text:
A solar cell panel is fabricated by photoetching a pattern of collector grid systems with appropriate interconnections and bus bar tabs into a glass or plastic sheet. These regions are then filled with a first, thin conductive metal film followed by a layer of a mixed metal oxide, such as InAsOx or InSnOx. The multiplicity of solar cells are bonded between the protective sheet at the sites of the collector grid systems and a back electrode substrate by conductive metal filled epoxy to complete the fabrication of an integrated solar panel.
1. A method of fabricating an integral solar cell panel containing a multiplicity of solar cells, which comprises:
forming an etched pattern of a multiplicity of solar cell collector grid systems with accompanying interconnection and bus bar tabs into a transparent, environmentally stable protective sheet;
depositing a layer of conductive metal into the etched regions of said protective sheet followed by a layer of a transparent conductive mixed metal oxide or metal oxide;
forming a pattern of conductive areas with accompanying interconnection and bus bar tabs corresponding to the collector grid systems and interconnection and bus bar tabs of said protective sheet on a substrate as a backelectrode for said solar cell panel; and
bonding a multiplicity of solar cells between said protective sheet and said backelectrode substrate such that the position of said cells in the fabricated panel correspond to the positions of said collector grid systems on said protective sheet and the conductive areas on said backelectrode substrate.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said solar cells of said panel are selected from the group consisting of silicon polycrystalline wafers; circular, rectangular, hexogonal and square shaped silicon single crystal wafers; thin film cadmium sulfide polycrystalline cells; gallium arsenide polycrystalline cells, gallium arsenide single crystal wafers; thermoelectric thin film p-n junction semiconductor cells, thermoelectric metal - semi-conductor junction devices, thermoelectric metal-metal couple devices and thermionic diode devices.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said protective sheet is a glass or plastic sheet.
4. The method of claim 1, which further comprises: forming said pattern in said protective sheet by applying a layer of photoresist to a sheet and covering said photoresist layer with a mask having said pattern of a multiplicity of solar cell collector grid systems with accompanying interconnection and bus bar tabs;
exposing said masked sheet to a source of activating radiation;
dissolving the unhardened areas of said photoresist layer under the opaque portions of said mask thereby forming the desired pattern in said photoresist layer; and
etching the exposed portions of said protective sheet, thereby forming an etched image of said pattern in said protective sheet.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein said etched portions are at least one millimeter in depth.
6. The method of claim 4, which further comprises:
depositing a layer of conductive metal in the etched regions of said protective sheet; and
depositing a layer of mixed metal oxide of metal oxide on the conductive metal in said etched regions of said protective sheet.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein said mixed metal oxide layer or said metal oxide is formed by depositing a layer of mixed metal or metal on said conductive metal in said etched regions of said protective sheet, and then oxidizing said mixed metal layer or metal layer by exposing said metal layer or mixed metal layer to an oxidizing atmosphere containing oxygen.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein said mixed metal or metal layer is a mixture of indium-tin, or indium-arsenic or tin.
9. The method of claim 6, wherein said mixed metal oxide layer is an indium oxide-arsenic oxide or indium oxide-tin mixture or tin oxide and is of a thickness of about 10 μm.
10. The method of claim 6, wherein said conductive metal is gold, copper, tin, titanium or silver of a thickness of about 250 μm.
11. The method of claim 1, which further comprises bonding said multiplicity of solar cells to said protective sheet and said backelectrode substrate by:
applying conductive metal filled epoxy adhesive to said collector grid system, interconnection and bus bar tabs on said protective sheet;
applying a conductive metal to said patterned area of said thermally shrinkable plastic or the surface of said cells which will be in contact with said thermally shrinkable plastic;
applying conductive metal filled epoxy between said solar cell wafers and said thermally shrinkable plastic;
applying heat and pressure to said cells positioned between said protective sheet and said backelectrode substrate to shrink said backelectrode substrate to provide secure conductive contact of said cells with said collector grid systems and said backelectrode, and to provide secure contact between the interconnection and bus bar tabs on said protective sheet and said backelectrode substrate.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein said thermally shrinkable plastic is a film of polyethylene, polypropylene, a polycarbonate or a polyester.
13. The method of claim 11, wherein said conductive metal epoxy is an epoxy resin containing silver, gold, nickel, copper or titanium particles of a size and quantity sufficient to possess a volume resistivity of 1 � 10-4 to 1 � 10-5 ohm-cm.
14. An integral solar cell panel prepared by the process of claim 1.
15. An integral solar cell panel containing a multiplicity of solar cells, which comprises:
a protective sheet having collector grid systems, interconnection and bus bar tabs etched into one surface thereof wherein the etched regions contain a first thin film of conductive metal and a superposed layer of transparent, conductive mixed metal oxide or metal oxide;
a backelectrode substrate having conductive areas corresponding to said collector grid systems and interconnection and bus bar tabs of said protective sheet; and
a multiplicity of solar cells sandwiched between and in conductive adhesive contact with said protective sheet and backelectrode substrate such that said cells are positioned between the mutually opposing collector grid system of said protective sheet and the conductive areas of said backelectrode substrate and such that mutually opposing interconnection and bus bar tabs on said protective sheet and backelectrode substrate are in firm contact in order to form a complete electrical network of said cells in said panel.
16. The solar cell panel of claim 15, wherein said protective sheet is a glass or plastic sheet.
17. The solar cell panel of claim 15, wherein said transparent mixed metal oxide or metal oxide layer is formed of an indium oxide-tin oxide mixture, an indium oxide-arsenic oxide mixture or tin oxide and is of a thickness of about 10 μm.
18. The solar cell panel of claim 15, wherein said conductive metal is gold, copper, tin, titanium or silver of a thickness of about 250 μm.
19. The solar cell panel of claim 15, wherein said adhesive contact is provided by a conductive metal filled epoxy adhesive having a volume resistivity of 1 � 10-4 to 1 � 10-5 ohm-cm.
20. The solar cell panel of claim 15, wherein said backelectrode substrate 15 a sheet of a thermally shrinkable plastic material of polypropylene, polyethylene, a polycarbonate or a polyester.
21. The solar cell panel of claim 15, wherein said solar cells of said panel are selected from the group consisting of silicon polycrystalline wafers, circular, rectangular, hexagonal and square shaped silicon single crystal wafers, thin film, cadmium sulfide polycrystalline cells, gallium arsenide polycrystalline cells, gallium arsenide single crystal wafers, thermoelectric thin film p-n junction semiconductor cells, thermoelectric metal - semi-conductor junction devices, thermoelectric metal-metal coupled devices and thermionic diode devices.
The invention described herein was made by an employee of the U.S. Government and may be manufactured or used by or for the Government without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a simplified and more integrated approach for fabricating solar energy panels for the large scale generation of electric power by a fully automated procedure. More particularly, the present invention relates to an automated method of fabricating solar panels whose conversion efficiency is at least as great as any panels now assembled by hand.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Solar panels have been prepared in the past by a variety of techniques and are generally characterized by containing a multiplicity of solar cells supported on a suitable support material. Each cell is provided with electrodes for the transport of current generated by incident photons, and is conductively interconnected with the other cells of the panel so that all of the current generated by the individual cells is collected and available to perform work. U.S. Pat. No. 3,780,424 shows a silicon cell solar array in which a series of solar cells are provided with grid systems which in turn are connected to bus bars for the collection and distribution of electric current. The solar panels are formed by supporting the cells on a polyimide substrate via a layer of adhesive material such as fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer. A protective cover layer of fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer is also provided. U.S. Pat. No. 3,658,596 shows a solar cell modular assembly in which silicon photovoltaic cells are fused between two sheets of fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer wherein the solar cells are provided with negative grids and collectors. U.S. Pat. No. 3,849,880 discloses a method of fabricating a solar cell array in which individual solar cells are positioned on preprinted areas of a substrate by an adhesive. A region of the bottom of each cell is not coated with adhesive in order to leave portions thereof available for the attachment of interconnectors. The complicated procedure further requires that the substrate must be prepunched so that apertures are available at positions of contact of an interconnector and the bottom of each cell. Electrical interconnectors must then be slid into position such that they touch the top electrode of at least one cell and the base electrode of an adjacent cell. The interconnectors are then welded directly to the top electrodes and through the prepunched apertures in the substrate to the base electrodes. These prior art techniques have the common disadvantage that they are too costly and complicated to permit the facile commercial production of solar panels for use in industrial, commercial and residential power applications. Moreover, none of the prior art techniques of fabricating solar panels are fully automated, which is a factor which increases the cost of production of solar units.
The individual solar cells which are commonly formed are heterojunction and Schottky barrier devices. Examples of heterojunction devices include Ga1-x Alx As-GaAs, ZnSe-GaAs, GaP-Si and ZiS-Si devices. Solar cells of the Ga1-x Alx AS-nGaAs type are commonly fabricated by liquid phase epitaxy, while nZnSe-pGaAs devices have been fabricated by both liquid phase epitaxy and vapor growth. While the LPE formed ZnSe-GaAs device exhibits low conversion efficiency, the device exhibits good spectral response characteristics at high photon energies which verifies the theory that the recombination velocity should be low at the heterojunction. Epitaxial ZnS-Si and GaP-Si heterojunction devices can be fabricated by a number of methods. However, in the preparation of these devices the Si substrate must be cleaned of surface oxide. Moreover, at the temperature of fabrication of the GaP-Si devices, a major problem encountered is the cracking of the GaP layers created by the stress caused by the thermal expansion difference between GaP and Si.
Schottky barrier devices are the simplest types of solar cells to prepare in that they only require an ohmic contact on the back of the devices and a transparent metal at the front. The transparent metal film is usually deposited by evaporation and is usually of an expensive noble metal such as platinum, gold, silver or the like. Another type of heterojunction or Schottky device which is receiving attention is a device which has a transparent conductive glass of a material such as In2 O3, SnOx, ZnO or the like. The oxide layer is highly transparent, usually above 90% for layers several thousand angstroms thick. Several devices on this order have been made using SnO2 on Si and GaAs substrates but their efficiencies have been low, probably caused by the poor quality of the SnO2 films. However, Anderson, Glass-Si Heterojunction Solar Cells, NSF RANN Report: HER 74-17631, July, 1975 has reported In2 O3 and SnO2 coated silicon semiconductor devices wherein the SnO2 coated device achieved an efficiency of 10%. SnO2 coated devices are commonly prepared by evaporating or sputtering Sn onto a substrate and then oxidizing with oxygen. Alternatively, an SnCl4 film can be oxidized. Dubow et al. (Colorado State University) have reported In2 O3 silicon solar devices which have conversion efficiencies of 3.3%.
The difficulty with the prior art solar cell devices is that the solar panel arrays are formed by fabricating and placing individual cells within a panel and then coupling all of the cells into conductive relationship by soldering or welding all interconnection wires or metal strips followed by some form of protective covering. Thus, the prior art procedures are multi-step techniques, and because of the relative complexity of the preparative procedures, the resulting panels are relatively expensive. A need, therefore, continues to exit for a fully automated method of producing solar cell panels which would be industrially advantageous, thereby leading to decreased costs of production.
Accordingly, one object of the present invention is to provide a method which permits the fully automated assembly of solar panel devices.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a cheaper method of fabricating solar cell devices than is provided by non-automated techniques of assembling solar cell panels.
Briefly, these objects and other objects of the present invention as hereinafter will become more readily apparent can be attained in a method of fabricating an integral solar cell panel containing a multiplicity of solar cells by forming an etched pattern of a multiplicity of solar cell collector grid systems with accompanying interconnection and bus bar tabs into a transparent, environmentally stable protective sheet; depositing a layer of conductive metal into the etched regions of the protective sheet followed by a layer of a conductive mixed metal oxide; forming a pattern of conductive areas with accompanying interconnection and bus bar tabs corresponding to the collector grid systems and interconnection and bus bar tabs of said protective sheet on a substrate as a backelectrode for said solar cell panel; bonding a multiplicity of solar cells between said protective sheet and said backelectrode substrate such that the position of said cells in the fabricated panel corresponds to the positions of said collector grid systems on said protective sheet and the conductive areas on said backelectrodes substrate.
A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 shows a typical pattern of a mask employed in the photoetching of a glass or plastic sheet used as the protective covering for a panel of solar cells;
FIG. 2 is a cross-section of a portion of the etched protective glass or plastic sheet of a solar panel showing the profile of the structure of a collector arm of a collector grid system;
FIG. 3 shows a typical pattern of a mask employed in the photoetching of a plastic substrate used as the backelectrode substrate for a panel of solar cells;
FIG. 4 is a cross-section of a portion of a completed solar cell panel showing the binding of solar cell wafers between front and back protection sheets; and
FIG. 5 is an example of a completed solar cell panel within the scope of the present invention.
In the fabrication of a single solar panel by the method of the present invention, wherein a series of panels are grouped together to form an array of panels, a glass or clear, protective plastic sheet is cleaned by any one of a number of conventional processes after being cut to a size suitable for a solar panel. The methods by which the plastic or glass sheet is cleaned are well known with the objective to completely remove grit and grease from the surface. Usually, a series of wash steps are employed with semiconductor grade solvents and the washing is sometimes conducted in ultrasonic tanks. Suitable solvents employed in the washing steps include acetone and methanol. The sheets are usually washed with deionized water, and in some instances discharge, ion bombardment or thermal desorption can be employed to remove residual water from the sheets and residual gas molecules prior to the vacuum deposition processing. The type of plastic material employed as a sheet is not critical with the only requirements being that it must be transparent to light and stable to environmental conditions; i.e., it should possess good weatherability. Suitable plastic materials include the polymethacrylic esters, polyacrylic ester and the like. The cleaning of the glass or plastic sheet is conducted so that the surface of the sheet will receive a layer or coating of a photosensitive of a photoresist. The photoresist generally is applied to a thickness of 25 μm to 250 μm (0.001 in. to 0.01 in.). The precise thickness of the photoresist layer applied will depend upon the collector grid line width selected for any given solar cell design. The important factor which determines the dimensions of the collector grid system is to provide an adequate low resistance collector which is able to conduct the current generated by the solar cell and the array without Joule heating and thus loss of energy. The collector grid system should only occupy on the order of several percent of the total surface area of each solar wafer so that as much as possible of the area of each solar cell wafer is available for photelectron generation. The choice of photoresist is not a critical factor and any well known photoresist can be used. The photoresist is usually applied to a substrate by automated systems by liquid spraying, roll coating, screen printing or the like. A representative method of applying a photoresist coating involves baking a substrate for about 1 hour at about 200� C under an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen. After the substrate is permitted to cool under an inert atmosphere, the resist is applied and then prebaked under an inert atmosphere at about 80� C for about 30 minutes under an infrared lamp. The film it then exposed to light through a mask having the desired pattern to be formed in the photoresist for about one second to a 200 watt high pressure collimated laboratory UV lamp. The exposed resist is then developed by removing unhardened photoresist with a conventional developer such as KTFR developer for about 40 seconds and then is sprayed with the developer. Common solvents for unhardened photoresists include petroleum distillates, trichloroethylene and n-butylacetate. The resist is then postbaked for about 1 hour at about 150� C under an inert atmosphere. After inspection of the developed image for quality of reproduction, the substrate is then etched or receives a coating as desired, for example, a sputtered metal oxide film may be applied. The residual polymerized photoresist film is then dissolved from the substrate using a conventional solvent which removes hardened resist such as xylene. A suitable etchant which is also useful for etching silicon is a 7:1 NH4 F:HF mixture which is used at 30� C for 6.25 minutes for each micron depth of etching desired.
A mask is prepared which defines a pattern of a series of solar cells collector grid systems with accompanying interconnection tabs and bus bar tabs, and is placed over the photoresist coating on the glass or plastic sheet. A typical pattern is shown in FIG. 1 which describes a series of areas 1 each having a collector grid system 3. Portions 5 correspond to tabs which provide for the eventual electrical interconnection of all solar cell wafers in a row. One solar cell area at one of the ends of each solar cell row is provided with a portion 7 which corresponds to bus bar connection tabs of the completed panel. The photoresist coating material can be a standard positive or negative type of resist in which the portions of the resist exposed to light are either hardened or resist polymerization. The masked sheet is then exposed to activating radiation such as ultraviolet light from a suitable source for a time sufficient to form the desired image.
The mask is removed and the unhardened portions of the photoresist layer are removed by washing the layer with any well known conventional solvent for the removal of unhardened photoresist such as n-butylacetate, petroleum distillates, trichloroethylene and the like. Such commercial developers include Kodak KTFR, Dupont's "Riston" and the like; thus etching the image of the mask into the resist layer. The sheet is then cleaned.
After cleaning, the patterned sheet is exposed to an etchant which etches the collector grid pattern, interconnection tabs and bus bar tabs into the glass or plastic sheet. Glass sheets are commonly etched through the patterened photoresist film with hydrofluoric acid solutions, while if a plastic substrate such as an acrylic material is used, it can be similarly etched with an organic carboxylic acid such as acetic acid solutions. The concentration of acid in any of the etchant solutions is not critical and can be any concentration desired. FIG. 2 shows a small cross-section of the glass or plastic sheet 30 containing an etched groove 31 in which is deposited the various layers for the fabrication of a conductive lead of the collector system of a given solar cell. In the etching process, no matter what type of sheet 30 is used, the grooves 31 which are etched into the sheet 30 are on the order of at least one millimeter in depth, although this depth is not absolutely critical. A thin layer of conductive metal 33 is then deposited by cathodic sputtering, RF sputtering or a vacuum evaporation technique into the groove 31 to a depth which is about one quarter of the total depth of the groove. In other words, the depth of the conductive metal layer 33 is about 250 μm in thickness. The conductive metal deposited in the etched grooves should be compatible with an n-type layer on the top surface of the solar cell adjacent the glass or plastic sheet 30. Suitable conductive metals for layer 33 include silver, titanium, copper, tin and gold, although the cheaper metals of copper and aluminum are preferred. After deposition of the conductive metal, the photoresist layer is completely removed from the sheet by washing the sheet with an appropriate solvent. The same types of conventional solvents described above for removing hardened photoresist materials are used in this step to remove the photoresist. The etched sheet is cleaned of any remaining resist as well as extraneous metal with conventional solvents.
Continuing to refer to FIG. 2, the cleaned sheet is ready for the application of a conductive film of a mixed metal oxide material 35. It should be explained at this point that while the depth of the initially etched groove 31 ranges up to about 1 millimeter, the width can vary as desired and is not critical. A mask containing a series of holes each of a size sufficient to accomodate a solar cell is placed over the etched and conductive metal filled sheet such that the surface areas on the sheet corresponding to each solar cell is exposed through a hole in the mask. The mask may be fabricated from metal or plastic, and the holes in the mask are of the conventional size for solar cell discs. A thin layer 35 of mixed metal oxide is then applied through the holes of the masks onto the substrate which covers all of the surface area of the solar cells, as well as the interconnection and bus bar tabs. The mixed metal oxide layer 35 formed over the cells and in the grooves is about 10 μm in depth. This means that as far as the grooves are concerned, about one-quarter of the original depth of the grooves is filled with conductive metal layer 33 and mixed metal oxide layer 35. The remaining approximately three-quarters of the depth of the grooves is then subsequently filled with conductive epoxy 37 to complete filling of the grooves and to aid in the bonding of the solar cell wafers to the sheet 30. In one method of the deposition step, the mixed metal oxide film 35 having the desired conductivity characteristics is deposited by RF sputtering of the mixed metal oxides without further oxidation or processing. Suitable mixed metal oxides include an indium-tin oxide or indium-arsenic oxide, or even SnO2 itself. In another method of deposition, the metal oxide film 35 which coats the conductive metal is formed by the application or deposition of metal film such as by vacuum evaporation, followed by oxidation of the metal film 35 or by the deposition of tin chloride with subsequent oxidation of the tin chloride to tin oxide. Suitable metals which can be deposited on the conductive metal layer include indium-tin, indium-arsenic, tin and the like. The deposited metal is then oxidized by an oxygen containing gas such as air, inert gas-oxygen mixtures, moist air and the like, at a temperature sufficient to promote oxidation, such as about 300�-400� C. The same oxidizing atmosphere can be used to oxidize the deposited tin chloride. In actuality, many techniques can be used to deposit and apply the metal oxide layer to the conductive metal layer since the technique used is not critical.
The type of substrate 30 used, i.e., whether glass or plastic, also is a factor in determining the method employed for the formation of the metal oxide film on the conductive metal film 33 of the collector system. Therefore, codeposition of metals to form a metal film which is subsequently subjected to oxidation and cathodic (DC) sputtering of a metal film followed by oxidation at high temperature can be conveniently used for glass substrates. Glass can tolerate the deposition of a metal or mixture of metals and the subsequent heating to high temperature to form the metal oxide film. On the other hand, plastic substrates may not be able to withstand the high oxidation temperatures employed. Consequently, RF sputtering of the metal oxide may be a technique of choice for plastic substrates. The same masking techniques may be employed regardless of the type of substrate employed.
In an alternative method of providing the sheet 30 with a conductive mixed metal oxide coating in the desired areas, the sheet is coated with a layer of photoresist in the conventional manner. A mask provided with holes which correspond to the grid pattern on the sheet is placed over the photoresist layer, and the masked layer is subjected to a source of activating energy such as ultraviolet radiation. The unexposed, unhardened regions of the photoresist layer are then dissolved and washed from the layer by a suitable solvent, thereby forming a pattern of opened regions over the sheet 30 which correspond to the positions of the subsequently applied silicon wafers. After development of the pattern in the photoresist layer, the mixed metal oxide layer is formed on the sheet as described above, and thereafter, the photoresist layer is removed and the sheet is cleaned.
In the techniques described above for providing the integrated solar panel with a conductive mixed metal oxide layer, the conductive metal oxide layer is formed in a manner such that it becomes an integral part of the glass or plastic sheet. An alternative to this situation would be to make the mixed metal oxide an integral part of each solar cell before they are attached to the glass or plastic sheet to complete the fabrication of the overall solar panel. In the alternative embodiment, solar cell wafers of nominal size are provided with masks which expose all portions of the surfaces of the wafers to be coated except the outer periphery of each cell. Alternatively, the wafers can be coated with a photoresist which is then exposed to light and developed such that only the outer periphery of each cell is coated with hardened photoresist. A layer of mixed metals such as indium-tin or the like as described above can then be deposited to a thickness described above by a conventional technique such as vacuum deposition on each wafer. The deposited layers can then be oxidized in the manner described above to form a conductive mixed metal oxide layer on each wafer.
After the sheet has been cleaned of extraneous mixed metal oxide in the conventional manner, the etched grooves in the sheet are completely filled with conductive metal containing epoxy, which include the interconnection tabs and bus bar tabs which correspond to pattern portions 5 and 7 of the pattern shown in FIG. 1. The metal containing conductive epoxy in the grooves not only acts as the means of bonding each individual solar cell to the glass or plastic sheet 30, but also is the principal conductive component in each groove of the collector grid system. By simply filling each groove of the collector grid system with metal containing epoxy from the surface by any convenient means such as a squeegee, sufficient epoxy is present to bond the solar cell wafers to sheet 30. The metal filled epoxy can also be applied by silk screen techniques. In earlier solar cell technology, metal filled epoxy resins were used as a means of fastening a metal screen collector to solar cell wafers. Excess expoxy in these cases was simply removed by a squeegee having the surface above the grooves free of epoxy. The metal filled epoxy resin per se is a conventional material having a volume resistivity of about 1 � 10-4 to 1 � 10-5 ohm-cm and contains an extremely high content of metal particles on the order of about 98%. If too much epoxy is present in the composition, insufficient contact between metal particles will result, thus lowering the conductivity of the conductive epoxy. The type of epoxy used in such a conductive epoxy composition is not critical. Suitable metal particles which are dispersed throughout the epoxy base include gold, silver, nickel, copper and titanium of a content and particle size sufficient to yield a metal filled epoxy having the above volume resistivity characteristics. In the bonding of the solar cells to the protective sheet, the device can be baked up to temperatures of about 400� C to sinter the particles of the epoxy layer so that conductive contact between the particles is increased. Alternatively, the conductive epoxy layer can be formed by photoetching methods in which the sheet is coated with a photoresist layer and then exposed to activating radiation such as ultraviolet light through a suitable mask. After removal of the imaged area of the photoresist in the conventional manner, the grooves are filled with the conductive epoxy. The conductive epoxy serves several functions one of which is to act as a parallel electrical conductor in conjunction with the transparent mixed metal oxide coating and the deposited metal pattern previously desposited in the grooves. The epoxy coating also functions to make a long lasting contact between the solar cell wafers and the previously deposited layers which form the conductive network of each solar panel prepared.
Further discussion is warranted concerning the solar cell wafers which are bonded to the conductive networks etched and fabricated in the glass or plastic sheet. It should be apparent that the size and shape of the wafer can be of any size and shape such as circular, square, rectangular, or the like. It is therefore apparent that the shape of the silicon wafer used will influence the shape of the patterns etched in the plastic or glass sheet or substrate 30 since the conductive pattern must fit integrally with the wafers used. The wafers can be prepared by any common conventional technique and therefore, the method of preparation is not critical. In one embodiment, a conventionally prepared cylindrical polycrystalline silicon ingot is cut into a series of circular wafers. The ingot can be diffused with an appropriate p-type dopant such as boron as the polycrystalline ingot is being formed. Alternatively, a non-diffused ingot can be sliced into wafers and thereafter the wafers can be diffused with dopant, cleaned and etched in the standard manner. However, the former procedures is preferred. The surface of each wafer which will become the backside of the solar cell when integrated in the panel can then be coated with aluminum by vacuum deposition for a backside contact and then sintered, or it can be coated with an aluminum particle epoxy paste. All of this is conventional technology in the preparation of solar cells.
Since a wide variety of epoxy resins can be employed as the basis for the conductive metal filled epoxy binder, the hardening times and conditions vary as a function of the epoxy, the type of hardener and accelerator used, the setting temperature, and the like. Thus, it is possible to use metal filled epoxies which will set up almost immediately at ambient temperatures to those which will not set for several hours and/or at elevated temperatures. In the attachment of the silicon wafers to the front or topside glass or plastic sheet 30 having the conductive metal grid network, a conductive epoxy can be employed which sets up rather rapidly. Late in the process when electrical connection is made on the back of the wafers, a heated platen can be employed, to assure that the plastic backing shrinks properly and that proper electrical contact is made between the conductive backside of the wafers and the conductive epoxy by bonding the metal areas on the shrinkable plastic to the projecting metal tabs on the front glass or plastic sheet as well as to the rear contact surface of the solar cell wafers.
After the application of the conductive epoxy in the grooves in the etched sheet, solar cell wafers are set into place in perfect register over each collector grid pattern on the sheet by a conventional mechanical technique. Once the conductive metal epoxy sets-up, the wafers are firmly held in place on the front side sheet. A completed panel is prepared by applying the conductive metal filled epoxy to the rear surface of each wafer and the applying a backelectrode substrate. This completes the bonding of the wafers to the interconnections.
The backelectrode substrate is prepared from a sheet of the desired size of a thermally shrinkable plastic such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polyesters, or polycarbonates. The thermally shrinkable plastic may be compounded over a wide range of melting temperatures. The characteristic feature of heat shrinkable films is that during manufacture, they are stretched in one or more directions. Biaxially oriented films stretched in two directions at right angles in the plane of the film tend to exhibit "memory" for the previously unstretched state because upon heating, they shrink to their original dimensions. An adhesive may optionally be used to aid in the bonding of the plastic backing to the front glass or plastic sheet. The types of thermally shrinkable materials described above and apparatus used in the application of these materials are well known, conventional items. The substrate of plastic material is coated with a photoresist layer and a mask is applied of a pattern which defines the shape of the wafers bonded to the protective glass or plastic covering sheet as well as interconnective channels between wafers. An example of a suitable pattern is shown in FIG. 3 wherein the open areas 10 define the areas of a plurality of solar cell wafers. Portions 11 correspond to tabs which protrude from each wafer and make eventual electrical connection with the metal tabs which protrude from the topside of the solar cell wafers corresponding to portions 5 in FIG. 1. Portions 12 correspond to bus bar connections on the rear of the solar cell wafers which make electrical contact with the bus bar connections from the top surface of the wafers corresponding to portions 7 in FIG. 1. The masked substrate is then exposed to activating radiation such as ultraviolet light and unhardened areas of the photoresist layer are removed by a conventional technique. A conductive metal which is compatible with a p-type layer on the rear surface of the solar cells such as aluminum, or silver, is deposited on the thermally shrinkable plastic sheet in the exposed areas of the photoresist in a pattern of the shape of the solar cells used along with the areas which define the interconnection tabs. The thermally shrinkable plastic sheet is then sealed to the backsides of the wafers by applying conductive metal epoxy to the metal film in the metallized regions of the plastic sheet and then aligning the plastic film on a heated platen and sealing the thermally shrinkable plastic to the wafers and front plastic or glass sheet with the application of heat, dielectric or ultrasonic bonding. Heat is applied in a vacuum environment to exclude air and entrapped moisture from the panel and to properly shrink and seal the plastic thermally shrinkable backing to the wafers and the glass or plastic protective sheet. The back plastic film is contoured over the wafers thereby making contact with the front glass or plastic sheet and then interconnections are made with the metal filled epoxy to complete electrical and mechanical assembly of the solar panel. It is also possible to coat the rear surface of each solar cell with the conductive metal to a depth sufficient to provide suitable back side conductivity, and then bond the plastic backing sheet to the wafers via conductive metal filled epoxy. FIG. 4 shows a cross-section of a portion of a completed solar cell panel showing the front glass or plastic sheet 30 containing embedded metal interconnections 5' which correspond to pattern interconnection tabs 5 as well as grid portions 3' which are formed as explained in detail earlier with reference to FIG. 2. Solar cells 20 are bonded to the front plastic or glass sheet by metal filled epoxy and thermally shrinkable rear plastic sheet 41 containing metallized areas 10' and 11' corresponding to the areas 10 and 11 of the pattern of FIG. 3 is also bonded to the solar wafers and front sheet by conductive epoxy.
The completed panels are then connected to bus bars either in series or in parallel for whatever electrical arrangement is desired as shown in FIG. 5 for example. FIG. 5 shows a completed panel wherein collector grid systems 3' of solar cells 20 are in continuous electrical connection via interconnections 5' and 11'. All of the rows of cells are connected in series by bus bar connectors 7' and 12', and are completely integrated in the circuitry of other panels by a main bus bar.
The types of solar cells which can be used in the method of the present invention are not critical, and any photovoltaic or thermoelectric cell can be used. Suitable solar cells include silicon polycrystalline wafers of any shape; circular, hexogonal, square, or rectangular shaped single crystal silicon wafers; thin film cadmium sulfide polycrystalline cells; polycrystalline cells, and single crystal wafers of gallium arsenide; thermoelectric thin film p-n junction semiconductor cells; thermoelectric metal - semi-conductor junction device; thermoelectric metal - metal couple devices and thermionic-diode devices.
The present method of fabricating solar cell panels can be completely automated. A significant advantage of the present solar panel system is the use of transparent conductive coatings in conjunction with metal and epoxy conductors to improve the current collection efficiency of the solar panels. Another advantage is that problems associated with the lifetimes of charge carriers at the collection surface can be avoided. That is, by using a transparent metal oxide conductive film over the entire surface of the solar cell wafer exposed to light energy, the photoenergized electrons are free to move directly to the collection grid system and do not have to move substantial distances through the bulk of the semiconductor to widely spaced grid bars unsupported by adjunct collecting layers. Consequently, solar cell silicon with shorter lifetimes may be effectively utilized and recombination losses minimized. By the present method, the surface and back collectors for each cell and interconnections can be formed separate from the cells themselves until the panel is ready to assemble. The conversion efficiency of the panels produced by the present method is at least as great if not greater than the conversion efficiency of any type of solar panel assembly now manufactured by hand. It is therefore believed that an entire solar energy system has been devised which is cost-competitive with conventional power-generating systems. Because the panels prepared by the present method have small surface area requirements, the panels may be used in the fabrication of electrical power sources for residential use either as a primary or adjunct energy system.
Having now fully described this invention, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth herein.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Original Image


text:
Reputation list incomplete. Missing older entries.
Which Web Browser is Best?
Quiz; Can you guess this movie? V9
Hello to you all.
RESEED - I need Seeders or a Re-Seed PLEASE! V2
Glorious Springfield
Technical maintenance (March, 17)
Kickass.to domain back
Merry Christmas!
Blog 40 /The Official KAT Magazine
Mental Illness: The Silence and the Stigma
Happy 2015 Torrent Day!!! New Cheevo - Here's How!!!!!
It is better to be under-rated by people than to be over-rated.
VA - HAPPY TORRENTS DAY - Official Soundtrack 2015 (NOW AVAILABLE)
Short 'n Sweet
big booty+black
dance with my father
aiden starr
project professional
jessy addams
lets play doctor xxx
the real housewives of beverly hills s05

subset: commoncrawl


text: Zippo Jack Daniel's No. 7 Lighter & Flask Gift Set has been discontinued by Zippo and is no longer available. Our product experts have helped us select these available replacements below. You can also explore other items in the Camping Gear, Lighters categories yourself to try and find the perfect replacement for you!


text:
Rhody cultivars that are more adaptable to slightly alkaline soil
Probably a long shot but curious if there are any cultivars that may perform better in alkaline soils than others.
Suggestions sure would be appreciated!
I have an area that is somewhat protected, shaded, very well drained sand.
A great deal depends on how alkaline the soil is. If it's significantly above 6.0, raised beds with acid soil would probably be necessary. 'Cunningham's White' is one cultivar that reportedly does quite well in soil in the 6.5 to 7.5 range. For this reason, it's widely used for grafting understock in Europe.
It might also be worth trying some of the tough, ultra hardy and very adaptable varieties such as PJM, the U of Minnesota azaleas, David Leach hybrids, etc. Sandy soil, as long as it has some water holding capacity - this is one time the addition of peat to the soil may be advisable - works well for many rhododendrons.
'Cunningham's White' is the only cutlivar I have right now, lol.
The new growth looks good but it might be getting too much afternoon sun while it continues to get established.
The UW soil lab told me 6.5 to 7.5 is technically the neutral zone. Anything above 7.5 and the plant must be alkaline adaptable. I'm at 7.4.
A neighbor down the road has a PJM and the foilage color looks good but its quite thin even with several hours of morning sun. Problem with this plant is that I don't really like the color for some reason.
I read up on some of the Leach selections, so thanks for the recommendation.
Agricultural sulfur works for growing blueberries, here in Madison, WI. I'm sure it would work with rhodies, as well. You can find it at farmers co-ops where they sell fertilizer and seed. A typical amendment for Wisconsin soil would be one cup, scattered around the shrub, on the surface, but under the mulch. No additional sulfur should be added, until a soil pH test is done.
In Germany, they graft many varieties on alkali tolerant root stocks which are usually 'Cunningham's White' or a relatively new series of root stocks called 'Inkahro'. They are typically good down to a pH of 7.5. A friend of mine in the Philadelphia is doing grafting of hard to root varieties for the Philadelphia Chapter of the ARS, but I am not aware of any grafted rhododendrons in the trade.
Here are some 'high' pH tolerant rhododendron varieties:
Rcv. 'Cunningham's White',
Rcv. 'Dora Amateis',
Rcv. 'Myrtifolium',
Rcv. 'PJM' and other PJM type rhododendrons.
Here are some alkali tolerant deciduous azaleas:
R. atlanticum,
R. arborescens,
R. prinophyllum,
R. periclymenoides,
R. viscosum 'Watergirl'
Rcv. 'Irene Koster
Rcv. âÂÂLemon Drop',
Rcv. 'Rosata',
You can also use a raised bed and acidify the soil in the raised bed. Beware, if you have alkaline soil, you may also have alkaline water. Rain water is nearly always acidic and an excellent option for rhododendrons.
Here is a link that might be useful: Raised Beds
If you don't care for the flower color of PJM, there are other plants from the same breeder that have slightly different shades of red and pink with less purple. Ones I have seen in person are Olga Mezitt, sometimes sold as just Olga, which is more pink and has more olive foliage, and Landmark, which flowers a deep reddish pink and has red tints to the foliage. Aglo is supposed to be more pink as well, though I haven't seen that one in person.


text:
HELLO! Fashion, fashion and lifestyle magazine
Oscar de la Renta stuns with a little help from John Galliano
With "designer-in-residence'" John Galliano ready to make his return to the runway for the first time since his dismissal as creative director of Christian Dior in 20011, the eyes of the fashion world were firmly on the Oscar de la Renta show at New York Fashion Week.
While the designer did not make a cameo appearance, Mr Galliano's presence was felt throughout the stunning theatrical display.
Oversized cloche hats, reminiscent of those worn on Dior's 2008 runway, referred to his love of exaggerated headgear, while the Galliano silhouette came through with a series of layered chiffon sheer skirts, plunging necklines and belted waists –
Also stealing the limelight was an array of striking ball gowns. In teal, shocking pink and violet, the creations were adorned with intricate lacework and gold embroidery.
The Times reported that the designer and his colleagues spent hours "leading a seminar in how to tie the belts properly", while the show's make-up artist Gucci Westman mentioned John's input several times while taking reporters through the show's beauty look of waves, smoky eyes and berry pouts.
Oscar de la Renta had some company as he took his bow on the runway, with supermodel Karlie Kloss helping him to close the show. Model of the moment Cara Delevingne also had a starring role on the catwalk, modelling a intricately embroidered black and gold skirt ensemble, fur stole and pink gloves.
The veteran designer recently opened up about his decision to invite John to work with him in the run-up to New York Fashion Week. "I like him very much," he told New York Magazine, adding: "The years I was doing Balmain in Paris, I went many times with Anna [Wintour] to his shows."
He added that was Anna who suggested the pair join forces: "When Anna asked me if I would have John in my studio, I said yes. I also believe that everyone should have a second chance, especially someone as talented as John. And he worked so hard on his recovery."
Asked whether John's role in the studio would continue beyond New York Fashion Week, he was uncertain. "I would love for him to stay. Will he? I cannot tell you that today. Because we haven't gone that far in really discussing it."
- These are the opinions of our visitors, not hellomagazine.com
- You are not allowed to post comments that are libellous or unlawful
- We reserve the right to remove comments that we consider off topic
- Please keep to the subject
- Please try to write without spelling errors. Before posting a message please check it is correct: comments with no mistakes are more likely to be published.
- Please do not publish messages written entirely in capital letters.


text:
- Pilgrimage to nowhere
There has long been an ambivalence about the man who was both the ultimate betrayer and the means by which God's plan was fulfilled. The author of a new book visits the lonely place where the renegade apostle took his own life
- Editorial
- Features
- Columnists
- Home News
- World News
- Parish Practice
- Notebook
- Letters
- Letters Extra
- The living Spirit
- Puzzles
- Books
- Arts
- Classifieds
- Imitate Jesus' humility and service, pope says at Palm Sunday Mass, and looks forward to next World Youth Day
- Cushley says O'Brien damaged Church's credibility as new allegations emerge
- German cardinals row over pastoral care of divorced and remarried
- Priests and bishops latest to say English missal translation needs overhaul
- At last, a Grand Mufti taking extremists to task Archbishop Michael Fitzgerald
- Sepp Blatter has scored an own goal taking on religion Jimmy Burns
- The new Missal has failed Bishop Donald Trautman
The Vatican has refused to extradite a Polish archbishop who was accused of sex abuse while serving as papal nuncio in the Dominican Republic.
In a statement the Holy See said that Archbishop Jozef Wesolowski was a citizen of the Vatican, and that Vatican law did not allow for his extradition.
The District Prosecutor's Office in Warsaw had requested the clarification, Polish news agency thenews.pl reported today, adding that the Holy See was pursuing its own investigation against the Archbishop.
Archbishop Wesolowski was dismissed as papal nuncio in the Dominican Republic in August last year and was recalled to the Vatican, where is currently believed to be living. He and a Polish priest, Father Wojciech Gil, have been accused of sexually abusing young boys.
The Dominican Republic's Attorney General last year sent case files concerning Archbishop Wesolowski to Poland and files concerning Fr Gil to the Vatican.
Archbishop Jozef Wesolowski, Vatican ambassador to the Dominican Republic from 2008 until 21 August, is pictured celebrating Mass in Santo Domingo in 2009 Photo: CNS


text:
17 Comments
This creep shot is fantastic.
17 Comments
This creep shot is fantastic.
Pingback: Tweets that mention GEORGIA HOLY SH!T -- Topsy.com
Girls in Yoga Pants is a blog that covers the highly important topic of girls in yoga pants.
"Girls in yoga pants -- I think that's hotter than girls being naked." - Howard Stern, 2010


text:
Mayor Feeds the Homeless
POSTED: Thursday, November 25, 2010 - 9:12am
UPDATED: Monday, November 29, 2010 - 2:01pm
EL PASO - A feast to beat all feasts at the El Paso Convention Center today.
Mayor and Mrs. John Cook hosted their annual Thanksgiving Dinner for the homeless and needy.
Hundreds of people turned out to enjoy what is probably their best meal of the year.
300 volunteers served up 300 turkeys and all the fixings.
Mayor Cook has hosted this dinner for the past five years.
Comments News Comments
It's a kind jesture, but it's important to note, this is treating a sympton, and not a cure, a job for these gentle souls.
how much time did he spend cooking the food?


text:
Montessori Children
This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) ... Show synopsis This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1915 edition. Excerpt: ... the great silence Montessori Development of Repose It was an amazing fact, but a significant one, that four-year-old Joanina had never been allowed to feel herself. As she lay in her carved-wood cradle, a bundle of cooing, pink delight, she felt for her toes, that she might assure herself of her own identity as represented in those wriggling lumps of flesh. But Joanina's mother bound the little limbs in swaddling bands and the bambino lost her toes temporarily. When she was a bit older, and was allowed to bask, kitten-like, on a rug in the garden path, she was charmed to hold her flowerlike baby hands up to the light, watching the Roman sunshine trickle through outstretched fingers as she tried to count them. But, always, her emotional, kindly intentioned madre would toss a bright-colored ball into the reaching hands or, bending over the baby, would play pat-a-cake with her, or she would suggest a romp up and down the garden. Her self-imposed quiet was always interrupted by her mother's unrest. As Joanina grew to a slim little girl of Italy, whose great, wistful brown eyes reflected a large curiosity and awe at the surprises of the world in which she found herself, she was daily surrounded by forces that drew her away from herself. Her home was full of glaring colored pictures hung on vividly dyed wall paper. Her mother and father talked together in high-pitched, shrill voices, and through the wide casement windows came the harsh sounds of traveling street musicians and brawling venders. Always, as a treat on Sunday or a festa, Joanina was taken to see a procession or to a band concert in one of the parks. The crowded, hot stone streets, the noisy cracking of the cab-drivers' whips, the struggle to make her own short legs keep up with...
Reviews of Montessori Children
Be the first to
write a review
Love it or loathe it?


text:
Unreal 2 "No Objectives" Fix (German Only)Oct 19, 2014 Patch 0 comments
This fix/patch is only for the german Version: Mit diesem Fix/Patch werden bei der deutschen Version die Missionsziele im Missionslog (Standardtaste "F4...
Developed by Legend Entertainment (Wheel of Time, Unreal Mission Pack: Return to Na Pali), Unreal II - The Awakening is a single player experience. It is designed to immerse you in a living, breathing world of stunning, yet menacing beauty.
The game takes the concept of the first person shooter and drops it into the middle of a Hollywood Sci-Fi blockbuster movie of Epic proportions.
The story unfolds through high intensity combat missions linked by a narrative framework of in-game scripted sequences. Each mission will feature a different tactical situation, including hostage rescue, civilian escort, assault on an enemy base with a squad of friendly troops, defense of a structure or area against attacking enemy waves, stealth infiltration and reconnaissance, or more traditional FPS search and destroy sorties.
With the Unreal Editor software bundled once more, one can expect many game mods as people create their personalized Unreal universes.
Latest tweets from @epicgames
RT @FortniteGame: Meet Chickenbomb, our Storm Chaser spotlight player. We're so glad to have him in our #FortniteAlpha community: T…
10hours 5mins ago
RT @utgame: Don't forget our live stream today @ 2:00 EST! New Epic map, community map review & an announcement from Steve.
15hours 19mins ago
RT @GameCrate: Unreal Tournament 4: Interview with Steve Polge of Epic Games T.co T.co
Mar 31 2015, 8:23am
RT @ChAIRGAMES: #Tencent officially reveals #InfinityBlade Saga, coming in 2015 to #Xbox and mobile devices in China! T.co
Mar 30 2015, 3:26pm
RT @UnrealEngine: More on our $20,000 Big Data VR Challenge: T.co T.co
Mar 28 2015, 11:08pm
Check out some of our concept artist Drew Hill's amazing portfolio on @Kotaku! T.co T.co
Mar 28 2015, 10:42am
RT @developonline: Unreal Diaries: How real is Unreal? T.co T.co
Mar 27 2015, 9:27pm
RT @Newegg: RT @GameCrate: Unreal Tournament 4: Interview with Steve Polge of @EpicGames T.co
Mar 27 2015, 8:36pm
We dropped new Unreal Dev Grants today! T.co @404Sight @StudioPixelBeam @ThreeOneZero_ #UE4 T.co
Mar 26 2015, 11:09pm
This fix/patch is only for the german Version: Mit diesem Fix/Patch werden bei der deutschen Version die Missionsziele im Missionslog (Standardtaste "F4...
If you'd like to run a dedicated server for the Expanded Multiplayer add-on to Unreal II: The Awakening, this is the file you'll need. It includes everything...
The Unreal II XMP Community Bonus Pack is now available for download! The pack contains ten of the best community-produced maps for XMP.
Full install of the Unreal 2 Extended Multiplayer. This requires the Unreal 2 CD.
This patch updates the full version of Unreal 2 XMP to version 7710.
This US patch will update Unreal 2 to version 1403.
Shame there's not A SDK for this...
Great game
Great story, meh gameplay and atmosphere.
the begginning really sucks... But when you reach later maps you get so many cool weapons that you cannot stop playing... 10/10
got the game today brillant like quake and half life had a baby on steriods :)
simple the best. congratulattions!
and the code for altsrcv2.* hehasx :) my c
tank[]'s for disp. the unreal engine 1 2 3 etc... 4 5 6]
I can't believe the call they call this game Unreal, this has nothing to do with the Unreal series, except the Skaarj.
The weapons are different, they made up dull weapons like assault rifle and shotgun when they could use shock rifle and flak cannon!
And the gameplay, it's slow as hell, Unreal should be fast-paced!
Well look at Quake. The stories didn't really connect either. But thats not what I care about when I play this game.
Have you played Unreal 1? The expansion "Return to Na Pali" had an(earlier)version of these weapons. (So does Unreal.)
Highest Rated (3 agree) 10/10
the begginning really sucks... But when you reach later maps you get so many cool weapons that you cant stop playing
Feb 13 2011, 2:12pm by bluluxabica
Promote Unreal II on your homepage or blog by selecting a button and using the embed code provided (more).


text:
Area lakes have special regulations
Many area lakes are governed by special regulations designed to protect and enhance the fishery.
Some of the special regulations target the northern pike while others concentrate on the walleyes, panfish or bass.
Anglers should be aware of any special regulation which has been imposed on the lake they choose to fish this weekend.
Get the full story
Subscribe or Log In
Are you a newspaper subscriber but you don't have a Digital Access account yet? Activate your account.
You will need your subscription account number and phone number. Not sure if you have an account? Email us or call (218) 333-9200 and we can help you.


text:
Twenty three in hospital after Air Canada flight slides off Halifax runway
Duke heads to Final Four for 16th time after 66-52 win over Gonzaga
Carrie Underwood has shared the first photograph of her baby son on social...
While Ontario operates a psychiatric treatment unit for male prisoners in...
How is native healthcare like lunar robots? Crowd-sourcing might help both
It's tough being a sports fan at times.
What makes it tough today is Lance Armstrong — and how do we balance our admiration for what an athlete has achieved with how they do it, or who they are.
Armstong's seven Tour de France wins are/were (choose your own verb, depending on whether you believe he should retain those titles) a remarkable feat. Coming back from cancer to become the dominant athlete in his sport should have been in the Feel-Good-Story Hall of Fame.
But our sporting heroes have always found a way to diminish their athletic accomplishments with less-than-stellar behaviour away from the field of play. Pete Rose bet on baseball, Tiger Woods cheated on his wife and Michael Vick killed dogs.
Whether we care to admit it or not, what an athlete does off the field is important to us. Just ask any kid who has ever been snubbed when asking for an autograph — thanks, Rollie Fingers.
The difference with Armstrong is it's his actions away from his sport that separates him from the peloton of unlikable athletes. Instead of using his platform as an athlete to land his own reality show, Armstrong used the fame his accomplishments afforded him to raise millions of dollars for cancer research. To date his foundation has raised $325 million and Armstrong has successfully lobbied politicians to contribute billions to cancer care and research.
His autobiography is titled It's Not About the Bike. And it would be so much easier if that were the case. But can we really ignore how Armstrong rose to prominence because of what he's done since he got there?
If you're of the mind that, like Barry Bonds, Armstrong didn't cheat because he never got caught, well, you might as well give that Saudi Arabian sheik who e-mailed you the benefit of the doubt, too. Go ahead, help him transfer his family fortune.
The evidence against Armstrong now really only leaves two conclusions — either Armstrong really did cheat, or he was clean but is such an awful human being that 11 of his former teammates were willing to throw him under the bus.
The likes of self-serving athletes like Bonds, Roger Clemens and Terrell Owens make it so much easier to form an opinion of them. That's not the case with Armstrong, who has impacted so many lives with his charitable work.
The same competitive fire Armstrong used to climb mountains in France is the same dedication he put into raising money for cancer research. His cause is one that deserves continued support and I'm glad he's there to lead the way. But I'll always think a little less of him because he cheated, even if everyone else did too.
Herb Garbutt can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com or followed on Twitter @hgarbutt.
Patriot Electric was created in 2005 when we realized there was a need for a company that would...
Your baby's teeth are incredibly important. Caring for them begins before your bundle of joy even...
Prescription glasses are not only practical, but can be fashionable, particularly when you shop at...
Dr. Uma Ratnasingam in Burlington, Ontario is committed to providing the highest quality vision...
Up to 79% off Bowling
Up to 47% off Canadian Open Tickets
Up to 69% off Oil Changes and More
50% off Summer Dance Camp
Up to 61% off Car Detailing
52% off Mexican Cuisine
Up to 82% off Studio Recordings
50% off at Amaya Express


text:
I recently received the Stick man deck the Favol deck Robot cycle deck and Island deck plus the ESP trick I highly recommend these cards and the ESP...Read More ->
Hello MJM.
Thank you for your timely updates on my order. Great customer service. I always look to you first when making a purchase. Of course, free...Read More ->


text:
Candace L. Kelley, 63, residing in Brooklyn, Ohio, passed away Tuesday morning, Sept. 3, 2013, at Cleveland MetroHealth Hospital after a lengthy battle with cancer.
Candace L. Kelley, 63, Brooklyn, Ohio, died Tuesday, Sept. 3, 2013, in Cleveland MetroHealth Hospital. Arrangements are pending at Groff Funeral Homes and Crematory, Sandusky.
Online Contact Form419-625-5500800-466-1243314 West Market St.Sandusky, OH 44870


text:
Young guy travelling with his beautiful girlfriend. The plan is to take 1 1-2 month trip per year for the forseeable future and maybe a bigger one every couple of years.
Love meeting new people and experiencing new things.
Have only been to Thailand internationally but am about to add England, Italy, France and Spain to that list!


text:
Bristol Silents' James Harrison returns with another guest article, this time he turns his attention to the original Hollywood vamp, Theda Bara.
Scooped by
Paul Farrell
onto the Gonzo Trap
You are the content you publish.
Sign up with Facebook Sign up with Twitter
I don't have a Facebook or a Twitter account
Start a free trial of Scoop.it Business
Your new post is loading...
Your new post is loading...


text:
The Adventures of Tintin: The Game is based on Paramount Pictures highly anticipated film about a boy and his dog who get caught up in a mysterious adventure. This game includes three different game modes; solo, cooperative and challenge mode. The Adventures of Tintin: The Game is wonderful for children and the integration of motion controls with the Wii, Kinect and PlayStation move makes it easy to control. This adventure game will allow fans to immerse themselves into the world of Tintin in every way imaginable. The game will prove to be a delight to fans of the Tintin book series, the upcoming Tintin movie and children however if you are not familiar with Tintin then you may feel lost.
Solo mode will put you in the shoes of a young reporter named Tintin and his trusty sidekick; a little white dog named Snowy. The game closely follows the events that take place in the movie, giving the player a chance to experience the films amiable environments and recognize familiar character. Solo game play is a mix between exploration, puzzle-solving and platform type game play. The Adventures of Tintin: The Game allows players to take control of the hero, Tintin, as well as other main characters throughout the game.
I found solo mode to be somewhat enjoyable to play through, thou I do not know much about the series. At some points I found that the characters were talking about something I didn't know about which left me somewhat lost. Everything but the story seemed simple enough which makes the game perfect for younger kids despite the ESRB rating of E10+. The game is strictly for fans of the series and younger children.
Cooperative mode takes place in a dream like state of Captain Haddock. The Captain is experiencing this dream after being hit in the head and getting knocked out. You take part in his dream along with a friend in finding collectables that allow you to unlock new outfits, costumes, characters and badges. Cooperative mode is separate from that of the single player story mode so the storyline is not what you will be playing through with a friend. I found the co-op in The Adventures of Tintin: The Game to be a lot more fun than the solo storyline.
In cooperative mode you will take the roll of a Tintin or Captain Haddock to work your way in collecting collectables in various levels in order to unlock new characters, treasures and bonuses. Each character has a unique ability that aids you in collecting the treasure used to buy new outfits and things. I also appreciated that you and your co-op partner collect treasure and at the end of the level it goes into one fund so that you can use a combined amount of treasure to buy new things that both players can use. This way the mode is less competitive making it and enjoyable and relaxing gaming experience. Cooperative mode is a classic work together to unlock new things type of experience.
Challenge mode is set up in three different parts; sword fighting, air plane tasks, and side-car challenges. Each of these houses a new experience that will add more play time to the game. Sword fighting is a set of challenges where the player takes the roll of a pirate and slays other pirates while protecting themselves within a time limit. The air-plane challenges are separated into three parts. You can choose to fly your plane through checkpoints, play capture the flag or eliminate opponents within a time limit. The side-car challenges are also separated into three different parts; a time trial motorcycle race, a race where you are dodging debris while your AI ally is shooting at competitors, and a challenge where you are shooting and your AI side-kick is driving around fallen debris. This mode is fun although playing with or against your friends would have enhanced the experience.
Overall The Adventures of Tintin: The Game was okay; coming from someone who does not know the series. I think that this game would hold a child's attention very well as it was greatly aimed to entertain kids. Fans of the Tintin series will find the game to be enjoyable and the cooperative mode is almost fun for anyone who wants to relax and play through a simple challenge while winding down there day. The game is rather good with how bad 'movie games' reputation seem to get in the world of gaming.


text:
Pink Floyd Release "Louder Than Words" Video
By Jeremy Gordon on November 10, 2014 at 11:10 a.m. EST
Pink Floyd have shared the video for "Louder Than Words", which appears on their new album, The Endless River. You can watch it below, via Rolling Stone. Directed by Po Powell, it references the album's cover and juxtaposes footage of the band recording with footage shot in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan near the Aral Sea.
Pink Floyd Share "Allons-y (1)"
By Evan Minsker on November 3, 2014 at 7:58 p.m. EST
Pink Floyd's new album The Endless River—likely their final album—is out November 10. They've already shared "Louder Than Words", and today, their album track "Allons-y (1)" has surfaced on Spotify, Rolling Stone reports. Listen above.
Pink Floyd's Nick Mason Criticizes U2's Free Songs of Innocence Release
By Evan Minsker on November 2, 2014 at 11:02 a.m. EST
In a recent interview, the Black Keys' Patrick Carney took aim at U2 for their surprise, free iTunes release of Songs of Innocence, saying it "devalued their music completely". Now, a different big tent rock band's drummer has echoed that criticism: Pink Floyd's Nick Mason.
Pink Floyd Say The Endless River Will Be Their Last Album, Share "Louder Than Words"
By Jeremy Gordon on October 9, 2014 at 10:43 a.m. EDT
Pink Floyd will release The Endless River, their first album in 20 years, on November 10. Now, guitarist David Gilmour has said that The Endless River will be the band's last. In an interview with BBC Music, Gilmour said, "Well, Rick [Wright] is gone. This is the last thing that'll be out from us." Pressed by the interviewer, he added, "Yes, I'm pretty certain there will not be any follow up to this." (Keyboardist Wright passed away in 2008, and this album is a tribute to him.)
Roger Waters Wants Everybody to Remember That He Left Pink Floyd in 1985, Has Nothing to Do With the New Pink Floyd Album
By Jeremy Gordon on October 2, 2014 at 11:13 a.m. EDT
Roger Waters was a founding member of Pink Floyd, but left the band in 1985. Though Waters and the remaining members have performed together a few times since then, and he has performed full Floyd albums on his solo tours, he never officially rejoined the band. On Facebook earlier this week, he posted a note reminding fans of this, as Rolling Stone points out. There seems to be some confusion surrounding The Endless River, the forthcoming Pink Floyd album that will be the band's first in 20 years. Waters wanted to make it very clear that he had nothing to do with the album.
Pink Floyd Announce The Endless River, Their First Record in 20 Years
By Molly Beauchemin on July 7, 2014 at 2:31 p.m. EDT
Update: Pink Floyd have officially announced The Endless River on their website. According to their announcement, The Endless River "is an album of mainly ambient and instrumental music based on the 1993/4 Division Bell sessions which feature David Gilmour, Nick Mason and Richard Wright." It'll be out in October, as previously reported.
Pink Floyd will follow up their last full length, 1994's The Division Bell, with a new record called The Endless River, Spin reports. Roger Waters, who left the band after 1983's The Final Cut, will reportedly not be involved. According to Spin, the record is due out sometime in October.
Stream the Flaming Lips' Companion Album to Pink Floyd's The Dark Side of the Moon
By Evan Minsker on March 30, 2014 at 9:47 a.m. EDT
Update: The whole thing is streaming now, as Stereogum points out:
The Flaming Lips: "Flaming Side of the Moon" (via SoundCloud)
In 2009, the Flaming Lips teamed up with a bunch of other musicians to release their full-length cover of Pink Floyd's The Dark Side of the Moon. As it turns out, the Lips aren't done with that album. They're releasing a companion LP—intended to be played at the same time as Pink Floyd's original—called Flaming Side of the Moon.
R.I.P. Storm Thorgerson, Designer of Iconic Album Covers for Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin, More
By Carrie Battan and Amy Phillips on April 18, 2013 at 5:57 p.m. EDT
Storm Thorgerson, the British visual artist known for his iconic album covers, has died after a battle with cancer, the BBC reports. He was 69.
Thorgerson's most famous work was for Pink Floyd, with whom he collaborated for decades. He designed the legendary covers of The Dark Side of the Moon (pictured above), Wish You Were Here, and more. He also designed the art for Led Zeppelin's Houses of the Holy and In Through the Out Door, as well as albums by Peter Gabriel, Muse, the Mars Volta, Ween, and countless others. He was a member of the pioneering design collective Hipgnosis.
Watch: MGMT Cover Pink Floyd on "Jimmy Fallon"
By Larry Fitzmaurice on September 29, 2011 at 9:43 a.m. EDT
UPDATE: You can barely see him, but it's been confirmed that Deerhunter's Bradford Cox joined MGMT for the performance, dressed as Joey Ramone.
"Late Night With Jimmy Fallon"'s weeklong tribute to Pink Floyd continued last night with MGMT covering Floyd's "Lucifer Sam". Watch it below.
Watch: Foo Fighters With Roger Waters on "Jimmy Fallon"
By Carrie Battan on September 28, 2011 at 11:20 a.m. EDT
As part of a weeklong tribute to Pink Floyd, legendary bassist and vocalist Roger Waters joined the Foo Fighters on last night's "Late Night With Jimmy Fallon", performing "In the Flesh" from 1979's The Wall. Waters also took the time to chat with Fallon and praise the Shins, who stopped by the show to play Pink Floyd's "Breathe" on Monday night. "Are they called the Shins?" he asked. "I thought they were awesome." Watch last night's collaboration below:
Most Read News
Jack White and Robert Plant Cover Led Zeppelin's "The Lemon Song" at Lollapalooza Argentina
March 22, 2015 at 10:33 a.m. EDT
Arctic Monkeys' Alex Turner and Topless Women Star in Mini Mansions' "Vertigo" Video
March 23, 2015 at 10:30 a.m. EDT
Rihanna Drops "Bitch Better Have My Money"
March 26, 2015 at 12:13 p.m. EDT
Godspeed You! Black Emperor Stream Asunder, Sweet and Other Distress
March 24, 2015 at 7:53 a.m. EDT
Kendrick Lamar Shoots the "King Kunta" Video at the Compton Swap Meet
March 26, 2015 at 1:52 p.m. EDT
Death Grips Announce World Tour
March 24, 2015 at 1:24 p.m. EDT
Ad-Rock Chats With Jimmy Fallon, Refuses to Touch Fish on "The Tonight Show"
March 28, 2015 at 11:21 a.m. EDT
Jamie xx Shares "Gosh" and "Loud Places", Featuring the xx's Romy Madley-Croft
March 25, 2015 at 4:11 p.m. EDT
Earl Sweatshirt Blasts Label for Botched I Don't Like Shit, I Don't Go Outside Launch
March 24, 2015 at 9:57 a.m. EDT
Action Bronson Throws Guy Off Stage, Keeps on Rapping at Mr. Wonderful Release Show
March 25, 2015 at 9:04 a.m. EDT
Kendrick Lamar's To Pimp a Butterfly is Out Now
March 16, 2015 at 12:24 a.m. EDT
Kendrick Lamar Announces Album Release Date
March 6, 2015 at 6:00 p.m. EST
Kendrick Lamar Shares Latest To Pimp A Butterfly Track "King Kunta"
March 13, 2015 at 8:19 p.m. EDT
Tame Impala Share "Let It Happen", Announce Tour
March 10, 2015 at 4:04 p.m. EDT
Kanye West Announces New Album Title
March 1, 2015 at 12:36 a.m. EST
Kurt Cobain: Montage of Heck Documentary Trailer Revealed
March 11, 2015 at 1:18 p.m. EDT
Kendrick Lamar Reveals Album Artwork, Title
March 11, 2015 at 1:03 a.m. EDT
Kanye West Releases Studio Version of "All Day"
March 2, 2015 at 2:19 p.m. EST
Kanye West Releases Nudity-Filled Season Zine
March 11, 2015 at 4:59 p.m. EDT
Run the Jewels Attacked Onstage at SXSW
March 17, 2015 at 10:09 a.m. EDT
Coachella 2015 Lineup Announced
January 6, 2015 at 1:15 p.m. EST
Kanye West Debuts "Wolves" Featuring Sia and Vic Mensa at Adidas Yeezy Boost Fashion Show
February 12, 2015 at 5:06 p.m. EST
Kendrick Lamar Announces Album Release Date
March 6, 2015 at 6:00 p.m. EST
Kendrick Lamar's To Pimp a Butterfly is Out Now
March 16, 2015 at 12:24 a.m. EDT
Gorillaz Creator Jamie Hewlett Confirms Group's Return on Instagram
January 30, 2015 at 7:50 p.m. EST
Kanye West: "Beck Needs to Respect Artistry and He Should Have Given His Award to Beyoncé"
February 9, 2015 at 5:46 a.m. EST
Beastie Boys' Unreleased "Too Many Rappers" Video Featuring Nas Surfaces
January 12, 2015 at 3:39 p.m. EST
Drake Surprises With If You're Reading This It's Too Late Release
February 12, 2015 at 11:32 p.m. EST
Kanye West Says He's Working With Taylor Swift, Taylor Told Him He Should Have Gotten on Stage With Beck at Grammys
February 11, 2015 at 11:24 a.m. EST
Kendrick Lamar Shares Latest To Pimp A Butterfly Track "King Kunta"
March 13, 2015 at 8:19 p.m. EDT


text:
James Magnussen's goes public with new love Rose McEvoy... and...James Magnussen is said to be smitten with new girlfriend Rose McEvoy. Picture: Facebook Source: Supplied JAMES Magnussen once claimed that having a woman in his life would distract him from swimming. Introducing the Olympic swimmer's latest ... Brisbane Courier-Mail, 3 weeks ago
James Magnussen smitten with model - NEWS.com.au, 3 weeks ago
Missile disarmed by beautiful Rose - Brisbane Courier-Mail, 4 weeks ago
12 images for james magnussen
James Magnussen, Cate Campbell record wins at Perth Aquatic Super Series
It was business as usual at the Aquatic Super Series in Perth, with James Magnussen and Cate Campbell posting victories on Friday evening. The annual Perth series, featuring strong teams from Australia, United States, Japan and China, begins a ...ABC Online, 1 month ago Magnussen, Campbell in strong swim wins Sydney Morning Herald, 1 month ago
Magnussen takes freestyle honours in Perth
James Magnussen training at Ravenswood Swimming Club. Picture: Peter Clark Source: News Corp Australia JAMES Magnussen showed he's not ready to yield to compatriot Cam McEvoy just yet after a 100m freestyle win over his younger rival at the BHP ...Herald Sun, 1 month ago James Magnussen wins 100m Freestyle NEWS.com.au, 1 month ago
Starting blocks delay disarms the Missile
FREESTYLE ace James Magnussen said being forced to wait on the starting blocks cost him a chance at a fast 50m freestyle time at last night's Aquatic Super Series meet in Perth. James Magnussen says he was disappointed with his time of 22.49sec in ...FoxSports.com.au, 1 month ago Starting-blocks delay disarms the Missile Perth Now, 1 month ago
Swimmer Magnussen unhappy, McEvoy unfazed
The differences in temperament of Australia's two fastest swimmers was on show on Saturday in Perth with James Magnussen put off at the start and Cameron McEvoy unfazed as both made up the placings in the 50m freestyle at the Aquatic Super Series. ...Sydney Morning Herald, 1 month ago
More from: , Yahoo!Xtra...and 2 other sources
Australia's swimming sprint stars look for sharp start to 2015
Australia welcome China, Japan and the United States to the Aquatic Super Series from Friday with homeboy James Magnussen hoping his slim new frame will take him to a third world championship triumph in 2015. Magnussen is looking for a fresh start in Perth ...Zee News, 1 month ago Australia swim stars look for sharp start to 2015 Yahoo Philippines News, 1 month ago Rachel's Diary: Australia 2015 Sky Sports, 3 days ago Australian Swim Team looking for hat-trick Noodls, 1 month ago
Magnussen, Campbell cruise at Vic Champs
WORLD champions James Magnussen and Cate Campbell have cruised through the opening morning of the Victorian swimming championships, qualifying fastest for tonight's finals of the men's and women's freestyle. James Magnussen had no trouble reaching ...FoxSports.com.au, 2 months ago
More from: , Herald Sun...and 1 other sources
Missile backs team to bring out his best
James Magnussen (right) with his new coaches Mitch Falvey (centre) and Lach Falvey (left). Source: Facebook WORLD champion James Magnussen says his shock coaching change has been a breath of fresh air for his swimming and is backing his move and the ...Brisbane Courier-Mail, 2 months ago
More from: , FoxSports.com.au...and 2 other sources
Trim Magnussen ready to fire with new team
It is a refreshed, focused and noticeably trimmer James Magnussen heading into a 2015 that begins this weekend in Perth and he hopes leads to a third triumph at the world championships later this year. At the end of 2014, the reigning 100m ...Yahoo!Xtra, 1 month ago
Magnussen fires in Perth Super Series (The West Australian)
World champion James Magnussen declared he felt stronger and more explosive than ever after winning the 100m freestyle in the BHP Billiton Aquatic Super Series at HBFWest Australian, 1 month ago Magnussen fires in Super Series (The West Australian) West Australian, 1 month ago
Realtime News
on your WebpageAdd Widget >Get your members hooked!


text:
Daily App: Memory Clean Can Speed Up Yosemite
Free utility frees unused memory to help speed up Mac OS X.
Free utility frees unused memory to help speed up Mac OS X.
Transforming from productivity drain to productivity gain will require some pain.
Adobe Photoshop Express is a free app that far outdoes most on-device images editors.
The free Dingaling app makes free calls to nearly three dozen countries, including Australia, China and India. Really. Free.
A new perspective cropping tool automatically removes unwanted regions and gets images perfectly squared away.
New security app protects data for free, but also reports user activity.
Distributor-turned-manufacturer Handheld Group offers sturdy platform for Windows-app deployment.
Dell's latest little box can do big things in the cloud, finds the CRN Test Center.
Samsung's 3-bit vertical NAND flash improves performance and durability, the CRN Test Center finds.
Even with just one processor, Dell's latest departmental server, the PowerEdge R430, outperforms others in its class.
Handsome design, long battery life and versatile off-line capabilities are hallmarks of Samsung's latest Chromebook.
Holding up under pressure and water, GammaTech's latest semi-rugged notebook won't drown the budget.
The new high-end Linksys switch offers aggregation without aggravation.
The newest solid-state drives from Micron blend the speed and endurance of SLC with the low cost of MLC flash.
Even at the low-end, Lenovo offers fast workstation performance and flexible configuration options.
Microsoft Survey: Cloud 2.0 Opens Up Opportunities For Partners
In a survey of 1,700 customers of hosting and cloud service providers commissioned by Microsoft, respondents look at opportunities for partners beyond infrastructure.
Scratching The Microsoft Surface: 5 Distinct Features Of Surface 3
Microsoft announced the Surface 3 Tuesday, a thinner, cheaper alternative tablet to its predecessor, the Surface Pro 3.
CRN Channel Madness: Round 2 Winners And Losers
The votes for the Solutions 16 are in. See which channel chiefs came out on top and punched their ticket to the Enterprise Eight.
|More Slide Shows
Apply now for the Solution Provider 500.
Round 3 Voting is now open! Voting for the round closes at noon ET on April 2! Help your favorites move on through the CRN Channel Madness Tournament of Chiefs.
Here are 10 recent searches by CRN visitors.Channel Madness


text:
Hi guys! please review my project, and give me some info about what i need to change! Would be pleased! Thanks!http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CU1HRVzCQ1g
Add variety and maybe some image/video placeholders.
Thanks! I'll try my best!
Helpful Information
- Please read our community guidelines. Self promotion and discussion of piracy is not allowed.
- Open a support ticket if you would like specific help with your account, deposits or purchases.
- Item Support by authors is optional and may vary. Please see the Support tab on each item page.
Most of all, enjoy your time here. Thank you for being a valued Envato community member.


text:
Check Out A Great Financing Offer on All Ventrac Tractors and Attachments
No payments until May 2015.
Learn more by going to our Ventrac page. Click here.
Customization Services
Our shop can customize anything. Check out the secure locakable trailer we created for use with a Cushman tug. See more...
Parts and Service
Our parts and service guys are seasoned pros, expert at finding what you need and fixing it right. Need help getting your vehicle in for repairs? Don't worry - we'll haul it in for you.
Used Equipment
Used Steiner and Ventrac tractors, used attachments, used utility vehicles and more. Our selection of used equipment changes daily.


text:
I need to create a .Net C# component with these two requirements:
- Giving an XML and an XSL path as input parameters should return an HTML string.
- The XSLT engine needs to be implemented using the MSXML XSLT processor *
MSXML via COM Interop could be an option but I've found this scary knowledge base article on the subject that says:
815112 INFO: Use of MSXML is Not Supported in .NET Applications
MSXML uses threading models and garbage-collection mechanisms that are not compatible with the .NET Framework. Using MSXML in .NET applications through COM interoperability can result in unexpected problems that are difficult to debug.
Could using
MSXML in out-of-process
COM+ package be a safer way to access
MSXML from a .NET application?
As stated in my requirements, I don't need to handle
MSXML classes or interfaces as Input/Output parameters but just plain vanilla strings.
* The code base consists of thousands of XSL files that run fine on
MSXML XSLT engine (MSXML 4.0) but give more than an error with the pickier
System.xml .Net library.


text:
Press Release writer ($8 per press release)
Closed - This job posting has been filled.
Job Description
I need a writer to write press releases, I'll pay $8 (including odesk fees) per press release and the word count of each press release should be 800-1000 words.
I'll give you samples.
Thank you.
Other open jobs by this client
- Fixed-Price – Article Writer
- Fixed-Price – Complete Stationery design.
- Fixed-Price – Complete Stationery design.


text:
Type: Posts; User: samuel6
REPPED OP. this a breath of fresh air after being in that im gay AMA thrread
what a cheeky kunt
how about all the phaggots who are crying about the dynamics changing go outside, Socialize im sure there are still plenty woman out there who have the same view on life as you
CLIFF: stop being...
Its fukin 1 fuk
ayyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy lmao
this 9/10 red post
nty i will continue fapping
bump for more responses
thanks for your input, im looking forward to the responsibility, good seeing other peoples views on it. Best of luck finishing your BA
Motivated me seeing other people loving the job....
Yes il definitely respect the older guys when i get into the industry, will have a lot of learn from them. I heard you learn more than 4 months working than in 4 years studying. So i will not be...
I studied my first year in CE switched across to CM hopefully i don`t regret it
How do you find the pay and room for progression? Do you plan on travelling and working away at any point? Any tips for student once qualified to stand out from the other students getting a job?
Howcome brah, what did you study and why would you go back to study CM?
Studying it currently, would like to hear how your jobs is / Storys / have you worked away much?
what challenges to be prepared for/ positives
Yeah ofcourse attractive whores over nothing but a loyal gf over the whores. They are out there tend to be found in the ****ty clubs best avoiding them lol unless you fancy catching something
You think that brah, But a loyal HBB gf over 1000 whores
INB4 no such thing as a loyal sloot
idk if roll bread but if not
Your good looking, About the woman.. Maybe your going for the wrong ones man. Try find one with strong morals/family oriented they tend to be the good ones although...
Okay so Im gonna give some pointers to FA brahs, Much as Im young observed plenty social situations and hopefully this helps.
1. Clean cut hair, find a hair style that suits you
Hope your doing alright mate, She probably didnt love you as much as you think if she would let you go as easily as that


text:
|CumLouder (369 Videos) SUBSCRIBE
|Teens, Anal
|2,881,993 ADDED March 6, 2013
|Angel Rivas +
|Couple, Oral Sex, Anal Sex, Teen, Brunette, Caucasian, Blowjob, Shaved, Cum Shot, Big Cock
yummy holes :))) beautiful girl
Luckiest man of the world..DAMN..
She is super-sexy.
She's amazing!
my skipe sebastianpepe
she is amazing
her face is perfection, so horny x
Great Video!!
m-m-m would love to fuck this honey. those tits that ass, those lips. yes please and thank you! :)
angel is a fackin superstar...
take a look to my amateur vid! ;)
I want to have some great romantic sex with Angela Rivas! hot beauty!(;
she takes that cock like a pro and she is gorgeous. i will fuck your ass liek this ladies and i will cum inside u
damn bitch, you take that dick...
i want that big cock
I wish that cock was in my butt and that pussy on my face
I wish i could suck that cock
nice to see that big cock fuck that cute fat ass!
Nice cum shot, he should have shoved his meat back in x
Good Gurllll


text:
This is a list of changes made recently to pages linked from a specified page (or to members of a specified category). Pages on your watchlist are bold.
24 March 2015
- (diff | hist) . . File:CPOX820.jpg; 22:43 . . (-9) . . Gürbetaler (talk | contribs) (Cat-a-lot: Moving from Category:Freight rolling stock of the United States to Category:Freight cars of the United States)


text:
Roll over image to magnify & Click to Zoom
Why Set & Save?
Just click "Add to Set & Save" when placing items in your cart.
Retail price: $8.99
Vitacost price: $6.79
Aroma: Strong aromatic, camphoraceous.
Benefits: Revitalizing, invigorating, clarifying..
Mental Focus Blend: Add 3 drips of organic eucalyptus oil, 2 drops each of organic peppermint oil and tangerine oil to a diffuser and enjoy.
Extraction Method: Steam distilled from leaves and small branches.
Purity Tested / Quality Assured
17% off
Retail price: $6.99
Vitacost price: $5.79
23% off
Retail price: $12.99
Vitacost price: $9.89
17% off
Retail price: $12.99
Vitacost price: $10.69
23% off
Retail price: $7.99
Vitacost price: $6.09
20% off
Retail price: $5.99
Vitacost price: $4.79
|Enter Shipping Zip Code:
|Please enter a valid zip code


text: I can tell all the food is so great because I see people at the tables enjoying the food, and I don't hear a lot of talking. Being vegetarian, I am delightfully surprised to find the vegetarian dishes here full of flavor, and offered in great variety. My favorite--vegetable dumplings!


text:
Could someone please tell me what can I use to replace sago in an Australian Christmas pudding recipe?
Many thanks
|Please enter a quantity larger than 0.
Sorry, this item is currently out of stock.
Notify me when it's back. Submit Thanks! We'll email you when it's available again.
|Secure Transaction


text:
By Polly Keary, Editor September 4 is an anniversary Tracy Von Butterfield will forever grieve. This year, it will mark the third anniversary of the death of her son, Adam Colliers, 25, in the wee hou [...]Read More
Election 2013: Two vie for mayor's role in Gold Bar
By Chris Hendrickson Gold Bar mayoral candidates were looking rather sparse in May. When the regular candidacy filing period closed on May 17, nobody was seeking the position. In Snohomish County if n [...]Read More
Sen. Murray, Rep. Larsen visit Wild Sky on 5-year anniversary
By Chris Hendrickson, Monitor The Skykomish River was sparkling last week as it danced with the sun, seeming to join in the festivities. United States Senator Patty Murray and Congressman Rick Larsen [...]Read More
Coalition against substance abuse grows
By Chris Hendrickson, Monitor The Sky Valley Community Coalition welcomed some new faces last week, including Sultan's new police chief, Monte Beaton. Made up of local residents, business owner [...]Read More
Labor Day charity paddleboard race will benefit Sultan non-profit
By Chris Hendrickson, Monitor Every parent knows that raising children can be costly. But the expenses of raising a special needs child can quickly stretch well beyond any family's means. That' [...]Read More
Notes from the Valley
Notes from the Valley Compiled by Judy Wood A couple of months ago Ken Walker, Sultan's city administrator, called for a meeting. He was looking for people who would be interested in a new concept for [...]Read More
Sultan rallies around families of two gunshot victims
The Sultan community was shocked and dismayed last weekend when two young men who grew up there were shot, one fatally, in Orangevale, Calif. early Saturday morning. According to the Sacramento County [...]Read More
Return of the Salmon festival planned for late September
By Chris Hendrickson, Monitor 2013 is the year of the pinks! The city of Sultan will welcome its second official "Return of the Salmon" festival on Sept. 28 to celebrate the salmon that travel up the [...]Read More
Notes from the Valley
By Judy Woods There was a fire in Carpenter Canyon in Nevada, recently. It cost $18 million dollars and 28,000 acres were burned. That canyon was named by a past governor after the family of our own J [...]Read More
James Good third-best in the world at Pokémon
By Chris Hendrickson, Monitor Opponents faced each other under bright lights, on stage, in front of a crowd of spectators while commentators analyzed their every move. But it wasn't a boxing match. It [...]Read More


text:
This holiday season join Rated M for Marathon as we come together to raise money for Child's Play as we play through the awesome Bioware titles, Mass Effect, and Mass Effect 2! We want this to be out biggest money-raising effort for Child's Play yet, so tune in and help us make the biggest event in our history the best!
Stay tuned here for more information on our upcoming marathons and minithons!


text:
Just inOn sale
- Under $50
- $50-100
- $100-250
- $250-500
- $500-1,000
- Over $1,000
- Makeup
- Lips
- Makeup Tools
- Shiseido
- Shiseido Smoothing Lip PencilSmoothing Lip Pencil spreads smoothly and effortlessly. Smudge-resistant formula maintains a refined and beautiful look for hours. Brush designed by Shiseido Artistic Director Dick Page, for easy blending and lipstick application. Ask Shiseido. Store Locator. FAQ.
- Shiseido Perfect Foundation Brush$30 net-a-porter.comThe ultimate beauty tool, Shiseido's foundation brush works with all your favorite formulations - whether it's powder, cream or liquid. This hero design is perfectly shaped to fit comfortably in your hand, while the slightly slanted bristles provide excellent pick up.


text:
Expert Testimony
"A physician commits malpractice by not exercising that degree of skill and learning that is ordinarily possessed and exercised by members of the profession in good standing acting in the same or similar circumstances." Durham v. Vinson, 360 S.C. 639 (2004). A plaintiff must proffer expert testimony to prove both the required standard of care and the defendant's failure to conform to that standard, unless the subject matter lies within the ambit of common knowledge so that no special learning is required to evaluate the conduct of the defendants. For medical malpractice cases in arising on or after July 1, 2005, S.C. Code ? 15-36-100(b) provides that a plaintiff must file as part of the complaint an affidavit of an expert witness which must specify at least one negligent act or omission claimed to exist and the factual basis for each claim based on the available evidence at the time of the filing of the affidavit, but it may be filed after the complaint in some circumstances.
Informed Consent Claim
A physician's failure to obtain a patient's "informed consent" with regard to a procedure or treatment is a form of medical malpractice. The term "informed consent" means that a physician must tell a patient all of the potential benefits, risks, and alternatives involved in any surgical procedure, diagnostic procedure, medical procedure, therapeutic procedure, or other course of treatment, and must obtain the patient's written consent to proceed. Under Informed consent law, a physician who performs a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure has a duty to disclose to a patient of sound mind, in the absence of an emergency that warrants immediate medical treatment, (1) the diagnosis, (2) the general nature of the contemplated procedure, (3) the material risks involved in the procedure, (4) the probability of success associated with the procedure, (5) the prognosis if the procedure is not out, and (6) the existence of any alternatives to the procedure.
Breach of Contract or Warranty Claim
While most health care providers will not guarantee or warrant a particular outcome, there are times when they do, and a failure to successfully provide the outcome may give rise to a breach of contract or breach of warranty claim. These type cases usually involve plastic surgery wherein the patient is told that his or her post-surgery physical appearance will be the same as demonstrated on a computerized enhancement of the patient's photograph.
Compensation in Medical Malpractice Cases
In a medical malpractice personal injury lawsuit, a victim seeks compensation for the injury or injuries he or she has suffered. Compensation can include past and future medical expenses, disability or deformity, loss of income, emotional and mental anguish, loss of a spouse's comfort and society, past and future pain and suffering, and an amount which would be necessary to make the person whole as respects a permanent personal injury. McNeil v. United States, 519 F.Supp. 283 (D.S.C. 1981). In cases where the defendant acted recklessly, maliciously or willfully, punitive damages may also be awarded. Punitive damages in medical malpractice lawsuits are intended to punish the responsible party and deter others from committing the same acts. Gamble v. Stevenson, 305 S.C. 104, 406 S.E.2d 350 (1991). If a wrongful death results from the medical malpractice, the decedent's beneficiaries are entitled to compensation. (C) Joseph P. Griffith, Jr. 2010