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Interpersonal Communication: Everyday Encounters (With CD-ROM)
This best-selling book by a leading voice in the field offers a distinct alternative to existing books in interpersonal communication. This theoretically unified but pragmatic introduction to the concepts, principles, and skills of interpersonal communication is directed at multicultural society. This book shows how interpersonal communication theory and skills pertain to readers' daily encounters with others.
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Adès, Thomas
January Writ
$2.95 *
Catalogue No: NOV161832
Shop Product Code: 254542J
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Arranger: Hare, Nicholas
Department: Choral - Choral Lower Voices
Publisher: Novello
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Vermont Lawyer Michael Wool becomes chair of New England Board of Higher Education
Vermont lawyer Michael Wool became chair of the New England Board of Higher Education (NEBHE) at the board's annual spring meeting. A native Vermonter, Wool has practiced law in Burlington since 1972. He provides tax and strategic advice in contexts ranging from family business matters to complex interstate and multinational transactions. He has served on several civic boards, including the Boys & Girls Club of Burlington.


text:
About PROVENGE
PROVENGE (R) (sipuleucel-T), an investigational product in development for men with androgen-independent prostate cancer, may represent the first product in a new class of active cellular immunotherapies (ACIs). PROVENGE and other ACIs are uniquely designed to use live human cells to engage the patient's own immune system with the goal of eliciting a specific long-lasting response against cancer. In controlled clinical trials, the most common adverse events were chills, fever, headache, fatigue, shortness of breath, vomiting and tremor. These events were primarily low grade with a short duration of 1-2 days following infusion.
About Dendreon
Dendreon Corporation is a biotechnology company whose mission is to target cancer and transform lives through the discovery, development and commercialization of novel therapeutics. The Company applies its expertise in antigen identification, engineering and cell processing to produce active cellular immunotherapy product candidates designed to stimulate an immune response. Dendreon is also developing an orally-available small molecule that targets TRPM8 that could be applicable to multiple types of cancer as well as benign prostatic hyperplasia. The Company has its headquarters in Seattle, Washington and is traded on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol DNDN. For more information about the Company and its programs, visit www.dendreon.com.
|SOURCE Dendreon Corporation
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Amir Johnson's huge block on Kawhi Leonard's dunk attempt
12/10/2013 at 6:42 pm By Gordon Dixon
When a player attacks the rim there's always a chance of a highlight reel worthy play. In some cases the guy who does the attacking ends up looking the best. Other times the defender, in this instance Amir Johnson of the Toronto Raptors, walks away with the bragging rights.
Johnson finished the game with 19 points (9-11 FG), 9 rebounds, and that emphatic rejection. Over his last four games he's averaging 22 points, 9 rebounds, and 1.7 blocks.
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Tags: Amir Johnson, nba highlights, Toronto Raptors


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FOXBORO — A week ago, the Patriots offense had its chance to make a statement on a pair of fourth-down situations. On both occasions, it came through, converting twice on a key possession to keep an important second-half drive alive in a win over the Falcons.
On Sunday, it was the defense that had its chance. Faced with a pair of fourth-down situations in the fourth quarter, the New England D held the Ravens offense, allowing the Patriots to escape with the 27-21 win. (Check the full game recap here.)
The first instance happened midway through the fourth quarter with New England leading 27-21. On a third-and-1, defensive lineman Ty Warren swooped in from the outside and hauled down running back Ray Rice for no gain. On the next play, linebacker Gary Guyton and safety Brandon McGowan wrapped up running back Willis McGahee, forcing the turnover on downs.
"It looked like they opened the formation up, got some penetration inside," Patriots coach Bill Belichick of the back-to-back early short-yardage stops. "There's a wall of bodies in there, so it's hard to tell from the sideline, but they didn't get much movement on the line of scrimmage."
The second stop came at the end of the game, and was far more dramatic. With the fourth quarter winding to a close, the Patriots holding to that same 27-21 lead and the Ravens on the New England 14, Baltimore faced a fourth-and-4. Flacco dropped back, scrambled and found Mark Clayton, who was standing inside the Patriots' 10. He catches the ball, and it's first down, Baltimore, with roughly 30 seconds left.
But Clayton bobbled, and then dropped the football — with some help from defensive backs Darius Butler and McGowan. Ballgame over. Everyone drive home safely.
"[Clayton] was just running a quick hitch route at the sticks to get the first down," Butler said. "I don't know, I think the ball might have bounced off him before I could make a play on it. Then [Brandon] McGowan came over to finish him off.
"It was a good way to get off the field to end the game."
It also served as a reminder that on a team filled with so many offensive stars, the New England defense deserves some credit as well for its work in the last two weeks. The Pats held the high-powered Atlanta offense to just one touchdown, and were able to dictate the tempo much of the afternoon to a Ravens offense that, before Sunday, was averaging 430 yards of total offense a game, second-best in the league.
"Maybe y'all gotta start talking about us a little more," cornerback Leigh Bodden said with a laugh. "No — we can stay under the radar, it doesn't matter. We're just a good defense and we're going to go out there and play. We don't care about getting the glory or anything like that. We want to get wins, and that's all that matters at the end of the day."
They are not perfect — safety Brandon Meriweather recited a litany of problems after the game, including an inability to get off the field on third down (Baltimore was 9-for-14 on third down) and a knack for allowing big plays (the Ravens ran for an average of 6.8 yards per carry, including a 50-yarder from Rice).
"It wasn't pretty," said linebacker Adalius Thomas.
But in the end, it was enough to make a difference in Sunday's win.
"[They] played well enough — that's a good offensive team," Belichick said of the New England defense. "[Baltimore has] got good skill players. They've got real good [running] backs, good quarterback, well-coached. We had our hands full. We made enough plays to win. We stopped them on fourth down twice in the fourth quarter. That's when you've got to be there, and luckily, we were."
Here are nine other things we learned on Sunday at Gillette Stadium:
At the start, it looked like it was going to be the same old story for the New England offense in the red zone: The Patriots were given a gift from the start — Eric Alexander forced a fumble on the opening kickoff, and the ball was immediately scooped by Brandon McGowan and placed at the Baltimore 12-yard line.
But New England ended up moving backward — three plays later, the Pats were on the 14, settling for a field goal and a 3-0 lead. However, the Patriots rallied, converting on three of their final four red zone touchdown opportunities, with red zone touchdowns coming on a Brady quarterback sneak, a 12-yard romp from Sammy Morris and a 14-yard pass play from Brady to Moss.
For a team that was 4-for-13 in the red zone entering the day, going against a team that was one of the best in the league in red zone defense, it was a point of pride.
"We ran it in a few times," Brady said when asked about the difference between this week and last week. "If teams are going to take away some of the passes and double cover our guys, we're going to have to find ways to run it in, and we did. Those were big plays — that was the difference in the game. We got it in three times and they got it in twice, and that was the difference."
If there was any doubt who Brady feels the most comfortable throwing to, check the stats — in his first action since Week 1, Wes Welker was easily the most-targeted wide receiver on the Patriots. Brady threw 10 passes in his direction, twice as many as any other receiver (Morris, Moss and Sam Aiken each had five passes thrown in their direction). In the end, he came away with a team-high six catches for 48 yards.
Most of them were typical Welker receptions — 8- and 10-yard gains to keep drives alive. He had a 15-yarder late in the second that set up New England's second touchdown of the day, but looked no worse for wear on the afternoon. Afterward, Brady sounded thankful his security blanket was back in the slot.
"He's fighting his way back, and made some great plays for us," Brady said. "He's a great player. He's so smart out there and he's really been wanting to be out there the last couple of weeks. I know he was excited today."
The Ravens were flagged for nine penalties and 85 yards on the afternoon, including two roughing-the-passer calls that made a huge difference in the game. The first was called on defensive lineman Haloti Ngata, who swatted at Brady's helmet late in the first quarter. It moved the ball from the Ravens' 37 to the 22, allowed the Patriots to stay on the field after misfiring on a third down and set up New England's first touchdown of the game, a 1-yard plunge from Tom Brady to give the Patriots a lead they wouldn't relinquish.
The second came with just over five minutes left in the second quarter and went against linebacker Terrell Suggs, who came in low on the quarterback. The penalty moved the ball from the Baltimore 43 to the 27 — two plays later, the Patriots were celebrating their second touchdown of the day, a 12-yard run by Morris that made the score 17-7.
After the game, Baltimore linebacker Ray Lewis went off, saying the calls were "embarrassing to the game."
"You can't do that. Brady's good enough to make a play. Let him make his own play,' Lewis said. "You can't end the play like that, and then throw the flag. No, man. The embarrassing part is when he understands that, and he walks up to one of us and says, 'Oh, that was a cheap one.'
"That's not football. And that's the embarrassing part about it. Two great teams going at it, like them go at it. But you can't stop drives like that, you can't throw flags and say, 'Oh, you touched the quarterback.' Put flags on them. Put a red buzzer on them, so if we touch them, they're down. But you can't do that, when a guy's on the ground, it's over.
"Both of the drives they got touchdowns on — personal fouls that kept the drives going. That's embarrassing to our game. Fine me, do whatever you please. I'm not speaking against anybody. It's embarrassing, for them to treat one person on the football field different than everybody else.
"That's what's embarrassing about this game. You can not do that. You've got to let the game take care of itself like it just did. But when you call penalties like that, it takes away from the love of the game, because you can get a Tom Brady to walk by you and say, 'Oh, that's a cheap one.' Wow."
Brady wasn't going to speak ill of the stricter new rules, even if his own defense has been flagged a few times this season because of them. After the game, he confessed he wasn't all that upset when defenders get angry about being flagged.
"Certainly not. No way," he said with a smile. "Are you kidding me? They've got to find ways. We're holding the ball, we're unprotected, just sitting there defenseless, so they've got to stay away from me. They deserve to get flagged."
Brady seemed to take particular delight after the flag was throw on Suggs — it was a play where the linebacker was around the quarterback's knees. Brady said he had no problem "encouraging" a ref to throw the flag if someone touches his knee.
"Of course," Brady said. "They can't go low. We learned that lesson a few years ago. They threw the flag. They threw a couple of flags on our defense, too. It goes both ways out there."
(Of course, his old teammate wasn't happy about the developments. "Tom Brady, if you're listening. Take off the skirt and put on some slacks. Toughen up," Rodney Harrison said during "Football Night in America" Sunday night on NBC.)
Through three weeks, Brady and Moss hadn't had much of an issue operating between the 20s — the first three games of the season, Moss had a team-high 26 catches and a team-high 281 receiving yards. But when they got down near the goal line, things started to fall apart. Entering Sunday's game, dating back to last season, Moss had just one touchdown in his last five games. (To put things in perspective, through the first three weeks of the 2009 season, Heath Evans had more touchdowns than Randy Moss.)
That all came to an end Sunday, when Moss had his first touchdown catch since last December. He hauled in a 14-yard pass with 2:27 left in the third quarter on an impressive throw-and-catch between the quarterback and wide receiver that showed that while Brady has had some difficulty getting on the same page as his new receivers, he and Moss remain football's equivalent of Bono and The Edge — always together, always in a perfect rhythm.
With just under three minutes left in the third quarter and the Patriots holding to a 17-14 lead, New England was facing a third-and-4 at the Baltimore 14. Operating out of the shotgun, Moss was split wide left, left alone in single coverage with cornerback Domonique Foxworth. Brady quickly identified a blitzing Ed Reed (who would have likely helped out Foxworth on the play) and lofted the ball not toward Moss, but at a point on the field a yard or two shy of the end zone.
The wide receiver steered the young cornerback where he wanted him to go, giving him a gentle push to get him turned inside out. Meanwhile, Moss cut back from the sideline toward the field and easily gathered in the pass right where it should have been — a yard or two out of the end zone. He walked in, untouched, for the touchdown, the 137th of his career.
"It's about time," Brady said of his connection with Moss. "You know, we're finding our way out there and he's a huge part of this offense. And we need to keep finding ways to get him the ball down there because he's able to make those plays. We're just going to keep at it."
Bodden had the first interception of the year for the Patriots on Sunday, making a nice swipe of a Joe Flacco pass for Mark Clayton with just over a minute to go in the first half and Baltimore driving deep in New England territory. In what appeared to be a case of miscommunication between wide receiver and quarterback, Bodden was the beneficiary, hauling in the errant throw and tipetoeing along the New England sideline to make sure he stayed inbounds.
The pick was a long time coming — the Patriots defenders had been around the ball for a good chunk of the day, with Gary Guyton tipping one, Guyton almost getting his hands on another and Vince Wilfork knocking a ball down as well. (Butler made a real nice play late in the game in the end zone, breaking up a Flacco pass intended for Clayton.) But it was Bodden, the new cornerback who spent all last season with the winless Lions, who came away with the first of the year.
"Coach talked about getting interceptions," said Bodden, who pulled in the 14th interception of his career and his first with the Patriots. "Hopefully, that starts it up and gets everybody going to get some interceptions. We had a lot of tipped balls — balls that were up in the air — and unfortunately, guys weren't around. But they're going to come, so we just have to keep being patient and play good defense and they'll come."
With just over 11 minutes left in the fourth quarter on Sunday, the Patriots were on the move. Holding a 24-21 lead, New England was looking to kill some clock and keep the ball moving. With the ball on the Baltimore 49-yard line, Tom Brady handed off to running back Laurence Maroney … who promptly lost a yard.
The Gillette Stadium crowd, which has been mostly reticent to boo Maroney, let the running back hear it. Loudly. Maroney came off the field, and a huge cheer went up. Compounding things was the fact that on the very next play, running back Sammy Morris hauled in a short pass from Brady and rumbled for 14 yards, drawing big cheers.
Maroney remains a mystery. A week after leaving the Atlanta game with a thigh injury and seeing Fred Taylor run for over 100 yards against the Falcons, it was believed that this would be a good day for Maroney to bounce back, and he did contribute in the passing game with one reception for 17 yards. In addition, he contributed in the kicking game with four returns for 75 yards.
But his work as a back continues to leave a lot to be desired. Three of his rushes on Sunday went for minus-1 yard, with one going for 2 yards and another for 5. It wasn't the fearsome Baltimore defense, either — Kevin Faulk, Sammy Morris and Tom Brady had few carries, more yardage and a greater per carry average than Maroney.
On the season, he has 29 carries for 78 yards, an abysmal 2.9 yards per carry. It stands to reason that if the other backs continue to run as well as they have, their carries will keep increasing and Maroney will continue to slide down the depth chart.
After a miserable effort in a Week 2 loss to the Jets, many aspects of the New England special teams unit continued to rebound nicely on Sunday. Stephen Gostkowski hit both of his field goal attempts on the day, stretching his streak to 11 straight dating back to the season-opener on Sept. 14. He made all three extra-point attempts and put all six of his kickoffs in the end zone.
In addition, Alexander and McGowan conspired to force a fumble and turnover on the opening kickoff, setting the tone for a physical day for the New England special teams. While the Patriots continue to struggle in the return departments — both kick and punt returns have seen single-digit return averages over the last two weeks — it was another step forward.
"We got some big plays in that area," Belichick said of New England's special teams effort. "[We] started the game off with a great tempo to play, knocking the ball off on the kickoff coverage."
Next Sunday in Denver, New England will keep an unlikely streak going — it will mark the fourth consecutive week the 2009 Patriots will face an undefeated team, five if you include the season-opener against the Bills. Through the first four weeks, New England has faced Buffalo, the New York Jets, Atlanta and Baltimore, all of whom did not have a loss entering their games against the Patriots.
This week, it'll be Josh McDaniels and the Broncos, who pulled off another last-second victory Sunday, this one against the Cowboys in Denver. New England will be going up against a surprising Denver team that no one would have believed could have made it to 4-0. But such is life this year in the National Football League, where the Broncos are unbeaten and Detroit has more wins than Tennessee and Carolina.
"Hopefully we'll all go out this week and have a good week of practice and make some improvements," Brady said. "We've got a big opponent this weekend. … They're undefeated right now in Denver, so it's going to be a tough matchup for us."
Greg and Chris talk more offseason happenings with the Pats and their plans. They talk about some of the free agents toward the bottom of the list with Stevan Ridley and Dan Connolly. Price thinks that Connolly could end up back with the Pats and Ridley elsewhere (Cowboys?), but Greg thinks they both could be back. They also chat about the departure of VInce Wilfork and what he meant to the organization, the re-signing of McCourty and more.
The very first airing of the offseason edition of NFL Sunday gets underway with Greg and Chris delving into the free agency period and how the Pats made out. Of course they lost Revis to the Jets, but what else went on? Greg isn't over the loss of Revis yet and the guys discuss what went into that whole ordeal. Price is looking forward to the additions of Chandler and Cadet. They also get a call from Mike Petraglia and get his thoughts on the Pats offseason moves.
We talk to Manish Mehta of the New York Daily News about his column today which basically accuses the Patriots of sour grapes for asking the league to enforce their own rules against tampering.
Brow Buff's Sam Packard and Ben Kichen break down Marcus Smart's unfortunate ball tap, debate leadership in the Celtics locker room, and rehash the great Kevin Love to Boston rumors.
Flannery joins Mut to break down the Isaiah Thomas trade to Boston and what it means for the Celtics this season and in the future. Paul also chats with Mut about the other deals that happened at the NBA's trading deadline
We talk to Chris Mannix from SI to break down the C's acquisition of Isaiah Thomas and the crazy trade deadline in the rest of the NBA.
Mut, Tomase, and Bradford kick things off talking about Shane Victorino taking offense to people reading into some comments he made about trading for Cole Hamels. They also discuss Blake Swihart and how soon he could be up if Christian Vazquez starts the season on the DL.
Joe Kelly joined the Hot Stove show where he talked about being ready for his next spring training start after a biceps ailment forced him out of his last outing, he talks about his NCAA brackets and how teammate Wade Miley has a perfect bracket still.
Mut, Bradford, and Tomase kick off this weeks show by talking to Red Sox pitcher Joe Kelly about his biceps recovery, getting ready for the season and his NCAA brackets. They then talk about the Red Sox depth at closer with Koji Uehara questionable for the start of the season.
Jack Edwards of NESN joins Dale, Michael and Jerry. With 9 games left the Bruins don't have much if any margin of error, and Jack knows it.
DJ, Joe and Pete talk more playoff scenarios in hour 2 and if the Bruins can get in, they'll be a very dangerous team... to the point where DJ thinks teams would much rather face the Senators and are doing their best to oust the Bruins from the equation. It's become apparent now more than ever that Chiarelli probably needed to pull the trigger on a deal for a defenseman at the trade deadline. Also. Bruce Garrioch from the Ottawa Sun joins the boys to discuss the Hamburglar and the Senators and Bruins being neck-and-neck for a playoff spot.
With the Senators hot on the tail of the Bruins for a spot in the playoffs, Bruce Garrioch from the Ottawa Sun calls into Sunday Skate. He talks about "the Hamburglar" craze sweeping through the league as goalie Andrew Hammond has really stepped up for Ottawa. They discuss playoff chances, the fans' reaction in Ottawa and more.
The latest edition of the highly rated segment.
The great Lisa Scherber joined us to discuss today's trip to Fort Myers with 46 Jimmy Fund patients.
D&C's favorite author joined the show to discuss his new book.
We hear more audio from Christian's day between the pipes. He did his best to try and intimidate the small children shooting on him.
After Christian gave away his children's dog, we find out that Lola eventually found a better home.
During the recess of the Aaron Hernandez murder trial, Ted Daniel describes the first half of Shayana Jenkins testimony.
Dale, Michael and Jerry Thornton discuss David Ortiz's self-penned piece which took on such topics as steroids, the media, his contract and more. And we get into a back and forth about the fan perception of him in Boston, and why he can be so polarizing at times, even with the on-field track record he has.
Dale, Michael and Jerry Thornton discuss some of the testimony from Aaron Hernandez' fiancee, and try and judge how her words might change the outcome of this case.
Dale and Michael talk Bruins after they managed to snatch defeat from the claws of victory and blow a late game lead to the Anaheim Ducks. With the playoffs still in question, the Bruins need more efforts like that, and more luck.
Chris Price joins Mut to talk about how Revis will heat up the Jets-Pats rivalry next season
Mut opens his show talking about the New York Jets filing tampering charges on the Patriots
Mikey, Mut, and Lucy are talking about all things New England sports, the Red Sox spring training, more Darrelle Revis and Jets talk, and some Bruins mixed in.
Ben and Adam finish the odyssey that is the history of Wrestlemania. Wrestlemanias 21-30 are discussed and analyzed.
Mike Mulloy joins Chris in the studio to talk Raw and Wrestlemania.
Brow Buff's Sam Packard and Ben Kichen break down Marcus Smart's unfortunate ball tap, debate leadership in the Celtics locker room, and rehash the great Kevin Love to Boston rumors.
The guys opened the show by discussing the rumored profanity laced tirade by Bill Belichick.More from this show
The guys discussed Darrelle Revis' comments on his contract offer from the Patriots.More from this show
The latest edition of the highly rated segment.More from this show
D&C's producers took over for the lazy hosts who declined to do this weeks podcast. Sausage needs to join a dating site.More from this show
We discuss the annual joke that is the New York Jets, and their latest Jets-like move. Plus how on earth could you possibly choose to be a Jets fan.More from this show


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I grew up in MT. I do not own any Ed Hardy T-shirts and I have never been tanning. I play basketball, softball, tennis and golf. I like to run. In the summertime I like to hike, camp, fish and float rivers... nature! Goulet! I also like beer... oh, and my niece and nephew. They are rad. Questions?
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Chapter 4 Fields Tasks Map for Basic Parameters of Fields When you want to ... Use ... And/Or Described in ... Related Definition... Create a field definition DMDBA screen 11 or 12 ―Fields,‖ ―Field or, in statement mode, FIELD Validation,‖ ―Field Display,‖ ―Field Indexing, Searching, and Groupings of Characteristics,‖ ―Virtual Fields and Expressions,‖ ―ADM Screens,‖ ―ADM Definitions,‖ and ―REVL Screen and Statements‖ Define a required or an DMDBA screen 11 - page 4 or PARAMETER ―Required or Optional‖ and optional field, screen 12 _SET ―Simple or Compound‖ 1 Define a simple or a or, in statement mode, sections compound field FIELD OCCURS Fields 61 When you want to ... Use ... And/Or Described in ... Related Definition... Establish a field's data DMDBA screen 11 - page 2 or DOMAIN ―Data Types‖ section type screen 12 _CONTROL or, in statement mode, _SET FIELD TYPE Define characteristics DMDBA screen 11 - pages 1 or DOMAIN ―Defining Numeric Fields‖ of a numeric field 2 or screen 12 _CONTROL section or, in statement mode, _SET FIELD TYPE, PRECISION, SCALE, USAGE Define characteristics DMDBA screen 11 - page 1 or 2 DOMAIN ―Defining Non-numeric of a character field or screen 12 _CONTROL Fields‖ section or, in statement mode, _SET FIELD TYPE, SIZE, USAGE Define automatic DMDBA screen 11 - page 2 DOMAIN ―Automatic Editing of Data editing of data for or, in statement mode, _CONTROL for Storage‖ section and storage FIELD _SET, ―ADM Definitions‖ RAISE_DATA, PARAMETER BLANK_CONTROL_DATA, _SET EDIT_BLANKS, HIDDEN_STRING _DELIMITERS, COMPRESS Define a text stream or DMDBA screen 11 - pages 1, 2, PARAMETER ―Defining Text Image and text image field and 5 or, in statement mode, _SET Text Stream Fields‖ section FIELD and ―ADM Definitions‖ FORMAT=TEXT_IMAGE CONTEXT_PARSER CONTEXT_UNIT USAGE=TEXT_STREAM 62 Fields When you want to ... Use ... And/Or Described in ... Related Definition... Define fields in DMDBA screen 11 - pages 1 DOMAIN ―Defining Fields in 1 sectioned record and 2 or, in statement mode, _CONTROL Continuous and Sectioned FIELD _SET Records‖ section SECTION_FIELD=YES and USAGE=SECTION_NAME ―ADM Definitions‖ USAGE=SECTION_TITLE USAGE=SECTION_NUMBER USAGE=SECTION_LEVEL Define complex fields DMDBA screen 27 - page 1 or, FIELD ―Defining Complex Fields and arrays in statement mode, SEARCH and Arrays‖ section and SEARCH_CONTROL_SET _CONTROL ―ADM Definitions‖ 1 Sectioned records are not supported on Windows. Basic Requirements Each record in a BASIS database consists of fields which contain data. Each of the fields in a record must be defined in the ADM. Though the syntax for the FIELD definition in ―ADM Definitions‖ includes more than 35 parameters, only four are required: FIELD=field_name OCCURS=integer | integer:integer SIZE=integer | integer:integer (for a character field) TYPE=data_type If the field is defined with a USAGE, DOMAIN, or PARAMETER_SET, one or more of the required parameters may be implicitly included in such a parameter. For example, if you define a field with USAGE=TEXT_STREAM, that usage implies TYPE=CHARACTER and OCCURS=0:1. For information about usages, see the ―Specifying Standard Attributes (Usages)‖ topic in the ―Defining Numeric Fields‖ and ―Defining Character Fields‖ sections later in this chapter. For information about domains and parameter sets, see ―Field Indexing, Searching, and Groupings of Characteristics.‖ Fields 63 Required or Optional The integer value assigned to the OCCURS parameter designates whether the field is required or optional. OCCURS can be assigned an integer value or a range of integer values—integer or integer:integer. A simple field that is required has OCCURS=1. A simple field that is optional has OCCURS=0:1, indicating that the field may have 0 or 1 occurrence of its value. OCCURS=1 means that the field can have one and only one value; it is a required simple field. OCCURS=0:1 means that the field can have zero or one value; it is an optional simple field. Simple or Compound A simple field contains one value. A compound field contains a list of values. Each value in a compound field is called a subfield. The integer value assigned to the OCCURS parameter not only designates whether the field is required or optional but also whether the field is simple or compound. A simple field has OCCURS=1 or OCCURS=0:1, depending on whether it is required or optional. A compound field that is required has an integer for OCCURS that is greater than 1. A compound field that is optional has an integer range from 0 to an integer greater than 1. OCCURS=7 means that the field must have no more and no less than seven values; it is a required compound field. OCCURS=1:12 means that the field can have from 1 to 12 values; it is a required compound field. OCCURS=0:20 means that the field can have 0 or as many as 20 values; it is an optional compound field. A compound field can have as many as 4000 subfields or occurrences. Data Types The data type, which must be declared for each field, specifies the format of the data for the field in computer storage and implies how the field is to be used in comparisons and calculations. 64 Fields BASIS supports a rich set of data types. Types that can be specified with the TYPE parameter are listed below in all uppercase. (Numeric, Non-numeric, and Unformatted below are not data types but words used to group data types.) Numeric Non-numeric EXACT_BINARY LOGICAL INTEGER CHARACTER EXACT_DECIMAL APPROXIMATE Unformatted REAL BYTE_STRING DOUBLE CELL COMPLEX Note: If you are entering data types for fields by way of DMDBA screen mode screen 12 for Records and Fields, data types are assigned the following codes: EXACT_BINARY E INTEGER I EXACT_DECIMAL P APPROXIMATE A REAL R Fields 65 DOUBLE D COMPLEX X LOGICAL L CHARACTER C BYTE_STRING B CELL K The computer stores data in units known as bytes and words. On many computers, a byte is 8 bits, and a word is 32 bits or 4 bytes. A character is normally stored in 1 byte, and numeric data requires from 1 to 16 bytes. BASIS efficiently stores fixed-length numeric data and fixed- or variable-length character data. Numeric data type classifications are described in the ―Defining Numeric Fields‖ section, and non-numeric data type classifications are described in the ―Defining Character Fields‖ section. Text stream and text image fields, special forms of character data, are described in the ―Defining Text Stream and Text Image Fields‖ section. Defining Numeric Fields Numeric fields can have any of the following data types, each of which is described in this section: EXACT_BINARY INTEGER EXACT_DECIMAL APPROXIMATE REAL DOUBLE COMPLEX The most frequently used numeric data types are EXACT_BINARY for whole numbers and EXACT_DECIMAL for numbers with a decimal point. 66 Fields Numeric Data Types EXACT_BINARY The EXACT_BINARY data type stores an exact whole number in binary form. The default precision is 9 on a 32-bit machine and 18 on a 64-bit machine. The maximum precision is 18. All EXACT_BINARY data is stored with a sign (+ or -) because most languages do not support unsigned exact binary data. Generally, instructions that perform arithmetic operations on EXACT_BINARY data have faster execution times than instructions that operate on other data types. However, the system must convert EXACT_BINARY data to CHARACTER data before it can display the data. Dates are stored as EXACT_BINARY with PRECISION = 8 in the format YYYYMMDD, where YYYY is the year, MM is the month, and DD is the day. INTEGER A field defined as an INTEGER data type will be handled as an EXACT_BINARY with a precision of either 9 or 18, depending on the word size of the host machine. If the word size is 32 bits, 1 word of precision is 9 digits. If the word size is 64 bits, 1 word of precision is 18 digits. Since the INTEGER data type has machine dependent precision, it should not be used to define fields within databases that may be moved from one machine to another. INTEGER is a language-type variation of EXACT_BINARY. It implies that a full word is used to store the number. EXACT_DECIMAL The EXACT_DECIMAL data type stores an exact fixed point number in packed decimal form. The default precision is 15. The maximum precision is 31 digits, but most languages do not support more than 18 digits. A packed decimal number is stored as a sequence of bytes. Every byte is divided into two 4-bit fields called nibbles. Each nibble must contain decimal digits, except the last nibble, which must contain a sign code (+ is 12 and - is 13). Packed decimal values are always stored with a trailing separate sign. If the number of digits is odd, the digits and the sign fit into (n/2)+1 bytes. If the number of digits is even, an extra 0 digit must be stored in the first nibble. The number 123 uses 3 nibbles to store the value plus 1 trailing (sign code) nibble totaling 4 nibbles or 2 bytes. The number 1234 uses 4 nibbles to store the value plus 1 leading (0) nibble plus 1 trailing (sign code) nibble, totaling 6 nibbles or 3 bytes. Fields 67 You can declare a scale factor for EXACT_DECIMAL fields. The SCALE parameter is used to specify the number of digits that are assumed to the right of the decimal point. The default scale factor is 0. The maximum scale factor is equal to the precision specified for the field; that is, all digits of the field are assumed to be right of the decimal point. Exact numbers of more than 9 digits and exact numbers that need to use a scale factor should be defined as EXACT_DECIMAL data. Monetary values are usually stored in EXACT_DECIMAL. The system can convert EXACT_DECIMAL data to characters faster than it can convert EXACT_BINARY data to characters. It is, however, faster to perform calculations with EXACT_BINARY than with EXACT_DECIMAL. Division on EXACT_DECIMAL numbers will result in a rounded, not truncated, value. APPROXIMATE The APPROXIMATE data type stores approximate quantities using scientific notation (consisting of a sign, an exponent, and a fraction) in floating point format. The default precision for all operating systems is 6 digits. For the VMS operating system the maximum precision is 28 digits. For Windows and UNIX the maximum precision is 14 digits. Because of the range of the exponent, this data type is useful for working with very large or very small numbers with an accuracy of up to 28 digits. This data type is not suitable for calculations where exact accuracy is required, such as in monetary calculations. Table 4-1 shows characteristics of APPROXIMATE on various operating systems. Table 4-1: Characteristics of APPROXIMATE data type Precision Bytes NT UNIX VMS 1:6 4 REAL REAL F-FLOAT 7:14 8 DOUBLE DOUBLE D-FLOAT 15:28 16 H-FLOAT REAL A field defined as REAL has an APPROXIMATE data type with a precision of either 6 or 14, depending on the word size of the host machine. If the word size is 32 bits, 1 word of floating point precision is 6 digits. If the word size is 64 bits, 1 word of floating point precision is 14 digits. Since the REAL data type has machine-dependent precision, you should not use it in databases that will be moved from one machine to another. 68 Fields DOUBLE A field defined as DOUBLE is an approximate number with a precision of either 14 or 28, depending on the word size of the host machine. If the word size is 32 bits, 2 words of floating point precision are 14 digits. If the word size is 64 bits, 2 words of floating point precision are 28 digits. Since the DOUBLE data type has machine-dependent precision, you should not use it in databases that will be moved from one machine to another. COMPLEX A complex number has two parts and is mathematically written as A+Bi. The first part (A) is the ―real part‖ or value of the number. The second part (Bi) is the ―imaginary part‖ where ―B‖ is a real coefficient and ―i‖ equals the square root of -1. The complex number is represented by using a pair of approximate numbers. This pair of values makes complex numbers important because one value states magnitude and the other states direction. The pair of values can easily be mapped to an X-Y coordinate system to display both values. The default precision for all operating systems is 6 digits. The maximum precision for these operating systems is 14 digits. Two complex numbers are equal if both parts are equal. Greater than and less than comparisons (> and < operators) are not defined for complex numbers. Since complex numbers cannot be compared or sorted, BASIS cannot index or perform search operations on complex numbers. Only a few functions have meaning for complex numbers. They are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, equal (EQ), not equal (NE), absolute value (ABS), square root (SQRT), exponent (EXP), logarithm (LOG), sine (SIN) and cosine (COS). In BASIS, a complex constant is written as C#(real,imaginary) where both parts are integer (exact) or real (approximate) constants. Any number (exact or approximate) can also be thought of as a complex number with the ―imaginary‖ part equal to 0. That is, as A+0i. As the Table 4-2 indicates, data type affects the values you can assign to PRECISION and SCALE. Fields 69 Table 4-2: Numeric data types and related parameters Data Type Related Parameters Storage Comments Format EXACT_BINARY PRECISION=1:18 signed binary Default decimal precision = integer 9 (32-bit machine), 18 (64-bit machine). INTEGER PRECISION= 9 or one word of Depends on machine one-word 18 storage size. EXACT_DECIMAL PRECISION=1:31 packed Default decimal precision = 15. decimal Number of digits to right of SCALE=0:31 decimal point. APPROXIMATE PRECISION=1:28 floating point Default decimal precision = 6 (32-bit machine), 14 (64-bit machine). REAL PRECISION= 6 or floating point Depends on machine one-word 14 size. DOUBLE PRECISION=14 or floating point Depends on machine two-word 28 size. REAL_BIG PRECISION=14 or floating point Depends on machine two-word 28 size. COMPLEX PRECISION=1:14 two floating Default decimal precision = point 6 (32-bit machine), 14 (64-bit machine). COMPLEX_BIG PRECISION=6 or 14 Depends on host machine. 70 Fields Precision Numeric fields can represent only a certain range of values using limited precision. Use the PRECISION parameter to specify the number of decimal digits to allocate for the number. If a number has a type of EXACT_BINARY or EXACT_DECIMAL, assign it the value of the total number of digits needed to store the number (omitting the decimal point for EXACT_DECIMAL. For example, if the largest EXACT_BINARY number expected for a field is 9999999999, its PRECISION can be 10. If the largest EXACT_DECIMAL number expected for a field is 99999.99, its PRECISION can be 7. In fields of EXACT_BINARY, EXACT_DECIMAL, APPROXIMATE, and COMPLEX data types, the system sometimes uses a precision that is greater than the one you supply with the PRECISION parameter. This is because of the way computers represent data internally (in bits and bytes). For fields of EXACT_BINARY, EXACT_DECIMAL, APPROXIMATE, or COMPLEX data type, the actual precision used is the maximum allowed for the number of bytes used. For example, if you define a field with TYPE=EXACT_BINARY and PRECISION=6, the system will accept numbers with precisions up to 9 as valid field values because the maximum precision that can be stored in 4 bytes is 9. As Table 4-3 shows, minimum default maximum precisions depend on the data type of a field. They also depend on word size. Fields 71 Table 4-3: Data types, precision range, and bytes used Data Type Minimum Maximum Number of Bytes Used EXACT_BINARY 1 2 1 3 4 2 5 9 4 10 18 8 INTEGER – – word EXACT_DECIMAL 1 7 4 8 15 8 16 31 16 APPROXIMATE 1 6 4 7 14 8 15 28 16 REAL – – word DOUBLE – – 2 words COMPLEX 1 6 8 7 14 16 LOGICAL – – bit CHARACTER – – 0:15000 BYTE_STRING – – 1:15000 CELL – – word You can use the LEGAL parameter to define a more limited range that stays consistent with the specified precision. Be sure that the precision is sufficient for the legal values defined for the field. 72 Fields Scale Use the SCALE parameter to specify the number of digits that belong to the right of the decimal point in a field having an EXACT_DECIMAL data type. For example, if the largest EXACT_DECIMAL number expected for a field is 999999.9999, its PRECISION can be 10 and its SCALE can be 4. Legal Use the LEGAL parameter to limit the range of a number. For example, if a field can have values ranging from 0 to 99999, its range can be set to LEGAL=0:99999. When defining a field, be sure the precision and range are sufficient to accommodate the legal values of the field. Specifying Standard Numeric Attributes (Usages) The following usages or sets of standard attributes can be used for numeric fields. Specifying USAGE=DATE, for example, automatically adds the implied parameters for the field; you do not also need to specify TYPE, PRECISION, or LEGAL parameters for the field. Fields 73 Table 4-4: Implied parameters for numeric usages Usage Implied Parameters DATE TYPE=EXACT_BINARY, PRECISION=8, LEGAL=DATE DATE_KEY (date_field) TYPE=EXACT_BINARY, PRECISION= 9, UNIQUE=YES, OCCURS=1, 2 SECTION_FIELD=NO 1 DUPCHECK_key UNIQUE=NO, SEARCHED_FREQUENTLY=YES, OCCURS=0:1 TIMESTAMP TYPE=EXACT_BINARY, PRECISION=18 OCCURS=0:1 MONEY TYPE=EXACT_DECIMAL, SCALE=2 NUMBER TYPE=EXACT_BINARY or EXACT_DECIMAL, depending on whether scale is given SCIENTIFIC TYPE=APPROXIMATE SYSTEM_KEY (seed) TYPE=EXACT_BINARY, PRECISION= 9, UNIQUE=YES, OCCURS=1, 2 SECTION_FIELD=NO TIME TYPE=EXACT_BINARY, PRECISION=6 USER_KEY TYPE=EXACT_BINARY, PRECISION= 9, UNIQUE=YES, OCCURS=1, 2 SECTION_FIELD=NO 1 If you define a field with the usage DUPCHECK_KEY, the system issues a warning message when you enter a duplicate record. 2 Sectioned records are not supported on Windows. 74 Fields Key-Related Usages SYSTEM_KEY, DATE_KEY, and USER_KEY are usages that can be applied to a field to help ensure that it contains unique values. If usage is SYSTEM_KEY, you can supply the seed value. This value is assigned to the first record added for the record type. The values assigned are unique and ascending. The starting value can be a number from 0 to 33554431. The default seed value is 1. If usage is DATE_KEY, you need to supply the name of the date field that contains the value the system will use to make a unique key. The date field must be defined with USAGE=DATE. If usage is USER_KEY, the user must supply a different value for this field for each added record. The system prevents users from entering a value already used in the field by another record. A field with a DATE_KEY or USER_KEY usage cannot be a virtual field or a field calculated by REVL from the value of another field. Note: If you plan to use an indirect index structure for the record type, the primary key field must contain a value defined with a USAGE of SYSTEM_KEY, DATE_KEY, or USER_KEY. For more information about indirect index structure, see ―Indexes.‖ Using DATE_KEY for Sorting in Descending Order To sort result sets in descending order without having to use the ORDER BY phrase as part of your FQM FIND command, you can define a field with DATE_KEY usage and use indirect index structure for the record type. The sort order would base values for DATE_KEY on a supplied date. A field with DATE_KEY usage cannot be a virtual field or a field calculated by REVL from the value of another field. To display a result set for news stories in reverse chronological order, for example, you could use a date key based on the publication date. FIELD=STORY_NUMBER, + USAGE=DATE_KEY(PUBLICATION_DATE); FIELD=PUBLICATION_DATE, USAGE=DATE, OCCURS=1:1; Fields 75 To generate STORY_NUMBER, the value for PUBLICATION_DATE is converted to the number of days until November 11, 2158. This number is the starting base number of the current day's story numbers. This will handle stories from January 1, 1800, to November 11, 2158, and can be stored in 17 bits. (Standard Julian dates produce 10-digit document numbers and cannot be used.) An INDIRECT index must be used on the record type containing the STORY_NUMBER and PUBLICATION_DATE fields. Story numbers for up to 16,383 stories per day require 14 bits. Each USAGE=DATE_KEY field comprises 3 parts: an unused portion a count of days until November 11, 2158. This count ranges from 0 to 131071 for dates as far back as January 1, 1800. a portion for the article sequence number, which ranges from 1 to 16383 Defining Non-numeric Fields Non-numeric Data Types Non-numeric fields consist of the following BASIS data types: LOGICAL, CHARACTER, NUMERIC, BYTE_STRING, and CELL. Each of these is described in this section. LOGICAL A logical value is either true or false and is stored as one bit. True is represented as 1. False is represented as 0. CHARACTER The character data type is used to store any character string. Textual items are always stored using this data type. Very long numbers (more than 31 digits) are also stored using this data type. They are called numeric strings. Each character is stored as one byte using the host machine's character set . Trailing blanks are always removed. The SIZE parameter is used to specify the minimum and maximum length of a character field. Unformatted Data Two ways to define a field as an unformatted data type are BYTE_STRING and CELL. Since the unformatted data may represent any value, BASIS cannot index or perform search operations on these data types. The following paragraphs explain the difference between these two unformatted data types. 76 Fields BYTE_STRING A byte string is a sequence of bytes that can be used to hold any type of data. Because users can define any substructures they want for byte string values, they can be used to hold any kind of information, such as graphical representations of objects. The SIZE parameter is used to specify the size, in bytes, of the byte string. Because the system cannot compare two byte strings, it cannot index a byte string or perform search operations on a byte string. The only parameters you can declare for a byte string are TYPE, SIZE, OCCURS, ALIAS, LABEL, COMMENT, PRIVACY_CODE, and PRIVACY_TEST. CELL A cell is one word of computer storage that can be used to hold data in any format. It may occur (see OCCURS parameter) more than one time in order to form a cell array that can be used to store various data structures. Because the system cannot compare two cells, it cannot index a cell or perform search operations on a cell. The only parameters you can declare for a cell are TYPE, OCCURS, ALIAS, LABEL, COMMENT, PRIVACY_CODE, and PRIVACY_TEST. Table 4-5 summarizes the related parameters and storage formats for non-numeric fields. Table 4-5: Non-numeric data types and related parameters Data Type Related Storage Comments Searchable? Parameters Format LOGICAL bit One bit. Yes (true or True = 1. false) False = 0 CHARACTER SIZE=1:16000 character String of Yes string characters. BYTE_STRING SIZE=1:16000 byte String of bytes of No string unformatted data. CELL OCCURS=1:n one word One word of No of storage unformatted data that occurs (n) times. Fields 77 Defining CHARACTER Fields SIZE The only required parameter for fields having a CHARACTER or BYTE_STRING data type is SIZE, which specifies the length of the field. It can be assigned an integer value or a range of integer values—integer | integer:integer. If a single integer value is assigned, it sets the maximum size or number of characters (bytes) used to store the field's value. If a range of integer values is assigned, they set the minimum and maximum sizes for the field's value. If the field is compound, SIZE declares the length of each subfield. The default is SIZE=1:500. To define a variable-length string, use the form SIZE=min:max, where min is from 0 to 8000 and max is from 1 to 16000. If you specify SIZE as SIZE=n, the system treats it as SIZE=1:n. To store an all-blank string in a field, that field's minimum size must be 0. Note that an all blank or zero-length string is not null. Only a field that occurs zero times is null (see the OCCURS parameter). BASIS automatically trims trailing blanks before adding a value to the database. When a user program attempts to store an all-blank string in a character field, the system will reject the all-blank string as invalid unless one of the following two conditions is true. 1. The field is optional (OCCURS=0:n) and the minimum size is zero (SIZE=0:m). 2. The field is required (OCCURS=1:n), the minimum size is zero (SIZE=0:m), and the initial value is blank (INIT=' '). The following points describe how the SIZE parameter interacts with other FIELD parameters: In fields that use a CODE_LIST, SIZE declares the length of the codes. A field with EDIT_BLANKS=SQUEEZE or REMOVE must be large enough to hold the embedded blanks before they are removed. The system checks the minimum size after it performs the EDIT_BLANKS procedure. 78 Fields Specifying Standard Character Attributes (Usages). The following usages or sets of standard attributes can be used for character fields. Specifying USAGE=TITLE, for example, automatically adds the implied parameters for the field; you do not also need to specify SORT_STOPWORDS, FORMAT, or TYPE parameters for the field. Table 4-6: Implied parameters for character usages Usage Implied Parameters CHARACTER TYPE=CHARACTER 1 DUPCHECK_key UNIQUE=NO, SEARCHED_FREQUENTLY=YES, OCCURS=0:1 MIMETYPE TYPE=CHARACTER, OCCURS=0:1 PERSON_NAME TYPE=CHARACTER 2 SHORT_TEXT TYPE=CHARACTER 2 TITLE SORT_STOPWORDS= DM_LEAD_WORDS, FORMAT=STRING, TYPE=CHARACTER TRANSLATE(code_field) TYPE=CHARACTER, TRANSLATE=code_field 1 If you define a field with the usage DUPCHECK_KEY, the system issues a warning message when you enter a duplicate record. 2 This usage also implies TEXT=YES for indexing purposes. Automatic Editing of Data for Storage Table 4-7 summarizes parameters to use to control how data is edited for storage. Fields 79 Table 4-7: Parameters related to automatic editing of data for storage To do this ... Use this parameter Raise case; change all lowercase data to RAISE_DATA=NO | YES uppercase Replace control characters—non- BLANK_CONTROL_DATA displayable, non-printable characters like =NO | YES carriage returns and tabs—with blanks Remove trailing blanks EDIT_BLANKS= TRIM_TRAILING Remove leading blanks EDIT_BLANKS= TRIM_LEADING Remove leading and trailing blanks EDIT_BLANKS= TRIM Remove leading and trailing blanks and EDIT_BLANKS= SQUEEZE change multiple embedded blanks to one blank Remove all blanks EDIT_BLANKS= REMOVE Compress data according to the BLANKS COMPRESS=BLANKS | or UPPER_CASE_ASCII compression UPPER_CASE_ASCII algorithm Hide character sequences delimited by HIDDEN_STRING special characters _DELIMITERS=G1 | C0 | char_cons | (ascii,ascii) Table 4-8 summarizes the effects of the RAISE_DATA, BLANK_CONTROL, and EDIT_BLANKS parameters on the following line of data where <FF> represents a form feed, a non-printable control character: <FF> This is a line of text. 80 Fields In this table default values for the other parameters related to automatic editing of data are in effect. For example, trailing blanks are removed for both settings of RAISE_DATA and BLANK_CONTROL_DATA because the default for EDIT_BLANKS, namely TRIM_TRAILING, is in effect. Table 4-8: Effects of various parameters on storage of data Parameter Stored data RAISE_DATA=NO <FF> This is a line of text. RAISE_DATA=YES <FF> THIS IS A LINE OF TEXT. BLANK_CONTROL_DATA=NO <FF> This is a line of text. BLANK_CONTROL_DATA=YES This is a line of text. EDIT_BLANKS=TRIM_TRAILING <FF> This is a line of text. EDIT_BLANKS=TRIM_LEADING <FF> This is a line of text. EDIT_BLANKS=TRIM <FF> This is a line of text. EDIT_BLANKS=SQUEEZE <FF> This is a line of text. EDIT_BLANKS=REMOVE <FF>Thisisalineoftext. Note that because the leading character is a form feed, not a blank, EDIT_BLANKS=TRIM_LEADING and EDIT_BLANKS=TRIM do not remove the blanks between the <FF> and This. By using the COMPRESS parameter on fields containing character data, you can save storage space. If you set the value of COMPRESS to BLANKS, the system converts non- printable characters to blanks and stores special codes for sequences of embedded blanks. If you set the value of COMPRESS to UPPER_CASE_ASCII, the system converts non- printable characters to blanks, translates lowercase letters to uppercase letters, and substitutes blanks for the characters { | } ~ ` Uppercase ASCII characters require only 6 bits per character, as opposed to the usual 8 bits. This provides significant storage savings but requires processing overhead because the values must be translated each time they are manipulated. You cannot use the COMPRESS parameter for fields with FORMAT=TEXT_IMAGE or USAGE=TEXT_STREAM because in such cases the system will automatically set this parameter to its default value. Fields 81 If you want to include hidden strings in your data, use the HIDDEN_STRING_DELIMITERS parameter to specify the means for delimiting the hidden strings. If you are using an ASCII character set, you can specify HIDDEN_STRING_DELIMITERS=C0 to include ASCII codes from 0 through 31 as hidden string delimiters or specify HIDDEN_STRING_DELIMITERS=G1 to include any ASCII codes from 128 through 255 as hidden string delimiters or specify a pair of ASCII codes. If you are not using an ASCII character set, you can specify a two-character literal. For example, if HIDDEN_STRING_DELIMITERS='[ ]', the string ABC[DEF]GHI would contain the hidden string DEF, and the application would never display DEF. The following guidelines describe the way the BASIS system processes hidden strings: An initial value can contain hidden strings. You can use the ENCRYPTION parameter with a field that contains hidden strings. The system does not raise hidden strings to uppercase or modify control characters. See the BLANK_CONTROL_DATA and RAISE_DATA parameters. Fields that contain hidden strings cannot be compressed. The system ignores hidden strings when it performs a PATTERN check and when it edits blanks. (See the PATTERN parameter and the EDIT_BLANKS parameter.) The system does not treat a hidden string as a break character when it produces tokens for an inclusive index. The system removes hidden strings when it produces index terms, tests a character field via the FIND command, compares a field value to a legal list or a code list, or sorts a field value. Note: The HIDDEN_STRING_DELIMITERS parameter cannot be used with FORMAT=TEXT_IMAGE or USAGE=TEXT_STREAM because in such cases the system will automatically set this parameter. Hidden string capabilities are often implemented in a more elegant fashion by using SGML tags. For more information about SGML and markup tags, see Markup and Style Guide. 82 Fields Defining Text Image and Text Stream Fields As illustrated in Figure 4-1, BASIS architecture accommodates several object classes that contain textual information. Document Field Group Text Stream Field Standard Field Text Image Field Phy sical Text Indexed Text Subf ield Text Image Line Text Image Line Section Field Group Text Stream Field Standard Field Text Image Field Phy sical Text Indexed Text Subf ield Text Image Line Text Image Line Figure 4-1: Object classes comprising documents in BASIS Conventional records contain a field group and its object classes: one or more standard fields, and optionally one or more text image fields. Continuous records or documents contain a field group and a text stream field. Sectioned records or documents contain a field group and several sections, each of which contains a field group and text stream field. (Sectioned records are not supported on Windows.) Text image fields and text stream fields are special kinds of non-numeric fields. Fields 83 Text Image Field A text image field is a character field that contains markup characters such as Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). It is composed of text image lines. The maximum size of a text image line is 512 characters. Normally, a text image line is the same as it appears on a printed page. Text image is an internal storage format that preserves the formatting and enhancements found in the source data. To identify a field as a text image field, define it with the FORMAT=TEXT_IMAGE parameter. A field defined with FORMAT=TEXT_IMAGE automatically takes on default values for the following parameters: COMPRESS=none HIDDEN_STRING_DELIMITERS=none NORMALIZE=NO RAISE_DATA=NO BLANK_CONTROL=NO You cannot use the above parameters when you define FORMAT as TEXT_IMAGE. Furthermore, the system ignores the setting or default for these two parameters: 1. EDIT_BLANKS: The system retains leading, trailing, and multiple imbedded blanks. 2. SIZE: The system imposes no specific limit on the size of the field. However, you may use the REVL LENGTH function to enforce a limit yourself. In addition to being defined by FORMAT=TEXT_IMAGE, text image fields are also defined by CONTEXT_UNIT and CONTEXT_PARSER parameters. CONTEXT_UNIT defines the portion of text that BASIS uses to define the boundaries in a proximity search—a search for specified terms that occur within a given number of context units. A CONTEXT_UNIT can be SENTENCE, PARAGRAPH, or USER_DEFINED. The default value for CONTEXT_UNIT is SENTENCE. If sentences and paragraphs are not suitable for the purpose of proximity searching , you can delineate context units yourself by specifying CONTEXT_PARSER=NONE and CONTEXT_UNIT=USER_DEFINED. You will then need to delineate the context units by inserting context delimiters, if any, into the text before loading the documents into the database. Context delimiters are useful even when you select SENTENCE (or PARAGRAPH) as the context unit and parser. Say you have a sentence (or paragraph) you want to divide into separate context units, in particular, a list of bulleted items. Although each item does not end with a period (or other conventional sentence punctuation), it represents a complete thought for proximity-searching purposes. In this case, you can insert a context delimiter after each bulleted item, and the system will interpret each bulleted item as a separate context unit. 84 Fields The maximum number of words in a context unit is 4,000. The maximum number of characters is about 16,000 (the maximum length of a subfield). You can use the CAPACITY parameter of the RECORD_STORAGE definition to define the appropriate maximum number of context units per document and the words per context unit. Select the value of CAPACITY based, in part, on the values you have chosen for CONTEXT_UNIT and CONTEXT_PARSER. For example, setting CAPACITY=C4 (500,000 context units per continuous document, 4000 words per context unit) would be reasonable given CONTEXT_UNIT=USER_DEFINED and CONTEXT_PARSER=NONE. For information about the RECORD_STORAGE definition, see ―SDM Definitions.‖ CONTEXT_PARSER defines how the end of a context unit is located. The default value for CONTEXT_PARSER is PARAGRAPH if PARAGRAPH has been specified for CONTEXT_UNIT. Otherwise, the default context parser is SENTENCE, meaning the rules of English punctuation for determining the end of a sentence are used to locate the end of a context unit. For more information about context parsers, see Markup and Style Guide, ―Context Parsers.‖ Text Stream Field A text stream field is a character field that contains the text of a continuous document or the text of a section in a sectioned document. (Sectioned records are not supported on Windows.) The text stream field can contain as many as 128,000,000 characters. Each text stream field can consist of physical and/or indexed text. Physical Text is the form of the text steam field that contains text and formatting information normally output from a word processor. It can also be a binary large object (BLOB). Sometimes this is called the original form, revisable form, or the actual document. BASIS only stores physical text; it does not display or enable updates to it. Changes to it are made by exporting it from the database, changing text and or formatting by means of word processing software, and importing it back into the database. For more information about these import and export processes, see Database Loading and Maintenance, ―Import/Export.‖ Indexed Text is the form of the text stream field that contains the ASCII text used for indexing data and displaying information in BASIS modules. Sometimes this is called the readable form. Both physical text and indexed text forms can be stored in a BASIS database. The field containing the physical and/or indexed text must have USAGE=TEXT_STREAM as one of its parameters. This usage automatically attributes to the field the following implied parameters: TYPE=CHARACTER, FORMAT=TEXT_IMAGE, and OCCURS=0:1. For more information about how the physical text and indexed text are stored in the database, see Database Loading and Maintenance, ―Import/Export.‖ Fields 85 Defining Fields in Continuous and Sectioned Records IMPORTANT: Sectioned records are not supported on Windows. For the system to create the necessary data structures for continuous and sectioned records and the table of contents for sectioned records, you need to define the RECORD STYLE parameter as CONTINUOUS or SECTIONED, and you need to define various FIELD USAGE parameters. Defining Fields in Continuous Records For continuous records, you need to identify and define document-level fields (Document Field Group of Figure 4-1) and a text stream field (Document Text Stream field of Figure 4-1). Some examples of document-level field names are Title, Author(s), Date, Abstract, Publisher, and Source. Defining Fields in Sectioned Records For sectioned records, you need to identify and define document-level fields (Document Field Group of Figure 4-1) and section-level fields (Section Field Group and Section Text Stream of Figure 4-1). A section field with USAGE=SECTION_NAME must be defined. Section fields with USAGE=SECTION_LEVEL, USAGE=SECTION_NUMBER, and USAGE=SECTION_TITLE are optional. For each field that you want to include in sections, you will need to specify SECTION_FIELD=YES in the FIELD definition. The section name is a unique name that you make up to indicate the contents of a section. The system needs the section name to identify each section in a document. Section level numbers (0, 1, 2, etc.) determine indentation when the table of contents is displayed, and optionally are used to calculate section numbers. If you have a document that falls under the continuous style category but requires frequent updates and could be broken into sections, then give it sectioned style. Because sections are updated individually, updates are much more easily performed on sectioned records. Several people can update different sections of the same document at the same time. 86 Fields You need to define one set of section-level fields for the whole document. The data for each section that goes in these fields will be different, but the field names will all be the same for each section. Suppose you have a document with the following organization (table of contents): 1. Retrieving Records 1.1 Using FIND Commands 1.2 Using TYPE Commands 2. Components of Searches 3. Manipulating Result Sets For the system to keep the correct organization of your document and automatically generate a table of contents for a sectioned record, it needs at least three and up to five pieces of information: Section Name The section name, which is required, is the name that is displayed in the table of contents. In the above example, Retrieving Records, Using FIND Commands, Using TYPE Commands, and so forth are section names. Each section name can contain a maximum of 31 characters. If your section name is larger than that, it will be truncated. A section name must be unique within a document, but it does not need to be unique within the database. The section name, therefore, should not have a unique index, because that would prevent the same section name from being used by other documents in the database. Section Level The section level, which is optional, tells the system how your sections are indented, distinguishing sections from subsections and lower-level divisions of your document. In the above example, chapters 1, 2, and 3 are level-1 sections, and sections 1.1 and 1.2 are level-2 sections. You can have up to 60 levels. Fields 87 Section Number The optional section number field identifies a chapter number, section number, etc. In the example above, the section numbers are 1 for Retrieving Records, 1.1 for Using FIND Commands, and so on. Section Title The optional section title is used for display in output other than the table of contents. If you have a long (over 31 characters) section name, you can put an abbreviated version of your section name in the section name field and then put the extended version in the section title field. The section title field can be up to 500 characters long. Text Stream The text stream usage identifies characteristics of the text stream, the field designed to hold most of the text of a document. This usage enables the database to retain the format of the text stream, including spacing, blank lines, and tabs. The text stream field stores the text body; document-level information such as chapter titles, revision dates and author names is stored in other fields. To store all the information about a sectioned style record, in your ADM you need to define five fields with their associated USAGES. The names you give the fields can vary, of course, from those listed below: FIELD=NAME, USAGE=SECTION_NAME... FIELD=LEVEL, USAGE=SECTION_LEVEL... FIELD=NUMBER, USAGE=SECTION_NUMBER... FIELD=TITLE, USAGE=SECTION_TITLE... FIELD=TEXT, USAGE=TEXT_STREAM.. Note: For the field that you define with a USAGE of TEXT_STREAM, you should also define the CONTEXT_UNIT and CONTEXT_PARSER parameters. The following usages or sets of standard attributes can be used for fields specific to sectioned records. 88 Fields Table 4-9: Implied parameters for sectioned record usages Usage Implied Parameters SECTION_NAME TYPE=CHARACTER, SIZE=1:31, OCCURS=1, FORMAT=STRING, SECTION_FIELD=YES SECTION_LEVEL TYPE=EXACT_BINARY, PRECISION=2, OCCURS=0:1, SECTION_FIELD=YES SECTION_NUMBER TYPE=CHARACTER, SIZE=1:240, OCCURS=0:1, SECTION_FIELD=YES SECTION_TITLE TYPE=CHARACTER, SIZE=1:500, OCCURS=0:1, SECTION_FIELD=YES Sample Sectioned Record Definition Following is the DDL for the TOPIC record type in the DOC Database. Only syntax directly related to defining this document in the ADM is shown. For more examples of DDL for long text record types, and definitions of the PLACE and SCHED records, see ―TOUR Demo Database Description.‖ Fields 89 ACTUAL_DATA_MODEL; RECORD=TOPIC,+ Usage implies several field STYLE=SECTIONED; parameters. It is like a FIELD=ID,LABEL='DOCUMENT ID',+ system-defined DOMAIN. USAGE=SYSTEM_KEY; FIELD=RELEASE,+ LABEL='SOFTWARE RELEASE', OCCURS=1,USAGE=CHARACTER; FIELD=MANUAL,+ USAGE=TITLE,OCCURS=1; FIELD=PTITLE,LABEL='PART TITLE',+ USAGE=TITLE,OCCURS=0:1; FIELD=PNUM,LABEL='PART NUMBER',+ USAGE=NUMBER,OCCURS=0:1; FIELD=AUTHOR,LABEL='AUTHOR',+ USAGE=PERSON_NAME,OCCURS=0:5; FIELD=RDATE,LABEL='REIVEW DATES',+ USAGE=DATE,OCCURS=0:10; FIELD=REVISION,LABEL='LAST REVISION',+ USAGE=DATE,OCCURS=0:1; SHORT_TEXT USAGE provides for phrase and FIELD=ABS,LABEL='ABSTRACT',+ proximity searching for USAGE=SHORT_TEXT; text fields other than the FIELD=STITLE,LABEL='SECTION TITLE',+ text stream USAGE=SECTION_TITLE; FIELD=SNUM,LABEL='SECTION NUMBER',+ USAGE=SECTION_NUMBER; FIELD=SECTION_LEVEL,LABEL='SECTION LEVEL',+ USAGE=SECTION_LEVEL; Section name is required FIELD=SECTION_NAME,+ by the system to identify LABEL='SECTION NAME',+ sections in a document USAGE=SECTION_NAME; FIELD=TEXT,+ USAGE=TEXT_STREAM; The text stream field is identified by USAGE=TEXT_STREAM Figure 4-2: Sample DDL for a sectioned record 90 Fields Defining Complex Fields and Arrays A complex field contains data values that represent a table or multi-dimensional array. A calendar page for a MONTH can be considered a two-dimensional array with DAYS represented as columns and WEEKS represented by rows. MONTH(3,4) could identify the third week's Wednesday. An annual calendar can be considered a three-dimensional array: YEAR(1,3,4) could identify the first month's third week's Wednesday. A collection of diaries spanning a range of years could represent a four-dimensional array. DIARY(2,1,3,4) could represent the second year's first month's third week's Wednesday. Traditional relational database design guidelines discourage use of complex fields or arrays, preferring instead a separation of data into individual fields and, if necessary, reorganizing the data into several record types normalized in third normal form. However, there are some applications where complex fields or arrays are the best kind of data structure. Complex fields in BASIS are considered CHARACTER data. They consist of character strings embedded with one kind of delimiter to separate subfields and another kind of delimiter to separate subitems. BASIS supports arrays of up to twelve dimensions. Fields 91 92 Fields
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Rock, hip-hop, R&B, country, jazz and more
Browse by month:
- Cleveland rocks and pops and raps: 25 Bands to Watch
• Talk in the Forum
Husband-and-wife team the Mastersons bring harmonies and the real world to Beachland
By Chuck Yarborough, The Plain Dealer
March 02, 2015, 8:00AM
Chris Masterson and Eleanor Whitmore, a husband-and-wife team of singer-songwriters, bring their version of Americana to Beachland Ballroom on Sunday, March 8. Full story »
Jimmy Webb, the pen and piano behind 'Wichita Lineman,' 'Galveston' and 'MacArthur Park,' comes to Music Box
By Chuck Yarborough, The Plain Dealer
March 02, 2015, 6:00AM
Jimmy Webb is the songwriter behind such classics as "Galveston,'' "By the Time I Get to Phoenix'' and "MacArthur Park.'' That's a sample of the 50-year career of the songwriter who will play the Music Box Supper Club on Saturday, March 7. Full story »
New York's Swans bring beautiful noise to Beachland Ballroom and Tavern in Cleveland's Collinwood
By Laura DeMarco, The Plain Dealer
February 23, 2015, 10:10AM
A Swans concert is not just a listening experience. It's a full-body experience. The seminal post-punk downtown New York band, founded in 1982 by Michael Gira, is infamous for its brutal, punishing and yet beautiful sonic onslaught live -- and on record. The group plays Cleveland Wednesday. Full story »
Charlie Daniels Band: 'Devil Went Down to Georgia' star fiddles around at Rocksino
By Chuck Yarborough, The Plain Dealer
February 23, 2015, 6:30AM
Charlie Daniels' latest album is a cover of Bob Dylan classics, but you can still plan on hearing a tale about a fiddle-playing Beelzebub visiting the Deep South when his band hits the Hard Rock Rocksino on Saturday, Feb. 28. Full story »
Tri-C JazzFest to remain a summertime fixture; Dominick Farinacci, Robert Lockwood Jr. tribute on schedule
By Chuck Yarborough, The Plain Dealer
February 19, 2015, 3:00PM
The 36th annual Tri-C JazzFest, thanks to the success of last year's experiment, will remain a summertime event. The 2015 lineup features some of the best locally and nationally. Full story »
Women behind the bar: Meet the female owners who call the shots at Cleveland's top clubs (photos)
By Laura DeMarco, The Plain Dealer
February 19, 2015, 11:27AM
Owning a bar has always been a man's game -- from the Old West saloons of yesteryear through shot-and-a-beer corner bars. Not in Cleveland. Our city has more than its share of female bar owners. Women own and run many of the most popular bars and clubs in town, including the Beachland Ballroom and Tavern, the Bevy in Birdtown, the Grog Shop, Mahall's, the new Music Box Supper Club and the ever-popular Prosperity Social Club in Tremont. Full story »
Women behind the bar: Patty Lim and Beth Scebbi brought building know-how to The Bevy in Birdtown
By Laura DeMarco, The Plain Dealer
February 19, 2015, 10:55AM
Being female bar owners is no big deal to the women behind Lakewood's newest club, The Bevy in Birdtown. That's because by day, Patty Lim and Beth Scebbi work in a really male-dominated field: They own a construction company, New Century Builders. Full story »
Women behind the bar: Colleen Miller's Music Box Supper Club has brought new life to the Flats
By Laura DeMarco, The Plain Dealer
February 19, 2015, 10:55AM
Colleen Miller is not a native Clevelander, so it's possible she doesn't know just how important it was that she chose the Flats as the home for her Music Box Supper Club. Located on the west bank in the same building that houses Shooters, the two-story, two-stage club is bringing a new soundtrack -- and life -- to the once-beloved entertainment district. But even though the Chicago native, whose husband and co-owner, Mike, IS a native Clevelander, didn't quite know Cleveland's passion for the Flats, she felt it, too. Full story »
Women behind the bar: The Grog Shop's Kathy Blackman raised the bar for music clubs 22 years ago
By Laura DeMarco, The Plain Dealer
February 19, 2015, 10:55AM
Kathy Blackman has grown up alongside her 22-year old Cleveland Heights concert club. She was a single 24-year-old music fan when she first opened the door on her Coventry Road favorite in 1992, then at the Mayfield Road end of the street. She worked the bar, booked the bands, promoted the bands, cleaned the club and paid the bills. Full story »
Women behind the bar: Prosperity Social Club's Bonnie Flinner wanted a bar with soul
By Laura DeMarco, The Plain Dealer
February 19, 2015, 10:55AM
Bonnie Flinner has been working in the hospitality industry since she was 14. But it's a safe bet teenage Bonnie never imagined she would own one of Cleveland's most popular watering holes when she was waiting tables in her family's Bit of Budapest restaurant in Parma Heights. Full story »
Women behind the bar: Cindy Barber's Beachland Ballroom has led Waterloo revival
By Laura DeMarco, The Plain Dealer
February 19, 2015, 10:55AM
When Cindy Barber opened the Beachland Ballroom and Tavern in 2000 with co-owner Mark Leddy, she did much more than open a bar. She opened a new era for Waterloo Road in North Collinwood, pioneering what has led to a full-blown entertainment district 15 years later. Full story »
Christine McVie's return lifts Fleetwood Mac back on its Hall of Fame pedestal (concert review, photos)
By Chuck Yarborough, The Plain Dealer
February 19, 2015, 12:58AM
Christine McVie's return to the fold turns Wednesday night's show at sold-out Quicken Loans Arena into a tour de force for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame band. Full story »
Brite Winter helps Clevelanders embrace the cold with unique music and art festival in Ohio City
By Laura DeMarco, The Plain Dealer
February 18, 2015, 9:00AM
The 2015 Brite Winter festival will feature 63 bands on nine inside and outside stages throughout Ohio City from 4 p.m. to 1 a.m. Headliners include Cleveland's Welshly Arms and Chicago band Maps & Atlases, as well as Baltimore's Sun Club. Hip-hop, electronic, world music, blues, punk and indie are all on the bill -- and then some. There will also be art installations and bonfires, food, drink and more. Full story »
Kid Rock hits Blossom in July to support new album, keeps tickets at $20, plus fees
By Chuck Yarborough, The Plain Dealer
February 17, 2015, 10:32AM
Kid Rock, who releases his new album, "First Kiss,'' on Tuesday, Feb. 24, will play Blossom Music Center on Thursday, July 30. Tickets for the show go on sale the day the album is released. Full story »
Ryan Michael and the Redneck Romeos put a little mainstream twang in the bar scene (Local Beat)
By Chuck Yarborough, The Plain Dealer
February 17, 2015, 6:30AM
Ryan Michael and the Redneck Romeos, who cover mainstream top 40 country music, may be one of the busiest "weekend warrior'' bands in Northeast Ohio, averaging 130 to 140 gigs a year. Full story »
Search Arts & Entertainment Listings
- Guns N' Roses, Red Hot Chili Peppers and other members of the Class of 2012 rocked Cleveland on April 14.


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Freeze your hard disk with the USB Windows Icebox
September 20, 2009
Almost every PC user knows about the importance of making regular data backups — often from their own, unfortunate personal experience. But, due to laziness and technical difficulties, only a small percentage of users actually performs regular maintenance other than updating antivirus software. The Windows IceBox is a convenient solution to this problem that plugs into your USB port and immediately freezes changes on your selected hard drive partitions, virtually eliminating the need for maintenance.
Once plugged in, the IceBox saves all created, modified or deleted files into a dedicated space, leaving the originals intact. This way, any damage caused by viruses, accidental file deletions or the like will be gone and everything restored to its initial state once the PC is restarted.
You can also specify any number of folders in your HD that are exempt from freezing, allowing you to save your documents or install applications permanently like you would normally do on your hard drive.
While the idea is not completely new, the IceBox makes it very easy to implement and doesn't subtract precious RAM from your system, also allowing you to take a snapshot of your hard drive from whichever initial state you prefer.
For these reasons, the IceBox also looks like an excellent solution for keeping your computer clean while letting someone else use it. The only real risk appears to be that of accidentally saving files into "frozen" folders without realizing that they will be deleted at restart.
Of course, even using the IceBox properly doesn't eliminate the need for regular backups as it doesn't protect from HD failures, but it will certainly overcome many of the reasons why data is usually lost or otherwise damaged on a personal computer.
The Windows IceBox is available for USD$18.99; Windows 2000/XP/2003/Vista and a recommended 3 GB minimum of free hard disk space to store the temporary files are required for the system to run properly.
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University study finds students with Apple's iPad perform better than peersStudents using the Apple's iPad for their studies have been found to score higher than their paper-based peers and enjoy higher efficiency, according to a new study.
Abilene Christian University has been conducting extensive studies on the effects of mobile devices on student learning for more than three years. Prior to the launch of the iPad, the university undertook an initiative to hand out iPhones and iPod touches to incoming freshmen.
The university's iPad-specific research results are "uniformly positive," as noted by TUAW after a preview of the data. One study found that "students who annotated text on their iPads scored 25% higher on questions regarding information transfer than their paper-based peers."
Researchers who tracked ACU's first all-digital class noted that the iPad promotes "learning moments" and helps students to be more efficient with their time. Graduate students in an online program responded with a 95 percent satisfaction rate to online iPad-based coursework.
Apple has seen quick educational adoption of its touchscreen tablet device. Earlier this year, Georgia legislators revealed that they were considering plans to get rid of conventional textbooks in middle school classrooms and implement iPads.
"Last week we met with Apple Computers," State Senator Tommie Williams said in February, "and they have a really promising program where they come in and their [sic] recommending to middle schools for $500 per child per year, they will furnish every child with an iPad, wi-fi the system, provide all the books on the system, all the upgrades, all the teacher training and the results theyre getting from these kids is phenomenal."
Schools from around the country, including New York, Illinois, Virginia and California, have begun pilot programs to bring the iPad into the classroom. Programs implementing the iPad range from middle schools and high schools all the way up to medical schools. The Chicago public school system has seen gains as much as 50 to 60 percent in reading math and science in classrooms with the iPad.
Last year, Apple introduced volume educational discounts for applications on the App Store in hopes of increasing iOS device adoption among educational institutions.
Apple recently reported that total downloads of its iTunes U initiative, which offers print, audio and video downloads of school courses and lectures, have topped 600 million.
According to UBS Investment Research analyst Maynard Um, the iPad has become a popular choice for students and faculty. His retail channel checks also indicated that non-iPad tablet sales have continued to lag.
Apple has expressed interest in new technology that would help users tailor the company's devices to accommodate unique disabilities and special needs. During the unveiling of the iPad 2 earlier this year, the company highlighted in a video the fact that the iPad has been used to assist children with autism and help students interact with content in a new and unique way.
On Topic: iPad
- UK Parliament approves $1.5M plan to supply members with new iPad Air 2s, laptops
- Facebook begins rolling out nostalgic 'On This Day' feature to Web, mobile app
- Amazon Music for iOS gets ad-free Prime Stations, Instagram launches Layout for iPhone
- Inside Greater China: An exclusive look at Apple in Shenzhen
- China Unicom, China Telecom to start selling 4G models of iPad Air 2 and iPad mini 3 on March 27


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Dear Prudence: 5-Year-Old Hitting the Bottle?
A weekly Dear Prudence video.
Slate's advice columnist Prudence counsels an older woman who has concerns about how her granddaughter is being fed.
Watch more Dear Prudence videos at Slate V.
Patty Murray Should Be the Next Senate Minority Leader The Washington senator is a better choice than Elizabeth Warren or Chuck Schumer.
Inside Higher Ed
Fighting Words? A professor compared Hamas to a rabid pit bull. Free speech couldn't protect him from student vitriol.
Medical Examiner
What Happened at Slate This Week? Alison Griswold describes her experience reporting on the Germanwings tragedy.
Even Lufthansa's Exhaustive Psychiatric Tests Couldn't Have Stopped a Tragedy Like the Germanwings Crash


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Hemingway's Hostel is only 10 minutes walking distance from the main train station of Heidelberg (HBF). If you are... 추가 정보 »
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We are a small familiar Guesthouse about 6 km away from the city center of Heidelberg.We are situated in the vinyards... 추가 정보 »


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Vetstreet does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. See Additional Information ›
R-E-S-P-E-C-T, says Aretha, is all she's askin'. Same goes for me. Only I'm not talking about what a man should muster, rather what plenty of cat owners should manage more of on behalf of their felines.
Turns out some cat lovers don't care for their feline pets to the same tune they do their dogs. So say veterinarians like me who observe the differences between how people treat their own beloved cats and dogs on a daily basis.
Pharmaceutical giant Bayer HealthCare and the American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP) conducted a study that confirmed our suspicions. Here's a quick summary of the basic findings I received firsthand at a lovely lunchtime press event last month at the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) conference in Chicago:
So what's up with that?
1. The economic impact of the recession. The study was conducted during the height of the economic downturn.
2. Fragmentation of veterinary services. Lots of choices in veterinarians and specialists can be confusing and can actually interrupt access to vet services.
3. The use of the Internet versus office visits. Lots of cat owners seek help in inexpensive places first.
4. Feline resistance. Cats don't like going to the vet.
5. Perception that regular medical checkups are unnecessary. Veterinarians aren't always very good at communicating the importance of regular vet visits.
6. Cost of care. Fundamental health care costs have skyrocketed, and veterinary hospitals haven't been unaffected.
All of that makes sense. But that still doesn't explain why cats receive less care than dogs do. After all, all six of these causes could be applied to the case of dogs, too. Which is why I think this issue is less to do with economics and more about why cats garner less attention than their canine counterparts.
Like this article? Have a point of view to share? Let us know!
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Whale-watching crews spotted the fourth
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It's a scary thing to think about, but here's
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seizures or other common…
You're not a bad pet owner if your dog
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Being overweight raises your feline's risk
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Before you buy chicks or ducklings for
your kids' Easter baskets, make sure you
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Want to find out how well your cat or dog is digesting his food? Well, our vet says the proof is in your pet's poop.
The active and playful Devon Rex's high cheekbones and slender build make her look like a top feline model.
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Joseph Montgomery earned his J.D. Degree from Widener University School of Law. Widener Law honored Mr. Montgomery with the outstanding service award as well... moreView all photos and/or videos
I endorse this lawyer. He returns calls, texts, and emails promptly and he is very knowledgeable in his areas of law!