text:
Spinach Salad with Pistachio Chicken34 Reviews 8 Pics
Prep10 m
Cook10 m
Ready In20 m
"This is a tasty dinner salad, topped with tender slices of pistachio encrusted chicken. To save time, buy pistachios with the shells already removed. If you don't care for spinach, you can substitute field greens. Serve with crusty French bread."
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Adjust Servings
Original recipe yields 4 servings
- Place pistachio in a food processor or blender, and pulse until finely diced. Sprinkle half of diced pistachios onto a large plate.
- Warm oil in a skillet over medium-high heat. Press chicken breast halves into the pistachio pieces, adding more diced nuts to the plate as needed. Sprinkle chicken breasts with garlic powder and black pepper. Place in the skillet, and cook until golden brown. Reduce heat to medium low, and cook for about 3 to 5 minutes on each side, until the chicken is no longer pink inside. Remove chicken to a cutting board, and slice into thin slices.
- Into four bowls, place equal amounts of spinach leaves, tomatoes, avocado, bell pepper, and green onions. Place chicken slices on top. Sprinkle with Parmesan, pour on Balsamic vinegar, and season with black pepper.
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Reviews (34)Rate This Recipe
They say actions (or pictures) speak louder than words, so I invite you to take a peek at my submitted photo of this salad because it shows how much I enjoyed this salad far more accurately than any words could express. On the rare occasions Hubs goes out of town on a business trip without me I look for a dinner to prepare for myself that is easily scaled to one serving, so main dish salads seem to work perfectly for me. I sure do find some good ones, including this particular salad. I made the salad itself just as written, no changes, no substitutions – the ingredients were all good choices that blended well together and I especially liked the addition of the avocado, which was SO delicious with the pistachio coated chicken. But I did make some changes to how I prepared the chicken. I couldn't see the pistachios sticking very well to the chicken breast as the recipe was written so I first soaked the chicken in buttermilk, then coated it in a mixture of the finely chopped pistachios and panko bread crumbs. Just as I suspected, the mixture coated the chicken thoroughly. As for the dressing, I used some vinaigrette I had leftover from another recipe I tried recently, and it couldn't have been a better choice for this salad. I'm not typically a fan of "cold and crunchy" dinners but this one was a real winner with me that I'd happily make again in a heartbeat.
This was an excellent salad! Very filling and hearty :) I made it with baby spinach, cucumber, tomatoes, red peppers, avocado and made my own balsamic vinaigrette (3/4 extra virgin olive oil, 3/4 balsamic vinegar, 1/2 tsp oregano, 1-2 tsp mustard, 1 clove garlic, dash of salt and pepper).
Easy and Delicious!!!! The green onions are a must.
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Amount Per Serving (4 total)
- Calories
- 616 cal
- 31%
- Fat
- 38.8 g
- 60%
- Carbs
- 31.2 g
- 10%
- Protein
- 40.5 g
- 81%
- Cholesterol
- 74 mg
- 25%
- Sodium
- 860 mg
- 34%
Based on a 2,000 calorie diet
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A major overhaul this summer of Georgia's jury system will expand the local jury pool to include every citizen who legally is eligible.
The Long County Commission reinforced its stance concerning reimbursement for the proposed Townsend Bombing Range expansion at its recent meeting.
ST. SIMONS ISLAND - Liberty County leaders heard an update Thursday on the long-elusive and largely anticipated Hinesville VA clinic project during the Liberty County Planning Workshop on St. Simons Island.
ST. SIMONS ISLAND - After entity updates and presentations on education, military issues, health and the Transportation Investment Act referendum, participants at the Liberty County-wide Planning Workshop identified priority issues Thursday.
Sara Taylor, pre-kindergarten teacher with Liberty County Pre-K Center and a top 10 finalist for the 2013 Georgia Teacher of the Year, got a sweet surprise Thursday afternoon.
The former leader of a Savannah-area nonprofit recent was arrested, and he is accused of using the charity's funds for personal expenses.
A case involving the death of an unarmed Florida teenager that has gripped the nation for the past several weeks now has taken root in Hinesville.
The city of Midway hosted a ribbon-cutting celebration March 5 in conjunction with the Liberty County Chamber of Commerce.
To comply with an FCC regulation that requires all public safety and industrial communications to convert their radios to digital format, the Liberty County Board of Education voted Tuesday to build its own private network.
ST. SIMONS ISLAND - The 2012 Liberty County Planning Workshop started Wednesday on St. Simons Island with about 45 participants.
ST. SIMONS ISLAND - While the topic of military base realignment and closures never is entirely off the table, leaders provided news during Wednesday's Liberty County Planning Workshop that indicates Fort Stewart likely is safe for now.
Area residents reacted with surprise upon hearing the news that Richmond Hill resident and JetBlue Airlines captain Clayton Osbon's erratic behavior Tuesday forced an emergency landing of the plane he was piloting.
Officials confirmed Wednesday that a suspected hazardous material found Wednesday morning at Bradwell Institute was mercury, according to Hinesville Fire Chief T. Lamar Cook.
A Richmond Hill teen has been released from the hospital after he was bitten by a snake last Tuesday near Daniel Siding Loop Road.
Next Sunday, children will sport their finest Easter outfits and head to church with their families after digging through baskets filled with goodies. Some may even search for eggs that the Easter Bunny has hidden around their yards.
Walthourville Police Lt. Wade Long, attempting to initiate a traffic stop, was involved in a chase on Talmadge Road in Walthourville on Wednesday night.
Hinesville Mayor James Thomas and Midway Mayor Clemontine Washington were elected to the Board of Directors for the Georgia Municipal Association (GMA) during the association's annual meeting June 23 in Savannah.
After an extensive search, the Hinesville Downtown Development Authority Board of Directors selected Michelle Ricketson as the agency's new executive director.
Now that the school year is over, many local children are attending a free summer learning camp hosted by the Hineshouse Project Inc.'s Resident Services Department.
Hinesville native William Dasher celebrated 45 years of employment with a retirement barbecue Thursday at Downs Lumber and Supply.
Events at Fort Stewart and Fort Morris gave Liberty County families and visitors an opportunity to celebrate the nation's birthday all day long Friday.
Faith Baptist Church will host "God and Country Day" at 11 a.m. Sunday at 12 S. McDonald St. in Ludowici.
With general elections only four months away, politicians are moving into full-on campaign mode. But gubernatorial, congressional and senate candidates aside, Liberty County voters will face another decision at the ballot box this November - a referendum for a special purpose local option sales tax, better known as SPLOST.
The Hinesville Rotary Club installed new officers Tuesday night at its weekly meeting. New club President Brigitte Shanken and fellow officers were sworn in by Rotary District 6920 Gov. Ted Thompson.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Jerry Thorton, deputy inspector general for the Los Angeles Unified School District, has been named acting inspector general, officials announced Monday.
Thorton, a former FBI agent, was second-in-command in the district's internal investigative unit for four years.
He temporarily takes over the top post after the resignation of Don Mullinax, who is leaving this month after five years in the job.


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Considering the number of things, formal and narrative, at play here, it waltzes like a pro and no element seems to step awkwardly on another element's toes. Damn good job, James.
by James Greer
The Light That Draws The Flower
1. p. 34 Naturalism
The light that draws the flower makes a gift of the present. The river stretches drowsy limbs across gray hills, tinged with pink light from dropping sun. Anna walks through a narrow field bordered on all sides by sycamore, oak, maple, honey locust, birch, walnut, white pine, catalpa, tulip poplar, beech, linden. The tops of trees flecked with pale yellow light, but the meadow darkens quickly. Her way is plotted by fireflies, in phosphorescent bunches, dipping below the tall grass, pausing on the stalks, circling, semaphoring secrets. Lampyridae: The firefly light is called a "cold light" because it produces almost no heat. It is produced when oxygen, breathed in through the abdominal trachea, combines with a substance called luciferin in the presence of the enzyme luciferase, in special cells called photocytes. The tall grass parts as she walks, neck bent slightly out of sadness, out of being tired from walking for hours. Heat of day disperses in the grass, in the wildflowers growing in clumps. On the edge of the meadow, where the trees begin, mist pools in the undergrowth. Anna reaches the pooling mist and wades through, unhesitant.
Until I don't know where I am.
Anna threads through the undergrowth: ferns, dead tree parts, bluebells, decaying leaves, jack-in-the-pulpit, mossy stumps, dark stones. A cabbage butterfly arcs across her path, disappears. Fireflies are fewer, less frantic. Through the mist you can see their tiny lanterns bobbing on invisible silk threads.
Step on a twig or stick or dead root: cracks. Cold air swarms behind the mist: with sun gone, temperature cellars. After the fireflies fade Anna stops walking, gathers by feel enough wood for a fire. Clears a circle in the dirt with her feet, lays stones along the edge, piles the wood in the center. Leaves and dry bark for kindling. Produces from a mesh compartment in her backpack a box of wooden matches. The light from a struck match burns blue, then yellow orange, then blue again when applied to the leaves. Bright spurt and a sharp pop as air pockets snap to greet eager flame. She hunches near, tending with a stripped branch. Throws the branch aside, pulls backpack open. Unzips and sorts through contents, pulling out toiletries kit; sifts through kit for compact mirror. Moves strands of hair from face with aid of mirror, reflections of firelight on forehead reflected in mirror.
My face is smudged. I have some tissues, and a thing of water.
Puts away mirror and roots through backpack.
The light from the sun is different from firelight, and yet both are forms of light, and forms of heat. I draw both from both. Fiery sparks leap from the center of the turning world. Some catch on breezes or drafts of heated air and float, dangle, dip, soar, plummet.
"Hello, Anna." These are words addressed to me. Anna. O Hell. Semi-palindromic is not a thing? Is a thing?
Turns towards the voice. "I'm not alone."
"Don't count on that, Anna. Why are you here? Why run?"
"Not running."
Past the shapes of positive space grading into negative space. Can't see a bloodless thing. "Who are you? What do you want?"
"I want to help. If you'll let me."
"Who's me?"
Leaves wrestle in the dark, a twig's thin limb snaps. Long pause of just the fire noising the night.
"I'm afraid." Say a thing, it's no longer true.
"Yes. We're both afraid, Anna. What draws me here is fear. Mine and yours."
"Will you come where I can see you?"
"I could, but I think I won't."
"If I guess your name will you come near?"
"You can't. Even if you guessed right, I'd change my name before you could say out loud."
Anna pushes her backpack into position as a pillow, stretches her legs near the fire.
"Go to sleep, Anna. I won't hurt you. I won't even touch you."
"Not sleeping. Just stretching out."
"Aren't you tired?"
"Yes. But I have trouble sleeping even at home in bed. Never mind in the forest with an invisible possibly malevolent lurker chatting away."
"Something's bothering you."
"You're bothering me. I came here to not talk. And now I'm talking." Could be a wood sprite or grendel or anything, or nothing.
"Anyway I'm not invisible. I'm hiding. Like you."
"Why do you say hiding."
"No one comes to the forest for any other reason."
She closes her eyes and watches flickers of fire on the inside of vibrating eyelids. Mob of crickets mouthing off in the brush. Owl hoots over the insect din, bass clarinet riding above string section.
Minutes pass in this way.
Boys want to possess. Works out because girls want to be possessed. World goes on, possessed and abandoned and chased and possessed.
"I think that's oversimplifying."
"How oversimplifying."
"The part about the difference between boys and girls. In matters of love, right? I don't think you can generalize like that."
"How are you able to know thoughts I haven't spoken."
"You're translucent in that light, Anna. Anyone can see inside your pretty head."
Fire wants poking.
Fire wants poking. Anna grabs branch, leans towards logs, turns one over so its glowering face shows.
She retracts the branch, its tip charred from flame, sets it next to her. Draws knees up to chin.
"Don't you think you're awfully precocious for a girl your age?"
"I've always been precocious."
"Always? What do you mean? A person can't always be precocious, unless he's born talking, which has never happened, and therefore can't happen, because it's unrealistic, and animals of the fortress are arriving to devour the mechanical marvels! Lo, the fendes say so! A holly jolly folly molly trolley collie.
Marvelous thing, falling asleep. Surrender to an army of nothing.
2. p. 36 Symbolic Island
Prologue: Bloating through the floodstream. Common Snowberry, Velvetleaf, Yellow Rattlebox, Bush Pea, Oconee Bells, Milkwort, Alumroot, Wood Sorrel. Frostweed, Toadshade, Figwort, Purple Trillium, Rosy Twisted-Stalk, Teasel, Speedwell, Hyacinth, Pickerelweed, Gentian, Foam Flower, Common Moonseed, False Solomon's Seal.
Act I: In back of the deserted manse there grew a tangle of untamed shrubbery (wisteria, lilac, azalea), weeds, wildflowers (snapdragon, tickseed, beebalm, aster, hollyhock, heliotrope, cornflower), and, unexpectedly, roses, among which, according to season, bloomed a Black Jade miniature rose and several rogue Hybrid Teas (Crimson Glory, Double Delight, Fragrant Cloud, Mr. Lincoln) and a cream-white single bloom Sombreauil Tea. The Rose Garden at City Center's Botanical Complex was a desert of thorns next to our backyard's accidental rosaceae.
The property was now held in trust for an absentee owner who was in no apparent hurry to sell. Its last resident -- Oscar Siebenthaler, an old-growth German immigrant -- had been an amateur horticulturist, which explained the proliferation of flora, but in the ten years since his occupation (ended, as with many things, by death) his carefully organized garden had exploded, migrating willy-nilly over the two acres of partially wooded property. In areas thickly shaded by trees, flowers that flourished in shade grew. In sunny spots grew heliophilic things. Where conditions were right (neither too much nor too little sun, for instance up near the house itself) a scumble of colors occurred in Spring, attracting swarms of bees and butterflies -- among these: Silver-spotted Skippers (Epargyreus clarus clarus) and American Coppers (Lycaena phlaes americana) -- in abundance.
No one had an interest in clearing away the dead brush from the back yard or mowing the front or back -- as a result wild grasses flourished, which proved a boon to insects and to the birds who fed on them (Acadian Flycatcher, Barn Swallow, Horned Lark, Red-Eyed Vireo, Cedar Waxwing, as well as the usual sparrow, house wren and starling crowd). The unkempt grounds and the general disrepair of the building's facade (paint cracked and flaking, gutters askew, unhinged shingles, broken flagstones on the path leading up to the front porch, which featured a porch swing as rotted and tenuous as the gazebo across from the Belle) kept neighbors tut-tutting and most strangers at bay.
Act II: Glossy grey leaves trilling in stiff pre-thunderstorm gusts. Each tree a book read by a giant, wildly turning pages. The trunk of that old oak supports a fat bestseller. Quercus: A Romance. Anna withdrew from the warehouse of unused memories an image of her mother in a light blue print dress patterned with white-and-yellow daisies, hanging pale green sheets on a clothesline in the morning sun. The scattered flapping sound then was the same feeling as the tendrils of many trees whipped by the wind, now. She walked with hands jammed into the pockets of her jeans, slowly. Open-mouthed street has terrible teeth, crooked, uneven, discolored. Should see a dentist. How administer anesthetic? Road drools.
Act III: In every pair one is one and the other the other. One longs to fly high and the other to plug away, inventing complexities. See those complexities as necessary for sustaining and bearing life. Price for flight always clipped wings, everyone knows this but can't help demandait des ailes. Icarus, the one with the syncopated life.
Act IV: We still say descent of night or nightfall. Thus in Homer: "Bright light of sun sank into the ocean, dragging down dark night." Thus in Cato: "se nox praecipitat." In the Book Of the Dead the red of sunset is the blood of Ra as he hastens to his suicide. To the poetic vision of early seers the crimson West seemed ensanguined by some great massacre that had been perpetrated there. Hommel & Hilprecht (Die Insel der Seligen) have identified the gateway through which Gilgamesh (the bright Day-God) had to make his way to the West: "the Twin Peaks" of Central Arabia, the mountain of Sunset, now called Jebel Shammar. Two peaks, Aga and Salama, stand apart confronting each other, and form a sort of natural portal. Egyptian representation of the sky as a great dome resting on two pillars, Shu & Tefnut. Tum-Ra, the evening sun, sets in darkness; he seizes these pillars and overthrows the sky. Aborigines of Australia believe the sky to be supported on props which keep it from falling. (This is an almost perfectly universal idea). "It is these pillars the blinded giant (the dim-grown sun of evening) withdraws when he brings night down upon the world in the final catastrophe which involves his own death." Smythe-Palmer. Samson, bound between the twin pillars of the temple at Gaza -- enraged, blinded (in actual fact blind only in one eye, although this is not recorded in the Bible but can be demonstrated through myth-redaction -- the sun one eye, the moon in the other) -- shakes the pillars until the roof collapses, killing himself and far more Philistines, in death, than he had ever killed in life. Likewise the Sun God, (Shamesh, Shu, Gilgamesh, etc.), blinded and enfeebled by the encroaching dusk, pulls down the twin towers of the firmament at day's end, and sky collapses into night. The sun sets in the West. Rises in the East.
3. p. 236/7 Apathy in the ranks.
See: condescension, arrogance, life on the mountaintop, airless, sterile, and lonely. See further: snowfall, a small cabin with fireplace, burning, the curl of smoke pearl-gray against the whiter sky, a history book, the end of time.
I agree.
Now you're agreeing for its own sake. You're trying to pacify me.
I agree.
You're not even listening.
I agree.
Hate disease of intuition. Resolution No. 6: If happiness is the goal of living, then we are doomed, because we are not selfish enough by nature.
4. p. 251 Defiance
Matador manhandles minotaur. By the window -- sycamore, sycamore, rock. Praise be to God for addled things, for piebald sodden brains dappled with alcoholic insight. Oh, and the smooth circuitous way she lies. Incunabula of moot resistance. You cant untangle threads of mein herr, nor plum the death of sea's own sad light.
Broken day, sepia-tint. Last falling down myth: sacrament of marriage. Linnaeus caroling through Lapland -- reindeers' balls, hags' pudenda. Sun sags to bed, world-weary, unfortunate. Moves on the face of the waters. Paraclete.
Make lines of light where no face has ever peered, seen, sunk, drooled, wept, wiping tears with hand maid of light, lettered in green ink, shining, like raggened blankets of green rushes, burny, reflex in scratch of optics of glasses.
Twig on this, fragment. You shard of sense. You, shorn pal. Open the dregs to the uni-drunk tri-corn. "I'll have you know. I will." René Dubois (Jules), bacteriologist. His last girlfriend, in the meaning you mean in the meaning: even, morn, day flouring, on her face and over the dour, everywhour. Travel swell.
O shore.
O lift us all, hymn.
Philomel. Singer in the eye. Ten vocabularies scumbled inner hello, stippled wit black inc. Octagonal runs to seed or runny plum. Inappropriate name, muser. Inaccurately dressed. Missed her. Moralist anger, more and less, strung along the hinge of reason, blossoms bright in rage. Time sit. Truth ache. Come put her, thousand calculations, thousand ships, face launched, rite in the center.
High and holy hill. On it grows the guts and morning glory.
King Ibn, thin. Littoral translation.
Winter harrows the land, harrowing winds dump hurricane sugar on highlands like croppings of snow. O deer, the beauty and the bees. Notting hear.
Again, aging. Trump.
In the Latin, lads, its ove for egg, in Eytie dove for where, in Angleterre Dover for endall beall. Lovers leap. Lovers leap, lads, and you shall leap.
You shall leap.
5. p. 368 Animal/Man
Ridiculous theories about dancing bees and color vision. Might hoodwink the academy and the Vienna graybeards and Saunders at Princeton (idiot), but I am not misled. His methods are flawed, his conclusions unsupported by a shred of reliable evidence -- and yet the plaudits, the laurels, are his and his alone! That his dance language might be accepted (however temporarily) galls me. Sooner someone destroy my own hives, my tapes, my notes, than see his pseudo-science adopted as doctrine.
The scientific community is often impugned by the public it serves for making of skepticism a religion, but in this case a little attention to creed might have been in order. His eloquence and passion for honors has conquered the better judgment of reasonable men, unprepared for the onslaught of Von Slipp's fierce [The word Kneissl uses is grell, which is more commonly a quality of light, harsh, dazzling. ed.] ambition. The ridiculous photographs of himself he provides the scientific journals to accompany his papers (what vanity!). His profile, his aspect: every inch the profound and respected biologist. Pah! I've never seen these pictures myself, but I've had them well described to me. Meanwhile my own work in the same area molders in neglectful shade, and I can scarcely afford even the rent on this two room shack in the shadow of the Matterhorn. O Fame! O Fortuna!
"How vainly men themselves amaze," the poet writes [Quotation in English -- from Marvell. ed.]. I have a sufficiency of truth unto myself. Watching this buffoon crowned with honors and riches -- as if he were not already an aristocrat! --grows tiresome, and I am tired, too, of writing letters of protest to the appropriate organs.
"Dear Gentlemen of the Academy, it is my sad duty to bring to your attention the following errors..." "Dear Editor, perhaps it would interest your readers to know that you have printed an article containing lies..." "Dear Professor, I warn you for the last time to stop all this nonsense before the Cause Of Science is irreparably harmed..." Never so much the courtesy of a response. I must look a proper fool [Gimpel, ed.], a country simpleton [Einfaltspinsel, ed.], a stupidhead [Dummkopf, ed.]. I, who: struggled from the day I was born; had to educate myself; was not provided with the privilege accorded a high-born like Von Slipp -- I am the one to be scorned? I should be worshipped for my efforts. I have earned my way by the careful husbandry of what small talent God granted me. Unlike some, I was not able to avoid the rigors of military service, nor the unspeakable horror of two wars, by hiding in a research institute.
As a result -- even now I am ashamed to admit -- I am blind as Von Slipp is rich. The hindrance my disability has presented in my work bothers me less than the burden to my daughter, who has in addition to her own troubles the better part of mine to carry on her frail shoulders. She is only sixteen. Because of me the ordinary delights of a young girl are foregone. Because of me she spends her time attending to an old man's needs instead of attracting a young man's attentions. She is beautiful, and sharp-minded, and graceful in every way, and were she not stuck nursing a cripple in the middle of nowhere suitors would pile up like the drifts of snow under our eaves every fortnight.
We do our best, though. We live. Anna's mother, Hilde, left us when Anna was a baby, not even one year old. Hilde (née Grolsch) had married a reasonably able-bodied university graduate who, before the second war, had a reasonable career as a librarian at the University of Vienna, a fine institution, the oldest University in the German-speaking world, founded in 1365. I worked there happily for twenty years, in the Art and Architecture department, under Dr. Feldman, a wonderful man who went meekly, uncomprehending to the camps and never returned. After the war, everything was different, Vienna no less than my sightless self. I made inquiries at my former office but no one had use for a blind librarian, and I was unwilling to take the position I was offered -- a pathetic sinecure, offered out of pity for a broken war veteran, and hardly enough to support a wife and infant daughter. But I do not blame the University: what else could they do? Likewise I do not blame my wife for leaving: what else could she do? I had returned an invalid, bitter and proud but useless, who had moreover saddled her with a child and no means to feed or clothe her. Anna was conceived during a two-day leave from the Eastern Front in fall of 1944, three months before the grenade blast that robbed me of my eyes.
I was hopeless with guns. In the literal heat of battle -- which is always hot whatever the weather, because the body heats radically in its suit of fear -- huddled at the bottom of a foxhole next to the severed parts of several colleagues, it was much more than I could do to stop my hands shaking long enough to bolt my rifle, which moreover was clotted with mud and ice and grease. Even had I mastered myself sufficiently to climb to the top of my hole and try to shoot, nothing but vague images, shadows, running through the artillery smog, would present themselves as targets. I will tell you now that I shot only once in my military career, and that in so doing I murdered the woolen hat of my sergeant which he had lost leaping into a nearby defilade. By the time the war was over, in May, and I had returned home, guided by a fourteen-year-old Wehrmacht recruit, my wife had remaining less than one month of confinement before giving birth, in late May, to the daughter I have never seen but whose existence has been my only joy. Before the end of the year Hilde was gone, moved back to her mother's in Salzburg and remarried within two years' time to a bricklayer, who naturally prospered in the postwar reconstruction.
Had begun keeping bees before being called away to the war, and when I returned and could not find any real work, the bees were our salvation. Soon learned the layout of my backyard's rows of hives, and could navigate without help their orderly ranks. When she was old enough, little Anna helped carry the dripping combs to the little shack where we scraped them into pans, and then filtered the raw honey into mason jars. I hired a housekeeper when I could afford one, but for the most part we made do for ourselves. I learned to judge locations from intensities of sound. I learned the pattern of echoes from familiar objects, and developed such familiarity with their unseen outlines that I imagined, in my inky cave, that I could see the shadows on the wall, so to speak. At night I had vividly-colored dreams -- my oneiric life was bright, well-sighted, visionary in the truest sense. I often woke up crying.
What is the language of bees? I know, and you know, Anna, my only daughter, my love. We know. The bees speak to you, and you alone understand their honeyed tongue. We discovered your gift by accident, years ago -- you could not have been more than nine -- when you chased a little blue butterfly in the clover between the rows of my hives while I checked the humming honeycombs. Accidentally you knocked into the leg supporting one of the hives and the whole construction toppled over, perilously close to where you frolicked. I could not see this happen, of course; but my memory of the event, stitched together from the evidence of my remaining senses and your own account, has stayed with me as if I had. I shouted an alarm: but you turned and faced the gathering swarm, and spoke several inhuman syllables in a sweet, singing tone that had an immediate calming effect on the bees, who regrouped and returned to their damaged hive -- which I rushed to set right upon receiving assurance that you were unharmed.
"Papa, the bees are sad," you said to me.
"I know, sweetheart, but we will make them happy again soon. Their house is broken but we will fix it for them. I'm only glad they did not choose to sting you."
"Oh, but I told them I was sorry."
"That was surely the right thing to do. But the bees don't speak our language, so they may not have understood you."
"That's why I used their language, Papa. At first they were angry about the damage to their hive but when I explained that it was an accident and that I was only trying to catch the little butterfly they laughed and warned me to be more careful."
Naturally I ascribed Anna's story to the invention of a precocious child. Naturally I treated her with the benign condescension of all good parents everywhere. I asked her how she had learned the bees' language, when no one else had even thought the bees might speak. She replied, sensibly, that she did not know, but that she understood everything the bees said and they seemed to understand her as well. I asked her to demonstrate. She did, to my satisfaction (this process took place over several weeks and months, but I am conflating for effect). When she spoke bee-language, Anna's voice took on a pure high tone that her regular speaking voice would not seem capable of producing. Indeed, she told me later, when she was older, that the tones were produced largely in her nasal cavities, and that if I could see her when she spoke bee-language I would laugh, because she had to throw her head back and flare her nostrils to get the right sounds.
Convinced that she was neither inventing nor imagining her ability to converse with bees in their own tongue, I resolved to document her gift, and when I had accumulated sufficient evidence to present to the unsuspecting world the irrefutable secrets of the apis. Who knew what wisdom lay locked in the many-chambered hive?
Then came Von Slipp, with his dancing bees, who direct their colleagues to fruitful pollen sites and back by means of a complex system of wagging and wiggling. He has published articles and books detailing the experiments he has conducted to prove his ideas. Anna has read me these books and articles, and described to me these ludicrous diagrams. She has related to me the derision of the bees themselves when told about Von Slipp's crackpot notions. "Figwort-head" he is called in their language, which is bee-slang for fat-faced and stupid, Anna tells me. But the immediate acceptance by the scientific community of Von Slipp's ideas doomed my own efforts to present the true bee-language with any degree of credulity. I had not his credentials, his connections, his eloquence. I was the crackpot, not he. I dictated letters, I dictated articles, and now I dictate this journal, although no longer to my daughter Anna, sweet amanuensis, qui a disparue [thus in French in the MS. ed.]
Now I tell my tales to the recording machine, as I once recorded the secrets they vouchsafed to you, on spinning reels of magnetic tape, and while you slept in the other room analyzed the patterns buried in the bees' true words. Because the bees do not speak in plain language, but in cryptic phrases that appear nonsensical to those untrained in the apian way. I think that here my blindness made me an advantage: the loss of one sense sharpens the others, it's said -- and truly so. In the phrases Anna spoke into my tape recording device I heard memes of sense, whole threads of meaning, which were left to me to unspool and rewind according to the dictates of reason.
Where I have failed, I alone am to blame. Where succeeded, God [manuscript breaks off].
6. p. 518 Helpless
The pale of settlement. Things that burn (list). Engine of combustion: life. Correspondence. Repetition. Duplication. The light that draws the flower draws you, too.
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This is a song about a Welsh witch.
Considering the number of things, formal and narrative, at play here, it waltzes like a pro and no element seems to step awkwardly on another element's toes. Damn good job, James.
Thanks, Matthew. This is in fact the seed from which sprouted Artificial Light, my first novel, but there's unresolved/unexplored themes herein that I'm now (maybe) thinking of re-exploring. Appreciate your input.


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The Conservative Worldview
by wayward, Wed Jan 05, 2005 at 12:40:29 PM EST
In doing so, I came to the conclusion that it seems like too many on the left do not understand the conservative "worldview", especially that of evangelicals or "religious conservatives", especially of those living in the "red states".
Simply put, the conservative worldview is simple, orderly, highly structured, and mostly logical. It's just not based in reality.
While as a person of faith, I agree with the importance of putting God first, the God at the top of this heirarchy is not Jesus's "Daddy" or the loving, forgiving God that large parts of the Bible show, but the authoritarian God of the Old Testament and the legalistic God of a badly misinterpreted St. Paul. Jesus is not the unconventional Jew who challenged the religious leaders of his day, healed the sick, denounced materialism, and dined with sinners, but he is more often portrayed as the helpless victim of a vengeful God on the cross or the all conquering King of Revelation. The theology of Easter centers on the horrors of the crucifixion, not the glories of the Resurrection.
Church and state take parallel roles below God. Although most Protestants reject the idea of a hierarchy like in the Catholic Church, the truth is that many religious conservatives take their leaders far more seriously than most Catholics do the Pope, although they would never admit it. (Conservative Catholics, on the other hand, tend to take the hardest line possible on statements from the Vatican, in effect, becoming more Catholic than the Pope.)
The state exists to protect God's people. Not the other people. True to Old Testament form, the modern nation is seen throught the lens of Biblical Israel. The state can only prosper while following God's commands, including slaughtering (or converting) large numbers of unbelievers when necessary. In a democracy, Christians have a duty to ensure the state stays on this path.
Modern Israel is supported unconditionally because they remind people of the good guys in the Old Testament. The fact that about 20% of Palestinians are Christians is irrelevant.
The family has a father at the head who makes all major decisions in the family. A woman's primary duty is to her husband and children (always plural). Children are at the bottom and are to learn what amounts to unconditional obedience with corporal punishment often handed out if they do not obey.
Sexual politics are centered around male control and female virtue. Some young evangelicals have "Kissed Dating Goodbye" at the suggestion of Joshua Harris' book. While Harris does have some legitimate critiques of modern dating, which I will not go into here, the purpose of why he wrote the book is to keep (primarily) women virgins until marriage, to put the power of choosing a mate out of the woman's hands and into her family's, specifically her father's, hands and to groom young men to take over the role of the providing (and controlling) father after the wedding.
Unfortunately, reality and facts have little bearing on this worldview. (Remember, you can make a logical argument out of nonsense.) If the facts do not fit the worldview, then the facts must be wrong. If the ideas do not match the reality then the perception of reality must be wrong. This is one reason why Bush won these people overwhelmingly. What he said matched their worldview even if it did not match reality.
Repeat over every issue across the board. The War in Iraq is good because we are either killing or converting the unbelievers. It doesn't matter that there were no WMD or connections to 9/11. Abstinance based education works because that's we want our children to hear and to do. Public schools are bad because our children will be exposed to other viewpoints and may question ours. Homosexuals and Hollywood are ruining marriage, not a paradigm that often leaves both partners unsatisfied. Poor people are poor because of God's will and their own failings. Wealthy people are wealthy because of God's blessing and their own virtue. Etc, etc, etc.
How do you fight the ever growing appeal of this worldview? The answer is not by muddling your way through the middle of the road, trying to be conservative-lite. The answer is to provide an alternative worldview that is a better answer than the conservative one. This should be a worldview based in hope, not fear.
The religious left has been painfully silent as the religious right has risen. Liberal intellectuals have gotten slack compared to those on the right. We need to put our values out there and stand up for them. Why haven't I recieved any progressive news and opinion delivered to my door like the right wing paper?
That being said, it is always important to be tactful and sensitive when the time calls for it, lest we accidentally push people toward the right.
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The folly of climate change
Some people still ask how climate change and poverty fit together. The people in Ethiopia could tell you. While Ethiopia's contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions may be relatively small, the people of Ethiopia are facing the challenge of having to adapt to the effects of climate change – such as erratic rainfall, increased temperature, and recurring droughts. Last week the first National Climate Change Conference opened in the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa. Marc Wegerif, Oxfam's Economic Justice Campaign Coordinator, was there and he shares his observations of the event:
There were over 400 participants at this landmark National Forum, and one thing all participants agreed on is that climate change is real, is happening now, and is a major driver of poverty. More extreme weather conditions are affecting agriculture, water supply, soil erosion and more. Despite the challenges of responding to climate change in a country that is dealing with widespread poverty there was a positive tone to the conference with many speakers emphasizing the opportunities that exist.
Ethiopia's Prime Minister, Meles Zenawi opened the conference and called upon all national and international organizations to join the National Climate Change Forum that is being established to address the climate change challenges faced by his country. He praised Oxfam's previous efforts to help protect Ethiopia's intellectual property rights related to coffee.
Tewelde Berhan, General Manager of the Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority, described climate change as "the biggest folly in human history." While outlining the vulnerability of Ethiopia to climate change he also painted a positive picture of a possible future if all adaptation efforts are fully implemented. Janet McKinley, Chair of Oxfam America, shared encouraging quotes from President Barrack Obama who has made clear his commitment to work as an ally with all those committed to clean energy and confronting the challenge of climate change.
Prime Minister Zenawi elaborated on some of the Ethiopian government's plans that amount to what he referred to as a "strategy of an essentially carbon neutral path of development." This includes work on developing agriculture through the protection and regeneration of the natural resource base, substituting fossil fuel use with bio-fuels [unfortunately!], and increased investment in hydro-power along with harnessing wind and geothermal energy sources.
He was clear in pointing out the injustice of climate change which is that "those who contributed nothing to its genesis will suffer the most from its consequences." The Prime Minister called for an approach of taking "common, but differentiated responsibility" whereby all work to respond, but those who contributed more to causing the problem, who are also better positioned to assist, will contribute more to the costs of adapting and implementing climate-friendly development paths. Ultimately he said "we will deal with the reality, however unjust that reality might be."
Ethiopia is becoming a good example of a Least Development Country doing what they can to respond to climate change despite the injustices and limitations of resources. In this crucial year for the negotiation of a new global climate change deal Ethiopia, hopefully along with other African countries, can be a strong example and moral voice for greater global efforts to deal with the "folly" of climate change. Encouraging and strengthening this voice is one of Oxfam's strategies in demanding greater international action to reduce the impact of climate change on people in poverty.
As Prime Minister Zenawi emphasized, we can "only adapt if we fight poverty." As Oxfam's Janet McKinley noted, we should never see the situation as one of having to make a choice between development and dealing with climate change. Instead we must see responding to climate change as "an economic development opportunity to lift people out of poverty." I couldn't agree more.
Climate Change - Get Involved - OXFAM GB
2009 is expected to be THE year of climate change.
Crucial negotiations will take place throughout the year which will decide how the world tackles global warming for decades to com
The Link Between Climate Change and Recession
The recent World Economic Forum, attended by Barbara Stocking highlighted the link between climate change and recession.
Re-writing the Kyoto Protocol
Re-writing the Kyoto Protocol
A layman's definition of Fuzzy Logic is arriving at a solution which collectively and directionally solve a multi-variable problem without a requirement to fully understand the mechanism of each variable or combined effects.
The Kyoto Protocol is based on Fuzzy Logic by suggesting that man made Green House Gases is the cause of global warming and climate change. The protocol is well intended by providing an opportunity to clean up the planet and create new technologies and employment opportunities but should not proceed in its current format.
The intent of the Kyoto Protocol, ratified in February 16, 2005, was to stabilize Green House Gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere that would prevent human interference with the earth's climate system.
Specifically, the treaty established a legally binding commitment amongst 183 industrialized nations for the reduction of six greenhouse gases (GHGs); carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxides (NOx), sulfur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons (known as CFCs).
Collectively, industrial nations agreed to reduce their GHG emissions by 5.2% from levels recorded in the year 1990. Mandated reductions by nations include; European Union of Nations 8%, USA 7%, Japan 6%, China, Russia & India 0%. Australia was allowed to increase emissions by 8% and Iceland by 10%.
Kyoto also included mechanisms for GHG emitting countries to purchase GHG emission reduction credits from non GHG emitting countries. Non polluting countries could use these credits to sustain existing reduction mechanisms, for example, forest CO2 sequestration or new GHG emission reduction projects.
Kyoto has deliberately blamed changes in the earth's climate on concentrations of certain GHGs without taking into consideration major GHGs such as water vapor, clouds, volcanoes, the Milankovitch cycle and soot.
The Kyoto Protocol is flawed and should be modified because of the following reasons;
1. The Protocol claims that carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxides (NOx) and Chloro-fluoro-hydrocarbons (CFCs) produced by human activity have contributed to Global Warming.
Scientists say that since the year 1750 the atmospheric CO2 concentration has risen from 280 ppm to 387 ppm, methane CH4 has risen from 0.70 ppm to 1.745 ppm and nitrous oxide NOx has risen from 0.044 ppm to 0.314 ppm and CFCs from 0 to 533 ppt.
Other scientists say that the average global temperature rose from 13.85 degree C in 1880 to 14.60 degree C in 2004 due to GHGs produced by human activity.
Scientists also say the above mentioned GHGs produced by human activity account for 5% of the total GHGs from all human activity. The other 95% of GHGs are produced from natural sources.
Scientists say that water vapor (H2O) is a GHG and its atmospheric concentration ranges from 0-40,000 ppm (4%).
Scientists also say that GHGs such as ground level O3 has concentrations of 0-40 ppb and CO with concentrations of 0-0.3 ppm.
Scientists claim that the GHG contribution to the Green House Effect is water vapor 36-70%, carbon dioxide 9-26%, methane 4-9%, ground level ozone 3-7% with CFCs and NOx having no significant effect because of low concentrations.
The Kyoto Protocol failed to mandate the reduction of H2O vapor, CO and O3; three significant GHGs. Neither did it mandate Volatile Organic Hydrocarbons (VOCs) with typical concentrations of 440 ppb. It mandated in error the reduction of CFCs and NOx which have no significant Green House Effect because of extremely low concentrations.
With human activity responsible for about 5% of all CO2 emissions and Kyoto mandating a 5.2% reduction overall, a worldwide reduction of 0.26% (product of 5% and 5.2%) will have no significant impact on the Green House Effect.
There is more latent heat released in a cubic foot of stack gas then the same volume of typical GHG concentrations absorbing solar energy and converting it to thermal energy.
2. Scientists say significant changes in the earth's atmospheric temperature and precipitation distribution patterns are caused by volcanoes in the southern hemisphere. These disturbances are known as the El Nino and El Nina Effect and last 3-11 years. Following a volcano eruption, a thin layer of "aerosolized" particles hangs in the stroposphere, causing an overall cooling of the planet's atmosphere of a few tenths of a degree Celsius. The reason for the temperature decline is due to the reflection of solar energy into outer space by the elevated levels of SO2 contained in the aerosol. The net effect results in the east-west prevailing winds over the Pacific to stop, causing a huge buildup of warm water in the central pacific ocean. This has effects on climate that can reverberate around the southern hemisphere, inflicting snowfalls and landslides in South America, drought in southern Africa, a weak hurricane season in the Atlantic and forest fires in Indonesia. These temporary changes in climate have nothing to do with GHGs.
3. Scientists say that of all the solar energy that reaches the earth 30% is never absorbed, of which 20% is reflected by clouds, 6% is reflected by the atmosphere and 4% is reflected by the earth's surface. The earth's surface absorbs 51% and the atmosphere and clouds absorbs 19%, of which heat energy will be released into space during the night. Clouds require water droplet formation to occur on dust particles with an effective radii of at least 14 microns for precipitation to occur. Smoke has smaller particle size and is generated from burning vegetation as well as man-made coal power plants, refineries, smelters, and large urban areas. It is often suppressed by cloud formation and precipitation. Fewer clouds to reflect solar energy, increase the GHG Effect without any major influence of GHGs.
4. Scientists say the earth is in the middle of a 100,000 year Milankovitch cycle caused by the changing distance of the earth to the sun. The precession of the Earth's axis and the changing of the tilt in the earth's axis which redistributes the sunlight received by the earth, occurs every 42,000 years. The Ice Age Maxima occurred 20,000 years ago with the North American polar ice cap melting ever since. The change in the earths' temperature due to the earths' solar system distance to the sun and tilt has nothing to do with GHGs.
5. Soot particulate is created from the incomplete combustion of diesel fuels, bio-fuels, coal and outdoor biomass burning. The percent makeup of man-made sources of soot include road transportation 25%, no-combustion processes 24%, industrial combustion plants and processes 17%, commercial and residential combustion 16% and public power generation 15%. Natural sources such as volcanoes and dust storms account for 95% of all soot and air borne particulate.
Scientists say that soot particulate in Northern Hemisphere snow and ice is responsible for 25% of the Global Warming for the period 1880 to 2000. Clean snow and ice reflects solar energy into space, but soot covered snow absorbs short wavelength solar energy, transferring it to long wavelength in the form of heat thus accelerating the melting. Scientists say soot is responsible for early springs in the Northern Hemisphere, thinning Arctic sea ice, melting glaciers and melting permafrost. Proof of the existence of soot is the visible black stripes in icebergs. The melting of polar ice due to soot and particulate absorbing solar energy has nothing to with GHGs.
6. Scientists say the average temperature in a typical city on a clear afternoon can be 1-3 degrees C hotter than that of the surrounding rural area. This is primarily due to solar heat absorbed by objects such as buildings. The elevated temperature also increases smog concentrations (VOCs, O3) by 2-4%. On a clear sunny day with a roof reflectivity of 0.08 (asphalt shingles) solar energy can raise the surface temperature to 65 degree C from a night time temperature of 20 degree C. Absorption of solar energy by dark objects in localized areas has a greater impact on atmospheric temperature than GHGs. On a sunny day a cubic foot of air over house roof shingles create more heat than a cubic foot of air filled with an average concentration of GHGs.
What possible impact can human intervention of a 0.26% reduction of the Kyoto GHGs make to global temperatures without considering the impact of tropospheric O3, VOCs, CO, soot, volcanoes, H2O (and clouds), the Milankovitch cycle, absorbed solar energy and exothermic heat due to hydrocarbon combustion processes?
Carbon Penalties and Credits
The Kyoto Protocol does not require China, Russia and India to reduce GHG emissions. These nations are responsible for 18.39%, 5.60% and 4.93% of total CO2 emissions, respectively. GHG reductions for every industrialized nation have arbitrarily been set. Collectively, about 27,000,000,000 MT/yr of CO2 emissions are mandated to be reduced by 5.2% thereby matching 1990 levels. Limitations range from 8% reductions for the European Union and some others, as well as 7% for the United States, 6% for Japan, and 0% for Russia. The treaty permitted GHG emission increases of 8% for Australia and 10% for Iceland. Kyoto did not distribute CO2 reductions fairly to certain industrialized nations. No consideration was taken into account for each nations' land area and the ability to naturally sequester CO2.
A proposed method that defines each industrialized nations' required CO2 emission reduction is outlined below.
Scientists say that 5% of all GHGs are produced by human activity, 95% is produced naturally.
The oceans sequester 30% and land sequesters 20% of all atmospheric CO2 present. The other 50% remains in the atmosphere. Since the earths' land is owned by a particular nation and the oceans are not, land sequestration of CO2 should be part of the GHG emission target equation. Given that the earths' total land area is 136,000,000 km2, the earths' total CO2 production is 540,000,000,000 MT/yr and the total CO2 emissions from all industrialized nations is approximately 27,000,000,000 MT/yr, and each industrialized nations' annual CO2 emissions (data collected in 2007 by the CDIAC for the United Nations) and land area are known, a fair method of calculating CO2 emission reductions can be determined for each industrialized nation.
The Kyoto Target is a 5.2% reduction of 27,000,000,000 MT/yr which equates to 1,404,000,000 MT/yr.
Using China as an example,
- annual CO2 emissions of 5,010,170,000 MT/yr
- land area of 9,629,091 km2
- 7,698,906,000 MT/yr CO2 is sequestered by land due to human and natural sources
- 384,945,000 MT/yr CO2 is sequestered by land
- 4,625,225,000 MT/yr is the net CO2 emissions
- 296,014,000 MT/yr CO2 is the reduction required*
*Since Brazil and Lybia land areas sequester the CO2 amount they are required to reduce, the other industrialized nations must reduce more, so the 5.2% Kyoto mandated must be increased to 6.4%.
At say $20/MT, China is required to reduce CO2 emissions or pay non-industrialized nations for carbon credits worth approximately $5,920,000,000/yr.
The Kyoto Protocol was signed amongst 183 industrialized nations without defining the rules for carbon credit trading.
Carbon trading deals with CO2 emissions which represent 77% of all GHG emissions.
Carbon credit trading is a scheme used by industrialized nations to allow them to maintain or increase CO2 levels through the purchase of carbon credits from nations that sequester more CO2 than they are allowed to produce.
Carbon credits are to be traded through internationally stock markets. With no regulation in place, speculators and illegal schemes will emerge comparable to those that created the Tech, Uranium and Oil bubbles. This will lead to inflated carbon credit valuation leading to the fall of the carbon credit trading system.
A proposed method that defines each non-industrialized nations' CO2 sequestration amount is outlined below.
Scientists say that 5% of all GHGs are produced by human activity, 95% is produced naturally.
The oceans sequester 30% and land sequesters 20% of all atmospheric CO2 present. The other 50% remains in the atmosphere. Since the earths' land is owned by a particular nation and the oceans are not, land sequestration of CO2 should be part of the GHG emission target equation. Given that the earths' total land area is 136,000,000 km2, the earths' total CO2 production is 540,000,000,000 MT/yr, the total CO2 sequestered by all non-industrialized nations is 1,394,372,000 MT/yr based on land area is 37,475,765 km2, a fair method of calculating CO2 emission credits can be determined for each non-industrialized nation.
Using Mongolia as an example (rounded numbers),
- annual CO2 emissions is 0 MT/yr
- land area is 1,565,000 km2
- 1,242,788,000 MT/yr CO2 is sequestered by land due to human and natural sources
- 58,215,000 MT/yr CO2 is sequestered by land
Industrialized nations must pay Mongolia the equivalent of 58,215,000 MT/yr of Carbon credits for naturally sequestered CO2 by their forests, grasslands and native bodies of water.
At say $20/MT, industrialized nations must pay Mongolia carbon credits worth approximately $1,164,000,000/yr.
Defining the Real Problem
In the earth's upper atmosphere there are three basic reactions taking place as a result of solar energy reacting with O2 and H2O vapor. They include O2 dissociation, O3 creation and OH-creation. The OH- ion is what the earth uses to react with contaminants, such as CH4 and other light than air hydrocarbons, to form simple molecules such as carbon dioxide, water and carbonic acid.
Methane Reaction
1) 4O2 + hv à 8O= oxygen dissociation
2) 8O= +4O2 + hv à 4O= + 4O3 ozone creation
3) 4O= + 2H2O +2O2 + 4O3 à 4OH- + 6O3 Hydroxyl creation
Add 6 CH4 Methane from Earth's surface
4) 2CH4 + 4OH- à 2CO + 2H2O + 4H2 And Water Vapor from Earth
4CH4 + 2O2 à 4HCHO + 4H2 Methane / HC oxidation
5) 4HCHO + hv à 4H2 + 4CO
6) 6CO + 6O3 à 6CO2 + 6O2 Ozone Depletion
7) 12H2 + 3O2 + hv à 6H20
8) 6CO2 + 6H2O à 6HCO3- + 6H+ Carbonic Acid returns to earth
9) 3HCO3- + 3H2CO3 + 3H+ + 3Ca++ + 3SiO3 à Water creation
3CaCO3 + 3CO2 + 6H2O + 3SiO2
9 mole volumes of O2 are used up to break down 6 mole volumes of CH4 of which 1-1/2 mole volumes of O2 are returned to the atmosphere.
4-1/2 mole volumes of O2 are lost to CaCO3, 1-1/2 mole volumes of O2 remain as CO2 and 3 mole volumes of O2 remain as H2O.
For every 2 moles of carbonic acid absorbed by the ocean, 1 mole is released as CO2.
6 mole volumes of CH4 GHG creates 3 mole volumes of CO2 GHG and 6 mole volumes of H2O GHG.
The constraint appears to be OH- production due to a shortage of H2O vapor to form O3 in the upper atmosphere.
CO Reaction
CO + OH + O2 à CO2 + HO2.
HO2. + NO à NO2 + OH
NO2 + hv à NO + O
O + O2 + M à O3 + M
Net: CO + 2 O2 + hv à CO2 + O3
NOx Reactons
NOx enhances OH- production when H2O is present.
Reaction with VOCs
VOC + OH → HO2 + other products
NO2 + hν → NO + O
Reaction with N2
N2 + hv → 2N
Effect of Combustion
CH4 + 2O2 à 2H2O + CO2 + heat
1 mole volume of combusted methane produces 3 mole volumes of GHGs.
50% or 0.5 moles of CO2 is sequestered by land and oceans. The other 0.5 moles of CO2 remains in the atmosphere indefinitely. 2 moles of H2O is added to the atmosphere.
Note: atmospheric chemistry is meant for illustration purposes and may not be totally stoichiometrically correct.
In summary, dissociated oxygen reacts with H2O vapor and hydrocarbons to produce CO2 and carbonic acid in the upper atmosphere. CH4 (and lighter hydrocarbons) and H2O vapor rise from the earth's surface to the upper atmosphere because their density is less than that of air. CO2 and carbonic acid (H2CO3) vapor is denser than air and return to the earth's land surface and oceans. Given the number of chemical reactions involved, scientists say it may take the CH4 molecule 9 to 12 years to break down.
Scientists say holes in the O3 layer of the north and south poles are caused by the formation of stratospheric clouds. The GHG contents of these clouds react with O3 causing depletion resulting in a hole. During each Antarctic winter the formation of stratospheric clouds creates holes in the ozone layer. These holes seldom develop over the Arctic because the winters need to be 10 degrees C colder for the stratospheric clouds to form.
Given that the amount of the sun's solar radiation reaching the earth is fixed and the atmospheric CH4 concentration is rising, it would appear that O3 production in the Upper Atmospheric Tropopause is maxed out to the point of resulting in an occasional O3 hole due to depletion.
Given that the atmospheric CH4 concentration is rising, it would appear that the upper atmosphere is unable to produce enough OH- ions to break down the existing load of CH4 and low density hydrocarbon vapors.
From the equations above and the fact 95% of all CO2 is produced naturally, it can be concluded that CO2 is a naturally occurring GHG produced in the upper atmosphere from the oxidation of CH4 and other light hydrocarbons.
Given that the atmospheric CO2 concentration is rising, it would appear that the earths' land surfaces, plants and oceans are unable to sequester current levels.
With the depletion of O2 due to the creation of CO2 and carbonic acid, it can be concluded that the atmospheric concentration of atmospheric O2 is dropping. It is important to note that humans and mammals faint when the O2 concentration drops from 20% to 19.5% (5000 ppm).
The Solution
a) To reduce CO2, H2O vapor and heat production, CH4, VOC, NOx, soot and particulate emissions, requires the following actions be taken;
- Replace existing refineries and petrochemical complexes if they can't be retrofitted to process H2, SNG, methanol and ethanol as feedstock and if they can't capture CO2 and reduce it to O2 and carbon.
- Replace existing coal and fuel oil fired electrical power plants with hydro, nuclear, hydrogen and geothermal plants, solar panel and wind turbines farms if they can't be retrofitted to capture CO2 and reduce it to O2 and carbon.
- Replace existing gasoline and diesel fossil fuels used for combustion car, truck and locomotive engines with bio-diesel and ethanol fuels.
- Replace existing gasoline and diesel combustion car and truck engine technologies with rechargeable electric batteries and corresponding drive trains.
- Replace existing gasoline and diesel combustion car and truck engine technologies with E85 to E100 ethanol technologies.
- Ban the manufacture of fossil fuel gasoline and diesel powered car and truck combustion engines unless fueled with bio-ethanol, bio-diesel or synthetic fuels derived from waste.
- Capture all heat and water vapor from hydrocarbon combustion sources.
- Capture all heat and water vapor from cooling towers.
- Capture all heat and steam discharges to the atmosphere.
- Capture all heat and hot water emissions to water sheds and sewers.
- Capture all heat and water vapor from process stacks.
- Capture all GHGs and VOCs from process stacks and convert to ethanol, O2 and carbon.
- Capture all VOCs from processes or decomposing organic materials and convert it to ethanol.
- Replace all small engines with rechargeable battery powered motors.
- Recycle all paper, plastic, metal and glass.
- Divert all garbage from landfills and convert it to bio-fuel.
- Convert sewage sludge, agricultural waste and all other organic sources to bio-fuel.
- Collect all paper, plastic, metal and plastic in public and private places and recycle and convert to ethanol and diesel fuel.
- Capture all CH4 & VOCs from all landfills and agricultural waste.
- Dig up all landfills and convert organic materials to bio-fuel.
- Dig up all landfills and recycle glass and metals.
b) To increase solar energy reflection or reduce solar energy absorption requires that the following actions be taken;
- Replace low reflective shingles on buildings with high reflective shingles.
- Install reflective siding over low reflective brick on buildings.
- Replace dark colored paint on vehicles with high reflective paint.
- Replace asphalt paving with high reflective concrete.
- Apply high reflective coatings to dark objects.
c) To increase the natural sources of CO2 sequestration requires that the following actions be taken;
- Plant trees on public recreational and private lands.
- Practice agricultural methods which retain plant growth and minimize soil exposure.
d) To replace industrial processes with complex building block processes to simpler ones, such as H2, CH4, SNG, methanol and ethanol, requires that the following actions be taken;
- Replace or convert existing refineries and petrochemical plants from crude oil to H2, CH4, SNG, methanol and ethanol based feedstock capable of capturing CO2 and reduce it to O2 and carbon.
- Because there is CO2 produced, H2, SNG and carbon black from the microwave break down of tires, plastic, oil sands, organic waste, shale, coal and waste hydrocarbons, shall be used as feed stock for refineries and petrochemical plants.
e) To replace CO2 underground sequestration with processes that returns O2 to the atmosphere requires that the following actions be taken;
- Replace processes that generate CO2.
- Reduce CO2 to O2 and carbon black.
- Convert carbon black to fertilizer.
- Add carbon black to agricultural soil.
To implement the intent of the Kyoto Protocol fairly requires that those industrialized nations emitting GHG in excess of their allotment must reduce CO2 emissions or buy carbon credits;
Using the method outlined in the previous section, countries below are in excess of the Kyoto CO2 limits and must reduce CO2 emissions by the following amounts;
United States 362,000,000 MT/yr, China 296,000,000 MT/yr, European Union* 234,000,000 MT/yr, Russia 54,000,000 MT/yr, India 78,000,000 MT/yr, Japan 80,000,000 MT/yr, Canada 15,000,000 MT/yr, South Korea 30,000,000 MT/yr, Mexico 23,000,000 MT/yr, South Africa 25,000,000 MT/yr, Iran 24,000,000 MT/yr, Indonesia 19,000,000 MT/yr, Ukraine 20,000,000 MT/yr, Australia 1,000,000 MT/yr, Saudi Arabia 15,000,000 MT/yr, Thailand 16,000,000 MT/yr, Turkey 12,000,000 MT/yr, Kazakhstan 6,000,000 MT/yr, Algeria 6,000,000 MT/yr, Malaysia 11,000,000 MT/yr, Venezuela 9,000,000 MT/yr, Egypt 8,000,000 MT/yr, United Arab Emerites 9,000,000 MT/yr, Argentina 2,000,000 MT/yr, Uzbekistan 8,000,000 MT/yr, Pakistan 6,000,000 MT/yr, Nigeria 5,000,000 MT/yr, Kuwait 6,000,000 MT/yr, Viet Nam 5,000,000 MT/yr, Iraq 4,000,0000 MT/yr, North Korea 5,000,000 MT/yr, Phillipines 4,000,000 MT/yr, Israel 5,000,000 MT/yr, Syria 3,000,000 MT/yr, Belarus 4,000,000 MT/yr, Chile 2,000,000 MT/yr, Columbia 1,000,000 MT/yr, and Serbia & Montenegro 3,000,000 MT/yr.
*European Union countries Includes; Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, France, Spain, Poland, Netherlands, Czech Republic, Belgium, Greece, Romania, Austria, Finland, Portugal, Hungary, Sweden, Denmark, Bulgaria, Ireland, Lithuania, Latvia, Slovakia, Estonia, Slovenia, Cyprus, Luxembourg and Malta.
Based on land mass, Brazil and Lybia sequester more CO2 than they produce, therefore they are eligible for carbon credits of 10,000,000 MT/yr and 6,000,000 MT/yr, respectively.
The proposed carbon credit equivalents and penalties are summarized below;
a) A carbon credit is equal to a reduction of 1 metric tonne (MT) of equivalent CO2 (CO2e) emissions.
b) The value of a carbon credit of 1 MT be equivalent to the world price of crude oil per barrel (BBL).
c) Bio-fuels are defined as sugar cane, sugar beets, corn, jatrophia, soya, cellulose, wood chips, paper, bio-garbage, etc.
d) Penalties: In terms of emissions produced from man-made sources; 1 MT of CO2e is equal to 1 MT of NOx, 1 MT of CFCs, 1 MT of a 1 Carbon chain VOC, 1MT of Soot Particulate, 1 MT of water vapor produced or 1 MT of O2 consumed. 2 MT of CO2e is equal 2 MT of a 2 Carbon chain VOC, etc.
e) Credits: A standard method that defines each non-industrialized nations' CO2 sequestration amount is outlined below.
Scientists say that 5% of all GHGs are produced by human activity, 95% is produced naturally.
The oceans sequester 30% of all atmospheric CO2 and land sequesters 20%. The other 50% remains in the atmosphere. Since the earth's oceans are not owned by any particular nation, land sequestration of CO2 should be part of the GHG emission target equation. Known relative constants are the earths' total land area (136,000,000 km2), the earths' total CO2 production 540,000,000,000 MT/yr (27,000,000,000/.05), the total CO2 sequestered by all non-industrialized nations is 1,394,372,000 MT/yr based on land area is 37,475,765 km2.
Using Mongolia as an example (rounded numbers),
- annual CO2 emissions 0 MT/yr
- land area 1,565,000 km2
- 1,242,788,000 MT/yr CO2 sequestered by land due to human + natural
- 58,215,000 MT/yr CO2 sequestered by land due to human activity
Industrialized nations must pay Mongolia the equivalent of 58,215,000 MT/yr of Carbon credits for naturally sequestered CO2 by their forests, grasslands and native bodies of water. At say $20/MT, industrialized nations must pay Mongolia carbon credits worth approximately $1,164,000,000/yr.
Other countries eligible for carbon credits from industrialized nations include;
Sudan 101,000,000 MT/yr, Congo 94,000,000 MT/yr, Greenland 87,000,000 MT/yr, Mongolia 58,215,000 MT/yr, Peru 52,000,000 MT/yr, Chad 52,000,000 MT/yr, Niger 51,000,000 MT/yr, Angola 50,000,000 MT/yr, Mali 50,000,000 MT/yr, Ethiopia 45,000,0000 MT/yr, Bolivia 44,000,000 MT/yr, Mauritania 41,000,000 MT/yr, Tanzania 38,000,000 MT/yr, Namibia 33,000,000 MT/yr, Mozambique 32,000,000 MT/yr, Zambia 30,000,000 MT/yr, Burma 37,000,000 MT/yr, Afghanistan 26,000,000 MT/yr, Somalia 26,000,000 MT/yr, Central Africa 25,000,000 MT/yr, Botswana 24,000,000 MT/yr, Madagascar 24,000,000 MT/yr, Kenya 23,000,000 MT/yr, Yemen 21,000,000 MT/yr, Turkmenistan 20,000,000 MT/yr, Cameroon 19,000,000 MT/yr, Papua New Guinea 19,000,000 MT/yr, Morocco 18,000,000 MT/yr, Paraguay 16,000,000 MT/yr, Zimbabwe 16,000,000 MT/yr, Congo Rep 13,000,000 MT/yr, Cote d'Ivoire 13,000,000 MT/yr, Philippines 12,000,000 MT/yr, Ecuador 11,000,000 MT/yr, Burkina Fasco 11,000,000 MT/yr, New Zealand 11,000,000 MT/yr, Gabon 11,000,000 MT/yr, Western Sahara 11,000,000 MT/yr, Guinea 10,000,000 MT/yr, Ghana 10,000,000 MT/yr, Laos 9,000,000 MT/yr, Uganda 9,000,000 MT/yr, Guyana 9,000,000 MT/yr, Oman 9,000,000 MT/yr, Kyrgyzstan 8,000,000 MT/yr, Senegal 8,000,000 MT/yr, Cambodia 7,000,000 MT/yr, Uruguay 7,000,000 MT/yr, Tunisia 7,000,000 MT/yr, Suriname 7,000,000 MT/yr, Bangladesh 6,000,0000 MT/yr, Tajikistan 6,000,000 MT/yr, Nepal 6,000,000 MT/yr, Nicaragua 5,000,000 MT/yr, Eritrea 5,000,000 MT/yr, Malawi 5,000,000 MT/yr, Benin 5,000,000 MT/yr, Hondurus 4,000,000 MT/yr, Liberia 4,000,000 MT/yr, Cuba 4,000,000 MT/yr, Guatemala 4,000,000 MT/yr, Iceland 4,000,000 MT/yr, Yugoslavia 4,000,000 MT/yr, Jordon 4,000,000 MT/yr, French Guiana 4,000,000 MT/yr.
Based on land mass, Brazil and Lybia sequester more CO2, than they produce, therefore they are also eligible for carbon credits of 10,000,000 MT/yr and 6,000,000 MT/yr, respectively.
New Transportation Fuel Credits: A credit of 1 MT CO2e emissions produced from the combustion of bio-fuels is equal to 1 MT of CO2e emissions produced from fossil fuels displaced in 2009 and beyond. Transportation fuels include methane, methanol, propane, gasoline, #2 FO, #6 FO, Jet Fuel, etc.
New Power Generation Credits: A 2 MT CO2e emissions credit for wind, nuclear, solar, bio-fuel power generation which displaces 1 MT of CO2e emissions produced from fossil fuels in 2009 and beyond. This includes power generation produced from the combustion of coal, #2 FO, #6 FO, etc.
Existing Power Generation Credits: A 1 MT CO2e emissions credit for bio-fuel power generation which displaces 1 MT of CO2e emissions produced from fossil fuels in 2009 and beyond. This includes existing power generation produced from the combustion of coal, #2 FO, #6 FO, etc.
CO2e Reduction Credit: 1 MT of CO2e emissions credit for 1 MT of CO2 or 1 MT of NOx reduction to carbon (C) and O2 or N2 and O2 from fossil fuel power generation or transportation fuel combustion. Carbon (C) must be stored in such as manner that it does not react with oxygen to form CO2 or CO.
CO2 Sequestration Storage Credit: -2 MT of CO2 emissions penalty for 1 MT of CO2, stored underground or stored in water bodies, generated from fossil fuels.
Tree CO2 Sequestration Credit: 1 MT of CO2e emissions credit for 1 MT of CO2 sequestration by newly planted trees on lands where there were none prior to 2009. Harvested trees must be replaced within two growing seasons and be of equal CO2 sequestration capability to maintain credit. 1 acre of 25 planted trees is worth 1 carbon credit.
The price of a carbon credit should be based on supply and demand. It should range from $1US to $100US/MT for each CO2e reduction credit.
It is proposed that the GHG emission reductions be implemented in the following actions;
a) Allow fossil fueled plants with feed stocks such as coal, #2 FO, #6 FO, etc. to operate or be built if CO2 from flue gas is sequestered to increase oil well production, used for other industries or reduced to O2 and Carbon (C) and stored in such a manner that it does not react with oxygen to form CO2 or CO.
b) Allow fossil fueled plants with feed stocks such as coal, #2 FO, #6 FO, etc. to operate or be built, if the company possesses enough CO2e emission credits in the country of the company's headquarters to operate the plant in its own country and another country.
c) Industrialized nations in excess of their CO2e emission limits must immediately start paying nations for carbon credits that are currently within their carbon equivalent emission limits.
d) Include CO2e emissions in the country of the company's headquarters that operate a plant in another country.
e) To reduce current CO2 concentrations by 5.2%, it must be legislated that CO2 producing companies of each nation be given a specific time frame in which to comply with mandated levels.
f) Nations not exceeding their carbon equivalent limits must be paid for carbon credits within a specific time frame from nations in excess since they are currently maintaining natural CO2 sequestration sources, for example boreal forests, bushlands, grasslands, etc.
g) Industrial nations in excess of their carbon equivalent limits have the option to pay non industrialized nations carbon credits if they produce sugar cane, sugar beets, maze, soya, jatropha, etc. for the purpose of processing it into transportation fuels methanol, ethanol and bio-diesel thereby reducing CO2 equivalent emissions.
h) Waste materials derived from trees, humans and agriculture, for example paper products, waste treatment sludge, food spoils, cow manure, etc., that are converted to methane gas for power generation and transportation fuels are eligible as carbon credits.
i) Landfill wastes derived from fossil fuels, for example plastic should be outlawed.
j) Recycling of all fossil fuels derived materials, such as plastic, should be legislated into law.
k) Allow carbon credits for naturally derived sources of hydrocarbons used to make plastics, rubber, etc. normally made from fossil fuels.
l) Allow full carbon credits for the recycling of materials such as plastic, glass, metal etc. since recycling it can save up to 90% in energy.
m) Each country shall hire carbon credit enforcement officers to inspect carbon credit generating facilities on a monthly basis to ensure they are compliant. Reporting shall be to the officer's country and United Nations.
n) Regulate the stock exchange to ensure speculators do not illegally drive up the value of carbon credits.
Long Term
1. Re-tool coal mines to produce hydrogen, SNG, methanol and ethanol.
2. Re-tool oil sands mine upgraders to produce H2, SNG, methanol and ethanol.
3. Re-tool refineries and petrochemical complexes such that they are based on simple feedstock, namely H2, SNG, methanol and ethanol with the capability of molecular reduction of CO2 emissions to O2 and carbon.
4. Molecular reduction of a portion of crude oil, SNG, natural gas to hydrogen for fuel cell use and carbon (examples, carbon black, char) for agricultural use.
5. Molecular reduction of carbon dioxide (MRCD) to carbon (examples, carbon black, char) and oxygen (gas) from existing coal and natural gas fired power plants.
6. New electrical power generation from wind turbine, nuclear, geothermal, solar, hydrogen fuel cells and SNG/CNG fuel cells with MRCD.
7. Re-tool vehicle power conversion systems to electric, hydrogen fuel cell / electric hybrid and methanol fuel cell with MRCD.
8. Divert water treatment sludge, landfill organics and hydrocarbon based materials to a molecular reduction of hydrocarbon (MRHC) facility for conversion to CH4, H2 and carbon.
9. Add carbon (example, char) from MRCD to agricultural soils (Terra Preta).
10. Produce fertilizer from MRCD carbon.
11. Enhance depleted oil well production with carbon dioxide displacement.
12. Divert glass, paper, plastic, metals and organic wastes from landfills. Ban landfills except for the disposal of inert non hydrocarbon wastes.
13. Plant trees.
Indirect Benefits
1. The optimum capacity of the Wind Turbine power in the USA is 304,000 MW. It has the potential to create 1,700,000 man-yrs of manufacturing jobs, 304,000 man-yrs of construction jobs and 4,560,000 permanent jobs by adding 304,000 MW to the power grid replacing coal and fuel oil electrical power plants and reducing 1,625,000,000 MT of CO2 emissions by the year 2030.
2. Creation of employment opportunities through the development of fuel cell technology.
3. Creation of employment opportunities through the development of ethanol, bio-fuel, hybrid and electric vehicles.
4. Creation of employment opportunities through the development of uranium and REE mines.
5. Creation of employment opportunities by the creation of American made E85 to E100 ethanol fueled vehicles.
6. Creation of employment opportunities with coal to H2, SNG, methanol and ethanol technologies.
7. Potential for reducing CO emissions by 43%, hydrocarbons by 56%, particulate by 55%, air toxins by 60% and CO2 by 78% by replacing fossil fuel with bio-diesel (jatropha). diesel. The typical cost is $43/BBL @ 3 MT/ha. Most non-industrialized nations are capable of growing jatropha in arid climates including the southern USA, Mexico, South America, Africa and southern Asia.
8. Creation of 14,300 direct and 43,000 indirect jobs in the USA recycling 100% of all landfill waste. An additional 1,144,000 direct jobs and 3,440,000 indirect jobs by recycling landfills used over the past 40 years.
9. Save 19,000,000 BBLS of crude oil and reduce 6,000,000 MT/yr of CO2 emissions by the USA recycling all ferrous metals in landfill garbage. Additional savings of 760,000,000 BBLs of crude oil and a 240,000,000 MT of CO2 reduction by recycling landfills used over the past 40 years.
10. Creation of 14,600 direct and 43,800 indirect jobs in the USA by processing recycled and landfill ferrous metal instead of exporting scrap to Asia and leaving it in a landfill. An additional 1,168,000 direct jobs and 3,504,000 indirect jobs by recycling landfill scrap used over the past 40 years.
11. Save 34,000,000 BBLS of crude oil and reduce 11,000,000 MT/yr of CO2 emissions by the USA processing all scrap ferrous metals instead of exporting it. An additional savings of 1,360,000,000 BBLs of crude oil and a 440,000,000 MT of CO2 reduction by recycling landfill ferrous used over the past 40 years.
13. Other indirect savings attributing to recycling landfill ferrous metal and not exporting scrap ferrous metal include reduction in water, water pollution and mining waste.
14. Creation of USA employment opportunities and save on imported oil with conversion of scrap tires to natural gas, diesel fuel and carbon black using microwave technology. Savings in the order of 14,400,000 BBL/yr of imported crude oil and reduce CO2 emissions by 4,565,000 MT/yr and displace 14,000 foreign direct jobs/yr and 42,000 foreign indirect jobs/yr by converting tires to carbon black.
15. Provide new technologies which will generate employment for industrialized nations.
16. Reduced dependence on foreign sources of fossil fuels by displacing them with fuels produced from agriculture and garbage.
17. Significantly reduce the cost of energy and transportation fuels by generating competing alternative sources.
18. Allow the upper atmosphere to process normal concentrations of hydrocarbons by maintaining normal hydroxyl and ozone concentrations.
19. Completion of the carbon cycle by converting CO2 back to carbon and O2.
20. An acre of 36 maple trees 25 years old absorb 1 MT of CO2/year. The USA loses 106,000 acres of forest per year adding about 106,000 MT of CO2/yr of CO2 to the atmosphere.
21. Produce ethanol from corn for E85 vehicles. USA consumes about 142,350,000,000 gals/yr of gasoline and blends 13,000,000,000 gals/yr of ethanol for a total blend of about 10% ethanol. Agricultural sources can increase production to 20,000,000,000 gals/yr of ethanol to achieve a 15% blend. At 100 gals per job, that equates to 70,000 permanent jobs.
22. Produce ethanol from 85% of all USA garbage for E70 vehicles. USA produces about 232,692,000 MT/yr of garbage of with 85% is organic. 100 gal of ethanol can be produced from 1 MT of garbage. This equates to 20,000,000,000 gals/yr of ethanol. Agricultural sources and garbage sources can increase the ethanol in gasoline blend to achieve about 30% blend. At 165 permanent jobs per 663,000 MT/yr of garbage, these plants will produce 49,000 permanent jobs and 148,000 indirect jobs. In addition 90,000 man-yrs of construction employment would be temporarily created.
23. Provide employment for third world nations with bio-fuel agriculture.
Investment Opportunities
1. Companies involved in jatropha bio-fuel include Chevron (CVX), British Petroleum (BP), Archer Daniels Midland (ADM), Daimler AG (DIA) and Bayer AG (BAY).
2. Wind Turbine manufactures and components include Vestas (VWSYF), Suzlon Energy (SUZL), GE Energy (GE), Siemens (SI), Nordex (NDXGk), Gamesa (GAM) and American Semiconductor (AMSC).
3. The only company involved in the reduction of scrap cars, sludge, tires, coal, shale and oil sands into natural gas, diesel oil and carbon black without the production of CO2 is Global Resource Corp (GBRC).
4. Wind farm companies include Western Wind Energy (WND), Canadian Hydro Developers (KHD), vector Wind energy (VWE) and Shear Wind (SWX).
5. Mining companies providing uranium to nuclear power plants include Cameco (CCO), Paladin (PDN), Denison Mines (DML) and Uranium One (UUU).
6. Companies involved in providing Geothermal Energy include Calpine Corporation (CPNLQ) of San Diego which operates 19 of 21 geothermal plants in California. Other noteworthy geothermal power companies include Constellation Energy Group (CEG), IdaCorp Inc. (IDA), Nevada Geothermal Power Inc. (NGLPF), Ormat Technologies Inc. (ORA), PG&A Corp. (PCG), Polaris Geothermal (PGTHF), Raser Technologies (RZ), Sierra Geothermal Power Corp (SRAGF.PK), US Geothermal Inc. (UGTH), Western GeoPower Corp (WGPWF) and WFI Industries (WFILF).
7. Companies involved in solar reflective roof materials include Owens Corning (OC) and Elkcorp (ELK).
8. The only company that manufactures electric cars with Ultra-capacitors in North America is ZENN Motors (ZNN).
9. A company involved in converting organic waste to bio-char, bio-oil and SNG is Siemens (SI).
10. Companies involved in technologies producing methanol, gasoline and diesel fuel from SNG are Shell (RDS), Air Product (APD) and ExxonMobil (XOM).
11. The following companies, Great West Minerals (GWG) and Avalon Ventures (AVL), are rare earth element miners.
12. Companies involved in fuel cells include Ballard Power (BLD) and IdaTech (IDA), Catalytica (CESI) and Cinergy (CIN).
13. A company involved in organic wastes to ethanol technology is AlterNRG (NRG).
14. A company involved in converting organic wastes to bio-fuels is Startech Environmental (STHK).
Evidence that GHGs created by man are causing global warming is unfounded.
Re-writing the Kyoto Protocol is a great opportunity for the USA to develop new technologies, eliminate landfills, create new employment opportunities, improve our health, eliminate our dependence on foreign oil and provide an opportunity to live up to our moral commitment of feeding poor nations of the world.
However, implementing what is needed will triple current energy costs.
Disclosure: I do not hold stock in any of the above mentioned companies.
George Gorski
Feb.14, 2009
Thank you
Thank you


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Current Research
[Role of protein phosphorylation in yeast mitochondria]
[Essential role of mitochondria in stem cell development]
[Mitochondrial copper homeostasis in mammalian cells]
[Nanoparticles in biological systems]
[Mitochondrial biogenesis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe]
[Biological components in sensor systems]
[Optimization of heterologous gene expression in S. pombe]
[Expression and modification of self-assembling proteins]
Our group is interested in the biogenesis of mitochondria which play a major role in cellular energy metabolism of eukaryotic cells. We are studying the genetical and molecular basis of mitochondrial (mt) biogenesis in the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, which are both excellent eukaryotic model organisms. Current interest is focused on the function and topology of nuclearly assembly of respiratory chain complexes. Furthermore we analyze the function of human orthologous.
encoded mitochondrial proteins, which assist the synthesis and In our applied fieldsort research we use bacteria and yeasts as cell factories for genetically modified proteins. The recombinant proteins are genetically engineered for technical application, e.g. in biosensors. Of special interest are proteins with an inherent ability to self assemble under in vitro conditions. In the following, a compilation of actual projects is given.
For further informations contact:
Prof. Dr. Gerhard Rödel
Role of protein phosphorylation in yeast mitochondriaThe physiological role of reversible protein phosphorylation in the mt compartment is largely unknown as are the corresponding enzymes. We aim to identify yeast enzymes of the mt reversible phosphorylation and their target proteins in order to elucidate their physiological function. To this end deletion mutants of putative mt protein kinases or - phosphatases are analysed regarding their phenotype (respiratory chain function, mt morphology) and their phosphoproteome by a combination of complementary 2D-electrophoretic and chromatographic techniques. Due to the evolutionary conservation of the yeast and mammalian mt system, many of the results may also be valid for mammals.
For further information contact:
Prof. Dr. Gerhard Rödel
Dr. Udo Krause-Buchholz (link)
Dipl. Biol.Uta Gey
Dipl. Biol. Anja Tauche
Essential role of mitochondria in stem cell developmentMitochondria play a pivotal role in eukaryotic cells. Beside their role in energy supply mitochondria are the site of iron-sulfur cluster assembly and a number of other essential metabolic pathways. The role of mitochondria in triggering apoptosis is well-known, but it is becoming evident that they are also important for cell differentiation processes. Due to the very distinct metabolic and energetic demands of different cell types, differentiation processes require appropriate changes in mt function. This includes coordinated assembly of the respiratory chain (RC) complexes to yield a balanced electron influx by complexes I, II and III, and final terminal reduction of oxygen by complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase, COX). Failure of any of the RC complexes results in a decline of membrane potential across the inner mt membrane which is the driving force for ATP production by F1F0 ATPase. The diminished ATP supply affects primarily cells or tissues with a high energy demand, especially neurons and muscle cells, and may result in metabolic disorders which finally lead to serious diseases or to lethality. In this project, we analyse the assembly and activity of the RC complexes and the mt proteome at different stages of cellular development to elucidate its role in stemm cell differentiation.
Prof. Dr. Gerhard Rödel
Dr. Udo Krause-Buchholz
Dipl. Biol. Andreas Hofmann
Mitochondrial copper homeostasis in mammalian cellsCytochrome c oxidase (COX) is an essential, evolutionary highly conserved enzyme of the mt respiratory chain that catalyses the reduction of molecular oxygen by reduced cytochrome c. The three largest subunits, encoded by mtDNA, form the catalytic core of the enzyme. Activity of the enzyme is dependent on a couple of redox active metal centres, among them the two copper binding sites CuA- and CuB. Incorporation of copper is crucial for the assembly and activity of the enzyme.
Eukaryotic cells utilize copper in the cytoplasm (SOD, superoxide dismutase), mitochondria (COX), and the endoplasmatic reticulum. Copper ions are delivered by special copper chaperones in a highly regulated way to the sites of utilization. For delivery to COX, copper ions have to be transported from the cytosol to mitochondria and to be incorporated into the two copper binding sites. Copper ions are present in the mt intermembrane space, and recent data suggest that copper ions may enter the mt matrix to be eventually recruited at a later stage to the intermembrane space. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, several mt proteins involved in copper delivery to COX have been identified, among them the soluble proteins Cox17p, Cox19p, Cox23p and the inner membrane proteins Sco1p, Sco2p and Cox11p. These proteins are evolutionary conserved, and recent studies have identified the pivotal role of some of them in human diseases.
This project addresses the role of proteins involved in mammalian mt copper metabolism and COX assembly by gene-specific RNAi-knockdown in cultured human cells.
Prof. Dr. Gerhard Rödel
Dr. Udo Krause-Buchholz
Dipl. Biochem. Corina Oswald
Nanoparticles in biological systemsDue to their small size nanoparticles (NP) exhibit a variety of unique physical and chemical properties, including surface characteristics, fluorescence and other optical features. In collaboration with the Institute of Materia Science, we test different NPs, e.g. gold particles, for their application in biological systems as addressable cargos.
Prof. Dr. Gerhard Rödel
Dr. Udo Krause-Buchholz
Dipl. Biol. Msaukiranji Mkandawire
Mitochondrial biogenesis in Schizosaccharomyces pombeThe fission yeast S. pombe, which is phylogenetically as far apart from S. cerevisiae as from man, is established as a useful model organism for eukaryotic molecular biology. The genome of S. pombe has revealed many genes with a high degree of homology to genes in S. cerevisiae that are involved in mt biogenesis.
We are studying the functional conservation of the homologous proteins by complementation analysis of S. cerevisiae mutants. The molecular function and topology of the proteins in S. pombe is analyzed by molecular genetical methods such as gene deletions, tetrad analysis, GFP-fusions, mutagenesis etc.
Prof. Dr. Gerhard Rödel
Dr. Kai Ostermann
Biological components in sensor systemsBiosensors have a high potential for application in a variety of technical processes, e.g. in biotechnology and in medicine.
We are using yeasts as "whole cell sensors" as well as engineered recombinant proteins of different organisms for the functionalization of sensors.
The projects are in close collaboration with different institutes of the TU Dresden and some industrial partners.
Prof. Dr. Gerhard Rödel
Dr. Kai Ostermann
Dipl. Biol. Annett Groß
Dipl. Biol. Karolina Ihle
Dipl. Biol. Simone Thierfelder
B.Sc. Andre Clemens
Optimization of heterologous gene expression in S. pombeThe aim of this project is to express high levels of heterologous proteins in S. pombe. To this end, S. pombe strains are genetically modified in order to increase the biosynthetic capacity. One focus is optimization of secretion, another aspect addresses high-cell density fermentation. The project is in close collaboration with the group of Prof. Bley (Institute of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering) at the TU Dresden.
Furthermore yeasts are genetically modified to improve biodegradation processes. This project is in close collaboration with industrial partners.
Prof. Dr. Gerhard Rödel
Dr. Kai Ostermann
Dipl. Biol. Kirsten Kottmeier
Dipl. Biol. Susann Lauffer
Dipl. Biol. Susann Kurtz
Expression and modification of self-assembling proteinsIn this research area we focus on self-assembling proteins of procaryotes (S-layer proteins) and fungi (hydrophobins).
S-layer proteins cover the surface of some bacteria. Isolated S-layer proteins form highly ordered self assemblages in vitro, what makes them attractive for technical applications, e.g. as scaffolds in the field of nano-biotechnology.
S-layer genes are cloned, highly expressed in appropriate host systems, and subjected to biochemical and/or biophysical analysis. S-layer genes are genetically engineered to modify their properties for technical applications.
Hydrophobins are small proteins of around 100 amino acids, that are produced by fungi at different stages of their life cycle. Hydrophobins self assemble to amphipatic protein films at phase borders.
We are cloning and expressing hydrophobin genes in appropiate host systems (yeasts, E. coli). The proteins are modified for improving their use in technical applications.
The projects are in close collaboration with the Institute of Materia Science, the Institute for Solid-State Electronics, and different companies.
Prof. Dr. Gerhard Rödel
Dr. Kai Ostermann
Dipl. Chem. Katrin Ferse
Dipl. Chem. Denise Knobloch
Nuriye Korkmaz MSc. Mol. Bioeng. Melinda Varga
Last modified: 06.05.2013 14:14
Author: Lucas Schirmer
Renate Werker
Tel.: +49 351 463-33010
Fax: +49 351 463-37725
Zellescher Weg 20b,
01217 Dresden
Neubau Biologische Institute
Zi. 152
mailing address:
TU Dresden
01062 Dresden
package address:
TU Dresden
Helmholtzstraße 10
01069 Dresden


text:
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text:
Comets gain first road win
- Last Updated on 07:47 AM 12/20/13
- BY Joe Chandler
All it took was 10 minutes.
The Halifax County High School varsity boys basketball team blistered Tunstall High School's pressure defense with easy transition baskets and cruised to a 63-42 win Tuesday night in Dry Fork.
Tuesday night's win, the Comets' first road win of the season, improved the team's record to 4-2 overall and 2-1 in Piedmont District play heading into tonight's home district contest against Magna Vista High School.
With Keyshawn Johnson, who scored a game-high 18 points scoring five points and James Burden, who had a 16-point night, adding a basket, the Comets raced to a 7-0 lead in the first two and half minutes.
The Comets led 18-6 after the first quarter, and, with five different players getting into the scoring column, the Comets led 22-8 after the first minute-and-a half of the second quarter and pulled away to a 33-21 lead at halftime.
A stifling pressure defense on the part of the Comets was too much for the Trojans to overcome. Time after time the Comets were able to pilfer the ball from the Tunstall High School guards or force the Trojans into taking a bad shot or some other miscue.
When Tunstall High School went to its pressure defense, the Comets had no trouble breaking it.
"They (Tunstall High School) were pressing, and we got it (the ball) to Keyshawn and we went right through it and got layups and easy baskets," noted Comets Head Copach Larry Epperly.
"We had talked in practice Monday about how their press was going to be our offense, and that's what happened. We did a really good job breaking the press."
The Comets displayed a well-rounded offense attack throughout the game. For the first time, the Comets didn't have to rely on the 3-point shot to produce a win.
"We did a number of things," Epperly pointed out.
"We did some pick-and-rolls, we did some cutting and did some continuity movement. There were a lot of ways we scored."
If there was any question that the outcome was still in doubt when the second half started, that doubt was not there long.
After the Trojans cut the Comets' lead to 10 points with the first basket of the second half, the Comets got back-to-back 3-pointers from Tavion Petty, who finished his night with 10 points, and from Keyshawn Johnson to take a 39-23 lead.
Leading 39-25 with six minutes left in the third quarter, the Comets went on an 8-0 run in which they got back-to-back steals and an easy transition basket from Keyshawn Johnson to take a 47-25 lead with 4:27 left in the third quarter to put the game out of reach.
A 7-2 run in the final two and a half minutes of the quarter that included two baskets from Burden and a 3-point shot from Will Miller produced a 54-28 lead at the end of the quarter.
The Comets scored five unanswered points to start the fourth quarter and extend their lead to 59-28. After that it was merely a mop-up affair for the Comets.
Tuesday night's win was a good tonic for the Comets, who had lost close road games to Franklin County High School and Person (N.C.) High School on back-to-back nights last weekend.
"This was a good win," Epperly said.
"We needed this game. We had a tough weekend. We felt like we could have won both of those games over the weekend, but we just didn't execute at the proper time."
Tonight's game against Magna Vista High School will be another big Piedmont District game for the Comets.
"It's a home game, it's a district game and it's one we have to be ready to play," Epperly pointed out.
"We've been following their (Magna Vista High School's) scores and they've been winning. They're a good ballclub. It will be a good matchup."