text:
Gas Insert or wood?
I'm looking to put an insert into my old masonry fireplace. When I went to the store today I was intrigued by the ease of use and maintenance of a gas insert. As I have natural gas coming into the house and I live in the suburbs of Long Island where I would have to buy wood I'm leaning to the gas insert. Anyone have an opinion?
Thanks in advance.
Tom on LI
The optimal gas insert is a direct vent insert. It is completely sealed from the indoors so it does not affect indoor air quality. It is safe, even for sleeping rooms -- some gas logs are not. And it is highly energy efficient. Most traditional fireplaces, whether insert or not, send most of the heat up the chimney, so they do not heat much. Direct vent throws off really serious heat. But they do cost -- prepare to spend $2-3K.
Wood inserts are typically not direct vent, which means they are not sealed systems. But I believe they do provide more heat than a conventional fireplace. The advantage of the gas insert is that it requires little or no attention, especially if you get one with a remote thermostat. But if you like the idea of lighting a fire and keeping it going, wood might be right for you. In that case you should take a look at the forum in >. The guys there love wood and are happy to be helpful.
Whatever you decide, make sure you check out the background of your installer. These devices take at least a whole day to install properly, and you need someone who will pay attention to the details and get them right.


text: America's Homeless Got Talent [Video] By gary.chenoweth January 14, 2011 10:40 AM Share on Facebook Share on Twitter David Faustino roams the streets of Hollywood with a fistful of dollars, trying to discover whether all the homeless are as talented as Ted Williams, the homeless man with the golden radio voice. Filed Under: america's got talent, ted williams Category: Videos Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! Best of 98.7 WGR Recommended For You Around the Web

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Popular Subjects
Browse All Subjects
Real Beauty: 101 Ways to Feel...
Buy from $0.99
Good Sports: Winning, Losing,...
Sports Secrets and Spirit...
Coconut Best Friends Kit
The Care and Keeping of You: The Body Book for Girls
Starting at $0.99
Kaya's Magnetic Mini World (American Girls Collection Sidelines)
Starting at $22.48
Molly's Magnetic Mini World (American Girls Collection Sidelines)
Starting at $5.25
What Would You Do?
Pencil Play 2: Word Games, Picture Puzzles, Mazes, and More!
Subscribe now for coupons, newsletters, and more!
Let's Get Social
Terms of Use |
Privacy Policy |
Recommendations by Simularity |
Copyright © 1998 - 2015 Alibris. All rights reserved.
Alibris and BookMate are trademarks of Alibris
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited, Baker & Taylor, Inc., or by their respective licensors, or by the publishers, or by their respective licensors. For personal use only. All rights reserved. All rights in images of books or other publications are reserved by the original copyright holders.


text:
Wilfredo Lee, Associated Press
A football coach at a public school is allowed to teach his players.
But can he also preach to them?
The answer is proving to be far from definitive.
In mid-April, the Freedom From Religion Foundation filed an official complaint with Clemson University, saying its football coach, Dabo Swinney, was scheduling unconstitutional religious devotionals and had hired a chaplain for the team, according to the FFRF website.
Swinney responded to the complaint via an Atlantic Coastal Conference press meeting, saying that he runs his team as any other in the nation, according to ESPN.
"Anything that we have in our program from a spiritual standpoint is and always has been voluntary. We're no different than any other program out there in how we operate as far as providing our players opportunities to grow in any aspect of their lives," Swinney said.
Clemson attorneys have responded as well, contending FFRF "misconstrued" facts in their complaint, according to the Post and Courier.
Later that month, Chris Wells, a high school football coach for Middletown High School in Ohio, also received a complaint from FFRF, which had been contacted by a parent troubled by the coach allegedly infusing religion into the program, the Journal-News reported.
The superintendent, athletic director and principal of Middletown High acted quickly on what the parent and FFRF claim was the coach frequently speaking about religion and leading the team in prayer, according to the article. The superintendent reported that the coach agreed to comply with district rules and not endorse his religion while acting as an employee of the school district, according to the report.
Mike Matheny, manager of the St. Louis Cardinals, does offer some advice in a blog post from last year on how to be a man of faith and also a coach.
He began by admitting that the topic of faith and sports is unpopular and often makes people cringe. Then he said, "Life is not always fair, and troubles are unavoidable. If I am doing my job the way that I believe I should do it, then conversations should come up that are deeper than batting slumps and sore shoulders. When those conversations start, I then have the opportunity to share my experiences, and my experiences almost always have a God component to them. So, should I be a coward and not tell the truth from fear of political incorrectness? I think not."
Meanwhile, the key players in this debate are often left out of the discussion — how do the players feel about a religious coach and his sharing of beliefs?
Tigernet.com, an unofficial Clemson football website, caught up with former players of Dabo Swinney and asked whether Swinney had ever taken to preaching in the locker room or on the field.
Former safety, DeAndre McDaniel said, "This looks bad for Coach Swinney. I hate it that this foundation comes out and they really don't know what they are talking about. ... It makes him look bad and makes the Clemson program look bad as a whole. And I know that really isn't how it is going," according to the tigernet.com article.
Also, former Clemson Tiger Aaron Kelly said via Twitter, "Dabo didn't try changing my beliefs. He's a great coach because he stands for what he believes in, including Clemson and Christianity."
Email: email@example.com
Twitter: sorensenate
- Preparing to split up, LDS General Primary...
- General Women's Session focuses on family, home
- 185th Annual General Conference talk...
- President Henry B. Eyring: 'The Comforter'
- LDS Church releases Easter video, campaign
- From log cabin to university, BYU-Idaho...
- Sister Bonnie L. Oscarson: 'Defenders of the...
- Defending the Faith: Joseph, the stone and...
- Defending the Faith: Joseph, the stone... 166
- Why I don't call myself a... 92
- 'A marvellous work and a wonder': A... 63
- Heaven can wait, Christian bookstore... 17
- General Women's Session focuses on... 17
- Millennials are the 'don't... 16
- State bills to protect religious... 11
- Returning LDS missionary, father... 8


text:
Meir Panim delivers warmth, special care to families in need.
The pasuk from which most of the halachos of gittin (divorce) are derived is in this week's parshah. The pasuk says: "Ki yikach ish isha… vechasav lah sefer kerisus v'nasan b'yadah veshilchah mi'beiso – If a man marries a woman … and he wrote her a bill of divorce and placed it in her hand and sent her from his house" (Devarim 24:1).
Generally, the divorce process is when a husband writes a document of divorce and gives it to his wife. One halacha that results from this pasuk is that the husband or his agent must put the get in the hand (or possession) of his wife in order for the get to be valid. But this is problematic, for the rabbanan decreed that everything that a married woman acquires belongs to her husband. How then could the husband put the get into her possession if wherever he places it will acquire for him what he already owns? Even directly placing the get in her hands will be considered as if he gave it to himself, as she essentially has no property that belongs to her. Even property that she owned prior to their marriage is considered as belonging to her husband.
The Gemara in Gittin 77b answers that there is a concept called "gitta veyada ba'im k'echad – her get and her hand come together." This means that since, if the get would be valid, she would have a hand of her own to receive the get, we thus credit her with already having her hand in this transaction – and the get is as valid as if he put it in her hand. The Gemara says that this rule also applies in a scenario whereby the husband places the get in her property. This is so since if the transaction would materialize, the property would belong to her, and we grant the property to her in order to facilitate the transaction.
The Ketzos Hachoshen (200:5) speculates as to whether we can apply this concept to monetary transactions as well. For example, if Reuven wants to give property to Shimon as a gift, one of the ways that property is acquired is by writing a shtar (document) and giving it to the buyer or to his property – similar to a get. Could Reuven place the gift document in the property and tell Shimon that he has given him the property? Would we say or not say that his property and his gift are combined? Since in order to acquire the property, Shimon needs to own the property that contains the document. And if he would own the property (the document would be in his possession) and therefore have the property acquired for him, perhaps it is a valid transaction – just as it is by a get.
The Ketzos Hachoshen then rules that this concept does not apply to monetary transactions. He explains that it can only be applicable to the scenario of a get. This is because there is a fundamental difference between the situations when a husband must "give" his wife a get and when a monetary document must change hands in order to activate a transaction. Regarding a real estate transaction, it is not sufficient to merely give the document to the buyer; rather, the buyer must acquire the document. Regarding a get, the woman need not acquire the get document; rather, the husband must merely place it in her hand or on her property. Since she does not need to acquire the get, the Gemara says that we can apply the concept of gitta veyada ba'im k'echad. The idea is that since she does not have to acquire the document and it only has to be considered on her property, we say that it is already considered to be her property – since we grant the fact that it will become her property. However, in a scenario whereby one must acquire the document in order for the transaction to take place, we cannot advance the property together with the transaction.
From the halacha that one may write a get on something from which it is forbidden to gain benefit, the Ketzos Hachoshen proves that a woman does not have to acquire her get in order for the divorce to be valid. The Rashba's view is that anything that is forbidden to derive benefit from is not acquirable. If a woman is indeed required to acquire her get, how can it be valid when it is written on something that is not acquirable? Additionally, a man may force his wife to receive a get min haTorah. There is no acquisition that can take place against one's will. The Ketzos draws from here that in fact a woman does not need to acquire her get; therefore the concept of gitta veyada ba'im k'echad only applies to a get and not to monetary transactions.
About the Author: For questions or comments, e-mail email@example.com.
If you don't see your comment after publishing it, refresh the page.
Comments are closed.
German poet Heinrich Heine: "Since the Exodus, freedom has always been spoken with a Hebrew accent."
Our ability to teach is only successful if done by example.
Outside of the High Holidays, Pesach is probably the most celebrated biblical holiday for the majority of Jews.
"If I notify people, nobody will buy the matzos!" exclaimed Mr. Mandel. "Once the halachic advisory panel ruled leniently, why can't I sell the matzos regularly?"
So what type of praise is it that Aaron followed orders?
Her Children, Her Whim
'Kesubas Bnin Dichrin'
(Kesubos 52b)
Question: Must one spend great sums of money and invest much effort in making one's home kosher for Passover? Not all of us have such unlimited funds.
Name Withheld
(Via E-Mail)
Yachatz is not mentioned in the Gemara. What is the foundation for yachatz?
First, the punishment for eating chametz on Pesach is karet, premature death at the Hand of God.
Why is it necessary to invite people to eat from the korban Pesach?
How was I going to get to Manhattan? No cabs were going, we didn't have a car, and many people who did have cars had no gas.
Did you ever notice that immediately upon being granted our freedom from Egypt, the Jewish people accepted upon themselves the yoke of a new master – Hashem?
Why does Torah make the priests go through a long and seemingly bizarre induction ceremony?
Often people in important positions separate from everyday people & tasks-NOT the Kohen Gadol
You smuggled tefillin into the camp? How can they help? Every day men risked their lives to use them
Rambam: Eating blood's forbidden because connected to idolatry;Ramban: We're affected by what we eat
Why is it necessary to invite people to eat from the korban Pesach?
The Ran asks why the Gemara concludes that since we are unsure which two of the four we must recline for, that we must recline for all four.
The Chasam Sofer answers that one of only prohibited from wearing a garment that contains shatnez if he does so while wearing the garment for pleasure purposes.
The Aruch Laner asks: How can Rashi say that the third Beis Hamikdash will descend as fire from heaven when every Jew prays several times a day for the rebuilding of the Beis Hamikdash?
The Ohr Hachayim rules that one may not manipulate the system; rather he must state his opinion as he see the ruling in the case; not as he would like the outcome of the verdict to become.
He suggests that the general admonition only dictates that a father may not actively enable his son to perform an aveirah.
Rather than submit to this fate and suffer torture and humiliation, Shaul decided to fall on his sword.
And if a person can take steps to perform the mitzvah, he should do so (even if he won't be held accountable for not performing it due to circumstances beyond his control).
Printed from: http://www.jewishpress.com/judaism/parsha/divorce-and-monetary-documents/2012/08/29/
Scan this QR code to visit this page online:


text:
Totally retro-oriented. Challenging gameplay rocks and pixels are beautiful!
No mods were found matching the criteria specified. We suggest you try the mods list with no filter applied, to browse all available mods.
Join now to add a mod we are missing or you are currently developing, so people can share news, files and media related to it.


text:
In Stock
Riders everywhere agree, the Burton Boxer Snowboard Boots should be at the top of your Christmas list. The rubber outsole on these boots is equipped with air cushioning to absorb shock and includes ice spikes for grip and traction. The Thin Profile 3D molded tongue reduces overall bulk while remaining supportive to ensure a responsive ride. Gain optimal style, comfort and performance with the Burton Boxer snowboard boots.


text:
Balance PhilosophySeries Website »
Episode Guide »
Lilias explores the importance of balance in yoga philosophy and in life.
Holly is on a mission to get to know more Vermonters, what inspires them, what makes them tick, and to learn how Vermont PBS can better serve. Watch the video...
Did you miss Brothers of the Gut? You can still order the DVD. Check out the documentary page for more info!
Original series, specials, documentaries and web shows produced by Vermont PBS
A second HD broadcast service offering alternative programming and more content from local and regional producers.


text:
Red Stick Farmer's Market boosts local economy
POSTED: Saturday, August 6, 2011 - 6:07pm
UPDATED: Saturday, August 6, 2011 - 6:07pm
Baton Rouge, La (NBC33) — While U.S. lawmakers keep telling us our economy is failing, local economies powered by local markets are looking up.
At the Red Stick Farmer's Market, local butchers, bakers and farmers bring first rate products to sell at low prices.
These products help maintain our Downtown Baton Rouge Economy.
Annabel Servat is a local baker that is out at the farmer's market every weekend, and she says it's not just because she enjoys it.
"The economy in baton rouge has not suffered as much from everything i've heard, and one of the reasons this area has not is i think because of the market. because it is consistent, it's every week, it doesn't matter how cold or hot it is, we're gonna be here." - said Servat, a local baker


text:
Terms & Conditions.
Price matching does not apply to this or any promotion. Offer is valid through 4/1/15 at 11:59 pm PST. May not be combined with any other offer/discount (unless specified), including invitation credits, promotional gift cards and/or special discount links. Discount applied upon checkout. Log in to your account to see your savings.
The all-natural, eco-friendly accoutrements from Elbeto are a bold, daring way to grab accessory styling by the horns—literally. This Alfreda Bracelet is a twisted, hand-carved bull horn bangle that's been polished to a shine and features two cubic zirconia embellishments. You'll certainly stand out from the herd.
Inner diameter measures 2.48", width of bangle is 2.36".
All horn materials are ethically and sustainably harvested. Actual item color may vary due to the nature of the materials used.
This product has no reviews yet. Be the first to review this product. Write a review
Sign Up & Enjoy 20% Off*


text:
OP Member
Thanks Meter: 0
43 posts
Join Date:Joined: Apr 2013
Part of my touchscreen suddenly becomes unresponsive.
I have to swipe hardly on the screen in order to unlock my phone by pattern.
For the past few occurrence,the issue is gone when I charge my phone for a short period of time and the touchscreen is OK.
I am not sure if it is a rom (latest purity 4.4.2 rom 14/04), kernel (hellscore b46t4), app (touch control, nova launcher, LMT launcher) or hardware issues. I also have my SGP screen protector used over a year. Not sure what really happened.
I have flashed also franco and matr1x kernel but the issue persists.
I am charging my phone and hope the issue will be gone
My warranty is over and I really hope that was just a software problem.
I am with latest 4.4.2 purity rom, hellscore b46t4.
I have attached 2 screenshot from YAMTT and here is a screen recording video.
If anyone experienced anything similar, please help.
Thanks everyone


text:
ABOUT US: The Engineers' Club of Memphis, organized on May 8, 1914, is a nonsectarian, nonpolitical, and nonprofit society whose objectives and purposes are to promote the educational and professional improvement of its members, to advance the field of engineering in its several branches, to make available to the general public technical and scientific information and knowledge, and generally to aid in the solution of public questions involving engineering and scientific problems. In the furtherance of these goals, the Club strives through its various committees to develop and plan ongoing educational programs, seminars, symposiums, professional tours, and other technically oriented meetings, events and projects.
MISSION: It is the mission of the Engineers' Club to promote the educational, social and professional advancement of its members; to assist community leaders, civic organizations and public agencies by providing advice on and giving support to issues which benefit the Memphis community and to acting as liaison between the Club's many affiliated societies.
MEETINGS: Weekly luncheon meetings are held on Mondays at the Holiday Inn on Central at University of Memphis. The buffet line opens at 11:30 a.m. The meeting begins at 12:00 noon.
March 21, 2015: Student Contest (at Southwest TN Community College), hosted by MJEC. We need volunteer judges
April 23, 2015: Engineers Club Members are invited to attend the V&S Memphis Galvanizing Plant Grand Opening at 3348 Fite Road, Millington, TN, 38053. Arrive at 11:30. There is parking on site. Lunch, provided by the hosts, will be followed by a tour of the plant.
RSVP to Jim Dorman at firstname.lastname@example.com.
|March 2014
|Program Chairman: JT Malasri, PE
|Mar 2
|Dan Springer
Director of Communications at Evolve Bank & Trust
|Civic Engagement Opportunities for Young Professionals in Shelby County
|Mar 2
|Jim Strickland
Memphis City Councilman District 5
|Q&A with Jim Strickland
|Mar 9
|Gwyn Fisher
Greater Memphis Regional Director
|Economic Development Initiatives in West TN
|Mar 16
|Ron Garrison
President/General Manager MATA
|Mar 17
|Board Meeting
|5:30 Black & Veatch Office
|Mar 23
|Christine Donhardt-Senior Planner
Memphis Shelby County Office of Sustainability
|An Overview of the Office of Sustainability
|Mar 30
|John Buxton, PE
|How I Finally Became an Expert - Los Angeles Red Line (PDH)
|April 2014
|Program Chairman: Solomon Akinduro, PhD
|Apr 6
|Carlee McCullough, President of McCullough Law
|Business Succession Plan for Engineers (PDH)
|Apr 13
|Nathan Luce, PE
MSCAA Development Division
|Update on Current and Future Projects at the Airport
|Apr 20
|Bob Smalley, PE
|Geophysics in the Southern Ocean (PDH)
|Apr 21
|Board Meeting
|5:30 Black & Veatch Office
|Apr 23
|Field Trip
|V&S Memphis Galvanizing Plant Grand Opening (see above)
|Apr 27
|John Cameron, PE
Director of Engineering, City of Memphis
|Break Down of the City Budget


text:
There is nothing that gorgeous Japanese girl Saki Ninomiya likes more, than having her face covered in great thick wads of creamy spunk. But before she can have her favourite facial wash, she has to lick and suck on some horny guys toes and cock, to get him hard and throbbing, before he is ready to unleash a load of salty man protein all over her sweet young face.
|Screenshots (Total 152)
|Comments (0)
|Detailed Info
|More Stuff
Yuria Satomi
Yuria Satomi is a hot Asian MILF in her office suit. She is in the break room with a co worker and he is interested in her sexy pantyhose and her pussy. She is making out with him and doing some hand work on his cock when he gets to her w..
Yuria Satomi
Round tit and horny babe Yuria Satomi making out and hardcore fucked. She tease and makes out with her hung lover and strips down on her sexy dress. She get her boobies squuezed and wet pussy licked. She humps on his cock, grinds on it ti..
Yuri Matsushima
Yuri Matsushima is a hot Asian MILF with a busty form she likes having her boyfriend lick when she is lactating. They are in the bedroom and she is in her sexy lingerie while participating in some foot licking through her ripped pantyho..
More Saki Ninomiya
If you don´t know who this hot milf Sakura Sakurada is, you definitely will after seeing her here exploring with her sex toys in every possible way getting extremely off right before she strokes cock like a mad woman giving an unbelievable blowjob that will blow you away. You will see this really fucking fine looking babe getting a lot of nice pussy licking and you will see her dick riding like a mad woman enjoying a lot of hardcore action.
You Might Also Like
Teacher and schoolgirl Yui Rena a..
Tsubasa Amami fucked by in tight ..
Great masturbation for slim beaut..
Naughty porn adventure with sexy ..
Nice Japanese mom with milking ti..
Sweet Asian AV model Kaede Fuyuts..
Cock-starved Asian teen gives mag..
Miku Sunohara enjoys sex with her..
Bubble butt teen Seri Akina gets ..
Luscious Japanese AV model makes ..
Curvy Japanese stunner Miyu Shiin..
Related DVDs
@ Idols69.com - High definition AV Idol website...


text:
Ordered from Spain on Jan 29th, some "ship in 1-4 days" stuff. Shipped on 31st and got it on morning of Feb 5th with a weekend by the middle. Fastest...Read More ->
I didn't trust MJM before I tested them by buying 1 item with their free shipping. They did a perfect job. Now I have bought tons of stuff! Customer...Read More ->


text:
- Stocks declined today, interrupting the recent winning streak for the blue chips. The Dow fell nearly 75 points, or 0.6 percent, to 13,171. The S&P was down 9 points, while the Nasdaq slipped 22 points.
- The White House says President Barack Obama is meeting with House Speaker John Boehner this evening at the White House amid negotiations on the "fiscal cliff." The meeting comes with Boehner accusing Obama of dragging out negotiations on any agreement to avoid a series of wide-ranging tax increases and spending.
- A new report today suggests consumers were spending last month largely undaunted by the damage caused by Superstorm Sandy. The Commerce Department says retail sales were up 0.3 percent, reversing a decline in October.
- This Christmas travel season could be the busiest in six years. AAA predicts that 93 million Americans will hit the road. That is up 1.6 percent from last year and just shy of the record level of travel in 2006.
- American Airlines pilots say their CEO is making his case for remaining an independent company, but the union wants a merger with US Airways. The union says its board will meet with US Airways' top two executives next week. CEO Thomas Horton met for three hours today with directors of the Allied Pilots Association.
Most Popular Today
- 1.Meetings & Events
RibFest Announces Concert Headliners
- 2.Employment
How Much Do You Take Home In Pay?
- 3.Transportation
80 MPH Interstate Speed Limit Starts This Week
- 4.General
Lincoln Continental Makes Its Return For 2015
- 5.Your Money Matters
'Department of Legal Affairs' Phone Scam Targets KELOLAND
- 6.Retail & Restaurants
CH Patisserie To Start Online Shop
- 7.Legislation, Taxes
Senate Overrides Veto Of Electric Cooperative Tax Proposal
- 8.Development
Deadwood Moves Forward On $7 Million Visitor Center Project
- 9.Housing, Legislature
Veto Of Plan To Gather Rental Property Data Will Stand
- 10.Your Money Matters, College
School of Mines Rated Best College Value in SD


text:
Tuesday, 31 March 2015
Last updated 12 hours ago
Jan 19 2011 | 4:57am ET
Year one was a good one for Tony Chedraoui and his colleagues at Tyrus Capital. The hedge fund, Europe's largest start-up in 2009, turned a nice profit in its first fiscal year.
From April 8, 2009, through March 31 of last year, the firm earned £4.4 million, according to a regulatory filing. That money was split between Chedraoui and Tyrus' other partners, Charles Hopkinson-Woolley, head of investor relations, Xavier Portes, Mark Madden and Tyrus Capital Services.
Tyrus, an event-driven fund, debuted with US$800 million. It closed to new investors after doubling that within a few months.
Before founding Tyrus, Chedraoui managed Deephaven Capital Management's European event-driven fund. The fund returned 10.8% last year, Financial News reports.
Tyrus' turnover for fiscal 2009 was £6.3 million.
Mar 26 2015 | 11:11am ET
Funds that mimic strategies used by active managers for a fraction of the cost could...
Mar 25 2015 | 6:51pm ET
Trouble at home leads to trouble in the market for fund managers, according to researchers...
Mar 26 2015 | 1:06pm ET
High-frequency trading has been a persistent storyline for several years. The trading...
Mar 9 2015 | 6:35am ET
As more investors look to diversify, many are beginning to use retirement funds to invest in alternative assets such as private equity and real estate. Kelly Rodriques, CEO & President of PENSCO Trust Company, explains how companies can connect with those looking to use their retirement accounts in a different way. Read more…
Mar 20 2015 | 12:45pm ET
StreetWise Partners, a non-profit organization that works with low-income individuals to help them overcome employment barriers, raised over $275,000 at the 2015 Raising the Ante Charity Poker Tournament and Casino Event last Wednesday evening at Capitale. Here are some photos from the event. Read more…


text:
New day. New Daily Deals. Get them before they are gone!
Can't find what you're looking for? Shop all ink and toner cartridges by brand
New Customer ? Start Here.
New day. New Daily Deals. Get them before they are gone!
Item: IM1DP9608 Model: V13H010L65
EPSON® White 230 W UHE Replacement Projector Lamp For PowerLite Multimedia Projectors is designed to replace the original genuine Epson projector lamp included with the PowerLite 1750, 1760W, 1770W and 1775W multimedia projectors. This projector lamp is user-replaceable.
|Color Details
|Lamp Life
|4000 hrs Normal, 4000 hrs Economy Mode
|Projector Lamps Type
|Projector Lamp
|Projector Lamps Lamp Power (Watts)
|Compatible Devices
|PowerLite 1750, 1760W, 1770W, 1775W Multimedia Projectors
|Projector Parts& Accessory Type
|Replacement Lamps
275 W projector lamp. UHE lamp. Life: 2000 hrs at normal mode, 3000 hrs at economy mode. Compatible with PowerLite 4100 ...
Epson® Replacement projector lamp supports UHE technology and provides a life of 6000 hours. Epson® Replacement projector lamp ...
EPSON® White 363 W E TORL UHE Replacement Projector Lamp For PowerLite And BrightLink Projectors is designed to replace the ...
Epson® 135W Replacement lamp compatible with Epson MovieMate 25/30s, PowerLite home 20/s3 multimedia projector increases the ...
Apollo EVD Projector lamp is suitable for overhead projectors and is a replacement part. Lamp fits for 3M projector models 9550 ...
This Web site is intended for use by US residents only. See International Sites. See our delivery policy for full details. Copyright 1998-2014, Staples, Inc., All Rights Reserved.


text:
BAFTA Video Game Awards 2012 Winners
March 16, 2012 - LittleBigPlanet and Batman: Arkham City amongst the awards at the 2012 BAFTAs, and Notch receives a Special Award.
Fighting Inside with Battlefield 3's New DLC
March 13, 2012 - IGN Editors weigh in on their first hands-on experience with Ziba Tower from Battlefield 3's Close Quarters DLC coming in June.
NPD: Vita Doesn't Crack U.S. Top Ten
March 8, 2012 - The NPD Group has released monthly hardware and software sales information for the month of February, as Xbox 360 continues its hardware lead.
Skyrim, Fez Awarded Top Honors at GDC
March 8, 2012 - The Independent Games Festival and Choice Awards took place during the Game Developers Conference last night, with Skyrim and Fez leading the pack.
Battlefield 3 Getting Three New DLC Packs
March 7, 2012 - Electronic Arts and DICE just announced three new expansion packs coming to Battlefield 3 this year. Read all about them inside.
To Protect or Serve?
March 2, 2012 - What happens for gamers when games become services rather than just something you buy, and what do publishers owe their customers?
What Do Real Soldiers Think of Shooting Games?
February 23, 2012 - U.S. soldiers tell us how games like Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 and Battlefield 3 compare with their own experiences.
DICE Details Battlefield 3 Update
February 23, 2012 - Fans demanded an update on the problematic Battlefield 3 and DICE responded with an epic 5,000 word list of fixes.
NPD: Call of Duty, Xbox 360 Continue to Top Charts
February 9, 2012 - NPD has reported sales for January, with Xbox 360 and Modern Warfare 3 remaining on top. Update: Nintendo sales figures have been added.
Has Modern Warfare 3 Sold 20 Million Copies?
February 2, 2012 - Analysts predicted last year that Modern Warfare 3 would outsell Battlefield 3 by a factor of two to one. It looks like they may have been right.
EA: Battlefield 3, FIFA 12 Each Sold 10 Million
February 1, 2012 - Third-quarter earnings for EA include impressive sales for FIFA, Battlefield, Madden, The Old Republic and more.
OPINION: Cut the Cutscene!
February 1, 2012 - The cutscene has long been a staple of any single-player gaming adventure from FFVII to MGS4, but is it time for it to go for good?
DICE Seeks to Curb Battlefield Cheating
January 30, 2012 - After a slew of incorrect bans and ongoing cheats, DICE looks to bolster its team with a new position dedicated to cheaters.
This Week on Xbox Live (01.26.12)
January 26, 2012 - Two new XBLA games, a bunch of DLC, and a Rockstar sale headline this week's offerings.
Online Passes, DLC, and Your Money
January 23, 2012 - Online Passes, Season Passes, and new release models paint the future of profits for developers and publishers.
Battlefield 3 and Batman Running on Vita
January 23, 2012 - Someone has used a hack to enable the PS Vita to play PlayStation 3 games via Remote Play - and they look really good. Videos inside.
NPD: Modern Warfare 3 Tops Monthly, Yearly Charts
January 12, 2012 - UPDATE: Nintendo sales figures have now been added to the overall video game hardware and software sales charts for December and for 2011 overall.
2011's Most Played Xbox 360 and XBLA Games
January 6, 2012 - Microsoft just released stats revealing which games topped the Xbox Live activity charts in 2011. Are your favorites on the list? Expect a few surprises.
BF3 and MW3: Don't Kill Me, I'm New
January 5, 2012 - How do Battlefield 3 and Modern Warfare 3 treat new players? IGN sends a total newb into the fiery fray to see what happens.
Battlefield 3 Post Mortem: What Went Right and What Went Wrong
January 3, 2012 - DICE executive producer Patrick Bach lifts the lid on BF3 and talks about new plans for the series.


text:
It's crazy where can inspiration can hit you or what can trigger it. When my sister handed me a small bag of these cute chocolate carrots a week or so back, I knew I had to make a sweet little bag to put them in. I was a woman on a mission! Within the next…Pin It
Create with Cricut + a Cricut Explore Giveaway!
I'm sure y'all have already figured out how much I adore my Cricut Explore. It's seriously the easiest cutting machine that I've ever been lucky enough to get to work with. Like, seriously. Today I'm thrilled to partner with some other amazing bloggers to show off fantastic projects you can create with the Explore. Best…
Holly Jolly Christmas Sled
This post is sponsored by DecoArt, but as always, all opinions and ideas are 100% my own. December is here friends so I thought it would be fun to kick off my favorite season of the year with a great decor project — a Holly Jolly Christmas Sled — and a giveaway for some fabulous…Pin It
Easy & Fast Glitter Ornaments
For the first nine years of our marriage, The Husband and I decorated our Christmas Tree the exact same way every year: red and white with a smattering of personal ornaments. It was really a reflection of the colors we chose for our wedding and what we I really liked in 2003. We celebrated 10…Pin It
Magnetic Christmas Kids Craft
This post was originally shared over at I Heart Nap Time as part of Jamielyn's Crazy Christmas Crafter series. I'm excited to share it with you here today! *** My kids have been constantly asking me when Christmas is coming. They are so excited for all of the fun and festivities associated with our favorite…Pin It
Drummer Boy Christmas Kids Craft
Because Reagan is home most of the day with me, the majority of my projects tend to revolve around her and what she'd be interested in doing. Luke spends so much time at school and sports practices that he likes his downtime when there's nothing going on, much less pose for pictures for his crazy…Pin It
12 Days of Christmas Advent Calendar
For the past few years, I've wanted to create some kind of Advent Calendar for my home. I remember having the cardboard kind growing up that would have a new piece of chocolate hidden behind each pre-numbered door and I'd wait impatiently each for the allotted time to dig out my sweet treat. I'm hoping…Pin It
What Does the Fox Say Leaf Banner
Though it may not feel anything like fall in Phoenix, I'm ready to mentally get on with autumn and all of the awesomeness that this season brings. Its easily one of my favorite seasons with the return of football, the prevalence of all things pumpkin, and the arrival of the holidays. I mean, what's *not*…Pin It


text:
Gaza Topics
For further coverage of Gaza, Israel-Palestine relations, and the Middle East, search our website.
- As the Israeli offensive in Gaza resumes, we look at the impact the military campaign has had on the children of Gaza. More than 467 Palestinian children have died since July. That is more than the combined number of child fatalities in the two previous conflicts in Gaza. According to the World Health Organization, more than 3,000 children have been injured, of which an estimated 1,000 will suffer from a lifelong disability. The United Nations...August 21, 2014 | Story
- Just days after her 90th birthday, Holocaust survivor Hedy Epstein was arrested Monday in St. Louis when she was part of a protest outside Missouri Gov. Jay Nixon's office. Epstein was born in Germany and left in 1939 on a Kindertransport to England. Her parents died in Auschwitz. Epstein is a co-founder of the St. Louis Palestine Solidarity Committee and St. Louis branch of Jewish Voice for Peace. In 2011, she was part of the Gaza...August 20, 2014 | Story
Glenn Greenwald: U.S. Intel Agencies Provide "Key Ingredient" in Enabling Israeli Aggression in GazaEarlier this month, The Intercept published documents provided by Edward Snowden that revealed the deep ties between Israeli and U.S. intelligence agencies. In a recent article, journalist Glenn Greenwald cites one 2013 document that described a "far-reaching technical and analytic relationship" between the National Security Agency and its Israeli counterpart against "mutually agreed upon geographic targets." The...August 13, 2014 | Story
- As a new 72-hour ceasefire takes hold in Gaza, we turn to part two of our interview with world-renowned dissident and linguist, MIT Professor Noam Chomsky. Criticizing U.S. media coverage of the Israeli assault on Gaza, Chomsky says: "It's a shameful moment for U.S. media when it insists on being subservient to the grotesque propaganda agencies of a violent, aggressive state." Chomsky also discusses his long-standing view that...August 11, 2014 | Story
- MIT Professor Noam Chomsky discusses U.S. support for Israel; the boycott, divestment and sanctions movement (BDS); and the blockade of Gaza. "In the Occupied Territories, what Israel is doing is much worse than apartheid," Chomsky says. "To call it apartheid is a gift to Israel, at least if by 'apartheid' you mean South African-style apartheid. … There's a crucial difference. The South African Nationalists needed...August 11, 2014 | Story
- On Gaza, MIT Professor Noam Chomsky says the debate inside the Israeli government is whether to allow "bare survival" or to inflict "misery and starvation," as a former Israeli national security adviser recently proposed. "Israeli experts have calculated in detail exactly how many calories, literally, Gazans need to survive, and if you look at the sanctions that they impose, they're grotesque," Chomsky says....August 11, 2014 | Story
- Part 2 of our conversation with famed linguist and political dissident Noam Chomsky on the crisis in Gaza, U.S. support for Israel, apartheid and the BDS movement.August 08, 2014 | Web Exclusive
- Fighting in Gaza has resumed after the expiration of a 72-hour truce expired. Israel said it launched airstrikes after Palestinians fired at least 18 rockets into southern Israel after the ceasefire ended. Palestinian officials say a 10-year-old boy was killed earlier today when an Israeli airstrike hit near a mosque in Gaza City. Six other people were wounded in the attack. A Hamas military wing spokesman earlier called on Palestinian...August 08, 2014 | Story
- Hideous. Sadistic. Vicious. Murderous. That is how Noam Chomsky describes Israel's 29-day offensive in Gaza that killed nearly 1,900 people and left almost 10,000 people injured. Chomsky has written extensively about the Israel/Palestine conflict for decades. After Israel's Operation Cast Lead in 2008-2009, Chomsky co-authored the book "Gaza in Crisis: Reflections on Israel's War Against the Palestinians" with...August 07, 2014 | Story
As Palestinians Go to ICC, Human Rights Watch Alleges Israeli War Crimes for Shooting Fleeing GazansAs the 72-hour ceasefire in Gaza enters its second day, Palestinian officials have been meeting with prosecutors at the International Criminal Court to push for a probe of alleged war crimes committed by Israel during the 29-day offensive that left nearly 1,900 Palestinians dead. Israel has said it attempted to avoid civilian casualties in Gaza and accused Hamas of putting its people in harm's way by launching rockets from within densely...August 06, 2014 | Story
Show for Mar 31, 2015
Iran Nuclear Talks Conclude with Plans for New Phase
Iraq: U.S. Rejects Claim Drone Strike Killed Iranian Advisors
Yemen: 40 Killed at Refugee Camp as Saudi-Led Strikes Intensify
Nigeria: Buhari Poised to Unseat Jonathan in Presidential Poll
2 Al Jazeera Journalists Detained for 1 Week in Nigeria
Bangladesh: 2nd Secular Blogger Hacked to Death
Mexican Farmworkers Continue 2-Week Strike over Low Pay, Harassment
Canada: Student to File Charges After Being Hit in Face with Police Tear Gas Canister
Police Fatally Shoot Driver Who Failed to Stop Outside NSA
States, Businesses Protest After Indiana Enacts Law Seen as Anti-LGBT
Prosecutor: Germanwings Co-Pilot Had History of "Suicidal Tendencies"
Mumia Abu-Jamal Hospitalized in Intensive Care Under Heavy Guard
Indiana: Purvi Patel Sentenced to 41 Years for What She Says Was a Miscarriage
New Arizona Law Requires Doctors to Tell Patients They Can Reverse Drug-Induced Abortion
Trevor Noah to Replace Jon Stewart as Host of "The Daily Show"


text:
Growing Plants In Lunar Gravity 111
from the jolly-green-astronaut dept.
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
Thus any differences between earth grav and 1/6 earth grav are likely to be negligible. Dumbest experiment ever.
Famous last words...
The hard part is keeping them from frying in direct sunlight.
Potatoes, perhaps?
The leaves are just solar panels, after all.
The thing is, it wouldn't be hard to do the experiment at almost any gee level they wanted, using a centrifuge on the space station (well, two counter-rotating centrifuges to minimize angular momentum effects on the station). Of course for greater than one gee we can do the same thing on Earth.
Is it possible that software is not like anything else, that it is meant to be discarded: that the whole point is to always see it as a soap bubble?


text:
Mamers Homes for Rent
BusinessWeek "Best of the Web" Winner 3 Years Running
Search Mamers Home Rental Market
Having a deck and a backyard is one of the best things ever. Just having all this space is incredible. Thanks for helping me find the best rental I've ever had! - Mamers,NC
Popular Rental Properties in Mamers, North Carolina
171 Hester Place
Cameron, North Carolina, 28326
3 Bedrooms
244 Rockingham, Spring Lake
Spring Lake, North Carolina, 28390
3+ Bedrooms
This 1,556 square foot single family home has 3 be
Fuquay Varina, North Carolina, 27526
3 Bedrooms
914 Ribbonleaf Ln, Fuquay Varina
Fuquay Varina, North Carolina, 27526
3+ Bedrooms
Mamers Homes for Rent
Moving to Mamers and looking to rent a house? There are a number of choices that are very painless to come across using the home rental search features on MyNewPlace. Whether you prefer condos, townhomes, or single family homes you can find the most suitable rental house in one of the choicest locations of Mamers. You can also get all kinds of answers to your housing rental questions by visiting our Renter's Guide
Want the inside scoop on Mamers? Check out our Mamers Local Talk for local tips and information about Mamers. You can also get answers to your Mamers questions from our local experts by using the "Ask a Question" feature.
Houses for Rent in Cities Near Mamers, NC
MyNewPlace can help you find the Mamers, NC home rental that will work best for you. Using our rental home search, you can view townhomes or condos for rent if you want to live downtown, or check out the rental listings for single family house rentals in the surrounding areas. Try one of these cities below for more rental houses near Mamers, NC.


text:
On Her Own: Kaitlyn Gilliland has launched the second chapter of her career
Give Me a Break: Some dancers face years of "nos" before they get a big "yes"
7 Things Your Agent Wishes You Knew: Insider advice that can help you land more contracts
Choreography Knocks: Opportunities for choreographers at all levels
A Growing List of Living Female Choreographers
We want your feedback!
Win A Chic Chiffon Wrap Skirt! Win this pretty skirt from Bodywrappers! It's the perfect summer add-on for class. Dance Magazine is giving away one.
To be eligible to win, you must be over 18, and fill out all the information below.


text:
Operation Battleaxe
|Operation Battleaxe
|Part of the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War
Soldiers of the 4th Indian Division decorate the side of their lorry "Khyber Pass to Hell-Fire Pass".
| Germany
|Commanders and leaders
|Archibald Wavell
Noel Beresford-Peirse
Arthur Coningham
|Erwin Rommel
|25,000 men[nb 1]
~190 tanks[nb 2]
98 fighters[3]
105 bombers[3]
|13,200 soldiers[citation needed]
196 tanks[nb 3]
130 fighters[nb 4]
84 bombers[nb 5]
|Casualties and losses
|969 casualties[nb 6]
91[nb 7]-98 tanks[nb 8]
36 aircraft[nb 9]
|~678 casualties[nb 10]
12 tanks[nb 11]
10 aircraft[2]
Operation Battleaxe[nb 12] was a British Army operation during the Second World War in June 1941 with the goal of clearing eastern Cyrenaica of German and Italian forces; one of the main benefits of this would have been the lifting of the Siege of Tobruk.
It was the first time during the war that a significant German force fought on the defensive.[9] The operation did not succeed though, as British forces launched their initial assaults against strong defensive positions created by German General Erwin Rommel. The British lost over half of their tanks on the first day and only achieved victory at one of their three thrusts. They achieved mixed results on the second day, being pushed back on their western flank, but repelled a significant German counter-attack in their centre. On the third day, the British narrowly avoided outright disaster by withdrawing just ahead of a German encircling movement which would have cut them off from retreat.
The failure of this operation led to the replacement of British General Archibald Wavell, Commander-in-Chief of the Middle East, by Claude Auchinleck.
- 1 Background
- 2 Forces involved
- 3 Battle
- 3.1 Day 1: 15 June
- 3.2 Day 2: 16 June
- 3.3 Day 3: 17 June – The British narrowly escape encirclement
- 4 Aftermath
- 5 See also
- 6 Footnotes
- 7 Citations
- 8 References
- 9 Further reading
- 10 External links
Events leading up to Battleaxe[edit]
In late March 1941, soon after the arrival of German forces (the Afrika Korps) in Tripoli, Libya to reinforce the Italians, their commander (General Erwin Rommel)—although ordered to remain on the defensive—quickly captured the British front line position at El Agheila. He then went on an offensive which, by mid-April, had reached as far as Sallum, Egypt. The sole remaining Allied position in Libya was the heavily fortified port of Tobruk, which Rommel had surrounded and placed under siege. The Allied response was restricted primarily to harassment by the Royal Air Force.[nb 13]
Having been informed by General Wavell that the Western Desert Force was vastly inferior to the Axis forces now in Africa, Churchill ordered that a convoy of tanks and Hawker Hurricanes, Convoy WS 58 (codenamed Tiger) [nb 14], be sailed through the Mediterranean instead of having it sail around the Cape of Good Hope; a move that would save 40 days of sailing.[12] The German Armed Forces High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht)—also concerned by Rommel′s actions—sent General Friedrich Paulus to Africa to investigate the situation.
On 12 May, the Tiger convoy arrived in Alexandria[13] carrying 238 tanks[nb 15] and 43 Hurricanes.[15] A total of 57 tanks and 10 Hurricanes had been lost when the Empire Song struck a mine in the Mediterranean; although the crew was saved.[16] There were delays in unloading the tanks, which also had to be modified for desert warfare and given necessary overhauls, which meant that the earliest day for Battleaxe to be launched was pushed back to 10 June.[17] These tanks were intended for the rebuilding of the 7th Armoured Division, which had been out of action since February as the division was essentially tankless after losing most of its tanks to wear and tear during Operation Compass. Following Compass, many of the division′s personnel had been dispersed to other tasks, meaning the division would also have to be fully reorganized and retrained to become battle ready.[18]
Also on 12 May General Paulus, after witnessing one of Rommel's failed attempts to assault Tobruk, sent a report to OKW describing Rommel's position as weak, with critical shortages of both fuel and ammunition.[10] In response to this and with the imminent invasion of the Soviet Union, Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch—the Commander-in-Chief of the German Army—ordered Rommel not to advance further or attack Tobruk again; he was ordered to hold his position and conserve his forces.
Through Ultra intercepts, the British also received Paulus′ report[10] and Churchill, believing that one strong push would dislodge German forces, began to increase the pressure on General Wavell to immediately go on the offensive.[10] Wavell quickly prepared Operation Brevity, a limited operation with the intention of seizing Sollum, the Halfaya Pass, and Fort Capuzzo, then continuing to advance on to Sidi Aziez and towards Tobruk as far as supply would allow while not risking the forces committed; its objective was to destroy as much Axis equipment as possible[11] and secure a foothold for the larger Operation Battleaxe to be launched from once the new tanks were made available.[19] Brevity began on 15 May and looked initially successful, with Fort Capuzzo and Halfaya Pass being captured. However, the following day William Gott, concerned that his 22nd Guards Brigade would be wiped out if caught in the open ground should the Germans attack with tanks, decided to pull almost the entire force back to Halfaya Pass and the operation officially ended on the 17th with only the Halfaya Pass captured;[20] The pass itself was retaken by a small German force on 27 May[21] during an operation codenamed Skorpion.
By the end of May, the Greek island of Crete had fallen to the Germans. This meant that the German air force would have additional airfields available to threaten Allied shipping and also to protect their own supply convoys and troops in Cyrenaica; delaying Battleaxe could therefore mean facing stronger Axis opposition.[22] To offset this, the British Chiefs of Staff stated that it was imperative that control be wrested in the area between Sollum and Derna and British air forces in that region be re-established.[19]
Allied plans[edit]
On 28 May, Wavell gave his orders for the final plan for Operation Battleaxe.[nb 16] It was to consist of three stages: in the first the enemy was to be defeated on the frontier and the area encompassing Halfaya, Sollum, Capuzzo and Sidi Aziez was to be secured. In the second, the XIII Corps was to push up and secure the area around Tobruk and El Adem. Once this was complete, then the areas of Derna and Mechili were to captured.[19]
In the initial stage, the British forces would advance in a three-prong assault to clear the frontier region. In the centre and along the coast were two groups, "Coast Force" and "Escarpment Force". The former was responsible for capturing Halfaya Pass,[23] while the latter was to capture the remainder of the frontier, namely Fort Capuzzo, Musaid and Sollum. The "7th Armoured Brigade Group"—backed by artillery provided by its Support Group—was tasked with engaging and destroying Rommel′s panzers, which were thought to be located at Hafid Ridge;[24] in doing so, they would also have encircled any Axis units on the frontier between themselves and the remainder of the British forces.[25]
After capturing the frontier, the brigades of the 7th Armoured Division would reform and continue on north to relieve Tobruk. Once joined by the Tobruk garrison, the combined forces would then press the offensive westwards, driving the Germans as far back as they could be pushed.
Leading the overall ground operation was Lieutenant-General Noel Beresford-Peirse, commander of the British XIII Corps (Western Desert Force). Major-General Frank Messervy commanded the Coast Force and Escarpment Force while Major-General Michael O'Moore Creagh would command the 7th Armoured Brigade Group and the Support Group.
Three days prior to the start of Battleaxe, to help soften the Axis forces, the Royal Air Force was to use their bombers to step up their attacks on Benghazi while all other aircraft capable of ground attacks were to focus on attacking enemy movement on the frontier.[10] Once the battle began, fighter aircraft were then to patrol defensively over Allied ground forces while medium bombers were to stand ready for assisting the Army in engaging enemy columns.[10] Such was the priority on Battleaxe, that Arthur Tedder—Air Officer Commander-in-Chief, Middle East—was instructed by the Chiefs of Staff to accept significant risks in other theatres by diverting all possible air support for it.[10]
Both Beresford-Peirse and Tedder would be headquartered well in the rear of the attack, at Sidi Barrani and Maaten Baggush respectively.[24] Beresford-Peirse chose Sidi Barrani as, even though it was more than a five-hour drive from the battlefield, it was not only equipped with the most advanced airfield for reconnaissance planes available, it was also the most forward position he could take while maintaining communications with the even more distant Maaten Baggush.[3]
This plan was based on Wavell′s intelligence information (which was poor due to shortages of proper equipment and trained pilots needed for photographic reconnaissance), which incorrectly indicated that 2/3 of the Germans′ tank strength was situated around Tobruk; this would have placed him at a decisive material advantage on the frontier region.[26]
The attack was scheduled originally to start on 7 June,[26] but this date was pushed back at the instance of General O'Moore Creagh whose squadrons had not received their tanks until 9 June. The new date was 15 June, giving Creagh just five days for additional training for his crews.[27]
Axis preparation[edit]
Though Brevity had failed to yield any territory to the British, it showed Rommel that his front line defences were quite easily capable of being breached. Anticipating further British assaults from Egypt, Rommel used the lessons he had learned from his ineffective attacks on Tobruk and proceeded to create a line of fortified positions from Halfaya to Sidi Azeiz,[28] placing a number of anti-tank guns and anti-tank mines on the Halfaya Pass, Point 206 (south of Forth Capuzzo) and on Point 208 (west of Fort Capuzzo on the Hafid Ridge). The primary responsibility of the frontier defence was charged to the 15th Panzer Division, which had recently received a new commander, General Walter Neumann-Silkow, on 8 June.[17]
A considerable boost for Rommel′s preparation came from weaknesses in the 7th Armoured Division′s signals security, giving Rommel nine hours advanced knowledge of the operation, including dispositions, concerns and intentions.[29] With this information, he placed the 5th Light Division to the south of Tobruk, ready to use it against either the Sollum area or on Tobruk itself depending on the situation. He also ordered a large artillery bombardment of Tobruk the night before the operation was to begin in order to prevent the Allied garrison from breaking out.[30]
Rommel′s primary concern was now more of a logistical nature:
|Unfortunately, our petrol stocks were badly depleted, and it was with some anxiety that we contemplated the coming British attack, for we knew that our moves would be decided more by the petrol gauge than by tactical requirements.[31]
Forces involved[edit]
|British and Axis Orders of battle | Operation Battleaxe, 15–17 June 1941
Allied forces
The British forces were composed primarily of the 4th Indian Infantry Division (Major-General Frank Messervy), 7th Armoured Division (Major-General Sir Michael O'Moore Creagh) and 22nd Guards Brigade – all part of XIII Corps commanded by Lieutenant-General Noel Beresford-Peirse, who was also in charge of the overall land forces for Battleaxe.
Both the 4th Indian Infantry Division and 7th Armoured Division were understrength. The 4th Indian Infantry Division only had one of its brigades, the 11th Indian Infantry Brigade, while its other two, the 5th Indian Infantry Brigade and the 7th Indian Infantry Brigade, were respectively in Syria and East Africa. To compensate, it had 22nd Guards Brigade and 7th Armoured Division′s 4th Armoured Brigade under command.[32] The 7th Armoured Division was at two brigades instead of its usual three, being composed of the 7th Armoured Brigade and 7th Support Group. 4th Armoured Brigade′s tank battalions were distributed between the Messervy′s Coast Force and Escarpment Force.
For the initial phase of the battle the forces were divided between 7th Armoured Brigade Group, Escarpment Force, and the Coast Force as such:
In terms of aircraft, the ground forces would be supported by six fighter and eight bomber squadrons from the 204 Group Allied air forces.[26]
Total British strength for the operation came to 25,000 men,[1] ~220 tanks (28 Light, 100 cruisers and 92 infantry tanks), 98 fighters and 105 bombers.[2] Of their cruiser tanks, 38 were older cruiser models (Mk I, II and III/IV) while 53 were the new Crusader models.[34] In order to give the Crusader and Matilda tanks extra range, they were fitted with a Rotatrailer; an unarmoured trailer which carried extra supplies. The content was 10 gallons of water and 12 man/days of rations, 100 rounds of 2-pounder ammunition and 12 gallons of lubricating oil, with 120 gallons of fuel carried in the wheels.[35]
In terms of the quality of his tanks, General Wavell expressed significant doubts:
Axis forces The 5th Light Division was in reserve with 57 Panzer III and Panzer IV tanks plus 39 Panzer I and Pz II and the initial defence of the frontier would fall to the 15th Panzer Division. The panzer regiment of the 15th Panzer Division was the 8th Panzer Regiment, which numbered 36 Panzer II and approximately 62 Panzer III and IV.[37] Most of the remaining units of the division[nb 17] were dispersed to various strong points along Rommel′s defensive line.[nb 18]Also under operational control of the 15th Panzer Division was the Italian Trento Division; while most of the Trento Division was stationed at Bardia, three infantry battalions and an artillery regiment were placed in the Sollum-Musaid-Capuzzo area.[17] One Italian anti-tank company under Major Leopoldo Pardi was at Halfaya Pass, equipped with German 88mm and Italian 100/17mm guns and anti-tank gunners of the Trento, equipped with 47mm guns and a truck mounted 105/28mm naval gun were also present.[39]
The 5th Light Division′s primary unit was the 5th Panzer Regiment, which had 96 tanks of which 57 were medium tanks.
Total Axis strength for the operation was 13,200 men (5,700 Germans, 7,500 Italians),[citation needed] ~194 tanks (75 Panzer II, 119 Panzer III and Panzer IV),[37] 130 fighters (60 German and 70 Italian) and 84 bombers (59 German, 25 Italian).[2]
Day 1: 15 June[edit]
Allies establish air superiority[edit]
For Allied air forces, everything went according to plan on the first day. Enemy supply columns and airfields had been hit repeatedly up to the start of the attack and, once it began on the 15th, British columns were able to move unmolested from their starting points at Sofafi and Buq-Buq to their destinations due to Allied fighters. Enemy aircraft were limited to only six attacks throughout the entire day.[40]
Failed attack on Halfaya Pass[edit]
On the eastern side, at 05:15, Coast Force—commanded by Brigadier Reginald Savory and charged with capturing Halfaya Pass—started to move on to their objective.[41]
On the top of the escarpment was the Halfaya Group, composed of the 2nd battalion Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders, the 13 tanks (twelve Matildas and one light tank)[42] of the 4th Royal Tank Regiment′s C Squadron (which had previously captured Halfaya Pass during Operation Brevity[43]), and an artillery battery from the 31st Field Regiment. To their east and below the lip of the escarpment were the 1st Battalion 6th Rajputana Rifles and 2nd Battalion 5th Mahratta Light Infantry, two troops of the 4th Royal Tank Regiment′s A Squadron,[33] and a few 25-pounder guns.
At 05:40, British artillery for the Halfaya Group was scheduled to open fire on the German and Italian forces stationed in Halfaya to provide cover for the tanks and infantry, but the battery had become bogged down by soft sand.[44] After waiting until 06:00, 15 minutes after the fighting began to the west below the escarpment, the commander of C Squadron—Major C.G. Miles—ordered his tanks to attack at the top of the pass; soon after, though, the anti-tank guns of the German and Italian defenders opened fire and within a few hours all but one light tank and one of the Matildas had been destroyed, including Miles' own.[42] The Cameron Highlanders initially continued their advance but were soon driven back by a detachment of German armoured cars and motorised infantry.[45]
The British forces below the escarpment did not fare much better, as four of the Matildas were disabled by anti-tank mines which were supposed to have been cleared;[33] this blocked the path of the remaining two and reduced the small tank force to acting in a pillbox capacity.[33] The Rajputana Rifles and Mahrattas made several attempts to reach the pass, but were repelled each time; the former lost their commanding officer—Colonel P.R.H. Skrine—in the final attack.[46]
Fort Capuzzo captured[edit]
At the central thrust, the 7th Royal Tank Regiment had reached Fort Capuzzo by noon and scattered the defenders who retreated north to join the 15th Panzer Division which lay between them and Bardia.[47] Soon after, however, they faced several counterattacks by a battalion from the 8th Panzer Regiment of the 15th Panzer Division. After being joined by the 22nd Guards Brigade, they faced the final and largest counterattack at 18:30, but managed to repulse it.[48] These were, in actuality, not serious assaults, as Rommel would not commit the 15th Panzer Division to battle without having additional information on the situation. Instead, the 8th Panzer Regiment′s primary tactic was to skirmish briefly and then feign a disordered rout in order to lure Matilda tanks into a chase which led them directly into concealed anti-tank guns. Neither side took much damage from these actions.[49] In response to the British capture of Capuzzo, and concerned with a possible attack on Sollum and Bardia, Rommel ordered the 5th Light Division to Sidi Azeiz in preparation for a possible counter-attack.[50]
With the exception of the units which had been detached to support the attack on Halfaya, the 4th Royal Tank Regiment had been used as a flank guard for the 7th Royal Tank Regiment. While Squadron B was kept in reserve, the three remaining troops of Squadron A (12 tanks) had initial success against Battle Position (B.P.) 38, capturing 200 Axis prisoners and eight field guns with virtually no loss. These gains were lost when Squadron A were repelled at Point 206 and German forces counter-attacked at B.P. 38. In the evening, after Squadron A had been whittled down to only one remaining tank, the sixteen tanks of Squadron B were brought into action and Point 206 was captured.[44]
In capturing these objectives, the British also took over 500 German and Italian prisoners.[51] That night, the 2nd Scots Guards—a battalion of the 22nd Guards Brigade—were able to advance further eastward and additionally capture an outpost at Musaid.[52]
Assault on Hafid Ridge repulsed[edit]
On the western side, the 7th Armoured Brigade had placed the 2nd Royal Tank Regiment, equipped with older cruiser tanks, in front of the 6th Royal Tank Regiment so that the new Crusader tanks of the latter could be used as a surprise weapon.
The force reached Hafid Ridge (which actually consisted of three separate ridges) by about 09:00. After 2nd Royal Tank Regiment had crossed over the first ridge, they were attacked at near point-blank range by dug in anti-tank guns, destroying two A9 cruiser tanks before the rest could retreat.[48] This development posed a serious problem for the brigade, as the cruiser tanks were armed with 2-pounder anti-tank guns which lacked the High Explosive (HE) rounds needed to effectively engage infantry and artillery. Supporting artillery was not immediately accessible either, as it was attached to the Support Group in the south-west which was covering the 7th Armoured Brigade′s flank.
Since a frontal attack was infeasible, it was decided to attempt a flanking attack while waiting for the artillery to arrive. A small force of tanks[nb 19] from the 2nd Royal Tank Regiment was sent to the western part of the Hafid Ridge with orders to turn into the first valley. The attack went well at first, as the tanks caught the Axis forces unaware and were able to strafe along their trenches with their machine guns, losing only one tank in the process.[48] As they approached point 208 on their way eastward though, the commander became aware of its fortifications and ordered his units to disengage; due to an equipment shortage, only one tank per troop was equipped with a radio and five of his tanks, not receiving the order, continued towards Point 208 and were destroyed by its emplaced 88 mm guns.
Soon, reports came in from Allied aircraft that German tanks were approaching and the order was given to clear the ridges in order to utilize its advantageous terrain for the upcoming tank battle.[49] At 17:30 reports came in from the forward observers that the defences were withdrawing from Hafid Ridge.[51] This seemed like the ideal time to strike, so the order was given for Squadron B of the 6th Royal Tank Regiment to attack.[53][nb 20] After clearing the first ridge, it looked as though the reports were accurate, as German trucks and towed guns were seen moving away over the second crest. Pursuit was given, but upon the British forces clearing the second ridge, the Axis forces sprung their trap and fired on the Crusader tanks at near point-blank range with waiting guns; within minutes, 11 of the Crusaders were destroyed and six more heavily damaged.[54] The Axis infantry and anti-tank guns, bereft of entrenchments, also took significant casualties.[49]
It was at this time that over 30 German tanks from a battalion of the 5th Panzer Regiment, part of the 5th Light Division which had earlier been stationed north at Sidi Azeiz, were seen arriving from the west.[54] As it was starting to grow dark, neither side closed with the other and the 7th Armoured Brigade slowly withdrew during long range fighting.
Outcome of day 1 and plans for day 2[edit]
By the end of the first day, Fort Capuzzo was held by the British while Halfaya Pass and Hafid Ridge both remained in Axis possession.
During the attacks, the British had lost a significant number of tanks. Within the 7th Armoured Brigade, the 2nd Royal Tank Regiment was down to 28 cruiser tanks and the 6th Royal Tank Regiment only had 20 of their original 50 Crusaders; many of the tanks which had been disabled, but still were repairable, were abandoned in the field as the 7th Armoured Brigade withdrew from Hafid Ridge, leaving them for seizure by German tank recovery teams. The 4th Armoured Brigade, from its original strength of roughly 100 Matildas, was down to 37 still operable (though 11 more would be repaired by the following morning).[55] German panzer losses were mostly insignificant, though there had been fairly significant casualties among the garrisoning forces at Hafid Ridge, Point 206 and Fort Capuzzo.
Beresford-Peirse′s plan for the next day was to have the 11th Infantry Brigade continue its attack on Halfaya Pass, the 22nd Guards Brigade to hold their position, and for the 4th Armoured Brigade to reinforce the 7th Armoured Brigade so that the two combined could engage an outnumbered German 5th Light Division.[56]
Due to Rommel′s intelligence interception service, he had a fairly clear picture of the British situation, including their losses, problems and the new orders issued by Beresford-Peirse.[57] Rommel′s primary concern was for his forces situated at Halfaya Pass, they were now trapped by the 22nd Guards Brigade on one side and the 11th Infantry Brigade on the other and running low on supplies. His plan therefore was to have the 5th Light Division, which by midnight had almost fully reached Sidi Azeiz, drive south towards Sidi Omar and then east towards Sidi Suleiman, and finally north-east to Halfaya Pass, approaching the 11th Infantry Brigade from the rear. In order to prevent the re-deployment of Matildas, either to reinforce the 7th Armoured Brigade as Beresford-Peirse planned or to assist the British forces at Halfaya, Neumann-Silkow was ordered to undertake a committed attack against Capuzzo.[58] He ordered the attacks to begin while still dark, as the British intended to start their operations shortly after dawn.[59]
Day 2: 16 June[edit]
No progress made at Halfaya Pass[edit]
The 11th Infantry Brigade renewed their attack on Halfaya Pass, but met with same failure as the day prior. Bach′s forces—though outnumbered and running low on supplies—were now totally surrounded, and thus could not retreat even if they were inclined to do so. Masservy—seeing this lack of progress—disregarded Beresford-Peirse′s orders to release his tanks and decided to retain the few remaining Matildas he had until some breach of the Axis defences could be made.[60]
German counter-attack repelled at Capuzzo[edit]
Neumann-Silkow began his attack on British held Fort Capuzzo at 06:00. He organized the 80 tanks under his command into two columns and attacked Capuzzo from either side.[59] The attack went poorly from the onset, as the 15th Panzer Division ran directly into heavy artillery from 25-pounders which had been brought up during the night and Matlida tanks in entrenched positions. By 10:00, the 15th Panzer Division had lost fifty of its tanks, and by 12:00, they were forced to withdraw.[59] Soon after the German forces withdrew the Scots Guards advanced further west, capturing the Sollum barracks to prevent Axis forces from either flanking on the east or linking up with the Halfaya garrison.[60]
Running battle on the western flank[edit]
Starting at dawn, the 5th Light Division began to advance southwards past the western edge of Hafid Ridge. The 7th Armoured Brigade kept pace with them to the east, joined by the 7th Support Group as the two forces approached Sidi Omar.
During the running skirmish, the British tanks had a few successful attacks against unarmoured German transport vehicles, but they found themselves at a significant disadvantage anytime they engaged the panzers, who utilized an extremely effective tactic against them. The Panzer IVs, armed with high-explosive 75 mm (2.95 in) guns with an effective range of ~2750 m,[61] would open fire while still well out of the roughly 460 m (500 yd) range of the 2-pounder guns found on British tanks.[61] While this would do minimal damage to the British tanks, it decimated their towed 25-pounder artillery, which would be forced to withdraw. Without British artillery to concern them, the Panzer IV and 50 mm (1.97 in) gun armed Panzer III's could then safely close range with their British counterparts and pick off the thinly armed cruiser tanks while still remaining beyond the range of the British tank guns.[61] If the British tanks attempted to move forward to engage the panzers, the latter would quickly retreat behind a pre-established screen of anti-tank guns while lighter armoured elements would begin to move around the British flanks.[60] To make matters worse for the 7th Armoured Brigade, they had problems with the reliability of their tanks and suffered numerous breakdowns.[60]
By evening, both regiments of the 7th Armoured Brigade had retreated east of the Frontier Wire and the 7th Support Group and withdrawn even further. At 19:00, just as dusk fell, the 5th Light Division further weakened the 7th Armoured Brigade with a strong attack which only ended due to the onset of complete darkness.[62]
Outcome of day 2 and plans for day 3[edit]
Rommel—who had personally witnessed several of the engagements between the 7th Armoured Brigade and 5th Light Division—decided to attempt a full thrust against the 7th Armoured Brigade. At 16:00, he ordered the 15th Panzer Division to leave only minimal elements at its position north of Fort Capuzzo and make all haste to the northern flank of the 5th Light Division which was pressing eastward to Sidi Suleiman.[63] He hoped to cut off the majority of the British forces completely, encircling and then eliminating them.
During the afternoon, Wavell had flown to Beresford-Peirse′s headquarters in order to simplify the making of any major decisions. When he arrived though, Beresford-Peirse was away, meeting with Messervy and Creagh where he reconfirmed his orders for the infantry to maintain its attack on Halfaya and hold Capuzzo while the 4th Armoured Brigade was to join the 7th Armoured Brigade to confront the panzers of the 5th Light Division to the west.[62] That night, on learning of the 5th Light Division′s advances, General Messervy took the initiative into his own hands and ordered his forces to withdraw; to facilitate this, he ordered the remaining Matildas of the 4th Armoured Brigade to form a defensive screen to protect the retreating infantry from the advances of the panzers to the west.[63]
In terms of forces, the 7th Armoured Brigade had lost more than half of the cruiser tanks that they had when the day started, now down to 21 in fit condition.[64] The 4th Armoured Brigade was not faring any better, being reduced to 17 Matildas.[65]
Day 3: 17 June – The British narrowly escape encirclement[edit]
At 04:30, Rommel′s panzers began their advance.[66] The 5th Light Division encountered the 7th Armoured Brigade at 06:00 and began pushing them back. By 08:00 that morning, they had reached Sidi Suleiman.[67] At Capuzzo, the early morning movements of the 15th Panzer Division led Messervy to believe another attack was imminent, and he thus cancelled Beresford-Peirse′s orders for the 4th Armoured Brigade to reinforce the 7th so that they could be retained.[68] The combination of the two events caused serious alarm to Creagh, who then sent a message to Beresford-Peirse, requesting his presence for instruction;[68] Wavell, who was with Beresford-Peirse, took command of the operation and boarded a plane to Creagh′s command post at Halfway House.[66] This message was also intercepted by the Germans, as Rommel later wrote:
|It sounded suspiciously as though the British commander no longer felt himself capable of handling the situation. It being now obvious that in their present bewildered state the British would not start anything for the time being, I decided to pull the net tight by going on to Halfaya.[66]
By this time, both the 5th Light Division and the 15th Panzer Division—striking from the south-west and north-west respectively—were only 9 mi (14 km) away from Halfaya.[69]
At 10:00, as the Panzer divisions pushed eastward, they ran into the remaining Matildas of the 4th Armoured Brigade, joined on the flank by the remaining cruisers and artillery of the 7th Armoured Brigade and 7th Support Group. The armour had now formed a screen to protect the 22nd Guards Brigade and 11th Indian Infantry Brigade as they retreated toward Halfway House.[70]
At 10:45, Messervy contacted Creagh over the radio and, speaking Hindustani for security, informed him that he had ordered a retreat of his infantry from Capuzzo and Halfaya, to begin at 11:00.[69] At noon, an hour later, Wavell and Beresford-Peirse arrived at Halfway House and learned of the retreat Messervy ordered, to which Wavell then gave his approval.[69]
The armoured clash raged throughout the afternoon as the British armour stalled the panzer advance to Halfaya until 16:00, by which time the 22nd Guards had safely escaped.[70]
With the British forces defeated and with no available reserves, Egypt lay wide open to Rommel. However, his critical supply position and the continuing threat in his rear from the Tobruk garrison, prevented him from attempting to exploit his success.[citation needed]
Human casualties for both forces were both relatively light and fairly even. The Allies had 969 casualties, with 122 killed, 588 wounded, and 259 missing. The Germans had 678 casualties, with 93 killed, 350 wounded and 235 missing,[2] while their Italian allies suffered 592 casualties in total.[71] Sergeant Michele Perriello of the 62nd Trento Infantry Regiment would win a posthumous Medaglia d'Oro, Italy's highest award for bravery. His medal citation says that he launched a counterattack with the men of his patrol, forcing attacking infantrymen to retreat, and was later killed manning an anti-tank gun.[72] Major Pardi, who commanded a battery of Italian anti-tank gunners that knocked out several British tanks,[39] was awarded the German Iron Cross 1st Class.[nb 21]
During the course of the battle, tank losses were considerably skewed against the British, who lost 98 tanks (3 Light, 30 cruisers and 65 Matildas) either through enemy actions or by mechanical breakdown while the Axis had roughly 50 disabled, not including tanks which had been knocked out and repaired during the battle itself. This was not reflective of the final outcome, however, since the Axis controlled the battlefield and they were able to recover all disabled vehicles, Allied and Axis alike, for salvage and repair; in the end, they only lost 12 tanks.[2]
In terms of aircraft, the British suffered considerably higher losses than the German and Italian forces. They lost 33 fighters and three bombers in comparison to the destruction of 10 German aircraft.[2] The primary reasons for such a high loss of RAF fighters—as stated by Air Marshal Tedder—was lack of sufficient pilot training and the need for continuous air cover; in order to keep fighters up at all times, it meant that each individual patrol had to be relatively weak.[2]
Political consequences[edit]
Winston Churchill was displeased with the results of Operation Battleaxe. He had been expecting nothing less than complete success in the operation, and had instead received news that, not only had the operation failed, but that a great deal of the tanks that he had specially sent for it had been lost.[citation needed]
Churchill thus wanted Wavell out of the picture, but he could not have it look as though Wavell were being punished; far too many would defend the Commander-in-Chief and the blame could come back to London;[74] he also could not have Wavell return to England, as embarrassing questions could be raised. Churchill instead seemed to have found an elegant solution by simply having Wavell exchange duties with the man he wanted to take charge in the Western Desert, General Claude Auchinleck, Commander-in-Chief, India.[74] Along with Wavell went Michael O'Moore Creagh, who was replaced by William Gott.[75]
Beresford-Peirse was criticized for both his plan and control of the operation[76] and on 4 October was sent to Sudan with the position of General Officer Commanding, Sudan;[77] he took the place of William Platt, who had been promoted to Commander-in-Chief of the newly created East Africa Command.[78] Beresford-Peirse was in turn replaced as commander of XIII Corps by Lieutenant-General Reade Godwin-Austen, who had been promoted from commanding the 12th (African) Division in the East African Campaign.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
|This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. (December 2008)
- ^ "The whole force, comprising about twenty-five thousand men, was under General Beresford-Peirse".[1]
- ^ The operation began with "90 cruisers and roughly 100 'I' tanks"[2]
- ^ "The 8th Panzer Regiment began the battle with about 100 tanks, of which probably 50 were gun tanks; the 5th Panzer Regiment had 96 tanks, of which 57 were gun tanks".[2]
- ^ 60 serviceable German single and twin-engine fighters, and 70 serviceable Italian fighters.[3]
- ^ 59 serviceable German bombers and dive bombers, and 25 serviceable Italian bombers.[3]
- ^ 122 killed, 588 wounded and 259 missing[2]
- ^ 27 Cruiser and 64 infantry tanks were lost due to breakdown or enemy action and were unrecoverable following the operation.[2]
- ^ Losses, in tanks, left behind on the battlefield: 4th RTR: 30 MK II Infantry tanks, 1 MK VIC Light tank; 7th RTR: 35 MK II Infantry tanks, 1 MK I Cruisertank, 2 MK VIC light tanks; 2nd RTR: 12 cruisers; 6th RTR: 16 MK VI Cruisers; 7th Armoured Brigade HQ: 1 MK II Cruiser.[4]
- ^ 33 fighters and 3 bombers[2]
- ^ 93 Germans killed, 350 wounded and 235 missing. Italian casualties are unknown; the British claimed to have captured 350 Italian prisoners during the battle but had to release them during their withdrawal.[2]
- ^ The 7th Armoured Division claimed to have destroyed 90 enemy tanks.[4] 5th Panzer Regiment lost 4 tanks destroyed (2 Panzer II and 2 Panzer III) and 8th Panzer Regiment lost 8 tanks destroyed (3 PanzerII, 4 Panzer III, and 1 Panzer IV).[2][4]
- ^ An earlier name for this operation was Operation Bruiser [5] and it was still referred to as such in telegrams to and from London.[6] Both Churchill and Rommel also called this action "The Battle of Sollum".[7][8]
- ^ On a nightly basis RAF Vickers Wellington medium bombers would bomb the harbour of Benghazi,the most forward supply port for the Axis forces, while during the day supply convoys and airfields were attacked by both Wellingtons and Blenheim light bombers.[10]
- ^ The convoy comprised five 15-knot merchant ships: Clan Chattan, Clan Lamont, Clan Campbell, Empire Song and New Zealand Star. On board these five ships were 295 tanks and 53 Hurricane fighters.[11]
- ^ The tank reinforcements consisted of 21 Mark VI light tanks, 82 Cruiser tanks (including 50 of the new Crusader tanks) and 135 Infantry tanks.[14]
- ^ Two earlier plans were rejected. In the first, infantry and heavy[clarification needed] infantry tanks were to clear the frontier while the fast cruiser tanks were to make straight for enemy forces besieging Tobruk; this was rejected due to lack of sufficient forces. The second was for the 7th Armoured Division to position itself west of Fort Capuzzo in order to draw out and eliminate the enemy's armoured forces; this plan was rejected since it did not utilize all available Allied forces.[17]
- ^ Other units include: the 1st Battalion of the 104th Schützen (mechanized infantry) Regiment, 33rd Panzerjäger (tank-hunter) Battalion (armed with 12 5 cm PaK 38 and 21 3.7 cm PaK 36), 15th Kradschützen (motorcycle) Battalion, 33rd Reconnaissance Battalion, 1st Battery of the 33rd Artillery Regiment and an anti-aircraft battery with 13 88 mm guns
- ^ The most potent of these strong points was likely that at Halfaya Pass, which consisted of 500 Germans from the 104th Schützen Regiment and 400 Italians. They were armed with five 88 mm guns, four Italian 100/17 mountain howitzers, a battery of 155 mm French guns taken from the Mareth Line in Tunisia and numerous other smaller guns. This force was led by Hauptmann Wilhelm Bach, who had previously commanded the recapture of Halfaya Pass in May[38]
- ^ John Delany in Fighting the Desert Fox claims one squadron while The Crucible of War states it was two.[citation needed]
- ^ It should be noted that Moorehead's The North African Campaign 1940–43 states that two squadrons of Crusaders were sent in.[citation needed]
- ^ "Rommel commenta: Za truppa italiana, rende molto quando guidata da capi valenti. Verità ben conosciuta da noi, che è bene però anche sentire da uno straniero. Il maggiore Pardi venne insignito della Croce di Ferro tedesca di 1* classe." (Rommel commented : Italian troops, achieve much when driven by talented leaders. A truth well known to us, which is good also to hear from a stranger. Major Pardi was awarded the German Iron Cross class 1)[73]
- ^ a b Churchill (1986), p. 305
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Playfair, p. 171
- ^ a b c d e Playfair, p. 166
- ^ a b c Jentz, p. 186
- ^ Churchill (2001), p. 1097
- ^ Connell, p. 483
- ^ Churchill (2001), p. 872
- ^ Rommel, p. 146
- ^ Maule, p. 115
- ^ a b c d e f g Bradley, p. 166
- ^ a b Playfair, p. 116
- ^ Playfair, p. 114
- ^ Playfair, p. 118
- ^ Pitt, p. 294
- ^ Playfair, p. 119
- ^ Playfair, pp. 116, 119
- ^ a b c d Playfair, p. 164.
- ^ Playfair, pp. 1–2, 32, 163–164
- ^ a b c Playfair, p. 163
- ^ Playfair, p. 162
- ^ Rommel, p. 137
- ^ Hall, p. 189
- ^ Maule (1961), p. 119
- ^ a b Pitt, p. 296
- ^ Delany, p. 37
- ^ Pitt, p. 295
- ^ Moorehead, p. 121
- ^ Intelligence and Strategy: Selected Essays, pg. 222
- ^ Afrikakorps (Third Reich), pg. 52
- ^ Rommel, p. 141
- ^ Latimer (2001), p.26
- ^ a b c d Liddell Hart, p. 83
- ^ Liddell Hart, p. 86
- ^ "Collections – Rototrailer". Tank Museum. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
- ^ Churchill (1986), p. 304
- ^ a b Jentz, p. 157
- ^ Maul (1961), p. 119
- ^ a b Greene, Massignan, p. 72
- ^ Playfair, p. 167
- ^ Valour Enshrined: A History of the Maratha Light Infantry, pg. 284
- ^ a b Liddell Hart, p. 84
- ^ Liddell Hart, p. 78
- ^ a b Liddell Hart, p. 85
- ^ Maule (1961), p. 120
- ^ Maule, p. 121
- ^ Delany, p. 39
- ^ a b c Pitt, p. 299
- ^ a b c Delany, p. 41
- ^ Afrikakorps (Third Reich), pg. 56
- ^ a b Moorehead, p. 127
- ^ Pitt, p. 302
- ^ Patterson, Ian. "The History of the British 7th Armoured Division, "The Desert Rats"". Archived from the original on 2012-06-30. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
- ^ a b Pitt, p. 300
- ^ Pitt, p. 300-301
- ^ Delany, p. 41-42
- ^ Pitt, p. 301-302
- ^ Delany, p. 42
- ^ a b c Pitt, p. 303
- ^ a b c d Delany, p. 43
- ^ a b c Pitt, p. 304
- ^ a b Pitt, p. 306
- ^ a b Delany, p. 44
- ^ Moorehead, p. 129
- ^ Afrikakorps (Third Reich), pg. 60
- ^ a b c Pitt, p. 307
- ^ Ravenstein, Portrait of a German General, pg. 60
- ^ a b Liddell Hart, p. 89
- ^ a b c Liddell Hart, p. 90
- ^ a b Pitt, p. 308
- ^ Greene, p. 73
- ^ PERRIELLO Michele
- ^ Rivista aeronautica (in Italian) (Association Culturale Aeronautica) 28: 902. 1952. Missing or empty
- ^ a b Pitt, p. 309
- ^ Harding of Petherton: Field Marshal, pg. 73
- ^ Montgomery's Desert Army, pg. 7
- ^ Churchill, Winston. The Churchill War Papers, pg.731
- ^ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37695. p. 4220. 30 August 1946.
- Bradley, John H.; Dice, Jack W. (November 2002). The Second World War: Europe and the Mediterranean. West Point Military History Series. Square One Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7570-0160-4.
- Brown, David (editor) (November 2001). The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean: November 1940 – December 1941: Vol 2. Whitehall Histories. Frank Cass Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7146-5205-4.
- Churchill, Winston S. (2001). Gilbert, Martin, ed. The Ever Widening War: Volume 3 1941. The Churchill War Papers. London: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-01959-4.
- Churchill, Winston S. (1986) [1953]. Second World War, Volume 3: The Grand Alliance. Mariner Books. ISBN 978-039541-057-8.
- Connell, John (1964). Wavell, Scholar and Soldier. Methuen Australia.
- Delany, John (September 1998). Fighting the Desert Fox: Rommel's Campaigns in North Africa April 1941 to August 1942. Arms & Armour. ISBN 978-1-85409-407-0.
- Editors (July 1990). Afrikakorps (Third Reich). Time-Life Education. ISBN 978-0-8094-6983-3.
- Gilbert, Martin (1989). The Second World War: A Complete History. H. Holt. ISBN 978-0-8050-0534-9.
- Greene, Alessandro; Massignani (July 1999). Rommel's North Africa Campaign: September 1940 – November 1942. Great Campaigns. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-158097-018-1.
- Hall, Timothy. Tobruk 1941, the desert siege. Methuen Australia. ISBN 0-454-00667-5.
- Jentz, Thomas L. (1998). Tank Combat in North Africa: The Opening Rounds, Operations Sonnenblume, Brevity, Skorpion and Battleaxe, February 1941 – June 1941. Schiffer Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7643-0226-4.
- Latimer, Jon (2004). Tobruk 1941: Rommel's Opening Move. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-275-98287-4.
- Liddell Hart, Basil H. (1959). The Tanks: The History of the Royal Tank Regiment and its Predecessors, Heavy Branch, Machine-Gun Corps, Tank Corps, and Royal Tank Corps, 1914–1945. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-89201-079-0.
- Maule, Henry (1961). Spearhead general: The epic story of General Sir Frank Messervy and his men in Eritrea, North Africa and Burma. London: Odhams. OCLC 2127215.
- Moorehead, Alan (April 2001). Desert War: The North African Campaign 1940–1943. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-027514-8.
- Pitt, Barrie (December 1989). Crucible of War: Western Desert 1941 (New Ed edition ed.). Paragon House. ISBN 978-1-55778-232-8.
- Playfair, Major-General I.S.O.; with Flynn R.N., Captain F.C.; Molony, Brigadier C.J.C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S.E. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1956]. Butler, J.R.M, ed. The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-066-1.
- Rommel, Erwin; Findlay, Paul (translator); Liddell Hart, Basil (editor) (March 1982) [1953]. The Rommel Papers (New edition ed.). Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80157-0.
Further reading[edit]
- Dando, N. (2014). The Impact of Terrain on British Operations and Doctrine in North Africa 1940–1943 (PhD). Plymouth University. OCLC 885436735. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Operation Battleaxe.
- Maughan, Barton (1966). Official History of Australia in the Second World War Volume III – Tobruk and El Alamein. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.
- Achtung Panzer! – Johannes Kümmel – Der Löwe von Capuzzo / The Lion of Capuzzo
- AFV News – OPERATION "BATTLEAXE" The Second British Repost
- AFV News – THE DEADLY "88" Rommel's Answer to the "Matilda II"
- Italian Tanks at War – North Africa (12 February 1941 – 13 May 1943)
- The Relief of Tobruk, Chapter 2: Lull in the Desert (Part of The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945)
- Lone Sentry – The Development of German Defensive Tactics in Cyrenaica—1941 (Military Intelligence Service, Special Series No. 5, 16 October 1942)
- 6th Royal Tank Regiment war diaries
- BBC – WW2 People's War – Fact File: Operation Battleaxe
- Animated Map of Operation Battleaxe


text:
59, Mattoon, ILCompanionship Trust Fun.Are you grounded and at peace with yourself. Like your body and spirit just they way god made it. Likes to take life as it comes along. Enjoy the simpl...
60, Mascoutah, IL"Kin and clan are all that I am". Words from Dave Mason that I take to heart. I am into current events. I enjoy watching my favorite teams, Chicago Bears, Blackhawks, Illin...
44, Springfield, ILHow's it going? I just started a new career with the State of Illinois, here in Springfield (former reporter and copy editor). I enjoy reading, movies, exercise, travel, and b...
31, Springfield, ILI'm just your average Catholic Guy, but with a bit of quirk added in. I love movies and music (Bonus if you know Wes Anderson and listen to eclectic music) I left the faith fo...
Catholic Dating By Major City:
Catholic Dating By Diocese:
- Archdiocese of Chicago,
- Diocese of Belleville,
- Diocese of Joliet,
- Diocese of Peoria,
- Diocese of Rockford,
- Diocese of Springfield in Illinois


text:
Announcing GameTracker Lite - the next step in keeping track of your online games. Keep track of the games you play, update your profile with the servers you frequent and launch all your games from one small and compact client!
Check out all the details of the GameTracker client at http://www.gametracker.com/downloads/


text:
HyperCat Catalogue Server
A dynamic HyperCat catalogue server with the following features:
- Hosting of multiple catalogues /cats/
- Aliasing of /cat to a catalogue in /cats
- Read/insert/modify of items
- Basic Auth for authentication
- Search of catalogue (urn:X-tsbiot:search:simple)
- Rich permissions system to set access and visibility rights based on catalogue/item metadata properties
- Mapping of /cat to draft-bormann-core-links-json-02 on /.well-known/core
See http://wiki.1248.io/doku.php?id=pathfinder for more information.
The server relies on mongodb for persistent storage and redis for realtime event handling.
apt-get install mongodb redis
npm install
npm start
Access http://localhost:8001
Automated Tests
The automated test suite may be run with
npm test
Wiping the catalogue
For test purposes, the catalogue may be wiped with
node tools/dropdb.js


text:
Scientific Forecaster Discussion
Area forecast discussion
National Weather Service Twin Cities/Chanhassen Minnesota
740 am CDT Sat Mar 28 2015
Short term...(today and tonight)
issued at 402 am CDT Sat Mar 28 2015
Dry...cool and breezy conditions are expected today light
precipitation arrives late tonight or early Sunday morning.
There is a lingering surface high over the eastern Great Lakes this
morning and at the same time mslp pressure falls are ongoing across
the northern High Plains as a West Coast system continues its
advance to the east-southeast. The resulting pressure pattern today
will bring about a breezy southerly flow. Even though we are
expecting highs in the 40s today /the first time we've been that
warm in a week/...the wind will make it feel much cooler in reality.
The precipitation event expected to affect Minnesota/WI late tonight is already
well inland per the morning water vapor imagery. There have even
been a few lightning strikes in Washington/or out ahead of the vorticity maximum
overnight. We only made minor changes to the forecast. The best
chance for 0.10"-0.25" of liquid looks north of the I-94 corridor.
The precipitation type is tricky given the relatively cool atmosphere at
the onset of the precipitation...this could lead to a little snow/sleet -
especially across central Minnesota. The dominate precipitation type should
eventually be light rain by the time middle Sunday morning rolls
around. We are't expecting much in the way of snow or ice
Long term...(sunday through friday)
issued at 402 am CDT Sat Mar 28 2015
Large scale pattern evolution...
the western ridge looks to break down through the first part of
the week... with the upper level flow becoming more zonal across
the Continental U.S.. rising heights will bring much warmer temperatures into
the upper Midwest by midweek... while a decent shortwave and
associated surface low are prognosticated to move through the region on
Wednesday. By the end of the week things look to cool back down a
bit as the Hudson Bay upper low re-asserts itself southward into
the region.
Forecast item/S/ of concern...
chances for precipitation on Sunday... along with strong winds in the wake
of a cold front. Gusty winds and the potential for deep mixing
behind the front could lead to some fire weather concerns over
southwest Minnesota. Midweek system looks like it could bring
first chance for thunder to much of the area.
Model discussion/preferences...
guidance is in good agreement during the warmup period through
midweek... but diverge a fair amount after Wednesday with respect
to how much it will cool back down... with the GFS and gefs
keeping the flow more zonal than the cooler European model (ecmwf). At this
point... stuck close to the previous forecast... which is
essentially a blend of GFS/European model (ecmwf) solutions.
Sensible weather expectations...
precipitation will continue to shift east across the area on Sunday... with
things quickly drying out behind the cold front. In fact... with
the expected decrease in cloud cover and good mixing we/ll likely
warm during the afternoon behind the front... which could lead to
some relative humidity values near 30 percent over southwest Minnesota. That in
combination with gusty winds could lead to some fire weather
concerns... but much will depend on how well we mix and whether we
see relative humidity values plummet. Surface ridge will bring benign weather
Sunday night through Monday... except for a slight chance for some
light rain over the northern portion of the area late Monday and
across the east Monday night... with perhaps a few wet snowflakes
mixed in by that point. This activity will be associated with a
weak shortwave and surface feature moving through on northwest
upper flow. The next chance for precipitation after that looks to be on
Wednesday as a fairly strong shortwave moves along the northern
tier of the Continental U.S. And through Minnesota Wednesday evening. A
surface low around 990mb will move east-northeast near the
US/Canadian border... dragging a cold front across our area
Wednesday afternoon/evening. We should see strong warm advection
ahead of this... along with some decent moisture return. MUCAPE
values from the GFS get at or above 1000 j/kg for part of the day...
particularly over southwest and south central Minnesota... so
we/ve got a shot for some thunder as the front moves through the
region. At this point... there doesn/T appear to be a sufficient
combination of cape/shear for much of a severe threat... but will
be something to at least keep an eye on over the coming days
should we see higher dewpoints than currently expected or better
timing of the deep layer shear with respect to the instability
Forecast confidence/uncertainty...
confidence in warming temperatures through midweek is high... as
is potential for at least some precipitation on Sunday. Confidence is
moderate that we/ll see some rain showers on Wednesday along with isolated
thunder. Confidence is low to moderate with respect to the
evolution of the large scale pattern by the end of the week.
Aviation...(for the 12z tafs through 12z Sunday morning)
issued at 740 am CDT Sat Mar 28 2015
VFR conditions expected until early tomorrow morning. Middle level
cloudiness will return this afternoon/evening. Winds will remain
light...but will increase and gust from the south this afternoon.
MVFR and rain is likely by the end of the taf period.
No additional concerns.
/Outlook for kmsp/
sun...VFR. Am -ra ending with clearing skies. Winds northwest 25g35kts.
Monday...MVFR possible. Winds west 5-10kts.
Tuesday...VFR. Winds light/variable becoming S 5-10kts.
Mpx watches/warnings/advisories...
Minnesota...Fire Weather Watch from Sunday afternoon through Sunday evening
for mnz064-073-074-082-091.
Short term...clf
long term...