following decades when the Spanish Empire was ruled by Carlos I -after his election to emperor of the Holy German Empire as Charles V- and his son Philip II, the situation of the Moriscos21, as the newly christianized Muslims living in Spain became known, created conflicts and tension. This in turn, gave way to a period fraught with psychological undertones, fear and enmity. As several recent studies have made clear, a person recognised as 'Morisco' at the height of this obsession with 'limpieza di sangre' (= 'purity of blood') during the second half of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century, meant the exclusion from all military and many of the religious orders, from the prime positions within the state bureaucracy and from all university colleges22. It is interesting to note however that some noble families of Moorish descent were able to integrate themselves into the Spanish nobility and consequently figure among the leading classes of Andalusia. Especially noteworthy is a member of this class of Andalusian nobility who left a deep impact on Maltese history too. It was Juan de Venegas, whose original ancestors -Venegas de Cordoba- hailed from Granada, and who between 1599 and 1622 played a key role in the exceptional revival of the Pauline cult in Malta centred around St. Paul's Grotto at Rabat. Whilst in Malta, during the first decades of the 17th century, he became known as 'Fra. Giovanni della Grotta di San Paolo'23. The motives for his coming to Malta and his dedication to the cult of St Paul are not clear, although they may be rooted in the exceptionally strong devotion to the Apostle of the Gentiles in the 21. The term 'Moorish' would not only incorporate the descendants from the Arabo-Spanish stock but would also include North-African people. The term 'Moriscos' actually defines those christianized descendants from the Arabic occupation of the Iberian peninsula. 22. Contemporary works which give an idea of the Christian point of view of the time, as well as the relevant mentality and spiritual background of Spain in the 'Siglo de Oro', are presented by Pedro Aznar Cardona. Expulsion iustificada de los moriscos espanoles y suma de las excellencias de (...) Filipe (...) Tercero. Saragossa, 1612, Fr. Marcos Guadalajara y Xavier. Prodicion y destierro de los moriscos de Castilla hasta el valle de Ricote con las disensiones de los hermanos Xarifes y presa en Berberia de la fuerca y puerto de Alarache. Pamplona, 1614 and Blas Verdu. Engaños y desengaños del tiempo, con un discurso de la expulsion de los moriscos de España. Barcelona, 1612. 23. Cf. National Library of Malta; Liber Bullarum AOM, Vol. 455 f.292v. Italianized Juan de Venegas appears in many documents as 'Giovanni de Benegos'. For 'Fra Giovanni de Beneguas, Spagnuolo da Cordova (sic), denominato di S. Paolo' and his activities in Malta, see Padre Pelagio, 'Relazione intera e distinta della Santità Culto Venerazione e progressi della Ven. Grotta di San Paolo Apostolo...' Mdina, Cathedral Archives, ACM Misc. 263, ff. 83-125. MEAH, SECCIÓN ÁRABE-ISLAM 48 (1999), 105-120 THE MORISCO AND HISPANO-ARABIC CULTURE AND MALTA 111 Morisco culture of Andalusia in the sixteenth century. In fact, it was his Moorish ancestry which prevented Venegas from being accepted as a full Knight within the Order of St. John when he first arrived at Malta. He later achieved his ambition and was received as a Knight of Obedience24 through papal dispensation by Paul V. However, this successful assimilation into the Christian Spanish society as shown by the case of the Venegas de Cordoba family cannot be considered as typical of the Moriscos in general. In a further attempt to erase the identity of the still extant suspicious ethnic group, Philip II promulgated a 'pragmática'25 on 17th November 1566, which prohibited all Moors in his empire -even though more than two generations had been baptized- to speak and write their own Arabic language. The protests against this prohibition were strong and widespread and finally led to a Moorish insurrection26. From the Maltese point of view, especially in considering a number of petitions and 'memoires' against the king's decision, one is of particular interest as it not only reflects how well aware the Spanish were of the situation then prevailing at Malta, but also gives an insight into the use of the Maltese language as found in the 'memoria' of the Morisco and knight Francisco Nuñez Muley27. The scholar Nuñez Muley wrote a vigorous and elaborate defence in favour of the Arabic language, which can be tentatively dated to late 1566 or 1567. The situation of Malta partially figured as a decisive role in this 'contra' thesis to the 'pragmática'. For Nuñez Muley and his Morisco compatriots the situation was uncompromisingly clear. Although Malta was given to the Order of St. John as 24. Cf. NLM, Liber Bullarum, AOM, Vol. 459 f. 367r, f. 422. For the Moorish descent of the Venegas family see L. P. Harvey. "Yuse Banegas. Un moro noble en Granada bajo los Reyes Catolicos". Al-Andalus, Vol. XXI (1956), pp. 297-302, and P. Cabanelas. "Pedro Venegas de Cordoba; embajador de Felipe II. en Marruecos". Boletín de la Universidad de Granada, Vol. XXII (1973), pp 129-144. The biography and activities of Juan de Venegas have been partially studied by Canon John Azzopardi in various editions of 'Il-Festa Taghna'. Malta. 25. For this 'pragmática' and its consequences see the works listed supra. 26. This policy of repression and deterrence finally led to the complete expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609. Its consequences for the Spanish economy, culture and science were disastrous. 27. There are two manuscripts of this 'memoria' in existence, both are preserved in the 'Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid' under the cades P. V. fol. Caj. 25; No. 41 respectively R. 29; ff. 321-341. The latter one seems to be Nuñez Muley's own handwriting. It was published in Revue Hispanique, Sixieme Annèe, (Paris, 1899), pp. 205-239. For Nuñez Muley and his role in the Moorish insurrection see also K. Garrand, 'The original memorial of Don Francisco Nuñez Muley". Atlante, Vol. 2, 2, (October 1954), pp. 199-226. MEAH, SECCIÓN ÁRABE-ISLAM 48 (1999), 105-120 112 THOMAS FRELLER Y STEPHAN HERGET a fief in March 1530, the Maltese islands were still politically part of the Aragonese Crown28. But then, how could the following politico-linguistic anachronism be tolerated? Nuñez Muley declared that no one forbade the Maltese to speak 'their' Arabic language. The Granadine scholar, in fact, stressed the point declaring that a kind of Arabic was the spoken tongue native to all Maltese, even by their nobility: '...esto es muy notorio, dize mas cerca ques la ysla de malta donde ay los catolicos cristianos hijos de algo ansi mesmo hablan aravigo...'29. Even more interesting is the declaration of this 'cavallero morisco'30, of how well-known ('muy notorio') in Spain or at least in Andalusia was the fact that the Maltese also wrote 'Arabic' ('escriven aravigo'31) and use it for Mass and liturgical rites ('...hablan aravigo y escriven aravigo la que toca a la santa fe catolica y la demas de cristianos.'32). The message and intention of Nuñez Muley's writing are clear: he strictly strove to separate the questions of language from religion. In so far as there might be an element of exageration to lay more weight to the authors' claim to protect Arabic writing, or if there was in fact a recognition of written Maltese in Andalusia in the middle of the 16th century, the question remains wide open for a thorough investigation. It would be especially interesting to find out if Nuñez Muley has actually examined those examples of written 'Maltese' Arabic forms. Although speaking an 'Arabic' tongue, just a few months prior to the 'memoria' of the Morisco knight, the Maltese had proved to be faithful Christians in the course of the Great Siege endured against the Turks33. But Nuñez Muley 28. For the most recent and comprehensive collection of essays about the Order's rule in Malta see V. Mallia-Milanes (Ed.). Hospitaller Malta 1530-1798. Studies on Early Modern Malta and the Order of St John of Jerusalem. Malta, 1993. 29. Nuñez Muley, 1899, p. 232. 30. Nuñez Muley, 1899, p. 205. 31. Nuñez Muley, 1899, p. 232. 32. Nuñez Muley, 1899, p. 232. 33. It is obvious that the numerous books and pamphlets about the Great Siege published immediately after the momentous event to immortalise Christian prestige, more or less paid tribute to the bravery of the Knights. Well-known and often quoted by modern scholars is the Spanish version of Balbi de Correggio's eyewitness account La verdadera Relacion de todo lo que este año de 1565 ha succedido en la Isla de Malta. Alcalá, 1567 (further editions were printed in 1588 and 1598 in Barcelona ) and Pietro Gentile's. El sucesso de la guerra de la potentisima armada del gran Tyrano Turco,Ottoman Solyman, venida sobre la Isla de Malta: en la qual se cuenta particularmente lo que en ella passo, en la victoria que los christianos huvieron en ella. Barcelona, 1566. For a contemporary description in Latin of the Great Siege then available in Spain cf. Conte Gironimo Alessandrini. De acerrimo ac omnium difficillimo Turcarum Bello in Insulam Melitam gesto, anno MEAH, SECCIÓN ÁRABE-ISLAM 48 (1999), 105-120 THE MORISCO AND HISPANO-ARABIC CULTURE AND MALTA 113 also points out the 'technical' side and consequences of the edict by Philip II. As the local people in Malta ('esta ysla') and those in Andalusia and the other Spanish dominions, many of the Moriscos would not know how to speak and write another language if not their 'own' Arabic strain: '...y creo que dizen las misas en muchas partes susodichas como en esta ysla en aravigo en no saben hablar ni escrivir castellano los unos ni los otros'34. It was the contemporary scholar and traveller from Granada Luis del Marmol Carvajal who in his description of the Morisco insurrection presents a short conclusion of the 'memoria' of his Granadine fellow citizen Francisco Nuñez Muley. The passage relevant to the linguistic aspects here dealt with reads as follows: 'Pues vamos a la lengua Arabiga, que es el mayor inconviente de todos, como se a de quitar a las gentes su lengua natural con que nacieron y se criaron? Los Egypcios, Surianos, Malteses y otras gentes Christianas, en Arabigo hablan, leen, y escriven, y son Christianos como nosotros, y aun no se hallara que en este reyno se aya hecho escritura, contrato, ni testamento en le tra Arabiga desde que se convirtio'35. Unfortunately, lack of sources does not allow us to have a fuller knowledge of Francisco Nuñez Muley's biography or his exact social and educational 'milieu'. Likewise, we do not have a detailed insight of the sources which Nuñez Muley consulted when he referred to the linguistic and cultural situation related to Malta in those times. He was certainly familiar with one or two of the numerous pamphlets describing the Great Siege of Malta (1565) published in his own time. But none of these accounts deal with the use of the Maltese language. 1565. Venice, 1566. Today, less known Spanish descriptions of what happened in 1565 in Malta are Pedro de Salazar's. Hispania Victrix. Historia en la qual se cuenta muchas guerras succedidas entre Christianos y infieles assi en mar como en tierra desde el ano de mil y quinientos y quarenta y seys hasta el de sestenta y cinco. Madrid, 1570, cf. especially pp 156 seq. or Diego de Santisteban Osorio. Primera y segunda parte de las guerras de Malta y toma de Rodas. Madrid, 1599. For the raid on Gozo and the attack carried out on Malta in 1551 cf. Pedro de Salazar. Hystoria de la Guerra y presa de Africa. Con la destrycion de la villa de Monazter, y ysla del Gozo, y perdida de Tripol di Berberia, con otras muy nuevas cosas. Naples, 1552. It is most likely that the learned Francisco Nuñez Muley knew about the publications of Balbi, Alessandrini or Gentile. For another contemporary scholar and traveller from Granada who wrote about Malta see Luis del Marmol Carvajal. Descripcion General de Africa. Madrid, 1953, (fac. edn.), for Malta see vol. I, f. 276 et seq. Marmol Carvajal's historiographical work was published for the first time in 1573 in Granada. 34. Nuñez Muley, 1899, p. 232. 35. Luis del Marmol Carvajal. Historia de Rebelion y Castigo del los Moriscos de Reyno Granada. Malaga, 1600, p. 40. MEAH, SECCIÓN ÁRABE-ISLAM 48 (1999), 105-120 114 THOMAS FRELLER Y STEPHAN HERGET To understand better this leading figure in Morisco politics we have to take a look at the broader political and social context of the times. Growing fear of Turkish penetration in the western Mediterrranean in the 1560s and the ever present danger posed by the Turks who aspired after expansion, or the possibility of a Morisco rebellion which would have turned Andalusia and the south east-coast of Spain into a bridgehead leading to a Mohammedan invasion of the entire Iberian peninsula, led the Spanish crown to an ostracizing policy against the Moriscos' which left no space for any compromise. In fact many Moriscos' of the old kingdom of Granada still had relatives living in Tetuán, who had emigrated after the Christian conquest of Granada in 149236. That Malta soon became involved in the events of Andalusia and Spain in general, became obvious when a certain Morisco was tortured by the Inquisition in Summer 1565 (the Great Siege of Malta was still in progress) and had revealed that the Moriscos' were ready to seize the main ports along the Granadine coastline should the Turks succeed in capturing Malta37. However, not all Morisco spies sent to Malta seem to have passed incognito. In fact Grand Master de Valette seemed to have been so well informed about the likeliness of a great Morisco upheaval in Spain, that he warned Philip II of Spain through a letter about this oncoming danger. The 16th century historian of the Order of St John, Giacomo Bosio writes 'che l'G. Maestro con Corriera a posta mandati haveva a S. Maesta; facendo le sapere, che per mezo di fedelissime Spie, ch' egli teneva in Constantinopoli, haveva penetrato, & era stato certificato, che i Moreschi del Regno di Granata, erano risoluti di sollevarsi, e di ribellarsi contra di fei; e che per tal effetto havevano mandato secretamente a chiedere aiuto a Selim, Gran- Turco; pregandolo, che mandar dovesse L'Armata sua in Ponente; offerendosi co'l braccio, e co'l favor di quella, di farlo in breve Padrone di quel Regno, e d'altre Provincie della Spagna'38. To anticipate the possibility of a Morisco 36. It is interesting to note that it was the prominent Morisco Don Alonso de Granada Venegas, a relative of the above mentioned Juan de Venegas ('Fra Giovanni de la Grotta di S. Paolo'), who sent a report to the Spanish King Philip II, protesting against the intrigues between Granada and Tetuán. Cf. Archivo de Simancas; Guerra Antigua 1-202. 37. Raymond de Beccarie de Pavie, Sieur de Fourquevaux. Dépeches de M. De Fourquevaux, ambassadeur du roi Charles IX en Espagne (1565-1572). 2 Vols. Paris, 1896, Vol. 1, letter to Charles IX, November 5th 1565. 38. Giacomo Bosio. Dell'Istoria della Sacra Religione et Ill. ma Militia di San Giovanni Gierosolimitano. Second imp. Naples, 1684, Vol. III, p. 800. MEAH, SECCIÓN ÁRABE-ISLAM 48 (1999), 105-120 THE MORISCO AND HISPANO-ARABIC CULTURE AND MALTA 115 rebellion or the threat of a Turkish invasion the Spanish rulers laid out plans for the formation of a municipal militia throughout Andalusia; moreover, in Granada all staunch old Christian households39 were ordered to furnish themselves with arms. Spain's Archivo de Simancas hosts documents dating from that time which show that through a direct Turkish order, Morisco spies were sent to Malta to collect as much information as possible about the Spanish naval strength in the Mediterranean40. It is quite certain that Francisco Nuñez Muley was well aware of the existence of these Morisco spies who had connections with Malta, and may consequently have had first hand information related to linguistic and cultural aspects related to Malta. Another possible link which still waits for a proper investigation is the role of the Maltese and the Morisco's as spearheads for catholic missionary work in North Africa. It is known that Ignatio of Loyola in the 1550s turned his eyes to both Maltese and Morisco's seeing them as an invaluable potential whence Arabic-speaking solid Christians could be recruited for missionary activity among Moslems in North Africa and the Oriental countries41. This was even more boosted when the sheikh of Tagiora in Barbary requested Jesuit missionaries to preach Christianity there in Arabic. Already in 1553 the Maltese bishop Cubelles had tried to establish contact to the Jesuit Order. He also tried to promote the advantages of the Maltese language: 'Dominicus Cubelles Episcopus Melitensis Romae instanter agebat cum P. Ignatio ut aliquos de Societate daret ut collegium in illa insula, quae arabica utitur lingua, inchoare posset'42. In 1554 Ignatius intended to install a Jesuit college in Malta43. As this did not work out, a special college ("colegito arabe") was founded in Monreale in Sicily. There is enough early evidence of recruitment from Malta44. As in the case of Francisco Nuñez Muley, knowledge about the life, fate and 39. Meaning households which were entirely of Christian origin and which had no Moorish or Jewish ancestry. 40. Archivo de Simancas; Estado 149-14. 41. Cf. Francisco de Borja de Medina. "La compañia de Jesús y la minoría morisca (1545-1614)". Archivum Historicum Societas Iesu, LVII (1988), pp. 3-136, here p. 62. 42. Monumenta Historica Societatis Jesu, Vol. V, pp. 490-491, letter No. 3758 (18.IX.1553) to P. Hieronimus Domenecchi. 43. The Jesuits came to Malta in 1592. Cf. in detail P. Pecchiai. "Il Collegio die Gesuiti in Malta" Archivio Storico di Malta, vol. IX (1938), pp. 129-202, 273-325. 44. Cf. Francisco de Borja de Medina, 1988, p. 62 or P. J. Fejer. Defuncti Primi Saeculi Societatis Jesu: 1540-1640. Rome, 1982, vol. 1, p. 2. MEAH, SECCIÓN ÁRABE-ISLAM 48 (1999), 105-120 116 THOMAS FRELLER Y STEPHAN HERGET activites of an earlier Hispano-Arabic author may be of further interest in shedding some light in the development of the Maltese language which up to now is far from complete and satisfying. Fray Anselm Turmeda, born (ca. 1355) in the Aragonese island of Mallorca45, was a Franciscan brother ('de la Orden de los Frailes Menores'46) who engaged himself in a wide field of theological, natural, medical and literary studies47. It was here that Turmeda first got interested in oriental disciplines and the Koran. In the late 1380s he finally travelled to Tunis, then capital of the mighty empire of the Hafsids. His voyage first led him to Sicily, from whence he might have travelled on to the Maltese islands48. That Turmeda was not the first man of letters from Aragon who might have travelled to the Maltese islands is reflected by the fate of the Aragonese-Jewish cabbalist scholar Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia. Between 1285 and 1288 this scholar is reported to have lived in exile on the little island of Comino near Malta. It was here that he wrote his 'Sefer ha-Ot' ('The book of the Sign'49). Presumably, Turmeda found shelter within a Franciscan convent in Tunis50, some time later practising as a physician to sultan Abu al-Abbas Ahmed. Around 1390 Turmeda must have abjured his Christian faith for the Muslim religion, consequently adopting his new name 'Abdallâh ben Abdallâh al-Taryumân al-Mayùrqi al Muhtadi'51. Lack of space prevents us from expanding further upon the extensive activities 45. The biographers of Turmeda give different dates. Augustin Calvet speaks of 1352 whereas Mikel de Epalza indicates 'hacia 1355' as the real date. Cf. A. Calvet. Fray Anselmo Turmeda, heterodoxo espanol. Barcelona, 1914 and M. de Epalza. "Nuevas aportaciones a la biografia de fray Anselmo Turmeda (Abdallah al-Tarchuman)". Analecta Sacra Tarraconensia, 38 (1965), pp 87-158. For another short biography see J. M. Miret y Sans. "Vie de Fray Anselmo Turmeda". Revue Hispanique, 24 (1911), pp. 261-296. 46. Cf. a testament dated 1377 preserved in the 'Archivo de Notarios de Palma de Mallorca' and published by E. K. Aguilo in 'Museo Balear', 2ª época, Vol. 1 (1884), p. 130. 47. Ambitions and abilities which also led him to study at the University of Bologna. Cf. in detail M. de Epalza, 1965, pp. 117 et seq. 48. About this voyage see in more detail M. de Epalza, 1965, pp. 95-99. 49. Cf. Jewish Encyclopedia. New York, 1901, vol. I, pp. 141 et seq., cf. also J. Galea. "Kemmuna". Mageos. Organ of the Malta Geographical Society, 1, 1 (Spring 1947), pp. 25 et seq. 50. A Franciscan convent at Tunis is documented at the beginning of the 14th century. It belonged to the province of Catalonia. Cf. P. Sanahuja. Historia de la serafica provincia de Cataluña. Barcelona, 1959, p. 65. 51. Which literally means 'Abdallah the translator, the Mallorcan, the good guide'. For further details regarding the origin of this name see M. de Epalza, 1965, pp. 136. MEAH, SECCIÓN ÁRABE-ISLAM 48 (1999), 105-120 THE MORISCO AND HISPANO-ARABIC CULTURE AND MALTA 117 and writings by 'Frare Anselm Turmeda, ilamado también Abdallâh'52. What is certain is that henceforth he carried out his studies in Tunisia53. His profound studies in literature, natural science, astrology and poetry soon became known throughout the entire Western Mediterranean, and in 1402 the Aragonese viceroy of Mallorca, Roger de Moncada, had promised to issue a safe conduct for Turmeda should he ever return to Mallorca and reconvert to the Christian faith54. In 1412 the same guarantee for a safe passage in favour of Turmeda, should he reconcile himself to Christianity, was endorsed in a bull by Pope Benedict XIII55. In both instances Turmeda refused. Up to that time, Turmeda had carried out his writings in Catalan. Around 1420 he finally completed his major 'oeuvre' -the 'Tuhfat al-adib fi al-radd ala ahl al-salih'- entirely in Arabic. This, presumably, was his last work before his death a few years later56. According to some passages in a recently published study by Mikel de Epalza57, this anti-Christian's writing might contain the first hitherto known references to written Maltese58. The Maltese Language, so far as its Semitic 52. Turmeda was referred to in this manner in a letter by the Aragonese king Alfonso el Magnanimo. Cf. A. Calvet 1914 pp. 52 et seq. 53. Turmeda was referred to in this manner in a letter by the Aragonese king Alfonso el Magnanimo. Cf. A. Calvet 1914 pp. 52 et seq. 54. Published by E. Sans. "Fra. Anselm Turmeda en 1402". Estudis Universitaris Catalans, Vol. III (Barcelona, 1936), pp. 405-408. 55. This bull was published by J. M. Pou y Marti. "Sobre fray Anselmo Turmeda". Boletin de la Real Academia de Buenas Letras de Barcelona, 7 (1914), pp. 465-472. 56. The exact date is not known. Turmeda's modern biographers point to a period between 1425 and 1430 as the time of his death. Cf. the works mentioned, supra. Cf. also J. M. Miret y Sans. "Una visita al tomba del escriptor catalan Fra Anselm en la ciudad de Tunis". Bulletin de Centro Excursionista de Catalunya, (Barcelona, 1910). For a 19th century British traveller touching upon this subject cf. N. Davis. Tunis or selections from a journal during a residence in that Regency. Malta, 1841, pp. 6 et seq. 57. Cf. M. de Epalza. Fray Anselm Turmeda (Abdallah Al-Taryuman) y su polémica islamo- cristiana. Edicion, traduccion y estudio de la Tuhfa. Madrid, 1994. This book is the enlarged and revised version of the first edition which in 1971 was published in Rome. 58. De Epalza touches upon this subject briefly. As he was not familiar with the history and the shaping of the Maltese language he did not recognise the importance of his findings. This unfamiliarity is shown when he claims that there is no proof of written Maltese before the 17th century '...pero el maltés, lengua viva, no ha tenido literatura escrita hasta el siglo XVII...'. M. de Epalza, 1994, p 164. In fact in ca. 1450 the Maltese nobleman Pietro Caxaro wrote a 'Cantilena' in the Maltese language. In 1588 the Swabian 'Ordinarius Historiographicus' Hieronymus Megiser had visited Malta and had collected Maltese words and phrases. He finally published parts of this 'collection' in 1603 in his Thesaurus Polyglottus vel, Dictionarium Multilingue. Frankfurt a. M., 1603 and in his well known Propugnaculum Europae. Leipzig, 1606, 1609 and 1610, also published in Cracow, 1612. MEAH, SECCIÓN ÁRABE-ISLAM 48 (1999), 105-120 118 THOMAS FRELLER Y STEPHAN HERGET element is concerned, is made up of two strata. The lower stratum was formed during the Arabic domination of Malta; the upper one, which came from North Africa, was formed during the Norman period in the 12th century and during later years owing to the closer commercial intercourse between Malta and the North African coast59. Documents referring to Malta in the 13th and 14th century confirm that the social and cultural set-up in Malta was nearly identical to that obtaining in Sicily at the time: the upper class in Malta gave themselves troubadouric and Christian names like Tristano, Rinaldo, Ruggero or Andrea and Paolo60. The spoken language, originally Semitic, therefore must have been influenced by the Romance languages, particularly Sicilian and Italian, and to a lesser extent Catalan. This Romance influence was not limited to the vocabulary alone, but involved also phonological, syntactical and morphological aspects. When referring to Christian rites and liturgy Turmeda's text uses words and phrases which seem clearly separated from the Arabic then spoken and written in the Maghreb61. That Turmeda could hardly derive those words out of his own Tunisian environment is due to the non-existence of autochthonous Christian communities in the Maghreb, absent for a long time62. One of the most striking examples is the word 'kansîya' (church) which is frequently used in the 'Tuhfa'63. This word cannot be normally found in Arabic or in any derivative dialect of Arabic then spoken in Tunisia64. It appears to be an old form of the modern Maltese word 'knisja'. Again, an old Maltese expression seems to be the phrase Most of the information about Maltese linguistics was derived by de Epalza from J. Aquilinas's article "Maltese as a mixed Language. Journal of Semitic Studies, 3 (1958), a work which is superseded by modern research. All in all, however de Epalaza's study of the 'Tuhfa' is a very well researched and highly evaluated work. 59. Cf. in more detail G. Mangion, Studi Italo Maltesi. Malta, 1992, pp. 146 et seq. For culture and history of Muslim Malta cf. also the article 'Malta' by E. Rossi, B. S. I. Isserlin, M. Vanhove. Enciclopedia del Islam2, vol. VI, pp. 280-288. 60. Cf. H. Bresc. "Malta dopo il Vespro Siciliano". Melita Historica, (1974), pp. 313-321. 61. A comparative study of the development of Maltese and Maghrebin dialects was carried out recently by R. Kontzi. "Maltesisch-Maghrebinischer Sprachvergleich anhand von Bibelübersetzungen". Miscellanea arabica et islamica. Disertationes in Academia Ultrajectiana proletae anno MCMXC (Orientalia Lovaniensa Analecta), 52 1993, pp. 3-21. Cf by the same author "El maltés, una lengua nacida del contacto arabo-romanico". Estudios J. Martinez Ruiz (n. y.), pp. 89-103. 62. In a few scattered localities Christianity in North Africa survived to around the 11th century. 63. The text here referred to is the edition by M. de Epalza, 1994, here quoted as 'Tuhfa', 1994. 64.Where generally the term 'kanisa' is used. MEAH, SECCIÓN ÁRABE-ISLAM 48 (1999), 105-120 THE MORISCO AND HISPANO-ARABIC CULTURE AND MALTA 119 'safâfi al-kansîya'65 (benches in the church). Similarly, when referring to the consecration 'hâdâ yismî'66 (this is my body) it appears to be different from the 'normal' North African Arabic and should thus be derived from a Christian arabophonic tongue. These words seemed to have not existed in early 15th century Tunisia but only in the nearby Maltese islands. There can be hardly any doubt that Islam was the religion of the absolute majority of the Maltese inhabitants from the 10th century down to the Norman conquest (1091/1127). This is testified by references dating to the early Norman rule. The numerous 12th and 13th century Muslim tombs found in Malta and Gozo also indicate that the revival and growth of the Christian population was a very gradual process. Furthermore, in 1175, the Bishop Burchard of Strassburg, who touched Malta on his way to Egypt, was then currently writing about an island named 'Maltha, distans a Sicilia per viginti miliaria (...) Sarracenis inhabitata, et (...) sub dominio regis Sicilie'67, which proved that the inhabitants had definetely kept their 'Saracenic' culture and Arabic character68. When in 1224 and 1249 Emperor Frederick II. of Hohenstaufen expelled the Muslims from Malta and Sicily this was not an act of ethnic cleansing but solely a religious and political affair. To escape expulsion, in all probability, a substantial amount of the local population had accepted formal baptism. From here onwards we may then consider an adoption and assimilation of Christian liturgical words and phrases69. 65. Cf. "Tuhfa", 1994, p. 355. 'Cuando se han reunido los cristianos para las oraciones y han ocupado las hileras de la iglesia el sacerdote echa un poco de vino de la botella en la copa de plata y trae el pan ácimo en un lienzo limpio. Despues se pone delante de las hileras, dirigiendose hacia Oriente...' Spanish translation of the Arabic by Mikel de Epalza. Epalza also prints the Arabic original version of the "Tuhfa". 66. "Tuhfa", 1994, p. 350. In one instance it is used as 'hâdâ yasadi'. Cf. p. 356. The German historian Hieronymus Megiser who came in contact with Maltese in 1588 notes 'Essem' for body. Cf. Megiser 1606, p. 10. 67. Burchardus of Strassburg. "Relatio de itinere in Terram Sanctam". Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores, XXI, (Hannover, 1869), p 236. 68. For the linguistic aspects see also J. Cremona. "The survival of Arabic in Malta". In M. M. Parry, W. V. Davies, R. A. M. Temple (Eds.). Papers in honour of Professor Glanville Price. Cardiff, 1994, pp. 281-294. 69. For the expulsion cf. A. T. Luttrell, 1975, pp. 37 et seq. See also G. Wettinger. "The Arabs in Malta". Mid-Med Bank Limited. Report and Accounts, 1984, pp. 22-37, here p 32. For the roots of the language spoken at the time in Malta cf. the closing statement by Joseph M. Brincat which reflects the present trend of modern research: 'As to the Maltese language its roots must be sought in Sicilian Arabic as it was spoken just before and during the Norman period'. J. M. Brincat. Malta 870- 1054. Al-Himyarî's Account. Malta, 1991, p 9. For a short contemporary description of a 'Christian' MEAH, SECCIÓN ÁRABE-ISLAM 48 (1999), 105-120 120 THOMAS FRELLER Y STEPHAN HERGET In general, the language spoken in Malta contemporary to Anselm de Turmeda, with the exception of those 'Christian' phrases, could not bee too distant from the Arabic then spoken in Tunisia. Owing to the importance of these passages dealing with Christian liturgy and rites Turmeda must then have consulted 'un cristiano arabofono', perhaps a Maltese70. This source also opens up a new field of investigation for other words contained in the 'Tuhfa', not current in Arabic, as the formula for baptism 'ana nugattisuka' or the word 'sabâg'71 (soutane). There is obviously room for further speculations and interpretations of Tur- meda's 'Tuhfa' and its 'Maltese' references. This work definitely deserves further study from linguists who may interpret more precise connotations and conclusions. What is also interesting is that a deeper study of the Arabic caliphats in Spain, the Mozarabic culture and the later interactions of the Spanish Moriscos' with their Mediterranean contacts would most probably unearth further precious information about late medieval and early modern Maltese culture and linguistic origins72. Conclusión In the 15th and 16th century the Mediterranean witnessed the transformation of their medieval patterns against the background of the permanent clash between Christian and Muslim powers. Spain and the island of Malta directly and deeply became involved in these events. Situated right between the European and the Semitic cultural areas historical developments since the high middle ages have more or less integrated Malta within European Mediterranean culture although linguistically it belongs to the Arab world. Both Spains and Malta's frontier position has resulted in a blend of cultural and political phenomena, with a Malta cf. the travelogue of the pilgrim Nicolas Martoni who visited Malta in 1394. Nicolas Martoni. "Liber peregrinationis ad Loca Sancta". Revue de L'Orient Latin, 3, (1895), here p 578 et seq. The presence of a bishopric in Malta in the middle of the 14th century is mentioned by the German cleric Ludolph of Suchem, who visited the island several times between 1336 and 1341. Cf. Ludolphi, Rectoris ecclesiae parochialis in Suchem, de Itinere Terrae Sanctae Liber. Ed. by Ferdinand Deycks. Stuttgart, 1851, pp. 17, 22. 70. Which is also confirmed by M. de Epalza, 1994, p 163 et seq. 71. "Tuhfa", 1994, p. 355. 72. The authors would like to thank Mr. Stephen Degiorgio, Dott. Gerard Bugeja and Dr. Carmel Vassalo for most kind advice and support. MEAH, SECCIÓN ÁRABE-ISLAM 48 (1999), 105-120 THE MORISCO AND HISPANO-ARABIC CULTURE AND MALTA 121 southern Roman Catholic culture dominating since late medieval times. In Malta this culture was implemented by the Aragonese (1283-1530), with strong influences from nearby Sicily, and by the Order of St John (1530-1798). In this period the 'Reconquista' of the Iberian peninsula came to an end and all Spain was conquered and christianized. The 16th century finally witnessed a policy of repression and deterrence which led to the complete expulsion of the christianized descendants from the Arabic occupation. One important attempt to erase the identity of this still suspicious ethnic group was a 'prematica' of King Philip II. which prohibited to speak and write their own Arabic language. In connection with this development, also the Maltese language and its history was touched and observed by Hispano-Arabic scholars. As the example of Fray Anselm Turmeda seems to show the interest in Maltese had started already a longer time ago. Up to now about the development of early Maltese as well as about these Hispano- Arabic relations with Malta next to nothing is known. This subject opens up a new field of investigation and furthermore might present precious information about late medieval and early modern Maltese culture and linguistic origins. MEAH, SECCIÓN ÁRABE-ISLAM 48 (1999), 105-120
Pages to are hidden for
"The Morisco and Hispano-Arabic culture and Malta. Some highlights "Please download to view full document


text: Web exclusive! Enjoy fresh, contaminant-free water without having to fill and refill a water pitcher with this sink-mounted filtration system that includes everything you need to set it up. Price: Price pending Reduces bad taste and odor, chlorine taste and odor, sediment, lead, cysts such as cryptosporidium and giardia, mercury, turbidity, class I particulates, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), MTBE and chloramines Includes filter head with built-in bracket, mounting screws and supply adapter Twist on/twist off mechanism, quick-connect fittings and double water shutoff RC-EZ-4 level 4 replacement filter cartridge 2 year limited warranty NSF certified Imported More

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Econo Lodge
1255 State Route 10 East
Whippany, NJ 07981
Phone: (973) 539-8350
Fax: (973) 539-9338
Manhattan By Sail
All aboard and check out the New York City skyline from the sea. Rent a private charter and you can enjoy the view as you are served dinner and cocktails on the deck. Daily public sails are also offered for those who'd like to venture out to sea without spending too much. They also offer specialized cruises like the Clipper City Craft Beer Tour. The public sailing schedule is subject to change, so call for reservations, prices and schedules.
385 South End Avenue
New York, NY 10007
+1 800 544 1224 (Toll Free)
Accumulez des points à échanger contre des nuitées d'hôtel gratuites.


text:
These superslim screwdrivers feature two component anti-slip handles and chrome vanadium steel blades. Rotating caps allow ease of use and greater control at low torque values.
Login Here to rate and review this product.
22-16082 - Eight Piece Precision Screwdriver Set
These screwdrivers have chrome vanadium steel blades and comfortable handles with rotating heads for added control.
22-16086 - 6 Piece Hex Key Precision Screwdriver Set
22-16088 - 6 Piece Precision Screwdriver Sets-Phillips/Tri-Wing/Torx
AAP72909216 - Basket Assembly,door
BASKET ASSEMBLY,DOOR Basket Assembly,Door
28-8542 - AC Cord Adaptor with Rotating Plug
Converts your standard straight AC plug into a right-angled AC plug Enables office equipment, furniture, audio/video accessories and other AC powered devices to be positioned within 1/2" from the wall Rotating plug allows cord to be routed in any direction Len...
MCM Cat 57, Page 950
MCM Cat 56, Page 926
An excellent place to purchase items at a great price. Thank you!


text:
Bad, good news for SD in online labor study
Northern Plains News Service
There was bad news and good news for South Dakota in a recent study of online labor demand in August, according to The Conference Board.
The bad news was online labor demand -- online job postings -- increased in 46 of the 50 states, but not South Dakota.
Get the full story
Subscribe or Log In
Are you a newspaper subscriber but you don't have a Digital Access account yet? Activate your account.
You will need your subscription account number and phone number. Not sure if you have an account? Email us or call (605) 996-5514 and we can help you.


text:
ABC's World News Tonight and NBC Nightly News ignored on Thursday night a scathing report that revealed how agents with the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) attended so-called "sex parties" over a multi-year period while working in Colombia that were paid for by the very drug cartels that they were working to combat. Authored by the Department of Justice's Inspector General (IG), the findings were part of a 181-page report into allegations of sexual harassment and misconduct across the various law enforcement agencies that fall under the purview of the DOJ.
Latest Posts
By Tim Graham | March 26, 2015 | 9:27 PM EDT
Can we get a recount? That's the natural reaction to this headline in the U.K. Guardian: "Russell Brand voted world's fourth most influential thinker."
Hannah Ellis-Peterson relayed "the comedian turned activist has now earned the nod of approval from one of Britain's most influential current affairs magazines, whose readers have voted him fourth in their annual table of the world's top thinkers."
By Randy Hall | March 26, 2015 | 8:17 PM EDT
It's no secret that the liberal MSNBC cable channel is in freefall in both ratings and the important demographic of viewers from 25 to 54 years old, and one of the hosts most likely to face the chopping block is the anchor of the All In With Chris Hayes program.
Just when it seemed that things couldn't get any worse for Hayes, his series had its worst week since the show debuted in April 2013, averaging only 74,000 viewers in that demo during the week of March 16.
By Mark Finkelstein | March 26, 2015 | 7:50 PM EDT
Mark Halperin just compared the way Hillary has been foisted on Dem voters to the empty "choices" that Cubans have when it comes to their leaders.
On this evening's With All Due Respect, when Dem strategist Steve McMahon claimed that Dems are happy with "the" choice they have in the person of Hillary, Halperin retorted "like the way Cuban voters are happy with their choices."
By NB Staff | March 26, 2015 | 6:03 PM EDT
Yeah, we're kinda tooting our own horn, but ultimately, this is only possible because of you, our loyal readers. Your next challenge: help us move up in the rankings next year!
By Scott Whitlock | March 26, 2015 | 4:41 PM EDT
Watch out for ABC journalists on the road! According to AAA, the most dangerous thing you can do while driving is to talk to another person in the car. Yet, that's exactly what Nightline reporter Linzie Janis did while reporting on the new study. While barreling down the road, Janis talked to Robert Sinclair Jr. of AAA. He was in the passenger seat and the journalist drove.
By Vanessa Viera | March 26, 2015 | 3:51 PM EDT
It was Benjamin Franklin who stated that "Nothing is more certain except death and taxes." Lately, it looks like we could easily add to that quote "and the misrepresentation of Jeb Bush on Univision."
By Joseph Rossell | March 26, 2015 | 3:44 PM EDT
Many in the liberal news media again demonstrated their inability (or unwillingness) to identify communism when they see it.
Fast food restaurant Taco Bell "pulled out all the stops" with its new ad released March 24, according to The Hollywood Reporter. Although the ad did not mention McDonald's by name, The Daily Mail also said the video portrayed "McDonald's as a communist dictatorship where boring breakfasts rule."
By Kristine Marsh | March 26, 2015 | 3:03 PM EDT
In a list that included Pope Francis and tech billionaires, two Ferguson protesters were lauded as among the 50 "greatest leaders," by Fortune magazine.
Fortune described the people who made the list as "extraordinary men and women" who are "transforming business, government, philanthropy, and so much more." Does burning down a city, looting local businesses, and shooting cops fit that description?
By Kyle Drennen | March 26, 2015 | 2:44 PM EDT
In an exclusive interview with Mitt Romney on Thursday's NBC Today, co-host Savannah Guthrie wondered if the 2012 presidential contender would have traded five Taliban terrorists for Army Sergeant Bowe Bergdahl if commander-in-chief: "It was controversial. The President presumably knew the circumstance of Bowe Bergdahl's leaving his post. He said, though, leave no soldier on the battlefield. If that had been you in the Oval Office, would you have made that same call?"
Earnest on MSNBC: 'Success Or Stability Of The Yemeni Government' Not a Measure of Success of U.S. PolicyBy Tom Blumer | March 26, 2015 | 2:19 PM EDT
Employing a variant of the old surgeon's joke — "The operation was a success, but the patient died" — White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest, on friendly ground on MSNBC this morning, essentially told viewers that the administration still considers Yemen a success, even as its government is on the fast track to being forced into indefinite exile.
Earnest told the "Morning Joe" show's Mika Brzezinski and the assembled panel that "U.S. policy should not be graded against the success or the stability of the Yemeni government" — although, just for starters, Yemen's President has fled, while the Los Angeles Times is reporting that, because of the Yemeni government's instability, Iran has obtained a treasure trove of U.S. intelligence. Video and a transcript follow the jump (HT Real Clear Politics):
By P.J. Gladnick | March 26, 2015 | 1:45 PM EDT
A report by Jeryl Bier of the Weekly Standard reveals the shocking information that federal agencies have paid Politico nearly a million dollars in subscription fees since 2011 including nearly $432,000 just last year alone. An even barely skeptical mind would have to suspect that such fees were a payoff for either favorable coverage or to simply avoid reporting uncomfortable facts about those agencies.
By Matthew Balan | March 26, 2015 | 1:23 PM EDT
Yet again, MSNBC had to issue an on-air apology, after one of its left-wing guests on Wednesday made an outrageous statement. On Now With Alex Wagner, Ebony.com's senior editor Jamilah Lemieux responded to Senator Ted Cruz's statement about listening to country music after 9/11 by snarking, "Nothing says, let's go kill some Muslims like country music....I mean, really? That's absurd."
By Kristine Marsh | March 26, 2015 | 12:41 PM EDT
Tolerance is only expected from the left, never given. That was never more evident than on The Nightly Show March 24 where Ted Cruz and evangelicals were mocked for their faith.
Host Larry Wilmore brought on liberal comedian Lewis Black, Actor and former member of the Obama Administration Kal Penn, pollster Kristen Soltis Anderson, and only one conservative, Amy Holmes, anchor for The Blaze TV, to discuss Ted Cruz's run for President. The discussion began with Black blasting Cruz as a relic of the segregated past.
By Kyle Drennen | March 26, 2015 | 12:39 PM EDT
While interviewing former Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney on Wednesday's NBC Tonight Show, host Jimmy Fallon argued that if the Netflix documentary Mitt about the GOP candidate had been released before the 2012 election, voters may have made a different choice: "Because gosh, it was fantastic. And I was telling you, if you could have had that out, you know, while you were running, I think it would have been a different outcome almost....who knows?"


text:
Reduced price to $149,900.00 with owner financing.
Only $10,000.00 down buys this 5999+- sq. ft. commercial building in Horse Cave, KY 42749 on 1.096 acres right off exit 58 on high traffic area of I-65 is perfect for anything in this location. Easy on and Off. Close to ...
Mar 23 -
Louisville :
Horse Cave - Commercial
Two waterfront lots on main channel on Table Rock Lake In Eagle Rock, Mo. Has electric, water and 1000 gallon tank septic tank put in in 2013.
Also has 24 Ft. Sportsman's camper , start enjoying the lake right away also has a boat ramp where you can put your boat in the ...
Mar 21 -
Springfield (MO) :
Eagle Rock - Land
Affordable Hawaii Lots on the Big Island
Financing Available/No Credit Checks
Owner Financed/Rent to Own
Subdivisions Include:
Hawaiian Shores Rec/Kalapana Vacation
Leilani/Nanawale/and Ocean View
All Varieties:
Cleared - Ready to Build - Wooded
Call Today: 573-747-8875
Mar 13 -
St. Louis :
Farmington - Land
gorgeous 3 bedroom 1 bath house for Sale in the east lake area. Hardwood floors, dining room, unfinished basement, alley access, close to down town and interstate access. Owner financing available.
Call Betty Kilgore (205) 802-6471
Mar 10 -
Birmingham :
Birmingham - Homes for sale
Don't Miss This Great Investment Opportunity
Brand new residential homes for sale, or a great investment property in Little Rock, Arkansas. Owner financing available! No income verification required! Go to www.pambrowncourtney.com.
Mar 1 -
Little Rock :
Little Rock - Other
Property is fully fenced with a wet weather creek and multiple mature trees. Utilities: CenturyLink, Arkansas Valley Electric, Alma Water. Minutes away from Eagle Crest and River Valley Golf. $6,250 per acre OBO, no owner financing.
Feb 24 -
Northwest Arkansas :
Alma - Land
About this Property
New Construction! Absolutely Gorgeous 3/Br 2/Ba near Lake Hamilton. POA gives you access to park and boat launch. Wonderful neighborhood in Lake Hamilton School District - Voted one of the top 10 schools in the nation! Large front, side and back porches. ...
Feb 19 -
Little Rock :
Hot Springs National Park - Homes for sale
614 Forest Grove Drive. This 3 bed/2bath energy star home is in excellent condition. Spacious Master bedroom home has a walk-in closet and private bath with Large, Jetted Garden tub, double vanity, separate stand up shower and lots of storage. The kitchen boasts a built in ...
Feb 10 -
Jackson :
Ridgeland - Homes for sale
We'll be sending text message alerts for your subscription to


text:
Presented by:
This collaborative production of the college teacher-participants in a 2011 NEH summer humanities institute at the Folger Shakespeare Library models various approaches, contexts, and resources. Collectively, this sampler of participant themes with applications for teaching, faculty video clips, and annotated bibliographies provides exciting new materials for teaching and research.
An extensive collection of maps, texts, translations, commentary, and artifacts of the Classical world and beyond.
Learn how to make the most of STEM in your humanities classroom and how to incorporate nonfiction into STEM with the National Library of Medicine's lesson plan resources.
"Shakespeare Uncovered" is a six-part PBS series featuring celebrated actors and directors exploring the back stories behind his most famous plays. This guide helps teachers navigate the series website and offers ideas to integrate the series into a high school classroom setting. The guide links to full videos of each episode as well as lesson plans, play maps, character quiz and other educational resources.
Drawing on the EDSITEment's lesson plan on Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun, this presentation will demonstrate how teachers can use EDSITEment resources to satisfy the expectations of the Common Core while meeting the diverse needs of students in the classroom.
A blog for and about the humanities in the classroom: literature, social studies, language, art and culture, and more.Take Me There!
Get updates on new lesson plans and other resources.
EDSITEment! is a project of the National Endowment for the Humanities


text:
School Overview
|School Membership(s)School Assoc.
|Association of Christian Schools International (ACSI)
|Religious Affiliation
|Grades Offered
|Grades Nursery/Preschool - 8
|Learning Difference Programs
|Learning Programs Supported
|Discovery Center Program utilizing National Institute of Learning Development for those students with learning differences
|Year Founded
Student Body
|Total Students
|349 students
|Student Body Type
|% Students of Color
State avg.: 44%
|Students by Grade
Academics and Faculty
|Total Classroom Teachers
|26 teachers
|Student : Teacher Ratio
National avg.: 13:1
|Average Class Size
|19 students
|Classroom Dress Code
(uniform dress code)
|Admission Deadline
|None / Rolling
|Tuition Notes
|Please call the school office for rates since rates vary from Toddler through Middle School. Financial aid is available.
|Total Sports Offered
|5 sports
|Basketball, Soccer, Softball, Track and Field, VolleyballBasketball, Soccer,
Softball, Track and Field,
School Notes:
Kimber Hills Academy is a 21st Century school: Our leadership and faculty incorporate consumer and business technologies into the everyday learning environment so that students can continuously utilize and master the commonplace tools and breakthrough innovations reshaping their world. At Kimber Hills Academy our key benefits include: Ready, Confident Students; Open Minds; Managed Class Sizes; Proactive Communication & Christian Values. To find out more about our Benefits & Skills, visit our website at www.KimberHills.org.
Profile last updated: 01/20/2014
Nearby Schools:
- School Location Miles Students Grades
FremontMission Valley Montessori
39600 Mission Blvd
Fremont, CA 94539
(510)793-2327Montessori School0.1 mi | 179 students | Gr. NS-K
FremontMonarch Christian Preschool
38895 Mission Blvd
Fremont, CA 94536
(510)494-1221Montessori School (Christian)0.6 mi | 60 students | Gr. K
FremontAlsion Middle/high School
Po Box 3296, 750 Witherly Lane, Fremont
Fremont, CA 94539
(510)445-1127Montessori School1 mi | 59 students | Gr. 7-12
FremontMontessori School Of Fremont Childrens House
Po Box 3296
Fremont, CA 94539
(510)490-1343Montessori School1 mi | 19 students | Gr. PK-KG
FremontSt Joseph School
Po Box 3246
Fremont, CA 94539
(510)656-6525(Roman Catholic)1 mi | 272 students | Gr. 1-8


text:
Kylie Minogue - Can Kylie Minogue Outdo Sienna Miller As Edie Sedgwick?
Picture: Kylie Minogue signs copies of her book 'Kylie/Fashion' at Harrods Featuring: Kylie Minogue Where: London, United Kingdom When: 28 Nov 2012
Kylie Minogue has landed a starring role in a Sky Arts TV comedy based on Andy Warhol's muse Edie Sedgwick. The Australian pop princess - who is dedicating more time to the acting side of her career - will appear in an edition of Playhouse Presents titled Hey Diddly Dee, with comic Peter Serafinowicz playing the enigmatic artist.
The drama follows a group of actors putting on a production about Warhol, with Minogue playing a Sedgwick-style character called Bibbi. "When the script was sent to me, I read it and knew instinctively I wanted to be part of this project. In Hey Diddly Dee, Marc [Warren, director] has created a beautiful and quirky story," said Kylie in a statement. Sedgwick was an artist student who joined Warhol at the infamous 'Factory' - the pop artist's studio and debauched hangout for a group of cool New York eccentrics, some of them drug addicts. She gained fame as a Warhol muse and successful fashion model, though died in 1971 at the age of 28. A coroner ruled her death as "undetermined/accident/suicide" though her death certificate stated the immediate cause was "probably acute barbiturate intoxication." She was played by British actress Sienna Miller in the 2006 movie Factory Girl, which received mixed reviews from critics, though most lauded the actress' individual performance. Film 4 said, "Sienna Miller guarantees herself a bit more than 15 minutes with a strong performance in an otherwise dazed and confused film." James Christopher of The Times said, "Miller is a genuine surprise as the damaged star. But the film leaves her very much as it finds her: a clueless naïve."
Minogue has appeared in a number of movies including Leos Carax's frankly bizarre Holy Motors, which was tipped to win the Palme d'Or in 2012, though eventually lost out to Amour. The Guardian's Peter Bradshaw gave it 5 stars, saying, "A gorgeous furry teacup of a film." Hey Diddly Dee is due to screened on Sky Arts on March 14, which will be followed by a Playhouse Presents episode written and directed by Idris Elba, and another by artist Grayson Perry.
Watch Kylie Minogue Receiving Flowers At The Wendy Williams' Show


text:
Die Hard Jason Aldean Fan Celebrates 100th Show [VIDEO]
Jason Aldean fan Holly Hazell is not just a fan of Jason, she is a superfan.
Jason Aldean fan Holly Hazell is not just a fan of Jason, she is a superfan.
Jason Aldean has his first shot at hosting an award show tomorrow night (Wednesday, June 5) along side actress Kristen Bell, but I'm looking forward to Aldean's performance along side...
The boys of Florida Georgia Line have released their third single, Round Here. Like their previous two songs, this one has a laid back, upbeat approach to it.
Two years ago 16-year-old Lauren Alaina was performing for millions for the shot at becoming the next American Idol...
Josh Turner brought a musician with autism onstage so they could perform together during Turner's show at The Grand Ole Opry.
Jason Aldean joined the likes of James Taylor, Carole King and Jimmy Buffett for a benefit concert to aid the victims of the Boston Marathon bombing.
Brantley Gilbert and Justin Moore had the chance to step on to the field with the Cincinnati Reds at Great America Ballpark on Saturday and take batting practice before their show later that night... well, it was Gilbert's show at the Riverbend Music Center and Moore made an unexpected appearance to sing "Country Must Be Country Wide" along side Gilbert
Luke Bryan was among the artists to make an appearance at the benefit concert for victims of the Oklahoma tornado.
Miranda Lambert has been vocal about her support for Oklahoma since a tornado ripped through Moore last week.
Last night's benefit concert for the Oklahoma tornado victims was extremely emotional.
It's been a few years since we've heard new music from Keith Urban. He did contribute to the Act of Valor soundtrack but other than that he's been releasing songs off his Get Closer album.
Little Big Town has had several successful hits off their latest album, Tornado. Pontoon shot to the top because of its funky beat and fun summer lyrics. The title track, Tornado, was a unique song with a twist on a relationship that went south due to cheating.


text:
Could this really happen? Would The President of the United States really take advantage of a National Security Crisis to influence the election?
From Our Partners
Fox News Politics
- Defense Secretary Carter mulls easing enlistment requirements for some jobs29 Mar 2015, 9:29 PM PDT
- Boehner expresses doubts about reaching nuke deal with Iran, vows sanctions if effort fails29 Mar 2015, 2:03 PM PDT
- Justice Department asked to prosecute Hamas for Violating US law29 Mar 2015, 11:57 AM PDT
- Potential 2016 candidate O'Malley rips Bush, Clinton, says presidency 'not some crown' 29 Mar 2015, 10:30 AM PDT
- Pence: Indiana law on religious freedom 'not about discrimination ... not going to change'29 Mar 2015, 8:25 AM PDT
Fox News National
- Florida city ponders spring break restrictions after 7 wounded in house party shooting30 Mar 2015, 12:15 AM PDT
- UC Berkeley student missing after leaving Los Angeles party30 Mar 2015, 12:00 AM PDT
- Prosecutors near end of case in 1st phase of Boston Marathon bombing trial29 Mar 2015, 11:11 PM PDT
- Fiancee of Aaron Hernandez to take stand for second day of testimony in murder trial29 Mar 2015, 11:09 PM PDT
- Century-old Lower East Side matzo factory to move out of city into a high-tech future29 Mar 2015, 10:11 PM PDT
Fox News Sports
- Westbrook helps Thunder rally past Suns29 Mar 2015, 9:25 PM PDT
- South Carolina tops Florida State to reach women's Final Four29 Mar 2015, 9:24 PM PDT
- Ducks win another one-goal game29 Mar 2015, 8:45 PM PDT
- Pacers hold off Mavericks29 Mar 2015, 8:44 PM PDT
- Clippers dominate Celtics29 Mar 2015, 8:42 PM PDT


text:
Hulk Hogan, much like his co-star in Rocky III, Sylvester Stallone, is never going to think he's too old to do what he did in his youth.
Riff Raff a.
I want to go back a couple months in time to when I had no fucking idea who Riff Raff was, or is, or that a Riff Raff was a thing.
When we last left rapper Riff Raff, he was giving up cocaine and molly.
Riff Raff is every Bro's favorite batshit crazy spirit animal.
Are you a fan of Horst Christian Simco.
Look, I know this is a stupid promotional stunt for Neff, but I'm one of those people who thinks Riff Raff is absolutely hysterical.
Poor Riff Raff when Ariana Grande got up to accept her award for winning best pop video for Problem's she gave everyone high fives except for Riff Raff who she left hanging awkwardly.
It's not the best music.


text:
Would you like to see more photos?
- All Photos (10)
- MLS Photos (10)
- Enlarge Photo
Estimate Your Monthly Payment
Would you like to see more photos?
Excellent investment property w/excellent return; 1000 sf/side; on cul-de-sac; Per recent inspection-repairs completed. Motivated seller. A unit occupied requires 24 hr notice to show. Click here to learn more about this listing.
| Median Homeowner Age
These are the closest schools to your requested location. Proximity does not guarantee enrollment eligibility. Please consult your real estate agent or school district to confirm the schools you are zoned to attend.
Please fill out this form to request more photos or more information regarding this property.


text:
L'Oreal True Match Naturale Mineral Foundation
185 reviews
55% would repurchase
Package Quality: 2.5
Price: $$$
Package Quality: 2.5
Price: $$$
INGREDIENTSActive Ingredients : Titanium Dioxide 10.0. Other ingredients : Boron Nitride, Kaolin, Isononyl Isononanoate, Copernicia Cerifera (Carnauba) Wax, Calcium Gluconate, Manganese Gluconate, Magnesium Gluconate, Copper PCA, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice, Tocopherol, Panthenol. May Contain: Titanium Dioxide, Bismuth Oxychloride, Mica, Iron Oxides
on 11/15/2010 5:31:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Oily, Fair-Medium, Cool
Hair: Brown, Straight, Medium
Eyes: Brown
This is a great mineral product. I find that it works best when you use a primer on underneath. Here's what I do:
Moisturize: Mineral powders cling to dry patches so always moisturize your skin beforehand and let it soak in for 10 minutes.
Use a moist sponge and PRESS the product into the skin. I find that a brush application gives too much and the product doesn't adhere well-enough to the skin. Instead, a moist sponge presses the foundation into the skin. It lasts all day for me so long as I don't touch my face incessantly.
To avoid cakeiness, take that same sponge and press it into a pressed translucent powder. PRESS that then into the oily parts of the skin. If you feel you have too much product, take a brush and lightly dust over your face with an empty brush. This just helps to whisk away any excessive product.
I find that if I do this, it lasts all day and looks flawless.
on 10/14/2010 4:36:00 PM
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Combination, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Blue
There are quite a few bad points about the product.
The main factor for me would definitely be the fact that it caused my face to itch all day long. I don't know if this is a result of the scratchy application brush or the product itself? Either way I wasn't expecting it, especially since minerals are meant to be so pure and natural and skin friendly.
Secondly i thought the design of the product was stupid. You have to turn it upside down to get some of the minerals to fall through the little cover, then when you turn it back upright most fall back through the holes. And what is left is mainly little balls of clumped powder which is no good.
Now in regards to what the actual product does to skin; not bad. the coverage looks and feels very light but actually does have quite an impact. Skin looks even but natural. However if you have any dry skin, like I have around my nose and t-zone, it really highlights this and makes you look flaky which isnt nice.
I don't recommend, I think i'll stick to liquid foundations
on 9/27/2010 11:27:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Sensitive, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Other
Great product for applying quickly. I have dry skin and use a moisturizer and primer under my foundation so for some reason - in the winter- when applying this, the brush scrapes up my skin (painless) but leaves my whole face looking chapped. Great buy for the summer time -- quick with SPF but for dry skin -- use a different brush. Or use the brush from the finishing one, the next one in the series, can't think of the name. But it's like a clear finish and it comes with a softer brush.
on 9/24/2010 4:21:00 PM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Hazel
Okay so i needed a new foundation saw this one for a while i actually love the roll on one but without and a job im not paying £12.99 for one -_-, anyways i had some birthday money and saw this okay so i tryed it. Basically i love it! the coverage is great okay so i apply my maybelline satin liquid stuff on my nose first cause its really shiny :/ but then apply this everywhere. Its great looks,doesnt look too fake,well unless you cake it on (not a good look) but yeah the coverage is great and i love the look on my face alomost like dewy! The only thing i hate is the brush,tipping it upside down then getting the brush,bit of a kerfuffle tbh. but overall i great product ♥ this!
on 7/28/2010 1:30:00 PM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Sensitive, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Blue
I do like this product! First I apply my concealer and than swipe over the powder; coverage doesn't last a day but hey, which one does...
I have a question though, I don't think I'm using the right color...
I have a pale skin colour with lots of redness on my cheeks. Now I used the N6 (honey glow) but its a bit too dark and yellowing for me. In the store it looked great but in the sunlight... What do the numbers mean? There is W, N and C... Which one suites wich skin colour?
on 7/14/2010 6:50:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Dry, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
I been wearing this for over 10+hours today;while working. I'm pretty please that it lasted this long;;coverage is okay. Doesnt hide spots very well; but i don't fancy slapping on alot of this stuff..cos i kno it will go all cakey on me. Not a nice sight! but overall for the price of this product is actually not a bad product. I would buy it again i reckon, Unless i find something better. I used to wear Bare minerals,but heard that they have alot of bad ingredients to it so i switched to this. When u pop this on your face, its very natural. I wouldnt say it made my face oily either or drying. Its a nice products if u want something light on your face. Do love the spf15 tho! thats kinda like abonus for me. Plus it doesnt have talc.
on 6/27/2010 7:49:00 PM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Very Dry, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
I give one lippie for the 10% titanium spf. One for the neutral tone of "soft ivory," usually the lightest colors are pinky. (Olive skinned people, who haven't been out without sunscreen and a hat for 10 years are very fair also.) I give a third lippie for the coverage, although mask like, it is hard to find loose powder that gives complete coverage with a brush unless you have a fairly wet surface.
Unfortunately, L'Oreal like so many other companies do not understand their consumers. Although there are some bipolar consumers, who want to look dewy and wear powder at the same time, most of us who douse our faces with loose powder, do so to eliminate any chance of shine or dewiness. This powder, despite oil absorbing kaolin as a second ingredient, managed to still make my pores look huge and my face look shinier than my oil glands ever could in the worst circumstances.
on 6/12/2010 3:43:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Warm
Hair: Black, Relaxed, Fine
Eyes: Brown
Okay I've some good things to say about this foundation. But first off, the built-in brush is terrible! It's feels harsh on my hands, even harsher on my face. If you already have a good brush, forget about using the built-in brush. I just use my ecotools kabuki brush and it works well. Seriously what was L'Oreal's product team thinking?? And the packaging. Ugh.. the cap is way too small for me to swirl the product.
With that said, however, the formula of the foundation itself is wonderful. It does what it says - it feels light as powder, but covers like a foundation. I wouldn't say the coverage is heavy - it's more of a medium coverage but it is buildable. I have some redness on my cheeks, really bad under eye circles, darker areas around my lips, and True Match Minerals does the job of evening out my skintone - even my boyfriend noticed how flawless my skin looked and right after he told me that, I couldn't stop smiling for the rest of the day! It didn't break me out or anything even after wearing it for a whole day. Plus if you have yellow undertones I think this product would work pretty well on you cuz it did on me (I am wearing the W3 Golden Beige). The colour blended right into my face without making me look as if i'm wearing a mask.
All in all, a good mineral foundation, good coverage, great for yellow undertone, LOUSY brush, pricey in drugstore terms but heck you get what you paid for.
on 4/24/2010 6:58:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Warm
Hair: Brown, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Brown
This product didn't work very well for me but I purchased it when the hype of mineral foundation was very much raved about and I was testing out different foundations to see which suits my skin best. However, this product was the reason I've avoided mineral foundation ever since and have gone back to my liquids and powders.
Coverage is medium and buildable. Upon application, I must admit that it gives an even coverage. My pores were less visible and I used it relatively often (despite not liking it that much) as I liked how quick it was to apply it. Oil control for me was about 3-4 hours which is normal for L'oréal products but I did notice that after an hour or so, the color oxidized to a very dark finish despite me getting it in a shade lighter. Even though it gave a full and even coverage, I disliked how it looked cakey when layered for more coverage or touchups. It goes to show that this product is pigmented, which isn't a bad thing but when using this product, use a light hand as it isn't that finely milled. I found that the bristles of the brush provided was rather harsh, which made for an even more unpleasant experience. It broke me out every once in a while though but I reckon that had to do with the brush cleansing. :/
on 3/27/2010 5:05:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Acne-prone, Fair, Cool
Hair: Blond, Straight, Fine
Eyes: Blue
I really don't like powders. They feel as if I they can blow off my face anytime; not enough coverage. I tried to like this one - because of the mineral hype that was going on at the time - but I just couldn't get used to the application of it. The brush that comes with it doesn't make it much easier either. No, I went back to fluids with all their chemicals in it quickly after trying this 'healthy' stuff...
Popular Powder Foundations


text:
Further changes for Australia
November 5, 2009
Digby Ioane starts in the centre for Australia © Getty Images
Australia boss Robbie Deans has again elected to shuffle his starting line-up as they prepare to take on England at Twickenham on Saturday, kicking off their Grand Slam tour attempt.
The former Crusaders coach has made three personnel changes and two positional switches from the side that lost their Bledisloe Cup Test with New Zealand in Tokyo last weekend, with Quade Cooper and Drew Mitchell profiting after strong performances in the midweek team's victory over Gloucester on Tuesday.
Cooper starts at inside-centre in the continued absence of Berrick Barnes while Mitchell slots on to the wing in place of Digby Ioane, who is asked to switch to outside-centre. Ryan Cross and James O'Connor drop to the bench.
O'Connor's fullback jersey is taken by the versatile Adam Ashley-Cooper, who started last weekend's Test at No.12. Matt Giteau wears No.10 alongside the impressive Reds scrum-half Will Genia.
In the pack, there is a predictable return for veteran openside George Smith after he was omitted in favour of David Pocock last time.
James Horwill and Mark Chisholm remain in the second-row, while Stephen Moore again starts at hooker after his late inclusion due to an injury to Tatafu Polota-Nau in Tokyo.
Australia: Adam Ashley-Cooper (Brumbies); Peter Hynes (Queensland Reds), Digby Ioane (Queensland Reds), Quade Cooper (Queensland Reds), Drew Mitchell (NSW Waratahs); Matt Giteau (Brumbies), Will Genia (Queensland Reds); Benn Robinson (NSW Waratahs), Stephen Moore (Brumbies), Ben Alexander (Brumbies), James Horwill (Queensland Reds), Mark Chisholm (Brumbies), Rocky Elsom (Brumbies, capt), George Smith (Brumbies), Wycliff Palu (NSW Waratahs)
Replacements: Tatafu Polota Nau (NSW Waratahs), Matt Dunning (Western Force), Dean Mumm (NSW Waratahs), David Pocock (Western Force), Luke Burgess (NSW Waratahs), Ryan Cross (Western Force), James O'Connor (Western Force)
© Scrum.com
|Live Scores
'Concussion is not worth the risk'
Concussion, relegation and the mother of all surprises - it's the Monday Maul.
Jones key to Wales World Cup plans
Huw Richards assesses where Wales are after a mixed Six Nations, with front row seats still very much available for the World Cup
Attacking revolution will be fleeting
John Mitchell lapped up the action on 'Sensational Saturday' - but warns not to expect a repeat come Rugby World Cup time later this year
Ireland, England are dangers if ...
Craig Dowd warns England, Ireland and Wales they should play to their strengths rather than those of the All Blacks and the Wallabies


text:
The Leading eBooks Store Online
for Kindle Fire, Apple, Android, Nook, Kobo, PC, Mac, BlackBerry...
New to eBooks.com?Learn more
- Bestsellers - This Week
- Foreign Language Study
- Pets
- Bestsellers - Last 6 months
- Games
- Philosophy
- Archaeology
- Gardening
- Photography
- Architecture
- Graphic Books
- Poetry
- Art
- Health & Fitness
- Political Science
- Biography & Autobiography
- History
- Psychology & Psychiatry
- Body Mind & Spirit
- House & Home
- Reference
- Business & Economics
- Humor
- Religion
- Children's & Young Adult Fiction
- Juvenile Nonfiction
- Romance
- Computers
- Language Arts & Disciplines
- Science
- Crafts & Hobbies
- Law
- Science Fiction
- Current Events
- Literary Collections
- Self-Help
- Drama
- Literary Criticism
- Sex
- Education
- Literary Fiction
- Social Science
- The Environment
- Mathematics
- Sports & Recreation
- Family & Relationships
- Media
- Study Aids
- Fantasy
- Medical
- Technology
- Fiction
- Music
- Transportation
- Folklore & Mythology
- Nature
- Travel
- Food and Wine
- Performing Arts
- True Crime
- Foreign Language Books
Most popular at the top
The Lords of Human KindZed Books 2015; US$ 18.95
A landmark work in the history of eurocentrism by one of Britain's most distinguished left-wing historians. more...
Interesting TimesKnopf Doubleday Publishing Group 2007; US$ 30.00
Eric Hobsbawm is considered by many to be our greatest living historian. Robert Heilbroner, writing about Hobsbawm?s The Age of Extremes 1914-1991 said, ?I know of no other account that sheds as much light on what is now behind us, and thereby casts so much illumination on our possible futures.? Skeptical, endlessly curious, and almost contemporary... more...
On EmpireKnopf Doubleday Publishing Group 2008; US$ 19.95
In there four incisive and keenly perceptive essays, one of out most celebrated and respected historians of modern Europe looks at the world situation and some of the major political problems confronting us at the start of the third millennium. With his usual measured and brilliant historical perspective, Eric Hobsbawm traces the rise of American... more...
How to Change the WorldLittle, Brown Book Group 2011; US$ 19.06
In the 162 years since Karl Marx?s Das Kapital was published, the doctrine that bears his name has been embraced by millions in the name of equality, and just as dramatically has fallen from grace with the retreat of communism from the western world. But as the free market reaches its extreme limits in the economic and environmental fallout, a reassessment... more...
Uncommon PeopleOrion 2011; US$ 20.79
These 26 essays range over the history of working men and women between the late 18th century and the present day. They include Hobsbawm's pioneering studies in labour history and social protest - the formation of the British working class, labour custom and traditions, the political radicalism of 19th century shoemakers, male and female images in... more...
Age Of Capital 1848-1875Orion 2010; US$ 26.68
Eric Hobsbawm's magnificent treatment of the crucial years 1848-1875 is a penetrating analysis of the rise of capitalism and the consolidation of bourgeois culture. In the 1860s a new word entered the economic and political vocabulary of the world: 'capitalism'. The global triumph of capitalism is the major theme of history in the decades after 1848.... more...
BanditsOrion 2010; US$ 15.24
BANDITS is a study of the social bandit or bandit-rebel - robbers and outlaws who are not regarded by public opinion as simple criminals, but rather as champions of social justice, as avengers or as primitive resistance fighters. Whether Balkan haiduks, Indian dacoits or Brazilian congaceiros, their spectacular exploits have been celebrated and preserved... more...
Age of Revolution 1789-1848Orion 2010; US$ 26.68
The first in Eric Hobsbawm's dazzling trilogy on the history of the nineteenth century. more...
On HistoryOrion 2011; US$ 20.79
The theory and practice of history and its relevance to the modern world, by Britains greatest radical historian. more...
On HistoryOrion 2011; Not Available
The theory and practice of history and its relevance to the modern world, by Britains greatest radical historian. more...


text:
Torrance is a small and picturesque village situated 8 miles north of Glasgow City Centre. It lies close to the river Kelvin and the Forth & Clyde Canal and is surrounded by countryside, farmland and hills. All this allows it to boast some wonderful scenery, walks, wildlife and of course – pubs.
This web site has been set up to inform you about all aspects of our village and has been recently redesigned to allow for easy contributions and comments. As the site grows it will include more about activities in and around Torrance, clubs, forthcoming events, local businesses and much more. It is a non-profit making site designed to serve the community of Torrance and it's visitors. It is receiving over 500 visitors a month and with plenty of room for expansion, it needs all visitors to contribute.
Please comment on what you think of the new site and suggest items for inclusion/improvement.
Latest Updates
Torrance is Second Most Desirable Place to Live in Scotland
According to a survey conducted by the Royal Mail, Torrance is the second most desirable place to live in Scotland....
Running an Ultra Marathon for The Emma Cameron Foundation
Last year, a few friends and I took part in the D33 Ultra Marathon, just for the fun of it! This year I signed up t...
International TableTop Day Arrives in Torrance!
International TableTop Day was founded three years ago as a way for the world to celebrate tabletop gaming together...


text:
Within City
Within 1 mile
Within 2 miles
Within 5 miles
Within 10 miles
Within 20 miles
Sort by
best match
most reviewed first
closest first
highest rated first
alphabetical order
sponsored result
Servicing the Northwest Arkansas
"I am a gold member with Bud Anderson that has never been unsatisfied with any aspect of my dealings with their company. Whether it was with the service ..."
"He was timely and did a thorough job. Even followed up with an email a few days later to make sure we were not having any trouble. That ..."
"They have excellent service and they are on call 24/7. We had a plumbing emergency a couple of years ago and they were the only business we get ..."
"worked with these guys on a job in lowell, ar and have a great respect for their knowledge of the industry and proffessionalism in finishing this tough job ..."
"I purchased tires from there. I was told that if I had a problem to come back and I would be taken care of. I had problems but ..."


text:
The 1950's are out and change is in the air! Hairspray, winner of 8 TONY Awards including Best Musical, is a family-friendly musical piled bouffant high with laughter, romance, and deliriously tuneful songs.
It's 1962 in Baltimore, and the lovable plus-size teen Tracy Turnblad has only one desire -- to dance on the popular Corny Collins Show. When her dream comes true, Tracy is transformed from social outcast to sudden star. She must use her newfound power to dethrone the reigning Teen Queen, win the affections of heartthrob Link Larkin, and integrate a TV network, all without denting her 'do! You can't stop the beat in this big and bold musical about one girl's inspiring dream to dance.
Show runs February 13, 14, 20, 21 at 7:30pm and February 15 at 2:00pm. Tickets are $10 and all seats are reserved. Ticket order phone line: 414.351.8174


text:
Analysis Communal Violence Contributor Lead Story
Religious intolerance, according to the Pali Canon
It is not birth which causes a person to be worthy, it is actions of body, speech and mind, says Buddhist scholar Dr Paul Fuller.
Analysis Communal Violence Contributor Lead Story
It is not birth which causes a person to be worthy, it is actions of body, speech and mind, says Buddhist scholar Dr Paul Fuller.
Analysis Contributor Lead Story
Suu Kyi has been far more engaged in playing politics in the opaque corridors of power in Naypyidaw and making tours abroad than trying to listen to the Burmese public at large, whose support she and the NLD seem to take for granted.
Analysis Contributor Lead Story
Japan's approach to foreign investment, characterised by poor transparency and an indifference to human rights, is becoming a threat to Burma's fragile reform process.
Analysis Contributor Lead Story
As the level of income disparity increases, it is feared that it may portend social unrest down the road, perhaps resulting in a return to a more controlled economy and populace.
Analysis Contributor Ethnic issues Lead Story
It is apparent that there still remains a different priority and level of importance between the KIO and the Burmese government for a nationwide ceasefire agreement and political dialogue.
Analysis Communal Violence Lead Story News
If the Burmese government was truly united in its goal of ending this communal conflict, then it would have cracked down on culpable officers within its security forces many months ago.
Analysis Contributor Lead Story
Its ASEAN chairmanship will have much to say about how Burma proceeds into its critical election year and how ASEAN finalises its plan to be a regional community by the end of 2015.
Analysis Contributor Lead Story
The Kachin peace activists perceived that the Elders were anything but attentive to what they had to say as they seemed predisposed to the narrative provided by government officials and the Myanmar Peace Center.
Analysis Contributor Lead Story
Naypyidaw has finally signed the Additional Protocol that will allow IAEA inspectors inside Burma – but it must also show a willingness to expedite the matter.
Analysis Contributor Lead Story
An almost cold war attitude among some ethnic leaders towards the Burmese government is threatening the peace process at a time when it cannot afford to regress.
Analysis Contributor Lead Story
For decades rape has been used by the Burmese army in conflict zones, and despite "reforms" it continues to this day.
Analysis Ethnic issues Lead Story
Burmese constitutional reform must include deliberation on the right to self-determination and allow ethnic nationalities to decide their own political destiny.
One of the main hopes for Burma's recent political reforms has been for a vibrant, open and flourishing civil society – a vital component of any healthy democracy and an[…]
The recent arrest of Latpadaung protestor Naw Ohn Hla and other peaceful demonstrators casts a pall over Thein Sein's pledge to release all political prisoners before the year's end.
Burma is confident that it can become a catalyst for change in ASEAN when it takes the chair in 2014, but its domestic strife is likely to dominate the agenda
To remain politically viable in Burma, ethnic nationalities need to engage with Thein Sein's government
Sixty-six years ago, Aung San and some of his closest advisors were killed along with their dreams of a a multiculturalist, secular Burma
After years of pushing for an end to human rights violations in Burma, the British government is likely to centre their discussions with President Thein Sein this week around economic and trade issues
Pro-poor policies and political narratives about shared daily struggle across ethnic and religious lines may help assuage Burma's growing sectarian divides
Growing anxiety over resource distribution in a changing Burma can help explain sectarian violence
While Australia's foreign policy with Burma was once centred on human rights, trade and investment have now trumped the government's former goals
Without the implementation of radical reforms, Burma's schools will continue to stagnate
As the government continues to flaunt its ongoing political reforms, conversations centered on transitional justice have been virtually nonexistent
By pushing for a law that would effectively ban interfaith marriages in Burma, Buddhist monks have exposed a poisonous mix of structural racism and misogyny at the heart of the Sangha
After signing a UN agreement last year, there are signs the Burmese military has failed to prevent its forces from recruiting and enlisting children
Following several episodes of anti-Muslim violence, authorities must take a closer look at the level of organisation behind the recent attacks on the country's Islamic community
According to a recent report, displaced persons' land and property rights have been largely ignored during the ongoing peace process between Naypyidaw and the country's armed ethnic rebel groups
After two years of fighting in northern Burma, the government must find a political solution to the conflict if they want to put an end to the country's numerous civil wars
As Japanese businesses increase their investments in Burma, they should be aware that many local communities are at a disadvantage and make genuine efforts to listen to the concerns
In the wake of unspeakable violence carried out in a methodical manner by civilians with the acquiescence of local police, there must be a strong and swift response within Burma