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Latest from The Spokesman-Review
UI, Benoit Family Settles Over Killing
University of Idaho officials and the family of a graduate student who was killed by a professor she had dated have agreed to a financial settlement in a claim against the school over the 22-year-old's death, sources told the Associated Press on Tuesday. A settlement would bring some closure in the wake of shootings that police have described as a murder-suicide, which horrified faculty, students and parents and brought Idaho's oldest public university under intense scrutiny. The terms of the agreement between Katy Benoit's family and the school were not immediately available. Benoit died in August after police say she was shot 11 times by Ernesto Bustamante, an assistant psychology professor with whom she had recently broken off a romantic relationship. Police say Bustamante, after shooting Benoit, checked in at a Moscow hotel and killed himself. He had resigned from his position at the university only days earlier/Jessie Bonner, AP. More here.
Benoit Family Sues UI For $3 Million
Images from the memorial service for Katy Benoit Aug. 30, 2011, at Boise High School. (Idaho Statesman/AP photo: Chris Butler)
By filing the claim, Katy Benoit's family has taken the first step toward suing the University of Idaho over its hiring, supervision and retention of their daughter's former professor, lover and killer, Ernesto Bustamante. The tort claim puts the university on notice of damages the family could seek in court. The claim was filed Dec. 8; the university did not file a response within 90 days, which ended earlier this week. That means the Benoits are free to file a lawsuit against the university, which they had not done as of Friday afternoon. U of I officials declined comment Friday. A lawyer for the Benoit family did not respond to a request for comment and details about the allegations in the claim. Moscow police say 31-year-old Bustamante shot and killed Benoit, 22, at her off-campus home Aug. 22 — the first day of fall classes — and then killed himself the next morning/Patrick Orr. Idaho Statesman. More here.
Hate Church To Protest Boys' Funerals
A notorious anti-gay church known for protesting military funerals says members will be at Saturday's memorial service for Charlie and Braden Powell, claiming their deaths are payback from God over the state Legislature's support of gay marriage. An online campaign is already under way to keep the Westboro Baptist Church (pictured) from disrupting the funeral, which will be at Life Center Church in Tacoma at 11 a.m. Charlie, 7, and Braden, 5, died Sunday when police say their father, Josh Powell, intentionally set fire to his home in Graham, Wash. The boys were there on a supervised visit, but the supervisor was locked out of the house/King5 News. More here. (AP file photo)
KPerry: TMI On Powell Case
KPerry: (RE: Latest on Powell murder-suicide): When I saw the information on the "chopping injuries" in the news yesterday it made me wonder if we really needed that bit of information. It doesn't change that they are dead. It doesn't change that he had them in the house for a horror filled three minutes before the explosion. It just puts evil visions in our minds eyes. Sometimes I just wish we didn't live in an age where every single gory detail has to hit the news so the newspapers and TV stations could get ratings. Those boys and their mother are in God's arms. Peace be with them. (Courtesy photo: Chuck Cox sits with his grandsons, Charlie, left, and Braden, right, at the Coxes home in Pullayup, Wash.)
Question: Is it the media's responsibility to withhold information in a case like this that may be too graphic?
Gramp: Boys Happy Before Fatal Visit
The maternal grandparents of Josh Powell's two sons say the boys were playing happily Sunday and didn't want to visit their father. Charles and Judy Cox tell KIRO-TV that the grandmother talked them into a supervised child custody visit with their father. When the boys arrived at Powell's Washington state home, their father barred a social worker from entering and then lit the house on fire. All three died. Charlie and Braden Powell shared a bedroom in the Cox's Puyallup (Pyoo-AL'-up) home since last fall, when they were removed from their father's custody. The Coxes are parents of Susan Powell, who has been missing since 2009. Josh Powell was a person of interest in her disappearance in Utah/Associated Press. More here. (AP photo: Fire investigators take measurements as they work their way through charred rubble at the home where Josh Powell and his two sons were killed Sunday, in Graham, Wash.)
UI Shooting Yet To Prompt Changes
The murder of a University of Idaho graduate student quickly spurred security reviews at other local and regional campuses this fall, but little change has been instituted. To date, only Boise State University has signaled a policy shift, emphasizing security and safety over the privacy of its employees and students. "(The) tragic set of events at the University of Idaho provides many lessons for us and we are carefully reviewing our policies, procedures and communication methods to ensure our system is as effective as it can be," a BSU official said in an email. "Safety and the proper assessment of concerning behavior are of the utmost importance and in the best interest of security for all"/Joel Mills, Lewiston Tribune. More here. (AP file photo of murder victim Katy Benoit)
Question: What are Idaho colleges & universities waiting for?
Edit: What UI Should Have Told Police
In his blog today, editorialist Kevin Richert of the Idaho Statesman focuses on UIdaho's failure to report to Moscow police that associate professor Ernesto Bustamante had pointed a gun three times at eventual victim Katy Benoit: "Would this have made any difference? Would this have prevented this abusive relationship from ending in murder-suicide? That is unknown. And unknowable. This much is evident: U of I officials did a disservice to police, and to Benoit, by withholding evidence of a series of violent crimes"/Kevin Richert, Idaho Statesman. More here.
Question: Now that you've had time to digest the murder-suicide involving associate professor Ernesto Bustamante and victim Katy Benoit, do you think this tragedy could have been prevented?
Firm Didn't Talk To UI re: Bustamante
The New Jersey company that offered Ernesto Bustamante a job as he was being investigated by the University of Idaho for sexual harassment never called the university for references, a company spokeswoman said today. "The references he provided were not from the University of Idaho," said April Perrone, human resources manager at Hi-Tec Systems, an aviation industry engineering and research company based in Egg Harbor Township, N.J. The assistant professor of psychology agreed to resign his position with the university effective Aug. 19, three days before gunning down graduate student Katy Benoit, with whom he had an intimate relationship. Soon after killing her, he committed suicide in a nearby hotel room/Kevin Graman, SR. More here.
Question: How did this guy slip through all the cracks?
UI Stiffens Faculty-Student Date Ban
The University of Idaho is strengthening its ban on faculty-student relationships after the slaying of a 22-year-old graduate student by her professor, who then killed himself. University President M. Duane Nellis announced the changes Wednesday in Moscow, Idaho, as the university released employment and other records of the professor, Ernesto Bustamante (pictured). Judge John Stegner ordered disclosure of the public records, which were sought by several news organizations, including The Spokesman-Review. The records, more than 4,200 files including personal Bustamante emails, were expected to be delivered to the media today/Kevin Graman, SR. More here.
Question: Did you ever — or anyone you knew — date a teacher in college? How did that turn out?
Bustamante: UI Releases Timeline
- UI releases detailed timeline in Bustamante case/Betsy Russell, Eye On Boise
In response to questions from reporters, UI President Duane Nellis said former professor Ernesto Bustamante was allowed to resign rather than fired because it was "the fastest way to make that happen." He said, "We were interested in expediting this, and that was the fastest way to get that done." Asked if UI personnel gave recommendations to Bustamante, who reportedly had other employment lined up, Nellis said, "Not to our knowledge." He said, "I think we acted aggressively and appropriately." Nellis said, "We did immediately contact the Moscow Police Department." But asked why the university didn't immediately inform the Moscow Police that the professor had assaulted graduate student Katy Benoit with a handgun and threatened her life, UI general counsel Kent Nelson said, "That was information that Katy had and did not want us to disclose it to police. … We respected Katy's wishes"/Betsy Russell, Eye On Boise. More here.
- UI reworking its ban on faculty-student relationships/Kevin Graman, SR
- Nellis: 'We must learn from this tragedy and prevent from happening again
- Nellis: 'We are honoring commitment to transparency
Question: What do you hope to learn from the release of the associate professor Ernesto Bustamante's personnel records?
Benoit Feared For Life For 2 Months
More than two months before her death, Kathryn "Katy" Benoit told an official at the University of Idaho that she was frightened by her professor, who carried weapons "everywhere, including to campus," and that she also worried about the safety of fellow students. Benoit, 22, was killed on Aug. 22 by Ernesto Bustamante, with whom she had an intimate relationship. The assistant professor then killed himself in a Moscow hotel room. Previously unreported details of Benoit's June 12 complaint to the university were revealed in the graduate student's letter to Carmen Suarez, of the Office of Human Rights, Access and Inclusion. A friend of Benoit's who proofread the letter provided a copy of the document; another friend verified that it is the letter submitted to the university/Kevin Graman, SR. More here. (AP file photo)
Question: As new details come out re: murder of UI grad student Katy Benoit, has your thoughts about the University of Idaho's reaction changed?
UI Murder-Suicide Raises Questions
Along with his body, police found Ernesto Bustamante's Moscow hotel room filled with guns, bullets and pills. There were drugs to ward off depression, to take care of bipolar disorder and epilepsy, to treat anxiety, to help him sleep. It's unknown if any of these prescriptions were in Bustamante's system hours before, when, on Aug. 22, police believe he shot and killed Katy Benoit, a recent University of Idaho graduate with whom he had had a romantic relationship. What is known in the wake of the former UI assistant professor of psychology's apparent suicide the next day is that the incident represents a worstcase scenario in a state that has slashed mental health funding to nationally low levels/Chris Stein, Inlander. More here.
Question: Is it right to use the murder-suicide involving Ernesto Bustamante and Katy Benoit as an indictment of Idaho's poor funding of mental health?
Docs: Bustamante Menaced Another
Ernesto Bustamante once threatened to kill a woman other than Katy Benoit, and had sexual relations with at least one other University of Idaho student while he was a professor there, according to court documents. Bustamante and Benoit, a UI graduate student, had a sexual relationship that deteriorated earlier this year, leading to Bustamante's Aug. 19 resignation from the university. Bustamante killed himself last week after murdering Benoit on her front porch. According to a statement from Moscow police detective Rodney Wolverton contained in a search warrant application, Bustamante made the previous threat while in his "psychopathic killer" personality/Joel Mills, Lewiston Tribune. More here.
Trillhaase: Murder Strikes Home
From the time Benoit contacted the UI on June 10 with her concerns, the university appeared fully engaged. It investigated. It contacted police. It prodded Benoit to take precautions. It severed ties with Bustamante six weeks after Benoit made her complaint - virtually the speed of sound in a government bureaucracy. Moscow police should have been brought in sooner and more aggressively. Focusing the investigation more firmly upon Bustamante - such as bringing him in for an interview and checking his background - might have yielded results. Nonetheless, would an irrational person respond to rational appeals? It suggests cops have more discretion than they otherwise might when no restraining order was sought or issued/Marty Trillhaase, Lewiston Tribune. More here.
Question: Can society deal with a mentally ill person bent on violence?
UI Pledges Complete Review After Slaying
University of Idaho President M. Duane Nellis responded Friday to demands from the public and the family of slain graduate student Katy Benoit for an explanation about how the university handled her complaint against the professor who killed her Monday. The school's account said it met with Benoit and counseled her numerous times beginning June 10, including the day she died. University officials referred her to Moscow police for assistance and contacted the police department themselves on June 10. "I am committed to ensuring the continuing safety and welfare of members of the university community," Nellis told reporters Friday. He said he had commissioned an independent review of university safety policies, the details of which would be released later. "I don't have any reason to think our policies and procedures are not all they should be," he said, "but I want to be absolutely certain"/Patrick Orr, Idaho Statesman. More here.
Question: Do you now feel as though the University of Idaho is on top of this tragic situation?
Trib: Hagedorn's 15 Minutes Of Shame
In an editorial today, Marty Trillhaase of the Lewiston Tribune lambastes state Rep. Marv Hagedorn, R-Meridian, (pictured) for his insensitive remark that a gun safety class might have prevented the murder-suicide at the University of Idaho that claimed the life of grad student Katy Benoit: "That transcends oafishness. It's beyond ugly. It exceeds insensitivity. Inhumane doesn't begin to describe it. Such talk from anyone is irresponsible. From an elected official charged with writing our laws and embracing our standards of decency, it is nothing short of depraved. Complete editorial here.
Question: Do you think Rep. Hagedorn has learned a lesson in using this tragic matter to push his political agenda?
Richert: UI Owes Parents Explanation
I got my first clue, as many parents do, on Facebook. My oldest son, a senior at the University of Idaho, had written a post asking if anyone else had taken a class from Ernesto Bustamante, the former assistant professor who is believed to have murdered a U of I graduate student before taking his own life. Anyone else? After swapping text messages, I learned that, indeed, my son had taken a psychology class from Bustamante. It was one of those chilling moments for a father, and one of those difficult moments for a journalist. It's where the passions of parenting collide with a profession that demands detachment. It's an awkward place, but here we are. Standing at this intersection, I better understand just how much of a crisis this is for the U of I/Kevin Richert, Idaho Statesman. More here.
Question: Are you a Vandal parent with concerns re: how UI handled Ernesto Bustamante?
Statesman: UI Leaves Unanswered Qs
Over the past two days, the story of Katy Benoit's slaying has unfolded — in slow and unsettling detail. According to a police affidavit, the Boise High School graduate and University of Idaho psychology student had been threatened several times over a period of months. Benoit's assailant, U of I assistant psychology professor Ernesto Bustamante, once put a gun in her mouth. According to family members, Benoit was "deeply alarmed" by Bustamante's behavior after their breakup. "Our family had grave concerns when we heard that the university may have received complaints from other students about Bustamante, and that Katy was the only one willing to sign her name to a complaint." The one entity that can address many questions about Benoit's death — and, indeed, the entity with the most to answer to — is largely silent/Kevin Richert, Idaho Statesman. More here. (SR photo/Christopher Anderson: Students, staff and friends gathered in downtown Moscow to honor slain U/I grad student Katy Benoit)
- Bustamante told classes of mental problems/Idaho Statesman
Question: What should the University of Idaho have done when it received complaints about the behavior of Ernesto Bustamante?
Docs: UI Prof Had Threatened Victim
A psychology professor who shot and killed a graduate student at the University of Idaho had threatened the young woman in the past, according to court documents filed in the case.Police say Ernesto Bustamante shot and killed Katherine Benoit Monday night on the front porch of her off-campus apartment. Bustamante, an professor in the Psychology and Communications Department, killed himself at a hotel a few hours later. Court documents obtained by kxly reveal the two had a sexual relationship which deteriorated earlier this year, and that Benoit complained to the University of Idaho about Bustamante's behavior. Benoit's roommate told police, "Benoit complained Bustamante had pointed a handgun at her on multiple occasions and put the gun in her mouth at one point"/Executive Producer Melissa Luck, KXLY. More here.
Question: Am I the only one who's amazed that a person as troubled as Bustamante could work as a psychology department prof at the University of Idaho?
INW: 5 Dead In Idaho Murder-Suicide
Members of the Bonneville County Sheriff's Office investigate the death of two adult women and two small children today in Ammon. Authorities say five people are dead after a man shot two women, two young children and then himself in a house in eastern Idaho. Story here. (AP Photo/Post Register, Monte LaOrange)
- Sen. Risch to see bin Laden photos/Jamie Gray, KTVB
- Cougar captured in Lewiston euthanized/Fox12Idaho
- UI Vandal footballers reach plea deals in party tussle/Associated Press
- Labor Secretary Solis to speak at Bridgeport graduation/Jody Lawrence-Turner, SR
- Blog: Despite Idaho's 'miracle money,' schools still need help/Kevin Richert, IS
- 5 accused of kidnapping, torturing Spokane woman/Meghann Cuniff, Sirens & Gavels
- Alleged Clarkston bomb maker jailed without bail/Meghann Cuniff, Sirens & Gavels
- Boise police arrest naked man who 'wanted to face his fear'/Jamie Gray, KTVB
- Woman allegedly finds meth after hearing subliminal messages/Brad Guire, TFTN
- State worker's fraud scheme endangered children, cost districts/Nishi Gupta, KTVB
- Missoula horror flick so bad it's good/Joe Nickell, Missoulian
- U.S. Marshals to sell Unabomber manifesto in online auction/Associated Press
Murder-suicide suspected in Chattaroy
Detectives are investigating the deaths of an elderly man and woman in Chattaroy as a murder-suicide, according to the Spokane County Sheriff's Office.
Their bodies were discovered today in a trailer in the 3100 block of East Chattaroy Road. Both are in their 70s.
Fire personnel found a body on the floor of the home after an out-of-sate relative called the sheriff's office about 9:50 a.m. and asked that deputies check on the couple.
Fire crews left the home to wait for law enforcement after discovering the body.
"Names, cause of death, and manner of death will be provided after autopsy Monday," sheriff's spokesman Sgt. Dave Reagan said in a news release.
Post Falls Police ID's 2 Bodies
Police have identified two people who were found dead inside a Post Falls home Thursday evening. Christina K. Mandriguez, 38, and Jeffrey A. Hayes, 54, each died of a single gunshot wound to the forehead in a homicide/suicide, said Post Falls Police Chief Scot Haug. The couple's landlord found Mandriguez's body around 5:15 p.m. and called police. Investigators found her slumped up against the front door, with a cell phone in her hand, Haug said. Hayes was found a few feet away in a hallway. A Glock handgun was between the two bodies/Chelsea Bannach, SR. More here.


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text: Chaps,I've not done any serious MH development in a long time (nearly two years ago when I built a module to connect MH to my SMA solar inverter - thanks Eloy!), but now is the time, esp. with the advances in the Android app and IoT ideas I've had lately... :) My Viglen mini PC server has been struggling lately, so I've acquired a Asus EEE PC, still woefully underpowered, but it's twice the RAM and probably 4 times the horsepower, with minimal power usage and cost, plus no spinning rust. Nice. I've installed the latest Ubuntu LTS server and sorted out the SSD issues, but now it would seem wise to jump to the latest and greatest version of MH. Having skimmed through the last few hundred emails, there seem to be several versions of MH - 1) The website still shows the 2008 version,2) The SVN version3) The Git version4) An Insteon version (prob on SVN)Along with aborted attempts to revamp the web interface... I'm also unclear as to where the back end modules/updates are for the Android app? So, which is the 'best' version to go for?Ā Best being most updated, but stable rather than bleeding...And what are the differences between the SVN/Git versions?Cheers, Lee


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Liquid crystal display Liquid crystal display LCD alarm clock Reflective twisted nematic liquid crystal display. 1. Polarizing filter film with a vertical axis to polarize light as it enters. 2. Glass substrate with ITO electrodes. The shapes of these electrodes will determine the shapes that will appear when the LCD is turned ON. Vertical ridges etched on the surface are smooth. 3. Twisted nematic liquid crystal. 4. Glass substrate with common electrode film (ITO) with horizontal ridges to line up with the horizontal filter. 5. Polarizing filter film with a horizontal axis to block/pass light. 6. Reflective surface to send light back to viewer. (In a backlit LCD, this layer is replaced with a light source.) A liquid crystal display (LCD) is an electronically-modulated optical device shaped into a thin, flat panel made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector. It is often utilized in battery-powered electronic devices because it uses very small amounts of electric power. A comprehensive classification of the various types and electro-optical modes of LCDs is provided in the article LCD classification. filters, the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. With no actual liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer. The surface of the electrodes that are in contact with the liquid crystal material are treated so as to align the liquid crystal molecules in a particular direction. This treatment typically consists of a thin polymer layer that is unidirectionally rubbed using, for example, a cloth. The direction of the liquid crystal alignment is then defined by the direction of rubbing. Electrodes are made of a transparent conductor called Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). Before applying an electric field, the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces. In a twisted nematic device (still the most common liquid crystal device), the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to each other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure, or twist. This reduces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and the device appears grey. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules in the center of the layer are almost completely untwisted and the polarization of the incident light is not rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will Overview Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing 1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray. Liquid crystal display (typically in columns), and each group gets its own voltage source. On the other side, the electrodes are also grouped (typically in rows), with each group getting a voltage sink. The groups are designed so each pixel has a unique, unshared combination of source and sink. The electronics, or the software driving the electronics then turns on sinks in sequence, and drives sources for the pixels of each sink. Specifications Important factors to consider when evaluating an LCD monitor: • Resolution: The horizontal and vertical size expressed in pixels (e.g., 1024x768). Unlike CRT monitors, LCD monitors have a native-supported resolution for best display effect. • Dot pitch: The distance between the centers of two adjacent pixels. The smaller the dot pitch size, the less granularity is present, resulting in a sharper image. Dot pitch may be the same both vertically and horizontally, or different (less common). • Viewable size: The size of an LCD panel measured on the diagonal (more specifically known as active display area). • Response time: The minimum time necessary to change a pixel's color or brightness. Response time is also divided into rise and fall time. For LCD Monitors, this is measured in btb (black to black) or gtg (gray to gray). These different types of measurements make comparison difficult. A response time of <16ms is sufficient for video-gaming,[1] and the difference between response times below 10ms becomes imperceptible due to limitations of the human eye.[2][3] • Refresh rate: The number of times per second in which the monitor draws the data it is being given. Since activated LCD pixels do not flash on/off between frames, LCD monitors exhibit no refresh-induced flicker, no matter how low the refresh rate.[4] Many high-end LCD televisions now have a 120 Hz (current and former NTSC countries) or 200 Hz (PAL/SECAM countries) refresh rate. The rate of 120 was chosen as the least common multiple of 24 frame/s (cinema) and 30 frame/s (NTSC TV), and allows for less distortion when movies are viewed due to the elimination of telecine (3:2 pulldown). For LCD with top polarizer removed from device and placed on top, such that the top and bottom polarizers are parallel. The optical effect of a twisted nematic device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, these devices are usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear bright with no voltage (the eye is much more sensitive to variations in the dark state than the bright state). These devices can also be operated between parallel polarizers, in which case the bright and dark states are reversed. The voltage-off dark state in this configuration appears blotchy, however, because of small variations of thickness across the device. Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain ionic compounds. If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and degrades the device performance. This is avoided either by applying an alternating current or by reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is addressed (the response of the liquid crystal layer is identical, regardless of the polarity of the applied field). When a large number of pixels are needed in a display, it is not technically possible to drive each directly since then each pixel would require independent electrodes. Instead, the display is multiplexed. In a multiplexed display, electrodes on one side of the display are grouped and wired together 2 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia PAL/SECAM at 25 frame/s, 200 Hz is used as a compromise of one-third the least common multiple of 600 (24 x 25). This is most effective from a 24p-source video output (e.g. Blu-ray Disc). Matrix type: Active TFT or Passive. Viewing angle: (coll., more specifically known as viewing direction). Color support: How many types of colors are supported (coll., more specifically known as color gamut). Brightness: The amount of light emitted from the display (coll., more specifically known as luminance). Contrast ratio: The ratio of the intensity of the brightest bright to the darkest dark. Aspect ratio: The ratio of the width to the height (for example, 4:3, 5:4, 16:9 or 16:10). Input ports (e.g., DVI, VGA, LVDS, DisplayPort, or even S-Video and HDMI). Gamma correction Liquid crystal display • 1911: Charles Mauguin first experiments of liquids crystals confined between plates in thin layers. • 1922: George Friedel describes the structure and properties of liquid crystals and classified them in 3 types (nematics, smectics and cholesterics). • 1936: The Marconi Wireless Telegraph company patents the first practical application of the technology, "The Liquid Crystal Light Valve". • 1962: The first major English language publication on the subject "Molecular Structure and Properties of Liquid Crystals", by Dr. George W. Gray.[6] • 1962: Richard Williams of RCA found that liquid crystals had some interesting electro-optic characteristics and he realized an electro-optical effect by generating stripe-patterns in a thin layer of liquid crystal material by the application of a voltage. This effect is based on an electro-hydrodynamic instability forming what is now called "Williams domains" inside the liquid crystal.[7] • 1964: In the fall of 1964 George H. Heilmeier, then working in the RCA laboratories on the effect discovered by Williams realized the switching of colors by field-induced realignment of dichroic dyes in a homeotropically oriented liquid crystal. Practical problems with this new electro-optical effect made Heilmeier to continue work on scattering effects in liquid crystals and finally the realization of the first operational liquid crystal display based on what he called the dynamic scattering mode (DSM). Application of a voltage to a DSM display switches the initially clear transparent liquid crystal layer into a milky turbid state. DSM displays could be operated in transmissive and in reflective mode but they required a considerable current to flow for their operation.[8][9][10] George H. Heilmeier was inducted in the National Inventors Hall of Fame and credited with the invention of LCD.[11] • 1960s: Pioneering work on liquid crystals was undertaken in the late 1960s by the UK's Royal Radar Establishment at Malvern. The team at RRE supported ongoing work by George Gray and his team at the University of Hull who ultimately discovered the cyanobiphenyl • • • • • • • • Brief history Apple Studio LCD display • 1888: Friedrich Reinitzer (1858-1927) discovers the liquid crystalline nature of cholesterol extracted from carrots (that is, two melting points and generation of colors) and published his findings at a meeting of the Vienna Chemical Society on May 3, 1888 (F. Reinitzer: Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Cholesterins, Monatshefte für Chemie (Wien) 9, 421-441 (1888)).[5] • 1904: Otto Lehmann publishes his work "Flüssige Kristalle" (Liquid Crystals). 3 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia liquid crystals (which had correct stability and temperature properties for application in LCDs). • 1970: On December 4, 1970, the twisted nematic field effect in liquid crystals was filed for patent by Hoffmann-LaRoche in Switzerland, (Swiss patent No. 532 261) with Wolfgang Helfrich and Martin Schadt (then working for the Central Research Laboratories) listed as inventors.[8] Hoffmann-La Roche then licensed the invention to the Swiss manufacturer Brown, Boveri & Cie who produced displays for wrist watches during the 1970s and also to Japanese electronics industry which soon produced the first digital quartz wrist watches with TN-LCDs and numerous other products. James Fergason at the Westinghouse Research Laboratories in Pittsburgh while working with Sardari Arora and Alfred Saupe at Kent State University Liquid Crystal Institute filed an identical patent in the USA on April 22, 1971.[12] In 1971 the company of Fergason ILIXCO (now LXD Incorporated) produced the first LCDs based on the TN-effect, which soon superseded the poor-quality DSM types due to improvements of lower operating voltages and lower power consumption. • 1972: The first active-matrix liquid crystal display panel was produced in the United States by T. Peter Brody.[13] • 2007: In the 4Q of 2007 for the first time LCD televisions surpassed CRT units in worldwide sales.[14] • 2008: LCD TVs become the majority with a 50% market share of the 200 million TVs forecast to ship globally in 2008 according to Display Bank.[15] A detailed description of the origins and the complex history of liquid crystal displays from the perspective of an insider during the early days has been published by Joseph A. Castellano in "Liquid Gold, The Story of Liquid Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry".[16] Another report on the origins and history of LCD from a different perspective has been published by Hiroshi Kawamoto, available at the IEEE History Center.[17] Liquid crystal display A subpixel of a color LCD Simulation of an LCD monitor up close Comparison of the OLPC XO-1 display (left) with a typical color LCD. The images show 1×1 mm of each screen. A typical LCD addresses groups of 3 locations as pixels. The XO-1 display addresses each location as a separate pixel. colored red, green, and blue, respectively, by additional filters (pigment filters, dye filters and metal oxide filters). Each subpixel can be controlled independently to yield thousands or millions of possible colors for each pixel. Color displays In color LCDs each individual pixel is divided into three cells, or subpixels, which are 4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Liquid crystal display screens have a passive-matrix structure employing super-twisted nematic (STN) or double-layer STN (DSTN) technology—the latter of which addresses a color-shifting problem with the former—and color-STN (CSTN)—wherein color is added by using an internal filter. Each row or column of the display has a single electrical circuit. The pixels are addressed one at a time by row and column addresses. This type of display is called passive-matrix addressed because the pixel must retain its state between refreshes without the benefit of a steady electrical charge. As the number of pixels (and, correspondingly, columns and rows) increases, this type of display becomes less feasible. Very slow response times and poor contrast are typical of passive-matrix addressed LCDs. High-resolution color displays such as modern LCD computer monitors and televisions use an active matrix structure. A matrix of thin-film transistors (TFTs) is added to the polarizing and color filters. Each pixel has its own dedicated transistor, allowing each column line to access one pixel. When a row line is activated, all of the column lines are connected to a row of pixels and the correct voltage is driven onto all of the column lines. The row line is then deactivated and the next row line is activated. All of the row lines are activated in sequence during a refresh operation. Active-matrix addressed displays look "brighter" and "sharper" than passivematrix addressed displays of the same size, and generally have quicker response times, producing much better images. Example of how the colors are generated (Rred, G-green and B-blue) CRT monitors employ a similar 'subpixel' structures via phosphors, although the electron beam employed in CRTs do not hit exact 'subpixels'. Color components may be arrayed in various pixel geometries, depending on the monitor's usage. If the software knows which type of geometry is being used in a given LCD, this can be used to increase the apparent resolution of the monitor through subpixel rendering. This technique is especially useful for text anti-aliasing. To reduce smudging in a moving picture when pixels do not respond quickly enough to color changes, so-called pixel overdrive may be used. Passive-matrix and active-matrix addressed LCDs Active matrix technologies Twisted nematic (TN) A general purpose alphanumeric LCD, with two lines of 16 characters. LCDs with a small number of segments, such as those used in digital watches and pocket calculators, have individual electrical contacts for each segment. An external dedicated circuit supplies an electric charge to control each segment. This display structure is unwieldy for more than a few display elements. Small monochrome displays such as those found in personal organizers, or older laptop Twisted nematic displays contain liquid crystal elements which twist and untwist at varying degrees to allow light to pass through. When no voltage is applied to a TN liquid crystal cell, the light is polarized to pass through the cell. In proportion to the voltage applied, the LC cells twist up to 90 degrees changing the polarization and blocking the light's path. By properly adjusting the level of the voltage almost any grey level or transmission can be achieved. 5 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Liquid crystal display In premium IBM ThinkPad series notebooks, Boe Hydis AFFS displays are used to provide higher resolutions up to 1600x1200, UXGA (in some versions QXGA) in a relatively small 15 inch display setting. IBM also advertised these high end panels under their FlexViewTM label. AFFS panels are mostly classified under the VIEWIZTM name by Boe Hydis resembling premium performance. As of 2008, Hitachi acquired AFFS license to manufacture high end panels in their product line. Boe Hydis suspended their production of high quality displays however the company still advertises the benefits of the superior technology. Vertical alignment (VA) A Casio 1.8" color TFT liquid crystal display which equips the Sony Cyber-shot DSC-P93A digital compact cameras For a more comprehensive description refer to the section on the twisted nematic field effect. Vertical alignment displays are a form of LC displays in which the liquid crystal material naturally exists in a horizontal state removing the need for extra transistors (as in IPS). When no voltage is applied the liquid crystal cell, it remains perpendicular to the substrate creating a black display. When voltage is applied, the liquid crystal cells shift to a horizontal position, parallel to the substrate, allowing light to pass through and create a white display. VA liquid crystal displays provide some of the same advantages as IPS panels, particularly an improved viewing angle and improved black level. In-plane switching (IPS) In-plane switching is an LCD technology which aligns the liquid crystal cells in a horizontal direction. In this method, the electrical field is applied through each end of the crystal, but this requires two transistors for each pixel instead of the single transistor needed for a standard thin-film transistor (TFT) display. This results in blocking more transmission area, thus requiring a brighter backlight, which will consume more power, making this type of display less desirable for notebook computers. Blue Phase mode Blue phase LCDs do not require an LC top layer. Blue phase LCDs are relatively new to the market,and very expensive because of the low volume of production. They provide a higher refresh rate than normal LCDs, but normal LCDs are still cheaper to make and actually provide better colors and a sharper image. . Advanced Fringe Field Switching (AFFS) Advanced Fringe Field Switching is a similar technology to IPS or S-IPS offering superior performance and color gamut besides high luminosity. AFFS is developed by Boe Hydis Displays, Korea. AFFS-applied notebook applications minimize color distortion while maintaining its superior wide viewing angle for a professional display. Color shift and deviation caused by light leakage is corrected by optimizing the white gamut which also enhances white/ grey reproduction. Quality control Some LCD panels have defective transistors, causing permanently lit or unlit pixels which are commonly referred to as stuck pixels or dead pixels respectively. Unlike integrated circuits (ICs), LCD panels with a few defective pixels are usually still usable. It is also economically prohibitive to discard a panel with just a few defective pixels because LCD panels are much larger than ICs. Manufacturers have different standards for determining a maximum acceptable number of 6 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia defective pixels. The maximum acceptable number of defective pixels for LCD varies greatly. At one point, Samsung held a zerotolerance policy for LCD monitors sold in Korea.[18] Currently, though, Samsung adheres to the less restrictive ISO 13406-2 standard.[19] Other companies have been known to tolerate as many as 11 dead pixels in their policies.[20] Dead pixel policies are often hotly debated between manufacturers and customers. To regulate the acceptability of defects and to protect the end user, ISO released the ISO 13406-2 standard.[21] However, not every LCD manufacturer conforms to the ISO standard and the ISO standard is quite often interpreted in different ways. Liquid crystal display defective pixels are in the center of the viewing area. LCD panels also have defects known as mura, which look like a small-scale crack with very small changes in luminance or color.[22] It is most visible in dark or black areas of displayed scenes. Defects in various LCD panel components can cause mura effect. Zero-power (bistable) displays The zenithal bistable device (ZBD), developed by QinetiQ (formerly DERA), can retain an image without power. The crystals may exist in one of two stable orientations (Black and "White") and power is only required to change the image. ZBD Displays is a spin-off company from QinetiQ who manufacture both grayscale and color ZBD devices. A French company, Nemoptic, has developed another zero-power, paper-like LCD technology which has been mass-produced since July 2003. This technology is intended for use in applications such as Electronic Shelf Labels, E-books, E-documents, Enewspapers, E-dictionaries, Industrial sensors, Ultra-Mobile PCs, etc. Zero-power LCDs are a category of electronic paper. Kent Displays has also developed a "no power" display that uses Polymer Stabilized Cholesteric Liquid Crystals (ChLCD). The major drawback to the ChLCD is slow refresh rate, especially with low temperatures. In 2004 researchers at the University of Oxford demonstrated two new types of zeropower bistable LCDs based on Zenithal bistable techniques.[23] Several bistable technologies, like the 360° BTN and the bistable cholesteric, depend mainly on the bulk properties of the liquid crystal (LC) and use standard strong anchoring, with alignment films and LC mixtures similar to the traditional monostable materials. Other bistable technologies (i.e. Binem Technology) are based mainly on the surface properties and need specific weak anchoring materials. See Ferro Liquid Display for more information about ferro fluid based bistable displays. Examples of defects in LCDs LCD panels are more likely to have defects than most ICs due to their larger size. In the example to the right, a 300 mm SVGA LCD has 8 defects and a 150 mm wafer has only 3 defects. However, 134 of the 137 dies on the wafer will be acceptable, whereas rejection of the LCD panel would be a 0% yield. The standard is much higher now due to fierce competition between manufacturers and improved quality control. An SVGA LCD panel with 4 defective pixels is usually considered defective and customers can request an exchange for a new one. Some manufacturers, notably in South Korea where some of the largest LCD panel manufacturers, such as LG, are located, now have "zero defective pixel guarantee", which is an extra screening process which can then determine "A" and "B" grade panels. Many manufacturers would replace a product even with one defective pixel. Even where such guarantees do not exist, the location of defective pixels is important. A display with only a few defective pixels may be unacceptable if the defective pixels are near each other. Manufacturers may also relax their replacement criteria when Drawbacks 7 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Liquid crystal display with TN-film based displays. However, as of 2009, the very best LCD TVs that do not use LED backlighting can achieve a dynamic contrast ratio of 150,000:1. • LCDs typically have longer response times than their plasma and CRT counterparts, especially older displays, creating visible ghosting when images rapidly change. For example, when moving the mouse quickly on an LCD, multiple cursors can sometimes be seen. **See also: CRT phosphor persistence • LCDs appear to exhibit motion blur as the human eye follows moving objects, where some CRT screens do not. This is because an individual LCD pixel is constantly visible for the entire duration of a frame (typically 16.7ms), whereas a CRT pixel is lit for only a fraction of a microsecond once per frame as the electron beam scans past it. The means that even on a hypothetical LCD panel with a response time of zero, a panning image will appear to have motion blur whereas a panning image on a CRT monitor will not. This is caused by the movement of our eyes during the time the frame is visible. Blur can be reduced by increasing the refresh rate to a multiple of the frame rate (e.g. 120 or 240 Hz) and employing various image processing techniques. Blur or ghosting can be partially "corrected" using software techniques that present a negative image of the blur to compensate by canceling-out the predicted blur. For example, if a ghost image is caused by a left-over spot that is 5% brighter than normal, the software will draw a negative of the ghost image that is minus-5 percent, and the result will add up to the expected value (n + 5 - 5 = n). However, this technique requires a processing delay, which can be problematic for fastaction video-game usage. Some monitors even come with a "gaming mode" to turn off anti-ghosting when needed. • See also: CRT phosphor persistence • LCD panels using TN tend to have a limited viewing angle relative to CRT and plasma displays. This reduces the number of people able to conveniently view the same image – laptop screens are a prime example. Usually when looking below the screen, it gets much darker; looking from above makes it look lighter. This distorts the colors and makes consumer grade Two IBM ThinkPad laptop screens viewed at an extreme angle. LCD technology still has a few drawbacks in comparison to some other display technologies: • While CRTs are capable of displaying multiple video resolutions without introducing artifacts, LCDs produce crisp images only in their native resolution and, sometimes, fractions of that native resolution. Attempting to run LCD panels at non-native resolutions usually results in the panel scaling the image, which introduces blurriness or "blockiness" and is susceptible in general to multiple kinds of HDTV blur. Many LCDs are incapable of displaying very low resolution screen modes (such as 320x200) due to these scaling limitations. • Smaller color gamut compared to CRT and Plasma displays. • Some types of LCD displays have a more limited color resolution than advertised, and must use spatial and/or temporal dithering to increase the apparent color depth. This can cause a shimmering effect with some types of displays which can be distracting for some users. • Although LCDs typically have more vibrant images and better "real-world" contrast ratios (the ability to maintain contrast and variation of color in bright environments) than CRTs, they do have lower contrast ratios than CRTs in terms of how deep their blacks are. A contrast ratio is the difference between a completely on (white) and off (black) pixel, and LCDs can have "backlight bleed" where light (usually seen around corners of the screen) leaks out and turns black into gray or even a bluish / purple tint 8 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia LCD monitors unsuitable for work where color is important (photography, fashion, etc) as the colors change when one moves one's eyes slightly up or down, or when looks at the top of the screen or at the bottom from a fixed position. Many displays based on thin film transistor variants such as IPS, MVA, or PVA, have much improved viewing angles; typically the color only gets a little brighter when viewing at extreme angles, though much of the improvements on viewing angles has been done on lateral angles, not on vertical ones. Consumer LCD monitors tend to be more fragile than their CRT counterparts. The screen may be especially vulnerable due to the lack of a thick glass shield as in CRT monitors. Dead pixels can occur when the screen is damaged or pressure is put upon the screen; few manufacturers replace screens with dead pixels under warranty. Horizontal and/or vertical banding is a problem in some LCD screens. This flaw occurs as part of the manufacturing process, and cannot be repaired (short of total replacement of the screen). Banding can vary substantially even among LCD screens of the same make and model. The degree is determined by the manufacturer's quality control procedures. The cold cathode fluorescent lamps typically used for back-lights in LCD screens contain mercury, a toxic substance, though LED-backlit LCD screens are mercury-free. Pattern based flicker, caused by imperfect voltage balance. LCD Flicker tests - one or more of the tests will usually demonstrate objectionable flicker, which can also show up if the problem pattern occurs as a hatching pattern over a significant area. • • • • • • • • • Liquid crystal display Digital Light Processing (DLP) Electroluminescent (EL) Field emission display (FED) Laser TV Light-emitting diode (LED) Liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) Plasma display panel (PDP) Surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED) • Vacuum fluorescent display (VFD) Display applications • • • • • Television and digital television Liquid crystal display television (LCD TV) LCD projector Computer monitor Aircraft Instrumentation displays (see glass cockpit) • HD44780 Character LCD a widely accepted protocol for small LCD displays • • • Manufacturers • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Acer (company) Aoc AU Optronics Barco BenQ Boe Hydis (Formerly Hyundai Displays Korea) Casio Chi Mei Optoelectronics CoolTouch Monitors Corning Inc. Dell Eizo Epson Fujitsu Hansol Hitachi HP iiyama International Display Works JVC Kyocera Lenovo LG Display LXD Incorporated Medion NEC Display Solutions Panasonic (Matsushita) Polaroid Corporation Powerlight ProScan Rca • • See also Related technology • Backlight Other display technologies • Comparison of display technology • Cathode ray tube (CRT) • Cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) 9 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia • • • • • • • • • • Samsung Electronics Sharp Corporation S-LCD Sony Soyo Toshiba Videocon Viewsonic Vizio Xerox Liquid crystal display References [1] CNET's Monitor Buying Guide [2] Contemporary LCD Monitor Parameters: Objective and Subjective Analysis [3] Temporal Resolution [4] Contemporary LCD Monitor Parameters: Objective and Subjective Analysis (page 3) [5] Tim Sluckin: Ueber die Natur der kristallinischen Flüssigkeiten und flüssigen Kristalle (The early history of liquid crystals), Bunsen-Magazin, 7.Jahrgang, 5/2005 [6] George W. Gray, Stephen M. Kelly: "Liquid crystals for twisted nematic display devices", J. Mater. Chem., 1999, 9, 2037–2050 [7] R. Williams, "Domains in liquid crystals," J. Phys. Chem., vol. 39, pp. 382–388, July 1963 [8] ^ Castellano, Joseph A. (2006), "Modifying Light", American Scientist 94 (5): pp. 438–445 [9] G. H. Heilmeier and L. A. Zanoni, "Guesthost interactions in nematic liquid crystals. A new electro-optic effect," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 91–92, 1968 [10] G. H. Heilmeier, L. A. Zanoni, and L. A. Barton, "Dynamic scattering: A new electrooptic effect in certain classes of nematic liquid crystals," Proc. IEEE, vol. 56, pp. 1162–1171, July 1968 [11] http://www.invent.org/2009induction/ 1_3_09_induction_heilmeier.asp [12] "Modifying Light". American Scientist Online. http://www.americanscientist.org/ template/AssetDetail/assetid/53321/ page/4;jsessionid=aaa6JGFIciRx2%3Ci%3ELive. [13] Brody, T.P., "Birth of the Active Matrix", Information Display, Vol. 13, No. 10, 1997, pp. 28-32. [14] "Worldwide LCD TV shipments surpass CRTs for first time ever". engadgetHD. 2008-02-19. http://www.engadgethd.com/2008/02/19/ worldwide-lcd-tv-shipments-surpass-crtsfor-first-time-ever/. Retrieved on 2008-06-13. [15] "Displaybank's Global TV Market Forecasts for 2008 - Global TV market to surpass 200 million units". Displaybank. 2007-12-05. http://www.displaybank.com/eng/info/ news/press_show.php?id=2996. Retrieved on 2008-06-13. [16] LIQUID GOLD, The Story of Liquid Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry, 2005 World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., ISBN 981-238-956-3 [17] Hiroshi Kawamoto: The History of Liquid-Crystal Displays, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 90, No. 4, April 2002 [18] "Samsung to Offer 'Zero-PIXEL-DEFECT' Warranty for LCD Monitors". Forbes.com. December 30, 2004. http://www.forbes.com/infoimaging/ feeds/infoimaging/2004/12/30/ infoimagingasiapulse_2004_12_30_ix_9333-0197-.htm Retrieved on 2007-09-03. [19] "What is Samsung's Policy on dead pixels?". Samsung. February 5, 2005. http://erms.samsungelectronics.com/ customer/uk/jsp/faqs/ faqs_view.jsp?SITE_ID=31&PG_ID=16&AT_ID=1762 Retrieved on 2007-08-03. [20] "Display (LCD) replacement for defective pixels - ThinkPad". Lenovo. June 25, 2007. http://www-307.ibm.com/pc/ support/site.wss/ document.do?lndocid=MIGR-4U9P53. Retrieved on 2007-07-13. [21] "What is the ISO 13406-2 standard for LCD screen pixel faults?". Anders Jacobsen's blog. January 4, 2006. http://www.jacobsen.no/anders/blog/ archives/2006/01/04/ what_is_the_iso_134062_standard_for_lcd_screen_pix [22] EBU – TECH 3320, "User requirements for Video Monitors in Television Production", EBU/UER, May 2007, p. 11. [23] Dr Chidi Uche. "Development of bistable displays". University of Oxford. http://www.eng.ox.ac.uk/lc/research/ Gratingstructures.html. Retrieved on 2007-07-13. 10 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Liquid crystal display • How LCDs are made, an interactive demonstration from AUO (LCD manufacturer). • Development of Liquid Crystal Displays: Interview with George Gray, Hull University, 2004 – Video by the Vega Science Trust. • History of Liquid Crystals – Presentation and extracts from the book Crystals that Flow: Classic papers from the history of liquid crystals by its co-author Timothy J. Sluckin • Oleg Artamonov (2007-01-23). "Contemporary LCD Monitor Parameters: Objective and Subjective Analysis". X-bit labs. http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/ other/display/lcd-parameters.html. Retrieved on 2008-05-17. • Overview of 3LCD technology, Presentation Technology • LCD Module technical resources and application notes, Diamond Electronics • LCD Phase and Clock Adjustment, Techmind offers a free test screen to get a better LCD picture quality than the LCDs "auto-tune" function. • How to clean your LCD screen About.com: PC Support • TFT CentralLCD Monitor Reviews, Specs, Articles and News • FlatpanelsHD - Guide to flat panel monitors and TVs - LCD Monitor and LCDTV Reviews, Articles and News • Interfacing Alphanumeric LCD to Microcontroller • Animations explaining operation of LCD panels External links - Tutorials • Color LCD Interfacing,LCD Interfacing with microcontroller • LCD info forum • Animated tutorial of LCD technology by 3M • History and Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals by Nobelprize.org • Definitions of basic terms relating to lowmolar-mass and polymer liquid crystals (IUPAC Recommendations 2001) • An intelligible introduction to liquid crystals from Case Western Reserve University • Liquid Crystal Physics tutorial from the Liquid Crystals Group, University of Colorado • Introduction to liquid crystals from the Liquid Crystal Technology Group, Oxford University • Liquid Crystals & Photonics Group - Ghent University (Belgium), good tutorial • Liquid crystals Liquid Crystals Interactive Online (not updated since 1999) • Liquid Crystal Institute Kent State University • Liquid Crystals a journal by Taylor&Francis • Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals a journal by Taylor&Francis • Hot-spot detection techniques for ic's • What are liquid crystals? from Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden • LCD display NEMA standards • NEMA information for LCD enclosures General information • What is TFT and how it works, TFT LCD guide for dummies. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" Categories: Display technology, Liquid crystal displays This page was last modified on 18 May 2009, at 19:05 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) taxdeductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers 11
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Hiv Intervention
Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
Get the Facts
HIV/AIDS Among Hispanics/Latinos... The HIV epidemic is a serious threat to the Hispanic/Latino community. While Hispanics/Latinos 1 represented approximately 15% of the United States (US) population in 2006, they accounted for 17% of new HIV infections in the 50 states
Ask the Experts
Lap Band and HIV positiveI am considering getting the Gastric lap band to help with my weight control. I am HIV positive but not on meds at this time. My HIV speicialist has given me the go ahead as he has had other HIV positive patients who have had the band. However when...
Response from Keith Henry, M.D.
University of Minnesota, School of Medicine...Surgical interventions for obesity are generally well tolerated by HIV+ persons. If your HIV specialist is comfortable with the lap band that is reassuring that your outcome should be similar to that Read more »
Bone DeathWhat is the most effective treatment(s) for bone death? Is the medication, Forteo, a possible treatment?
Response from Keith Henry, M.D.
University of Minnesota, School of Medicine...osteoporosis (loss of calcium from bone) but not for osteonecrosis (bone death). Ostepororis may be increased in patients with HIV so interventions to reverse that process are being evaluated with some early studies showing benefit similar to the... Read more »
nutrition interventionsDescribe the nutritional interventions required across the stages of HIV/AIDS
Response from Alvan Fisher, M.D.
Brown University School of Medicine...That will require a book. Look for Dr. Mary Romeyn's book on nutrition and HIV/AIDS.Alvan Fisher, M.D. Read more »
Intervention - when/how?Dear Dr Bob,Hi - I wrote to u before - am concerned friend from NY. Thanks so much for your advice. You really made a difference: I told her about the site and showed her your response. She has since switched docs/regimens (now on viramune and...
Response from Robert J. Frascino, M.D.
The Robert James Frascino AIDS Foundation...review with her some of the information readily available on this site pertaining to medications, symptoms, interacting with your HIV specialist, etc. You could also offer to go with her to her next visit to her HIV specialist. Encourage her to... Read more »
HIV Intervention for Providers Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Clinician-Delivered HIV Risk-Reduction Intervention for HIV-Positive People...risk-reduction counseling as a routine part of medical care," explain the study authors. A randomized, controlled trial, the HIV Intervention for Providers study, developed and tested a provider-based HIV prevention training intervention in four... Read more »
Studies Provide Sufficient Evidence to Recommend Male Circumcision As HIV Intervention, South African Researchers Say...circumcision reduces the risk of HIV transmission among heterosexual men and the procedure should be considered an appropriate HIV intervention strategy, the SAPA/ Mail and Guardian reports. Located at the South African Medical Research... Read more »
Tailoring HIV Interventions to Men's Needs...men," according to a Lancet comment . The authors write that "men's health-seeking behaviour are poorly understood in the AIDS epidemic, and encouraging men to get tested and into treatment is a major challenge, but one that is poorly... Read more »
Pregnancy as a Window of Opportunity for HIV Prevention: Effects of an HIV Intervention Delivered Within Prenatal Care... The study team set out to determine if "an HIV prevention program bundled with group prenatal care reduced sexually transmitted infection (STI) incidence, repeat pregnancy, Read more »
Connect With Others
Asian Pacific AIDS Intervention in Los Angeles
Posted by Anonymous...The Asian Pacific AIDS Intervention in Los Angeles and Orance County is currently hiring for new postions. We have positions available for persons Read more »
Older people with HIV
Posted by Anonymous, 1 Reply...My mother was just diagnosed with HIV --she's 65 for god's sake! She said she had sex with a man she met in Florida five years ago--someone her age. No one told her Read more »
Living With the AIDS Virus
Posted by Anonymous...contributors highlight the lessons to be learnt from these experiences in order to identify what works, and what does not, in HIV interventions. Read more »
Clinical Coordinator/Crisis Intervention Specialis
Posted by Anonymous...regarding clinical interventions, policies, and procedures. Qualifications: . Demonstrated experience with the provision of HIV, case management, mental health services for bilingual/bi-cultural individuals and families; Experience with chronic... Read more »
Resource Centers
Guides for People With HIV


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The Boss 302 returns to the road after 42 years.
Shaking Hands With The Devil
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The big show was anything but routine this year.
The Bruce Weiner Microcar Museum auction by RM Auctions featured some interesting finds, like this mini-Jeep clone!
Cars were built to be driven, even old ones.
From horseless carriages to speedsters, these rolling masterpieces captured everyone's imagination.
Fantastic fiberglass and a few rarities that left even the experts puzzled.
Just a few of the cars you can find only on AutoTrader Classics.
This year there was a bumper crop of great trucks.
Editor Brian Medford visits Alexander Automotive in downtown Franklin, TN to see some special cars. Love it or hate it the SSR was a bold...
These powerplants drew a crowd!
Taking a walk around the pits at Tulsa Raceway Park.
Once again RM delivers with $26.8 million in sales and an impressive list of vehicles.
A fine flock of Fords.
Sometimes the little things can make all the difference.
Brutally effective in their design, these retired racers also hold a certain beauty.
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All too recently, our rap sheet of hair abuses was growing by the day. We came close to locking up our blow dryers and swallowing the keys—or giving someone else power of attorney over our styling decisions. Now, there's a product to save us from ourselves: Miracle Leave-in Plus Keratin. Infused with the protein that exists naturally in hair, this powerful leave-in conditioner addresses the spectrum of damage, from rebuilding after heat and styling stress to giving our strands the silky smoothness that we most certainly did not earn.
I've got color-treated hair, and I use leave-in conditioners regularly to try to apologize to my hair for all that I put it through. This conditioner just didn't work with my hair. Even the slightest spritz left my hair heavy, limp, and dull. I'm really disappointed in this product.1
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Commodities » Precious Metals
Gold and silver daily review (February 13, 2014)
February 13, 2014, Thursday, 05:25 GMT | 01:25 EST | 10:55 IST | 13:25 SGT
Contributed by Angel Broking
Spot gold prices declined around 0.1 percent yesterday on the back of weak market sentiments in later part of the trade. Further strength in the DX exerted downside pressure on the prices.
However, sharp downside in the prices was prevented due to rising trend in gold ETF's managed under SPDR Gold Holdings Trust. The yellow metal touched an intra-day low of $1283.79/oz and closed at $1290.60/oz in yesterday's trading session.
In the Indian markets, gold prices rose around 0.1 percent yesterday touching an intra-day high of Rs.29160/10 gms and closed at Rs.29132/10 gms on Wednesday.
Taking cues from fall in gold prices along with strength in the DX, Spot silver prices slipped marginally yesterday.
However, sharp downside in the prices was restricted due to rise in iShares Silver Trust holdings by 0.4 percent to 10090.68 tonnes coupled with upside in the base metals complex. The white metal touched an intra-day low of $20.06/oz and closed at $20.20/oz in the yesterday's trade.
On the domestic front, prices surged around 0.3 percent and closed at Rs.44839/kg after touching an intra-day high of Rs.44899/kg on Wednesday.
Gold and silver prices are expected to trade higher today on the back of rising trend in gold and silver ETF's holdings. Further, weakness in the DX will act as a positive factor. However, sharp upside in the prices will be capped due to mixed market sentiments.
In the Indian markets, Rupee appreciation will cap sharp gains in the prices.
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Pictured is the Greater Iowa Credit Union 2014-15 Board of Directors. Front (from left): Linda Ashby, Jody Danielson, Don Wirth, Max Porter, Steve Vardeman. Back (from left): Kristopher Stow, Steve Karsjen, Darren Jarboe, Craig Forney, Michael Welter, Donald Tebben.
The Greater Iowa Credit Union Board of Directors consists of eleven members who deal with matters of overall strategy and policy, rather than the day-to-day operations - tactics - of the credit union. The Board is responsible for directing the credit union in accordance with State and Federal regulatory and fiduciary responsibilities, and ensuring that the financial needs and expectations of the credit union membership are being addressed and met.
All members of the Board of Directors must remain informed through education and training regarding local, state, and national credit union matters in order to ensure that he or she possesses adequate knowledge of the affairs of the credit union.
The Greater Iowa Credit Union Board of Directors have two roles at the credit union - director and member. As a director, each will serve a three-year term unless otherwise filling a vacated position on the board. Conducting personal business gives directors the same power as any other member. Directors are not entitled to better service or better dividend or loan rates than any other member.
Board Committees may make recommendations to the full board regarding the use of credit union assets, policies, and pricing - setting the credit union direction. Directors collectively make the decisions/approvals.
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At a high school graduation party in 1995, Chris Brander finally confesses his love to his best friend, Jamie Palamino. Not only does the moment result in the overweight teen being humiliated in front of all the cool kids, Jamie tells him that she loves him too ... like a brother.The sensitive Chris flees from his New Jersey hometown and winds up 10 years later as a slimmed down, shallow, womanizing L.A. record exec with a strategy for avoiding the "friendship zone" in relationships with the opposite sex. He either beds them or walks away. Or he beds them and then walks away.Things go awry when Chris' boss decides he wants to sign Samantha James, an empty-headed diva/pin-up model, to a record contract. Since Chris dated her briefly, he's assigned to woo her into the deal. While escorting her to Paris to help her write songs, a problem with the plane lands the pair in New Jersey at Christmastime near the hometown Chris hasn't seen since high school.Soon, Chris is sleeping in his old room, slap fighting with his younger brother, and again pining for Jamie. In spite of his new look, big career and money, he faces competition from Dusty Dinkleman, another high school loser who liked Jamie. And he's got to keep Samantha occupied until he can figure out how to get Jamie to see him as more than just a friend.
[Spoiler Warning] The film saves its brief positive element for the end, but the obvious message here provides just enough moral to give this very crude film some unlikely sweetness. When finally given the opportunity to sleep with Jamie, Chris disappoints himself (and her) by passing it up for fear of losing her friendship. In a burst of unwelcome maturity, Chris realizes he wants more than just a physical relationship with Jamie. And he wants more than just to be her friend. He wants—gasp!—both friendship and true love (and sex). In fact, he wants to marry her (eventually).
A lying, manipulative, insincere character asks at a Christmas concert in a church, "Do you want to join us in a carol to celebrate the birth of our Lord?" A Christmas song mentioning the worship of Jesus plays repeatedly on the soundtrack.
Although nobody in the course of the film ever ends up having sex, Just Friends is full of sexual situations and crude sexual comments, far too many to completely catalog here. Examples: Samantha is famous for posing for a poster that features her with whipped cream and cherries on her breasts preparing to eat a chocolate-covered banana. Upon reuniting with Chris, she immediately tackles him, French-kisses him obnoxiously, says she wants to "lick his skin off," and unzips and lowers his pants for oral sex before being distracted by something else. Later, she practically fondles him while meeting his mom, and she aggressively kisses a man and a woman on the lips as a greeting. Still later, out of boredom, she seduces Chris' eager 18-year-old brother by complaining she hasn't had sex in "forever" and disrobing for him.In high school, oblivious to the affect it has on Chris, Jamie carelessly flashes her underwear and buries her face low on his stomach to tickle him. A drunk jock at the same party asks if he can "do her later." Ten years on, one of Chris' many sexual conquests breaks up with him after admitting "the sex is great," but he doesn't take her seriously. He immediately hooks up with another woman who witnesses the exchange.Comments are made throughout the film about Chris being "gay" or "homo" for not "boinking" Jamie. After remarking that the movie they're watching is "gay," Chris sees two men in the theater kissing. Dusty makes out with a nurse. Jamie is seen in a revealing shirt before hopping into bed with Chris. Masturbation is mentioned.
Some of the slapstick violence is extreme, but it's played for laughs and nobody gets really hurt. Samantha is especially aggressive with Chris, both sexually and in anger. Chris also regularly shoves and drags her around. Chris and his brother slap-fight mercilessly in every scene together, as the older brother mostly beats up his younger, extremely obnoxious sibling.In an attempt to show off his hockey skills, Chris knocks down several children and ends up bloodying his own mouth with the puck. While strapped to a stretcher, he is launched down a sled run, landing face first on the ice. Samantha gets zapped with a stun gun, launching her over a railing. Later, she Tasers Chris in the groin, an area abused throughout the film. Jamie gets in on the action by slapping and punching Chris during a fight.An enormous Christmas display is yanked apart by a speeding car, setting most of it on fire, and comically launching flaming reindeer and Santas in every direction.
Just Friends explores the edges of its PG-13 rating with copious amounts of language both crude and profane. In addition to more than 20 uses of God's and Jesus' names for swearing, the s-word is heard a half-dozen times, "a--" more than a dozen times (mostly combined with "hole") and "b--ch" around 10 times. The f-word is begun (but not finished) three times.A group of children enjoy calling Chris "the suckster" over and over. One child utters the s-word just before the credits roll. There are frequent uses of slang words for sex, masturbation, and parts of the male and female anatomy.
Jamie works at a bar. Chris gets drunk when it looks like things won't work out with Jamie. A graduation party that kicks off the film features teens drinking, and some appear drunk.
Chris is cruelly mocked for his weight in high school and derisive comments are made about being overweight throughout the film.
Just Friends does manage to be funny at times. And the likable cast deliver intentionally ridiculous, over-the-top performances. So if it gets some buzz, teens, especially, might be drawn to the story of a high school loser becoming a "winner" and getting another chance at the girl.But as the ancient Roman orator Quintilian said, "That laughter costs too much which is purchased by the sacrifice of decency." Quintilian would have hated this movie and probably asked his teens to skip it.
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RATINGS: 13 MEAN: 3.63/5.0 WEIGHTED AVG: 3.31 SEASONAL: Special IBU: 46 EST. CALORIES: 186 ABV: 6.2%
The year was 1918, Captain Frank Ruhstaller, looking for some respite from the Prohibitionists threatening his lifes work, traveled by steam ship to East Africa. Many miles later our Captain found himself in a very exotic world he could never have imagined, exciting his every sense. Rumor has it that is was on an early morning walk that he encountered a small coffee roaster. The Captain took fondly to his fellow brewer and returned to Sacramento with several large burlap sacks of this old souls beans. To his dismay upon his return his brewery was closed courtesy of the 18th Amendment and his dream of a Kenyan bean meeting a California hop died. Until now! 210 Cases Produced Jason Griest Tim Jordan Jan-Erik Paino Eric Ryan
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The location was excellent. The facility met all of my basic needs and the staff were helpful in all respects. A treat for me was getting bottled water in my room each day! I highly recommend this hotel for average joe traveller! - Anonymous
I loved my room 1622! The view was spectacular, proximity to the beach was incredible! The value was outstanding! It's a hidden gem where for a motel price you get a luxury resort view. The staff was really friendly and they accommodated everything I requested! I've had an amazing experience, I'd like to stay in room 1620 next time. - Anonymous
The service upon check in was great! The room I stayed in was nice and
very clean! It had everything I needed! Loved the staff! I did meet the
owners of the property, Dela and Terry! Such wonderful people! Very
family oriented! I left there that morning with the aloha spirit because
of the beautiful staff! I now know why Hawaii is Hawaii! Mahalo....Maui
hostel city for the wonderful experience! I did see other reviews done
by past guests, I have to respond to that overall: I had a great
experie - Anonymous
convenient to the airport, nice adjacent restaurant - Anonymous
Nice and close to the ocean, and staff very friendly. Saw lots of whales!! - Anonymous
Maui is a beautiful small island and Kahului is conveniently located to explore the many sites it has to offer or get on exiting tours.
The hotel has an excellent activity desk that helps book tours/shuttles and advises which sites to visit.
The bus service from Kahului is good and cheap to visit the south side of the island for swimming or snorkeling.
The hotel room appeared to have been refurbished fairly recently. - Anonymous
Very convenient location, close to beach, mountain road, shops, restaurants etc.
Casual, low-key check-in and administrative arrangements.
Very clean. The on-site caretaker was quite helpful.
The room was small - it was large enough for me and so I have no complaint, but it would have been rather squeezy for a couple. - Anonymous
The total ambience with all the antiques and shutters and the lovely
deck abutting our room was wonderful and it was very quiet and yet close
to all the shopping, restaurants, tourist ventures etc. Our room was
always clean and a nice place to stay. We were particularly impressed
with the receptionist Katherine, she was outstandingly helpful and we
liked the fact that she always stood up to talk to us, that is something
that does not happen in Australia. She is a true professional and
deserves - Anonymous
The staff was friendly, and calmed. They did a good job. - Anonymous
We felt good. Really big room for 2 people, I would say it is enough for a little family. Nice resort with nice surroundings, palm trees, huge lawn, swimming pool, big and free parking area, elevator (useful if you have heavy luggage).
Another plus is that security guys are patrolling at night using golf cars. :-) - Anonymous
Valerie!!!!!! Penthouse and the sun sets. You don't need to buy chairs or beach gear. You can use what they have. - Anonymous
I thought the staff were great at making the trip memorable for us. They went out of their way to accomodate us with a tour and even provided amazing videos of our snorkelling. The beds and rooms were clean and comfortable. Thanks!! - Anonymous


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"Mouchan" Mouchan by mke1963
Mouchan Travel Guide: 2 reviews and 4 photos
The small village of Mouchan is unusual in this part of the world for being down in the valley by a river - the Osse. Most villages are old and are therefore built up on the ridges and hilltops. Fourcès is another exception, but probably also, like Mouchan, a more recent village. "Recent" here means that it was built after the Dark Ages around the 10th Century. Building on higher ground was not just a defensive decision; the rivers were prone to flood badly and regularly. The Osse and the Gélise remain particularly prone to flooding, and Mouchan is still at risk. Those keen to paddle in the warm rivers of the Osse should be aware that upstream reservoirs can occasionally discharge water and the water level can rise quickly. As the rivers here do not rise in the Pyrenees, there are no hydro-electric schemes upstream, so these rivers in northern Gers are not at risk of significant discharges, it would be wise to be careful with small children.
Mouchan is best known for its Romanesque church, which is the earliest known church with Gothic features, so is well-known in the architectural world.
However, Mouchan is more than just one church. It has the traces of an ancient water-mill, the remains of the old fosse, and other interesting little vignettes of rural French architecture. It's also a pleasant village and starting pointing for great walks up and down the Osse valley and into the vineyards on the ridges around Cassaigne to the south.
The origins of the name are unknown, although there are local theories that it is derived from the Latin personal name Muscius. Given its location in the valley, this seems unlikely although Mouchan is on a Roman road. The remains of a Roman villa have been found nearby, but then what self-respecting Tenareze village doesn't have its crop of substantial Roman remains? In particular the area around Gelleneuve (south of Mouchan, alongside the Osse) has provided rich Roman relics. Others have suggested that the name started as Muysano ("more clean"), then Meysano, Moissan and finally Mouchan. However, earlier it was known as Valaque (and note that the hamlet nearby is still called Balagué.
In the 10th Century, the Benedictine order built a priory which, from 1264 onwards came under the protection of the church of Saint-Orens in Auch. This parish was the very furthest northern limit of the land of the archbishop of Auch. As often happened, the village first started from a clustering of houses and farms around the church, which was dedicated to Saint-Austrégésile (as is the church in the village of Vopillon across and down the valley a little). This saint, who died in 624, is a Gascon favourite, having already become the patron saint of Auch and Nogaro. Staint-Austrégésile was before his canonisation, the bishop of Bourges. In 1062, his relics were brought to Nogaro for the consecration of the basilica.
The development of the Chemin de Saint-Jacques de Compostelle led to Mouchan's priory becoming a deanery in 1080, with its adoption by the Order of Cluny, and the number of monks grew steadily. Over time, a pallisade and probably later stone walls were erected with a fosse to protect the settlement.
The fighting in the Hundred Years Wars made the area unsafe. In 1368, the Prince of Wales destroyed the church, and even afterwards, for many centuries, this was still really a frontier area subject to marauding groups. By the 16th Century, the population might have expected more stability, but in 1589 Montgomery's Protestant troops badly damaged the little church and destroyed the priory. Two generations later, the Black Death killed most of the population. The vilage cemetary wasn't big enough for all the bodies, and many had to buried at la Bourdette, well away from the village to the west. In 1708, the Comte de Mouchan died in the Battle of Tortosa in eastern Spain while fighting for the Duc d'Anjou, grand-son of Louis XIV. He was not Mouchan's first noble son though; Cardinal Jean III de Bilhelm Lagraulas, Archbishop of Lombez was an ambassador for Louis XI and Charles VI.
Little changed over the centuries until mayor Joseph-Bernard Faget started building in the 19th Century: a school, a cemetery, the mairie, and, intriguingly, the long avenue lined by lime trees between the church and the mairie. However, this last village enhancement caused a furore as it would cut right through the curate's garden. After some wonderful protests, typical of French local politics, the curate stormed out of the village, never to return.
The end of the 19th Century and early 20th Century brought the same sadnesses and tragedies to Mouchan as to almost every other rural community in southern France: devastation of the vines by disease, two World Wars, the amalgamation and mechanisation of farms leading to job losses, and then the inevitable outward migration. It took Spanish, Italian and latterly northern French and Belgian immigration to stem the flow. Before the First World War, there were a number of shops and a Post Office: now there are none. The effect continues today: in 1988, there were 33 farms, now only 16; then there were 454 head of cattle, now (2000) just 75.
Condom is just 8km to the east, and Larressingle 3km north. To the east is Gondrin, which can be reached across the valley on foot.
Don't miss the hamlet of Vopillon which is across the valley to the north-west.
- Pros:Tranquility; the church; the river
- Cons:No shops or places to have a drink
- In a nutshell:Mouchan is peaceful, but so are most of the villages in this tranquil part of the world.
Reviews (2)
This fabulous church is one of the wonders of Gascony. Built in the 11th Century, with stone from quarry at Ramounet... more travel advice
Without giving specific walking directions, Mouchan is worth an hour of wandering around. After the church, generally... more travel advice
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9 Packages by slang800
- accord-parallel run compilation tasks through accord while distributing the load over multiple CPU cores
- config-schema A lightweight wrapper for configuration options using JSON schema
- editorconfig-tools Tools for verifying/fixing code style based on an EditorConfig file
- fobject A simple promise-based wrapper for file operations that treats files as objects.
- nib Stylus mixins and utilities
- tidy-markdown fix ugly markdown.
- twitter-screen-scrap... scrape public twitter data w/out API access
- visual-stack Visualize JavaScript codeflow
- yade Jade template engine
17 Packages starred by slang800
- coffee-script Unfancy JavaScript
- fixpack cli tool that cleans up package.json files.
- fobject A simple promise-based wrapper for file operations that treats files as objects.
- ghost Just a blogging platform.
- highland The high-level streams library
- jade A clean, whitespace-sensitive template language for writing HTML
- js-git Git Implemented in JavaScript
- lodash The modern build of lodash modular utilities.
- lodash.uniq The modern build of lodash's `_.uniq` as a module.
- minimatch a glob matcher in javascript
- nib Stylus mixins and utilities
- require-tree Batch module loader, require() for directories
- roots simple, flexible, and powerful static site compiler
- ship multi-platform deployment with node
- stylus Robust, expressive, and feature-rich CSS superset
- tidy-markdown fix ugly markdown.
- tingodb Embedded Node.js database upward compatible with MongoDB