text:
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The time course of photoinactivation of photosystem II in leaves
Jiancun Kou•Riichi Oguchi•Da-Yong Fan•
Wah Soon Chow
Received: 27 February 2012/Accepted: 27 April 2012/Published online: 27 May 2012
? Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012
demanding function of water oxidation using light energy,
it is susceptible to photoinactivation during photosynthesis.
The time course of photoinactivation of PS II yields useful
information about the process. Depending on how PS II
function is assayed, however, the time course seems to
differ. Here, we revisit this problem by using two addi-
tional assays: (1) the quantum yield of oxygen evolution in
limiting, continuous light and (2) the flash-induced cumu-
lative delivery of PS II electrons to the oxidized primary
donor (P700?) in PS I measured as a 'P700 kinetics area'.
The P700 kinetics area is based on the fact that the two
photosystems function in series: when P700 is completely
photo-oxidized by a flash added to continuous far-red light,
electrons delivered from PS II to PS I by the flash tend to
re-reduce P700?transiently to an extent depending on the
PS II functionality, while the far-red light photo-oxidizes
P700 back to the steady-state concentration. The quantum
yield of oxygen evolution in limiting, continuous light
indeed decreased in a way that deviated from a single-
negative exponential. However, measurement of the
Since photosystem II (PS II) performs the
quantum yield of oxygen in limiting light may be com-
plicated by changes in mitochondrial respiration between
darkness and limiting light. Similarly, an assay based on
chlorophyll fluorescence may be complicated by the
varying depth in leaf tissue from which the signal is
detected after progressive photoinactivation of PS II.
On the other hand, the P700 kinetics area appears to be a
reasonable assay, which is a measure of functional PS II in
the whole leaf tissue and independent of changes in mito-
chondrial respiration. The P700 kinetics area decreased in a
single-negative exponential fashion during progressive
photoinactivation of PS II in a number of plant species, at
least at functional PS II contents C6 % of the initial value,
in agreement with the conclusion of Sarvikas et al. (Pho-
tosynth Res 103:7–17, 2010). That is, the single-negative-
exponential time course does not provide evidence for
photoprotection of functional PS II complexes by pho-
toinactivated, connected neighbours.
P700 ? Photosystem II ? Photoinactivation of photosystem
Chlorophyll fluorescence ? Oxygen evolution ?
Fo, Fm
Chl fluorescence yield when PS II reaction
centre traps are open and closed, respectively
Variable Chl fluorescence yield (= Fm- Fo)
Rate coefficient of photoinactivation of PS II
Special Chl pair in the PS I reaction centre
Photosystem II
Quantum yield of oxygen evolution in
continuous, limiting light
Integrated flash-induced transient flow of
electrons from PS II to P700?
J. Kou
College of Animal Science & Technology, North-West
Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi,
J. Kou ? R. Oguchi ? D.-Y. Fan ? W. S. Chow (&)
Research School of Biology, College of Medicine,
Biology and Environment, The Australian National University,
Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
e-mail: email@example.com
D.-Y. Fan
State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change,
Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing 100093, China
Photosynth Res (2012) 113:157–164
DOI 10.1007/s11120-012-9743-8
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Photosystem II (PS II) plays the unique role of water-
splitting using light energy, liberating electrons and protons
that ultimately help to drive biosynthetic processes (Wy-
drzynski and Satoh 2005). Unfortunately, PS II is 'intrin-
sically suicidal' (van Gorkom and Schelvis 1993) during its
normal function (Ewart 1896; Powles 1984; Krause 1988;
Barber 1995; Adir et al. 2003; Vass and Cser 2009), and
once photoinactivated, has to be repaired if function is to
be maintained (Kyle et al. 1984; Pra ´sil et al. 1992; Aro
et al. 1993; Chow 1994; Melis 1999; Andersson and Aro
2001; Chow and Aro 2005).
Photoinactivation of PS II is easily revealed when repair
is inhibited by an inhibitor of chloroplast-encoded protein
synthesis, e.g. lincomycin. In the absence of repair, a PS II
complex, once photoinactivated, remains inactive, enabling
the gross loss of functional PS II to be studied during
exposure to light. The time course of photoinactivation of
PS II in the absence of repair contains useful information
about the photoinactivation process. For example, when
described as a single-negative exponential, the time course
is characterized by the rate coefficient of photoinactivation
(kpi). This important parameter has been observed to be
directly proportional to the irradiance used (Tyystja ¨rvi and
Aro 1996; Lee et al. 2001; Kato et al. 2003). This linear
relationship is indeed a consequence (Lee et al. 1999) of
the reciprocity rule according to which, other things being
equal, equal dose of light gives equal effect regardless of
the irradiance or the duration of illumination; the reci-
procity rule has been observed at moderate and high irra-
diance (Jones and Kok 1966; Park et al. 1995a; Nagy et al.
1995; Lee et al. 1999), though not at low irradiance
(Oguchi et al. 2009) or during the light induction period
(Shen et al. 1996). The value of kpiis a measure of the
susceptibility of PS II to photoinactivation, since a higher
kpicorresponds to faster decrease in functional PS II. It is
linearly correlated with excess absorbed irradiance (Kato
et al. 2003), that fraction of the absorbed light that is nei-
ther utilized in photochemical conversion, nor dissipated in
light-dependent or light-independent non-photochemical
quenching. Notwithstanding this linear relationship, an
equally good linear correlation is obtained between kpi
and the entire fraction of absorbed irradiance not utilized
in photochemical conversion (Hendrickson et al. 2005).
Either linear correlation suggests, in any case, that absor-
bed light energy not utilized in photochemical conversion
has a likelihood of inducing photoinactivation of PS II.
Another useful piece of information can be obtained from
the time course of photoinactivation of PS II after the time
axis is converted to a photon exposure axis by multiplying
time by the irradiance (in units of mol photons m-2).
The initial slope of the curve has units of lmol PS II
photoinactivated per mol of incident photons, i.e. the maxi-
mum quantum yield of photoinactivation of PS II. The
quantum yield of photoinactivation of PS II is maximum at
near-zero photon exposure because all the PS II complexes
are available to be photoinactivated. At higher photon
exposure, PS II complexes that have already been photoin-
activated absorb the light without contributing to the loss of
functional PS II, so the quantum yield of PS II photoinacti-
vationislower(Parketal.1995b).Inthe extremecase where
all PS II complexes are inactive, the quantum yield of pho-
toinactivation is zero. The maximum quantum yield of
photoinactivation of PS II is of the order of 1 lmol PS II
photoinactivated after leaf tissue has absorbed 107photons
(Park et al. 1995b), varying somewhat according to envi-
ronmental conditions and plant species (Chow et al. 2005).
While this quantum yield appears small, a square metre of
leaf area (containing about 1 lmol PS II) may receive
[2 9 107lmol photons during a sunny day. Therefore, the
entire population of PS II may undergo photoinactivation
Therefore, for estimating the susceptibility of PS II to, or
the quantum yield of, photoinactivation, an accurate
description of the time course of PS II photoinactivation is
important. Previous measurements by our group indicated
that the decline of functional PS II may not follow a single-
negative exponential. i.e. photoinactivation of PS II may
not be a first-order process. Instead, there appeared to be a
population of PS II that was photoinactivated only slowly.
To explain an apparently slowly declining population of
functional PS II, it was suggested that photoinactivated
PS II complexes may help to photoprotect neighbouring,
connected functional PS II complexes (Lee et al. 2001;
Chow et al. 2002).
On the other hand, work by the Tyystja ¨rvi group has
indicated that photoinactivation of PS II is a first-order
process (Tyystja ¨rvi et al. 1994; Tyystja ¨rvi and Aro 1996).
Further, in a recent paper from the same group, Sarvikas
et al. (2010) concluded that photoinactivated PS II com-
plexes do not protect the functional complexes. Their con-
clusion seems to be convincing, except for one potential
complication which has not been ruled out. Their photoin-
activation treatment of leaf tissue in the presence of linco-
mycin was followed by isolation of thylakoids for the assay
of functional PS II activity by the light-saturated, uncoupled
electron transport to an exogenous PS II electron acceptor.
As the photoinactivation treatment using high light pro-
gressed, increasing amounts of starch granules could be
produced; if so, starch granules could disrupt the thylakoid-
membrane system to increasing extents during progressive
high-light treatment, such that more and more PS II
(including any functional complexes) could be retained
in the supernatant while thylakoid membranes were
sedimented by centrifugation. This potential complication
158Photosynth Res (2012) 113:157–164
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prompted us to revisit the time course of photoinactivation
of PS II in leaf segments in the present study, using two
assays of functional PS II other than chlorophyll florescence
and oxygen yield per repetitive single-turnover flash. Fur-
thermore, the in vivo measurement of the time course of
photoinactivation of PS II in leaves is more important for
understanding the photoinactivation mechanism(s) than in
vitro, because sub-cellular fractions may have impaired
regulation of thermal dissipation and electron flow from
PSII (Kornyeyev et al. 2010). Our results appear to be
consistent with the conclusion of Sarvikas et al. (2010), and
do not constitute evidence in support of the hypothesis that
photoinactivated PS II complexes photoprotect their func-
tional, connected PS II neighbours. Why the decline of
functional PS II did not follow a single-negative exponen-
tial in our previous studies is discussed.
Materials and methods
Plant materials and growth conditions
Spinacea oleracea L. (cv. Yates hybrid 102) and Gossypium
hirsutum L. (cv. Deltapine 90) plants were grown in a
glasshouse at 28/18 ?C (day/night) under natural light.
Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) G. Don was grown in the same
glasshouse, but under green shade cloth that transmitted only
10 %ofthesunlight.CapsicumannuumL.(cvNewTownno.
3) plants were grown at 24/21 ?C (day/night) with a 12 h
photoperiod (300 lmol photons m-2s-1). The plants were
provided weekly with a nutrient solution of 'Aquasol' (Hor-
tico Ltd, Australia), supplemented by a slow release fertilizer
'Osmocote' (Scott Australia Pty Ltd, Castle Hill). The
Monstera deliciosa plant was grown indoors in room light.
Photoinhibition treatment of leaf segments
Prior to photoinhibition treatment, leaf discs were allowed
to take up lincomycin by floating them (for durations
specified in the figure legends) on a solution of 1 mM
solution in a clear plastic petri dish with their abaxial side
facing air in darkness. Leaf discs continued to float on
1 mM lincomycin during illumination with high or mod-
erately high light, as specified. Illumination with white
light was provided by an array of nine light-emitting diodes
(Luxeon LEDs; Electus Distribution, NSW, Australia),
with the light directed vertically upwards through a clear
petri dish to the adaxial side of leaf discs.
Assay of PS II activity by chlorophyll fluorescence
Leaf segments were sampled after an illumination treat-
ment, and dark-treated for 30 min before measurement of
the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll (Chl) fluo-
rescence yield, Fv/Fm, using a plant efficiency analyser
(Hansatech, King's Lynn, Norfolk, UK). See Stirbet and
Govindjee (2011) for a review of the Chl fluorescence
Assay of PS II activity by the oxygen yield
The content of functional PS II complexes was determined
in leaf segments according to Chow et al. (1989, 1991).
Repetitive single-turnover xenon flashes were applied at
10 Hz. The gross rate of flash-induced oxygen evolution
was determined in 1 % CO2in air using an oxygen elec-
trode (Hansatech, King's Lynn, Norfolk, UK). A slight
heating artefact was taken into account. The corrected
gross rate of flash-induced oxygen evolution was compared
with the flash frequency to obtain the O2per flash, from
which the functional PS II content was obtained by
assuming that each functional PS II evolved 1 O2after four
flashes. This technique is discussed by Chow et al. (2012).
Assay of PS II activity by the quantum yield of oxygen
evolution in limiting light (QYO2)
Oxygen evolution at steady limiting light (25 lmol pho-
tons m-2s-1) was determined in 1 % CO2in air using an
oxygen electrode (Hansatech, King's Lynn, Norfolk, UK).
The gross rate of oxygen evolution was obtained by alge-
braically subtracting the rate in post-illumination darkness
from that in the preceding limiting light. The absorbed
irradiance was calculated as the product of irradiance and
the leaf absorptance (assumed to be 0.85). QYO2was
obtained as the ratio of the gross rate of oxygen evolution
to the absorbed irradiance. A large leaf disc (10 cm2) was
illuminated by limiting white light from a projector lamp.
The large leaf area gave a good signal-to-noise ratio. To
further minimize the variability, each disc was re-photo-
inhibited and then re-measured; in this way, the QYO2
(normalized to the starting value) could be plotted as a
function of cumulative illumination time for each leaf disc.
The time course for four leaf discs was then averaged. This
technique is discussed by Chow et al. (2012).
Assay of PS II activity by P700?kinetics
P700 was discovered by Kok (1957) by an absorbance
decrease at 703 nm associated with P700 oxidation. Photo-
from PS II. Therefore, an empirical method was used
whereby PS II functionality was assayed by a P700?signal
(Losciale et al. 2008). Using this approach, we illuminated a
leaf segment by continuous weak far-red light (wavelength
Photosynth Res (2012) 113:157–164 159
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723 nm,*10 lmolphotonsm-2s-1)whichoxidizedabout
85–90 % of the total P700 at steady state. The remainder
P700 could be oxidized momentarily by a single-turnover
flash, after which electrons from PS II tended to reduce
state [P700?]. Thus, a dip in the P700?signal occurs tran-
siently. The area between the dipping curve and the hori-
zontal line representing the steady-state [P700?] in
continuous far-red light is a simple empirical measure of the
summation of electron delivered by PS II. For example, if all
PS II complexes were inactive, photo-oxidized P700 would
remain oxidized after a flash, and there would be no 'dip'.
This technique is discussed by Chow et al. (2012).
Results and discussion
Assaying the functional PS II content by the gross O2yield
per repetitive, single-turnover flash, Lee et al. (2001)
reported an apparently slow-photoinactivated PS II popu-
lation during prolonged illumination in the presence of
lincomycin. This was matched by a slowly declining value
of the Chl fluorescence parameter, 1/Fo- 1/Fm. On the
other hand, Sarvikas et al. (2010) reported that thylakoids
isolated from photoinhibited leaves exhibited PS II activity
that decreased in a strictly single-exponential fashion.
Therefore, we sought other measures of PS II in leaf tissue
to re-examine the time course of photoinactivation.
One such measure is QYO2, the quantum yield of oxygen
evolution under continuous limiting light in CO2-enriched
air (Bjo ¨rkman and Demmig 1987; Evans 1987). The
rationale is that photoinactivated PS II complexes would
still absorb light but would not perform photosynthetic O2
evolution, thus lowering the quantum yield of oxygen
evolution in limiting light. Indeed, Chow et al. (2002)
reported that QYO2measured under continuous limiting
light was directly proportional to the O2yield per single-
turnover flash in wild-type Arabidopsis. An advantage of
measuring QYO2is that a large leaf disc could be used,
thereby improving the signal-to-noise ratio. Figure 1 shows
semi-log plots of the decrease of QYO2as a function of
cumulative time of illumination (at 2,000 lmol photons
m-2s-1) in the presence of lincomycin, in spinach, cap-
sicum and Alocasia leaf discs. In all three cases, the
decrease of QYO2
deviated from a single-exponential
decay, which is represented by the dashed line in each case
if extrapolated from the first two time points. In the case of
Alocasia, leaf discs were illuminated in two ways: either
the adaxial side was illuminated at 2,000 lmol photons
m-2s-1or both sides were illuminated simultaneously at
1,000 lmol photons m-2s-1each. Illumination of both
sides accelerated photoinactivation somewhat compared
Fig. 1 Semi-log plots of the decrease in the quantum yield of O2
evolution measured in continuous limiting light (25 lmol m-2s-1)
and 1 % CO2in air, as a function of cumulative time of illumination
of leaf discs (10 cm2) of a spinach, b capsicum and c Alocasia
macrorrhiza. Leaf discs were floated on 1.0 mM lincomycin
overnight before photoinhibition treatment at 2,000 lmol photons
m-2s-1. The adaxial side of leaf discs were illuminated, except for
some of the Alocasia leaf discs which were illuminated on both sides,
each side at 1,000 lmol photons m-2s-1. Values are mean ± SE
(n = 4). The dashed lines represent single-exponential decay if
extrapolated from the first two time points. Measurements were made
after the samples had been dark treated for about 20 min following
removal from the high light
160Photosynth Res (2012) 113:157–164
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with illumination of one side only, but deviation from a
single-negative exponential occurred in both treatments.
However, measurement of gross oxygen evolution, either
as O2yield per repetitive, single-turnover flash or as QYO2
using continuous limiting light, could suffer one drawback.
Both measures rely on an algebraic subtraction of the signal
in darkness from that in repetitive flash illumination or
continuous limiting light. If mitochondrial respiration were
slower even in limiting light (as has been reported for
Eucalyptus by Atkin et al. 2000) or during repetitive flash
illumination, compared with darkness, both measures could
over-estimate the functional PS II content. Indeed, the
quantum yield of O2evolution in continuous limiting light,
0.106 mol O2per mol absorbed photons among diverse C3
plant species (Bjo ¨rkman and Demmig 1987), corresponding
to 0.106 9 4 = 0.42 mol electrons per mol absorbed pho-
tons, may be too high (Laisk et al. 2012); the highest value
measured by Laisk et al. was 0.38 mol electrons per mol
absorbed photons, using very brief flashes and 10–20 ppm
oxygen. In continuous limiting light, if all PS II complexes
were completely non-functional, a residual light-minus-
dark signal, due to lower mitochondrial respiration in the
light, could in principle persist after prolonged photoin-
hibitory illumination and could account for the apparent
slowly-declining population of PS II.
Likewise, Chl fluorescence parameters (such as Fv/Fmor
1/Fo- 1/Fm) have their own inherent complications. The
Chl fluorescence signal is detected from an initially shallow
depth of leaf tissue. The depth may well increase during the
time course of photoinactivation of PS II, as a greater
contribution to the signal comes from deeper tissue when PS
II complexes in shallower tissue become photoinactivated
and less fluorescent; on the other hand, in deeper tissue,
photoinactivation of PS II tends to be less severe and the
fluorescence intensity less affected, because of shading by
shallower tissue (Oguchi et al. 2011). To avoid the above
potential complications, we sought yet another measure of
PS II activity in leaf tissue that is independent of oxygen
measurements and of Chl fluorescence detection.
The P700?signal may provide such a measure. The
rationale for using a PS I signal to assay PS II functionality
is based on the fact that the two photosystems work in
series in electron transfer. When P700 is photo-oxidized by
a single-turnover flash superimposed on continuous back-
ground far-red light, PS II is also excited to transfer elec-
trons which subsequently arrive at PS I to reduce P700?.
The cumulative delivery of electrons from PS II to P700?
depends on the content of functional PS II. Previously, we
used a simple model of flash-induced redox kinetics of
P700 in continuous background far-red light to estimate the
cumulative delivery of flash-induced electrons (R) from PS
II to P700?. R exhibited a single linear correlation with the
gross O2yield per repetitive, single-turnover flash for all
the plant species examined (Losciale et al. 2008), as dis-
cussed by Chow et al. (2012). However, R (normalized to
the total P700 signal) differed greatly from the indepen-
dently determined stoichiometry of the two photosystems.
Here we used, instead of R, a simple area bounded by the
P700 redox kinetics curve and the horizontal line
Fig. 2 The use of a P700 kinetics area to assay functional PS II. a An
example of the P700?kinetics signal. Continuous background far-red
light oxidized about 90 % of the total photo-oxidizable P700. A
saturating, single-turnover flash momentarily oxidized the remaining
P700, before electrons arrive from PS II after the flash, tending to
reduce P700?. The continuous far-red light brought the [P700?] back
to the steady-state level (horizontal line). The area bounded by the
horizontal line and the dipping curve is termed the 'P700 kinetics
area', and is used as an empirical measure of the functional PS II
content. b The P700 kinetics area is linearly correlated with the O2
yield per repetitive, single-turn over flash. Functional PS II content
was varied by progressive photoinactivation of PS II in leaf discs in
the presence of lincomycin. Measurements were made after the
samples had been dark treated for about 30 min following removal
from the high light
Photosynth Res (2012) 113:157–164161
Page 6
corresponding to the steady-state [P700?] in continuous
far-red light (shaded area in Fig. 2a) as an empirical assay
of PS II content. We term this area the 'P700 kinetics area'.
Figure 2b shows that the P700 kinetics area was directly
proportional to the gross O2yield per repetitive, single-
turnover flash during progressive photoinactivation of PS
II, in both capsicum and spinach. An advantage of using
the P700 kinetics area is that its measurement is not time
consuming, so that many replicate leaf segments can be
conveniently measured, thereby minimizing the standard
error of the mean. Another advantage is that it is a whole-
tissue measurement, as demonstrated by the observation
that the area (after normalizing the signal to the maximum
photo-oxidizable P700 signal) measured in the reflectance
mode is similar when measured from the adaxial or abaxial
sides (Oguchi et al. 2011).
Figure 3 shows that the P700 kinetics area declined in a
single-exponential fashion with photon exposure (= irradi-
ance 9 time)at twoirradiances,
1,500 lmol photons m-2s-1. The finding that the points
follow one single-exponential decay in the presence of lin-
comycin confirms the reciprocity rule (Jones and Kok 1966;
Park et al. 1995a; Nagy et al. 1995; Lee et al. 1999). If the
namely, 720and
Fig. 3 Semi-log plots of the decrease in the P700 kinetics area with
photon exposure (= irradiance 9 time), given to spinach leaf discs in
the presence of lincomycin at two irradiances: 720 and 1,500 lmol
photons m-2s-1. Spinach leaf discs were floated on 1 mM lincomy-
cin solution overnight before the photoinhibition treatment. Values
are mean ± SE (n = 4). Measurements were made after the samples
had been dark treated for about 30 min following removal from the
high light
Fig. 4 Semi-log plots of the decrease in the P700 kinetics area with
illumination time in leaf discs of a capsicum, b cotton (n = 2), and
c Monstera deliciosa (± S. E, n = 4). The irradiance was 1,500 lmol
photons m-2s-1in each case. Leaf discs were floated overnight on
1 mM lincomycin solution in darkness in (a), and (c), but only for 2 h
in (b). Measurements were made after the samples had been dark-
treated for about 30 min following removal from the high light. In c,
the decrease in Fv/Fmis also shown
162Photosynth Res (2012) 113:157–164
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P700 kinetics area were plotted against time for each irra-
diance, each treatment would exhibit a single-exponential
decay with photoinhibition time. That is, there did not
appear to be any population of PS II that underwent slower
photoinactivation. Below *6 %, the P700 kinetics area
appeared to deviate from the single-exponential decay.
P700?; if so, the P700 kinetics area would tend to under-
estimate the functional PS II slightly. Mostly, however, the
P700 kinetics area showed a single-exponential decay of
functionalPSIIcontentdownto*6 %oftheoriginalvalue,
akin to the conclusions of the Sarvikas et al. (2010).
Figure 4 also depicts the decrease in the P700 kinetics
area in capsium (A), cotton (B) and Monstera deliciosa
(C) with illumination time. In all cases, the decrease fol-
lowed a single-negative exponential for areas C6 % of the
initial value. In capsicum, as in spinach, the area, when less
than *6 %, was below the dashed line (Fig. 4a), indicat-
ing deviation from a single-negative potential at very low
functional PS II content. Possibly, some electrons released
in water oxidation in PS II did not reach P700?. This could
occur, for example, by charge recombination of an electron
on the acceptor side of PS II with electron-deficient com-
ponents on the donor side of PS II. In addition, O2may
intercept the electrons on the acceptor side of PSII. In any
case, a small percentage of PS II electrons could be shunted
away from P700?. If so, this could be a drawback of using
the P700 kinetics area as an assay for a very low content of
functional PS II.
In cotton, there was a slight lag phase, presumably
because floating cotton leaf discs for only 2 h in darkness
on lincomycin solution was not sufficient to completely
inhibit repair of PS II during the initial period of illumi-
nation. By contrast, in Monstera leaf discs that had been
floated on a lincomycin solution overnight in darkness, no
lag phase was apparent (Fig. 4c). In Monstera leaf discs,
interestingly, Fv/Fmdeclined ahead of the P700 kinetics
area; probably Fv/Fmmainly measured PS II functionality
at shallower depths of leaf tissue where photoinactivation
was more severe. Fv/Fmdid not follow a single-exponential
decay, but exhibited a slowly decreasing component;
presumably the Chl fluorescence signal was increasingly
contributed from deeper tissue where photoinactivation of
PS II was less severe because of shading by chloroplasts in
shallower tissue (Oguchi et al. 2011).
The gross O2yield per repetitive, single-turnover flash and
QYO2in steady limiting light both tend to over-estimate
functional PS II in leaf segments if mitochondrial respira-
tion is less in the light than in darkness. Similarly, an assay
based on Chl fluorescence also tends to over-estimate
functional PS II, since the depth in leaf tissue from which
Chl fluorescence is detected may increase during the time
course of photoinactivation; in deeper tissue, PS II is
photoinactivated to a lesser extent (Oguchi et al. 2011). In
these three assays of PS II functionality, therefore, devia-
tion from a single-exponential decay of functional PS II
content does not constitute evidence for photoprotection of
functional PS II by photoinactivated, connected neigh-
bours, contrary to what has been suggested earlier (Lee
et al. 2001; Chow et al. 2002, 2005). Notwithstanding this
correction, however, it is still a strong possibility that
photoinactivated PS II complexes are strong quenchers
of excitation energy within themselves, judging from their
short Chl fluorescence lifetime (Matsubara and Chow
The use of the whole-tissue measurement of the P700
kinetics area appears to be a reasonable assay of functional
PS II content, free from the complications outlined above
for the other approaches. The P700 kinetics area decreased
in a single-negative exponential fashion down to *6 % of
the initial value, despite the possibility that a small per-
centage of PS II electrons may not reach P700?. Therefore,
our results are consistent with those of Sarvikas et al.
(2010), who used thylakoids isolated from photoinhibited
leaves to assay PS II functionality.
Research Council Grant (DP1093827) awarded to W.S.C., a China
Scholarship Council Fellowship to J.K., JSPS Postdoctoral Fellow-
ships for Research Abroad (21-674) to R.O. and a Knowledge
Innovation Programme of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Grant
(KSCX2-EW-J-1) to D.-Y.F. is gratefully acknowledged.
The support of this study by an Australian
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(2002) The role of inactive photosystem-II-mediated quenching
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Funct Plant Biol 37:943–951
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164Photosynth Res (2012) 113:157–164


text:
Simple but should be effective. Now if only my faucets would show up.
PS - The phallic nature of the end product was not intended.
*******Check Out My Rolling KegeratorBierMuncher Tried & Trues: Tits-Up IIPA (3-Time Medalist), Black Pearl Porter, Kona Pale Ale, Outer Limits IPA, Centennial Blonde (4.0%), Nierra Sevada (SNPA), SWMBO Slayer Belgian Blonde,
Well, it'll look less phallic once the towers are installed. On the other hand, hopefully it'll be giving you great head on your beer, so that kind of offsets that.
That gets the Ace and Gary seal of approval!
Nice work citizen!!
cock n balls! HAHAH! Awesome!
Don't know what it is...but my SWMBO seems a bit more beer-eager.....
Lurve yer work!
...could you make the taps like a prince albert?
Thanks. Ya know...sometimes when you hang around Lowe's long enough...ideas just present themselves...
DO the mouting screws screw in to the pipe coupler or are they just there to keep the strainers from sliding off?
My 4" three faucet tower is a bitch to find a drip tray for. So these will do the trick.
I may not be an expert, but I did stay at a Holiday Inn Express........ 6 months ago.http://www.homebrewtalk.com/f39/denn...9/#post1766281http://groups.homebrewtalk.com/Tapro...ook_Repository
....and the protein content of your beer is how much?

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Radio
|This is the talk page for discussing WikiProject Radio and anything related to its purposes and tasks.
|Archives: 1, 2, 3
|WikiProject Radio
|(Rated Project-class)
|This talk page is automatically archived by MiszaBot II. Any threads with no replies in 6 months may be automatically moved. Sections without timestamps are not archived.
- 1 Lists of radio stations by frequency pages Disambiguation or List?
- 2 Request for input: The Monsters in the Morning
- 3 List of Australian Radio Broadcast Transmissions
- 4 Smooth Radio relaunch
- 5 AfC submission
- 6 {{Infobox amateur radio country}}
- 7 A useful resource
- 8 RfC: Naming of articles about an actor's roles and awards
- 9 Merge Wireless signal jammer into Radio jamming
- 10 Leaflet For Wikiproject Radio At Wikimania 2014
- 11 Notability of radio personality Ethan Bearman
- 12 RfC: Should Nikola Tesla's birthplace be changed?
- 13 Certain format of rock radio
- 14 Leaflet For Wikiproject Radio At Wikimania 2014 (updated version)
- 15 Help needed for expanding "years in radio" pages
- 16 Feedback sought on list of OTR American announcers
- 17 OTR research resources page posted; comments and additions encouraged
- 18 longwave radiation
- 19 WikiProject Radio: Linking Wikipedia's List of Internet Radio Stations To Actual Radio Broadcasts: So That The List Can Be Included As A Homepage
- 20 Comment on the WikiProject X proposal
- 21 Liberian radio stations
- 22 Splitting Radio
- 23 proposed merge discussion - electrical transcription
- 24 WikiProject X is live!
- 26 I want you to join
Lists of radio stations by frequency pages Disambiguation or List?[edit]
There are many pages listing radio broadcasts on different frequencies, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lists_of_radio_stations_by_frequency
Many of these, such as 88.0_FM are assessed as being Disambiguation pages - as logically they list articles of a 'similar' or 'connected' nature.
However are these truly disambiguation pages? As most of the time the individual articles have very different names (being the names of the radio services or their call-signs) so are these pages more correctly a 'list' page?
I recently assessed a few of these pages as 'disambiguation' - mainly following what seemed to be the current pattern. Another editor challenged this assessment. I can see both views having strong arguments to be adopted, so wish to get a wider view, as I think that there should be uniformity across the board here.
Philedmondsuk (talk) 18:38, 4 January 2014 (UTC)
Request for input: The Monsters in the Morning[edit]
See Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Monsters in the Morning (2nd_nomination). Please help generate discussion. Thank you. Levdr1lp / talk 12:54, 16 January 2014 (UTC)
List of Australian Radio Broadcast Transmissions[edit]
- G'day Guys
- I have limited experience on Wikipedia, but have been working on a new list for the last few weeks.
- Content is starting to look good (months of work ahead), but the format is terrible.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_radio_broadcast_transmission_characteristics
- Can someone please have a look at the article and tell me how to remove the negative comments at the start from an administrator.
- Also would appreciate some advice on how to format the article / list better.
- Specific question: how should I format a date range of say, before 1958 to after 1960?
- Specific question: the table of contents / list of sections at the start is massive, can I shift it to side by side (with content) to right?
- Samuel.dellit (talk) 06:31, 14 February 2014 (UTC)
- In your sublists there are a lot of ?? appearing. Are you going to be able to fill any of those dates in? Also we need to know where the information came from, ie references. Some clues may be in the ACMA2013 etc, but what does that mean? For your characteristics a table may be more compact. But where things have changed over time, perhaps you need multiple rows. What you have here is more than a list, but a history of technical characteristics. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 11:19, 4 March 2014 (UTC)
Smooth Radio relaunch[edit]
Hi, I'm looking for some advice on how to handle the relaunch of Smooth Radio, a UK station about to undergo a dramatic change. Smooth came about as a result of the merging of several regional stations into a national station in October 2010, but its owners are now taking it off the national DAB multiplex and returning to some regional programming. As Smooth will effectively no longer be a national broadcaster, my proposal is to start a new article covering the new format station(s), and perhaps to move the existing article to another title. I was thinking of something like Smooth Radio (2010) for the existing station and Smooth Radio (2014) for the relaunched one. Smooth Radio would then become a disambiguation page, and is likely to be the main search term for anyone looking for Smooth stations, so we could direct them to the appropriate article. Smooth's previous incarnations all have separate articles, and the page on the present station is a GA, so I don't really want to see it ruined with the addition of lots of information that may not necessarily be sourceable. I've mentioned this on the talk page, but thought it might be worth asking here for input. Your thoughts would be very much appreciated. Thanks, Paul MacDermott (talk) 19:45, 24 February 2014 (UTC)
AfC submission[edit]
I don't know if this would be a convenient list. Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/List of old-time American radio announcers. FoCuSandLeArN (talk) 17:47, 25 February 2014 (UTC)
- I think it would be useful. I posted some thoughts about it on your talk page. Eddie Blick (talk) 19:55, 20 July 2014 (UTC)
{{Infobox amateur radio country}}[edit]
Template:Infobox amateur radio country (edit | talk | history | links | watch | logs) has been nominated for deletion -- 126.96.36.199 (talk) 02:04, 4 March 2014 (UTC)
A useful resource[edit]
Not sure if anyone's mentioned this previously, but I was just told about Americanradiohistory.com, which has quite a lot of useful radio-related material on it. I thought it would be worth mentioning here in case anyone wants to check it out. Thanks Paul MacDermott (talk) 17:30, 9 March 2014 (UTC)
- American Radio History is a very good site. Among the more useful resources for those interested in old-time radio are directories/yearbooks and issues of publications such as Radio Mirror and Broadcasting magazines. It also has material related to other aspects of radio. Volumes can be browsed individually in PDF form. A site search engine will provide links to individual pages (PDFs) that include the search term.Eddie Blick (talk) 02:32, 18 July 2014 (UTC)
- Addendum: The ARH site is far from static. Material is added frequently, sometimes more than once per week, expanding the resources available. The Latest Additions and Updates page at [1] provides information about material that has been added recently.Eddie Blick (talk) 03:27, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
RfC: Naming of articles about an actor's roles and awards[edit]
Please see the RfC at Category talk:Filmographies#Naming of articles about an actor's roles and awards. Comments are welcome there. —sroc 💬 14:48, 15 April 2014 (UTC)
Merge Wireless signal jammer into Radio jamming[edit]
It has been suggested that Wireless signal jammer be merged into Radio jamming, see discussion here. Jonpatterns (talk) 18:49, 17 April 2014 (UTC)
Leaflet For Wikiproject Radio At Wikimania 2014[edit]
Are you looking to recruit more contributors to your project?
We are offering to design and print physical paper leaflets to be distributed at Wikimania 2014 for all projects that apply.
For more information, click the link below.
Project leaflets
Adikhajuria (talk) 14:20, 22 May 2014 (UTC)
Notability of radio personality Ethan Bearman[edit]
Is this person notable? davidwr/(talk)/(contribs) 01:13, 1 June 2014 (UTC)
RfC: Should Nikola Tesla's birthplace be changed?[edit]
An RfC Should Tesla's birthplace be changed? has been created. Comments are welcome.- MrX 15:43, 8 June 2014 (UTC)
Certain format of rock radio[edit]
I have heard of radio stations with a modern rock format that plays hard rock artists found on active rock stations like Metallica, Chevelle and Crossfade; artists found on alternative stations such as 311 and American Hi-Fi; and rock artists like O.A.R. and U2. Such stations like this do not play artists like Avicii or Lorde. What article would this fit in? Would this be considered a softer variant of active rock, an exclusively modern variant of mainstream rock, or a different variant of alternative? 126.96.36.199 (talk) 09:57, 21 June 2014 (UTC)
Leaflet For Wikiproject Radio At Wikimania 2014 (updated version)[edit]
Please note: This is an updated version of a previous post that I made.
Hi all,
My name is Adi Khajuria and I am helping out with Wikimania 2014 in London.
One of our initiatives is to create leaflets to increase the discoverability of various wikimedia projects, and showcase the breadth of activity within wikimedia. Any kind of project can have a physical paper leaflet designed - for free - as a tool to help recruit new contributors. These leaflets will be printed at Wikimania 2014, and the designs can be re-used in the future at other events and locations.
This is particularly aimed at highlighting less discoverable but successful projects, e.g:
• Active Wikiprojects: Wikiproject Medicine, WikiProject Video Games, Wikiproject Film
• Tech projects/Tools, which may be looking for either users or developers.
• Less known major projects: Wikinews, Wikidata, Wikivoyage, etc.
• Wiki Loves Parliaments, Wiki Loves Monuments, Wiki Loves ____
• Wikimedia thematic organisations, Wikiwomen's Collaborative, The Signpost
The deadline for submissions is 1st July 2014
For more information or to sign up for one for your project, go to:
Project leaflets
Adikhajuria (talk) 12:21, 25 June 2014 (UTC)
Help needed for expanding "years in radio" pages[edit]
As I have looked at Wikipedia's "years in radio" pages, I have noticed that many -- probably all, although I haven't checked nearly that many -- have much room for expansion.
If you aren't familiar with those pages, Table of years in radio gives links to the individual pages. Typically each page has sections for events, debuts of programs and births of people associated with radio. Each section consists of a bulleted list, so little writing is required.
I have begun trying to remember to add to those pages when I come across a program debut, a person's birth or something like that. If each of us who is interested in radio would add to the appropriate pages when we find relevant information, that could mean significant expansion without much extra work by anyone.
Including references when we add items will enhance the usefulness of the lists. Eddie Blick (talk) 02:59, 20 July 2014 (UTC)
Feedback sought on list of OTR American announcers[edit]
Just today I read a post higher on the page ("AfC submission")regarding a proposed article, Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/List of old-time American radio announcers. The article interested me because at one point I submitted a proposed article along the same lines. The critique includes the comment, "if the list is going to include names without associated Wikipedia articles, references will be needed to confirm who they are and why they belong on the list."
My question for this group is, "What kind of reference would be sufficient?"
- Inclusion in an OTR reference such as John Dunning's "On the Air"?
- Listing in one of the old radio directories/annuals/yearbooks?
- Something else?
My feeling is that a list like this one should include announcers who do not have articles on Wikipedia so that researchers can easily identify names of people about whom they might want to write. Eddie Blick (talk) 20:08, 20 July 2014 (UTC)
OTR research resources page posted; comments and additions encouraged[edit]
I have posted a page, User:Teblick/Online Resources for Old-Time Radio Research, listing online resources that I have found useful for writing articles on old-time radio. If you would like to comment on the resources listed there or add others, I will appreciate your help. Eddie Blick (talk) 14:43, 26 July 2014 (UTC)
longwave radiation[edit]
The usage of Longwave radiation (edit | talk | history | protect | delete | links | watch | logs | views) is under discussion, see talk:Outgoing longwave radiation -- 22.214.171.124 (talk) 08:32, 3 August 2014 (UTC)
WikiProject Radio: Linking Wikipedia's List of Internet Radio Stations To Actual Radio Broadcasts: So That The List Can Be Included As A Homepage[edit]
As the title of this presentation suggests, Wikipedia's "List of Internet Radio Stations" should link the individual Radio Stations listed, to the actual broadcasts...so that the List could then be included in one's Homepage! _And so, instead of having to enter each Station individually under a search engine, one could, instead, simply scroll to the desired station, and click on (maybe a box, or widget)! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 22.214.171.124 (talk) 08:02, 26 September 2014 (UTC)
Comment on the WikiProject X proposal[edit]
Hello there! As you may already know, most WikiProjects here on Wikipedia struggle to stay active after they've been founded. I believe there is a lot of potential for WikiProjects to facilitate collaboration across subject areas, so I have submitted a grant proposal with the Wikimedia Foundation for the "WikiProject X" project. WikiProject X will study what makes WikiProjects succeed in retaining editors and then design a prototype WikiProject system that will recruit contributors to WikiProjects and help them run effectively. Please review the proposal here and leave feedback. If you have any questions, you can ask on the proposal page or leave a message on my talk page. Thank you for your time! (Also, sorry about the posting mistake earlier. If someone already moved my message to the talk page, feel free to remove this posting.) Harej (talk) 22:47, 1 October 2014 (UTC)
Liberian radio stations[edit]
I've compiled a list of radio stations in Liberia from a variety of sources: see List of radio stations in Liberia.
Radio seems to be the most important mass media in the country at the moment, particularly local radio, due to the high level of linguistic fragmentation in the country. Does anyone have any more sources of information that could be used to improve this list, or any sources that might allow the creation of articles on any of these stations? -- The Anome (talk) 20:00, 2 November 2014 (UTC)
Splitting Radio[edit]
Please see here: Talk:Radio#non-communication radio. Thanks. Fgnievinski (talk) 16:16, 19 November 2014 (UTC)
proposed merge discussion - electrical transcription[edit]
anyone interested in old-time radio may be interested in a merge discussion at: Talk:Electrical transcription. Thanks! 78.26 (spin me / revolutions) 16:06, 7 January 2015 (UTC)
WikiProject X is live![edit]
Hello everyone!
You may have received a message from me earlier asking you to comment on my WikiProject X proposal. The good news is that WikiProject X is now live! In our first phase, we are focusing on research. At this time, we are looking for people to share their experiences with WikiProjects: good, bad, or neutral. We are also looking for WikiProjects that may be interested in trying out new tools and layouts that will make participating easier and projects easier to maintain. If you or your WikiProject are interested, check us out! Note that this is an opt-in program; no WikiProject will be required to change anything against its wishes. Please let me know if you have any questions. Thank you!
Note: To receive additional notifications about WikiProject X on this talk page, please add this page to Wikipedia:WikiProject X/Newsletter. Otherwise, this will be the last notification sent about WikiProject X.
Harej (talk) 16:56, 14 January 2015 (UTC)
Please see Talk:Krista Tippett and radio show On Being regarding these (COI) contributions: [2] [3] SandyGeorgia (Talk) 17:39, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
I want you to join[edit]
I started discussion topics in two articles, but no one is coming.
- Talk:Public broadcasting#Time for separate article for the situation in the USA: New, separate main article about public broadcasting in the U.S.
- Talk:Television advertisement#After the break: Commercial break is being redirect to television advertisement, but it also happens on radio. What should we do with ad breaks?


text:
You limited your search to:
Collection: Congressional Research Service Reports
Coast Guard Polar Icebreaker Modernization: Background, Issues, and Options for Congress
Date: December 5, 2011
Creator: O'Rourke, Ronald
Description: This report provides background information and issues for Congress on the modernization of the Coast Guard's polar icebreaker fleet, which performs a variety of missions supporting U.S. interests in polar regions.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans: Background and Issues for Congress
Date: January 6, 2012
Creator: O'Rourke, Ronald
Description: The planned size of the Navy, the rate of Navy ship procurement, and the prospective affordability of the Navy's shipbuilding plans have been matters of concern for the congressional defense committees for the past several years. The Navy's proposed FY2012 budget requested funding for the procurement of 10 new battle force ships. Issues for Congress include the appropriate future size and structure of the Navy in light of changes in strategic and budget circumstances, the sufficiency of the Navy's FY2012 30-year shipbuilding plan for achieving and maintaining the Navy's 313-ship goal, and the affordability of the FY2012 30-year shipbuilding plan.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
F-35 Alternate Engine Program: Background and Issues for Congress
Date: January 10, 2012
Creator: Gertler, Jeremiah
Description: On December 2, 2011, General Electric and Rolls-Royce announced that they were ending development of the F136 alternate engine for the F-35, ending what had been a contentious and long-running battle of funding versus research and development. This report discusses issues of having only one engine supplier for the F-35, as well as funding issues for the program.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
F-35 Alternate Engine Program: Background and Issues for Congress
Date: January 10, 2012
Creator: Gertler, Jeremiah
Description: This report discusses the past four years of administration proposals to terminate the program to develop the General Electric/Rolls-Royce F136 engine as an alternative to the Pratt & Whitney F135 engine that currently powers the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF). These proposals have been continually rejected by Congress. The Obama Administration's FY2011 budget submission against proposes to terminate the program. This report explores both sides of the termination argument.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
Alternative Fuels and Advanced Technology Vehicles: Issues in Congress
Date: January 19, 2012
Creator: Yacobucci, Brent D.
Description: Alternative fuels and advanced technology vehicles are seen by proponents as integral to improving urban air quality, decreasing dependence on foreign oil, and reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. However, major barriers—especially economics—currently prevent the widespread use of these fuels and technologies. The 112th Congress has debated alternative fuels and advanced technology vehicles directly and as it has addressed other key topics. On June 16, 2011 the Senate approved S.Amdt. 476 which would have eliminated the excise tax credit for blending ethanol in gasoline before its December 31, 2011 expiration date. Although the underlying legislation failed a cloture vote in the Senate, the amendment was approved 73-27. The prospects for further action increasing or extending biofuels and alternative fuels tax incentives may be limited in light of that vote.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
Iran's Threat to the Strait of Hormuz
Date: January 23, 2012
Creator: Katzman, Kenneth; Nerurkar, Neelesh; O'Rourke, Ronald; Mason, Chuck R. & Ratner, Michael
Description: Some officials of the Islamic Republic of Iran have recently renewed threats to close or exercise control over the Strait of Hormuz. This report explains Iranian threats to the Strait of Hormuz, and analyzes the implications of some scenarios for potential U.S. or international conflict with Iran, which include: outright closure of the Strait, harassment and/or infrastructure damage, and continued threat.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
Proposed Keystone XL Pipeline: Legal Issues
Date: January 23, 2012
Creator: Vann, Adam; Alexander, Kristina; Burrows, Vanessa K. & Thomas, Kenneth R.
Description: This report reviews those legal issues. First, it suggests that legislation related to cross-border facility permitting is unlikely to raise significant constitutional questions, despite the fact that such permits have traditionally been handled by the executive branch alone pursuant to its constitutional "foreign affairs" authority. Next, it observes generally that state oversight of pipeline siting decisions does not appear to violate existing federal law or the Constitution. Finally, the report suggests that State Department's implementation of the existing authority to issue presidential permits appears to allow for judicial review of its National Environmental Policy Act determinations.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
Navy Virginia (SSN-774) Class Attack Submarine Procurement: Background and Issues for Congress
Date: February 9, 2012
Creator: O'Rourke, Ronald
Description: This report provides background information and oversight issues for Congress on the Virginia class nuclear-powered attack submarine (SSN) program. The two Virginia-class boats requested for procurement in FY2013 are the final two in a group of eight covered by a multiyear procurement (MYP) arrangement for the period FY2009-FY2013. Issues for Congress include whether or not to approve the MYP arrangement request, whether to restore procurement of a second Virginia-class boat in FY2014, and the Virginia-class procurement rate in general.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
Keeping America's Pipelines Safe and Secure: Key Issues for Congress
Date: February 13, 2012
Creator: Parfomak, Paul W.
Description: Nearly half a million miles of pipeline transporting natural gas, oil, and other hazardous liquids crisscross the United States. While an efficient and fundamentally safe means of transport, many pipelines carry materials with the potential to cause public injury and environmental damage. The nation's pipeline networks are also widespread and vulnerable to accidents and terrorist attack. As it oversees the federal pipeline safety program and the federal role in pipeline security, Congress may wish to assess how the various elements of U.S. pipeline safety and security fit together in the nation's overall strategy to protect transportation infrastructure. Pipeline safety and security necessarily involve many groups: federal agencies, oil and gas pipeline associations, large and small pipeline operators, and local communities. Reviewing how these groups work together to achieve common goals could be an oversight challenge for Congress.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
Extraterritorial Application of American Criminal Law
Date: February 15, 2012
Creator: Doyle, Charles
Description: Crime is ordinarily proscribed, tried, and punished according to the laws of the place where it occurs. American criminal law applies beyond the geographical confines of the United States, however, under certain limited circumstances. A surprising number of federal criminal statutes have extraterritorial application, but prosecutions have been few. This may be because when extraterritorial criminal jurisdiction does exist, practical and legal complications, and sometimes diplomatic considerations, may counsel against its exercise.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department


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How to Win at Going Back to School
It's that time of year once again. School is back in session. Don't be so glum about it. There are plenty of ways to make sure you have a successful year at school. Here's our guide to winning this year.
It's that time of year once again. School is back in session. Don't be so glum about it. There are plenty of ways to make sure you have a successful year at school. Here's our guide to winning this year.
Very sad news to report, especially for fans of crime fiction and wonderful writers in general: Elmore Leonard, the author best known for books such as 'Get Shorty,' 'Out of Sight' and 'Jackie Brown' (all of which were adapted into fantastic films, of course), has died at the age of 87.
More sad news out of Hollywood today, following last week's loss of 'That '70s Show' actress Lisa Robin Kelly, as former 'Famous Jett Jackson' star Lee Thompson Young has been found dead at the age of 29. The former Disney Channel star had currently been appearing in TNT's 'Rizzoli & Isles,' while his death is believed to be suicide based on evidence at the scene.
Even in light of the genius flowing through 'The Big Bang Theory,' this seems like a no-brainer. Following a highly publicized guest turn as Sheldon (Jim Parsons)'s childhood hero Professor Proton, legendary sitcom star Bob Newhart has been announced to return for season 7 in a recurring capacity, but will anything prove different about his return role?
With enough money, you can pay two famous stuntwomen to reenact the epic chicken fight scene from 'Family Guy.' That's what happened here.
Yesterday, #BreakingBadBands took over Twitter for a while, and we got inspired. Unlike those awful times when #SavingItforBieber or whatever takes control, people were coming up with some genuinely awesome stuff. We decided we couldn't just let these ideas drift away, so we took some of our favorite 'Breaking Bad' bands, and made covers for the albums. Check 'em out!
Sad news for Hollywood and fans of former FOX sitcom 'That '70s Show' today, as we've learned that actress Lisa Robin Kelly has passed away at the age of 43. Kelly had been best known as the actress behind Eric Forman's (Topher Grace) sister, Laurie Forman, eventually being replaced in the role due to her notable off-screen personal difficulties.
It ranked among the sadder days in TV history when we finally said goodbye to Tina Fey's '30 Rock' after seven wonderful years, but our despair may already have been lifted. The former 'SNL' writer and '30 Rock' lead will return to NBC along with '30 Rock' co-showrunner Robert Carlock and writer-producer Colleen McGuinness for a brand-new female-centric workplace comedy, but how involved will Fey actually be?
It's no secret that 'Breaking Bad''s final premiere episode "Blood Money" knocked the socks off fans and critics alike, effectively doubling its viewership since last year's season 5 premiere "Live Free or Die." And while the AMC drama continues riding high in its final eight episodes, the web has responded in kind with a new Jimmy Fallon spoof in the works, and an animated adaptation of Badger (Brandon Mayhew)'s hilarious 'Star Trek' pitch!
As we lose a great anti-hero, and the show comes to an end, Walter White sing/speaks My Way.
Here's a nice little compendium of video and audio that will have you entertained and wistful at the same time
As explosive as the recent 'Sons of Anarchy' season 6 teasers have proven, it was high time FX roared out a full trailer for the next ride, no? SAMCRO faces civil war in the official full-length trailer for 'Sons of Anarchy' season 6, and all manner of new secrets and slugfests are revealed in the new footage.
Anyone who tells you spelling isn't important is wrong.


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Morrison County Genealogy Society
P.O. Box 385
Little Falls, MN 56345
2014-2015 Education Programs
Co-Presidents: Diane Zalasin 632-4411
and Diane Staricka 573-2447
Vice-President: Dan and Pam Girtz 632-4151
Secretary: Anne Brenny 468-0101
Treasurer: Patricia Quin 632-3360
Education: Judy Glaze 632-9181
Special Projects: Camille Warzecha 632-9383
Library: Dee and Stan Wielinski 632-
At-large Member: Jeanne McLeod 632-6747
At-large Member and Newsletter Editor: Bernie Haldenwanger 584-5988
Website: contact any of the above or
Dianne Staricka at firstname.lastname@example.com
Great River Regional Library and MCGS ~ Partner to bring you Free 'hands on' sessions in discovery of your family history at the Carnegie Library, 108 NE 3rd St. in Little Falls, MN.
Sessions - You're From Where?
March 10th Tuesday--- from 1 pm to 3 pm - use the library computers or bring your own laptop to search Census Records, Birth, Death, Military, Newspaper & more!
March 23, 2015 Monday 6-8PM continued Helping Guidance- It's our 'Help Your Neighbor ' program that evening - great opportunity regardless if you are getting started or trying to get past any brick walls you've encountered.
We are there for you!!~~! Everybody Welcome!
For Questions or sign up please call
program director Patricia Quinn at 632-3360
Please join us for the
Next Regular Meeting and Program -
"Google Genealogist"
Very interesting You Tube presentation by Devin Ashby on utilizing Google to help your research.
February 23, 2015 6 pm
Little Falls Carnegie Library
Carnegie Library at 108 NE 3rd St in Little Falls, MN
Thank you
Camille Warzecha & Judy Glaze
for your informative presentation comparing
Roots Magic and Family Tree Maker
at our Jan 27th meeting.
"It's all about learning to do your family history"
Join us!


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Reviews For Carhartt 2010GLASSES
This Product:
Carhartt: Clear Lens Safety Glasses 2010GLASSES
These sit comfortably on my face and I can work for hours without feeling the need to take them off. I recommend anyone who is looking for a pair of safety glasses to seriously consider this pair. So far I haven't had a single problem with them and foresee them to last me quite a while. At $10 and free shipping this is a no brainer!
Write A Product Review For This Product
Carhartt: Clear Lens Safety Glasses 2010GLASSES
All product review submissions are moderated. Only approved reviews are awarded rewards points. Make sure your review gets approved by following these guidelines:
- Please only write about the product that you are reviewing.
- Each review must be at least 200 characters. Extra punctuation & gibberish do not count.
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- Do not copy and paste from other websites. Plagiarized reviews are automatically rejected.


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ANNEX II ERASMUS INTENSIVE LANGUAGE COURSES 2010-11 - ORGANISING INSTITUTION'S INFORMATION FORM - INSTITUTION NAME: LESSIUS HOGESCHOOL ADDRESS: JOZEF DE BOMSTRAAT 11, 2018 ANTWERPEN COUNTRY: BELGIUM – FLANDERS EILC LANGUAGE DUTCH LEVEL COURSES ORGANISED: LEVEL I (BEGINNER) X NUMBER OF COURSES: 2 DATES: 6 SEPT – 24 SEPT 2010 WEB SITE HTTP://WWW.LESSIUS.EU/ENGLISH/EILC2.ASPX PLEASE NOTE THAT ALL STUDENT EILC APPLICATION FOR OUR EILC SHOULD BE SENT BY E-MAIL TO THE FOLLOWING ADDRESS: email@example.com; SEE ALSO HTTP://WWW.LESSIUS.EU/ENGLISH/EILC2.ASPX STAFF JOB TITLE / NAME ADDRESS, TELEPHONE, FAX, E-MAIL CONTACT PERSON DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED LANGUAGE STUDIES FOR EILC SINT-ANDRIESSTRAAT 2 2000 ANTWERPEN MR. JOOST VERSCHAEVE BELGIUM JOB TITLE TEL. +32-3-206 04 84 DEPT. LLP CO-ORDINATOR FAX +32-3-206 04 95 firstname.lastname@example.com RESPONSIBLE PERSON FOR THE PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED LANGUAGE STUDIES PROF DR FRIEDA STEURS SINT-ANDRIESSTRAAT 2 HEAD OF DEPARTMENT 2000 ANTWERPEN BELGIUM TEL. +32-3-206 04 91 FAX +32-3-206 04 99 firstname.lastname@example.com 1 PART I: GENERAL INFORMATION DESCRIPTION OF TOWN - SHORT HISTORY AND LOCATION After Brussels, Antwerp is the second largest city in Belgium, and the largest city in Flanders. Antwerp is known for its diamond industry and harbour. The city has about 470,000 inhabitants and is situated on the river Scheldt, some 30 km from the Dutch border. This makes it easy to go to Amsterdam for the weekend (2 hours by train), but also Paris (2 hours), Luxembourg (3 hours) and London (2 1/2 hours by train or 45 minutes by plane) are within easy reach. Antwerp is, of course, also a university town, where students from all over the country take courses at one of its universities or institutes of higher education in and around the city centre. Foreign students too quickly feel at home in Antwerp, where most of its inhabitants have at least a smattering of English, French and/or German. Ever since it became an important harbour and cultural centre (in the 16 th century), Antwerp has indeed been a metropolis, but it has managed to keep a relatively small-scale feel about it. The city centre is about 2 km across. Everything is conveniently within walking distance, a factor that largely accounts for its cosy atmosphere and liveliness. - MAIN LOCAL/CULTURAL EVENTS Antwerp is a city of theatre, music and film. Antwerp has an opera with its own orchestra, choir and annual repertoire. Alongside many small theatres, the city also has a municipal theatre company (Het Toneelhuis), operating from the Bourla Theatre, and a youth theatre (Het Paleis). "De Singel" is a centre with an international programme of contemporary art, theatre, dance and exhibitions. They all offer special youth prices. Programmes for events at all of the above are published in the newspapers and in local magazines or can be obtained by surfing to www.antwerpen.be. Tickets can be bought at Fnac, Tele Ticket Service (070/345 345) and the Uitwinkel EKU-ticketshop (03 213 86 60). The department of Drama, Music and Dance of the Hogeschool Antwerpen organizes a number of public student performances at very low prices. 2 HOW TO REACH TOWN (LINKS FROM THE NEAREST AIRPORT, TRAIN OR COACH STATIONS) By Air/ Antwerp - Deurne Airport is 7 km from downtown Antwerp. There are daily flights to London City, Amsterdam, Dublin and Geneva. Brussels Airport (Zaventem), the national Belgian airport is 40 km from Antwerp. From there you can get to Antwerp by train (see train) or by bus. On the Web: Antwerp Airport: http://www.antwerpairport.be/. Brussels Airport: http://www.brusselsairport.be/. (Prices (approx.): train €7,40; bus "airport express" €10,00; taxi: €70). By Train/ All international trains stop in Antwerpen-Berchem but not always in Antwerpen-Centraal: do check with the conductor. There is public transport from both stations to - near - all campuses (see website). Belgian Railways: http://www.b-rail.be/ A "city card" ( € 8,00) can be bought in all stations. This entitles you to make 10 tram or bus rides in town (it is valid one hour, and you may change trams or buses within the hour without extra charge). One single ticket bought on the tram/bus will cost € 1,60. - TRANSPORT IN TOWN (BRIEF INFORMATION ON THE MAIN MEANS OF TRANSPORT AVAILABLE) To campus Sint-Andriesstraat. ( click here ) From the Railway Station Antwerpen Centraal Inside the Central Station, you can descend into metro station "Diamant". You take tram 15 or tram 2, direction "Linkeroever" to the third stop, "Groenplaats". You take the left exit and come up at "Nationalestraat"; The fourth street on the right is "Sint-Andriesstraat". You report at reception (student administration) and ask for the departmental internationalization contact: Mr Joost Verschaeve. 3 SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE ORGANISING INSTITUTION The Lessius Hogeschool organizes education in six fields of study: Psychology (BA), Speech Language Therapy and Audiology (BA), Technology (BA), Applied Language Studies (BA & MA), Applied Engineering (BA & MA) and Business Studies (BA & MA). The Lessius Hogeschool is a member of the K.U.Leuven Association, the network around the Catholic University Leuven. Statistics: ±4.500 regular students and ± 800 degrees are awarded every year. The number of lecturers is about 180 FTE (Full-time employment equivalent). The department of Applied Language Studies, which organizes the EILC course, is situated on the campus Sint- Andriesstraat, in the centre of Antwerpen. The department provides a BA in Applied Language Studies and 4 MA programmes: - MA in Translation, - MA in Interpreting - MA in Multilingual Business Communication - MA in Journalism ACCOMMODATION - SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMMODATION OFFERED (HOTEL, APARTMENTS, STUDENT HALLS, OTHERS; IF THERE ARE COOKING FACILITIES) AND ON THE RENT TO BE PAID PER WEEK In Antwerp many individuals let rooms, bedsits and flats. Lessius Hogeschool itself does not have halls of residence, but does help exchange students find a place. We distinguish four categories of people to be lodged, EILC students who will be Erasmus student … : 1. … at an institute located outside Antwerp; 2. … in Antwerp, but NOT at the Lessius Hogeschool; 3. … at the Lessius Hogeschool, during 1 semester; 4. … at the Lessius Hogeschool, during the whole academic year. 1. EILC students who will be Erasmus students at an institute located outside Antwerp. We'd advise them to take a room at a youth hotel /hostel. An extensive list can be found at http://www.lessius.eu/english. Or they can rent a bedsitter (2 persons). The Antwerp educational institutions have developed a common accommodation service called KOTWEB. Student lodgings meeting certain requirements are registered on this site. Ask for a KOTWEB password at firstname.lastname@example.com. 2. EILC students who will be an Erasmus student in Antwerp, but NOT at the Lessius Hogeschool. Normally, the coordinator of the institute where you are accepted as an Erasmus student will help you find accommodation for the whole period of your stay in Antwerp. It does not make sense to take a room somewhere just for the period of the EILC course. First of all it is very difficult to rent a room for just 1 month. Moreover it is better to settle in immediately in the room that you will occupy the whole year / semester. 3. Erasmus students at the Lessius Hogeschool staying here during the first semester. As most of the Erasmus students stay only 1 semester I would advise them to try and take over the rooms of our Erasmus students who are abroad during the first semester. The list of the rooms available will be published on the website by mid - June. You're supposed to contact people on that list yourselves and make arrangments! 4. Erasmus students at this institute staying here the whole academic year. You can either take a room from one of our students going abroad during the first semester and then change rooms in February. (By that time it is easier to rent for one semester: quite a few students give up after a couple of months). Or you can take a room immediately for the whole year. Check at this website: www.studentkotweb.be or or contact your departmental coordinator. Ask for a KOTWEB password at firstname.lastname@example.com. 4 MEALS - SHORT DESCRIPTION ON THE SERVICES OFFERED (UNIVERSITY CANTEENS, RESTAURANTS, BARS, OTHERS) A new student restaurant was opened in September 2005. You can get all kind of sandwiches at reasonables prices. Between 12.00 and 14.00 hot meals are offered. (the typically Belgian "French" fries plus steak or a vegetarian dish). Students may, of course, also choose to eat in one of the many eateries around the hogeschool. Most student accommodation offers excellent cooking facilities too. RECEPTION OF STUDENTS - MEETING POINT (PLACE, DATE AND TIME OF FIRST MEETING - FOR EACH COURSE WHERE DIFFERENT) LESSIUS HOGESCHOOL DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED LANGUAGE STUDIES SINT-ANDRIESSTRAAT 2 (SEE MAP) 2000 ANTWERPEN FRIDAY, 3 SEPTEMBER 2010, 10.30 AM , ROOM 3.09 EXTRA MURAL ACTIVITIES - SITE VISITS Antwerp is mainly a city of art : several houses of old masters (such as the baroque painters Rubens and Van Dyck) have been restored and turned into museums. Among the most renowned museums there are : the diamond museum, the shipping museum, the Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Rubens" House, the Rockox House, the Plantin-Moretus Museum, the Mayer Van Den Bergh Museum, the Museum of Contemporary Art (MUHKA), the Provincial Museum of Photography, the Middelheim Open-Air Sculpture Museum. Other places of interest are the 15th century cathedral, the "Grote Markt" (market square) with its town hall, the Bourla Theatre, and many more. VISITS OUT OF TOWN : The major touristic cities of Flanders Are Brugge, Brussel, Gent (see Visit Flanders) - SPORTS FACILITIES (SWIMMING, TENNIS, GYMNASIUM; OPENING DAYS AND AVAILABLE INFORMATION) All information can be found at : http://www.studentsportweb.be Each Antwerp district its own sports centre or complex. Various municipal swimming pools are also open to the general public. In the city centre there is Zwembad Veldstraat (03/235.55.04 - 03/236.68.30): Monday: 9 am - 5 pm/ Tuesday: 9 am - 5 pm/ Wednesday: 9 am - 2 pm/ Thursday: 9 - 12 am;1 - 5 pm/Friday: 9 am - 5 pm/ Saturday: 9 - 11.30 am; 1 - 6 pm/ Sunday: 8 - 11.15am. For more information, please contact the "Gemeentelijke Sportdienst' (municipal sports department), Hofstraat 17, Antwerpen, tel. 03/220 86 80. There are several open-air pools in Boekenberg Park (Deurne) and on the left bank (Linkeroever). At the welcome meeting Student Services (STUVO) will inform the students about all possibilities at that particular moment 5 - ENTERTAINMENT (CINEMA, THEATRE, ETC.; BRIEF INFORMATION ON PLACES AND STUDENT FACILITIES) Film buffs should check out the "Metropolis" multiplex on the edge of town (Groenendaallaan 394, 2030 Antwerpen, info line 0900 352 40). It is easy to reach with public transport. There is also the "Gaumont" multiplex (on the De Keyserlei, tel. 03 227 17 66) and Cartoon's Programmes for all these events are published in the newspapers and in local magazines or can be obtained by surfing to www.cinebel.be. Tickets can be bought at Fnac, Tele Ticket Service (070/34 53 45) and the Uitwinkel EKU- ticketshop (03 213 86 60).. 6 Note: where more than one course is organised at each level, this form should be copied and completed for each course PART II: COURSE(S) DESCRIPTION COURSE NO: LEVEL: I: Beginner course X II: Intermediate course FROM... TO... PERIOD: 3 WEEKS 6 SEPTEMBER 2010 24 SEPTEMBER 2010 LANGUAGE COMPONENT - SHORT DESCRIPTION OF LANGUAGE COMPONENT: OBJECTIVES AND TEACHING METHODS We use the Multi-Media course "Vanzelfsprekend" for adult learners of Dutch, developed by the 'Instituut voor levende talen' of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Catholic University Leuven, Belgium). It is a complete Dutch language study package. It can be used as a self-study course or for the classroom approach. Vanzelfsprekend is a thorough and comprehensive course that covers the complete range of skills: listening, reading, writing and speaking. The supporting material reflects everyday life in Flanders. The obvious advantage of Vanzelfsprekend is that the user can study at his own pace. The study package design is systematic and well-organised, consisting of units that can be covered in one session. Basically the course is divided into 2 main sections of 5 parts each. Parts 1 to 5 provide an elementary vocabulary of some 1000 words and the basic Dutch structures. Parts 6 to 10 present all the language functions, grammar and another 1000 words to help the user to an intermediate level. Supporting material: video, textbook, workbook, cassettes, glossary and appendices with lists of irregular verbs. The VIDEO is conceived as a tv-show and functions as the first step in learning process. It contains 3 sections smoothly integrated by a presenter: 1. a soap, introducing the new speech acts and vocabulary in natural contexts; 2. a grammar section that serves as an introduction to the structural aspects; 3. a documentary section which focuses on some socio-cultural aspects of Flemish and/or Belgian society. The TEXTBOOK contains 10 parts of 7 lessons each. The lessons are further subdivided into smaller units. Each unit contains either dialogues or a text. The lessons are further subdivided in into smaller units. Each unit contains either dialogues or a text. The dialogues have been recorded on accompanying CASSETTES. They can be used for listening comprehension practice but also as examples for imitation. Each unit is followed by summary boxes (speech acts, grammar, words, language functions). The summary boxes refer to the WORKBOOK. The units in the workbook review and practise the language from the textbook. Students also use the PC's available in our study centre to exercise on their own. We use the software "Go Dutch", a language course on CD-rom; developed by the "Instituut voor Levende Talen", K.U.Leuven (Belgium) in collaboration with the "Universitair Talencentrum", Universiteit Tilburg (the Netherlands). - SUBJECT-SPECIFIC LANGUAGE ELEMENTS YES X NO (e.g. special modules for students in particular disciplines) IF YES, SPECIFY: 7 Note: where more than one course is organised at each level, this form should be copied and completed for each course - DURATION TOTAL NUMBER OF CLASSES 75 h. HOURS IN CLASSROOM 60 h. HOURS OF PRACTICE CONVERSATION/LANGUAGE LABORATORY 15 h. OTHER (PLEASE SPECIFY) - ASSESSMENT (SPECIFY IF THE ASSESSMENT IS MADE BY WRITTEN/ORAL EXAMINATION, ASSIGNMENT, ETC.) Assessment of the 4 skills: listening, reading, writing and speaking according to the standards of the exams of Dutch as a foreign language 'Certificaat Nederlands als Vreemde Taal' of the Nederlandse Taalunie. COURSE FACILITIES - TEACHING AIDS X AUDIO/VIDEO MATERIALS X COMPUTER/SOFTWARE X HANDOUTS/PRINTED TEXTS X TRANSPARENCIES OTHER : (SPECIFY) - LIBRARY YES X NO IF YES, SPECIFY: TIMES M: 10AM-6PM -- T: 8AM-6PM -- W: 8AM-6PM -- TH: 8AM-6PM -- FR: 8AM-5.30PM OPENING DAYS ALL WEEK ADDRESS SAME CAMPUS - LANGUAGE LABORATORY YES X NO IF YES, SPECIFY: TIMES SAME AS LIBRARY OPENING DAYS ALL WEEK ADDRESS SAME CAMPUS COST NONE CULTURAL COMPONENT - SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE CULTURAL ELEMENTS INCLUDED IN THE COURSE: OBJECTIVES AND TEACHING METHODS (see above) The supporting material reflects everyday life in Flanders. the documentary section of the video units focuses on socio-cultural aspects of Flemish/ and or Belgian society. We link this material with our visits to Brussels, Brugge en Ghent. - DURATION TOTAL HOURS OF ACTIVITIES 12 h. TEACHERS AND SUPPORT STAFF 8 Note: where more than one course is organised at each level, this form should be copied and completed for each course NUMBER OF...: TEACHERS 2 ADMINISTRATORS 1 STUDENTS 2 9
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Starting October 8, the West end branch will be known as the 149th Street branch. Please update your home branch on the top right corner of the home page at servus.ca.
You will also notice the new name on your statements. The name change does not affect your accounts or any of the banking services we offer our members.
We can help you with all of your banking needs. Our branch provides a full line of products and services for your life or your business. Need an account? We can help. Want to buy a house? Ask about our mortgages. Running a business? We have banking solutions for that too.
Staying close to the people we serve allows us to adapt quickly to meet the needs of our members. We make our banking decisions locally, with an understanding of our community's economic environment.
Have a great banking experience today.
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Investment Specialist,
149th Street
Marta believes every person should have a plan that they understand. Her priority is ensuring members are getting the best possible advice. When you work with Marta you'll get up to date and relevant information about your financial position.
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Free Chicken Hill Productions MP4 Video Download
Chicken Hill Productions - Ride'n & Smoken Hq
I do not own this songs or any copyrights.
Chp Anthem(chicken Hill Productions)
Vid of playing the CHP Anthem,shout out goes to the man himself Chicken.
Chicken Hill Productions - We Here Ft. Young Ren, Mr. Peebodie, Dee, Psyph, Bear & Young Collage
Check out this video "We Here" from Chicken Hill Productions - Worldwide premier video for the "SAW" Ft. Doja Clik, Wizard Wun and Brotha Lynch coming tomorrow! (Edit: it wasnt a worldwide...
8 18 Woofers Shaking The Concrete + B Legit At Chicken Hill Studio
visit my site: http://www.stevemeadedesigns.com/board As you might know by now, Chicken and Hallway Productions have been working on a west coast collaboration for over a year now. It is...
Chicken Hill Productions - Chp Anthem 2
All Credit goes to original artists. SteveMeadeDesigns/Forum/Tunez/The Chicken Hill Productions Mixtape.
Chicken Hill Productions - Ride'n & Smoken
All Credit goes to original artists. SteveMeadeDesigns/Forum/Tunez/The Chicken Hill Productions Mixtape.
Chicken Hill Productions The Saw Ft. Wizard Wun, Brotha Lynch Hung, Doja Clik
BUY THE SINGLE! Search "Chickenhill Saw" on itunes! If you bought it, let us know in the comments! The Chicken Hill Productions album is almost finished......this is a video for the song SAW...
Wet Dolphin From Chicken Hill Productions Speaker Excursion
I like the song Wet Dolphin From Chicken Hill Productions so much that I made a video of the Speaker excursion even at lower volumes there is noticeable excursion.
chicken Hill Anthem 2 -f- Turf Talk, Dee, Ren Da Heatmonsta, Billboard Bear (official Video)
"Chicken Hill Anthem 2" -f- Turf Talk, Dee, Ren Da HeatMonsta, Billboard Bear Produced By: Dee Hallway Productionz Directed by: Zar The Dip Chicken Hill Productions/Hallway Productionz 2013.
Chicken Hill Productions, We Here And Chp Anthem
2 Sundown audio SA 12s.
Smd Featured Music - Psyph swagg Out Hallway chicken Hill
another track by your boy Psyph from Hallway and Chicken Hill Productions......spittin a cool song called swagg-out...... www.myspace.com/psyph or myspace.com/chickenhillproductions.
Chicken Hill Productions On My 62 Watt System
chickens hills song wet dolphin on my wmp with my lil 62 watt speaker system hooked up it bangs but not hard enough fer me.
Hill Productions - More Chicken (part1)
Subscribe and Comment. Add Jeremiah on Facebook: http://facebook.comjeremiahhill528 Directed by Jeremiah Hill Written by Jeremiah Hill http://youtube.com/jeremiahhill015 Audio Angela Hill...
Chp - Wet Dolphin.
Chicken Hill Productions Myspace - http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewProfile&friendID=390891629.
Streaming Live, From Chicken Hill Studio - Hwp, Chp, Smd + Big Bass Demo - Tahoe 4 18's 30kw
Friday night up at Chicken Hilliganz Island - streaming live on U stream. We had 430 or more people that day and if you were lucky you got to see Brotha Lynch Hung spittin on the mic - as...
Playing The New Chicken Hill Project Album
Just out on a cruise to listen to the new Chicken Hill Project album. --System info-- Factory Bose radio. Stock 140amp alternator. 1 run of Positive and Negative Audio Technix 1/0 front to...
Wc - Ridin & Smokin Ft. B-legit, Brotha Lynch Hung & C Plus
Off The Chicken Hill Project! https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/the-chickenhill-project/id580251614.


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Two-Way Split by Allan Guthrie Reviewed by Geoff Nelder June 2004 Short listed for the CWA Debut Dagger award Published 2004 by PointBlank Press ISBN 1-930997-49-3 available from Amazon at £9.99 This is a fast action thriller where the reader is taken on a bloody rollercoaster ride, inhabiting the chill, fear and urgency of the characters. Forget Rankin for your crime A2Z of Edinburgh, this is the guide you need to avoid the nastiest of the sleazy bars, forbidding massage parlours and hellhole apartments. Witness Princes Street in a new dark light even when crowded with shoppers. Pearce, a convicted murderer fresh out of jail has to work off a debt by collecting debts when his mother is killed in a post-office raid. He lusts after revenge but the plot twists as the robbers have their own gut-wrenching and murderous subplot. It isn't just guns blazing and affectionate words cut into the stomachs of the dying, there's enough braiding and weaving of plot to keep your intellect warm too. Written in active voice there isn't a phrase that doesn't take the reader along with the plot, utilising all your senses – almost too much colour, too much olfactory involvement. This is the place for original metaphors. My favourite: Someone was knitting a jumper with his intestines. Excellent. This is the nearest thing a law-abiding person will come to experience beatings and killings without bloodying yourself although I don't say you might not wet yourself. Don't read it by yourself: you need company to keep yourself sane. Any writer or reader of gutsy crime must read this compelling book. Well done Al. Although Al Guthrie is pretty much on his own within the Crime Noir genre, if I had to point at the nearest author then Richard Stark's The Hunter comes to mind. Geoff Nelder
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Acrylic on wood panel 35×22cm (Original Sold)
This was a commisioned piece of a coffee shoppe in NY. The client supplied me with some snapshots of the shoppe (which is a landmark in its neighborhood) and I compiled the best ones, added the walking couple to give the painting a personal touch….in the end the client was very pleased, which pleased me!
Thanks for the submission into
Escher and Perspective Art Group
18 October 2010
very nicely done wahini……………..
thanks so much!
– nancy salamouny
He should be pleased, every single detail you did is wonnnnnderful. Love everything. Great painting. Instant favorite. xooxoxoxo
Also congrats for features…. Love it.
A lovely, natural scene!
Love the tonalities and the perspective too!
thanks dorina for taking a peak and leaving a comment!
– nancy salamouny
homey feel
they have to be very happy with this love art work
they are… and so am I…thanks
– nancy salamouny
Nice work.
:) thank you sally
– nancy salamouny
Beautiful work nancy .
Excellent congrats x


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Jets favor Leinart over Ferguson
The Jets want QB Matt Leinart, but don't expect them to trade up from No. 4, writes Todd McShay.
Updated: April 26, 2006, 5:35 PM ETBy Todd McShay | Scouts Inc.
According to a source, the Jets are far more interested in USC quarterback Matt Leinart than they are leading people to believe. They have attempted to play it cool recently, but the organization came to a near consensus that Leinart is the top quarterback prospect after working out all three of the top prospects (Leinart plus Texas' Vince Young and Vanderbilt's Jay Cutler) during a six-day span more than a week ago.
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Todd McShayScouts Inc.
- ESPN College Football and NFL Draft Analyst
- Joined ESPN in 2006
- Played quarterback in high school and was a backup QB for the University of Richmond.
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Loose or worn suspension and steering components can cause a wobble or shaking in the steering wheel. It may happen at a certain speed and subside as the vehicle accelerates through the range. Tire balance can contribute to this as well.Google+
Car Problem Reports
Jeep Wrangler Loose/Worn Suspension/Steering Components May Cause Wobble in Steering Wheel
Jeep Wrangler Problem
Model Years Affected: 1991, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013
Average Mileage: 79,790 mi (35,000 mi - 141,000 mi)
Visitor, 2008 Jeep Wrangler, 40,000 mi
I have had my 2008 Jeep Wranglerfor almost a year and in Dec 2012, it started the death wooble. I took it to Planet Offroad and they changed the stabilizer bar for an after market part, rotated tires and did an allignment. After just (1) week, the jeep continued to do the DW. I took it back and they re-adjusted the stabilizer bar, rotated tires and did the front end allignment agian and (1) week later here I aam agin with the DW. This is a serious matter and it makes me sick that Chrysler won't take responsibility for this dangerous proble. I'm terrified to drive the highway going 60 just knowing at any moment the DW will start, if I go past 60, possible 70 I'm afraid it's going to happen and I'll loose control and die. This is a serious issue and something has to be done, obviously, no one seems to know how to fix this proble. How many deaths is it going to take for Chrysler to step up and take responsibility. I how no idea where to go from here, who can actually guarantee that they can fix this problem so I don't have to be terrified every time I hit 60
Visitor, 2007 Jeep Wrangler, 80,000 mi
Very scary wobble, only way to stop it is to come to an almost complete stop.
jpgrl02, 2002 Jeep Wrangler, 85,000 miRookie
Mine starts to shake between 50-55mph
Visitor, 2005 Jeep Wrangler, 45,000 mi
I've been getting the 'Death Wobble' on and off for a couple of years; At it's worse, you feel like you will lose control of the vehicle. It seems to happen whenever going 55-60 mph; The first time this happened, it turned out I just needed one new tire and to have all rotated and balanced. This solved the problem immediately and was ok for about a year and a half.
The next time it happened, A mechanic replaced a part that was to 'stablilize the steering wheel" - I can't remember what it was called, but I do remember it was at least $100. It did NOT solve the problem but it didn't shake nearly as much for about 2 weeks. Then the Death wobble came back, even worse, which I didn't think was possible.
So since the first time was due to a tire and rotating/balancing - I had tires checked, was told ok, but could use a rotation and balance. I figured Walmart could do that for less, so that's what I did. Walmart rotated and balanced for a cost; this made it much worse. I took it back to fix them and they charged me again! Then I came to my senses and I took my jeep to Discount tire where they fixed it right the first time I had this problem on the first try. They did not charge me anything. When they did this, it stopped the wobbling immediately. It's been about a month and it's now starting to wobble just a little bit when I'm going about 56 mph, but not nearly as bad as it was.
Now I'm not sure what to do -
Visitor, 2002 Jeep Wrangler, 120,000 mi
Steering wheel was shaking during braking from highway speeds or after hitting a bump. I had ball joints and the steering shock (can't remember the exact name) replaced.
Beenee, 2007 Jeep Wrangler, 42,000 miRookie
Death wobble at around 45 to 55mph. Did a tire rotation and balance. Has happened 4 to 5 times in 7 years. Tires have nothing to do with the problem because it happened again shortly after I had the work done. I'm checking into this agin since it recently happened again.
Visitor, 2005 Jeep Wrangler, 141,000 mi
Had same problem twice. Front end alignment and tire rotation didn't cut it. It has now become the indicator that I need to replace all 4 tires and it will go away. From what I heard this issue still exists on new Jeep Wrangler 4X4 as well
jpsully, 1995 Jeep Wrangler, 114,000 miRookie
The steering wheel has play in it and when I tried to pull out of the driveway to the left it felt like it wanted to sway to the right.Doe's anyone what mght cause this. Thank You!Jim. email@example.com
Visitor, 2007 Jeep Wrangler, 60,132 mi
minor vibration felt in the steering wheel when riding on uneven or slightly bumpy paved roads.
Visitor, 2007 Jeep Wrangler, 50,000 mi
Bad wheel wobble if crossing ridge in freeway at freeway speeds.