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DEFINITION of 'Liquidity Squeeze'
When concern about the short-term availability of money causes reluctance among financial institutions to lend out money from their reserves. This hold on reserves causes the interbank market rate to rise, making it more expensive for banks to borrow from each other. Ultimately, this causes credit standards to tighten, making it more difficult and expensive for consumers to receive loans.
INVESTOPEDIA EXPLAINS 'Liquidity Squeeze'
In order to limit the impact of liquidity squeezes, central banks will often increase liquidity by injecting more money into the economy through lower interest rates. Doing so gives financial institutions a less expensive alternative to borrowing. This process also serves to alleviate the fear of insufficient liquidity in the short run and make bank loans more accessible to consumers and businesses.
Money SupplyThe entire stock of currency and other liquid instruments in ...
Financial Institution - FIAn establishment that focuses on dealing with financial transactions, ...
Discount WindowCredit facilities in which financial institutions go to borrow ...
Minsky MomentWhen a market fails or falls into crisis after an extended period ...
Central BankThe entity responsible for overseeing the monetary system for ...
Federal Discount RateThe interest rate set by the Federal Reserve that is offered ...
How do central banks inject money into the economy?Central banks use several different methods to increase (or decrease) the amount of money in the banking system. These actions ... Read Full Answer >>
What is a liquidity squeeze?A liquidity squeeze occurs when a financial event sparks concerns among financial institutions (such as banks) regarding ... Read Full Answer >>
Personal Finance
How The U.S. Government Formulates Monetary PolicyLearn about the tools the Fed uses to influence interest rates and general economic conditions.
Personal Finance
What Are Central Banks?They print money, they control inflation, and much, much more. All you need to know about central banks is here.
Fundamental Analysis
What is a Null Hypothesis?In statistics, a null hypothesis is assumed true until proven otherwise.
JPMorgan vs. Goldman Sachs: A Tale of Two StocksThe performance of JPMorgan and Goldman has been impressive, but one has a slight edge.
Which is The Best Bank for Your Buck, BAC or MS?One things stands out between these financial services giants when it comes to investing in them.
Mortgage Faceoff: Bank of America Vs. Wells FargoWhich bank offers the better mortgage deal? Here's how they compare on two popular types of mortgage.
Say Goodbye To Overdraft FeesAt $35 a pop, overdraft fees can mount up quickly. Here are 4 different strategies for avoiding them.
Top Checking Accounts With No Overdraft FeesChoosing the right checking account could save you hundreds of dollars in fees every year.
Trading Strategies
Consider The Season On Trading DayCalendar and clock bias, better known as seasonality, is a frequently misunderstood concept that exerts a huge influence on the ticker tape.
Sanctions & Falling Oil Prices Hit Ruble HardRussia, through its aggressive actions, has brought upon itself sanctions which, coupled with falling oil prices, have adversely impacted its economy.


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Summer 2015
JOIN BEFORE APRIL 1, 2015 and SAVE
Family $495
Individual under 60 $205
Couple under 60 (with one child under 2 yrs) $410
Individual over 60 $166
Couple over 60 $332
After April 1, 2015 normal seasonal rates apply
Weather permitting, pools will open Friday May 22, 2015.
2015 Club Membership Application, Employment Applications and Day Camp Enrollment forms are located below.
Our FACEBOOK page is where we will post up to date information regarding weather related pool closures,
program changes and special events.
JOIN our list on FACEBOOK to make sure we have your email address.

subset: commoncrawl


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**This job is located in HONOLULU***
**Hawaii based applicants ONLY will be considered.**
HSF Consulting (www.hsf.io) is a boutique Technology Recruitment firm based in Honolulu, Hawaiithat works with technology Start-ups in the San Francisco Bay area remotely from ...
Feb 23 -
Honolulu - Human resources
Feb 20 -
Honolulu - Human resources
Feb 18 -
Honolulu - Human resources
Medical Laboratory Technician (Call-In)
Call-in Medical Laboratory Technician (MLT)
We are a Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC) seeking a Medical Laboratory Technician to join our team.
Ideal for a great second job or supplemental income.
ASCP certified or equivalent
Hawaii ...
Feb 17 -
Honolulu - Medical & healthcare
Retail Sales Associate
Become part of the exciting Beauty Industry! We are the largest full-service distributor of top professional beauty and hair care brands in the world! CosmoProf is a network of over 1,000 small specialty retail stores who partner with our professional customers by providing ...
Feb 17 -
Aiea - Retail & wholesale
We'll be sending text message alerts for your subscription to


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Want to know what's the latest news from Capitol Hill? Read the March issue of the Federal Affairs Update.
Read our e-newsletter just for students to find articles, tips, and resources to help you as you start your OT career.
AOTA members can access all articles in the British Journal of Occupational Therapy and Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy.
Our childhood obesity tip sheet (now also available in Spanish) has suggestions for families to become more healthy—while having fun.
OT Month is finally here! Check out new products and old favorites at www.promoteot.com.
April is Occupational Therapy Month! Want to learn more about the profession? Check out our About Occupational Therapy section.
Registration and housing are open for AOTA's 95th Annual Conference & Expo in Nashville. April 16 to 19. Download the free Conference app to plan and build your schedule.
April is just weeks away—are you ready to promote occupational therapy during OT Month? We've got 10 ideas on how to promote OT using social media. Each idea has an estimated time commitment ranging from a few minutes to a couple of hours.
Congress is working on Medicare reforms, and a permanent repeal of the Medicare Therapy Cap is not in that legislation. It only takes three clicks to write your legislators.
Therapy Cap Repeal in Play as Congress Moves Forward on Medicare Reform
Congress Introduces Bill to Improve Rehab Research
HHS Adopts Uniform Definition for Habilitative Services
Apply to be an Accreditation Evaluator
AOTA Alerts: 2015 AOTA Elections Results
Fieldwork Educators Certificate Program Workshop
04/15/2015 - 04/16/2015
Annual Conference & Expo
04/16/2015 - 04/19/2015
Pediatric Chat: OT's Role in Preventing Bullying
More Children & Youth resources
More Health & Wellness resources
More Mental Health resources
More Productive Aging resources
More Rehabilitation, Disability, & Participation resources
More Work & Industry resources


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The component has the ability to send and receive files as well delivery notifications, also know as End-to-End Responses (EERP) in the OFTP2 specification – RFC 5024. It was implemented with the Accord Odette OFTP2 Java library.
Routes for the Apache Camel can be defined to receive and save incoming files as follow:
It is also possible to process incoming delivery notifications (EERP):
For more information, please go to the Accord Odette OFTP2 project website or join our mailing lists.]]>
Also, Neociclo offers a commercial license with support included for MFT and B2B system vendors. Contact us for more datils if you feel interested.]]>
The market that makes use of the Odette FTP technology is mostly composed by automotive industries, governments and financial companies. These companies trust on OFTP's architecture by all means and require its use from its suppliers. Within this very specific market, few companies have implemented the protocol and all offers are closed source.
Neociclo found a way to join this closed market through an Open Source Business Model, because it believes that trustability, reliability and transparency are everything clients ask for from an Odette FTP implementation. And we believe only Open Source software can offer this.
Please, feel free to contact us for more details on support and training. And last but not least, if you work with Odette FTP and file transfers in general, join our community and help us build more quality software.
Please access the Neociclo's Community webpage for more technical information.
Thank you,
Bruno Borges - CTO


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Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority late Thursday approved plans for an 8.5-mile light rail line, running roughly north-south, dubbed the Crenshaw/LAX Transit Corridor Project. LACMTA cited input from numerous community leaders and citizens calling for LRT to augment, or replace, existing bus service (many rejecting calls for Bus Rapid Transit in the process).
Still at issue for the proposed line is one of location. Some supporting the LRT line want much of it placed underground. Despite that residual concern, Supervisor Mark Ridley-Thomas hailed the decision, saying, "It's a huge victory for the Crenshaw community and the South Bay community ... I expect it will have a highly positive impact on the quality oflife in that corridor."
The line would run from Exposition Boulevard to Imperial Highway, following Crenshaw Boulevard and passing through Leimert Park and Southwest LA, before running southwest through Inglewood and south to Aviation Boulevard near Los Angeles International Airport.
Officials hope to break ground on the project in 2012 or 2013, and open the line in 2018.
Five regional planning organizations Thursday announced the formation of the Western High Speed Rail Alliance (WHSRA). The alliance envisions a Denver-to-Los Angeles corridor with regional hubs in Las Vegas, Salt Lake City, Denver, and Phoenix as well as links from Denver to Salt Lake City to Reno, Nev., and ultimately to San Francisco.
"We believe implementation of a regional high speed rail plan for the Rocky and Intermountain West is critical to the development of a national high-speed rail system. Corridors must be studied now to lay the groundwork for additional development," said Jacob Snow, chairman of the organization.
To fund these studies, WHSRA will request $50 million from the reauthorization of the Surface Transportation Act that Congress will take up next year.
Included in the alliance are the Denver Regional Council of Governments (the greater Denver area), the Maricopa Association of Governments (the greater Phoenix Area), Regional Transportation Commission of Southern Nevada (Las Vegas), the Regional Transportation Commission of Washoe County (Reno), and the Utah Transit Authority (Salt Lake City).
Union Pacific says its Pipeline Express service has reached a milestone by delivering its 25,000th rail car of customerproduct since being formed in 2005.
Pipeline Express serves the steel pipeline industry for oil and gas producers with truck-competitive transit times and a rail network that aligns well geographically with new pipeline projects. Pipeline Express has grown from moving approximately 1,700 rail cars in its first year to nearly 8,000 for its customers through year-end 2008.
"By offering the best value proposition to the natural gas industry, Union Pacific has emerged as the clear transportation choice," said Greg Shimonek, senior business director for the railroad's Pipeline Express service. "Our carloads tell the story."
Natural gas reserves are expected to grow 39 percent from 2007 levels by the end of 2009, according to the Energy Information Administration. Having invested nearly $17 billion in its rail network since 2005, Union Pacific says it is ready to serve that growth. "We have the industry's largest fleet of 89-foot flat cars capable of hauling 100 tons of pipe," Shimonek said.
The Association of American Railroads reported Thursday that traffic volume on U.S. railroads for the week ending Dec. 5 added up to an estimated 31.8 billion ton-miles, down 4.8% from the same week last year, and off 7.6% from 2007.
The railroads originated 284,177 carloads during the latest week, down 5.4% from the same week in 2008 and 13.3 % from the same week in 2007. (The AAR notes that in order to offer a complete picture of the progress in traffic, it is now comparing 2009 volume with both 2008 and 2007.)
Intermodal traffic, at 207,242 trailers and containers, was down 4.25% from 2008 and 13.6% from 2007.
Increases were reported in nine of the 19 carload freight commodity groups compared with the same week last year: nonmetallic minerals (25%), metals and products (17.1%), grain (14.1%), chemicals (13.9%), farm products not including grain (13.7%), motor vehicles and equipment (8.95), grain mill products (8 %%), metallic ores (1.3%), and waste and scrap metal (0.7%). Declines ranged from 0.6% for food and kindred products to 21% for crushed stone, sand, and gravel.
Canadian railroads reported 62,576 carloads for the week, down 12.4% from last year, and 39,608 trailers or containers, down 13.5%. Mexico's two major railroads originated 12,393 carloads, down 4.8% from the same week last year, and 6,241 trailers and containers, up 0.8%.
Minneapolis' Metropolitan Council will open the America Boulevard Station (at 34th Avenue) to Hiawatha Line light rail riders Saturday, after dedicating the station Wednesday, one month ahead of deadline.
The new stop is the final one of 19 planned stops on the original plans for the route, but construction of the $3.3 million station was deferred due to redesign of the southern portion of the 12-mile route, according to Bob Gibbons, director of customer services for Metro Transit.
America Boulevard Station is northeast of the Mall of America and a short distance from Bloomington Central Station. Three hotels, an office complex, and large long-term parking lots are located nearby. The area, which is called Airport South, is slated for redevelopment, and Bloomington officials view the new station as a component to those plans.
The station opening follows completion last month of the north end of the line, when a new station at Target Field opened that serves both the Hiawatha Line and the new Northstar commuter rail line.
Remember Me


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This product can be found in: Arden Grange Dog Food: All | Arden Grange Puppy and Junior | Complete Dry Dog Food - All | Dog Food: All | Hypoallergenic Dog Food | Puppy Food
Arden Grange Puppy and Junior 2kg
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DescriptionA hugely palatable feed made with fresh chicken and rice, this Arden Grange Puppy and Junior is a good way to go if you've got a young pup of a small or medium breed.
Made with a digestible recipe formulated to meet the extra energy requirements of growing puppies, the feed contains plenty of meat protein, key calcium as well as added vitamin D for healthy growth. There are also extra antioxidants and nucleotides to support the developing immune system and dental hygiene.
Arden Grange are a popular name when it comes to dog food and all their products are hypoallergenic, free from wheat gluten, dairy products, beef and soya. With no artificial colourings, flavourings or preservatives either. What's more, feeding your dog Arden Grange can reduce the risk of dietary intolerance and allergies, which typically cause digestive disorders and skin complaints.
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Quantity: 2kg
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I was recommended this food for my puppy it is great value for money and my 7 month old Tibetan Terrier loves it
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I found that the Royal Canin food was a lot better for them
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Welcome Writers!
TBD Learn more
- Needs a location
- Coming soon
Hosted by: Michael K. (Organizer)
This Meetup repeats every week on Wednesday
AWG Meeting - TBD 15 going Wed Apr 8 7:00 PM AWG Meeting - TBD 5 going Wed Apr 15 7:00 PM AWG Meeting - TBD 4 going Wed Apr 22 7:00 PM
Recent Meetups
6 days ago · 7:00 PMAWG Meeting - Critique1) "Layover" Prologue from a novel by Erica 2) "Sailors and Saints" Chapter 5 of a historical novel that takes place in the ancient world from the Powerses 3) "The... Learn more
March 18 · 7:00 PMAWG Meeting - Openings WorkshopTony Toth will lead a discussion on great openings to stories. With examples and thoughts on how you too can at least write the great American opening.
March 11 · 7:00 PMAWG Meeting - Critique1) "The Swing" A short story from Dale 2) "Jeanot in Love" a novel excerpt by Thierry. This is a rewrite based on an earlier AWG critique 3) "The First Emperor" Part 2... Learn more
March 4 · 7:00 PMAWG Meeting - Guest Speaker - Eric S. TownsendEric S. Townsend is the author and artist behind Tabula Raisa, an illustrated adventure series for children. Eric used Kickstarter to successfully fund his project and... Learn more
February 25 · 7:00 PMAWG Meeting - Critique1) "The Brightest Star in My Night Sky" Chapter 1 of a sci-fi novel by Katie 2) "Shadow of the Rock Star" Novel excerpt by Gary. Note he mentions this section focuses on... Learn more
- See all past Meetups


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Ratings based on 2 Verified Reviews
They paid and stayed. We double-checked.
4.0 Room cleanliness
5.0 Service & staff
3.0 Room comfort
4.5 Hotel condition
They paid and stayed.
We double-checked.
We double-checked.
for Everyoneby A verified travelerfrom Houston
Hotel CoinsurerPosted Jul 30, 2014
Pros: the food was so good! Everything was delicious
Cons: NOTHING!!!! Not one bad thing occurred at hotel
Location: It is very far from airport so plan a day to and from just for travel outside of your days staying at resort
The entire hotel staff was amazing! Everyone overly friendly and accommodating. Gorgeous property
for Familiesby Kellyfrom Ontario, Canada
Beaches ResortPosted Feb 25, 2013
Pros: The staff were very friendly.
Cons: Our room.
Location: The resort was in a beautiful location on the ocean.
The resort staff were excellent. They were always friendly and helpful. The resort had a lot of activities for the children to take part in. The food was very good and there was a lot of variety to choose from. Our room was dreadful. The view out our patio door was a blue wall because our room was in the corner of the resort and we were sharing our patio with the next room. It caused our room to be dark because the sun did not shine in. You could also hear everything and anyone that was in the hallway.


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Don't be fooled by other websites that sell generic replacement lamps. This is the original Panasonic replacement lamp: TY-LA1001.
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52" Pansonic Projection LCD TV Models:
Login Here to rate and review this product.
Smooth flawless transaction. Quality products for great prices. I compared my item to other stores before buying and was blown away by the price difference.


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4201 W. New Hope Rd.Suite 202Rogers, AR 72758
Licensed for 40 years in AR
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Shelby's Komments:
It is All for the Kids and the Love of the Game."
Part of the problem with the youth games that I've worked and been exposed to is the lack of understanding between the coaches, parents, spectators and the referees. It always seems like everyone expects all referees to be robots. To make all the right calls, do all the right things.
The reality is we are human too; we make mistakes just like everyone else does. We try to make the right calls and do a good job but we aren't always going to be correct. However, I must stress that the referee is always right, whether we are actually correct with our call or not. Even as a player I knew not to argue a call with the referee. Once they made the call and decided that was the end of it, whether I agreed with it or not.
So I find myself wondering why I have been yelled at literally dozens of times. I have been yelled at by not only the coaches but also the parents. Sometimes I would provide a simple explanation and the problem was taken care of. Other times the yelling and complaining would continue. I think we all just have to remember that we are all there for the kids and the game should be fun for them. The game shouldn't become a screaming match.
Being a referee isn't all bad though. I have had many good experiences. I get to watch kids play the game I love, the game I played at some of the same places I referee. I get to travel and see new places. I really enjoy my job and take pride in what I do.
Many people have come up to me and told me I am crazy to referee and they don't see how I do it, but I love it. Through all the yelling and problems I've had to deal with the good outweighs the bad to me.
If you're a referee you know that you will have to deal with certain problems but that's just part of the job. Overall I think if parents and coaches could have a better understanding sometimes it would be helpful.
I would encourage all coaches, parents and spectators to look up information about the rules of the game and league rules. Whether it is a league handbook, coach's handbook or the USSF Referee handbook. The more information you know the better. Being properly informed of certain rules about the game and rules of where you are at would be beneficial to all and would hopefully bring understanding to some of the calls the referees have to make. In closing I just would like to remind everyone that, 'It is All for the Kids and the Love of the Game."
As coaches, the overall priority for what we teach our youth needs to be core technical development and training, despite the age group, gender, or skill level we are working with. The essentials of technical development are found in Koach Karl's "Five (5) Consecutive R's" of Attacking and Defending
Attacking R's:
Defending R's:
Too many players do not receive a strong enough emphasis on these fundamentals in their early years of youth soccer and later on find themselves overcome by the need to be super-aggressive and win the match at all costs.
For a young player, this can lead to frustration, a diminishment of what is supposed to be fun, and potentially a premature end to their soccer days. I have seen this happen to too many of my teammates during the late-elementary to junior high school years. With the proper investment in core technical development and training, the scores and victories are guaranteed to take care of themselves.
MICHAEL CALVILLO, District 7 Recreation Coach of the Year (2015). State CYSA-North Recreation Coach of the Year (2015)
Editor's Note: Look for more detailed articles on this subject from OUR State Recreation 'Coach of the Year' in future Komments..!
VPR - Golden Mike Award Winner
"Valley Public Radio has picked up Three (3) Golden Mike Awards from the Radio & Television News Association of Southern California," wrote Rick Bentley in his Fresno Bee column 'TV & Radio' on Thursday, February 19, 2015. "They were winners at the 65th annual awards ceremony, held in late January in the 'Best Investigative Reporting,' 'Best Light Feature Reporting'' and 'Best Business and Consumer Reporting' categories."
You can learn a lot more about VPR on their website at: http://kvpr.org/
Core Values for Your Team
By Sal M. Blanco
I am a firm believer that every team should have a set of core values. Yes, even with younger age groups and even if you will just have the players for a limited time.
The idea is not an original idea, but comes to me from many coaches (i.e., Anson Dorrance, John Wooden, John McKay etc.). A list of core values I believe can help your players be successful in soccer and in life. It sets some basic concepts that our players many times do not learn at home.
Coach Dorrance for example asks his players to grade themselves and their teammates, each year, on the extent to which they embody the core values. He also requires them to memorize the core value quotations and he tests them in front of the team and in every player conference (obviously these concepts are for older players, but you may modify the format for younger players).
Coach Dorrance challenges his players to commit to accomplishing something great—for the team and for themselves—and following a set of common values has helped to create a winning culture both as a soccer team and more importantly-in life. Here are his set of core values. My recommendation is that you adopt them for your own team:
Let's begin with this, we don't whine. This individual can handle any situation and never complain about anything on or off the field.
We work hard. This individual embodies the "indefatigable human spirit" and never stops pushing herself. She is absolutely relentless in training and in the match.
The truly extraordinary do something every day. This individual has remarkable self-discipline, does the summer workout sheets from beginning to end without omission or substitution, and every day has a plan to do something to get better.
We choose to be positive. Nothing can depress or upset this powerful and positive life force -- no mood swings, not even negative circumstances can affect this "rock".
When we don't play as much as we would like we are noble and still support the team and its mission. This remarkably noble, self-sacrificing, generous human being always places the team before herself.
We don't freak out over ridiculous issues or live in fragile states of emotional catharsis or create crises where none should exist. The best example is the even-keeled stoic that is forever unflappable. The worst example is the "over-bred dog," that high maintenance, overly sensitive "flower" that becomes unstable or volatile over nothing significant.
We are well led. This is the verbal leader on the field that is less concerned about her popularity and more concerned about holding everyone to their highest standards and driving her teammates to their potential. This person competes all the time and demands that everyone else do as well!
We care about each other as teammates and as human beings. This is that non-judgmental, inclusive friend that never says a negative thing about anyone and embraces everyone because of their humanity, with no elitist separation by academic class, social class, race, religious preference, or sexual orientation.
We play for each other.
This is the kind of player that works herself to death covering for all of her teammates in the toughest games. Her effort and care (her verbal encouragement) make her a pleasure to play with and her selflessness helps everyone around her to be a better player.
We want our lives (and not just in soccer) to be never ending ascensions - but for that to happen properly our fundamental attitude about life and our appreciation for it is critical.
This is that humble, gracious high-achiever that is thankful for everything that she has been given in life, and has a contagious generosity and optimism that lights up a room just by walking into it.
And we want these four years of college to be rich, valuable and deep.
This is that focused individual that is here for the "right reason" to get an education. She leads her life here with the proper balance and an orientation towards her intellectual growth, and against the highest public standards and most noble universal ideals, she makes good choices to best represent herself, her team, and her university.
The last one on the list can easily be adapted to high school or any other age group. Moreover, you do not need all of the components of the list. Take what you need and add as you deem appropriate for your team and to suit your own personality.
Sal Blanco
Cal-N D7 Coaching Director, USSF "C", NSCAA National Diploma, NSCAA Advance GK Diploma
Referees Face a Tough Road By Pat Ferre
Parents and spectators should realize that "new" officials on the fields are in training. Whether they are working their first game or have been around for a few seasons, these officials still have a lot to learn when it comes to making split second decisions dealing with the activities of players on the field and the different personalities of coaches and spectators along the sidelines.
Most people will understand that players need, even before their first match, much repeated coaching, lots of practice, positive feedback and a nurturing environment in order to stay interested in the activity, improve and grow.
Where, but during actual games, do new officials have the opportunity to practice what they were taught in the classroom and learn to deal with real game experiences?
Unfortunately, new officials are seldom provided those valuable learning opportunities until they are assigned to an actual game. Beyond the initial basic instruction provided in a classroom situation, the new officials must rely mostly on their on-the-job experiences and any feedback they receive from fellow officials and assessors in order to mature and grow.
Players are generally forgiven for making mistakes, even the most costly ones, yet officials are often openly and ruthlessly belittled, degraded and embarrassed for even the most insignificant decision be it for a call or a non call made.
Should those same critics not be treating the referees who make mistakes in the same way as they treat the players? Players have scheduled practices lead by coaches and yet mistakes are made on game days. Referees like players will make mistakes which, like the players' mistakes, should be looked at as a learning experience and a fact of life.
In the early years of their avocation, many officials have been known to stop refereeing before being given a chance to mature and learn. The repeated criticism, complaints, put downs, negative comments and in some cases threats are the leading causes of an official's decision to quit.
The next time you are at a game, think of the numerous duties and responsibilities of the referees and before being too quick to criticize, question or embarrass, what would you say if it was your player or your child in that position?
Pat Ferre, USSF Referee Grade 15 Emeritus,USSF Referee Instructor,USSF Referee Assessor,USSF Referee Assignor,District-7 Youth Referee Administrator (DYRA)
Admirals' Chief Executive Officer and owner, Paul Hamburger, has put
together an "Award Points Program" which will allow the D-7 Recreation
Program to exchange "Points" for Admiral Products to be distributed to
those in need. In addition he has adjusted Admiral Prices to provide all D-7
members up to 65% off of all Admiral Products.
Help Us to Help Others by Ordering Your Products via this link
If you would like a tailor made quote for your soccer program feel free to contact Admiral toll free on 888-646-6822, Email Paul on email@example.com and see online: www.admiral-sports.com
"Free" Coaching Courses
Hosting League: Visalia Youth Soccer Association
Date: Sunday, March 8, 2015
Time: 9:00 AM - 12:00 PM
Team #1 (U16+): 9:00 AM - 10:30 AM
Team #2 (U16+): 10:30 AM - 12:00 PM
Location: Riverway Sportspark, Field 6, 3611 N. Dinuba Hwy., Visalia 93292.
Topic: Defense--working the ball through the middle (shift and cover with the back four).
Hosting League: Clovis Junior Soccer League
Date: Sunday, April 19, 2015
Location: Valley Oak Elementary, 465 East Champlain Drive, Fresno, CA 93730
Topic: Offense---Changing the Point of Attack
Questions? Contact Sal Blanco, D-7 Coaching Admin. At: firstname.lastname@example.com
Did You Know?
In Search of Youth Soccer…
The purest form of youth soccer -- maybe it is really the only form -- is street soccer. With its own rules, invented by the boys, without coaches or referees, anarchic but functional, plenty of appalling language but not (as I recall) much rough play, chaotic but with its sudden surprising moments of joyful teamwork.
The sport belongs to the city, my city, to its grubby streets, to the houses with their vulnerable windows, to the dusk as the sun drops slowly -- over there, behind the gas works -- and the streetlights take over, and mothers' raised voices let you know it's supper time.
I don't recall that we banned adults, but their absence seemed to be tacitly accepted as the natural state of things. I can't recall adults ever being around. Street soccer belonged to the boys.
Why shouldn't boys be left to organize and play their own soccer, just for those few magical years? Why ever not -- after all this is nothing important, this is just a game, something you play at. It is also serves the rebellion of youth, the strong desire to be troublesome, to give adults the finger and not do what they command.
But 'sivilization' is at work. The adultification of children and their soccer proceeds apace. It gathers speed because playing pro soccer can now be a massively money-making career. Hence the youth-development industry. With all the money to be made from training and discovering young players, it makes no sense to leave things to chance, to just let boys be boys. They must be not only adultified, but academized and curriculummed and computerized too.
One wonders: How much room does all that organization and instruction leave for the boy-life spirit that is recognized as the heart and soul of street soccer? Virtually none, I'd say. But surely street soccer, a vanishing activity thanks to the rampaging automobile, still has a sturdy spirit to pass on to modern-day youth soccer? You would think so. But it turns out that the modern youth-development movement is not interested. The life-blood of street soccer, that it was strictly a boy-life game, is rejected immediately.
Youth development is now a serious business. It has to be well programmed, so adults are needed. And here they come, armies of them, all with impressive coaching badges and specialized knowledge that they pump into young teenagers at an age when the boys should be simply enjoying their soccer, should not be pestered with arcane formulae for better performance.
That process -- the one that turns boy-life into adult-life before the boys are ready for the switch -- is what youth development is now all about. It cares nothing for this vague, romanticized item called youth soccer. Did it ever exist, anyway?
I am quite certain that no youth team will ever come out of any academy, anywhere. The boys are being taught, younger and younger, to behave and play like mini-pros. There is no time now for anything that can be truly be called youth soccer. It is all falling under the control of the ever-clever adults.
Well, so what? If this youth-development binge produces the players, then who cares? Of course the academies and so on are producing players, plenty of them. But something is certainly missing. Where are the exceptional players? Considering the millions of dollars -- it may even be billions by now -- that circulate in the youth development industry, surely there ought to have been a noticeable increase in the number of exceptional young players.
I have failed to notice any increase, but you don't have to take my word for it. Not long ago a gathering of top UEFA coaches pinpointed the virtual disappearance of street soccer as a setback to the production of skilled players. UEFA, in fact, has an "Introduction to Street Soccer" section on its website.
There have been plenty of efforts by coaches to recreate the world of street soccer. None successful, as far as I know. Hardly surprising when coaches involve themselves in an activity that never had any use for them.
This is the major fault-line that bedevils youth development. On the one hand, it is an industry that works towards eliminating genuine youth soccer as a natural stage in the development of young players. But on the other, it can hardly be unaware that the street soccer it is helping to kill off was a crude but very efficient way of producing outstanding players. Perhaps more efficient than all the sophisticated techniques of the modern youth developers.
A nice contradiction, and one that will not be resolved until the experts admit that they don't really know very much about what it takes to produce exceptional players. It is evidently a delicate and intricate and very personal process, not one that lends itself easily to the money-making values of an industry, nor to the strict disciplines of a curriculum.
A youth development program that pays attention to intrinsic but unruly youth values, and ceases trying to replace them, far too early, with more amenable adult attitudes -- that sounds like an idea worth trying. It also sounds like a request to development coaches to weaken their control over their young charges, which probably makes it an impractical, if not ludicrous, suggestion.
Rinus Michels said, or is alleged to have said, that the best way to coach young boys is not to coach them. Another non-starter for the development industry. But they might want to consider the ramifications, some of them outlined above, of another Michels comment on the nurturing of young players: "Street soccer is the most natural educational system that can be found."
Note: (Read In Search of Youth Soccer Part 1 HERE and Part 2 HERE)
A Very Special Player
A youth coach decided his team would be better and more fun if it had a pet on it.
So he went to the sports equipment store and told the owner that he wanted to buy an unusual pet to be on his team.
After some discussion, he finally bought a talking centipede, (100-legged bug), which came in a little white box to use for his house.
He took the box back home, found a good spot for the box, and decided he would start off by taking his new pet to the soccer field with him. So he asked the centipede in the box, "Would you like to go to the soccer field with me today? We will have a good time."
But there was no answer from his new pet.
This bothered him a bit, but he waited a few minutes and then asked again, "How about going to the soccer field with me and meet some of your team mates?
But again, there was no answer from his new pet and potential player. So he waited a few minutes more, thinking about the situation.
The coach decided to invite the centipede one last time.
This time he put his face up against the centipede's house and shouted, "Hey, in there! Would you like to go to the soccer field with me and learn some dribbling tricks?".....YOU ARE GOING TO LOVE THIS .......
This time, a little voice came out of the box, "I heard you the first time! Yes, I want to go with you –but- I'm putting my shoes on!"


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Was wondering if someone found an Evergreen Bicycle Outfitters jersey in the port-o-jon. Was changing after the race and believe I left it in there.
BTW great race and great organization.
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text:
Web-hacking proxy API for node
Description: Web-debugging proxy API for node.
Documentation: http://greim.github.io/hoxy/
npm install hoxy
var hoxy = require'hoxy'; var proxy = ; proxyintercept phase: 'response' mimeType: 'text/html' as: '$' resp$'title'text'Unicorns.';; proxylisten8080; // now proxy your client through localhost:8080
Release notes:
- 1.2.3 Test command now
npm testinstead of
mocha. Proxy
close()method now passes args through to server close. Thanks Seth Holladay.
- 1.2.2 Fixed errors and test failures occurring on io.js.
- 1.2.1 Make
listen()accept same args as native
server.listen()instead of just port. Thanks Seth Holladay.
- 1.2.0 Send content-length whenever reasonably possible. (minor version bump since minor alteration to existing behavior)
- 1.1.5 Default protocol to 'http:' if not found because I'm a genius.
- 1.1.4 Default protocol to 'http' if not found.
- 1.1.3 Don't munge content-length headers unless necessary.
- 1.1.2 Burned a version number because I suck at npm.
- 1.1.1 Added SSL support for requests (protocol: https).
- 1.1.0 Added CLI functionality to scaffold new proxy projects.
- 1.0.5 Fixed static conditional get fail, flexible contentType matching, ability to set fullUrl.
- 1.0.4 npm distribution no longer contains test directory.
- 1.0.3 Fixed issue #21 causing breakage on windows, due to use of unix domain sockets.
- 1.0.2 Added
tee()method to requests and responses, and accompanying tests.
- 1.0.1 Fixed bug with URL pattern matching, added filtering tests.
- 1.0.0 Initial release of Hoxy 1.0 rewrite.
Note: 1.x vs 0.x
If you're looking for the old command line version of hoxy, it's branched as
v0.2.x in this repository and still available on npm.
Continued updates to that branch are unlikely.
1.x is an overhaul of the project. 1.x is a programming API, whereas 0.x was a command line utility. 1.x fully passes a decently large test suite.


text:
Find a copy online
Links to this item
cognet.mit.edu MITCogNet
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|Electronic books
|Additional Physical Format:
|Print version:
Baum, Eric B., 1957-
What is thought?
Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, c2004
|Material Type:
|Document, Internet resource
|Document Type:
|Internet Resource, Computer File
|All Authors / Contributors:
Eric B Baum
|9780262310574 0262310570
|OCLC Number:
|"A Bradford book".
|1 online resource (ix, 478 p.) : ill.
|The mind is a computer program --
The Turing test, the Chinese room, and what computers can't do --
Occam's razor and understanding --
Optimization --
Remarks on Occam's razor --
Reinforcement learning --
Exploiting structure --
Modules and metaphors --
Evolutionary programming --
Intractability --
The evolution of learning --
Language and the evolution of thought --
The evolution of consciousness --
What is thought?
|Series Title:
|Bradford book.
|Eric B. Baum.
Publisher Synopsis
A book that is admirable as much for its candor as its ambition... If What is Thought? can inspire a new generation of computer scientists to inquire anew about the nature of thought, it will be aRead more...
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Related Subjects:(19)
- Philosophy of mind.
- Cognitive science.
- Thought and thinking.
- Semantics (Philosophy)
- Philosophie de l'esprit.
- Sciences cognitives.
- Pensée.
- Sémantique (Philosophie)
- Filosofie van de geest.
- Denken.
- Cognitie.
- Kunstmatige intelligentie.
- Kognitionswissenschaft.
- Geist.
- PHILOSOPHY / Mind & Body
- Philosophy.
- Cognition.
- Thinking.
- Semantics.


text:
11 November, 2011 6:28PM AEDT
Remembrance Day, Mount Isa
Peter Smith lead today's Remembrance Day service at the Mount Isa RSL. He and two of his older brothers have served for Australia in various wars and locations.
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One of Mr Smith's brothers was taken as a prisoner-of-war when he was only 18 and was one of the few who survived the ordeal.
While it was a small group of 15 to 20 people standing-to under the powerful Isa sun, Secretary of Mount Isa RSL, Mr Neville Mersky, was pleased with today's turn out, saying it was the strongest attendance they've had for some years.


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The Old Rectory, North Yorkshire (county)
Situated in Whitby, The Old Rectory is in a rural location and area attractions include Guisborough Forest, Guisborough Priory, and Middlesbrough Golf Club. Additional area attractions include Flatts Lane Woodland Country Park and North York Moors National Park.
Property Features.
A complimentary breakfast is available. In addition to tour/ticket assistance and barbecue grills, The Old Rectory features a garden. Wireless Internet access is complimentary in public areas. Additional amenities include a picnic area, a fireplace in the lobby, and a television in the lobby. This is a smoke-free property.
The 3 guestrooms at The Old Rectory include coffee/tea makers and bathrobes. Complimentary wireless high-speed Internet access is provided.
Excellent friendly personalised service from mein Host
Friendly hosts and lovely atmosphere. We enjoyed a fantastic breakfast, hot and freshly…
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Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $68
- King Size En-suite Shower
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text:
Top three trends in the automobile industry
Kippreport gets insights from Mike Belk, CEO and president of Daimler Middle East and LevantMarch 26, 2015 12:02
Register for our free newsletter
Abu Dhabi Airports CEO leaving to take up U.K. defence ministry role
Kuwait February inflation edges up to 2.9 pct
MIDEAST STOCKS-Gulf markets sink after Yemen intervention; Dubai worst hit
HSBC's Islamic banking unit plans sukuk sale in Malaysia
Oil rises more than 1 pct, boosted by weaker dollar
UAE's Shah gas project seen achieving full capacity in Q2
National Bank of Fujairah issues 500 mln dirham tier 1 capital
Dubai builder Arabtec wins $283 mln contract from Saudi Aramco
Gold holds 4-day rally on softer dollar, U.S. rate hopes
Oil rises more than 1 pct, boosted by weaker dollar
Ahead of a visit by Israel's prime minister, US President Barack Obama used his sharpest language yet to warn Iran of his willingness to resort to military options if necessary to prevent Tehran from acquiring nuclear weapons.
March 4, 2012 10:49 by kippreport
Saying that it would be unacceptable for Iran to build an atomic weapon, Obama said: "I don't bluff."
"I think both the Iranian and the Israeli governments recognize that when the United States says it is unacceptable for Iran to have a nuclear weapon, we mean what we say," Obama said in an interview with the Atlantic magazine.
The interview was conducted on Monday and published on Friday.
The comments came just days before Obama is to host Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu for talks at the White House.
Monday's meeting between the two leaders will come amid US fears that Israel might attack Iran's nuclear sites within coming months unless it receives stronger reassurances from Washington that the United States is willing to take a tough approach toward Tehran.
In the interview, Obama said he thought that international sanctions on Iran were "far more effective than anybody anticipated" and he believed they offered a chance to solve the problem in a permanent way.
But he said if the sanctions efforts failed, the United States was not taking any options off the table. He added that it was in the "profound" interests of not only Israel but also of the United States that Iran not be allowed to acquire a nuclear weapon.
Pressed on what has been awkward relationship with Netanyahu so far, Obama said the two leaders had cooperated closely on a number of issues but acknowledged that they had more of a business-like relationship than a close personal rapport.
"I actually think the relationship is very functional, and the proof of the pudding is in the eating," Obama said. "You know, the truth of the matter is, both of us have so much on our plates that there's not always a lot of time to have discussions beyond business." (Reporting By Caren Bohan; Editing by Vicki Allen)


text:
Töpperwein Brewery
Just beautiful, they looks so professional.
Some of the best I've seen. Simple but classy.
Outstanding work!
Add me to the chorus of congratulations.
Can we ask about your process? What kind of paper/printer, how are they affixed, etc.
Thanks! I used full sheet laser adhesive labels and printed to the laser printer at work. Unlike Inkjet, the laser printer labels won't run when wet. I printed 4 labels per sheet and cut them out. The software used is a combination of Logo Design Software and Photoshop Elements 4.0
Again, thanks to everyone for the positive comments. I'll send a bottle to each of you...
On second thought, probably not
nice stuff.. im jealous now...
Good deal. I like the simple, classic feel to this. It fits very well with the Ale.
Absolutely fabulous work.


text:
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Class for Children: Making Peg Dolls
Feb 10 2013 11:00 am
For Parents and Children: Making Peg Dolls with Margaret Bloom
Sunday, February 10, 11:00 - 11:30 a.m.
2nd class added: Sunday, Feb. 10, 11:45 a.m. - 12:15 p.m
Please join us in launching Margaret Bloom's beautiful new book, Making Peg Dolls
Peg dolls are small, enchanting, and easy to make. They are a perfect craft for children and can become the inspiration for endless play and storytelling. Margaret Bloom invites you to enter the tiny magical world of peg dolls.
Coming from the Waldorf handcraft tradition, these irresistible dolls encourage creative play and can be made from natural materials to reflect the seasonal cycle, favorite fairy tales and festivals from around the world. This class will make Valentine's Day-themed dolls.
Class limited to 12 students.
Price: $5 per child.
Each parent/child will make 2 Peg Dolls.
Materials provided by the instructor.
Tickets are available now at Brown Paper Tickets Online or by calling 800-838-3006
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- 1010 El Camino Real
- City:
- Menlo Park ,
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- California
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- 94025-4349
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text:
Comparative Analysis of QoS Metrics in Mobile Ad Hoc Network Environment
Free registration required
Executive Summary
A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that communicate with each other without any centralized access points, infrastructure, or centralized administration. This paper presents an analysis of various quality of service metrics (QoS) of mobile ad hoc network nodes like Throughput, Delay, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Hop Count (HC) and Control Overhead (CO) in varying terrain dimensions. The goal of this paper is to provide an insight on how node density affects quality of service metrics in mobile ad-hoc networks. A comparative study of the terrain dimensions is made to determine the dimension in which the mobile nodes produce optimum quality of service metrics. The analysis is performed in the simulation environment and graphical results are explained.
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text:
It was so nice & warm & sunny today, I decided to hang a load of laundry on the line.
Homini:), alidegeorge, k. hue, and 10 other people added this photo to their favorites.
gorgeous photo as always, i hope to do this next week
I can't wait to hang the laundry out again. We are all set to hang a new line as soon as the ground thaws and we can get the posts in.
Hi, I'm an admin for a group called Les petits bonheurs / Little happinesses, and we'd love to have this added to the group!


text:
VIEWS: 45 PAGES: 13 CATEGORY: Business POSTED ON: 7/8/2011
Pricing with Market Power Answers document sample
F L O R I D A P U B L I C S E R V I C E C O M M I S S I O N Market Power in a Transitioning Electric Industry PREPARED BY: Division of Policy Analysis & Intergovernmental Liaison March 2001 Market Power in a Transitioning Electric Industry I. Introduction In the utility industry, exclusive monopoly franchise rights have been granted to electric utilities and regulation has taken the place of competition to control price and ensure quality of service. In a competitive environment where market forces dominate and the regulatory oversight is removed or significantly diminished, a concern is that a single entity may gain too much control within the market and hinder the development of the marketplace. This may result in noncompetitive prices, inferior services, and slow development of new products and services. The concentration of market power, calculated as market share, is an indicator of the ability of a market participant to manipulate prices. Market power can be used to prevent new suppliers from entering the market or to eliminate existing competitors, not through the provision of superior products at lower costs, but through manipulation of the market. Firms with market power have the ability to extract excess profits from customers. Some of the means that are employed include: a) predatory pricing -- lowering prices to eliminate competitors with the anticipation of subsequently rising prices; b) cross subsidies -- shifting costs to captive customers with relatively inelastic demand to lower prices to those customers with elastic demand; c) tie-in arrangements -- a sale in which the buyer, in order to get the item desired, must also purchase another item(s); d) engaging in joint ventures that exclude competitors; and e) controlling access to markets through delivery channels -- limiting access between suppliers and customers in the transmission grid. A complicating factor is that electricity is not just another commodity. Unlike most other products, adequate, reliable and affordable electricity is essential to modern life and the continued economic well being of Florida and the nation. For most applications, customers have few, if any, suitable alternatives. Therefore, the abuse of market power for such an essential service as electricity would adversely affect many customers and defeat the objectives of a competitive market. As policy makers in Florida explore restructuring the electric utility industry to increase competition in the supply of electricity, care should be taken to ensure that retail customers are protected against any market power abuse by a wholesale provider. Under the current regulatory environment, the state public utility commission regulates the prices and earnings of the utilities. However, as states move toward competition in the generation and transmission markets, the questions that need to be answered are who will monitor market power, how will it be monitored and how will market power abuse be checked? The answers to these questions are critical for the protection of Florida's citizens until competition can be relied 1 upon to control the market. This paper looks at two functional parts of the electricity market; generation and transmission. Also discussed are the leading measures of market power and how the exercise of market power by any participant in either generation or transmission markets can distort prices. In this case, and in every case, the goal of regulators is to make sure that competition is allowed to succeed and to ensure that no firms dominate the market and control prices. There are no easy answers or solutions to controlling market power during the industry's transition to competition. This paper is intended to act as a catalyst for discussion on this critical topic. II. Generation While moving from a regulated monopoly with no competition to wholesale competition, each state has handled the separation of generation facilities from transmission facilities differently. However in each case, with the exception of Texas,1 once the generation portion of electric service is separated from transmission and distribution, generation stops being price and earnings regulated by the state. Instead, jurisdiction to approve the price, terms and conditions of generation sales, including oversight of market power, is transferred to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). It appears that states will maintain minimal jurisdiction over issues involving siting and environmental concerns of generation facilities, and customer issues of protection and information requirements. The functional separation of generation from transmission and distribution creates an environment where generation market abuse may occur. In order to monitor any potential abuse in the generation market, three areas should be examined: market power, reliability, and capacity. A. Market Power Market power in the wholesale generation market is a major concern in Florida due to two factors. First, Florida is a peninsula and has limited transmission lines between it and its neighboring states, allowing imports of only 8% of needed power. Thus, Florida must primarily rely on native generation of load serving entities to provide power for the state. The second factor is that two incumbent utilities serve over half the load in the state. The potential for either or both of these utilities to exercise market power currently exists. The challenge is to identify if any utility already possesses the ability to abuse the current market (i.e., price fixing) and to identify how much market share is too much. The initial step to address potential market power abuse is to attempt to quantify market share. 1. Conventional Measures of Market Share 1 Texas does not fall under FERC jurisdiction with the unbundling of the generation services from transmission services. This is because their transmission lines do not cross state lines and thus are not considered interstate service subject to Federal jurisdiction. 2 When regulators examine market power, they generally look at a market concentration index. The simple presumption is: the bigger the market share, the more market power a firm has; and the more market power a firm has, the more likely the firm will be able to manipulate the market. While such a presumption may have some merit, it frequently does not hold true. This section discusses three commonly used market concentration measures that estimate market power and the limitations of each measure. These measures are: the four-firm concentration ratio (CR4); the Herfindahl- Hirschman Index (HHI); and, the Lerner Index. a. Four-Firm Concentration Ratio (CR4) Market concentration measures have long been used by the FERC and Department of Justice (DOJ) to enforce the antitrust law. Decades ago, the DOJ used the four-firm concentration ratio (CR4), which is the combined market shares of the largest four firms in a market. It is bounded in the range between 100 percent and zero percent. A pure monopoly would have a CR4 of 100 percent, whereas a perfectly competitive market would have a CR4 approaching zero. This index, however, lacks an ability to capture the impact of firm size. For instance, a monopoly market has a CR4 of 100 percent, while a market made up of four firms with equal size would also have a CR4 of 100 percent. While the monopoly has the market power, it is much more complicated to determine the anti-competitiveness in a market with four equal firms. Over time, it has become apparent that the CR4 index does not stand as a useful measure. b. Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) In 1986, the DOJ adopted new guidelines which use the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) to measure the market concentration. It calculates the sum of the squared market shares of all firms in the market and it ranges from zero for a perfectly competitive market to 10,000 for a monopoly. This index is considered better than the CR4 as it incorporates more information about the size distribution of the firms in the market. The DOJ regards an HHI of 1,000 as a breakpoint. An HHI below 1,000 indicates that the market is reasonably competitive and market power should not be a concern. With an HHI between 1,000 and 1,800, the market is considered moderately concentrated. The DOJ interprets an HHI above 1,800 as an indication of a highly concentrated market, which can trigger further investigation to determine whether an unacceptable amount of anti-competitive behavior exists. Because regulated industries have not historically been competitive, the DOJ adopts a more loose standard for regulated industries. For example, the DOJ has declared that in the oil pipeline industry, an HHI below 2,500 still indicates workable competition. 2 Although the HHI is still used in the practice of antitrust review, it has some serious shortcomings. First, this index is calculated by using the market share a firm possesses, but the market share can be calculated using any number of units of measure. For instance, in the utility 2 U.S. Department of Justice, Report on Oil Deregulation, May 1986, pp. 22-32. 3 industry, a utility company's market share can be measured in terms of revenues, capacities (e.g., generation or transmission capacities in the electric industry), or even the number of customers it serves. Depending on the physical and cost characteristics of the product or service being sold, the choice of a different unit of measure can cause different results. Second, in order to apply the HHI, the relevant market must be identified. Defining those markets is influenced in different ways by different characteristics. Among those characteristics are reliability issues which may confer local market power to a particular generating utility; transmission constraints which make transmission service between certain areas impractical on a cost effectiveness basis, such as is found in peninsula Florida; or even geographic constraints such as mountain ranges or large bodies of water. Without a well-defined relevant market, the market share calculation can be meaningless. c. Lerner Index Concentration ratios such as HHI and CR4 are static numbers. The link between these indices and market power is weak, if there is any. The index that more correctly measures market power is the Lerner Index. The economic definition of market power is a firm's ability to set the price above marginal cost and the Lerner Index measures the price-marginal cost difference divided by price. This index can be transformed into the reciprocal of the demand elasticity under profit maximizing output. In a perfectly competitive market, where the demand curve is perfectly elastic (the demand elasticity equals infinity), the Lerner Index equals zero. In a monopoly market, the firm will use its market power to set its profit-maximizing output in the inelastic portion of the demand curve and charges a price greater than the marginal cost. In this case, the Lerner Index is greater than zero. In this sense, inelastic demand implies large market power or vice versa. Although the Lerner Index correctly measures market power, it often suffers a few practical problems. Regulators usually do not have accurate information on firms' marginal cost. Also, before a regulated utility market opens to competition, the price charged to end-users is different from a market-based equilibrium price. Therefore, the Lerner index cannot be calculated until after a market is deregulated and a market clearing price is realized. Another caution worth taking when applying the Lerner Index is that the short run market power measured by the Lerner Index may not be a serious concern unless there is a problem with barriers to entry. The existence of temporary excess profits may be tempered by the ability of an alternative supplier to quickly enter the market. 2. Conventional Measures of Market Power - Conclusion In sum, the HHI lacks the ability to identify the abuse of market power. Although it can provide a good starting point for investigators to understand the market, further investigative actions will be necessary to detect anti-competitive behavior. The Lerner Index defines the exercise of market power, yet, it is more demanding in terms of data collection. It needs both market clearing price and marginal cost data, which are often hard to collect. In addition, an analysis of market entry condition is necessary to assess the market contestability. All this information together will lead to an assessment of market power with analytical integrity. 4 3. New Approach to Assess Market Share As previously mentioned, the FERC has traditionally measured market power by use of certain market concentration indices such as the HHI or measured the differences between marginal and market prices through the use of the Lerner Index. One problem with these traditional indices is that they look at market share concentration or price differentials over the entire market. Depending on the complexity of the market, market power problems may exist within segments of the electric markets, within subregions, or across certain transmission constraints. Traditional indices are unlikely to capture the subtleties of these kinds of market power situations. An alternative method to identify market power concentrations is to segment markets and examine market share within these segments. For example, these segments could be based on capacity ownership shares or on net output by fuel type or technology. This approach offers a more sensitive assessment of market power. For example, one could look at the manner in which energy is dispatched onto the transmission line. This is referred to as the merit order dispatch and generally the least costly generating facilities are dispatched first and the most costly generating facilities are dispatched last. The merit order dispatch of generating units is almost always determined by short term production costs which includes fuel and variable operation and maintenance (O&M) costs. (Note: this is true except when non-merit dispatch occurs due to system constraints or reliability requirements such as maintaining voltages.) Generation owners may obtain market share by their position in the dispatch order and this position is determined almost exclusively by the type of technology that they own. If these subsegments of the electric market have robust competition within them, such as multiple owners with competitive technologies, then other variables will determine market share such as the generators' ability to keep plants maintained, fuel procurement practices or other competitive advantages and skills that permit lower fuel and O&M costs. These latter variables will become determinants of merit dispatch order and thus determine relative market share obtained. Florida could apply the methodology of examining merit order dispatch units. The Florida Reliability Coordinating Council produces a report titled, 2000 Regional Load and Resource Plan (10-Year Site Plan) that indicates for 1999 two investor-owned utilities owned 97% of the nuclear capacity in the state. The four investor-owned utilities owned 67% of the coal plants, and two investor-owned utilities owned 91% of the combined cycle plants. Net statewide energy generated from these plants included nuclear at 16%, coal units at 39%, and another 11% of the gigawatt hours produced came from combined cycle units. Analyses of fuel costs and variable O&M indicate that coal and nuclear units are generally dispatched first in the $19 to $30 per megawatt range. Above this price level, the combined cycle units dispatch depending on relative cost differentials in natural gas and oil. In sum, these three technologies produced 66% of the energy in the state. Applying these capacity shares to the net energy percentages indicates that the four investor-owned utilities produced 51.5% of all energy from technology assets that had no competitive equivalent in the marketplace in 1999. While highly efficient, combined cycle units are being proposed for construction by new market entrants around the state, such technologies do not and will not compete in the merit dispatch 5 with coal and nuclear because their prices are higher. Also, with an incumbent advantage of a 91% ownership share of existing combined cycle units, it will take a number of years before new entrants offer effective competition to the incumbent fleet of combined cycle units. The incumbent technology advantage precludes effective competition for the baseload and much of the intermediate segments of the electricity market. To state that merchant plants can come into Florida and become competitive with the 41% of all energy served by nuclear and coal, and instantly compete for an intermediate and cycling portion of the market is simply misguided. Thus, it is critical that concentration ratios, Lerner indices or other market power indexes be developed on specific market segments or market technologies so that appropriate market power remedies can remain in place until effective competition occurs across all market segments. B. Generation Reliability In Florida, the reliability of the generation system is based on the ability of the generation facilities to meet peak demand, such as on the hottest or the coldest days of the year, and on the ability of the generation owners to coordinate the days when they must take their generation units off-line in order to conduct maintenance. Both activities are critical for the continuous provision of electricity in Florida. In a market based model for providing adequate generation resources, decisions on retirement or repowering of existing generators and the construction of new units are likely to be made by investors with little regulatory involvement. State government will still oversee the siting and environmental consequences of these decisions. But in states with retail choice of generation suppliers, the competitive market, rather than economic regulation, will decide which supplies are needed and economical. Within a well functioning competitive market, generators will be built when projected market prices of electricity are high enough to yield a profit. When demand begins to exhaust the available supply, prices will rise, sometimes sharply, which in turn will suppress demand and induce investment in new supply. It is the level, frequency, and duration of these high prices that will signal markets to build more generating capacity and transmission lines, rather than the decisions of planners in vertically integrated utilities. However, it is important for a monitoring entity to oversee the siting and environmental certification, as well as the capacity obligation on a planning basis, until both buyer and seller have a better understanding of how market-based reliability will function. Until that time, utilities should be required to demonstrate that planned maintenance schedules are coordinated. It is crucial for all LSE's to know where energy resources are available in the event that a utility loses generation in an emergency situation. Therefore, a monitoring entity should require and oversee the coordination of planned outages to safeguard the rest of the state from experiencing a disaster when an emergency situation occurs. The lack of coordination of planned outages among generation facilities became a problem in the California market. This problem can be avoided in Florida by designating or establishing a monitoring entity and continuing the 10 year-site-plan process to forecast the generation load demands to serve all the LSE's. 6 C. Generation Capacity Historically, the determination of sufficient generation to serve native load has been addressed by the establishment of a predetermined generation reserve criterion. This criterion was typically set at a 1-day-in-10-years loss-of-load probability or a minimum installed reserve margin. 3 Generation reserve margins are generally determined by load forecasts, customer growth forecasts, location needs, reliability needs, and economic analyses. This process has assisted in ensuring low rates for customers by preventing the construction of unneeded generation. This information, in addition to the expansion and purchased power plans for each utility, provides the basis for determining the current sufficiency of native generation. However, the future electric needs of the state must be considered. The challenge in a competitive market is identifying the need for additional generation resources and ensuring barriers, both legal and/or environmental, preventing the construction of new generation by either utilities or non-utilities are removed. In many states that have adopted retail competition, there is an increasing trend toward the transfer of generation assets to affiliated companies in order to mitigate market power. The electric utilities accomplish this separation through either divesting the generation facilities outright, or by placing them into a separate subsidiary. Divestiture can occur voluntarily as a business decision driven by the market or by a government mandate that forces a utility to sell certain assets to diminish perceived market power. Under any restructured energy market, if a regulatory entity is to effectively monitor market power, and ensure adequate generation capacity to serve wholesale and retail loads, affiliates should be required to provide the regulatory entity full access to generation capacity information. Additionally, if the market monitoring entity must also handle complaint resolution, then access to information regarding affiliate activities is essential. Such information should include construction plans for capacity and load forecasts for future generation. This type of information is provided in the ten-year-site plan and should continue to be provided in the same manner. III. Transmission Transmission is the second key component to a successful wholesale restructured market for electricity. In December of 1999, the FERC issued Order No. 2000 that required all public utilities that own, operate or control interstate transmission facilities to file a proposal to participate in a Regional Transmission Organization (RTO). The RTO would act as a neutral operator of the transmission systems of a group of utilities, and would not be affiliated with a generation source. The RTO would also provide services that are ancillary to transmission service such as scheduling, dispatch, voltage control and energy imbalance service. The intent of forming an RTO is that it would contribute to the growth of competitive bulk power markets, increase regional efficiencies, facilitate economically efficient pricing, correct discriminatory practices, and mitigate market power by allowing equal transmission access to all power suppliers. 3 In December, 1999, the Commission accepted a stipulation with the investor-owned utilities (IOUs) that adopted a minimum reserve margin planning criterion of 20%. The IOUs voluntarily agreed to plan to achieve the 20% reserve margin criterion by the Summer of 2004. 7 The publicly owned utilities in Florida submitted a proposal to FERC in December 2000, to create a for-profit Transco. The proposal includes the establishment of an internal market monitor. Regardless of how or whether Florida chooses to restructure its energy market, FERC is forcing the separation of the transmission system from the vertically integrated public utilities. There will only be one provider of transmission service, the RTO, therefore there will not be a competitive market to control market power. Ideally, no single utility will be able to control any part of the transmission system, however, until the RTO is up and running for a while, no one can be certain that market power is not being exerted. Thus, during the initial years of the RTO operation, it will be critical to have an external market monitor observing the Transco. Following is a discussion of three primary areas of concern regarding electric transmission systems: reliability, capacity, and open access. The correct design and implementation of these three aspects of transmission will allow competitive benefits to arise from restructuring. With any misapplications of these areas, the potential benefits of a regional transmission system, will disappear. A. Transmission Reliability Reliability is the first area of concern that needs to be addressed by any effective electric transmission system. Transmission reliability entails several components including adequacy (sufficient capacity) and security (operational reliability). Currently, the North American grid system is comprised of an interconnected network of generating plants, transmission lines, and distribution facilities. The transmission systems are divided into three regional grids: the Eastern Grid, the Western Grid, and ERCOT which operates in Texas. Although this structure makes reliability possible, what makes it a reality is the operational coordination between the electric companies which make up the network. Since the transmission grid crosses numerous state lines and electricity is an entity which respects no state boundaries, the federal government has asserted its regulatory jurisdiction over the network. After the FERC, the state will take a secondary role in active regulation. However, the state will continue to hold jurisdiction over siting and need, planning, and the daily interaction between the various transmission-related organizations. Regardless of the ultimate federal jurisdiction over interstate transmission concerns, the state is expected to ensure the daily security of the electric grid. To provide this role, the state may need to designate or create an entity to control and monitor the daily interactions of the transmission organization. On the state level, the appropriate data needed for the adequate monitoring of transmission reliability and capacity includes full access to real-time pricing information, and a complete listing of all market bidders/participants. Further, a monitoring entity might also need to assume an arbitration role to address reliability and expansion issues. Unlike the bulk power generation market, effective monitoring of the ancillary services market requires access to real time pricing. One of the ancillary services offered by the RTO is energy imbalance service. This service supplies any hourly mismatch between a transmission 8 customer's energy supply and the load being served in the control area. The instantaneous nature of the ancillary services market dictates the need for real-time access to pricing information. Although this ancillary service market is quite small compared to the bulk power market, the potential for pricing abuse/market power is pervasive. Once a market monitor has access to the real- time pricing fluctuations, abnormal price outliers and extreme pricing trends could be identified without delay. Investigations could then be initiated immediately to discover the cause of the pricing anomalies. B. Transmission Capacity The creation of a transmission system with sufficient capacity is necessary to realize any benefits from competition. Since federal regulation controls transmission pricing and the state controls the siting of new lines, a considerable amount of jurisdictional cooperation would be beneficial to stimulate sufficient capacity. Consideration should be given to economic incentives to build (federal transmission pricing) as well as a streamlined process on the state level to allow expanded facilities. A robust competitive wholesale generation market will not develop without sufficient transmission capacity. A state could have an over-abundance of generation facilities, but if it can not transport that power across the state to customers, then there is insufficient capacity for all customers. However, if any utility has control over either the generation capacity or transmission capacity, then it could easily be able to exercise market power. Transmission capacity constraints do occur in parts of Florida and the state has limited import capabilities. Florida cannot shift its reliance from domestically produced power to power produced in another state because of the physical limitations of the grid. While two states border Florida to the north, it only has significant transmission connections to Georgia. Thus, given these two transmission capacity limitations, (1) Florida being heavily dependent on the energy produced within the state, and (2) being unable to move power within the state easily to every part of the state, Florida is susceptible to local market power abuse. An example of limited transmission capacity and the ensuing economic ramifications can be seen in the Tampa Bay area. The investor owned utility in Tampa is Tampa Electric Company (TECO) and 92% of TECO's existing generation is located in the downtown Tampa area (3,171 MW of 3,455 MW total consisting of the Big Bend, Gannon, and Hooker's Point Stations). Because there is limited transmission between the downtown area and the rest of the state, a significant amount of this capacity must run on a continuous basis in order to maintain reliability (frequency and voltage) in the downtown area. The downtown Tampa generation cannot be fully replaced economically by purchased power from other parts of the state. The lack of adequate transmission capacity allows TECO's downtown generation units to have undue local market power. There are likely numerous other areas in the State of Florida where similar combinations of must-run units in close proximity to load and limited transmission create local market power. C. Transmission Open Access 9 Finally, open access to the transmission grid is imperative to the successful workings of a competitive market. There may be sufficient competition on the generation supply side, but, if there are structural impediments to the transfer of power, a viable market cannot arise. Working policies outlining load priority and day-to-day transmission organization responsibilities need to be established. Regardless of the specific entity, a monitoring function needs to be performed to ensure the primacy of native load concerns are balanced with a healthy respect for market expansion. An effective transmission market monitor would not only check on transmission reliability, capacity, congestion and open access, but it would also serve as the arbitrating party when accusations of abuse arise. Accusations of abuse could come from several sources including: electricity generators claiming unequal transmission open-access, load serving entities accusing preferential treatment given to incumbent utility affiliates, and electricity customers with concerns about quality of service/reliability. While this list is not all inclusive, it does present several scenarios in which accusations of abuse could arise. In addition to serving as an arbitrator when accusations of abuse arise from third parties, the transmission market monitor needs to be able to initiate investigations independent of explicit third party accusations. Two examples of when the market monitor might need to initiate an investigation on its own is if there is a concern about the scheduling of planned unit maintenance outages, and a concern about the decision over transmission expansion. An efficient transmission market monitor should be able to investigate planned unit outages which would have served the ancillary services market for a specific time period. Through the combination of real-time pricing data and independent investigation authority, the independent monitor could determine and mitigate any market gaming and pricing abuses. Secondly, concerns may arise that the for-profit transmission entity may give preferential treatment to transmission solutions neglecting the possibility of generation solutions. As a market monitor, the independent investigation capacity would serve well in ensuring the economically correct decision with regards to transmission expansion. D. Transmission Monitoring Function In all three areas concerning transmission: 1) reliability, 2) capacity, and 3) open access, there is a need for an appropriate monitoring function to be performed. This monitoring function could be satisfied by an independent arm of the RTO or another independent agency. Quite separate from the monitoring function in the bulk power markets, this transmission monitoring function would focus on the fair provision of ancillary services, equal access to the transmission system, and arbitration and investigative functions. It is imperative that the market monitor be able to respond to third-party accusations as well as perform independent investigations into unreported abuses. To perform effective and efficient monitoring functions there needs to be access to a substantial amount of data. As stated previously, real-time pricing data, market participants, historical information regarding specific generating units, and scheduled maintenance are just some typical examples of the information which is necessary for market monitoring. However, with access to this information, the transmission market monitor needs to be truly independent. Independence will ensure the fair and adequate application of all 10 necessary investigative power and oversight. Thus, an efficient transmission monitor must be independent, have access to real-time pricing and specific plant data, and perform a responsive arbitration function in both solicited and unsolicited requests for market abuse investigations. IV. Conclusion In order for competition to effectively achieve the goal of a more efficient electricity market, opportunity for the abuse of market power must be mitigated to the greatest extent possible. By all accounts, the most productive means of doing this is to pursue a proactive strategy, structuring the transition in such a way so as to avoid or minimize the potential for abuse from the outset, rather than trying to correct market power problems after abuses have already occurred. The market power issue is of considerable importance because several of Florida's regulated utilities potentially possess market power. This stems from such factors as their: C large market share in generation; C longstanding market relationships with suppliers and customers; C longstanding presence in the state and with state government; C possession of extensive important customer information, including demographics and demand patterns; C extensive vertical integration, which provides simultaneous ownership and control of generation, transmission, and distribution; C limited transmission interconnection availability, especially during peak usage periods; and C potential to use revenues from captive customers to subsidize competitive market ventures. Given this level of market power, establishing a market monitor with a precise role to examine the generation and transmission segments of the electricity market needs to occur if true and robust market competition is to be established. However, as complex as the issues are, it is more effective to deal with market power during the transition to a competitive wholesale market than to try to rectify the problems after the fact, generally through protracted, costly litigation. Restructuring the industry so that the end result works to the benefit of all, will be difficult. Considerable planning and foresight will be required to establish a workable competitive electric power market in Florida -- a robust market consistently delivering reliable, low-cost power to all Florida businesses and households. Given the specific characteristics of the industry in Florida, market power is a potentially serious problem. A proactive response and a monitoring oversight entity with "enforcement teeth" in place are warranted if competition is to succeed. The exercise of market power by a utility should not be tolerated; otherwise, restructuring could create an 11 unregulated oligopoly consisting of a small group of large providers that inhibit the development of a truly competitive wholesale market for electricity in Florida. 12
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All content © Steve Jones, 2014
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Welcome to the website of UK Film/Horror academic Dr Steve Jones.
Click on the links for information regarding Steve's research, publications, article transcripts, and professional qualifications.
PhD Studentship
As part of Northumbria University's PhD Scholarship scheme, I am offering to supervise a project entitled New Theoretical Approaches to "Extreme" Media (ADSS/DRFMED7P/61878)
The full-time studentship provides full support for tuition fees, and an annual tax-free stipend at RCUK rates (for 2015/16 this is £14,057 p.a.)
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New article
An article I wrote on abortion themes in survival horror has been published by Sexuality & Culture Journal (print version to follow). The article draws on case studies including Dark Corners (dir. Ray Gower, 2006), Frontier(s) (dir. Xavier Gens, 2007), The Hills Run Red (dir. Dave Parker, 2009), Inside (a L'interieur, dirs. Alexandre Bustillo and Julien Maury, 2007), Madness (dirs. Sonny Laguna, David Liljeblad and Tommy Wiklund, 2010), Resurrection County (dir. Matt Zettell, 2008), Timber Falls (dir. Tony Giglio, 2007), and The Wreck (dir. James K. Jones, 2008).
I presented a paper based on the article at the University of Sunderland on 9th February 2015.
The Zombies and Sexuality collection I co-edited with Shaka McGlotten is now available. The collection contains some really interesting and diverse essays, I am excited to see how it is received. The book is also available to preview on Google Books here.