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A Chat with Donnybrook Bestie Neil Autry of Western Evil
Written by Alistair Blake Arabella // August 9, 2012 // Concerned Interview, Fashion and Haberdashery, The Table // 1 Comment
We sat down with Neil as he gears up for Chicago Comic-Con this Weekend, I Swoon!
If you're a horror/cult/gore fanatic like me (who isn't?) then you've hopefully heard of the most kick-ass fashion designer ever, Neil Autry, and his label Western Evil. If you haven't, then here's your chance to meet the designer behind one of the most high quality counter-culture fashion labels in the US. You can thank with me presents… from Western Evil (a classic CHUD Nelson shirt would be lovely, thank you).
I recently caught up with Neil as he gears up to take the Western Evil crew to this weekend's Chicago Comic-Con and tried my damndest not to throw myself at his adorable feet. (Spoiler alert: I totally failed, but that's why you love me anyway.)
AA: You began Western Evil in 2007 after the death of a friend inspired you to go after your dreams. With everything going on around the country right now, can you talk about turning a tragedy like that into something so positively transformative?
NA: Well the fire got lit under my ass after that. It took a little while to turn the actual idea into a reality. Something I could grab and say this is mine, I made this. A lot of times it's hard to find something positive in tragic events. Life is short and should be enjoyed that's something that should always be remembered. Go after what you love to do. Wasting your life in a job you hate won't get you far; before you know it your window of opportunity is gone.
Of course you're a horror fan, given your source material – but what specifically lead you to turn your love for cult and exploitation films into the inspiration behind a successful clothing label?
It's not just films but exploiting any taboo, or ugliness in the world. If it happens in life one should be able to find a beauty or humor in it. Just because it's not a butterfly or something visually soothing doesn't mean it isn't beautiful. My view of art differs from most peoples. When I was young I was very fond of a series Andy Warhol did that was nothing but 1950′s car accidents. There is a flow in that chaos and misfortune. A sort of balance you could say. I know that may sound insensitive to some but death, nudity, and vulgarity are very natural. I'm not just spoon feeding somebody something for shock value, though. There is obviously that initial shock, mentioning period blood, or showing a pentagram made of dicks. It certainly makes for some cringing faces initially and others instantly laugh. There is more to it though, underlying statements that are sometimes overlooked. Something not too preachy but entertaining with a wink and a nod. On the flip-side, even I have my lines that I feel shouldn't be crossed.
One thing that struck me about Western Evil is your attention to quality and detail. What made you decide to forgo the easy route of cheaply made products and hold your designs to a higher standard while still keeping them affordable for everyone?
Have you ever went to a show or a convention and threw down 20 bucks on a shirt? Wore it a couple of times and then it cracked or looked like crap after you washed it? It has happened to me. I was super pissed. Some guy had one offed the shirt in his basement, put maybe two or three bucks into the product. There was no care or concern in the product. I've spent as little as 59 cents and all the way up to 70 bucks on a single t-shirt. I wanted to create something that was almost an in-between. Comfortable and complimentary, but affordable. We really stepped up quality this last year, but right out of the gate it was something very important to me and always will be.
Alright, inquiring minds (possibly in my pants) want to know, because anyone can see your lovely mug on the site, fantastically giving model face – did you find it harder or easier to be taken seriously when you first started out given that you look like an even badasser (that's a word because I say so) James Dean?
Don't tell anybody but I'm actually hideously disfigured. It's all latex and make-up with a few good angles. Hopefully my product speaks for its self and that's what has made things successful. Although, a little charm and looks have made room for me in a few beds in time of need on the road.
Sigh… so hot. Okay, one last thing I have to ask – do you still have Elvira's tits?
Of course! They are in a glass case. Signed to me up on display. Along with my taxidermy collection and a face cast of Traci Lords. One day I will Frankenstein them all together and make the perfect woman!
Silly boy, I'm already the perfect woman.
You can catch Neil and all the crazy kids from Western Evil this weekend at Chicago Comic-Con, and do your part to support an amazing artist making quality work by grabbing some great threads from Western Evil. My own personal faves are his Tura Satana KILL KILL KILL shirt and "I Am Woman", but I'm partial to fellow Women of BadAssery.
All Photos Courtesy of Neil Autry and Western Evil


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Mount Rose, by any other name, would be as steep. The views would be as sweet. Nearby Mount Ellinor typically draws the most hiker traffic with its shorter, not-quite-as-steep summit ascent and superlative views. Mount Rose is a challenging, yet rewarding, alternative.
Angry goats forced the Forest Service to close the Mount Ellinor Trail for a few weeks, meaning some folks, such as myself, picked Mount Rose instead.
The other option I considered — Mount Jupiter — is a 7.2-mile one-way trip, made two miles longer by a private gate closure. Six or seven miles; I'm good with that. Nine miles one way? Not so much. Especially not for my first high country hike of the season.
So, for my first high country hike of the season I pick one of the steepest in the Olympics, considered "most strenuous" by the Forest Service? Yup. I was going to give my newly made hiking stick a true test. I built it out of a wooden broom handle, rope lanyard and a copper pipe end cap for less than $10 — a significant savings over the $80 version I saw online or the even spendier high-tech walking sticks many use, and a step up from a stick found in the woods. Plus, the lanyard matched my homemade sandals and could do for an extra bit of lacing in a pinch.
Thus armed, my dog, Dodge, and I headed uphill.
The climbing begins from the get-go. The trail gains 3,500 feet in less than three miles. That's an average grade of nearly 22.9 percent. Steep, in other words.
The trail travels through a quiet forest of old-growth fir trees. Madrone burst out in a handful of sunny spots. You can always tell where the peek-a-boo view is by the presence of the sun-loving madrone. On the way up are glimpses of Lake Cushman, Prospect Ridge, Dow Mountain and Lightening Peak (I learned the mountain and ridge names when I looked them up online after getting home; from the trail they looked like pretty mountains across whatever valley was behind the trees).
I found myself focusing more on the climb. I wasn't a stick-hiking believer before. It seemed unnecessary weight to carry. Boy, was I wrong. The weight is more than made up for by the ability to shift some of the work to the upper body during the climb.
I also noticed numerous scorch marks on the trunks. I missed the sign on the way in (but saw it as I signed out) pointing out that the area was burned by the 2006 Bear Gulch 2 fire. I found it fascinating how the forest had recovered.
The trail enters the National Forest in 0.4 mile and the Mount Skokomish Wilderness Area in 1.1 miles.
I was passed by some hikers and passed others. Eventually I reached the loop split to the Mount Rose summit. Prior to reaching the split, I headed uphill to the left on what I thought was the split, but turned out to merely be a side route to an outcropping with a view. The split is well signed and impossible to miss.
Head left for the shorter, steeper ascent. Some of the hikers went the other way. I didn't because I find a steep descent more painful.
The trail is maintained year-round by volunteers (you need an ice axe in winter). Orange blazes above the snow line mark the route. On the way up they were orange, plastic ribbons. The return was with orange, metal diamonds.
The last .9 mile to the summit is a bit of a steep, sometimes rugged push. Wildflowers start to appear, as does a ghost forest of dead trees, their bone-white branches reaching skyward. Once you start the first downhill, you know you're at the top. There are trees on the mountaintop, so its not like there's 360-degree views of anything. Plus, there were clouds when I went, so the view wasn't the best. None-the-less, I had a decent view of what I later learned was Bear Gulch Valley and one of three mountains: either Ellinor, Mount Washington or Mount Pershing. All are visible from Rose, but I have no clue which I was seeing.
The loop's return heads gently down Mount Rose's narrow, treed ridge. After a bit, it quickly descends through a muddy patch. Guess what? A hiking stick helps steady the balance on the way down as much as it assists the climbing on the way up.
Little birds flitted and chirped through the trees. I'm not much of a birder, so I can't identify most birds. A pair of crow-sized, black and white woodpeckers with red-tufted heads, I believe were pileated woodpeckers, were a surprise sighting midway down. Dodge was very interested in them. Which reminds me of another use for a hiking stick: providing a barrier to sneaky dogs trying to scoot past you by your knees.
It took me a little more than 5.5 hours to hike the 6.4-mile trail. That's significantly slower than my typical 2-mile-per-hour pace for average hiking/walking but not bad (for me) on such a steep trail. My legs have been feeling the hike for several days, but not as bad as they would have been without my handy-dandy new tool.
Mount Rose
How long: 6.4 miles
How hard: strenuous (Forest Service considers it "most difficult")
How to get there: From Highway 101, turn west onto State Route 119 in Hoodsport. Drive 9 miles to Forest Service Road 24. Turn left and drive 3 miles to the Mount Rose Trailhead (on the right). Signs point to an alternate access just beyond the main trailhead in use while bridges are being constructed. A small portable toilet is at the trailhead. Leashed pets allowed; no stock. No pass is required.

subset: commoncrawl


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Playing Chicken With Common Sense
I read this post by Mikesdotnetting a few days ago when I was trying to implement a Tag Cloud for our open source forum project SubForum. Although it was a good post and got me started on how to do it, I found it a bit complex for what I needed. One of the complications that I saw was obviously the Entity Framework and the data layer that Mike talked about to build the Tag Cloud. The data I needed was quite simple and didn't need to be that complex.
I decided to implement a simple ASP.NET MVC Tag Cloud using plain SQL and a simple table structure. Also, I did not want categories. I just wanted posts and post tags, so that my Tag Cloud could more accurately represent the Tags in the posts.
RenderAction Approach
I decided to use the RenderAction approach introduced in the MVC Futures library. This helped me strongly type the Tag Cloud partial view to a Model and a specific action in the Controller that populates the model. This is helpful because the Model for the main page is different from the Model for the TagCloud and I wanted to avoid adding the Tag Cloud model to the ViewData collection as a dictionary value. You can read Jimmy Bogard's post for more about the benefits of RenderAction.
The Steps
Back to the Tag Cloud. Let me start with the Database model:
The Post and Tag object are used to represent a Post and a List of Tags:
The way it works is that every time a post is added, the comma separated tags associated with it are taken and inserted as individual tags in the PostTags table.
We need to pull all the information from the database to perform our Tag Cloud calculations. We need the number of times each tag occurs in the system, the Tag itself and the total number of posts in the system. We can pull all this information in one simple query:
Select Count(1) As Count, PostTags.Tag As Tag, (Select Count(*) From Posts) As TotalPosts From PostTagsGroup By PostTags.TagOrder By 'Count' Desc
Select Count(1) As Count, PostTags.Tag As Tag, (Select Count(*) From Posts) As TotalPosts From PostTagsGroup By PostTags.TagOrder By 'Count' Desc
The result of executing this query against our test database returns:
As you can see, this shows the tag, the number of times it occurs in the system and the total number of posts in the system. We can then return this data through the TagCount object (which has just three properties: Count, Tag and TotalPosts) from our Data Layer function GetTagCloud:
public IList<SubForum.DataAccess.Objects.TagCount> GetTagCloud() { System.Data.IDbCommand command = null; IDataReader dataReader = null; List<SubForum.DataAccess.Objects.TagCount> returnList = new List<SubForum.DataAccess.Objects.TagCount>(); IDbConnection connection = new System.Data.SqlClient.SqlConnection(this.ConnectionString); try { connection.Open(); command = connection.CreateCommand(); command.CommandText = "Select Count(1) As Count, PostTags.Tag As Tag, (select count(*) from Posts) as To" + "talPosts\nFrom PostTags\nGroup By PostTags.Tag\nOrder By \'Count\' Desc"; System.Console.WriteLine("Executing Query: {0}", command.CommandText); dataReader = command.ExecuteReader(); for ( ; dataReader.Read(); ) { SubForum.DataAccess.Objects.TagCount modelObj = new SubForum.DataAccess.Objects.TagCount(); modelObj.Tag = ((String)(dataReader["Tag"])); if ((dataReader["Count"].Equals(DBNull.Value) == false)) { modelObj.Count = ((int)(dataReader["Count"])); } else { modelObj.Count = null; } if ((dataReader["TotalPosts"].Equals(DBNull.Value) == false)) { modelObj.TotalPosts = ((int)(dataReader["TotalPosts"])); } else { modelObj.TotalPosts = null; } returnList.Add(modelObj); } } finally { if ((dataReader != null)) { ((System.IDisposable)(dataReader)).Dispose(); } if ((command != null)) { ((System.IDisposable)(command)).Dispose(); } if ((connection != null)) { connection.Close(); ((System.IDisposable)(connection)).Dispose(); } } return returnList; \
The ForumController that handles all the Forum MVC requests has a GetTagCloud() function that returns the model for the View:
public ActionResult TagCloud() { IList<TagCount> tagCountList = DataAccessService.GetTagCloud(); return View(tagCountList); \
Then comes the user control or the MVC Partial View that displays the tags as links with the right Tag class to use. TagCloud.ascx:
<%@ Control Language="C#" Inherits="System.Web.Mvc.ViewUserControl<IList<SubForum.DataAccess.Objects.TagCount>>" %>
Tags

<% int totalNumberOfTags = base.Model.Count;foreach (SubForum.DataAccess.Objects.TagCount tagCount in base.Model){ if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(tagCount.Tag)) { string tagClass = SubForum.Web.Controllers.ForumController.GetTagClass(tagCount.Count.Value, tagCount.TotalPosts.Value);%>
<%=Html.RouteLink( tagCount.Tag, "Tag", new { controller = "Forum", action = "Tag", id = tagCount.Tag }, new { id = tagClass } )%>
 <%}}%>

The UI calls the GetTagClass() function to determine which TagClass from the CSS to use:
public static string GetTagClass(int category, int articles) { var result = (category * 100) / articles; if (result <= 1) return "tag1"; if (result <= 4) return "tag2"; if (result <= 8) return "tag3"; if (result <= 12) return "tag4"; if (result <= 18) return "tag5"; if (result <= 30) return "tag5"; return result <= 50 ? "tag6" : ""; }
These Tag classes match our CSS that has the following definition:
.tag1{font-size: 0.8 em}.tag2{font-size: 0.9em}.tag3{font-size: 1em}.tag4{font-size: 1.2em}.tag5{font-size: 1.4em}.tag6{font-size: 1.7em}.tag7{font-size: 2.0em}
Finally, in our Master page we will call the controller to Render the Partial View TagCloud.ascx and shows us all the tags in the system appropriately weighted:

 <% Html.RenderAction<SubForum.Web.Controllers.ForumController>(c => c.TagCloud());%>

This yields a plain and simple TagCloud looking as such, with the most popular showing first :
The Tag Cloud can be extended by limiting the Tags to a predefined set of tags instead of making it free for all. That can simply be done by adding a Tags table which holds all the system's predefined Tags and only allowing users to pick from those tags. The overall working of this code and the SQL would not be affected at all.
You can also return the top 10 or however many tags that you want to be displayed instead of displaying all the tags by simply adding a Top clause to your query:
Select Top 10 Count(1) As Count, PostTags.Tag As Tag, (Select Count(*) From Posts) As TotalPostsFrom PostTagsGroup By PostTags.TagOrder By 'Count' Desc
With this approach all the code from the UI layer including the CSS down to the Data Layer is shown. The approach is universal to any database engine or provider you may want to use and there is nothing hidden except the workings of the MVC Framework. You can see a live demo (if it is up :) ) at www.PortaltoolBox.net or checkout the actual source on www.subforum.net.
Tags: subforum, asp.net mvc, tag cloud
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Quotations and Allusions in
C. S. Lewis, Surprised by Joy
compiled by Arend Smilde (Utrecht, The Netherlands)
C. S. Lewis's autobiography Surprised by Joy (1955), like most of his books, contains a great number of allusions to unspecified sources, including literal quotations. It is perhaps never vitally important to know these sources; yet tracing them can be a rewarding enterprise. Here is a listing by chapter of many such words and phrases with brief references to what I have found to be their sources and, occasionally, notes suggesting their relevance to the context in which Lewis uses them. I have also included a few other items where a short explanation may be of use to some readers. The list has its origin in the notes I added to my Dutch translation of the book, published in 1998 as Verrast door Vreugde. Double question marks in bold type – ?? – follow items where I have not found the required information. Corrections and additions, including proposed new entries, are welcome.
This website also features an INDEX of writers and writings quoted in Surprised by Joy. The Index contains additional information in the form of dates for most of the items, including those not dealt with in the notes below. For example, "Bekker's Charicles" in chapter IV of Surprised by Joy is not in the notes, but is briefly identified (and Bekker's name corrected to Becker) in the Index.
Surprised by joy – impatient as the wind : Wordsworth, "Surprised by joy" (Sonnet, 1815).
Chapter I: The First Years
Happy, but for so happy ill secured : Milton, Paradise Lost IV, 370.
Neither had ever listened for the horns of elfland : From Tennyson's poem, "The splendour falls on castle walls" etc. in The Princess (1847), between parts III and IV. "O sweet and far from cliff and scar / The horns of Elfland faintly blowing!" Cf. what Lewis wrote in a letter of 25 March 1933 to his friend Arthur Greeves about a recent talk with J. R. R. Tolkien, "We agreed that for what we meant by romance there must be at least the hint of another world – one must 'hear the horns of elfland'." Collected Letters vol. II (2004), p. 103.
Down : County in Northern Ireland, immediately south of Belfast.
the Blue Flower : A symbol of romantic longing in the novel Heinrich von Ofterdingen (1802), by Novalis.
Prayer Book : The Book of Common Prayer, service book of the Anglican Church. Large parts of it were written by Thomas Cranmer (1489–1556). By 1662 it had the form in which it was to survive for more than three centuries.
What more felicity can fall to creature... : Spenser, "Muiopotmos", 209–210, in Complaints (1591).
dark backward and abysm of time : Shakespeare, The Tempest I.2, 49.
Tenniel : Sir John Tenniel (1820–1914), cartoonist in the satirical magazine Punch and illustrator of Alice in Wonderland.
there suddenly arose in me without warning... : According to Dorothee Sölle in her Mystik und Widerstand (1997, translated as The Silent Cry: Mysticism and Resistance, 2001) Lewis is here quoting or alluding to the 14th-century anonymous mystical work The Cloud of Unknowing, chapter IV. It is impossible to be sure whether this is indeed a case of quotation or allusion, but there is an undeniable relevance of the Cloud passage to what Lewis says here.
enormous bliss : Milton, Paradise Lost V, 297. "...for Nature here / Wantoned as in her prime, and played at will / Her virgin fancies, pouring forth more sweet, / Wild above rule or art, enormous bliss."
'Іοϋλίαν ποθω / Oh, I desire too much : ?? The phrase really consists of three words and may be transcribed as Iou, lian potho ("Oh, / too much / I desire")
I heard a voice... : Longfellow, "Tegnér's Drapa", in The Seaside and the Fireside (1849). Lewis is quoting the first half of the stanza. The second half runs: "And through the misty air / Passed like the mournful cry / Of sunward sailing cranes." The poem is not a translation in blank verse, as Lewis says it is, but original work by Longfellow, viz. a lament (drapa) in Old Norse style on the death of the Swedish poet Esaias Tegnér.
Chapter II: Concentration Camp
Kalevala : Finnish national epic, compiled from folk poetry by Elias Lönnroth in the years 1835–1849.
"Green Hertfordshire", Lamb calls it : Charles Lamb (1775–1834), "Amicus Redivivus", seventh paragraph, in Last Essays of Elia (1833). Lamb was born and raised in London, but he and his sister spent many holidays with their grandmother at Blakesware, a large country house in Hertfordshire which he fondly remembered and described in later years.
Which like to rich and various gems inlaid... : Milton, Comus (1634), 22–23. "...the sea-girt isles / That, like to rich and various gems, inlay / The unadorned bosom of the deep..."
"to treat of the good that I found there" : Dante, Inferno I, 8. "...ma per trattar del ben ch'i' vi trovai..."
"the slow maturing of old jokes" : G. K. Chesterton, George Bernard Shaw (1910), in the long last section called "The Philosopher" (at about one quarter the length of that section from its beginning; penultimate sentence of the paragraph starting "Now the reason why our fathers did not make marriage..."):
All the things that make monogamy a success are in their nature undramatic things, the silent growth of an instinctive confidence, the common wounds and victories, the accumulation of customs, the rich maturing of old jokes.
Dr Grimstone's school in Vice Versa : A famous school story published in 1882, Vice Versa: A Lesson to Fathers by F. Anstey tells about a father who is magically transformed into his son and vice versa, so that the father experiences the harsh and sordid reality of school life.
to be stayed with flagons and comforted with apples... : Song of Songs 2:5.
Martialis, "This case, I beg..." : From Epigrammata VI.19.
Garuda Stone : See note on F. Anstey's Vice Versa, above. The Garuda Stone is the magical device by which father and son swap roles.
Chapter III: Mountbracken and Campbell
For all these fair people, etc. : Free rendering of lines 48–55 of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, a late 14th-century anonymus poem. The original passage starts with the words "with all the wele of the worlde". In chapter XIV (see note there) this phrase appears to have been partly confused with another passage from Sir Gawain.
a Fabian : Fabianism was an English variety of democratic socialism during the latter decades of the nineteenth century.
Thomas Arnold : English historian and educational reformer (1795–1842).
ogni parte ad ogni parte splende : "Each part [viz. each of the nine angelic choirs] emitting its radiance to each other part [viz. each of the nine celestial spheres]" Dante, Inferno VII, 75.
Chapter IV: I Broaden my Mind
I struck the board... : George Herbert, "The Collar" (from The Temple, 1633).
In January 1911, just turned thirteen : Born on 29 November 1898, he had in fact just turned twelve.
Tamburlaine the Great : Tragedy in blank verse by Christopher Marlowe (first published 1590) on the life, conquests, and death of the 14th-century Mongol conqueror Timur the Lame, or Timurlane.
Browning's Paracelsus : Dramatic poem by the English poet Robert Browning (first published 1835) based on the life of the Swiss doctor, alchemist and philosopher Paracelsus (1493-1541). He has an obsessive lust for knowledge; although he is aware of the importance of love, he does not discover the true and fruitful relationship between love and knowledge until he dies.
Hippodrome : Originally denoting an open-air court for horse and chariot races in ancient Greece and Rome, the English word has come to cover a variety of popular entertainments. The Royal Hippodrome (or "New Vic") was a Belfast theatre built in 1907 and demolished in 1996. Lewis also mentions the Empire Theatre of Varieties, which lasted from 1894 till 1965.
I believe... One does feel : Ronald Knox, Absolute and Abitofhell (1913). "When suave politeness, tempering bigot zeal / Corrected I believe to One does feel."
prattler : George Herbert, "Conscience" (from The Temple, 1633). "Peace, pratler, do not lowre: / Not a fair Look, but thou dost call it foul: / Not a sweet dish, but thou dost call it sowre: / Musick to thee doth howl. / By listning to thy chatting fears / I have both lost mine eyes and eares..."
by maistry : Walter Hilton, The Scale of Perfection I.33. "...lift up thine heart to God acknowledging thy wretchedness, and cry mercy with a good trust of forgiveness. And strive no more therewith, nor hang no longer thereupon, as thou wouldest by mastery not feel such wretchednesses." (ed. Evelyn Underhill 1923.)
Lucretius : De rerum natura II, 180.
knut : obsolete word for dandy.
"looked upon to lust after her" : Matthew 5:28
Chapter V: Renaissance
Traherne : Thomas Traherne (1637–1674), Anglican divine; author of Centuries of Meditations, first published in 1908. Each of the five chapters in this book contain one hundred meditations and are therefore called "Centuries". The present quotation is from the first Century's second medtiation.
as the poet says, "The sky had turned round" : Charles Williams, "Palomides before his christening", 77, from Taliessin through Logres (1938).
the sunward-sailing cranes : See note to I heard a voice... in chapter I.
the whole Ring : Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung), a cycle of four operas by Richard Wagner: Das Rheingold (1854), Die Walküre (1856), Siegfried (1857) and Götterdämmerung (1874).
Descend to earth, descend, celestial Nine... : This poem in so far as it has survived (792 lines of it) has been published, along with much more otherwise unpublished poetry, by Don W. King in his book C. S. Lewis, Poet: The Legacy of His Poetic Impulse (Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio, 2001). The present poem appears as the first item in Appendix One.
Clovelly : A picturesque fishing village in Cornwall, in the South-West of England.
John Betjeman : English poet (1906–1984); he was a pupil of C. S. Lewis's at Magdalen College, Oxford, during the years 1926–1927.
the Seventh Benjamin (a rabbit, as you will have guessed) : An allusion to Beatrix Potter's Benjamin Bunny (1904).
Chapter VI: Bloodery
Any way for Heaven sake... : John Webster (English dramatist, c. 1580–1634), The Duchess of Malfi, IV.2. The words quoted are spoken by the Duchess to her murderers shortly before they kill her.
Park Lane : Street near Hyde Park, where traditionally the richest people in London live.
Chesterfield... Stanhope : Lord Chesterfield (1694–1773) wrote the Letters to his Son, Philip Stanhope (1774) to help this (natural) son to avoid the mistakes which Chesterfield had himself made in the course of his life.
As common as a barber's chair : perhaps an allusion to Shakespeare, All's well that ends well II.2, 18. "It is like a barber's chair, that fits all buttocks."
the Marconi period : Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937), inventor of radio telegraphy and Nobel laureate for Physics 1909. He worked mostly in England. In 1912 the Marcony Company secured a big order from the British government. A scandal followed when it appeared that several ministers, including the Prime Minster Lloyd George, owned shares in this company. See G. K. Chesterton's Autobiography (1936), chapter IX, "The case against corruption".
Chapter VII: Light and Shade
Goldsmith : Oliver Goldsmith (1731–1774), English novelist. The quotation is from his best-known novel, the Vicar of Wakefield, where it is the headline of chapter XXV.
Mr Ian Hay : John Hay Beith, alias Ian Hay (1876–1952), The Lighter Side of School Life (1914), p. 107.
"G. B. S." and "G. K. C." : George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950) and Gilbert Keith Chesterton (1874–1936). Lewis is referring to The Lighter Side of School Life, a series of pen-pictures by the witty and popular novelist Ian Hay (John Hay Beith, 1876–1952). Chapter 4 of that book is on "Boys", i.e. schoolboys, in two sections, "The Government" and "The Opposition". The latter section has the following episode (pp. 106–107):
...Then comes the Super-Intellectual – the 'Highbrow.' He is a fish out of the water with a vengence, but he does exist at school – somehow. He congregates in places of refuge with other of the faith; and they discuss the English Review, an mysterious individuals who are only referred to by their initials – as G. B. S. and G. K. C. Sometimes he initiates these discussions because they really interest him, but more often, it is to be feared, because they make him feel superior and grown-up. Somewhere in the school grounds certain youthful schoolmates of his, inspired by precisely similar motives but with different mtehods of procedure, are stitting in the centre of a rhododendron bush smokin cigarettes. In each case the idea is the same – namely, a hankering after meats which are not for babes. But the smoker puts on no side about his achievements, whereas the 'highbrow' does. (...) Intellectual snobbery is a rare thing among boys, and therefore difficult to account for.
enormous bliss : See note to chapter I.
As Aristotle remarked, men do not become dictators to become warm : Aristotle, Politics II.7 (1267a, 15), "...the greatest crimes are caused by excess and not by necessity. Men do not become tyrants in order that they may not suffer cold; and hence great is the honor bestowed, not on him who kills a thief, but on him who kills a tyrant."
"beyond expectation, beyond hope" : Boswell, Life of Johnson, 4 June 1781. Johnson during a visit to Luton-Hoe "to see Lord Bute's magnificent seat" –
The library is very splendid; the dignity of the rooms is very great; and the quantity of pictures is beyond expectation, beyond hope.
Thrones, dominations... : Milton, Paradise Lost V, 601.
He nevere yet... : Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, Prologue, 70 (description of the Knight).
a delicacy, to lack which argued "a gross and swainish disposition" : Freely quoted from John Milton, An Apology for Smectymnuus (1642), I –
"Nor blame it, readers, in those years to propose to themselves such a reward, as the noblest dispositions above other things in this life have sometimes preferred: whereof not to be sensible when good and fair in one person meet, argues both a gross and shallow judgment, and withal an ungentle and swainish breast." (from the introductory section).
Lewis also quotes this, again freely, in his chapter on Sidney and Spenser in English Literature in the Sixteenth Century, II/1, p. 339:
"We can hardly doubt that it [Sidney's Arcadia] was among the lofty romances which Milton acknowledged as his textbooks of love and chastity, replete with those beauties whereof 'not to be sensible argues a gross and swainish disposition'."
Oh the brave music... : Edward Fitzgerald, The Rubáiyát of 'Omar Khayyám (1859), 12.
Corpus Poeticum Boreale : edited by Gudbrand Vigfusson & F. York Powell, published in two volumes, Oxford 1883. Subtitle: The Poetry of the Old Northern Tongue from the earliest times to the nineteenth century. I: Eddic Poetry; II: Court Poetry.
Asgard : Abode ("god-garden") of the Aesir, i.e. the gods of Germanic mythology such as Odin, Thor and Loki.
Cruachan : Capital of the old Irish province of Connacht.
the Red Branch : A fortified palace in Tara (north of Dublin), abode of the ancient Irish kings; also an order of knights who had the right to live there.
Tir-nan-Og : Tír na nOc, "Land of Youth", was one of the regions of the other world where the dispossessed gods in ancient Irish mythology might go after leaving Ireland. Anyone returning from there to the world of mortals found that either much more or much less time had passed there than in the other world.
Cuchulain, Finn : Hero figures with supernatural powers in Celtic mythology; principal figures in the Ulster Cycle and the Fenian (or Ossianic) Cycle respectively. Cú Chulainn, or "hound of Culann", was called after the dog whose killing was the first feat in his short and violent life as defender of Ulster. He was especially feared and famous for his battle-frenzy, and he was invincible, but not invulnerable. Finn, or Fionn mac Cumhaill (also Finn MacCool or Fingal), was the father of the bard Ossian.
Loki replied, "I pay respect to wisdom not to strength" : Fragments from Lewis's early work "Loki Bound" have survived and were published by Don W. King in 2001 (see note to Descend to earth etc. in chapter V, above, ). The "Loki" fragments appear as the second item in Appendix One – and do not contain the present line.
Chapter VIII: Release
Pearl : An anonymous late-14th-century poem on a father's grief at the death of his infant daughter. The lines quoted, "As Fortune is wont, at her chosen hour," etc., are 129–132.
leprechauns : A type of dwarf in Irish fairy tales.
Mahaffy : John Pentland Mahaffy (1839–1919), Professor of Ancient History at Trinity College, Dublin, where he was Provost from 1914 onwards.
Jowett : Benjamin Jowett (1817–1893), Regius Professor of Greek at Balliol College, Oxford, where he was Master from 1870 onwards. See note to The Master of Balliol in chapter IX.
Sandhurst : Location of the Royal Military Academy.
as the proverb has it, like an ass to the harp : See Erasmus, Adagium 335 (asinvs ad lyram).
Chapter IX: The Great Knock
Lord Chesterfield : See note to chapter VI. The quotation (inaccurate) is from Chesterfield's letter dated at Bath, October 19, 1748.
The Master of Balliol : Very probably Jowett (see note to chapter VIII, above). He was an influential figure in Oxford during the latter decades of the nineteenth century as many other colleges came to be headed by Balliol graduates.
ful drery was hire chere : Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, The Clerk's Tale, 458. "Al drery was his cheere and his lookyng."
McCabe : Joseph Martin McCabe (1867–1955) left the Franciscan Order and the Roman Catholic Church in 1896; for the rest of his life he was a militant rationalist and freethinker and a prolific writer. He had just died at the time when Surprised by Joy was published.
The Golden Bough : A thirteen-volume work on religious anthropology by J. G. Frazer, published in 1890–1915.
"settled, calm, Epicurean life" : Tennyson, "Lucretius" (1868), 215. "Nothing to mar the sober majesties / Of settled, sweet Epicurean life."
wise-wife : witch, sorceress.
"eucatastrophe" (as Professor Tolkien would call it) : J. R. R. Tolkien coined this word to denote a modified form of Happy Ending, as as a distinctive feature of fairy-stories. See "On Fairy-Stories", his Andrew Lang Lecture at the University of St Andrews in March 1939, first published in 1947, then in 1964, and lastly in 1983 in a volume of his essays called The Monsters and the Critics. In the fourth paragraph from the end of the section called "Recovery, Escape, Consolation" (p. 153 in the 1983 edition) Tolkien says –
... At least I would say that Tragedy is the true form of Drama, its highest function; but the opposite is true of Fairy-story. Since we do not appear to possess a word that expresses this opposite – I will call it Eucatastrophe. The eucatastrophic tale is the true form of fairy-tale, and its highest function.
The consolation of fairy-stories, the joy of the happy ending: or more correctly of the good catastrophe, the sudden joyous "turn" (for there is no true end to any fairy-tale): this joy, which is one of the things which faire-stories can produce supremely well, is not essentially escapist, nor "fugitive". In its fairy-tale – or otherworld – setting, it is a sudden and miraculous grace: never to be counted on to recur. It does not deny the existence of dyscatastrophe, of sorrow and failure: the possibility of these is necessary to the joy of deliverance; it denies (in the face of much evidence, if you will) universal final defeat and in so far is evangelium, giving a fleeting glimpse of Joy, Joy beyond the walls of the world, poignant as grief.
Charlotte M. Yonge : English novelist (1823–1901), much in favour with the Oxford Movement. She was a Sunday school teacher all her life.
Pylos : Residence of King Nestor in Homer's Odyssey. In Book III Telemachus, starting his quest for his father Odysseus, is kindly received at the aged king's court but gets no useful information. Since excavations in the mid-20th century, ancient "sandy Pylos", as Homer often calls it, is believed to have been the location of present-day Pylos-Navarino, on the southern west coast of the Peleponnese.
Sir Maurice Powicke : Frederick Maurice Powicke (1897-1963), medieval historian, Regius Professor of History at Oxford from 1929. His many works include a volume the 13th century in the Oxford History of England, published in 1953. Location of the saying about "civilised people in all ages" unknown. – ??
My debt to him is very great : In his earlier book Miracles (1947), chapter X, Lewis refers to Kirkpatrick as
The very man who taught me to think – a hard, satirical atheist (ex-Presbyterian) who doted on the Golden Bough and filled his house with the products of the Rationalist Press Association ... and he was a man as honest as the daylight, to whom I here willingly acknowledge an immense debt. His attitude to Christianity was for me the starting point of adult thinking; you may say it is bred in my bones. And yet, since those days, I have come to regard that attitude as a total misunderstanding.
Chapter X: Fortune's Smile
The fields, the floods... : Spenser, The Faerie Queene I.ix.12, 8–9.
R.A.S.C. : Royal Army Service Corps. Formed in 1888 as Army Service Corps, it was not called Royal until 1918. Its job was to deliver all supplies including petrol, food and ammunition up to the front line. In 1965 this branch of the British army was reorganized and renamed as Royal Corps of Transport.
Inceptus clamor... : "The cry rising in the gaping mouth is muffled". Vergil, Aeneid VI, 493.
Plymouth Brothers : Properly called Plymouth Brethren, of briefly "the Brethren", this religious sect or movement without organized ministry was founded around 1827 in Dublin. It was Puritanical in outlook and prohibited many secular occupations for its members. Its first meeting on English soil was established in Plymouth in 1831, The movement then soon spread throughout the U.K. and, in time, all over the world. Adherents are sometimes designated as "Darbyites", after evangelist John Nelson Darby, one of the founding figures in Plymouth.
Loki Bound : See note to Descend to earth... in chapter V, above.
The Newcomes : Novel by William Makepeace Thackeray (1811–1863), first publisehed in 24 parts in 1853-1855 and very popular in the 19th century. The book's subtitle is "Memoirs of a most respectable Family", and the name of the principal character is Clive (C. S. Lewis's official first name).
what Dyson calls "the ancient, bitter earth" : Hugo Dyson and John Butt, Augustans and Romantics 1689–1839. Introductions to English Literature, ed. Bonamy Dobrée, Vol. III (1940), pp. 90–91, about the poet William Wordsworth:
It is a pity that the accident of Wordsworth's habitation and life-long preference has made him known as a "Lake-Poet". He is an earth poet. Not the green earth of the pastoral poetry of Pope and Gray and Philips, but the ancient bitter earth from which men wrest a living. The earth of Hesiod and of Piers Plowman."
Lewis quoted from this passage, and more from the same book, in a letter to his brother of 3 March 1940; Collected Letters vol. II, p. 361.
Handramit and Harandra : The two main types of landscape on the planet Malacandra (Mars) in C. S. Lewis's Out of the Silent Planet (1938).
smoke and stir : Milton, Comus, 5. "In regions mild of calm and serene air, / Above the smoke and stir of this dim spot / Which men call Earth..."
infinite riches ... a little room : Christopher Marlowe, The Jew of Malta (ca. 1592), I.1, 37. "Thus methinks should men of judgement frame / Their means of traffic from the vulgar trade, / And, as their wealth increaseth, so enclose / Infinite riches in a little room."
eating and drinking my own condemnation : 1 Corinthians 11:29. "For he who eats and drinks without a proper sense of the Body, eats and drinks to his own condemnation" (Moffatt translation).
the Authorized Version : Standard English translation of the Bible, dating from 1611; King James Bible is (or was) the usual American name for this translation.
The Syrian captain ... the house of Rimmon : See II Kings 5:18.
Chapter XI: Check
When bale is at highest... : "Sir Aldingar" is a medieval ballad, included in Thomas Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765).
Edda : Two Icelandic books, containing between them most of what is now known about Norse mythology, are each called Edda. The Prose Edda is an early-13th-century Icelandic work by Snorri Sturluson and hence is also called Snorri Edda; intended as a handbook for poets, it is a treasure trove of prose retellings and verse quotations of much ancient mythological lore. The Poetic or Elder Edda is a 13th-century manuscript (discovered in 1643) containing poems on gods and heroes probably dating from various points in time between the ninth and eleventh centuries.
Saga : A saga is an Old Norse semi-fictional historical narrative, often telling about events in the period roughly around the year 1000, and written down in the 13th century after a long oral tradition.
the Ash : Yggdrasill, the "world tree" in Norse mythology. According to modern interpretations this immense tree was not originally conceived to be an ash tree but a taxus.
"I should know most and should least enjoy" : Robert Browning (1812–1889), "Cleon", 317; the poem was published in Men and Women (1855). In Browning, the relation between knowing most and enjoying least seems to be biographical rather than psychological –
While every day my hairs fall
more and more,
My hand shakes, and the heavy yeas increase –
The horror quickening still from year to year,
The consummation coming past escape
When I shall know most, and yet least enjoy –
When all my works wherein I prove my worth,
Being present still to mock me in men's mouths,
Alive still, in the praise of such as thou,
I, I the feeling, thinking, acting man,
The man who loved his life so over-much,
Sleep in my urn.
the Wordsworthian predicament ... a "glory" had passed away : See Wordsworth's "Ode: Intimations of Immortality from recollections of early childhood" (1807), II. "But yet I know, where'er I go, / That there hath passed away a glory from the earth." See also the penultimate paragraph of Surprised by Joy ("I cannot, indeed, complain, like Wordsworth, that the visionary gleam has passed away.")
"Why seek ye the living..." : Luke 24:5–6.
by "maistry" : After Walter Hilton; see note to chapter IV.
Santayana, "All that is good is imaginary..." : George Santayana (1863–1952), Spanish-born American philosopher, poet and novelist. The location of the maxim quoted is – ?? – unknown. A similar idea is expressed in Santayanas memoirs: "That the real was rotten and only the imaginary at all interesting seemed to me axiomatic" (People and Places, p. 167 according to a quotation in the online Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy).
Tantum religio : Or, in full, Tantum Religio potuit suadere malorum. "So much evil is made acceptable by religion." Lucretius, De rerum natura I, 101.
Anactoria : A poem by Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837–1909), included in his Poems and Ballads (1866).
the unimaginable lodge for solitary thinkings : Keats, Endymion (1818) I, 293–294.
The first touch of the earth... : Keats, Endymion IV, 614.
Unde hoc mihi? : Luke 1:43 in the Vulgate version. "Et unde hoc mihi ut veniat mater Domini mei ad me?" – It is Elisabeth's exclamation when Mary enters her house, both women being miraculously pregnant: "And whence is this to me, that the mother of my Lord should come to me?"
Chapter XII: Guns and Good Company
La compagnie, de tant d'hommes vous plaist... : "The company of so many noble, young, and active men delights you; (...) the freedom of the conversation, without art; a masculine and unceremonious way of living." Montaigne, Essays, III.13, "On Experience".
"dreaming spires" : Matthew Arnold, "Thyrsis" (1866), 19–20. "And that sweet City with her dreaming spires, / She needs not June for beauty's heightening."
"last enchantments" : Matthew Arnold, Essays in Criticism, First Series (1865). "Beautiful City! (...) whispering from her towers the last enchantments of the Middle Age..."
Responsions : In Oxford, the first of three exams to be passed for obtaining the degree of Bachelor of Arts (B.A.).
"very heaven" : Wordsworth, French Revolution, as it appeared to Enthusiasts at its Commencement (1809), 5; The Prelude (1850) XI, 108. "Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive, / But to be young was very heaven!"
the humour which is ... (as Aristotle would say) the "bloom" on dialectic itself : Lewis appears to be making his own use of a "bloom" image somewhere in Aristotle; but the image itself might be his own, rather than Aristotle's. This is suggested by the penultimate chapter of Lewis's Letters to Malcolm, where he refers to Aristotle's description of delight as the "bloom" on an unimpeded activity; the reference is to Ethics, 1153b, but no bloom actually comes in there.
the cynic's nose, the odora canum vis or bloodhound sensitivity... : The Latin words are from Vergil's Aeneid, IV.132 and literally mean "the smelling power of dogs". Vergil actually means "hunting dogs (with keen noses)". The Cynics were an ancient Greek school of philosophy originating at the Cynosarges gymnasium just outside Athens, ca. 400 B.C. The word "cynic" seems to stem as much from that gymnasium's name as – directly – from Cyôn, Greek for "dog", since the Cynics' way of life caused Athenians to compare them to dogs. Meanwhile it may well be an original idea of Lewis's to re-connect the modern meaning of cynicism to this ancient etymology and thus to further develop that meaning – suggesting the dog's smelling power as a new point of comparison.
In 1954 Lewis published a poem titled 'Odora canum vis: a defence of certain modern biographers and critics' (now in Collected Poems, 1994) poking fun at 'disproportioned views on lust'.
Bibles laid open... fine nets and stratagems" : George Herbert, "Sin" (The Temple, 1633).
"unexamined life" : Plato, Apology 38a.
H.E. : High Explosive. Cf. Lewis's Screwtape Letters, XXXI, 4th paragraph, "the stink and taste of high explosive on the lips..."
Chapter XIII: The New Look
This wall I was many a weary month in finishing... : Last words of the paragraph which begins "So that I had now a double Wall...", almost exactly half-way Robinson Crusoe. (This is near the end of chapter XVII in some editions, of chapter XI in others; Defoe's original text has no chapters.) The passage comes a few pages after Robinson Crusoe sees "the print of a man's naked foot on the shore" and is "terrify'd to the last degree". He fits the outer defence wall around his cave with seven muskets in "frames that held them like a carriage, that so I could fire all the seven guns in two minutes time."
Falstaff, Sir Colville : A scene in Shakespeare's King Henry IV, second part, IV.3. "Do ye yield, sir, or shall I sweat for you? .... He saw me, and yielded; that I may justly say with the hook-nos'd fellow of Rome – I came, saw, and overcame."
"Blighty" : A word derived from Hindi, designating England as seen from abroad as a longed-for haven and place of plenty. Metaphorically, it may also mean an injury which, though not really serious, is just serious enough to compel (i.e. to justify) a return to England for recovery.
C.C.S. : Casualty Clearing Station.
Malory : Sir Thomas Malory (1400?–70), compiler and author of Le Morte Darthur (1485), a prose rendering in twenty-one books of the Arthurian legends, made up from the French versions with additions of his own.
the water-colour world of Morris : i.e. William Morris (1834–1896), English poet, painter, socialist and general crusader against ugliness. See also Lewis's references to Morris
– in chapter IX, fourth paragraph from the end (starting "But Homer came first"), where he describes himself as "a boy soaked in William Morris"
– toward the end of chapter X, where he describes Morris as "my great author at this period" whose very name was "coming to have at least as potent a magic" as Wagner's
– in chapter XI, par. 5 ("One thing, however..."), where "the world of Morris became the frequent medium of Joy".
– in chapter XI, par. 18 ("The woodland journeyings..."), where Morris is mentioned along with Malory, Spenser and Yeats as an author whose works had, for Lewis, prefigured George MacDonald's Phantastes.
For a fuller account of what Morris meant for Lewis, see his letters to Arthur Greeves of 1 July 1930 and 22 September 1931, in Collected Letters I (2000), pp. 911 and 970.
Shelley in The Triumph of Life : Unfinished poem by Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822). It describes a vision of the captive multitude of humanity, through which the triumphal chariot passes. This is the procession of Life, the conqueror; chained to the chariot are the great men of history – vanquished by the mystery of life. The vision is succeeded by the allegory of a single life which, after a hopeful and aspiring youth, falls victim to the same mystery; love is the only armour against defeat. The vision is explained to the poet by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. [n.b. This note is taken almost verbatim from Michael Stapleton's excellent Cambridge Guide to English Literature of 1983.]
Goethe ... des Lebens goldnes Baum : From Goethe's play Faust (1838), toward the end of the second scene called Studierzimmer (Study); Mephistopheles talking to the Student. "Grau, teurer Freund, ist alle Theorie / Und grün des Lebens goldner Baum." – "Grey is, dear friend, all theory / And green the golden tree of life." (N.B. goldnes is a slight misquotation of goldner.)
Barfield of Wadham ... Harwood of The House : "Wadham" is Wadham College in Oxford; "The House" was a nickname for Christ Church, another Oxford college. Lewis's own college in these years was University College, which was also the one where Hamilton Jenkins (mentioned in the previous paragraph) began his studies in 1919.
"stop for Fortune's finger" : Shakespeare, Hamlet III.2, 66 – "...blest are those / Whose blood and judgment are so well commeddled / That they are not a pipe for Fortune's finger / To sound what stop she pleases. Give me that man / That is not passion's slave, and I will wear him / In my heart's core, ay, in my heart of heart, / As I do thee."
Mods, Greats : Short names for Classical Honour Moderations and Final Honour School, the two parts of Literae Humaniores – a four-year course in classical Greek and Roman literature and philosophy.
an old, dirty, gabbling, tragic, Irish parson : Rev. Dr Frederick Walker Macran (1866-1947). Several notes on conversations with him can be found in Lewis's published diaries of the mid-1920s, All My Road Before Me: The Diary of C. S. Lewis, 1922-1927, edited by Walter Hooper (1991), which also has a item on "Cranny" in the Biographical Appendix.
the very world, which is the world / Of all of us... : Wordsworth, The Prelude (1850) XI, 142–144.
Be not too wildly amorous of the far... : Walter de la Mare, "The Imagination's Pride" (The Veil and Other Poems, 1921).
delectable mountains : Episodes in John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress I (1678) and II (1684).
western gardens : Apparently a generic name for mythical and paradisal places like Avalon and the garden of the Hesperides (see the end of this paragraph), from Arthurian and Greek mythology respectively.
Promethean or Hardyesque : In ancient Greek mythology, Prometheus ("he who
thinks ahead") is a benefactor of mankind who suffers for his revolt against
Zeus. Lewis is combining allusions to
the ancient Greek dramatist Aeschylus, author of the tragedy Prometheus
Bound, and to English novelist Thomas Hardy (1840-1928). The idea to
compare Hardy with Aeschylus was not original to Lewis, and he may have been
inspired also by G. K. Chesterton's scorn for Hardy's bitter pessimism and
alleged atheism.
In his 1950 polemic with philosopher C. E. M. Joad on "The Pains of Animals" (in God in the Dock, 1970, p. 171), Lewis suggested the even more obvious link between the Prometheus theme and the poet Shelley, who himself wrote a verse drama Prometheus Unbound:
The more Shelleyan, the more Promethean my revolt, the more surely it claims a divine sanction.
Lewis wrote a paper called "The Promethean Fallacy in Ethics" in January 1924; see All My Road Before Me, pp. 283, 284, 296.
"quietly declaims the cursings of itself" : Matthew Arnold, "Empedocles on Etna" (1852), 301.
Carlyle's lady : cf. William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902), Lecture 2:
"I accept the universe" is reported to have been a favorite utterance of our New England transcendentalist, Margaret Fuller; and when some one repeated this phrase to Thomas Carlyle, his sardonic comment is said to have been: "Gad! she'd better!" At bottom the whole concern of both morality and religion is with the manner of our acceptance of the universe.
The attribution to Carlyle is doubtful. Lewis first read the passage in William James on 11 June 1922 and was "pleased to find for the first time Carlyle's remark about the lady"; see All My Road Before Me: The Diary of C. S. Lewis, 1922-1927, ed. Walter Hooper (1991). Margaret Fuller (1810-1850) was a journalist and critic associated to the American literary and philosophical movement called Transcendentalism, which took much of its founding inspiration from Ralph Waldo Emerson's first book, Nature (1836).
that whole year of youth... : ?? Barfield's unhappiness appears to be briefly described in a passage of Lewis's diary for 24 May 1924 (All My Road Before Me, p. 40):
We then drifted into a long talk about ultimates. Like me, he has no belief in immortality, etc., and always feels the materialistic pessimism at his elbow. He is most miserable. He said however that the "hard facts" which worried us, might to posterity appear mere prejudices de siècle, as the "facts" of Dante do to us. Our disease, I said, was really a Victorian one. The conversation ranged over many topics and finally died because it was impossible to hold a court between two devil's advocates.
the Jenkinian zest... : A reference to his friend A. K. Hamilton Jenkin, mentioned in this chapter's third paragraph. See also chapter XV, sixth paragraph, "..my Jenkinian love of everything which has its own strong flavour." There are many references to Hamilton Jenkin as well as a short biography of him in Lewis's diary published as All My Road Before Me (1991), and letters to him (plus, again, a short biography) in the first two volumes of C. S. Lewis's Collected Letters (2000, 2004).
"the fuller splendour"behind the "sensuous curtain" : From a passage in The Principles of Logic by the English idealist philosopher Francis Bradley (1846–1924).
"That the glory of this world (...) is appearance leaves the world more glorious, if we feel it is a show of some fuller splendour; but the sensuous curtain is a deception (...) if it hides some colourless movement of atoms, some (...) unearthly ballet of bloodless categories."
The words about "the glory of this world" are also quoted by Lewis in his earlier autobiographical book, The Pilgrim's Regress (1932), at the end of chapter VII/9. I have not traced the exact location in Bradley's book – ??
"in desire without hope" : Dante, Inferno IV, 42. "...che senza speme vivemo in disio."
"We give thanks to thee for thy great glory" : From the "Gloria" in the Latin mass. "Gratias agimus tibi propter magnam gloriam tuam".
Chapter XIV: Checkmate
The one principle of hell is – "I am my own" : George MacDonald, Unspoken Sermons, Third Series, "Kingship". This same quotation is included as No. 203 in C. S. Lewis's George MacDonald: An Anthology (1946).
"freedom" and "gentillesse" : Words from the vocabulary of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.
laudator temporis acti : Someone who sings the praises of the Past. Horatius, Ars poetica (Epistulae II.3), 173.
Donne's maxim : The line quoted is not in Donne but in Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream II.2, 138–139 (Lysander speaking): "For, as a surfeit of the sweetest things / The deepest loathing to the stomach brings, / Or as the heresies that men do leave / Are hated most of those they did deceive, / So thou, my surfeit and my heresy, / Of all be hated, but the most of me!"
Restoration Comedy : Comedies written in the period following the Restoration of the British monarchy in 1660.
Roland's great line : Chanson de Roland, 1015. "Paien unt tort et chrestïens unt dreit."
the Fark : A. S. L. Farquharson (1871–1942), who taught Philosophy at Magdalen College, Oxford.
five great Magdalen men ... Benecke ... [etc.] : The book to read on Lewis's academic biotope and philosophical inspiration from colleagues in the early years of his career as a tutor is James Patrick, The Magdalen Metaphysicals: Idealism and Orthodoxy at Oxford, 1901-1945 (Mercer University Press, 1985). The book's four protagonists are Clement C. J. Webb (1865-1954), John Alexander Smith (1863-1939), R. G. Collingwood (1889-1943) and C. S. Lewis respectively, with occasional references to Carritt, Beneke (not Benecke), Brightman and Onions.
Alanus : Alanus ab Insulis, or Alain de Lille (c. 1125–1203), French scholar, rector of the university of Paris, reputed to be a universally learned man; author of De planctu naturae ("Nature's Lament", a satire on human vice) and Anticlaudianus.
Macrobius : Ambrosius Macrobius Theodosius (c. 500 A.D.). Latin grammarian, author of a mathematical and astronomical commentary on Cicero's Somnium Scipionis.
Du Cange : Charles du Fresne, seigneur du Cange (1610–1688), French lexicographer and Byzantinologist; compiler of two major dictionaries of Medieval Latin and Medieval Greek.
Comparetti : Domenico Comparetti (1835–1927), Italian philologist, author of Virgilio nel Medio Evo (1872; English: Virgil in the Middle Ages, 1895).
Alexander's Space, Time and Deity : Samuel Alexander (1859–1938), Australian-born philosopher who first taught at Oxford and then became Professor of Philosophy in Manchester. His earliest work was Moral Order and Progress (1889), an exposition of evolutionary ethics which won him both a glowing review and the life-long friendship of C. Lloyd Morgan – another pantheistically-minded thinker in the wake of recent great developments in biology and physical science. Alexander's large two-volume main work Space, Time and Deity (1920) resulted from his Gifford Lectures at the University of Glasgow in 1916–1918. In the preface to the 1927 new edition he states that "the hypothesis of the book is that "Space-Time is the stuff of which matter and all things are specifications." Lewis began reading it on 8 March 1924, as appears from his diary for that day (published in All My Road Before Me, 1991). The passage about Enjoyment and Contemplation is in the Introduction:
"Enjoyed" and
For convenience of description I am accustomed to say the mind enjoys itself and contemplates its objects. The act of mind is an enjoyment; the object is contemplated. If the object is sometimes called a contemplation, that is by the same sort of usage by which 'a perception' is used for a perceived object or percept as well as for an act of perceiving. The contemplation of a contemplated object is, of course, the enjoyment which is together with that object or is aware of it. The choice of the word enjoyment or enjoy must be admitted not to be particularly felicitous. It has to include suffering, or any state or process in so far as the mind lives through it. It is undoubtedly at variance with ordinary usage, in which, though we are said indeed to enjoy peace of mind we are also said to enjoy the things we eat, or, in Wordsworth's words, a flower enjoys the air it breathes, where I should be obliged to say with the same personification of the flower that it contemplates the air it breathes, but enjoys the breathing. Still less do I use the word in antithesis to understanding, as in another famous passage of the same poet, "contented if he might enjoy the things which others understand." Both the feeling and the understanding are in my language enjoyed. I should gladly accept a better word if it is offered. What is of importance is the recognition that in any experience the mind enjoys itself, and contemplates its object or its object is contemplated, and that these two existences, the act of mind and the object as they are in the experience, are distinct existences united by the relation of compresence. The experience is a piece of the world consisting of these two existences in their togetherness. The one existence, the enjoyed, enjoys itself, or experiences itself as an enjoyment; the other existence, the contemplated, is experienced by the enjoyed. The enjoyed and the contemplated are together.
In the preface to the second edition of his book (1927) Alexander spent a few more pages (xiii-xxi) on the subject.
"with all the wo in the world" : Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (anonymous late 14th-century poem) III.23, 1717, about a fox being hunted by a pack of hounds. "With all the wo on lyue / To the wod he went away." See also note to chapter III, motto.
Dom Bede Griffiths : Alan Griffiths (1906-1993) is the dedicatee of Surprised by Joy. His own spiritual autobiography was published in a year earlier as The Golden String; this book is mentioned in chapter XV, par. 8 (starting "As I have said..."). He came to Oxford in 1925 and had Lewis as his tutor for English literature in 1927–29. On becoming a Benedictine monk in 1933, he took the name Bede, after the 8th-century English church historian, Beda Venerabilis. "Dom" was the usual prefix for a Benedictine or Carthusian monk's name, derived from Latin Dominus, "Lord".
(in MacDonald's words) "something to be neither more nor less nor other than done." : from a passage near to the end of MacDonald's essay "A Sketch of Individual Development" (1880), in the volume A Dish of Orts (1893); p. 56 in the Electronic Classics edition available at http://www2.hn.psu.edu/faculty/jmanis/g-macdonald.htm.
... the man shall be the rightness of which he talked: while his soul is not ... longing to be himself honest and upright, it is an absurdity that he should judge concerning the way to this rightness, seeing that, while he walks not in it, he is and shall be a dishonest man: he knows not whither it leads and how can he know the way! What he can judge of is, his duty at a given moment – and that not in the abstract, but as something to be by him done, neither more, nor less, nor other than done. Thus judging and doing, he makes the only possible step nearer to righteousness and righteous judgement; doing otherwise, he becomes the more unrighteous, the more blind. For the man who knows not God, whether he believes there is a God or not, there can be, I repeat, no judgement of things pertaining to God. To our supposed searcher, then, the crowning word of the Son of Man is this, "If any man is willing to do the will of the Father, he shall know of the doctrine, whether it be of God, or whether I speak of myself."
"know of the doctrine" : Gospel of John, 7:16–17, quoted at the end of the above passage from MacDonald.
My doctrine is not mine, but his that sent me. If any man will do his will, he shall know of the doctrine, whether it be of God, or whether I speak of myself."
My name was legion : Cf. Mark 5:10 and Luke 8:30.
that dreadful valley of Ezekiel's : Cf. Ezekiel 37:1–14.
"I am the Lord"; "I am that I am"; "I am." : Cf. Exodus 3:14.
That which I greatly feared had at last come upon me : Job 3:25. Lewis used the same phrase in a very different context in his last book, Letters to Malcolm (1964), chapter 11. Much more relevant to his experience and view of conversion is the way this quotation from Job appears in George MacDonald's Unspoken Sermons, Series One (1867), nr. 2, "The Consuming Fire" –
...when we say that God is Love, do we teach men that their fear of him is groundless? No. As much as they fear will come upon them, possibly far more. But there is something beyond their fear, a divine fate which they cannot withstand ... The wrath will consume what they call themselves; so that the selves God made shall appear, coming out with tenfold consciousness of being, an bringing with them all that made the blessedness of the life the men tried to lead without God. They will know that now first are they fully themselves. ... The death that is in them shall be consumed.
Lewis included part of this same passage as nr. 7 in his George Macdonald: An Anthology (1946).
In the Trinity Term of 1929 : The year must in fact have been 1930, as was discovered almost simultaneously but independently by two Lewis scholars (Andrew Lazo and Alistair McGrath) in 2012. Trinity Term is the last of the three Terms in an academic year in Oxford, covering the late spring and early summer. The precise day is now thought to be have been in the first three weeks of June 1930.
compelle intrare, compel them to come in : Luke 14:23. "And the lord said unto the servant, Go out into the highways and hedges, and compel them to come in, that my house may be filled."
Chapter XV: The Beginning
Aliud est de silvestri cacumine videre... : "For it is one thing to see the land of peace from a wooded ridge . .. and another to tread the road that leads to it." Augustine, Confessions VII.21.
Griffiths ... a copious correspondence : None of this early correspondence appears to have survived. The earliest of Lewis's 46 letters to Griffiths published in the Collected Letters dates from April 1934.
protest too much : Shakespeare, Hamlet III.2, 225; see also the preceding passage in Hamlet for some skeptical reflections on what Lewis here calls "the great passion or the iron resolution". One important place where Lewis expressed very similar ideas is the passage towards the end of chapter 11 in his novel Perelandra, where the hero's great and difficult decision to resist evil is described ("...you might say that he had been delivered from the rhetoric of his passions and had emerged into unassailable freedom").
We would be at Jerusalem : After Walter Hilton, The Scale of Perfection II.21. "What so thou hearest or seest or feelest that should let thee in thy way, abide not with it wilfully, tarry not for it restfully, behold it not, like it not, dread it not; but aye go forth in thy way, and think that thou wouldest be at Jerusalem", etc.
Latest updates:
4 September 2008:
ch. 2, "slow maturing of old jokes"
ch. 2, Dr. Grimstone's school in Vice Versa
ch. 2, Garuda Stone
ch. 4, Tamburlaine the Great
ch. 4, Paracelsus
ch. 4, Belfast Hippodrome
ch. 7, "beyond expectation..."
29 September 2008
ch. 7, several items of Celtic mythology
19 October 2008
more on ch. 10, Dyson's "ancient, bitter earth"
23 November 2008
note on ch. 14, "That which I greatly feared..." expanded
12 February 2009
several new notes in chapters IX through XV
27 February 2009
ch. 9, "eucatastrophe"
27 April 2011
ch. 9, added note on My debt to him is very great
4 May 2011
ch. 12, expanded note on Odora canum vis (added reference to Lewis's poem).
19 May 2011
ch. 13, added note on Carlyle's lady
5 October 2011
ch. 14, expanded note on Alexander, Space, Time and Deity
27 September 2012
ch. 14, added note on five great Magdalen men
21 March 2013
ch. 13, added note on an old, dirty, gabbling etc.
ch. 14, added note on In the Trinity Term of 1929
15 July 2014
ch. 14, added note on (in MacDonald's words) ...
21 July 2014
ch. 13, added note on Promethean or Hardyesque
ch. 13, expanded note on that whole year of youth ...


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3131 S. Bristol Street Costa Mesa, California 92626 United States
Hotel Front Desk: 1-714-5573000
Hotel Fax: 1-714-9578185
Hotel Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
John Wayne Orange County Airport (SNA)
- Distance from hotel: 1.5 MI/ 2.41 KM South East l
- Left onto Bristol Street, Take I-405 S/San Diego Freeway, Exit 8 for Mac Arthur Boulevard/Airport, Keep Left at the fork signs for Airport, Slight Right onto N Airport Way
- Distance from hotel: 6.2 MI/ 9.98 KM North East
- Turn left on Bristol Street, turn right on Sunflower Ave, turn left on S Main St., turn right on E 5th St., turn left on Mortimer St., take the 2nd right onto E Santa Ana Blvd and destination will be on right at 1000 E Santa Ana, CA 92701.
- Car Parking Available
- Self-Parking Fee: 10.00 USD
- There is a parking structure and parking lot available for all of our guest's use. Overnight parking incures a $10 parking fee per night.
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- Promenade Ballroom
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- Promenade Ballroom, Classroom Style
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- WIne Room
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- Fireside Tavern, featuring both lounge and booth seating
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July 24, 2014
Stayed here for 5 nights in July. Excellent place to come back to at the end of a busy day. Wonderful breakfast buffet. Very helpful and courteous staff. And above all, excellent beds
Mal wieder Crown Plaza, diesmal aber nicht mehr so gut.
July 24, 2014
Ich hatte hier schon während anderer Geschäftsreisen übernachtet. Diesmal wurden meine Erwartungen leider nicht erfüllt. Das Personal hat den ursprünglichen Elan verloren. Die Zimmer nach wie vor gut, der Schlaf ist erholsam. Mehr aber nicht.
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ByVegas Guy
July 23, 2014
We enjoyed our stay at the Crown Plaza Hotel. We will stay again in the future. The staff were very helpful and the bed was very comfortable.
So So Stay
July 23, 2014
I booked the Executive Suite in this hotel for my finace and I to get ready for our wedding and stay on our wedding night. The first night went well, but on our wedding night we returbed to a dirty room, and no requests we made from the hotel (champagne, rose, etc.). It was very upsetting to return to the hotel like that on your wedding night. I loved the look of the hotel, but I would not stay there again becasue of the lack of service and accomodation.


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Rehearsal Dinner for 15-20 people- Baltimore
Hi- we're looking for a moderately priced restaurant close to or a quick cab ride away from the inner harbor (staying at renaissance harborplace hotel) for our rehearsal dinner. Anything similar to vino rosina price point? I've only had apps there which were good but have never had their dinner. not attached to any specific type of food but don't want to do indian.
The Wine Market. 5 minute cab ride, easy parking for drivers, and a very nice private room.
Wine Market
921 East Fort Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21230
Tabrizi's would be my recommendation. It's a lovely restaurant located on the water--great view and atmosphere. A very short cab ride from your hotel. YOu could probably even walk there if inspired to do so, especially if the weather is nice.
The restaurant actually specializes as a wedding venue. I believe that Michael Tabrizi would work with you on a menu at a reasonable price point. FoiGras
500 Harborview Drive, Baltimore, MD 21230
Pazo is a very quick cab ride (or walk) from the Inner Harbor and has multiple room and menu options. The Wolf-Foreman empire will provide reliable performance for a large party:
Pazo Restaurant
1425 Aliceanna St, Baltimore, MD 21201
re: chefdilettante
Dear Poster--I don't intend to be combative, but Pazo is a loud, very unimpressive venue. Not a place to host a private party.
My hubby and I didn't like the place when we first dined there about 3 years ago and had to virtually sit at our neighbors' table. The food was not inspiring nor the atmosphere.
\It is probably okay for drinks for the younger set, but DEFINITELY NOT!!! for a wedding rehearsal or any other kind of party that is related to a wedding rehearsal,
I love Charelston (don't like that they no longer have an a la carte menu that they used to have years ago. --I don't want to order 3 courses)--my husband and I will spend several times over ordering what we prefer, i.e., several appetizers, salads, entrees--skipping the desert -health issues prevail). I avoid the prix fixe restaurants. It's an annoying impostion.
In any event, we Chowhounds are very vocal over our personal choices. It's part of the fun and intrique over this venue.
Just enjoy your choice and remember, it will be YOUR WEDDING DAY. Best of wishes and be kind to each other--eveything else is food and whatever--But FOOD IS GREAT!!! FoiGras
Pazo Restaurant
1425 Aliceanna St, Baltimore, MD 21201
re: FoiGras
re: FoiGras
re: starfirexc
Hi sarfirexc--agree that Charleston is very expensive as is Cinghale.
I still recommend Tabrizi's.
Kali's Court is pricey and hasn't been as good as it originally was. But, you may want to consider Kali's Mezze restaurant. It's tapas oriented and quite reasonable.
I hesitate recommending Sotto Sopra, despite the fact that I really like it. It can be a bit expensive and they don't have a private area, but when my husband and I dined there recently, there was a large group of about 25 people. You may want to call Ricardo Basio (owner/chef) and see what he suggests. He is very accomoodating and pleasant to work with.
Anyhow good luck and congratulations on your upcoming wedding. FoiGras
1606 Thames St., Baltimore, MD 21231
Sotto Sopra Restaurant
405 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
500 Harborview Drive, Baltimore, MD 21230
Kali's Court
1606 Thames Street, Baltimore, MD 22231
re: FoiGras
I had the most amazing rehearsal dinner at Cinghiale. I can't stay enough about the staff and the food that night, it was just all so incredibly exceptional. It was all the brain child of my father-in-law though who really went all out throwing us a big rehearsal dinner and might be out of your "moderate" price range but I would talk to their private dining manager and try and get an estimate because if there's any chance it would work for you then I think it's probably the best spot to have a rehearsal dinner downtown.
822 Lancaster Street, Baltimore, MD 21202
The B&O Brasserie has private dining options and is an easy walk from the Inner Harbor.
We recently had a group dinner there for a business function and I found the event staff very easy to work with to plan the dinner. We were able to just give them our budget, and they came back with a couple of options within our price range.
I also recommend the Wine Market - delish food & great ambiance!
Also maybe consider Adela over in Fells Point? It's tapas style - I've eaten there twice & been very pleased with the food. They also have a shuttle service in a Mercedes van that will pick you up & drop you off at the hotel.
Good luck!
The Wine Market
921 East Fort Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21230
814 South Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21231


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text: Academic convocations celebrate special events or launch a new academic year. The 2013 Fall Convocation will be our twelfth annual ceremony to launch the new academic year. An academic convocation can be a significant occasion for student participation. It marks a first step for the class of 2017 in the higher education adventure. The graduation ceremony at the conclusion of the undergraduate experience is a milestone in a journey of lifelong learning. Your journey begins at The University of Texas at San Antonio with the 2013 Fall Convocation. The author of the Freshman Common Reading, Luis Alberto Urrea will serve as the keynote speaker.


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With tree pollen about to peak, allergy sufferers on Florida's west coast find the topic nothing to sneeze about.
What is an allergy?
An allergy has been described as how a body reacts to substances it cannot easily tolerate. Whether dust mites, grasses, tree pollen, pet dander or chemicals, the body launches an immunological attack producing antibodies.
Tips to Reduce Symptoms
- Avoid exposure to the pollen, even if it means remaining indoors.
- When outdoors, use a mask if necessary, to protect your airway.
- Tight-fitting glasses can help keep the pollen out of your eyes, especially while exercising.
- Keep doors and windows shut, turning on the conditioning to keep the air filtered and clean.
- Showering before bed will help wash pollen out of your hair, keeping it off your pillow and away from your airway.
Are allergies common?
Experts say allergies are listed among the most common chronic conditions. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 7.1 million children reported having hay fever this past year, while 17.9 million adults reported the same.
Steven Weiss, a physician and board certified Allergist/Immunologist in Clearwater, Fla. He says allergies are an exaggerated immune system response.
"A complex series of reactions are triggered, producing antibodies called Immunoglobulin E (IgE). As that substance travels to cells, histamines, leukotrienes and other mediators of inflammation are released," he said.
Our immune systems are designed to protect us from organisms that cause illness and infection. Allergens are seen as invasive substances.
"Your immune system is trying to protect you from something it doesn't really need protection from," said Weiss.
Experts say both genetics and environmental factors play a role. If one parent is predisposed to allergies, then children have a 25 percent chance of getting allergies. And if two parents have allergies, that number jumps to 50 percent.
For Sally Cremains, who usually suffers from hay fever in June at her Connecticut home, recent winds on Longboat Key stirred up a constellation of symptoms ranging from a stuffy nose to watery eyes, and a distinctive tickle in her throat.
"There's pollen everywhere," she said. "It's on my car and even on the clothes we put on the clothesline," she said.
Cremains says staying indoors and turning on the air conditioning helps keep her symptoms under control.
Pet Alergies
"Sixty-five to 70 percent of American families have dogs or cats and many are allergic," Weiss said. "Limiting access of pets to beds, decreasing exposure to dander, using airtight zipped pillow case covers to decrease exposure to dust mites, and using air conditioners and keeping windows closed, can help with air circulation and decrease symptoms."
Medical Management
Non-sedating, over-the-counter anti-histamines, nasal cortisone sprays and nasal antihistamines sprays may provide temporary relief. Our noses, said Weiss, are designed to be a filter. Yet unbearable facial and sinus pain is often the result of allergic reactions. Weiss said many folks benefit from using simple nasal saline solutions or Neti pots.
"Many patients love the relief they get from sinus congestion and pressure that nasal irrigation gives them" he said.
Nasal irrigation helps rinse away pollens, airborne irritants and excessive mucus in the nasal passages. If symptoms are not easily controlled through avoidance or medication, or interfere with your lifestyle, a third choice is to treat the underlying problem through immunotherapy, or allergy injections.
"In the right patient population, there's a 75-80 percent chance we will reduce the frequency of symptoms," Weiss said.
Allergy shots (immunotherapy) are injections containing the allergen in increasing dosages over time. Since they do not work for everyone, Weiss emphasizes the importance of assessment and patient selection. Patients undergo skin testing to establish what's causing their allergy through the presence or absence of IgE, when a droplet of the allergen is applied in combination with a skin scratch test. Once those are established, individual serums are compounded. There is a desensitizing phase where patients are given injections that could be administered weekly for six to 10 months.
Gradually, the intervals are stretched out including a monthly booster shot over a three-to-five year period. Weiss also said there's been a definite increase in the patients he's seen with allergies during the past two decades that spans all age groups.
"The population is aging in a healthy way, so it's not unusual we're seeing otherwise healthy people in their 80s and 90s with allergies," he said.
Recent genetic and immunological advances have yielded insight into the causes of allergies and expanded treatment options. "It's an exciting time", said Weiss.
"If you look at advances in medicine, the fields of immunology and genetics have helped us identify and isolate abnormal genes and treat patients at a cellular level," he said.
Currently, those suffering from watery, itchy eyes, and sneezing are most likely having an allergic response to oak pollen.
Weiss also said small children with itchy eyes can experience dramatic swelling that can resemble infection and those with allergies often say they have "hay fever". That's essentially a lay term applied to ragweed pollen, the predominant allergen found in the northeast and Midwest. It's a term now used generically to describe allergic rhinitis, often caused by exposure to dust mites, molds, or pet dander. Related symptoms and conditions include:
• Asthma- frequent episodes of wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath and sometimes, a feeling of chest tightness. Patients with asthma are more prone to sinus infections, (Rhinosinusitis) which can worsen asthmatic symptoms.
• Urticaria (hives) are red, itchy, swollen areas on the skin affecting nearly 20 percent of people. Yet Weiss cautions that not every red bump is a hive.
"The take-home message," said Weiss, "is to be aware of your allergy triggers. A Board Certified Allergist/Immunologist can be a valuable ally in your battle against allergies and relief is available."
For more information log on to:
American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology.
American College of Allergy Asthma and Immunology


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What Makes it Mighty?
- made from tempered glass
- bpa-free, Lead-free, PVC-free, phthalate-free
- durable, safe and Hygienic
These Lys Parisien Duralex glass bowls are made in France from tempered glass and are completely free of lead and BPA. Named after the Lys River which traverses through France and Belgium, Lys Clear Bowls by Duralex, are symbolic of what this wonderful tributary used to represent to some of France's most famed artists: clarity, simplicity, utility, and of course, beauty.
Both impact and chip resistant, these bowls are extremely durable and ideal for everyday use. Tempered glass makes them equally suitable for hot and cold liquids.
Holds 18 ounces
Duralex glass bowls are great because they are:
- Extremely Durable - Duralex tempered glass is 2.5 times stronger than ordinary glass
- Shock Resistant - Duralex is manufactured to withstand sudden temperative extremes from 4 to 212 degrees
- Safe - if broken by strong shock, Duralex shatters into small pieces reducing the risk of injury
- Hygienic - Duralex glass is nonporous and does not absorb liquid Stackable - Duralex glasses and bowls are stackable for convenient and space saving storage
- Microwave, Freezer and Dishwasher Safe
Please note: While Duralex glass is very durable and much less prone to breakage than regular glass, it can still break under rough conditions
Made in France


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Designer lingerie at Ever-so-Sexy. Here you can see and compare all our different design labels. Look at the lush jewel colours of the Diane Rubach designs and compare with the cool sophistication of Jane Woolrich. That's not to forget the delightfully delicate lace designs from Sonata Lingerie and the ultimate romance of Liliana Casanova. Newest of our design labels is Pompadour - a young English designer specialising in hand made silk bridal nightwear and garters.
Ever-so-Sexy offers a fine selection of designer lingerie. These design labels have been added over the years we have been trading on line.
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Customer Service: 01872 384459 (10 to 4 Mon/Fri)
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This archived Web page remains online for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. This page will not be altered or updated. Web pages that are archived on the Internet are not subject to the Government of Canada Web Standards. As per the Communications Policy of the Government of Canada, you can request alternate formats of this page on the Contact Us page.
Letter from Soldier Solomon Lubotsky to the Ottawa Women's Canadian Club, Thanking Them for the Shaving Supplies They Sent, December 26, 1916
This letter of thanks from soldier Lubotsky is typical of those sent by orphaned or forlorn Canadian soldiers.
Library and Archives Canada
MG28-I35, vol. 5, World War I Servicemen Correspondence (4 of 4) 1915-1916
ArchiviaNet Description | Previous Page


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Cornelia Weyand
Publication Details
IL-7-and IL-15-Mediated TCR Sensitization Enables T Cell Responses to Self-Antigens
2013; 190 (4): 1416-1423
Regulation of the ERK pathway is intimately involved in determining whether TCR stimulation is productive or induces anergy. T cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have increased ERK responsiveness, which may be relevant for disease pathogenesis. Inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-? did not reproduce the TCR hypersensitivity typical for RA in T cells from healthy individuals. In contrast, priming with the homeostatic cytokines (HCs) IL-7 and IL-15 amplified ERK phosphorylation to TCR stimulation 2- to 3-fold. The underlying mechanism involved a priming of the SOS-dependent amplification loop of RAS activation. The sensitization of the TCR signaling pathway has downstream consequences, such as increased proliferation and preferential Th1 differentiation. Importantly, priming with IL-7 or IL-15 enabled T cell responses to autoantigens associated with RA. Production of HCs is induced in lymphopenic conditions, which have been shown to predispose for autoimmunity and which appear to be present in the preclinical stages of RA. We propose that HCs, possibly induced by lymphopenia, decrease the signaling threshold for TCR activation and are thereby partly responsible for autoimmunity in RA.
View details for DOI 10.4049/jimmunol.1201620
View details for Web of Science ID 000314825400005
View details for PubMedID 23325887


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The Bayshore Composite Squadron of the Civil Air Patrol, the official Auxiliary of the United States Air Force, cordially invites you to an Open House/Recruiting Drive for all intertested females and males in grades seven through eleven. The event will be held at Mater Dei Prep, 583 Church Street, Middletown, NJ 07748 on Wednesday, February 20, 2013 beginning at 7:30 p.m.
Come and see what a well organized, aerospace themed service and leadership program can do for you and your future. Parent(s)/Guardian(s) are encouraged to attend. We are non-sectarian and there is NO military obligation whatsoever.