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Radiation & Health
See also: The death toll from Chernobyl - how can there be such disagreement?
See also the detailed paper by Nuclear Radiologist Dr Peter Karamoskos, 2010, 'Nuclear power & public health', choosenuclearfree.net/health
Anti-nuclear & Clean Energy (ACE) Campaign
Friends of the Earth, Australia, foe.org.au/anti-nuclear
January 2013
The weight of scientific opinion holds that there is no threshold below which ionising radiation poses no risk of inducing fatal cancers.
Radiation protection agencies establish dose limits for radiation exposure from nuclear facilities but there is no pretence (from radiation protection agencies, at least) that radiation doses below these levels are without risk.
Moreover, as scientific understanding of the effects of ionising radiation has advanced, permitted dose limits have been dramatically reduced. For workers, the permitted dose has decreased by a factor of 25:
* 500 millisieverts (mSv) p.a. in 1934
* 150 mSv in 1950
* 50 mSv in 1956
* 20 mSv (averaged over five years) in 1991.
In 2009 the International Commission on Radiological Protection concluded that radon gas delivers almost twice the radiation dose to humans as originally thought. Previous dose estimates to miners need to be approximately doubled to accurately reflect the lung cancer hazard.
In Australia, the maximum permitted dose is 1 mSv for members of the public (in addition to background radiation which is typically of the order of 2 mSv p.a.)
Linear no-threshold risk model
Radiation protection agencies around the world, including the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA), all base regulations on the linear no-threshold model which assumes that there is no threshold below which radiation exposure is safe.
Uncertainties will always persist because of methodological difficulties. In circumstances where people are exposed to low-level radiation, epidemiological studies are unlikely to be able to demonstrate increased cancer rates because of the 'statistical noise' in the form of widespread cancer incidence from many causes, as well as other methodological difficulties. A report by the US Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionising Radiation (BEIR 2005) illustrates the point − it estimated that one out of 100 people exposed to 100 mSv of radiation over a lifetime would probably develop cancer as a result of that exposure, but that 42 cancers can be expected in the same group from causes other than radiation exposure.
The methodological difficulties are discussed in a paper by Dr Sue Wareham (briefing paper #20, www.energyscience.org.au):
"Firstly, health effects such as cancer due to radiation exposure often take decades to develop. Secondly, cancers due to radiation exposure are indistinguishable from any other cancer. Thirdly, radioisotopes can travel great distances. Therefore epidemiological studies investigating the effects of a particular radiation exposure are necessarily very long, they may involve many countries if not continents, and they are extraordinarily complex.
"Add to this the fact that cancer is a common disease in any event, and the result is that a small percentage increase in cancer rates due to radiation exposure can readily be overlooked, even when the absolute number of cancers caused by radiation exposure may be very large.
"A further source of misleading research results is the mixing, inadvertently or knowingly, of data for populations exposed to quite different levels of radiation, for example after a nuclear accident. The results for heavily exposed populations may then be 'diluted' by results for much less exposed populations and the results overall will appear reassuringly low."
Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionising Radiation
Notwithstanding the methodological problems, there is growing scientific confidence in the linear no-threshold model. An important study was the 2005 report of the Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionising Radiation of the US National Academy of Sciences (BEIR 2005). The BEIR report comprehensively reviewed available data and supports the linear no-threshold risk model.
The BEIR Committee states:
"The Committee judges that the balance of evidence from epidemiologic, animal and mechanistic studies tend to favor a simple proportionate relationship at low doses between radiation dose and cancer risk."
"... the risk of cancer proceeds in a linear fashion at lower doses without a threshold and ... the smallest dose has the potential to cause a small increase in risk to humans."
Richard Monson, Chair of the BEIR Committee and professor of epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health, said: "The scientific research base shows that there is no threshold of exposure below which low levels of ionizing radiation can be demonstrated to be harmless or beneficial. The health risks − particularly the development of solid cancers in organs − rise proportionally with exposure. At low doses of radiation, the risk of inducing solid cancers is very small. As the overall lifetime exposure increases, so does the risk."
The 2005 BEIR report noted that uncertainty remains because of the unavoidable methodological difficulties: "It should be noted however, that even with the increased sensitivity the combined analyses are compatible with a range of possibilities, from a reduction of risk at low doses to risks twice those upon which current radiation protection recommendations are based."
The BEIR Committee explicitly rejected claims that ionising radiation can be beneficial to health: "The assumption that any stimulatory hormetic effects from low doses of ionizing radiation will have a significant health benefit to humans that exceeds potential detrimental effects from the radiation exposure is unwarranted."
Other scientists and scientific bodies have reached similar conclusions. A 2010 report by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation states that "the current balance of available evidence tends to favour a non-threshold response for the mutational component of radiation-associated cancer induction at low doses and low dose rates."
Likewise, a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (US) in 2003 concluded that: "Given that it is supported by experimentally grounded, quantifiable, biophysical arguments, a linear extrapolation of cancer risks from intermediate to very low doses currently appears to be the most appropriate methodology."
And to give one more example (there are many), the OECD's Nuclear Energy Agency states: "There is a threshold level of radiation exposure (or dose) below which no acute damage is observed. However, there is now a substantial body of evidence which shows that cancers can be caused by radiation even at dose levels that are below this threshold. " (1997, 'Radiation in Perspective: Applications, Risks and Protection')
Misinformation arising from methodological problems
The difficulty of demonstrating health impacts from low-level radiation exposure is used by nuclear proponents as the basis for an endless stream of self-serving, disingenuous and scientifically-indefensible statements.
The industry-funded Uranium Information Centre (UIC) ignored predicted deaths from low-level radiation to claim that nuclear power is far safer than alternative energy sources including hydro. Yet the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation estimated the collective effective dose to the world population over a 50-year period of operation of nuclear power reactors and associated nuclear facilities to be two million person-Sieverts. Applying the standard risk estimate to that level of radiation exposure gives a total of 80,000 fatal cancers. Of course, applying risk estimates (with their uncertainties) to dose estimates (with their margin of error) is less than precise. But the nuclear industry's solution − to pretend that its emissions have no impact whatsoever − is dishonest.
To give one further example, the UIC states: "According to authoritative UN figures, the Chernobyl death toll is 56 (31 workers at the time, more since and 9 from thyroid cancer)." However, detailed UN reports in 2005-06 estimated 9,000 cancer deaths due to Chernobyl among the people who worked on the clean-up operations, evacuees and residents of the highly and lower-contaminated regions in Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. Other, credible scientific studies (listed here) estimate a long-term cancer death toll across Europe ranging from 16,000 to 93,000. Using a standard risk estimate (0.05 cancer deaths per person-Sievert of low-dose exposure to ionising radiation) and the International Atomic Energy Agency's estimate of total exposure (600,000 person-Sieverts) gives an estimated 30,000 cancer deaths from Chernobyl.
Uranium mining and cancer
Uranium mine workers are exposed to radiation from the ore itself and from the inhalation of radon gas. The waste ore and tailings from uranium mining pose a public health hazard well into the future.
There is a well established link between uranium mining and lung cancer. The BEIR VI report reviewed eleven studies of 60,000 underground uranium miners. It reported 2,600 deaths from lung cancer, eight of which were uranium mines in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia. The report found an increasing frequency of lung cancer in miners. This was directly proportional to the cumulative amount of radon the miners had been exposed to.
In addition to exposure to radon gas, uranium miners are also exposed to gamma radiation directly from the radioactive ore. At the Olympic Dam underground uranium and copper mine, the total annual dose per miner is approximately 6 mSv, of which 2−4 mSv are due to radon gas (allowing for the new ICRP risk estimate for radon) and the balance due to gamma radiation. Workers at the smelter at the Olympic Dam mine receive annual doses that may exceed 12mSv.
Toro Energy promotes dangerous radiation junk science
In May, 45 medical doctors working in Australia released a statement calling on would-be uranium miner Toro Energy to stop promoting the dangerous and scientifically-indefensible claim that low-level radiation is beneficial to human health. Not a single doctor or radiation expert spoke up in defence of Toro Energy.
In a media interview, Toro Energy claimed that "we've actually supported different views, scientific views, about the health effects of radiation" and that Doug Boreham (a radiation junk scientist) "is not the only scientist that we support or have supported in the past in terms of sponsorship to conferences". However there is no evidence for those claims and Toro Energy ignored repeated requests to supply evidence − perhaps the company was simply lying to cover up its promotion of dangerous radiation junk science.
More information:
Dr Peter Karamoskos, 2010, 'Nuclear power & public health', choosenuclearfree.net/health
Medical Association for Prevention of War: mapw.org.au/nuclear-chain/radiation
A 100 mSv threshold for radiation effects?
One of the lies peddled by nuclear apologists - including James Hansen - is that radiation doses below 100 millisieverts are harmless. This paper by Dr Ian Fairlie gives the lie to those lies ...
A 100 mSv threshold for radiation effects?
November 27, 2012
In recent years, some scientists have promoted the view that there are no observable effects from radiation below 100 mSv, usually in their criticisms of the Linear No Threshold theory. However, many studies show radiation effects well below 100 mSv.
Read on at: http://www.ianfairlie.org/news/a-100-msv-threshold-for-radiation-effects/
Some useful papers:
Dr John Gofman provides a useful rebuttal of pro-nuclear arguments concerning radiation and health: www.ratical.org/radiation/CNR/top10args.html. It is also copied at this web archive.
PowerPoint presentation on uranium mining, radiation and health by Clive Rosewarne from the Public Health Association of Australia (NT)
http://www.phaa.net.au/nt.php or direct URL: http://www.phaa.net.au/documents/UraniumHealthPHAANTfeb2010.zip.ppt
Science says ...
The National Council on Radiation Protection says, "every increment of radiation exposure produces an incremental increase in the risk of cancer."
The US Environmental Protection Agency says, "any exposure to radiation poses some risk, i.e. there is no level below which we can say an exposure poses no risk."
The US Department of Energy says about "low levels of radiation" that "… the major effect is a very slight increase in cancer risk."
The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission says, "any amount of radiation may pose some risk for causing cancer ... any increase in dose, no matter how small, results in an incremental increase in risk."
The National Academy of Sciences, in its "Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation VII," says, "it is unlikely that a threshold exists for the induction of cancers …."
Source: http://www.commondreams.org/view/2011/03/23-1
Even Low-Level Radioactivity Is Damaging, Scientists Conclude
University of South Carolina, 13 Nov 2012, 'Even low-level radioactivity is damaging, scientists conclude. ScienceDaily', www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2012/11/121113134224.htm
Even the very lowest levels of radiation are harmful to life, scientists have concluded in the Cambridge Philosophical Society's journal Biological Reviews. Reporting the results of a wide-ranging analysis of 46 peer-reviewed studies published over the past 40 years, researchers from the University of South Carolina and the University of Paris-Sud found that variation in low-level, natural background radiation was found to have small, but highly statistically significant, negative effects on DNA as well as several measures of health.
The review is a meta-analysis of studies of locations around the globe that have very high natural background radiation as a result of the minerals in the ground there, including Ramsar, Iran, Mombasa, Kenya, Lodeve, France, and Yangjiang, China. These, and a few other geographic locations with natural background radiation that greatly exceeds normal amounts, have long drawn scientists intent on understanding the effects of radiation on life. Individual studies by themselves, however, have often only shown small effects on small populations from which conclusive statistical conclusions were difficult to draw.
"When you're looking at such small effect sizes, the size of the population you need to study is huge," said co-author Timothy Mousseau, a biologist in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of South Carolina. "Pooling across multiple studies, in multiple areas, and in a rigorous statistical manner provides a tool to really get at these questions about low-level radiation."
Mousseau and co-author Anders Møller of the University of Paris-Sud combed the scientific literature, examining more than 5,000 papers involving natural background radiation that were narrowed to 46 for quantitative comparison. The selected studies all examined both a control group and a more highly irradiated population and quantified the size of the radiation levels for each. Each paper also reported test statistics that allowed direct comparison between the studies.
The organisms studied included plants and animals, but had a large preponderance of human subjects. Each study examined one or more possible effects of radiation, such as DNA damage measured in the lab, prevalence of a disease such as Down's Syndrome, or the sex ratio produced in offspring. For each effect, a statistical algorithm was used to generate a single value, the effect size, which could be compared across all the studies.
The scientists reported significant negative effects in a range of categories, including immunology, physiology, mutation and disease occurrence. The frequency of negative effects was beyond that of random chance.
"There's been a sentiment in the community that because we don't see obvious effects in some of these places, or that what we see tends to be small and localized, that maybe there aren't any negative effects from low levels of radiation," said Mousseau. "But when you do the meta-analysis, you do see significant negative effects."
"It also provides evidence that there is no threshold below which there are no effects of radiation," he added. "A theory that has been batted around a lot over the last couple of decades is the idea that is there a threshold of exposure below which there are no negative consequences. These data provide fairly strong evidence that there is no threshold -- radiation effects are measurable as far down as you can go, given the statistical power you have at hand."
Mousseau hopes their results, which are consistent with the "linear-no-threshold" model for radiation effects, will better inform the debate about exposure risks. "With the levels of contamination that we have seen as a result of nuclear power plants, especially in the past, and even as a result of Chernobyl and Fukushima and related accidents, there's an attempt in the industry to downplay the doses that the populations are getting, because maybe it's only one or two times beyond what is thought to be the natural background level," he said. "But they're assuming the natural background levels are fine."
"And the truth is, if we see effects at these low levels, then we have to be thinking differently about how we develop regulations for exposures, and especially intentional exposures to populations, like the emissions from nuclear power plants, medical procedures, and even some x-ray machines at airports."
Journal Reference:
Anders P. Møller, Timothy A. Mousseau. The effects of natural variation in background radioactivity on humans, animals and other organisms. Biological Reviews, 2012; DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2012.00249.x
No safe dose
By Dr Bill Williams, 12 December 2006, www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=5249&page=0
The recent zeal among conservative politicians for expanding Australia's nuclear industry should raise questions about its potential impact on the health of humans and their habitat. Unfortunately, the recently released Switkowski Report on Uranium Mining Processing and Nuclear Energy brings little serious critical analysis to bear on the subject.
We exist in a naturally radioactive environment: the rocks and mountains, the sun in particular, produce a "background" level. Average exposure to "background" ionizing radiation worldwide is measured at 2.4 millisievert (mSv) a year. About half of this is from radon gas and its decay products.
However, human activities in the past century have greatly increased our exposure to ionizing radiation, through atomic weapons development, testing and use, as well as uranium-mining and nuclear electricity generation. The ongoing atmospheric fallout from the nuclear weapons testing in the 50s and 60s adds an average extra dose to us all of 0.02mSv per year.
These doses are estimated to have already resulted in 430,000 additional fatal cancers worldwide by the year 2000, and a total of 2.4 million extra cancer deaths long-term.
Unfortunately there is no level of radiation exposure below which we are at zero risk: even low-level medical exposures such as chest X-rays (0.04mSv per test) carry a quantifiable risk of harm. While high doses of ionizing radiation will cause greater health damage, even low doses are associated with adverse environmental and human consequences.
Using the "linear no-threshold" risk model, the 2005 US National Academy of Sciences Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR VII) estimated:
- over a lifetime, a dose of 1mSv creates an excess risk of cancer of approximately 1 in 10,000. Higher doses are associated with proportionately higher risk, for example a dose of 100mSv would cause 1 in 100 people to develop cancer;
- approximately 1 individual in 100 persons would be expected to develop cancer from a lifetime (70 years) exposure just to background x and gamma rays (excluding radon and other high LET radiations)
It should be noted that while these are average risks, the risks in vulnerable groups of the population may be considerably higher. BEIR VII assessed women as having about twice the radiation risk for solid cancer incidence as men, and 38 per cent higher cancer mortality risk than men.
Children are at even greater risk - radiation during infancy for boys results in three to four times the cancer risk as between 20 to 50 years of age, and female infants have double the risk of boys.
Ionizing radiation causes damage to the DNA in living cells. Atoms and molecules become ionized or excited, which can produce free radicals, break chemical bonds, produce new chemical bonds and cross-linkage between macromolecules and damage molecules that regulate vital cell processes such as DNA, RNA and proteins.
In recent years biologists have identified specific radiation-induced damage at the molecular level to nucleotide sequences on chromosomal DNA, including double-strand breaks, large deletions and sister chromatid exchange.
The cell can repair certain levels of damage in its chromosomal DNA: at low doses cellular damage is usually repaired. However, faulty repairs may lead to cell death or to proliferation of abnormal cells which form a cancer.
At higher levels, cell death results. At extremely high doses, cells cannot be replaced quickly enough, and tissues fail to function; this can result in massive cell death, organ (particularly bone marrow and gut) damage and death to the individual.
Radiation effects are often categorised by when they appear.
The prompt effects include radiation sickness and radiation burns. High doses delivered to the whole body within short periods of time can produce effects such as blood component changes, fatigue, diarrhoea, nausea and death. These effects will develop within hours, days or weeks, depending on the size of the dose. The larger the dose, the sooner a given effect will occur.
When radiation effects are delayed, DNA abnormalities are passed on to subsequent generations of cells, where the abnormal coding can lead to tissue abnormalities, including cancers.
Cancer development is a multistage process, and is similar for radiation-associated cancers as for spontaneous cancers or those associated with exposure to other carcinogens.
Low dose radiation appears to act principally on the early stages of cancer initiation, whereas for higher doses, effects on later stages of cancer promotion and progression are also likely. Genetic disorders associated with deficiencies in the ability to repair DNA damage and in tumour-suppressor type genes (which normally suppress cancer development) increase the radiation cancer risk.
Mutational events at key points such as "proto-oncogene" or "suppressor gene" sites provide a credible mechanism for radiation-induced malignant (cancerous) transformation.
Such cancers will take many cell generations to develop, so it may be several decades before they are detected.
The delay enables polluters to avoid responsibility for the disease-promoting properties of radiation. This avoidance is amplified by the fact that leukemia and other cancers induced by radiation are indistinguishable from those that result from other causes.
Ionising radiation is also responsible for serious reproductive effects through prenatal exposure. Rapidly proliferating and differentiating tissues are most sensitive to radiation damage, so radiation exposure can produce developmental problems, particularly in the developing brain, when the fetus is exposed in the womb.
The developmental conditions most commonly associated with prenatal radiation exposure include low birth weight, microcephaly, mental retardation, and other neurological problems.
Long-term, inter-generational genetic effects are also possible if the damage to the DNA code occurs in a reproductive cell (egg or sperm) whereby the coding error may be passed on to offspring … resulting potentially in birth defects and cancers in the children.
While many plant and animal experiments leave no doubt that radiation exposure can alter genetic material and cause disease, and human data also show DNA and chromosomal damage associated with exposure to ionizing radiation, a resultant effect on genetic diseases has not yet been observed in the case of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors.
This does not mean that there is no such effect in humans. It may be that there were genetic abnormalities produced that were incompatible with life and those pregnancies therefore ended in miscarriage. It may also be that an increased rate of genetic abnormalities will be found in future generations, that is, the changes will skip one or more generations. Radiation-induced genetic damage is likely to manifest mainly as multi-system developmental abnormalities.
Evidence has emerged recently that the cell may also exhibit the phenomenon of "genomic instability", where the progeny of an irradiated cell may unexpectedly become highly susceptible to general mutation and damage is detected only after several cell divisions. This may also occur in the progeny of cells close to the cell which is traversed by the radiation track but which themselves are not directly hit ("bystander effect").
This phenomenon has been reproduced several times in laboratory studies of human cells but has not been confirmed in living humans. Such studies would necessarily need to be extraordinarily long. However if the theory of induced genetic instability is correct, then the human gene pool could be permanently altered.
Radiation health authorities use scientific modelling to calculate and set "permissible limits" for ionizing radiation exposure. As the scientific techniques have become more sophisticated, the recommended exposures for the public and the workforce have steadily been reduced: levels once regarded as "safe" are now known to be associated with cancers, bone marrow malignancies and genetic effects.
The dose limits recommended in 1991 by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) which are most widely used internationally are more than 12 times lower that those recommended in the early 1950s at the time of the first British nuclear test explosions in Australia.
The growing scientific literature refining our understanding of the pathogenic properties of ionising radiation has dramatically increased pressure on the nuclear industry to reduce radiation exposures.
However, in their rush to give the thumbs-up to nukes, the Prime Minister's team of "experts", led by former Telstra chief and ex-nuclear physicist Ziggy Switkowski, make light of the health burden attributable to the nuclear industry.
They are silent on the recent study published in the British Medical Journal which revealed that a cumulative exposure for adult workers in the nuclear industry of 100mSv - the current recommended five-year occupational dose limit - would lead to a 10 per cent increase in mortality from all cancers, and a 19 per cent increased mortality from leukemia (of types other than chronic lymphatic leukemia).
They are silent on multiple reported and controversial clusters of childhood cancers and congenital malformations in the vicinity of nuclear reactors and other nuclear facilities.
They frequently assert a record of "good management" in the Australian nuclear industry to date: a clear misrepresentation in view of hundreds of instances of mismanagement (leaks, spills, contamination, regulatory breaches) at Ranger, Olympic Dam and Beverly and the total failure of either industry or regulators to monitor health impacts in local populations despite known distribution of radio-toxins into habitat and food chain.
The Switkowski Report does not provide either "a factual base" or "an analytical framework" for discussion: it gives a whitewash to a complex and controversial subject. Not only is it likely to exacerbate Australia's greenhouse emissions by vociferously promoting the nuclear non-solution, but it endangers Australians long-term by threatening to expand an industry whose toxic legacy will continue for many generations.
Dr Bill Williams is a GP in rural Victoria. He is the Vice President of the Medical Association of the Prevention of War and Board Member of the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons.
Ionizing radiation, health effects and protective measures
World Health Organisation
Fact sheet No.371, November 2012, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs371/en/index.html
Ionizing radiation is a type of energy released by atoms in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles.
People are exposed to natural sources of ionizing radiation, such as in soil, water, vegetation, and in human-made sources, such as x-rays and medical devices.
Ionizing radiation has many beneficial applications, including uses in medicine, industry, agriculture and research.
As the use of ionizing radiation increases, so does the potential for health hazards if not properly used or contained.
Acute health effects such as skin burns or acute radiation syndrome can occur when doses of radiation exceed certain levels.
Low doses of ionizing radiation can increase the risk of longer term effects such as cancer.
What is ionizing radiation?
Ionizing radiation is a type of energy released by atoms that travels in the form of electromagnetic waves (gamma or X-rays) or particles (neutrons, beta or alpha). The spontaneous disintegration of atoms is called radioactivity, and the excess energy emitted is a form of ionizing radiation. Unstable elements which disintegrate and emit ionizing radiation are called radionuclides.
All radionuclides are uniquely identified by the type of radiation they emit, the energy of the radiation, and their half-life.
The activity — used as a measure of the amount of a radionuclide present — is expressed in a unit called the becquerel (Bq): one becquerel is one disintegration per second. The half-life is the time required for the activity of a radionuclide to decrease by decay to half of its initial value. The half-life of a radioactive element is the time that it takes for one half of its atoms to disintegrate. This can range from a mere fraction of a second to millions of years (e.g. iodine-131 has a half-life of 8 days while carbon-14 has a half-life of 5730 years).
Radiation sources
People are exposed to natural radiation on a daily basis. Natural radiation comes from many sources including more than 60 naturally-occurring radioactive materials found in soil, water and air. Radon, a naturally-occurring gas, emanates from rock and soil and is the main source of natural radiation. Every day, people inhale and ingest radionuclides from air, food and water.
People are also exposed to natural radiation from cosmic rays, particularly at high altitude. On average, 80% of the annual dose that a person receives of background radiation is due to naturally occurring terrestrial and cosmic radiation sources. Background radiation levels vary due to geological differences. Exposure in certain areas can be more than 200 times higher than the global average.
Human exposure to radiation also comes from human-made sources ranging from nuclear power generation to medical uses of radiation diagnosis or treatment. Today, the most common human-made sources of ionizing radiation are X-ray machines and other medical devices.
Type of exposure
Radiation exposure may be internal or external, and can be acquired through various exposure pathways.
Internal exposure to ionizing radiation occurs when a radionuclide is inhaled, ingested or otherwise enters into the bloodstream (e.g. injection, wounds). Internal exposure stops when the radionuclide is eliminated from the body, either spontaneously (e.g. through excreta) or as a result of a treatment.
External contamination may occur when airborne radioactive material (dust, liquid, aerosols) is deposited on skin or clothes. This type of radioactive material can often be removed from the body by simply washing.
Exposure to ionizing radiation can also result from external irradiation (e.g. medical radiation exposure to X-rays). External irradiation stops when the radiation source is shielded or when the person moves outside the radiation field.
Health effects of ionizing radiation
Radiation damage to tissue and/or organs depends on the dose of radiation received, or the absorbed dose which is expressed in a unit called the gray (Gy). The potential damage from an absorbed dose depends on the type of radiation and the sensitivity of different tissues and organs.
The sievert (Sv) is a unit of radiation weighted dose also called the effective dose. It is a way to measure ionizing radiation in terms of the potential for causing harm. The Sv takes into account the type of radiation and sensitivity of tissues and organs. The Sv is a very large unit so it is more practical to use smaller units such as millisieverts (mSv) or microsieverts (Sv). There are one thousand Sv in one mSv, and one thousand mSv in one Sv. In addition to the amount of radiation (dose), it is often useful to express the rate at which this dose is delivered (dose rate) e.g. Sv/hour or mSv/year.
Beyond certain thresholds, radiation can impair the functioning of tissues and/or organs and can produce acute effects such as skin redness, hair loss, radiation burns, or acute radiation syndrome. These effects are more severe at higher doses and higher dose rates. For instance, the dose threshold for acute radiation syndrome is about 1 Sv (1000 mSv).
If the dose is low or delivered over a long period of time (low dose rate), there is greater likelihood for damaged cells to successfully repair themselves. However, long-term effects may still occur if the cell damage is repaired but incorporates errors, transforming an irradiated cell that still retains its capacity for cell division. This transformation may lead to cancer after years or even decades have passed. Effects of this type will not always occur, but their likelihood is proportional to the radiation dose.
This risk is higher for children and adolescents, as they are significantly more sensitive to radiation exposure than adults.
Epidemiological studies on populations exposed to radiation (for example atomic bomb survivors or radiotherapy patients) showed a significant increase of cancer risk at doses above 100 mSv.
Prenatal exposure to ionizing radiation may induce brain damage in foetuses following an acute dose exceeding 100 mSv between weeks 8-15 of pregnancy and 200 mSv between weeks 16-25 of pregnancy. Before week 8 or after week 25 of pregnancy human studies have not shown radiation risk to fetal brain development. Epidemiological studies indicate that cancer risk after fetal exposure to radiation is similar to the risk after exposure in early childhood.
Radiation exposure in nuclear emergencies
Radioactive material may be released into the environment during an emergency in a nuclear power plant (NPP). The radionuclides of greatest concern to human health are iodine and caesium.
Occupational exposure, either internally or externally, of rescuers, first responders, and NPP workers is likely to occur during the emergency response. It may result in radiation doses high enough to cause acute effects such as skin burns or acute radiation syndrome.
Those living in closer vicinity to a NPP can be externally exposed to radionuclides present in a radioactive cloud or deposited on the ground. They can also be externally contaminated by radioactive particles deposited on skin or clothes. Internal exposure may take place if radionuclides are inhaled, ingested, or enter an open wound.
The general population is not likely to be exposed to doses high enough to cause acute effects, but they may be exposed to low doses which could result in increased risk of long-term effects like cancer. Consumption of contaminated food and/or water contributes to overall radiation exposure.
If radioactive iodine is released into the environment and enters the body through inhalation or ingestion, it will concentrate in the thyroid gland increasing the risk of thyroid cancer. The risk of thyroid cancer is higher in children than adults, particularly those under 5 years, and those whose diets are generally deficient in iodine.
Protective health actions in nuclear emergencies
During nuclear emergencies, public health protective actions may be implemented to limit radiation exposure and associated health risks.
In the early phase of an emergency (within the first few hours/days), urgent protective actions should be implemented to prevent radiation exposure, taking into account projected doses that people may received in the short-term (e.g. effective dose within 2-7 days, thyroid dose within one week). Decisions are based on NPP conditions, amount of radioactivity actually or potentially released into the atmosphere, prevailing meteorological conditions (e.g. wind speed and direction, precipitation), and other factors. Local authorities may announce urgent actions including evacuation, sheltering indoors, and the administration of non-radioactive iodine.
Evacuation is most effective when used as a precautionary action before an airborne release takes place. Sheltering indoors (e.g. homes, schools, and office buildings) can also significantly reduce exposure to the radioactive material released and dispersed.
The administration of non-radioactive iodine can prevent the uptake of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland. When potassium iodide (KI) pills are taken before or shortly after exposure, they saturate the thyroid gland to reduce the dose and risk of thyroid cancer. KI pills do not protect against external radiation, or against any other radioactive substances apart from radioactive iodine.
Potassium iodide pills should be taken only when instructed by competent authorities. It is important to follow dosage recommendations, especially for children. Pregnant women should take KI pills when instructed by competent authorities to protect their thyroid and the thyroid of the fetus. When instructed, breastfeeding women should also take KI pills to protect themselves, and give KI to the breastfed baby following recommended dosages.
Food, water and agricultural countermeasures may be implemented to reduce radiation exposure during the early phase of an emergency (e.g. restricting consumption of water, and locally produced food and dairy products).
Mental health support to manage acute stress after a nuclear event can speed recovery and prevent long-term consequences such as post-traumatic stress disorder or other persistent mental health disorders. Reactions may be intense and prolonged with profound emotional impact, particularly in children.
As environmental and human monitoring data increase, other protective actions may be implemented, including relocation of people to temporary housing or in some cases, permanent resettlement. These protective actions are implemented taking into account the doses that a population may receive over the long-term (e.g. effective dose during one year). Food and water monitoring programmes should be established to inform longer-term decisions on food restriction, water consumption, and the control of internationally traded foodstuffs.
The recovery phase may last for a considerable period. Cessation of protective measures should be linked to environmental, food and human health monitoring and based on a risk-benefit analysis. Appropriate long-term follow-up programmes should be established to assess public health consequences and the need for any subsequent actions.


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Press Release
Spring 2011 Men's Volleyball: Shippensburg
February 6, 2011
The Wildcats had 27 blocks in two games at Harrisburg Area CC
HARRISBURG, Pa. – Senior Andrew Epley (Littlestown) had 19 kills and 13 blocks as the Pennsylvania College of Technology men's volleyball team went 1-1 in a non-conference tri match Sunday. The Wildcats faced off against Shippensburg University and Harrisburg Area Community College.
Against Shippensburg, Penn College breezed to a 3-0 victory, 25-11, 25-21, 25-17. Epley notched seven kills in the game. Sophomore Adam Smith (Pleasantville) led the team with nine kills. Sophomore Brad Kabosky (Hunlock Creek) was on point with 14 assists.
It was a different story against Harrisburg, as the Wildcats fought hard but lost 3-1, 17-25, 25-16, 23-25, 21-25. Epley had his strongest game with 12 kills and nine blocks while Kabosky improved with 21 assists.
Penn College will next travel to Penn State – Altoona for a conference tri match that includes Juniata College on Wednesday, Feb. 9 starting at 6 p.m.


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Video: Third Day, "I Need a Miracle" Unplugged Performance
Music Videos & Features
Live and unplugged, Third Day performs their hit single, "I Need a Miracle." Exclusive performance for the Salem Music Stations!
King Of Glory
Third Day
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Need hope? Head to Times Square. Jesus is all over it. (Seriously…we have proof!) Then check out the rest of the most death-defying, glass-ceiling shattering, reality show-redeeming issue of the year. There's music in there too. Oh, and did we mention it's free? You're welcome.


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By Laura McClure
The Daily Star
---- — Half of millennials (people aged 18-29) say in surveys that they don't think Social Security will exist by the time they reach retirement age. Young people – and the rest of us – are being fed the idea that we can't rely on each other for our retirement through a social system, we can only rely on ourselves.
The opposite is true.
We can and do rely on government for our retirement. In fact, since its creation in 1935, Social Security has been the only thing seniors could truly rely on, with stock investments, pensions, and nest eggs evaporating left and right. Social Security provides at least two-thirds of the income middle-class and working class retirees live on.
As any fact-based economist will tell you, Social Security can continue to provide its current modest benefits to generations going forward. Since 1984, this largely pay-as-you-go system has amassed a huge trust fund that was intended to help get us through the period when the outsized baby boom generation retires. As a result, Social Security, as currently constructed, is good to go till 2033 and needs only modest tweaking to keep it healthy after that.
Social Security is one of the world's most efficient bureaucracies – it spends 1% on administrative costs, yet manages to keep almost every senior out of poverty (except workers who are unfortunately excluded from it, like farmworkers). It also acts as an economic stabilizer. In hard times, as jobs disappear and consumer spending plummets, the seniors keep getting, and spending, their small monthly allotments.
Yet many politicians, including President Obama, want to throw Social Security into the maw of deficit reduction. While the program has so far proved too popular and worthy to totally privatize or eliminate, the president proposes to chew away at it by reducing the its cost-of-living increases, biting into the already small checks seniors are getting.
How small? In Otsego and Delaware Counties, where more than 15 percent of the population is receiving retiree benefits from Social Security, the average monthly benefit is $1,200. Do we really want to cut that? It's hard to get by on $1,200.
But this is where that "relying on ourselves" part comes in, right? To supplement Social Security (or even, as some people argue, to replace it altogether), we've got private pensions, 401(k)s, IRAs ... The idea is that if we work hard and we're frugal, we'll do well. And if we're really clever, we'll make out like bandits.
Or not. We've been running this experiment for over three decades, and it has totally failed.
Until the 1990s, private pensions were a big help. Before then, a pension was usually a fixed check you'd get every month from a pension fund set up by your employer and/or union. At their high point, these "defined benefit" pensions covered over half of full-time workers, providing a dependable and sometimes sizable monthly benefit from retirement till death (and often beyond, through survivor benefits). Unfortunately, today, less than a fifth of workers have this kind of pension plan.
The 401(k) was invented in 1981 as an executive perk. With a 401(k) retirement account, the amount you pay in is fixed, but the payout isn't: It depends on how your investments are doing. So you, not the employer, bear all the risk. Sometimes employers contribute a bit, sometimes they don't. Sometimes the market pays out, sometimes it doesn't. What's more, many employers don't offer 401(k)s, and many workers opt not to participate even if they're an option. The same vicissitudes apply to IRAs and other retirement "products."
All this adds up to trouble for those banking on do-it-yourself retirement accounts: Seventy-five percent of Americans nearing retirement age in 2010 had less than $30,000 in their accounts. That won't go very far. And it definitely won't go far if they happen to retire at a time when the stock market is going bust. In short, while money management firms are making a mint off 401(k)s, workers aren't.
So… how are people going to live off that $1200 Social Security check?
We need to improve Social Security. There are lots of ways we could do this. We could increase our contribution to Social Security, we could remove the cap on it (currently,only the first $110,100 is taxed). Or we could consider the plan by economist Teresa Ghilarducci to create guaranteed retirement accounts for every American to supplement Social Security.
Social Security is a gem. Let's not just save it. Let's improve it.
Laura McClure is a writer and editor based in Bovina Center.


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Filed under: Stress
Anxiety happens as a normal part of life. It can even be useful when it alerts you to danger. But for some people, anxiety persistently interferes with daily activities such as work, school or sleep. This type of anxiety can disrupt relationships and enjoyment of life, and over time it can lead to health concerns and other problems.
In some cases, anxiety is a mental health condition that requires treatment. Generalized anxiety disorder, for example, is characterized by persistent worry about major or minor concerns. Other anxiety disorders — such as panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) — have more-specific triggers and symptoms. Sometimes, anxiety results from a medical condition that needs treatment.
Whatever form of anxiety you have, lifestyle changes, counseling or medications — or a combination of these approaches — can help.
©1998-2013 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Terms of use.
Read this article on Mayoclinic.com.
Want to know more about this article or other health related issues? Ask your question and we'll post some each week for CNN.com reader to discuss or for our experts to weight in.
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A man who was struck running across Interstate 270 just east of Illinois 157 on Friday morning was pronounced dead at the scene by the Madison County Coroner's Office.
The pedestrian was struck by a vehicle following an accident.
The initial crash happened about 6:20 a.m. The victim's name has not been released pending notification of his family.
According to Illinois State Police spokesman Calvin Dye, a sedan collided with a tractor-trailer, causing slight damage to the car's passenger side front fender. The car driver pulled off the interstate onto the left shoulder while the semi driver pulled off to the right shoulder.
The damage to the vehicles appeared to be minimal. But the driver of the car apparently tried to check on the semi driver and ran across the interstate, where he was struck by a pick-up truck and was fatally injured.
"There's a slight rise there in the road and it appears that he couldn't see oncoming traffic," Dye said.
The driver of the tractor-trailer was not injured. No citations will be issued in relation to the accident, according to Dye.
Interstate traffic was diverted onto Illinois 157 for more than three hours after the accident.
Contact reporter Scott Wuerz at email@example.com or call 239-2626.


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On 27th February 2011 at 23:45, Estonian Air launched flights on the Tartu-Tallinn route, providing a better international connection to Tartu.
Early morning flights from Tartu to Tallinn are operated six times a week on Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays.
Late evening flights from Tallinn to Tartu are operated on the same days, with the exception on weekends, when Saturday flights are operated on Sundays instead.
The flights are operated with the 33-seater SAAB 340, the flight time is 45 minutes.
Source: Estonian Air


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Thirteen new teachers are coming to for the upcoming school year, with one traveling as far as San Diego for the job.
South River High Assistant Principal George Beaumont sent Patch a list of the new additions to the Seahawks' staff. The 13 educators will be teaching a variety of subjects including art, tech-ed, social studies, science, dance, math and English.
Nathan Burd, a science teacher, traveled some 3,000 miles for the new job after he previously taught in San Diego, Beaumont said.
The majority of new teachers at South River High came from Anne Arundel County Public Schools (AACPS). Besides Burd, only English teacher Emily Rospigliosi taught outside the county—in the Prince George's school system.
Here is a run down of each teacher and where they're coming from:
- John Blondell, art teacher—last school: Old Mill High
- Nathan Burd, science—taught in San Diego last year
- Meredith Martin, science—last school: Chesapeake High
- Colin Campbell, social studies—last school: Annapolis Middle
- Zachary Cohen, technical education—new teacher
- Ryan Bucklad, technical education—new teacher
- Mattie Fenton, dance (physical education)—long-term substitute at South River High last year
- Kimberly Milligan, math—last school: Northeast High
- Sarah Rodrigue, math—last school: Meade High
- Emily Rospiglios—English—taught in Prince George's County in 2010-2011
- Michael Wasilenko—English—last school: Meade High
- John Zelezen—English—last school: Glen Burnie High
- Alison Grava—English—last school: Arundel High


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The following is a press release localized for Newport.
The Rhode Island Campaign for Achievement Now (RI-CAN) released its 2012 School Report Cards for 300 Rhode Island public schools.
Check out the results for the Newport school district. In the overall elementary school rankings, Underwood Elementary School ranked fourteenth in the state. ranked forty-fifth,ranked sixtieth, and the former Sullivan School ranked sixty-fifth out of 76.
was given a C- for average student performance, or the average percentage of students proficient or above in reading and math.
The achievement gap for Newport elementary schools was rated an F.
"The report cards are designed to help Rhode Island parents serve as effective advocates for their kids," said Maryellen Butke, RI-CAN executive director. "Parents deserve to know how well their child's public school is meeting the needs of all of its students."
RI-CAN used students' academic performance in four key categories: average student performance, subgroup performance, achievement gaps and performance gains. The grades, which range from A to F, are calculated based on the October 2011 New England Common Assessment Program scores, released in January 2012 by the Rhode Island Department of Education.
Click here to read their methadology.
Using the data from the School Report Cards, RI-CAN also released the Top 10 Rhode Island public schools that have higher levels of achievement in critical areas. RI-CAN used these rankings to generate Top 10 lists for each category in the report cards: Performance Gains, Low-Income Performance, African-American Performance, Hispanic Performance, Improvement, Limited English Proficiency Performance and Title I School Performance.
"Our state's achievement gaps are still unacceptably high and overall performance statewide is stagnant," said Butke. "We must be transparent about how Rhode Island schools are performing - it's a critical step towards improving our schools."


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Build List
Select a Category
Build Author Robert Hummel Views 12480
This will be an Aluminum OX build. Plates and all design credit goes to Mark from open builds. I may add my own touches but mainly this is to see how Aluminum plates perform
Build Author mytechno3d Views 1098
Maximus 3D Printer
A full scalable 3D Printer , with a big printing area. Build with openbuild parts from www.vslot-europe.com
TABLE OX Router/3D-Printer
OX MultiMachine
Build Author Michael Views 1820
CNC xPRO Driver
Spark Concepts CNC xPRO Driver. A new GRBL compatible, all-in-one stepper driver board with 4 motor controllers for XYZ + 1 clone (or rotary!). Capable of powering your next build with an ATX PSU (or 12V 2 wire supply), and ready for wireless printing. Compatible with Arduino (wireless robots anyone?)
Build Author Pendragon Views 501
A bigger OX. As this build is nothing new I will detail my build process, I am not an experienced builder, this will maybe help someone else. The size of the bOX will be 100cmx75cm. I will use aluminium plates, a tinyG, and most probably only open source / free software.
Build Author kram242 Views 71310
OpenBuilds OX CNC Machine
OpenBuilds OX CNC Machine. A strong easy to build shop CNC router that can be sized to suit your needs. Many new features have been incorporated into the OX to make it a great router that is sure to inspire!
Ultimo is the ultimate multi tool for the person who's serious about prototyping new ideas. A Delta Robot frame supports 3d printing up to 450mm in diameter, a powerful CNC Mill, and 50 amp plasma cutter for processing steel plate. And that's just a start.....wait till you see some of the other attachments we are currently working on incorporating.
Build Author winand Views 2663
YAOR (Yet Another Openbuilds Router)
Yet Another Openbuilds Router, my version :-)
Build Author Robert Hummel Views 3918
Stinger V Micro Mill
While building my OX AI I found myself with left over v slot and thought to myself, what do I need that I can build using them? Well since I make a lot of my own PCB boards for projects I figured a micro PCB mill would fit the bill ;) With inspiration from the OX and OX AI I give you the Stinger V :)
Build Author Christer Langley Views 2248
CNC-Solutions Build
My first Build with V-slot
Camera slider for stacking focus
This is just a small project to get use to the OpenBuild products.
Build Author CubeSpawn Views 2231
CubeSpawn 3 Axis Mill Module
Small Form factor based 3 axis Gantry style mill, Removeable mechanical module. Removable Electronics. with a removable machine pallet, for automation.
Build Author CubeSpawn Views 2178
CubeSpawn Ultimaker 3D Printer Module
This 3D printer is an implementation of the Ultimaker 3D printer Using the Modular approach, many of the parts from the CubeSpawn 3 axis mill translate straight across into this design, so adding new concepts should go quicker
Build Author Serge E. Views 1345
myOX : a 4' x 2' OX CNC with potential
This is the story of me building myOX - my version of the "ideal" OX. I wanted a machine which could work piece at least 4' wide, as long as I could feed through (don't be shy, think "infinity") AND go deep on multiple faces - a manual 4th axis to carve, say, molds for thermoforming polycarbonate shells. I have loads of ideas to take myOX towards that goal and way beyond. Time will tell and I will update this build as I go along, probably creating a few other builds along the way ...
A 3D printer without belts, a print volume of 320x320x260mm, obviously the V-Slot as linear guide! and a maximum of printed pieces.
ROUTY CNC Router (V-Slot Belt & Pinion)
A cool little CNC router build that uses the V-Slot belt & pinion drive and stock parts.
Controll Board for CNC Projects
The Echinus Team change the Firmware from "Teacup" to "Marlin". I use this board in my 3D Printer and it works very good! So I write a short report.
Build Author AK-Creation Views 2858
3D Printer - Big Size
I creat a open source 3D Printer to print big things. Print size: 400x500x300 mm. You can download the Drawing in PDF and in Inventor 2013 format. The unwinding drawings are also included. I take some detail photos for a better understanding.
Build Author kram242 Views 10452
Original PhlatPrinter
Phlatprinter foam cutting CNC machines are awesome space saving mills that use a rotary axis as a sheet feed.
Much4 - LaserV printed version
By following the way of Robert Hummel, I drew a version of its exellent Laser V to use NEMA17 and easily printable parts.
Software speed control of a brushless dc (Bldc) motor from Mach3.
Although this build is typically Mach3 related there is no reason it cannot be adapted for use with any machine control software which provides a PWM spindle control output. As an addition, an option has now been added which will enable the interface to manually control outrunner speed without the need for a PWM signal.
Build Author Robert Hummel Views 7815
890KV OX RC spindle
This build is intended as a light alternative to the Dremel rotary tool.
The aim of this OpenBot build, was to make a 3d Printer that was easy to build with minimal tools and using of the shelve parts from Openbuilds.
Build Author kram242 Views 3539
V-Slot Lead Screw / ACME Driven Actuators
Example model of lead screw driven actuators for your next project!
Build Author kram242 Views 3461
X Y Table OpenRail / V-Slot Build Examples
The X/Y table system is a great starting point for many CNC projects giving you the ability to move an object on the X and Y axis in a simple compact style.
Super rigid Delta printer, using 20X40 V-Slot
PS2 Keyboard And SD Card G code sender For GRBL
Now test ready
Build Author UltiBots Views 2805
Mini Kossel V-Slot 3D Printer
We are looking for BETA customers.
CubeFoot CNC
This small desktop machine is built inside a 300mm cube of 20mm extrusion. Work area is 14cm by 14cm. I used 400 step nema17 motors all around.
CO2 laser.
Here it is my intention to show what was involved in adding a CO2 laser to my existing CNC machine.
Build Author sausagePaws Views 8309
Embroidery machine with XY belt and pinion drive.
A simple Embroidery machine using an XY belt and pinion drive to drive a hoop under a standard sewing machine. Needle timing, machine power and stepper control are all provided by a PIC processor. A tablet provides the higher level formatting required for communicating with the PIC chip.
Build Author kram242 Views 4393
V-Slot EggBot
The Eggbot is an open-source art robot (drawbot) that can draw on spherical or egg-shaped objects.
Build Author Mohsen Abbasi Views 418
True Human Prosthesis
Prosthesis is functionality and emotion!
For all other builders and robotic technies!
Build Author Robert Hummel Views 16381
Laser V
With such great success/attention my laser got, I ended up with a good friend that would like to dabble in stencil art and so I have decided to share my build with him and you here :) I will be using all the same electronics as in my previous build except the driver boards I will be using are the famous reprap 4988's they are more easy to come by and cost less. I will also be using open builds mini v wheels/v groove extrusion just so I can get a feel for their versatile products
Build Author Pol Feliu Views 287
Batxillerat Research Project: Design and construction of a CNC
I'm working on a cartesian cnc router for my school research project
V-Slot Miter Saw Stop
A quick and simple saw stop build.
Laser Engraver Control Board + Inkscape extension
This is a PCB designed to control a laser Engraver CNC
Little Big OX
A complete CNC newbie is tackling a mighty challenge, Not only is he making a CNC router, He's going to try and upsize it.
Build Author kram242 Views 6077
Mini V Linear Actuator Build
Learn to build the V-SLOT Mini V Modular linear Actuator System and create all kinds of cool machines!
Build Author Mohsen Abbasi Views 552
Foldable Rainwater Collector
Realisation of my idea about a foldable collector for rainwater, which is light and easy to make. People around the world need water and can collect rain water with this collector. I made it for syria and all too.
OpenBuilds OX 48x48 Aluminum
Variant on the OpenBuilds OX CNC Router, enlarged with 1500mm length beams for a cutting area of 48" x 48". Based on the original model, the larger of the two, with the addition of a third 20x60 beam on the gantry for strength. Estimated cost is around $1100, minus the router.
Ez3D - Phoenix 3D Printer Build
This is my 1st submission to openbuilds.com and my 1st venture into building a 3D Printer. The Phoenix 3d Printer is a kit from Ez3D, a company based out of Colorado, started and backed by successful Kick-starter and IndieGogo campaigns. The Phoenix 3d Printer kit is currently backlogged 10 to 12 weeks which means quite a wait. I will be chronicling my experience with this kit as I get it done.
Delta printer that uses printed carriages sliding on aluminium extrusions.
Build Author Bmoz Views 1531
Ox with Gecko Controller and CNC Linux
This build is the documentation of someone with no experience building the OX cnc machine with a Gecko G540 controller and CNClinux
Flexible Axis Revolving Tool-holder
Drag knife and pen holder which mounts in spindle collet.
Build Author Leon Style Views 654
AluVault MINIMAX
Easy build cnc router with t slot profile and nylon machined part
Long Ox with drop in table
This build is a modified Ox build. The long rails are 1000mm. My build includes a solid clamping table.
Tool position setting Part III.
In this, the final part, I would like to introduce Machine Vision and show how it can be used, not only for tool position setting but also for resolving the triangle to calculate the G68 (local system rotated) for jobs which are not squarely placed on the work table.
Build Author kram242 Views 4713
V-Slot Belt Driven Linear Actuator Build
Quick and Simple V-Slot Gantry System. This example build shows how easy it is to make a linear actuator using a few OpenBuilds Parts. You can mount this system an many ways so be sure to download the example models.


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Working for a great team!
Are you enthusiastic, dynamic and an innovative individual? If so, we are looking for someone like you to work at one of our four sites within Worthing Leisure part of Adur and Worthing Councils.
Splashpoint Leisure Centre is situated in the heart of Worthing, within walking distance from the seafront. It is a large swimming complex with a 6 lane main 25m pool with movable floor, diving/teaching pool with movable floor, leisure pool with flume, pirate ship, and water features, and outdoor paddling pool. Apart from the wet facilities, it also boasts studio classes, a state of the art gym and much more.
Davison Leisure Centre is a dual use site and part of Davison girls' school. The site is open to the public from 5.15 pm on weekdays and all day during weekends and holidays. It has outdoor tennis and 5-a-side courts, badminton courts, fitness suite and a studio.
Field Place is a Grade II listed building. It has four buildings with meeting rooms, a theatre/function room, tennis courts, model railway, bowling greens, petanque, pottery and arts room. Pond Lane – also managed by Field Place - is a community hall that is situated one mile north of the main complex.
Worthing Leisure Centre is the largest of our four sites, with the following facilities: double sports hall, squash courts, fitness studio, spinning studio, weights room, fitness suite with wet area, soft play, bar, café, function room, projectile range, astro turf and athletics track.
Current vacancies
If you are interested in finding out more about a vacancy, click on the job title and you will see full details of the vacancy and a link to an online application form. Please note that you need to complete an application form and CVs alone will not be accepted.
For current vacancies, please see the Adur & Worthing Council's jobs page


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Small size, light weight and the ability to spot game in heavy cover make Steiner Predator Pro Extreme Binoculars the perfect choice for treks into forest and heavily foliated brush. The Predator weighs only a few ounces, and features a double-hinged body so it easily fits into a pocket, yet delivers the brightness you would expect from larger binoculars. Especially recommended for use in tree stands or other activities where light weight and compact size are critical.
SPECIFY: 8 X 22 or 10 x 26
COLOR: Olive Drab/Black


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I don't eat them really at all. I know I need to start but what am I missing out on by not eating them? Also which of them are the ones I need to eat? A list would be great. Thanks guys.
Age:28 Height:5'9" Weight:180
AtLarge Nutrition Supplements Get the best supplements and help support Wannabebig!


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IMP Awards > Intl > Canada > 2011 Movie Poster Gallery > Down the Road Again Poster
Poster design by Agency 71
Down the Road Again (2011)
TRAILERS | IMDB | AMAZON | added: Feb 18th, 2012
WANT TO BUY THE POSTER? Try these links:
Internet Movie Poster Awards - Featuring one of the largest collections of movie poster images on the web.
Site Design by Face3media


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The wait is over! Download the BeerAdvocate app on iTunes or Google Play now.
Get 12 issues / year of BeerAdvocate magazine for only $9.99!
Arran Blonde - Isle of Arran Brewery Company Ltd.
Displayed for educational use only; do not reuse.
Ratings: 52 | Reviews: 45 | Display Reviews Only:
Reviews by cypressbob:
United Kingdom (Northern Ireland)
3.7/5 rDev +8.2%
look: 3.5 | smell: 4 | taste: 3.5 | feel: 3.5 | overall: 4
500ml bottle
Pours with a golden yellow, shimmering, slight white with fair retention
Smell, malty, some hint of grain, slight aroma of flowery hops, some lavender
Taste, crisp and almost wheat beer like, some yeast on the finish, slight hop bitterness
Not bad, quite refreshing
Serving type: bottle
12-18-2004 13:13:13 | More by cypressbob
More User Reviews:
United Kingdom (England)
3.25/5 rDev -5%
11-01-2013 16:12:34 | More by EmperorBevis
3.5/5 rDev +2.3%
10-04-2013 02:46:21 | More by abeeronthebeach
3.5/5 rDev +2.3%
08-14-2013 03:49:36 | More by Hopheadjeffery
United Kingdom (Scotland)
3.75/5 rDev +9.6%
06-30-2013 20:03:43 | More by Jaymz
Ontario (Canada)
3.5/5 rDev +2.3%
10-08-2012 16:21:02 | More by mick303
3.5/5 rDev +2.3%
01-02-2012 08:07:24 | More by animal69
New Hampshire
3/5 rDev -12.3%
11-27-2011 15:37:05 | More by Rochefort10nh
United Kingdom (Scotland)
3.53/5 rDev +3.2%
look: 4 | smell: 3.5 | taste: 3.5 | feel: 3.5 | overall: 3.5
Cloudy yellow with bubbly white head that reduces to leave a pinky sized head lacing.
Sweet smelling ale, some good floral, grassy hops & a fair bit of citrus; it has a nice, summer like feel to it although it was a little basic.
A citrus hops flavour & a nice floral, summery taste to begin with. Followed by a mix of citrus & some spice along with some bubblegum.
Smooth & crisp for the most past with a slightly dry finish. The body is medium and overall the beers drinkabilty is quite good.
Quite a nice one that went down easily & was fairly enjoyable; I feel that this is a good example of the style.
1001 Beers to try b4 you die Blog:
Serving type: bottle
10-02-2011 18:36:42 | More by flyingpig
2.85/5 rDev -16.7%
look: 3 | smell: 2.5 | taste: 3 | feel: 2.5 | overall: 3
Note: This bottle may not have been the best example - the top popped with no off-gas and very easily. I didn't read anybody else describing low carb levels - I feel like someone uncapped and recapped immediately.
A - poured light orange, pretty hazy with almost no head, even with vigorous pour directly into bottom of glass.
S - extremely minerally, nice floral hop in background, very low malt note
T - fairly hoppy with nice malt follow up, perhaps a little uninteresting
M - ok. I'm getting the impression that mine has a lot lower carb than everyone else. I would guess around 1 - 1.5 volumes CO2.
O - I would give it another shot if bought for me, but wouldn't want to spend the $5 again myself
Serving type: bottle
03-25-2011 00:55:23 | More by GrizzlyBrew
United Kingdom (England)
4.22/5 rDev +23.4%
look: 4 | smell: 3.5 | taste: 4.5 | feel: 4 | overall: 4.5
Wasn't too sure what to expect from this 500ml brown bottle of 'Blonde'.
I poured the beer (in three instalments) into my Veltins Pilsner stemmed tulip glass. The beer was a clear golden blonde, a slightly deeper gold than a typical lager, but with the same sort of pure white head.
The smell was of hops, as was the main taste and it was obvious from the first sip and smell it wasn't a lager based beer, but an ale of some sort. The malted wheat gave the beer a flowery feel and a floral flavour, very summery.
The bottle asked for the beer to be served chilled, it was. All in all a pleasant beer.
Serving type: bottle
04-24-2010 08:15:05 | More by BlackHaddock
United Kingdom (Scotland)
3.58/5 rDev +4.7%
look: 2 | smell: 3 | taste: 3.5 | feel: 4 | overall: 4.5
A- very much like a lager, slight lacing, with a head which dissapears quickly leaving patches of foam
S - citrus, peaty
T - Very drinkable, Slight fruitiness (overipe mangos, pineapples)
M - very slightly Dry
D - a very decent session ale, nothing exeptional but something i would definatley try again if offered.
Serving type: bottle
01-08-2010 22:58:39 | More by GrantDuthie
3.58/5 rDev +4.7%
look: 3 | smell: 3.5 | taste: 3.5 | feel: 3.5 | overall: 4
A - Poured out a clear, fizzy, orange color with a small, white head that left little to no lacing.
S - It smelled earthy and grassy with touches of sweet caramel.
T - Not much different than the aroma - caramel, grassy hops and a touch of earthiness.
M - It was crisp and sharp. A light bodied beer that has a dry finish.
D - This is a pretty decent English ale. It is easy drinking and sessionable.
Serving type: bottle
01-06-2010 03:04:24 | More by zeff80
2.93/5 rDev -14.3%
look: 3.5 | smell: 3 | taste: 3 | feel: 3 | overall: 2.5
Poured from a cellar temp 500ml bottle into my NERAX pint glass. The beer has very little head, just a scattering of white bubbles on top. I can see plenty of bubbles on the bottom of the glass, a few of which are rising slowly. The beer has a slightly hazy golden orange color. There are aromas of yeast and orange citrus in the beer. This beer has a large malt flavor. There is some bready yeast in there as well. It finishes with barely any flavor at all; it's actually pretty watery. This beer has an average body and no detectable carbonation. This beer just doesn't do it for me. All of it's attributes are average, but the some of them makes the beer feel below average. I received this beer as a gift (from someone who isn't a beer drinker) and I wouldn't purchase it again.
Serving type: bottle
12-26-2009 23:48:10 | More by ToasterChef
2.8/5 rDev -18.1%
look: 2.5 | smell: 1.5 | taste: 3.5 | feel: 2 | overall: 3
Lightly hazy yellow amber with almost no head.
The aroma is odd, old sharp fruit, freshly painted walls and wet plaster.
The taste is much better but bland and thin. It is fruity grain, lemon, with good balance, smooth, but with a flat feel and ovrall character. It seems "old" or stale, but I am not sure if this is because it is old or it is just the beer.
Serving type: bottle
04-13-2009 18:13:48 | More by Offa
3.1/5 rDev -9.4%
look: 4 | smell: 3.5 | taste: 3 | feel: 3.5 | overall: 2.5
L: Pours a nice golden yellow color with a short and medium sized off white colored head that laces the glass a bit on the way down.
S: Smells of toasted malts, some bready aromas, and a hint of hops at the end.
T: Tastes of toasted and bready malt mainly, then a hint of hops at the end of it finishes it off. There was a distinct bitter aftertaste to it as well that was not all that appealing.
M: Very smooth, nice amount of carbonation.
D: OK drinkability, not the best as the harshly bitter aftertaste didn't help it's cause.
Serving type: bottle
12-30-2008 14:44:45 | More by erosier
3.95/5 rDev +15.5%
look: 3 | smell: 4 | taste: 4 | feel: 3 | overall: 4.5
The aroma has grassy and floral hops with sweet malts. The appearance is gold with light hazy and a small head. The flavor is as good as the aroma with malt, hops and some citrus. The palate is thin. This is a light, enjoyable beer. Nothing outstanding here just a really good beer.
Serving type: bottle
11-18-2008 08:30:01 | More by nick76
South Carolina
2.88/5 rDev -15.8%
look: 3 | smell: 3.5 | taste: 2.5 | feel: 3 | overall: 3
A: Poured from a bottle to a pint glass. Had a golden yellow color and - oddly - no head or lacing.
S: Had a sweet smell of hops and malt, but not much else.
T: Disappointing. You get a bit of malt and light hops up front, but then it's just a thin, watery brew. Totally uninteresting.
M: A fair amount of carbonation and a smooth finish. Medium-bodied. A strange case where the mouthfeel actually outshines the taste, instead of working in concert with it.
D: This is a wholly bland piece of brewing. No real character or taste, with a couple of the components working. Not the worst thing I've ever had, but not good either.
Serving type: bottle
09-18-2008 15:18:25 | More by avalon07
3.2/5 rDev -6.4%
look: 3 | smell: 3.5 | taste: 3 | feel: 4 | overall: 3
Pours a decent blonde/light yellow color, but not as shining as others, and there is no head or lacing to speak of. Strong scent, very sweet and malty with high levels of diacetone. Same with the taste, it seems as though it would have a great malt/hop balance, but the sour-fruit taste covers a lot of it. It does go down well, but this is far from the best Scottish beer I've had.
Serving type: bottle
07-23-2008 21:07:18 | More by JamesS
New Jersey
3.05/5 rDev -10.8%
look: 3 | smell: 3.5 | taste: 3 | feel: 2.5 | overall: 3
Single bottle copped from Super Saver in Somerville... recently sampled Arran's Dark, which was a decent stab... Their blonde sample, however, failed to impress, not really leaving anything to memory or striking a strong chord with flavor or style...
Hazy, murky, dark-copper, medium-amber hue with a very minimal head that soon receded, leaving no llacing, just a pale foam...
Sweet, extremely floral aroma with shades of blond honey...
Watered-down, semi-sweet mouthfeel with not much going on in this department... Crisp and clean, but too watery to really assert itself successfully...
Drinkability was about average or so, with the modest ABV, but the lack of appealing flavors brought this down a notch or too...
Arran's Dark is certainly the better of the two...
Not recommended...
Serving type: bottle
03-20-2008 01:31:22 | More by dsa7783
Ontario (Canada)
3.4/5 rDev -0.6%
look: 3.5 | smell: 3 | taste: 3.5 | feel: 3.5 | overall: 3.5
Brought this back from Edinburgh, where I purchasd it in a liquor store. Pretty standard, but passable, English pale ale with nothing that really makes it stand out -- other than the fact that it didn't have any noticeable defects. Pretty light in almost every way - light colour, light aroma, light flavour. Moderate carbonation. Went well with food, although it doesn't really compliment flavours, just washes things down.
Serving type: bottle
12-02-2007 17:59:28 | More by crwills
1.88/5 rDev -45%
look: 2.5 | smell: 1.5 | taste: 2 | feel: 1.5 | overall: 2
Poured a pale gold with a one finger head which hung around for a few minutes before slowly disappearing. Minimal lacing left in my glass.
Smelled of simple bread and alcohol, and perhaps a pair of well used gym socks.
Taste was only slightly better than the smell. Mainly alcohol was what I detected, hops and perhaps even the tiniest hint of bubblegum.
Very thin mouthfeel, perhaps the thinnest I can ever recall in a beer. Not much carbonation either to make things interesting, not that even that would rescue this brew enough to make it drinkable.
I don't like knocking a beer. I know a lot of work went into making it and someone, somewhere is proud of this beer. But I have to be honest, this was among the least enjoyable beers I've ever had. It was all I could do to finish a glass, and I threw the rest of the bottle away.
A very attractive bottle, but as we have all learned at one time or another, don't let a pretty face fool you.
One day I'd dearly love to visit Scotland, but if this is what the beer is like there, I'll smuggle something else into my luggage to drink while I'm visiting.
Serving type: bottle
11-19-2007 21:02:19 | More by JBogan
3.1/5 rDev -9.4%
look: 3 | smell: 3.5 | taste: 3 | feel: 3 | overall: 3
A: Color of apple juice. No head and no lace.
S: Roasted, sweet and hoppy.
T&M: Stringent and watery. May have been a bad batch but it just kind of lays in the mouth without any real punch.
D: Not my cup of tea but it's not terrible, just doesn't stand out.
Serving type: bottle
09-26-2007 04:57:27 | More by July2Nov
United Kingdom (England)
3.38/5 rDev -1.2%
look: 3 | smell: 3.5 | taste: 3.5 | feel: 3.5 | overall: 3
Appearance - Light brown, amber with a large initial head that faded quickly. Little lacing.
Aroma - Mild biscuity malt and herbal hops
Taste - spicy hops and dry, light toasted malt
Mouthfeel - Medium to light, pleasant.
Drinkability - Pleasant but just that, nothing special. I thought more hops would give the beer a stronger bitterness to balance the malty character.
Serving type: bottle
08-30-2007 15:04:13 | More by DaveUK
2.53/5 rDev -26%
look: 2 | smell: 2.5 | taste: 2.5 | feel: 3 | overall: 2.5
Poured a hazy gold with a minimal off white ring of a head with very little carbonation.
The nose was'nt impressive with an off aroma I could,nt put my finger on. The aromas I could identify were bread, carmel and fruitiness.
The taste was mostly bread with some fruitiness and light carmel with a smooth mildly bitter finish.
The mouthfeel was light in body, smooth and flat.
I don't plan on revisiting this beer anytime soon.
Serving type: bottle
08-11-2007 19:44:15 | More by Ratman197
Arran Blonde from Isle of Arran Brewery Company Ltd.
79 out of 100 based on 52 ratings.


text:
Results 1 to 3 of 3
Thread: Words of Wisdom
Words of Wisdom
1) When I die, I want to die like my grandfather -- who died
peacefully in his sleep. Not screaming like all the passengers in
his car."
--Author Unknown
2) Advice for the day: If you have a lot of tension and you
get a headache, do what it says on the aspirin bottle:
"Take two aspirin" and "Keep away from children"
--Author Unknown
3) "Oh, you hate your job? Why didn't you say so? There's
a support group for that. It's called EVERYBODY, and
they meet at the bar."
--Drew Carey
4) "Instead of getting married again, I'm going to find a woman
I don't like and just give her a house,"
--Rod Stewart
5) "The problem with the designated driver program, it's not a
desirable job, but if you ever get sucked into doing it, have
fun with it. At the end of the night, drop them off at the wrong
--Jeff Foxworthy
7) "If a woman has to choose between catching a fly ball and
saving an infant's life, she will choose to save the infant's life
without even considering if there is a man on base."
--Dave Barry
9) "Relationships are hard. It's like a full time job, and we
should treat it like one. If your boyfriend or girlfriend wants to
leave you, they should give you two weeks' notice. There
should be severance pay, and before they leave you, they
should have to find you a temp."
--Bob Ettinger
10) "My Mom said she learned how to swim when someone took her out in
the lake and threw her off the boat. I said,
'Mom, they weren't trying to teach you how to swim."
--Paula Poundstone
11) "A study in the Washington Post says that women have
better verbal skills than men. I just want to say to the authors of
that study: "Duh."
--Conan O'Brien
12) "Why does Sea World have a seafood restaurant? I'm
halfway through my fish burger and I realize, Oh my Gosh....
I could be eating a slow learner."
--Lynda Montgomery
13) "I think that's how Chicago got started. A bunch of people in
New York said, "Gee, I'm enjoying the crime and the
poverty, but it just isn't cold enough. Let's go west.'"
--Richard Jeni
14) "If life were fair, Elvis would be alive and all the
impersonators would be dead."
--Johnny Carson
15) "Sometimes I think war is God's way of teaching us geography."
--Paul Rodriguez
16) "My parents didn't want to move to Florida, but they turned
sixty, and that's the law."
--Jerry Seinfeld
17) "Remember in elementary school, you were told that in case of
fire you have to line up quietly in a single file line from smallest
to tallest. What is the logic in that? What, do tall
people burn slower?"
--Warren Hutcherson
19) "Suppose you were an idiot ... And suppose you were a
member of Congress ... But I repeat myself."
--Mark Twain
20) "Our bombs are smarter than the average high school
student. At least they can find Afghanistan!"
--A. Whitney Brown
21) "Ah, yes, divorce......., from the Latin word meaning to
rip out a man's genitals through his wallet."
--Robin Williams
22) "Women complain about premenstrual syndrome, but I
think of it as the only time of the month that I can be myself."
23) "Women need a reason to have sex. Men just need a place."
--Billy Crystal
24) "You can say any foolish thing to a dog, and the dog will give
you a look that says, "My Gosh, you're right! I never would've
thought of that!'"
--Dave Barry
25) Do you know why they call it "PMS"? Because "Mad Cow Disease was
--Unknown, presumed deceasedMolly Weasley makes Chuck Norris eat his vegetables.
Do not puff, shade, skew, tailor, firm up, stretch, massage,
or otherwise distort statements of fact.FBI Special Agent Coleen Rowley
Loved em every one.]
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text:
Long Live the Brilliant Queen Professor Doctor Mildred Slugwak Dresselhaus !
No wonder Queen Professor Doctor Dresselhaus won title of Eugene's 31st SLUG Queen–she employed scientific method and relentlessly bribed and slimed her way to the top. Along with her minions and Co2 gas concoctions on stage, our 2013 'raining' queen delivered a stunning visual experiement performance and light speed wit.
What's her story? Here's what we know:
The professor doctor was born in the moment between a bolt of lightning and a clap of thunder in an ancient mansion atop a wild and frightening hill. She did not, as it is often told, emerge fully formed with an argon ion laser in her right hand and a bionic, steam-powered gauntlet on her left. But she enjoys the imagery of that story and allows it to spread. more…
Do not follow where the path may lead. Go instead where there is no path and leave a trail~ Harold R. McAlindon


text:
CitySERVE will be closed from June 23 to July 4. The office will be open July 7th at 11:00 AM.
About Volunteer Center (CitySERVE Program)
Since the mid 1990's, the Volunteer Center (CitySERVE) Program is the volunteer program of the City of Santa Cruz. CitySERVE is a partnership between the Volunteer Centers of Santa Cruz County and the City of Santa Cruz. CitySERVE serves as a matchmaker, placing interested community members with City staff who want to work with volunteers. CitySERVE staff also works to promote the use of volunteers throughout the City, actively supporting the development of new volunteer programs within local government.
Why Volunteer?
Everyone has different motivations for volunteering. Volunteering can give you a new skill, help you meet new people, or prepare you for a future career. Volunteering will always give you the satisfaction of doing important work for your community.
Simply put, volunteering enriches your life and the lives of those around you.
National Volunteer Week 2012 Honoree PAUL MARTIN
CitySERVE Volunteer Program
Laurel Keeffe, CitySERVE Volunteer Program Coordinator
809 Center Street, Room 6
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
Starting on July 7
Summer Hours: Monday, Wednesday & Thursday 10:30 am to 2:00 pm
Tuesday 12:30 pm to 5:00 pm
City of Santa Cruz Official Government WebsiteSanta Cruz City Hall, 809 Center Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95060©2009 City of Santa Cruz. All Rights Reserved. | Website Created by Vision Internet.Coastal images in the City of Santa Cruz homepage banner courtesy of Michael Santa Cruz


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FinancialContent is the trusted provider of stock market information to the media industry.
June 01, 2012 at 23:30 PM EDT
Different Types Of Business Loans Mean Lots Of Business Solutions
Know what's available so you know what's best for your business
There are many different types of small business loans, which is a good thing, since businesses of all types and sizes need funding at one time or another. Whether it is money for a new startup, or a loan to expand a business that has been around a long time, there is a loan out there for you.
Traditional lenders and others provide basically two types of loans: secured and unsecured. A secured loan is when you back up what you borrow with collateral. In other words, in order to obtain the loan, you agree to put your property or assets on the line - if you can't pay, the lender takes possession of the collateral. With an unsecured loan, there is no collateral required, but this means there will be a higher interest rate - in some cases, much higher. This is to make up for the risk the lender takes in lending with no guarantee if you can't pay.
The most common type of business loan is a term loan. This type of loans is the go-to when a business needs a large amount of money. The loans are called "term" because the borrower agrees to repay the loan in a designated amount of time, or term. Term loans can be long or short term. A short-term loan is usually repaid in one payment rather than in monthly amounts, and is for smaller amounts. A long-term loan is the opposite - it's for a large amount and is repaid in monthly installments.
Another type of business loan is a line of credit, and are often used by business owners wishing to protect themselves from cash flow issues. The loan works like this: the loan is issued for a certain amount, and the business owner can draw from it as required. Then payments are made, with interest, on a monthly basis. Lines of credit are much better suited for short-term needs, since the interest can accrue rather quickly.
A business loan can also be in the form of an equipment loan, which is when a business owner puts up his business equipment as collateral. The loan must then be repaid according to terms, or the lender takes possession of the equipment. This type of loan is usually purposed for very large loans, sometimes in the millions, because for most businesses, equipment accounts for a large portion of the business' assets.
The last type of business loan is a seasonal or capital loan, which are repaid at the end of the borrowing cycle, when inventory or accounts receivable are converted into cash. This is normally an unsecured loan, but can also be secured, and is a loan typically favored in the manufacturing, distribution, retail and service fields.
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Original Source: Different Types Of Business Loans Mean Lots Of Business Solutions
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text:
Craven District Council could keep 'town council cash' (From Craven Herald)
Get involved: send your pictures, video, news and views by texting CHNEWS to 80360, or email
Craven District Council could keep 'town council cash'
10:00am Friday 13th December 2013 in News
Government funding intended for parish and town councils could end up being kept by Craven District Council.
The council is currently recommending either halving the grants to parishes or giving none of it at all.
A recommendation was due to be made last Tuesday by the council's policy committee, but was deferred until this week – following the government's Autumn Statement – for a decision by the full council.
However, a consultation being carried out by Craven with parish and town councils on what they would do if the grant was to be reduced and eventually removed is not due to end until next Friday, December 20 – ten days after the full council meeting.
The consultation letter to councils says their comments will be summarised and included in a report for members to make their decisions.
The letter asks whether they would cover the shortfall created by a halving and eventual withdrawal of the grant by increasing precepts, using reserves, reducing services or a combination of all three.
At last week's policy committee meeting, council leader Coun Chris Knowles-Fitton (Cons) told councillors it would be prudent to wait until after the council knew how much in grant funding it would be receiving from central government until it decided how much to "give away".
He was reminded by Coun Robert Heseltine (Ind) that it should not be "give away" but "hand on".
Coun Carl Lis (Cons) added it was important that town and parish councils were made aware as soon as possible, as most of them were close to setting their precepts.
Skipton Town Council is one of the councils likely to be unhappy if a decision is made to withdraw or even halve its grant.
Last year, the council received the largest grant in Craven of £47,403; while Bentham Town Council received £7,403 and Glusburn and Cross Hills Parish Council, £6,852. Smaller councils like Draughton received £219 and Martons Both, £130.
The National Association of Local Councils has raised the issues of grant funding with the responsible government minister and has received assurances that the government supported them being passed on and would approach any billing authority that failed to do so.
Comments are closed on this article.


text: The first table below looks at the demand for BS25999 skills in IT jobs advertised for the Huddersfield region. Included is a guide to the average salaries offered in IT jobs that have cited BS25999 over the 3 months to 28 July 2014 with a comparison to the same period in the previous 2 years. The second table is for comparison and provides aggregates for all of the Quality Assurance & Compliance category for the Huddersfield region.


text:
Coordinator for Student Activities
LaShaundra is a proud native of Chicago, home of her Chicago Bears! LaShaundra received her bachelor's degree in criminal justice/juvenile delinquency from Missouri Western State University and her master's in higher education administration from the University of Missouri-Kansas City. She is a proud alumnus of both institutions and is excited about returning to UMKC to promote Roo pride. Her affiliations are with ACPA, Golden Key International Honour Society, and The Order of the Eastern Star. In her spare time, she enjoys volunteering, mentoring, traveling, spending time with loved ones, and motivational speaking.


text:
Monelle Totah grew up in Louisiana and has a bachelor's degree in fine arts from Louisiana State University but it is her childhood that really influenced her future career in design at Williams-Sonoma Home. She says she read somewhere that "southerners are a tenacious lot, we take our homes seriously." She can also remember the first time she met her mother's decorator. "He came over with story boards and I was in complete fascination," she says. Monelle also traveled a lot on family vacations where even at a young age she was purchasing, rummaging and collecting. "I love product!" she also states. "I am constantly shopping…yes for shoes and handbags as well!" She grew up wanting to be a merchant in the truest sense of word and loved to discover, design, develop beautiful things. "I suppose that is why I love what I do!"
Monelle Totah has been with Williams-Sonoma for over 19 years! It all began in 1986 when, alongside the company's founder, Chuck Williams, she created the Chambers brand. Launched as a catalog in 1989, Chambers was the first brand in the U.S. to offer the finest in European linens and hotel quality towels. During her 9-year career with the brand, Monelle was responsible for product design, merchandising, and inventory management. Her history with Chambers led her to also create the Chambers Heritage bedding collection, now a Williams-Sonoma Home mainstay.
MT: While we are often inspired by fashion, especially in the textiles area, when creating the color palette or a design detail that can be incorporated into a home textile. We rarely look to "trends." Each season we tell a story by creating environments, compelling color stories and interesting materials, weaves and finishes.
HC: Do you travel for inspiration and if so, in what cities or countries have you found the most inspiration?
HC: Is there anything you have brought back from a trip that was redesigned as a product for WSH?
HC: I've noticed a lot of products for entertaining at WSH. Do you find that customers are entertaining more at home these days?
HC: Which interior designers past or present have a style that you admire?
HC: Color trends change for the seasons but are there any colors that you are noticing transcend the seasons and look good all year?
HC: What is your best advice for anyone who needs a little inspiration right now?


text:
With Hurricane Sandy on an uncertain path that appears to be tracking our way but could veer off course, the state is urging residents to be prepared in the event of an emergency.
Currently a category 2 storm south of the United States, Hurricane Sandy is expected to track north in the Atlantic and make landfall on the East Coast somewhere between Maryland and Southern New England, probably on Monday, a press release from the NH Division of Homeland Security said. But the National Weather Service has said the exact path of the storm is impossible to predict at this point. We could be missed, or we could take a direct hit.
"There is a lot uncertain about Hurricane Sandy," said Christopher M. Pope, Director of Homeland Security and Emergency Management. "For that reason we strongly encourage New Hampshire residents and visitors to monitor the storm via news media and Internet sources and pay attention to where the storm may eventually strike."For updates on Hurricane Sandy as the story develops, follow Hampton-North Hampton Patch on Facebook and on Twitter, and sign up for our e-mail newsletter.
In addition, Pope encouraged people to review their home emergency plans and stock up on emergency supplies so they can stay in their homes for up to three days without assistance. He also encouraged people to remove lawn furniture or other outdoor items that could blow around in high wind and cause damage.
The major threat to New Hampshire, even without a direct hit from the storm, is possible heavy rain and flooding. This is what happened last year with Tropical Storm Irene.
Detailed emergency preparedness information is posted on ReadyNH, the state's emergency preparedness website: http://www.nh.gov/readynh/.
Having a disaster kit together is one of the top recommendations of emergency planners. But just what should you put into a kit?
We gathered some suggestions from the National Hurricane Center, but also want to hear your suggestions.
- Water. Have at least one gallon for each person for up to seven days.
- Food. Make sure to have nonperishable food items for up to seven days for each person in the household. Be sure to include a hand can opener and paper or plastic plates and utensils. It's also a good idea to store snacks, specialty foods for infants or seniors and cooking utensils.
- Important papers. Use a waterproof container to store insurance documents, medical records, Social Security cards, bank records, birth certificates and so on.
- First aid supplies, as well as items to care for any babies, special needs or elderly people in the household.
- Blankets and pillows.
- Clothes.
- Toiletries.
- Flashlights and batteries.
- A battery-operated radio or weather radio.
- Charged mobile phones (extra batteries are a good idea, too).
- Cash and credit cards.
- Keys.
- Tools.
While it's possible Sandy will be nothing more than a heavy rainstorm up here, it never hurts to be prepared, an as the possibility of severe weather gets closer, the lines at the stores get longer. If you don't already have an emergency kit, it's never too early to prepare one just in case.
Tell us: What do you have in your emergency kit that you've found helpful in the past?