text:
A device includes a polycrystalline body having a stoichiometry that is described by [Pb(Mg⅓Nb⅔)O3](1−x)[PbTiO3]x. The value of x is in a range of about 0.31 to about 0.47.
1. A composition, comprising:
a polycrystalline body having a stoichiometry that is described by [Pb(Mg⅓Nb⅔)O3](1−x)[PbTiO3]x, the value of x being in a range of about 0.31 to about 0.47.
2. The device of
3. The device of
4. The device of
5. The device of
6. The device of
7. A process to fabricate a solid body, comprising
forming a mixture of powdered oxides, the oxides comprising one of lead, magnesium, niobium, and titanium; and
sintering the mixture to produce a polycrystalline body whose stoichiometry is described by [Pb(Mg⅓Nb⅔)O3](1−x)[PbTiO3]x, the value of x being in a range of about 0.47 to about 0.31.
8. The process of
9. The process of
10. The process of
poling the composition with an electric field to produce a permanent piezoelectric responsivity to applied electric fields.
11. The process of
12. An electromechanical device, comprising:
a support structure;
a component that is able to move with respect to the support structure; and
a piezoelectric device mechanically coupled to both the support structure and the component, the piezoelectric device having a polycrystalline body and electrodes located on the body, the body being a piezoelectric material and having a composition whose stoichiometry is described by [Pb(Mg⅓Nb⅔)O3](1−x)[PbTiO3]x, the value of x being in a range of about 0.31 to about 0.47.
13. The device of
14. The device of
15. The device of
16. The device of
17. The device of
[0001] 1. Field of the Invention
[0002] This invention relates to piezoelectric materials and devices that use piezoelectric materials.
[0003] 2. Discussion of the Related Art
[0004] Piezoelectric materials respond to applied electric fields by physically deforming. The magnitude of the deformations that electric fields generate in single-crystal perovskites such as Pb(Mg⅓Nb⅔)O3�PbTiO3 (PMN�PT) and Pb(Zn⅓Nb⅔)O3�PbTiO3 (PZN�PT) are an order of magnitude larger than those that the fields generate in polycrystalline piezoelectrics such as PbZrO3�PbTiO3 (PZT). The size of their piezoelectric responses make the crystalline perovskites promising materials for new piezoelectric devices.
[0005] Unfortunately, the fabrication of crystalline perovskites is complicated and expensive. On the one hand, high fabrication costs make the crystalline perovskites too expensive for use in many types of electromechanical devices. On the other hand, polycrystalline PZN�PT typically require high-pressure synthesis, which is prohibitively expensive to some commercial applications of PZN�PT.
[0006] Herein, PMN refers to Pb(Mg⅓Nb⅔)O3 and PT refers to PbTiO3.
[0007] Herein, chemical symbols are used for lead (Pb), niobium (Nb), zinc (Zn), zirconium (Zr), magnesium (Mg), titanium (Ti), and oxygen (O).
[0008] In one aspect, the invention features a device that includes a polycrystalline body. The body has a stoichiometry described by [Pb(Mg⅓Nb⅔)O3](1−x)[PbTiO3]x. The value of x is in the range of about 0.31 to about 0.47.
[0009] In another aspect, the invention features a process to fabricate a solid body. The process includes forming a mixture of powdered oxides. The oxides include lead, magnesium, niobium, and titanium. The process also includes sintering the mixture to produce a polycrystalline body with a [Pb(Mg⅓Nb⅔)O3](1−x)[PbTiO3]x stoichiometry. The value of x is in the range of about 0.31 to about 0.47.
[0010] In another aspect, the invention features an electromechanical device. The electromechanical device includes a support structure, a component moveable with respect to the support structure, and a piezoelectric device mechanically coupled to both the support structure and the component. The piezoelectric device includes a polycrystalline body and electrodes located on the body. The body has a composition with a stoichiometry described by [Pb(Mg⅓Nb⅔)O3](1−x)[PbTiO3]x. The value of x is in the range of about 0.31 to about 0.47.
[0011]FIG. 1 shows x-ray diffraction patterns of ceramic compositions with the stoichiometry (PMN)(1−x) (PT)x;
[0012]FIG. 2 shows the piezoelectric responses of the compositions of FIG. 1;
[0013]FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a slab-shaped piezoelectric device;
[0014]FIG. 4 is a flow chart showing a process for fabricating the piezoelectric device of FIG. 3;
[0015]FIG. 5 is an oblique view of an inkjet print head that uses the piezoelectric device of FIG. 3;
[0016]FIG. 6 is an oblique view of a micro-electro-mechanical (MEM) device that uses the piezoelectric device of FIG. 3; and
[0017]FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a pressure gage that uses the piezoelectric device of FIG. 3.
[0018] Various embodiments include polycrystalline compositions of Pb(Mg⅓Nb⅔)O3 and PbTiO3. These polycrystalline compositions are stoichiometrically described by PMN(1−x)PTx. The compositions have piezoelectric responses to applied electric fields. The magnitudes of the piezoelectric responses depend on the values of �x� defining the stoichiometries of the compositions. The values of �x� also define the crystalline structures of the compositions. Heightened piezoelectric responses occur for x's corresponding to tetragonal polycrystalline structures located near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB).
[0019]FIG. 1 shows x-ray diffraction spectra 11, 12 of polycrystalline bodies with stoichiometries described by (PMN)(1−x) (PT)x. The spectra 11, 12 depend on x-ray scattering angle θ and the stoichiometric parameter �x�. The value of �x� that corresponds to the MPB is identifiable from x-ray diffraction spectra 11, 12. For values of �x� on one side of the MPB, a split peak 14 exists in the x-ray pattern 11. The split peak 14 indicates the presence of tetragonal domains in the polycrystalline composition. For values of �x� on the other side of the MPB, the corresponding peak 15 in the x-ray pattern 12 is no longer split. The presence of the non-split peak 15 indicates a rhombohedral phase.
[0020]FIG. 2 shows piezoelectric responses of various polycrystalline compositions whose stoichiometries are described by (PMN)(1−x) (PT)x. The piezoelectric responses of the compositions are measured by values of a coefficient d33 defined by d33=dP3/dE3. The coefficient d33 defines the polarization P3 produced along the direction of the applied electric field E3. The value of d33 depends on the number �x�, which defines a composition's stoichiometry.
[0021] The compositions of (PMN)(1−x) (PT)x exhibit a peak 16 in coefficient d33 near the morphotropic boundary (MPB) that separates different grain structures for the polycrystalline compositions. The MPB corresponds to a value of x in the range of about 0.33 to about 0.34. The maximum 17 of the peak 16 in the value of d33 occurs for an �x� equal to about 0.35.
[0022] For values of x greater than about 0.32 and smaller than about 0.4, polycrystalline compositions of (PMN)(1−x) (PT)x have larger coefficients d33 than conventional polycrystalline ceramics of PZT, shown as PZT�A and PZT�B. In the range of �x≧0.35�, the compositions of (PMN)(1−x) (PT)x have tetragonal crystalline domain structures.
[0023] The unit cell of a tetragonal crystal is a parallelepiped in which one side has a different length than the other two sides. The side with the different length has different orientations in different crystalline domains. In such compositions, a piezoelectric response, in addition to the intrinsic contribution, is produced through realigning the various crystalline domains of the composition along the applied electric-field direction. For compositions near the MPB, individual tetragonal crystalline domains are more easily realigned by a poling operation than for compositions whose value of �x� places them farther away from the MPB. The poling operation includes applying an electric field to a composition.
[0024] For values of �x� greater than or equal to about 0.35, compositions of (PMN)(1−x) (PT)x have tetragonal polycrystalline structures. For values of �x� greater than about 0.32 and less than about 0.47, these compositions have larger coefficients d33, i.e., larger piezoelectric responses, than polycrystalline compositions based on BaTiO3 or PbTiO3.
[0025]FIG. 3 shows a piezoelectric device 20 that includes a slab-shaped solid body 22 and gold electrodes 25, 26 located on opposite sides of the slab-shaped body 22. The solid body 22 has a polycrystalline structure and a stoichiometric composition (PMN)(1−x) (PT)x. The number �x� has a value greater than about 0.31 and smaller than about 0.47, and in preferred embodiments, �x� is greater than about 0.32 and less than about 0.40. The polycrystalline structure is formed by crystalline grains 23, 24 with different orientations and diameters smaller than about 10 microns. The solid body 22 has a piezoelectric response to applied electric fields.
[0026] In some embodiments, solid body 22 also includes a dopants that make up not more 2 percent of the weight of the solid body 22. The presence of the dopants may increase the piezoelectric response of the solid body 22 as compared to an undoped body of the otherwise same composition. Exemplary dopants include lanthanum, cobalt, cobalt plus lanthanum, thorium, rhodium, and iridium. Combinations such as thorium plus iridium, indium plus manganese, sodium plus gallium, indium plus gallium, gallium plus iron, cobalt plus tantalum, and cobalt plus tungsten may also be used to dope solid body 22.
[0027] The gold electrodes 25, 26 are used to apply a voltage across the width of the solid body 22.
[0028] The solid body 22 has a permanent anisotropic axis �P� of maximal dielectric response. The axis �P� is perpendicular to the surfaces of electrodes 25, 26. The piezoelectric response of the body 22 corresponds to a coefficient d33 with a value greater than about 500 pico-coulombs per Newton (pC/N). In exemplary solid bodies 22, the coefficient d33 has a value of about 610 pC/N or larger.
[0029]FIG. 4 is a flow chart for a process 30 for fabricating a piezoelectric device 20 of FIG. 3. Fabrication process 30 includes forming a sintering mixture of powdered MgNb2O6, powdered TiO2, and powdered PbO (step 32). In the sintering mixture, proportions are selected to produce a desired stoichiometric composition of solid body 22 after sintering. Multiple sinterings are performed on the mixture of oxide powders to produce polycrystalline solid body 22 in a selected shape (step 34). To compensate for evaporation of lead at the sintering temperatures, the mixture includes an additional amount of PbO powder. Performing high-temperature sintering steps in a closed container reduces vaporization of lead.
[0030] The sintering produces a solid body 22 that is described by a stoichiometric formula (PMN)(1−x) (PT)x. The stoichiometric parameter �x� is greater than or equal to about 0.31 and smaller than or equal to about 0.47. For better piezoelectric responses, some exemplary fabrication processes form the solid body with a composition in which x is greater than about 0.32 and less than about 0.40.
[0031] After the sintering, metallic electrodes 25, 26 are formed on opposite surfaces of the solid body 22 to produce an electromechanical device (step 36). The electrodes 25, 26 are used to pole the solid body 22 with a strong electric field (step 38). The poling generates a permanent anisotropic polarizability along a direction perpendicular to the electrodes 25, 26 by permanently realigning crystalline domains in the solid body 22.
[0032] An exemplary embodiment of the fabrication process 30 of FIG. 4 is described below.
[0033] To perform the exemplary embodiment, powdered MgNb2O6 is made. To make the powdered MgNb2O6, powdered MgO is dried and combined with powdered Nb2O5 to form a mixture with equal molar amounts of MgO and Nb2O5. Then, the mixture is sintered via a multi-step process to produce the MgNb2O6. The sintering process includes heating the mixture at a temperature of about 1100� C. for about 12 hours, grinding the mixture to a powder, and reheating the ground mixture at a higher temperature of about 1200� C. for about 24 hours. After the multi-step sintering, the produced solid is reground to produce the powdered MgNb2O6.
[0034] In the exemplary embodiment, powdered MgNb2O6, powdered PbO, and powdered TiO2 are combined to form a mixture in which stoichiometry proportions are chosen to produce a desired composition for solid body 22 after sintering. To produce a (PMN)(1−x) (PT)x composition, the stoichiometric proportions of MgNb2O6, TiO2, and PbO are selected to be equal to (1−x)/3, x, and (1+ε). The number �ε� is an excess of PbO that is introduced into the mixture to compensate for Pb evaporation during subsequent sintering.
[0035] In the exemplary embodiment, a multi-step process that sinters the mixture of MgNb2O6, TiO2, and PbO to produce solid body 22. The multi-step process includes a first sintering of the mixture at about 900� C. for about 12 hours. The multi-step process includes a second sintering of the mixture at about 950� C. for about 12 more hours. The multi-step process includes a third sintering of the mixture at about 1200� C. to about 1250� C. for about 5 hours. The third sintering step is carried out in closed alumina crucibles to reduce Pb evaporation during this high-temperature sintering step and to enable better control on the final composition of the piezoelectric material. The second and third sinterings are performed at temperatures that would otherwise cause evaporation loss of Pb and thus, a lower molar percentage of Pb in the sintered solid body 22.
[0036] Even with a crucible that is cemented closed some evaporation of Pb occurs. To compensate for this evaporation of lead during sintering, the sintering mixture includes a stoichiometric excess �ε� of PbO. For the exemplary embodiment, the value of the excess ε is equal to about 0.05.
[0037] In the exemplary embodiment, electrodes 25, 26 are attached to the solid body 22 by performing a sputtering deposition of gold on opposite sides of the sintered body 22.
[0038] In the exemplary embodiment, electrodes 25, 26 are used to pole solid body 22 so that a permanent electric polarizability is produced along a direction perpendicular to the surfaces of electrodes 25, 26. The poling is done by maintaining the solid body 22 at a temperature of about 130� C. while applying a strong electric field across the electrodes 25, 26. The poling electric field has an intensity of about 7 to about 10 kilo-volts (kV) per centimeter (cm) and is applied across the electrodes 25, 26 for about 30 minutes. At the elevated poling temperature, the electric field causes crystalline domains in the solid body 22 to partially realign along the poling direction. After cooling the poled body 22 to room temperature, a permanent anisotropic polarizability remains.
[0039] Referring again to FIG. 3, the piezoelectric device 20 is used as a functional component of a variety of electromechanical devices. Some of these electromechanical devices are described below.
[0040]FIG. 5 shows a portion of an inkjet print head 50 that includes an array of ink jets 51, 51′ located on a support structure 49. The ink jets 51, 51′ include piezoelectric devices 52, 52′ that have constructions analogous to that of device 20 of FIG. 3. The inkjets 51, 51′ include ink reservoirs 53, 53′ with ink nozzles 54, 54′. The ink reservoirs 53, 53′ have flexible back surfaces adjacent to the piezoelectric devices 52, 52′.
[0041] Movements of the piezoelectric devices 52, 52′ operate the ink jets 51, 51 ′ by deforming the ink reservoirs 53, 53′ and causing droplets of ink 55, 55′ to be squirted from nozzles 54, 54′ towards target spots on a sheet 56 of paper. The piezoelectric devices 52, 52′ are controlled by external voltage sources (not shown).
[0042]FIG. 6 shows a micro-electro-mechanical (MEM) device 60. The MEM device 60 includes a supporting substrate 61, a flexible structure 62 connected to the substrate 61, and a piezoelectric device 63 having a construction analogous to that of device 20 of FIG. 3. The piezoelectric device 63 rests on the substrate 61 and mechanically couples to the flexible structure 62. The piezoelectric device 63 deforms in response to voltages applied to electrodes 65, 66 and functions as an actuator of the structure 62. The deformations of the piezoelectric device 63 cause the structure 62 to bend thereby changing the orientation of mirror surface 67 located thereon.
[0043]FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a pressure gage 70 that includes a moving sensor element 71 and a piezoelectric device 72 located on a support structure 74, e.g., the piezoelectric device 20 of FIG. 3. The mechanical element 71 moves vertically in response to pressure changes in chamber 73. Vertical movements of the mechanical element 71 cause deformations of the piezoelectric device 72. The deformations produce a voltage across electrodes 75, 76. The voltage is measured by a voltmeter 78 to determine the pressure in the chamber 73.
[0044] From the disclosure, drawings, and claims, other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
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Dope Of The Day – Texting And Walking
We all know that texting and driving is just plain idiotic, but you can also make a fool of yourself texting and walking. Never mind chewing gum!
What Kind of Texter are You?
I LOVE to text message. I do it all the time. But, I am still very capable of picking up the phone and calling someone. I have some friends who refuse to pick up the […]

subset: commoncrawl


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Updated: 11/10/2014 4:07 PM
Created: 11/05/2013 1:19 PM KSTP.com
By: Leslie Dyste
Minnesota and Wisconsin cities have different rules for parking during snow removal and cleanup.
Your city may declare a snow emergency or it may have a standing rule that defines where drivers can park their vehicles throughout the winter weather months.
To find out the rule where you live, choose your city from the following list:
Minneapolis- 612-348-SNOW
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For cities not listed here, contact the community's Public Works Department for information on snow plow and parking regulations.
Click here to track your forecast with KSTP.com.
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First day? Welcome!
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These high quality resistors are suitable for any project.
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21-1045 - Rosin Core Solder 60/40 Tin/Lead 6OZ.
Rosin Core Solder(six ounces)
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Lovely old character place, hidden in Garibaldi pretty well so make sure you find it by number because there's no big sign, nor do the locals recognise it by name! Brilliant location, easily accessible by bus from airport (no. 98, ask ticket office at airport which stop you need), easy access to bus for Monaco (no. 100 - piffling 1.5 euro!). 3 minute walk to port and 100 yards from museum of modern art.
The place itself is run by the non English speaking Henri, who is lovely. The building is v - Anonymous
The kids loved the hotel because of the playstation downstairs and the swimming pool on the roof of the hotel. We loved the friendly staff in the restaurant and the great food - we had breakfasts and dinners there. They made us feel welcome all the way, they even gave the kids presents when we arrived! The hotel room was comfortable and spacious for a family of 4. There is a tramway close by. - Elsie
On arrival we were greeted by the owner who ensured our stay was relaxing and very enjoyable. The room we booked was 'The Lady' which was very clean and well appointed with its own private balcony overlooking Nice and the hills beyond. Breakfsat was served in the garden under the oragne trees and you couldn't ask for a more pleasant start to your day. The villa is perfectly situated near to the old port with direct bus routes to the airport and and Monaco. We loved the setting and will miss the - Anonymous
comfortable room with good mattrass on bed, important for my husband's bad back - Anonymous
Beingin old town - Anonymous
Staff are very friendly and helpful, Patrick and Carol, left our warm experience with this hotel. The 15-minute walk in the alleys to downtown Nice is nice, does not feel long/boring at all. Breakfast is great, lots of choices. Room is not big, but very cosy, bathroom towel and bed tilts are very soft and thick and warm, the best we had during the whole trip in France. - Anonymous
Magnificent view from our balcony. Excellent location. Very near to all local facilities ... essential as husband has difficulty walking. Helpful English speaking staff. Very clean. Altogether a brilliant hotel. - Anonymous
Exciting opportunity to experience 19th century villa living. The
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Elbert J Quail (born 1896)
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Chicken Salad Wraps
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This is not low-fat but its a good dinner when you don't have time to cook.
Make and share this Chicken Salad Wraps recipe from Food.com.
- 4 10-inch flour tortillas, warmed
- 2 cups deli chicken salad or 2 cups seafood salad
- 8 slices tomatoes, halved
- 8 slices American cheese, cut into strips
- 8 lettuce leaves
- Spread warm tortilla with 1/2 cup chicken salad; layer with 1/4 tomato, 1/4 cheese and 2 lettuce leaves.
- Fold two opposite edges of tortilla toward center over filling.
- Roll up open end of tortilla toward opposite edge.
- Repeat with remaining tortillas.


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Book review: Debut novel 'Sudden Darkness' has tale of a futuristic trek to Zion
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Amelie Hatch had heard about terrorists attacks her entire lifetime, but she always thought her small town of Zillah, Wash., would be safe. Then the terrorists attack United States and the government crumples and the power turns off.
Since a nearby nuclear power plant is leaking radiation, local leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints declare that the stakes surrounding Hanford need to leave and embark on a modern-day trek to Utah. Amelie is terrified of embarking on this trek without her father who was called away on a business trip before the attack. The idea of walking all the way to Utah as the crippled girl who uses a cane doesn't calm her nerves either, and she wonders how she will make it there.
Amelie finds herself fighting for her life as well as her heart. Her best friend Zack Allman does not share her LDS faith, but after his life falls apart, he agrees to embark on the trek with Amelie and other Mormons. Amelie wants to love somebody who shares her same faith, however, her feelings for Zack are turning into something more and more like love. She wonders if she really does love Zack, and if so, what will that mean for her future.
Then there is the infuriating Ryan Cook — the famous country singer — who is a Mormon. Amelie is repulsed by several of his actions, and yet she finds herself inexplicably drawn to him. She doesn't understand her feelings for these two boys, finding herself caught in the middle.
As her friends and her family endure this trek, they encounter dangerous gangs who want their food and supplies enough to kill them for it, and terrorists groups with evil plans to ensure the United States government remains broken. Amelie finds herself in the middle of this dangerous web, contemplating if she can do any good, despite her crippling condition.
Author Margot Hovle, who currently resides in Utah,has created a gripping tale that will draw readers in from the first page until the very end. Hovley creates down-to-earth characters that readers will adore and a world that is spellbinding.
Fans of apocalypse and dystopian novels will be intrigued with faith, love, and friendship coupled with themes of danger, intrigue and death.
Danica Baird is currently attending BYU and is pursuing a double-major in English and journalism.
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They've degenerated to bureaucracies owned and operated by the bank and other international business interests. The natural government of people is monarchy. The so-called democracies of today are fast approaching the structure of monarchy. Let's find a new David for Israel.
If selected for publication, it will appear as soon as possible on Haaretz.com.


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The Schweeb
The Schweeb is a low-impact take on the monorail that places people in plastic tubes (guided by a rail) that they can cycle to their destination in. As ridiculous as it may look, this idea has caught the attention of Google, and the super search engine has invested over $1 million into the scheme.
The Scubster
The mini-sub, nicknamed the 'Scubster', was designed by a team of French engineers and is entirely pedal-powered. The craft features a pedal belt connected to a twin-propeller system that can reach speeds of up to 5mph and a depth of 20 ft – not bad!
Pedal Powered Music Festival
Last year Pedal Power NYC hosted New York City's first human powered concert in Union Square. During the concert, 250 different volunteer cyclists cranked out some kinetic power on a fleet of 16 bike generators, providing tunes for thousands to enjoy!
Pedal Powered Porsche Boxster
For those who can't afford a Porsche, here's a more economical and eco-friendly alternative. One skilled sport car enthusiast built this gorgeous golden replica of the coveted Boxster and it runs completely on pedal power!
Pedal Powered Plane Built from Balsa Wood
Dutch teenager Jesse van Kuijk has become one of the rare few to take flight on his own and he's made it all happen with his pedal-powered plane made out of balsa wood, polyurethane, and rip-resistant foil. More impressively, Van Kuijk built his plane without ever stepping on a real plane before!
The Oracle Beater: A Pedal Powered Paper Mill
Last year, Mary Hark, professor at the Design Studies Department at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and founder of HARK! Handmade Paper Studio, presented her latest paper-making venture for Ghanians. With the help of the bicycle-powered Oracle Beater, designed by Lee McDonald, fine art papers are produced from an invasive plant species making the process ecologically sound and grid independent.
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Yuka YonedaWINDOWHOP It's easy to get depressed when your work schedule has you getting less sun than Edward Cullen (you've got the sickly pallor to match and it's not nearly as sexy on you). If you're lucky enough to at least have a window in your workspace, openREAD MORE >
Diane PhamCutting back on your energy usage is one of the best ways to bring down your electricity bill. But did you know that making simple changes to not just your wattage consumption but the way your home retains and expels air can dramatically transform the wayREAD MORE >
Jill FehrenbacherDid you know that there are wolves living near you in almost every state in the country? Sadly most of these wolves are not living in the wild, but in wolf sanctuaries, which are conservation organizations set up to protect them and help grow their populationREAD MORE >
Yuka YonedaNamba Parks was conceived when Osaka Stadium closed down, presenting a great redevelopment opportunity for a new commercial district right next to the Namba Train Station, which is just one stop away from Kansai Airport. Since it's one of the first placesREAD MORE >
Beth BuczynskiTop image: A child is put to work at a militia-run mine in Watsa. © Marcus Bleasdale/National Geographic Captured during a 2004 visit to the war-torn Democratic Republic of Congo, Bleasdale's images "tell the story of the country's mineral resourceREAD MORE >
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Yuka YonedaBANANAS You might have heard that bananas are favored by athletes because they contain potassium and it's that same reason that makes them great hangover cures. When you're hungover, your body has lost a lot of potassium that needs to be replenished, so eatingREAD MORE >
Yuka YonedaImages © Graham King "The shopping cart tree symbolizes both generosity and abundance, as well as acknowledging those less fortunate where their whole world may be housed in a cart. We see shopping carts every day and take them for granted. IndividuallyREAD MORE >
Jill FehrenbacherTIP 1: Wrap Your Home in Insulation - "The More, The Better!" Proper insulation is probably the most important factor you can control in creating an energy-efficient home. I always say insulation is like chocolate, the more you have, the better! On average,READ MORE >
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Morgana MatusFor centuries, the Dutch have manipulated the landscape to move water away from their dwellings. Instead of battling the elements, Netherlands-based firm Waterstudio just announced plans to construct the world's first floating apartment complex in 2014! TheREAD MORE >


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Econo Lodge City Center
1889 SW 4th Avenue
Portland, OR 97201
Phone: (503) 226-7646
Fax: (503) 459-4000
Portland City Hall
Built in the 1890s, this building has served as City Hall since Portland's beginning. And thanks to renovation efforts, it always will be City Hall. The building was restored to its original state; from the dilapidated condition that threatened demolition; and reopened in 1998. Among interesting finds from the project were copper-plated stairways, two glass atriums that allow natural light to cascade into the building and concrete footings for a previous City Hall that was never completed. The whole building is like a big time capsule.
1221 Southwest Fourth Avenue
Portland, OR 97204
+1 503 823 4000
Earn valuable points toward free nights.


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9 Ways To Transform Old T-Shirts
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The Birth Of The Scarf Tee
By: Maya from Little Treasures
We are adding the pattern to your Sewing Patterns.
The pattern was added to your Sewing Patterns.
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The fun of making your own clothes is that it can lead to the birth of the scarf tee and other fun vintage patterns and creations.
Project Type: Make a Project
Time to complete: In an evening
Sewn by: Hand
For more vintage sewing patterns, check out 35 Retro Vintage Sewing Patterns + 7 New Patterns.
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Great tutorial! Thanks for sharing.
Sweet Lord, I just saw there is a comment on this one! I left the arm holes as they were since the scarf is already hemmed there is nothing to be done with them! Sorry for the late reply!
Could you share what you did with the arm/arm holes? Thank you!
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Please help--tw0 pr0blems!
As y0u can see, my first pr0blem is that my letter "0" isn't w0rking. It just suddenly started yesterday. I had the same thing happen with my "Q" key but after a few days it c0rrected itself. Anything I can d0, 0r d0 I need a new keyb0ard? Bad thing is I can't access my e-mail since it's Yah00!
My sec0nd pr0blem is that after I cleared 0ut my c00kies, temp. files, etc., I have t0 enter my passw0rd every day 0n every site I visit. What d0 y0u supp0se I did t0 it??
I sure appreciate any help 0r tips s0 I d0n't have either pr0blem again ;-)
When you cleared your cookies, any site that you sign into with a password had the cookies cleared, too. Once you have signed back in to all of them, the cookies will be restored and you won't have to sign in.
Is this a laptop that you're having keyboard problems with? I would suggest using some canned air and blow gently around all the letters. It's possible that some crumbs or dust or other debris is causing the problem and the letter o is not making proper contact. If it's a separate keyboard and not on a laptop, try turning it over and giving a good shake.
Thanks fr yur answer grandms, but it was ab0ut a week ag0 I cleared everything and I still have t l0g 0n every day. This never happened bef0re.
I did use the canned air and als0 turned the keyb0ard upside d0wn t0 tap any crumbs 0ut.
It isn't a lapt0p and has a separate keyb0ard. Just tried giving it a shake again but it still d0esn't w0rk.
Google mapkeyboard
You can swap key positions with this program to put your O two keys over to the right for example.
Like most free program offers, if there is more than one download button on the entire page, read the text beside them carefully. You often find the item you really want is not the first thing on offer.
you may have set your cookies to be cleared after each shutdown of your browser or pc check your settings and see if that is the case, if so change that so that your cookies will remain and you don't have to re inter your info each time.
New keyboards are cheap and easy to find, I have several piled up here, ask around someone probably has an extra. Goodwill and Salvation army and thrift shops usually have bins of them.


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Venture out: three minutes of pure, unadulterated travel inspiration (video)
Accompanied by a striking voiceover by English philosopher Alan Watts, Adventure.com's latest clip of travel inspiration is one of our favourites from the past year.
What it feels like to travel (in 90 seconds)
What does travel mean to you? We put that question to our friends, Daniel and Mirra at The Perennial Plate, and set them the challenge of showing us what it felt like to experience Intrepid's grassroots adventures.
Having spent the past year travelling with Intrepid through 12 different countries, they've met hundreds of locals, uncovered unique and captivating stories and shot hundreds of hours of extraordinary footage.


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CNN, Fox News, and MSNBC dedicated a considerable amount of airtime to a purported threat to NFL stadiums in seven cities, despite the fact that the Department of Homeland Security and the FBI both characterized the threat as not credible. Further, with one brief exception, at no point was there any reference on any of the three channels to evidence that the Bush administration has used terrorism-related announcements for political gain.
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At an October 11 press conference, President Bush said he "question[s]" what he claims is the Democratic "strategy that says we can't give those on the front line of fighting terrorism the tools necessary to fight terrorism." As evidence of this alleged "strategy," Bush pointed to Democratic votes against the Military Commissions Act of 2006, which addresses the interrogation and treatment of detainees and procedures for their trials, and their votes against a bill to authorize warrantless domestic wiretaps. None of the reporters present challenged Bush's attacks on those who opposed the bills or asked him to name a Democrat who opposes the authorization of "the tools necessary to fight terrorism."
In an interview with former Bush administration lawyer John Yoo, National Public Radio's Steve Inskeep failed to challenge Yoo's many assertions on the recently passed terror detainee bill, including the claim that a U.S. citizen captured in the United States and detained as an "enemy combatant" would have the "right," under this law, to challenge his or her detention in federal court.
On Special Report, Fox News' Major Garrett falsely suggested that the House's approval of a bill to govern detention and interrogations of U.S. detainees would allow all detainees to challenge their detention in court. In fact, the bill does not provide a procedure for a person who the government initially held as an enemy combatant but is subsequently determined not to be an "enemy combatant" or deemed release-eligible to appeal to a civilian court.
Los Angeles Times staff writer James Gerstenzang reported that the recently released National Intelligence Estimate said "that the militant movement opposing U.S. forces in Iraq had grown stronger." In fact, the NIE found that the Iraq war has boosted terrorist recruitment worldwide. By downplaying the NIE's judgments, Gerstenzang failed to provide proper context for the Democratic criticism noted in the article and added credence to President Bush's recent attack on those critics.
NBC's David Gregory claimed that "no one questions whether this president has been tough on terror," and that "Democrats charge the U.S. is creating more terrorists because of Iraq." But several reports have called into question Bush's "toughness" in the war on terrorism, and contrary to Gregory's suggestion that only Democrats are claiming "the U.S. is creating more terrorists because of Iraq," that assertion is one of the "key judgments" of recently declassified portions of the April 2006 National Intelligence Estimate.
OpinionJournal.com editor James Taranto cited a 1998 memo to then-President Bill Clinton titled "Bin Ladin Preparing to Hijack US Aircraft and Other Attacks" to claim that Clinton ignored evidence of the danger Al Qaeda posed to the United States. However, the 9-11 Commission detailed an immediate and aggressive response to the memo by the Clinton administration.
On NBC's Today, discussing the recent dispute between the Clinton and Bush administrations over which administration has better handled the terrorism threat, Bill Bennett falsely claimed that President Clinton was the one who "brought ... up" the topic of his administration's anti-terror efforts. In fact, the recent dispute between the Clinton and Bush administrations grew out of Clinton's Fox News interview, during which host Chris Wallace first brought up the subject by asking Clinton why he did not "do more to put [Osama] bin Laden and Al Qaeda out of business."
In reports on the dispute over the Bush and Clinton administrations' anti-terrorism policies and their culpability in failing to prevent the September 11 terrorist attacks, the Associated Press and Newsday presented the two sides of the argument without exploring the factual basis for either.
Despite initially hyping Lt. Col. Anthony Shaffer's and Rep. Curt Weldon's claims that the military intelligence unit Able Danger identified Mohamed Atta prior to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, CNN and other media outlets have completely ignored the Defense Department inspector general's September 21 conclusion that "prior to September 11, 2001, Able Danger team members did not identify Mohammed Atta or any other 9/11 hijacker."
In their coverage of the Clinton-Wallace interview, the media largely ignored the substance of former President Clinton's criticism of the Bush administration's efforts to combat terrorism, instead focusing on Clinton's behavior during the interview or the possibility that his reaction was motivated by politics.
At a White House press conference, President Bush described Americans who think the Iraq war has made the country less safe as "naïve" and rebutted claims that the conflict has contributed to the growing terrorist threat by repeating his illogical argument that "[w]e weren't in Iraq when we got attacked on September the 11th." But reporters failed to challenge his non-responsive remarks, and several print outlets uncritically reported them shortly thereafter.
CNN's Wolf Blitzer failed to challenge White House homeland security adviser Frances Townsend's claims that "there's no question that terrorism was a priority" in the Bush administration before 9-11 and that the Bush administration was unaware of the "comprehensive strategy to proceed with the war on terror" former President Clinton said he left with the incoming administration, despite the fact that the 9-11 Commission offered claims to the contrary.


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Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) and dynamic power management (DPM) are widely-used techniques to reduce energy consumption in modern computing systems. Although combining these techniques can save more energy, there has not been much work focused on energy-optimal combination of these techniques under variable memory clock frequencies. In this paper, we explore system-wide energy-optimal frequency space for a memory-aware DVS technique based on a stochastic memory access model for systems with frequency-variable memory devices. In addition, we propose a simple but practical DVS method, which can be applied to an actual platform.
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"Hiking and Travelling are part of my life!" Cool-123's Profile
Aug - Isreal
Eialt, Arad, Be'er Sheva, Avdat, Masada, Ein Gedi, Dead Sea, Jerusalem, Bethlemhem, Tiberias, Tabgha, Mt of the Beatitudes, Sea of Galilee, Jordan River, Tsfat, Tzipori National Park, Beit She'an National Park, Nazareth, Haifa, Akko, Jaffa, Tel Aviv
Jul - Jordan
Amman, Petra, Wadi Rum, Madaba
Jul & Aug 2013
Kazakhstan - Almaty
Uzbekistan - Tashkent, Fergana, Samarkan, Bukhara, Nuhus, Khvia, Moynaq
Jul & Aug 2010
Monglia - Ulaanbaatar, jeep tour
Russia - Ulan-Ude
China - Beijing
Jul & Aug 2009
Croatia - Zegreb, Pula, Porec, Rovinj, Split, Sibenik, Zadar, Trogir, Hvar Island, Korcula Island, Dubronvnik, Mljet, Kotor
Bosnia Hercegovina - Mostar, Travnik, Sarajevo, Blagaj
Estonia - Tallinn
Russia - St Petersburg, Moscow
Jul & Aug 2008
Estonia - Tallinn, Saaremaa, Parnu
Latvia - Riga
Lithuania - Vilnius, Kaunas, Nida
China - Shanghai
Jul & Aug 2007
Hungary - Budapast, Pecs, Eger
Romania - Bucharest, Brasov
Bulgaria - Sofia, Rila Monastery, Veliko Tarnovo, Plovdiv, Varna, Bansko
Nov - Apr 2003 -2004
Mexico - Mexico City, Tepoztlan, Teotihuacan, Taxco, Cuernacaca, Oaxaca, Palenque, San Cristobal, Merida
Educador - Quito, Ibarra, Banos, Riobamba, Chimborazo, Cuenca, Vilcabamba, Guayaquil
Peru - Lima, Arequipa, Lake Titicaca, Cusco, Puno, Machu Picchu, Inca Trail, Aquas Calientes, Trujillo, Huaraz, Chachapoyas
Bolivia - La Paz, Copacabana, Uyuni, Tupiza, Potosi, Sucre
Argentina - Buenos Aires, Cafayate, Salta, Humahuaca, Mendoza, San Juan
Chile - Santiago, Valparaiso, Vina de Mar
Aug 2004
Greece - Athens, Napplio, Thessaloniki
Turkey - Istanbul, Ephesus, Troy, Pamukkale, Canakkale
Sep - Dec 2004
USA - New York, New Jersey
Jul & Aug 2002
First I met the Japanese girl on the night train to Prague. Since she met three Spaineses on her trip, then we had a drink near the square. Not for long, those guys found four more Spaineses on the next table. We talked together and had fun.
I travelled alone and met these English girls when I got off the ferry. I joined the girls and we had dinner near the market place. The restaurant with a nice open space sitting area. The food is delicious and the carpets hanging on the wall look very nice.
I met the Canadian girl and we talked together in the pier at 5:30am. We stayed in the same hostel and went out at night sometimes. That night, we went to see a concert near the church with the pine trees nearby. The day before, we got free shoters outside the pubs on our way to the disco.
I had a snow-excursion to the Stubai-Glacier. I met two German when I was walking on the snow to another stop. We had a drink in a restaurant. On the way back to take the cable car, we tried to ski without the equipment and it worked. Besides, somebody gave us the plastic bags. We put them on our back. Then we lay down and used our legs to make our body moved. Oh, it worked. It looked funny. I can't help stop laughing at all.
He was my colleague. That night we had a gathering. The theme was the traditional dancing. He was one of the performers. I like the way he dressed.
I joined the free hiking program in Innsbruck. The tour guide sat in the middle and he is a volunteer. He told me something very important about the forest. We saw the droppings on the way. Well, I tried to make a snowman. This is the first time I did it. Although he showed me how to make it, my snowman didn't look like a ball...why??
He is from New Zealand. We met on the night train. Both we didn't have the ticket and hardly find the seats on the train. On the way, he told me about the "tomota" in Valencia. He was there and got wet with the tomota. Also, he helped me find the way to Gilbraltar.
Comments (55)
Dropped in to wish you a happy birthday and the wishes are no less for being a few days late !!! Wanted to see your pages on Israel, but coult not find them, where did you "hide" them....
Shalom, Shalom, I was just thinking about your travel "list", Egypt, Israel, Jordan. Only a few short years ago all three of those countries were at war, today we have peace with them both and you can travel between to enjoy some of the most beautiful scenery and history.
(Oh, and say hi to Zohara when she picks you up at the bus station....just talked to her)
Hope your birthday is filled with all the fun you can handle!
Happy birthday Edith
Happy Birthday, best wishes on your special day:)
Happy birthday Edith :)
Happy Birthday!
Hi Happy B'day Dear ...
Edith, happy birthday from Germany.
A BIRTHDAY is just the first day of another 365-day journey around the sun. Enjoy the trip.
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6 New Science and Discovery Kits for Kids
Forensics Fingerprint Lab
This CSI-inspired fingerprint kit is part of a series of simple kits designed to introduce kids to basic science concepts. The fingerprint kit comes with everything a budding forensic scientist needs—stickers, ink, dusting powder and more. Little sleuths can dust for prints, analyze the results and then play a simple detective game. One of the biggest pluses of the kits in this series is the focus on a single subject—kids can learn specific science concepts in their area of interest without getting overwhelmed. Safe, but a little complex—best for older kids.
(Geek & Co./Thames and Kosmos; $19.95; ages 8+)


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Peace and justice activists from across the country are invited to gather at Stony Point Center (Stony Point, NY) for the Presbyterian Peace Fellowship's Convocation of Peacemakers to explore "The Art of Waging Peace" through plenary presentations, small group discussions, workshops, Open Space conversations, powerful preaching, and inspiring worship.
The Presbyterian Peace Fellowship expresses joy and gratitude with Presbyterians across the country tonight as a majority of presbyteries have voted in favor of an amendment to the Book of Order concerning how we do marriage in the Presbyterian Church (USA). The new section to be added to our Directory for Worship says that "Marriage involves a unique commitment between two people, traditionally a man and a woman." That two people commit themselves to living together for the rest of their lives is peacemaking up close and personal. And marriage gives hope that human beings can learn to live together.
Just like the US government, the PC(USA) has supported peace in the Middle East by periodically making statements supporting the peace process. But talk is cheap, whether it is the US government speaking or the church. The church needs to hear from its constituents. That means you. The PC(USA) Office of Public Witness is collecting signatures of individuals, churches and other entities who pledge to support this boycott. Please sign.
The Presbyterian Peace Fellowship has named Evelyn Chumbow and Jill Bolander-Cohen as joint recipients of the 2015 Peaceseeker Award. These two Presbyterian women have made significant contributions to the struggle against human trafficking.
The Presbyterian church has a long engagement with issues of war and peace. Many Presbyterians have been powerful spokespersons for an understanding of their faith that committed them to a complete rejection of war and military force as a way of resolving conflicts.
Nonviolent accompaniers serve in Colombia in pairs for a month at a time, living in solidarity with our sisters and brothers in Colombia.
Use our resources to help your congregation talk about and act on the epidemic of gun violence in the U.S.
ColombiaIsrael/PalestineGun Violence PreventionPeace DiscernmentAbout Us
Colombia Accompaniment ProgramWHINSEC (SOA)Middle EastGeneral AssemblyResources


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Broadway.com's Word of Mouth panelists Jane, Ruth and Fernando took a toe-tapping trip back in time with the new Broadway musical Motown: The Musical. So did our reviewers stop in the name of this energetic show?
On this week's episode of The Broadway.com Show, we've got buzz about a rapping Russell Simmons musical, a Beautiful big-screen remake and a totally Mad Star of the Week.March 25, 2015
The magical children's book comes to life as a big Broadway musical. Learn all about Matilda!March 1, 2015
The Tony Award-winning smash musical Kinky Boots is winning over audiences nightly. Find out more about this fabulous hit.January 4, 2015
Sierra Boggess and the cast of It Shoulda Been You check out the Brooks Atkinson Theatre. We also get a behind-the-scenes look at the show's sitzprobe.March 17, 2015
We're sad to see Kara Lindsay's vlog end, but she's busy asking questions, collecting alternate lyrics and handing out awards in her final video backstage at Wicked.March 19, 2015
Watch video of Broadway's longest-running phenomenon!September 25, 2008
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Chat with Rachel Nichols
Welcome to SportsNation! On Monday, E:60 reporter Rachel Nichols stops by to chat about her latest piece for the show, one that focuses on New York Jets head coach Rex Ryan, as his team gets set to face the Miami Dolphins on Monday Night Football (8:30 p.m. ET, ESPN). Nichols' story airs on the E:60 on Tuesday at 7 p.m. ET on ESPN.
Nichols joined ESPN in February 2004 as a New York-based reporter for ESPN's news-gathering operation, particularly "SportsCenter," ESPNEWS and E:60. Nichols received a bachelor's degree in journalism from Northwestern University.
Send your questions now and join Nichols Monday at 4 p.m. ET!
More Rachel Nichols: Archive
Buzzmaster (3:42 PM)
Rachel will be chatting at 4 PM ET, everyone! We had to reschedule.
Rachel (4:04 PM)
Hi guys. Welcome to our E60 chat!
Logan (Virginia)
What was the most fun story to do on E:60
Rachel (4:08 PM)
They're all pretty good - that's what's fun about this show. This Rex Ryan piece was a blast - Rex is extremely personable, and his whole family is fun to be around. We interviewed Buddy and Rex's twin brother, Rob, who is the defensive coordinator for the Cleveland Browns. Rob is even more fiery than Rex, and Buddy is...well, Buddy. We went down to his horse farm in Kentucky for the story. He has a horse named "Jetty" because it was born the day Rex got the job in New York.
Lee (my desk in NJ)
Rex is great!!! Adds such a personality that the franchise has been dying for.
Rachel (4:11 PM)
We definitely address in the story the way Rex has changed the recent culture of the franchise. There's a bravado not seen since the days of Joe Namath, and the players talk about how that has translated on the field. Linebacker Bart Scott said that during a preseason game, Giants linebacker Antonio Pierce came up and told him the Jets even had a different attitude in warm-ups.
Jake (Syracuse)
Rachel, did you ask Rex any questions about adding Braylon to the team and how he feels about it?
Rachel (4:13 PM)
We reported out most of our story before the Edwards trade happened, but it certainly seems Rex is happy about the deal. It'll be pretty interesting to see what Braylon does tonight on the big stage of Monday Night Football. Starting him right away is a bold move - but not surprising.
Nile Gata (Bronx, New York)
Do you think the jets can win a superbowl in the next 5 years?
Rachel (4:17 PM)
Hard to promise any team will win a Super Bowl - so many teams have appeared on the verge and then faded. But the Jets are building in the right direction, no question. The defense is already one of the most commanding in the NFL, and their rookie quarterback has convinced a lot of people he is special. But maybe the person to ask is Rex - in his introductory press conference, he said he expected to be meeting President Obama in the next few years when the Jets go to the White House to celebrate a Super Bowl title.
SprungOnSports (Long Island)
What can you tell us about Rex Ryan and the Jets that most people would not know about?
Rachel (4:20 PM)
I don't think most people know that Rex Ryan has dyslexia. He talks in our piece about the challenges that presents, and the strategies he uses to overcome them as he carries out his day-to-day duties as an NFL coach. Most interesting to me was that Ryan thinks his dyslexia has had a huge impact on the way he coaches. He says having dyslexia forced him to do a lot of things differently as a kid, so he always approached coaching differently than most people as well. It's why his schemes look different than anyone else's in the league.
Dexter (pdx)
Who benefits most from Edwards' arrival -- Cotchery, Sanchez or Jones/Washington?
Rachel (4:22 PM)
If you're a quarterback, another good receiver makes you happy, so Sanchez has got to be pretty pleased. We'll have to see how they use Edwards as the season progresses. The Jets maintain they want to be a run-first team, so expect the focus to stay there in general.
Otto (CA)
Do you think the Jets wanted Favre back this year?
Rachel (4:25 PM)
The Jets are happy with the situation they're in now with Sanchez. They knew when they granted Brett his release, he could always unretire, and if they hadn't been able to find another quarterback that fits the team so well, there may have been more soul-searching over what could have been with Favre - but with the way things worked out, that just hasn't been the case.
L- Man (long island)
did Rex talk about his diet, that he was on at the begining of the season??
Rachel (4:28 PM)
He did a little bit - he said at one point he talked to Andy Reid about how he's been managing his weight, since Andy's lost a bunch.
Rachel (4:30 PM)
Thanks so much for the chat, everyone. Lots more on Rex Ryan on E60 tomorrow night - 7pm Eastern on ESPN. In the meantime, enjoy the game tonight!
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text: In Mesa AZ, CHEVY'S was our favorite, with the lightest crispy chips & delicious smoky salsa. Donna loved the Pork Tamale & Tomalito corn pudding side that so complemented the pork. Mine was always Salad and a couple baskets of chips & salsa to fill me up. Visiting in St Louis, drive-by sighting of... read more


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GUIDELINE 2i Concussion or Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) in the Athlete account for a significant percentage million concussions occur from of injuries in men's and women's participation in sports- and basketball, women's lacrosse, and recreation-related activities every other sports traditionally men's basketball 0.6, accounting considered "noncontact." injuries are often difficult to detect, the injuries for these sports as with athletes often underreporting The incidence in helmeted versus reported by the NCAA Injury their injury, minimizing their nonhelmeted sports is also similar. Surveillance Program by the importance or not recognizing that In the years 2004 to 2009, the rate Datalys Center. an injury has occurred. At the of concussion during games per Assessment and management of college level, these injuries are concussive injuries, and return-to- more common in certain sports, men's ice hockey 2.4, for women's play decisions remain some of the such as football, ice hockey, men's ice hockey 2.2, for women's soccer most difficult responsibilities and women's soccer, and men's facing the sports medicine team. lacrosse. However, they also There are potentially serious complications of multiple or severe concussions, including second impact syndrome, postconcussive syndrome, or post-traumatic encephalopathy. Though there is some controversy as to the existence of second impact syndrome, in which a second impact with potentially catastrophic consequences occurs before the full recovery after a first insult, the risks include severe cognitive compromise and death. Other associated injuries that can occur in the setting of concussion include seizures, cervical spine injuries, skull fractures and/or intracranial bleed. Due to the serious nature of mild traumatic brain injury, and these serious 52 potential complications, it is imperative that the health care injuries of skull fracture, noted. These sideline tests should professionals taking care of intracranial bleeding and seizures, be performed and repeated as athletes are able to recognize, when there is concern for structural necessary, but do not take the place evaluate and treat these injuries in abnormalities or when the of other comprehensive a complete and progressive symptoms of an athlete persist or neuropsychological tests. deteriorate. Executive Committee adopted a Once an injury occurs and an Concussion is associated with initial assessment has been made, it policy that requires NCAA clinical scenarios that often clear is important to determine an initial institutions to have a concussion spontaneously, and may or may not plan of action, which includes management plan on file. (See be associated with loss of deciding on whether additional information box on page 55.) consciousness (LOC). referral to a physician and/or Concussion or mild traumatic brain emergency department should take The sideline evaluation of the injury (mTBI) has been defined as place, and determining the follow- brain-injured athlete should include "a complex pathophysiological up care. The medical staff should an assessment of airway, breathing process affecting the brain, induced also determine whether additional and circulation (ABCs), followed by traumatic biomechanical observation or hospital admission by an assessment of the cervical forces." Although concussion most should be considered. spine and skull for associated commonly occurs after a direct injury. The sideline evaluation Follow-up care and instructions blow to the head, it can occur after should also include a neurological should be given to the athlete, and a blow elsewhere that is transmitted and mental status examination and ensuring that they are not left alone to the head. Concussions can be some form of brief neurocognitive for an initial period of time should defined by the clinical features, testing to assess memory function be considered. Athletes should pathophysiological changes and/or and attention. This can be in the avoid alcohol or other substances biomechanical forces that occur, form of questions regarding the that will impair their cognitive and these have been described in particular practice or competition, function, and also avoid aspirin and the literature. The neurochemical previous game results, and remote other medications that can increase and neurometabolic changes that and recent memory, and questions their risk of bleeding. occur in concussive injury have to test the athlete's recall of words, been elucidated, and exciting As mentioned previously, months of the year backwards and research is underway describing the conventional imaging studies such calculations. Special note should genetic factors that may play a role as MRI and CT scans are usually be made regarding the presence in determining which individuals normal in mTBI. However, these and duration of retrograde or are at an increased risk for studies are considered an adjunct anterograde amnesia, and the sustaining brain injury. when any structural lesion, such as presence and duration of confusion. Most commonly, concussion is A timeline of injury and the an intracranial bleed or fracture, is characterized by the rapid onset of presence of symptoms should be suspected. If an athlete cognitive impairment that is self limited and spontaneously resolves. Table 1 The acute symptoms of concussion, SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF mTBI listed below, are felt to reflect a Loss of consciousness (LOC) Visual Disturbances functional disturbance in cognitive Confusion (Photophobia, blurry Phono/ function instead of structural Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) photophobia vision, abnormalities, which is why Retrograde amnesia (RGA) double vision) diagnostic tests such as magnetic Disorientation Disequilibrium resonance imaging (MRI) and Delayed verbal and motor Feeling "in a fog," "zoned out" computerized tomography (CT) responses Vacant stare scans are most often normal. Inability to focus Emotional lability These studies may have their role Headache Dizziness in assessing and evaluating the Nausea/Vomiting Slurred/incoherent speech head-injured athlete whenever there Excessive drowsiness is concern for the associated 53 experiences prolonged loss of consciousness, confusion, seizure 1. NCAA Concussion Fact Sheets and Video for Coaches activity, focal neurologic deficits or and Student-Athletes Available at www.NCAA.org/health-safety. persistent clinical or cognitive 2. Heads Up: Concussion Tool Kit symptoms, then additional testing CDC. Available at www.cdc.gov/ncipc/tbi/coaches_tool_kit.htm. may be indicated. 3. Heads Up Video NATA. Streaming online at www.nata.org/consumer/headsup.htm. There are several grading systems and return-to-play guidelines in the literature regarding concussion in needed to understand the complete sport (AAN, Torg, Cantu). However, Zurich Conference, NATA '04). role of neuropsychological testing. there may be limitations because they presume that LOC is associated Several recent publications have Given these limitations, it is with more severe injuries. It has endorsed the use of neurocognitive essential that the medical care team been demonstrated that LOC does or neuropsychological testing as the treating athletes continue to rely on not correlate with severity of injury cornerstone of concussion its clinical skills in evaluating the in patients presenting to an evaluation. These tests provide a head-injured athlete to the best of its emergency department with closed reliable assessment and ability. It is essential that no athlete head injury, and has also been quantification of brain function by be allowed to return to participation demonstrated in athletes with examining brain-behavior when any symptoms persist, either concussion (Lovell '99). It has been relationships. These tests are at rest or during exertion. Any further demonstrated that retrograde designed to measure a broad range athlete exhibiting an injury that amnesia (RGA), post-traumatic of cognitive function, including involves significant symptoms, long amnesia (PTA), and the duration of speed of information processing, duration of symptoms or difficulties confusion and mental status changes memory recall, attention and with memory function should not be are more sensitive indicators of concentration, reaction time, allowed to return to play during the injury severity (Collins '03), thus an scanning and visual tracking ability, same day of competition. The athlete with these symptoms should and problem solving ability. Several duration of time that an athlete not be allowed to return to play computerized versions of these tests should be kept out of physical during the same day. These athletes have also been designed to improve activity is unclear, and in most should not return to any the availability of these tests, and instances, individualized return-to- participation until cleared by a make them easier to distribute and play decisions should be made. physician. More recent grading use. Ideally, these tests are These decisions will often depend systems have been published that performed before the season as a on the clinical symptoms, previous attempt to take into account the "baseline" with which post-injury history of concussion and severity expanding research in the field of tests can be compared. Despite the of previous concussions. Additional mTBI in athletes. Though it is utility of neuropsychological test factors include the sport, position, useful to become familiar with these batteries in the assessment and age, support system for the athlete guidelines, it is important to treatment of concussion in athletes, and the overall "readiness" of the remember that many of these several questions remain athlete to return to sport. injuries are best treated in an unanswered. Further research is Once an athlete is completely asymptomatic, the return-to-play Table 2 progression should occur in a step- SYMPTOMS OF POST-CONCUSSION SYNDROME wise fashion with gradual Loss of intellectual capacity Fatigue increments in physical exertion and Poor recent memory Irritability risk of contact. After a period of Personality changes Phono/photophobia remaining asymptomatic, the first Headaches Sleep disturbances step is an "exertional challenge" in Dizziness Sleep disturbances Lack of concentration Depressed mood to 20 minutes in an activity such as Poor attention Anxiety biking or running in which he/she 54 increases his/her heart rate and breaks a sweat. If he/she does not experience any symptoms, this can The NCAA Executive Committee adopted be followed by a steady increase in (April 2010) the following policy for exertion, followed by return-to- institutions in all three divisions. sport-specific activities that do not put the athlete at risk for contact. "Institutions shall have a concussion management plan on file such Examples include dribbling a ball that a student-athlete who exhibits signs, symptoms or behaviors con- or shooting, stickwork or passing, sistent with a concussion shall be removed from practice or competi- or other agilities. This allows the tion and evaluated by an athletics healthcare provider with experience athlete to return to the practice in the evaluation and management of concussions. Student-athletes setting, albeit in a limited role. diagnosed with a concussion shall not return to activity for the Finally, the athlete can be remainder of that day. Medical clearance shall be determined by the progressed to practice activities team physician or his or her designee according to the concussion with limited contact and finally full management plan. contact. How quickly one moves "In addition, student-athletes must sign a statement in which they ac- through this progression remains cept the responsibility for reporting their injuries and illnesses to the controversial. institutional medical staff, including signs and symptoms of concus- sions. During the review and signing process, student-athletes should be presented with educational material on concussions." 1. Cantu RC: Concussion severity should and Neuropsychological Performance in 13. Makdissi M, Collie A, Maruff P et al: not be determined until all College Football Players. JAMA Computerized cognitive assessment of postconcussion symptoms have abated. 282:964-970, 1999. concussed Australian Rules footballers. Lancet 3:437-8, 2004. 8. Guskiewicz KM, Bruce SL, Cantu R, Br. J Sports Med 35(5):354-360, 2001. 2. Cantu RC: Recurrent athletic head Ferrara MS, Kelly JP, McCrea M, 14. McCrea M: Standardized mental injury: risks and when to retire. Clin Putukian M, McLeod-Valovich TC; status assessment of sports concussion. Sports Med. 22:593-603, 2003. National Athletic Trainers' Association Clin J Sport Med 11(3):176-181, 2001. 3. Cantu RC: Post traumatic (retrograde/ Position Statement: Management of Sport-related Concussion: Journal of 15. McCrea M, Hammeke T, Olsen G, anterograde) amnesia: pathophysiology Athletic Training. 39(3): 280-297, 2004. Leo , Guskiewicz K: Unreported and implications in grading and safe return to play. Journal of Athletic concussion in high school football 9. Guskiewicz KM: Postural stability players. Clin J Sport Med 2004;14:13- Training. 36(3): 244-8, 2001. assessment following concussion: One piece of the puzzle. Clin J Sport Med 17. 4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sports-related recurrent 2001; 11:182-189. 16. McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Johnston brain injuries: United States. MMWR 10. Hovda DA, Lee SM, Smith ML et al: K, Dvorak J, Aubry M, Molloy M, Cantu Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1997; 46:224- The Neurochemical and metabolic R. Concensus Statement on Concussion 227. cascade following brain injury: Moving in Sport: the Third International 5. Collie A, Darby D, Maruff P: from animal models to man. J Conference on Concussion in Sport. Computerized cognitive assessment of Neurotrauma 12(5):143-146, 1995. Zurich, Switzerland, 2008. Br J Sports athletes with sports related head injury. 11. Johnston K, Aubry M, Cantu R et al: Med 2009;43:i76-i84. Br. J Sports Med 35(5):297-302, 2001. Summary and Agreement Statement of 17. Torg JS: Athletic Injuries to the Head, 6. Collins MW, Iverson GL, Lovell MR, the First International Conference on Neck, and Face. St. Louis, Mosby-Year McKeag DB, Norwig J, Maroon J: On- Concussion in Sport, Vienna 2001, Phys Book, 1991. field predictors of neuropsychological & Sportsmed 30(2):57-63, 2002. 18. Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown LV, Wald and symptom deficit following sports- 12. Lovell MR, Iverson GL, Collins MW MM. The Epidemiology and Impact of related concussion. Clin J Sport Med et al: Does loss of consciousness predict Traumatic Brain Injury. J Head Trauma 2003; 13:222-229. neuropsychological decrements after Rehabil. 2006; 21:375-8. 7. Collins MW, Grindel SH, Lovell MR et concussion? Clin J Sport Med 9:193- al: Relationship Between Concussion 198, 1999. 55 In Addition to the Executive Committee Policy Requirements, Additional Best Practices for a Concussion Management Plan Include, but are not Limited to: 1. Although sports currently have rules in place, for each student-athlete before the first practice athletics staff, student-athletes and officials should in the sports of baseball, basketball, diving, continue to emphasize that purposeful or flagrant equestrian, field hockey, football, gymnastics, head or neck contact in any sport should not be per- ice hockey, lacrosse, pole vaulting, rugby, mitted and current rules of play should be strictly soccer, softball, water polo and wrestling, at enforced. a minimum. The same baseline assessment tools should be used post-injury at appropriate 2. Institutions should have on file and annually update time intervals. The baseline assessment should an emergency action plan for each athletics venue consist of one or more of the following areas of to respond to student-athlete catastrophic injuries assessment. and illnesses, including but not limited to, con- cussions, heat illness, spine injury, cardiac arrest, 1) At a minimum, the baseline assessment should respiratory distress (e.g., asthma), and sickle cell consist of the use of a symptoms checklist and trait collapses. All athletics healthcare providers standardized cognitive and balance assess- and coaches should review and practice the plan at ments [e.g., SAC; SCAT; SCAT II; Balance least annually. Error Scoring System (BESS)]. 3. Institutions should have on file an appropriate 2) Additionally, neuropsychological testing (e.g., healthcare plan that includes equitable access to computerized, standard paper and pencil) has athletics healthcare providers for each NCAA sport. been shown to be effective in the evaluation and management of concussions. The develop- 4. Athletics healthcare providers should be empowered ment and implementation of a neuropsycho- to have the unchallengeable authority to determine logical testing program should be performed management and return-to-play of any ill or injured in consultation with a neuropsychologist who student-athlete, as the provider deems appropriate. is in the best position to interpret NP tests by For example, a countable coach should not serve as virtue of background and training. However, the primary supervisor for an athletics healthcare there may be situations in which neuropsy- provider, nor should the coach have sole hiring or chologists are not available and a physician ex- firing authority over a provider. perienced in the use and interpretation of such 5. The concussion management plan should outline testing in an athletic population may perform the roles of athletics healthcare staff (e.g., physician, or interpret NP screening tests. certified athletic trainer, nurse practitioner, physician d. The student-athlete should receive serial assistant, neurologist, neuropsychologist). In addi- monitoring for deterioration. Athletes should be tion, the following components have been specifi- provided with written instructions upon dis- cally identified for the collegiate environment: charge, preferably with a roommate, guardian or a. Institutions should ensure that coaches have ac- someone who can follow the instructions. knowledged that they understand the concussion e. The student-athlete should be evaluated by a management plan, their role within the plan and team physician as outlined within the concus- that they received education about concussions. sion management plan. Once asymptomatic b. Athletics healthcare providers should practice and post-exertion assessments are within normal within the standards as established for their baseline limits, return-to-play should follow a professional practice (e.g., physician, certified medically supervised stepwise process. athletic trainer, nurse practitioner, physician as- 6. Institutions should document the incident, evalua- sistant, neurologist, neuropsychologist). tion, continued management and clearance of the c. Institutions should record a baseline assessment student-athlete with a concussion. For references, visit www.NCAA.org/health-safety. 56
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