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Some (finalish) results!
Matt and I have been meeting weekly for the past three weeks to have ODP work days–just to crank through analyses, etc. Mostly, it's a matter of sitting down and forcing each other to do stuff. Matt's posting soon, but in the meantime I thought I'd throw out some "final" results. These are regressions on phylogenetically independent contrasts (PICs), with analyses considering the whole sample, unequivocal quadrupeds (following Maidment and Barrett's assignments), and unequivocal bipeds (following Maidment and Barrett, again).
A few quick notes (all of which are going into the main article text at some point)…PICs were calculated in the PDAP package of Mesquite. Limb lengths were log-transformed prior to analyses (which helped to move things towards normality a little bit, but not entirely). Branch lengths were initially set to divergence times, but we found that these violated the assumptions of PICs, and thus some transforms were used (to be outlined in the manuscript as well as a future post, once we've pulled that text together).
Below, I'm including the preliminary results text for this part of the analysis, the associated table, and table caption. Enjoy! And feel free to throw in some comments if you have any.
Intra- and interlimb scaling
Analyses including all taxa as well as analyses considering only unequivocal quadrupeds showed similar scaling patterns. Forelimb length scaled with strong positive allometry relative to hind limb length, whereas the distal hind limb elements (tibia and metatarsal III) collectively scaled with strong negative allometry relative to femur length. The distal forelimb (radius and metacarpal III) scaled isometrically relative to the humerus; however, we note that the lower confidence interval for the entire sample only barely excludes positive allometry. We thus speculate that a larger sample may ultimately demonstrate positive allometry.
When considering only unequivocal bipeds, none of the slopes differed from isometry. However, we note that this subset of taxa also had some of the smallest sample sizes considered here, and a larger sample might uncover allometric scaling patterns.
Table. Results of RMA (reduced major axis) regressions of PICs (phylognetically-independent contrasts) for logged limb segment lengths in ornithischian dinosaurs. In the "Allometry" column, "0" indicates a slope indistinguishable from isometry, "+" indicates a slope consistent with positive allometry, and "-" indicates a slope consistent with negative allometry. The numbers in parentheses in the "Slope" indicate the 95 percent confidence interval for the slope.
Distal Forelimb
1.139 (0.996–1.301)
Distal Hind Limb
0.812 (0.715–0.921)
1.301 (1.198–1.413)
Quadruped Only
Distal Forelimb
1.138 (0.929–1.393)
Quadruped Only
Distal Hind Limb
0.742 (0.581–0.949)
Quadruped Only
1.237 (1.027–1.489)
Biped only
Distal Forelimb
0.829 (0.588–1.17)
Biped only
Distal Hind Limb
0.903 (0.739–1.105)
Biped only
1.009 (0.543–1.876)
Presentation Draft – Early Results
On Saturday, I'll be giving a short presentation about (very) preliminary results from the ODP, for the 1st Annual Southwest Regional Joint DVM&DCB (Division of Vertebrate Morphology and Division of Comparative Biology) meeting of SICB (Society of Integrative and Comparative Biology). This conference is a one-day event held on the campus of Cal State San Bernardino, and targets functional morphologists and their kin (including paleontologists).
The presentation is entitled "Morphological disparity, locomotion and limb proportions in ornithischian dinosaurs," and it's set up as a 5 minute talk. One of the cool things about DVM is the option of a 5 minute format – perfect for work that is in its nascent stages or "crazy" ideas that you just want to throw out there. Given the very preliminary nature of the analysis (and the fact that I'm co-author on three posters at the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology meetings next week), I jumped at the chance for this format. Plus, the talk was a good opportunity to kick my butt in gear and do some real analysis.
I don't have a lot of time at this second to detail every aspect of the methods, but here is a sketch:
- Data were trimmed down to one entry per taxon, choosing the largest and most complete specimen possible. In a handful of cases, missing data were interpolated via regression (to estimate tibia length from fibula length) or other specimens of the same taxon.
- Taxa were binned into five time categories, each spanning roughly 34 million years. Any finer bins, and there just weren't enough taxa.
- I ran principal coordinates analyses on the data, for forelimb, hindlimb, and all limbs together. Within each temporal bin from the results, I calculated the sum of variance and nth root of variance. This gives a measure of morphological disparity in each bin – high variance, high disparity. The analyses were run with the raw data, as well as data that were standardized within each taxon by the geometric mean. This was to attempt to remove the effects of body size.
- I plotted the data in each bin. In order to compare the raw results vs. geometric mean results, I normalized the data to the largest value in each category.
- A few notes of caution – I did not perform any statistical tests on the data (bootstrapping, confidence intervals, etc.). So, the results should not be considered to have particular statistical significance at any level. Also, no attempt was made to accommodate for sampling effects or phylogeny. Caveat emptor.
- In any case, there are some cool results. Looking at hind limbs, there is a big jump in disparity after the first 60 million years (or so) of evolution – not unexpected, given the explosion of forms in the mid-Jurassic. What was more interesting was the fact that the disparity stayed constant when looking at raw values, but when values were corrected for size using a geometric mean, there was a big drop in disparity during the last 60 million years or so. On first consideration, this suggests to me that body size is driving some of the disparity values. Body size stayed big after the Middle Jurassic, but overall morphological disparity (in what those large body forms looked like) decreased. I wonder if some of this is due to the extinction of stegosaurs (with their bizarro limbs) at the end of the Jurassic / early Cretaceous. Forelimb disparity (when correcting with a geometric mean) by contrast takes a big jump in the late Cretaceous – I wonder if this is due to hadrosaurs, with their conventional hind limbs but really, really weird forelimbs. Food for thought.
Tonight I put together a first draft of the slides for my presentation. Supporting data are here, and a PDF of the slides is here. I'm going to do some more editing tomorrow, so any suggestions are welcome. Keep in mind that the slides are pretty rough right now, so forgive any ugliness there. Also, remember that I'm dealing with a 5 minute format, so there's only so much more I can add (and I think I'll have to trim some stuff – we'll see how much time is in the mix after I run through it once out loud).
The final version, after presentation on Saturday, will be archived at figshare.
On continua and categories in paleoecology. . .or, an example application of ODP data
Today we're delighted to have a guest post from Dr. Chris Noto, a new assistant professor at University of Wisconsin-Parkside, and an old friend of mine from our graduate school days together at Stony Brook University. Chris has had a long-running interest in dinosaur paleoecology, and thus it only seemed natural for him to apply these interests to the ODP data. Enjoy!
In describing the ecology of an organism our first inclination may be to simply go observe it in its day-to-day existence. Therefore, at its core, ecology is primarily a science of the living and this is reflected in the methods and theories one finds in the literature. Over the past couple decades there has been a growing interest in the relationship between organismal morphology and ecology, which is now often referred to as "ecomorphology"(Losos 1990; Ben-Moshe et al. 2001; Aguirre et al. 2002; Zeffer et al. 2003; Sacco and Van Valkenburgh 2004). This has opened entire new areas of research into the covariation between organisms and their environment, which is also the basic foundation for understanding evolutionary change over longer spans of time.
Some paleontologists have applied ecomorphological principles to reconstructing the paleoecology of certain extinct groups, including carnivorans (Palmqvist et al. 1999), birds (Hertel 1995), and especially ungulates (Solounias and Semprebon 2002; Meehan and Martin 2003; DeGusta and Vrba 2005; Klein et al. 2010). Changes in the types and/or proportions of ecomorphs in a fossil community have also been used as evidence of environmental and evolutionary responses to climate change(Van Valkenburgh 1995; Meehan and Martin 2003; Badgley et al. 2008; Noto and Grossman 2010). You will note though that a lot of this research relies on comparison to living analogs related to the fossil groups in question. How do we explore the paleoecology of groups that completely lack extant analogs?
If there's one thing we've learned through all this research, it's the fact that:
- Certain morphological adaptations occur regardless of species (convergence) because of specific habitat constraints, and
- Morphological differences between species will occur due to diverging ecologies, even if we don't know exactly what ecological functions those morphological differences actually represent.
But, we won't know those differences exist until we look for them. Paleoecology is first and foremost comparative: we take our fossils and compare them to other related taxa and living forms to better understand their place in the original community. Often we assign categories to taxa, such as "carnivore", "biped", etc.; however, differences between species are often better described by a continuum than a set of categories(Carrano 1999). The morphology of an organism reflects the amount of time it spends doing certain activities or performing certain functions. For example, a sloth can swim on occasion even if it is not particularly well adapted for it. Dinosaur paleoecology is finally moving in the direction of our mammalian colleagues by using quantitative measures of morphology (which allow for continua) instead of assigning discreet categories.
The ODP is one of the first large-scale projects to bring together the kind of dataset necessary to study dinosaur ecomorphology. In a recent paper I published looking at differences between dinosaur fossil communities (Noto and Grossman 2010), I was forced to use categories in assigning ecomorphs, which artificially restricted the analysis by forcing me to choose a category when uncertainty existed. In this case it was whether certain non-hadrosaur ornithopods were bipedal or quadrupedal. With ODP data, it is now possible to take a more quantitative (and nuanced) approach to this question.
To explore possible trends in ornithischians, I used humerus length and mediolateral width measurements to calculate Mike Taylor's Gracility Index (GI; Taylor 2009) using only the largest individual from each species. These data were log transformed and plotted against the log of humerus length (to help minimize the effects of size and codependency). The resulting plot clearly separates the taxa, with more bipedal taxa having relatively gracile humeri and quadrupedal groups have more robust humeri. There are two ways to use this graph. First, we can look at the distribution of taxa from each group and see whether they fit more towards a bipedal or quadrupedal type; those intermediate to the extremes are referred to as facultative. These are my own divisions based on where I see breaks in the data. Basal ceratopsians, for example, occur mainly towards the bipedal or facultative ends of the spectrum, while derived Neoceratopsians are firmly on the quadrupedal end of things. Another way to look at the plot is how robust we may expect the humerus to be for a taxon of a given size. The dashed line is drawn across the middle of the plot. For a given humerus length we can compare GI between taxa. For example, Iguanodon has a more robust humerus (lower GI) than most ornithopods in the dataset. Furthermore, we can spot outliers, which may point to either extreme specialization or faulty data. The theropod Mononykus has an extremely robust humerus, approaching the level of Triceratops, which is related to its specialized digging forelimb. On the other hand, Cerasinops appears to have the most robust humerus of all, however as Mike pointed out to me, the original paper describes the humerus as extremely gracile and gives no width measurement. So where did the width measurement come from? This particular data point is worth another look.
As you can see, the distribution of humeral morphologies indicates a gradual continuum of locomotor strategies from fully bipedal to full quadrupedal. Quantitative data such as this could then be fed into a paleoecological analysis instead of categories, allowing for more refined analysis of ecological differences and similarities among paleocommunities over space and time. While evolutionary trends are certainly important, we must not forget the ecological context of the morphological patterns we are studying.
Aguirre LF, Herrel A, van Damme R et al. (2002) Ecomorphological analysis of trophic niche partitioning in a tropical savannah bat community. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 269:1271-1278
Badgley C, Barry JC, Morgan ME et al. (2008) Ecological changes in Miocene mammalian record show impact of prolonged climatic forcing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:12145-12149
Ben-Moshe A, Dayan T, Simberloff D (2001) Convergence in morphological patterns and community organization between Old and New World rodent guilds. Am Nat 158:484-495
Carrano MT (1999) What, if anything, is a cursor? Categories versus continua for determining locomotor habit in mammals and dinosaurs. J Zool 247:29-42
DeGusta D, Vrba E (2005) Methods for inferring paleohabitats from discrete traits of the bovid postcranial skeleton. J Archaeol Sci 32:1115-1123
Hertel F (1995) Ecomorphological indicators of feeding behavior in recent and fossil raptors. Auk 112:890-903
Klein RG, Franciscus RG, Steele TE (2010) Morphometric identification of bovid metapodials to genus and implications for taxon-free habitat reconstruction. J Archaeol Sci 37:389-401
Losos JB (1990) Ecomorphology, performance capability, and scaling of West Indian Anolis lizards: an evolutionary analysis. Ecol Monogr 60:369-388
Meehan TJ, Martin LD (2003) Extinction and re-evolution of similar adaptive types (ecomorphs) in Cenozoic North American ungulates and carnivores reflect van der Hammen's cycles. Naturwissenschaften 90:131-135
Noto CR, Grossman A (2010) Broad-scale patterns of Late Jurassic dinosaur paleoecology. PLoS ONE 5:e12553
Palmqvist P, Arribas A, Martinez-Navarro B (1999) Ecomorphological study of large canids from the lower Pleistocene of southeastern Spain. Lethaia 32:75-88
Sacco T, Van Valkenburgh B (2004) Ecomorphological indicators of feeding behaviour in the bears (Carnivora : Ursidae). J Zool 263:41-54
Solounias N, Semprebon G (2002) Advances in the reconstruction of ungulate ecomorphology with application to early fossil equids. Am Mus Novit:1-49
Taylor M (2009) A re-evaluation of Brachiosaurus altithorax Riggs 1903 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) and its generic separation from Giraffatitan brancai (Janensch 1914). J Vert Paleontol 29:787-806
Van Valkenburgh B (1995) Tracking ecology over geological time – evolution within guilds of vertebrates. Trends Ecol Evol 10:71-76
Zeffer A, Johansson LC, Marmebro A (2003) Functional correlation between habitat use and leg morphology in birds (Aves). Biol J Linn Soc 79:461-484
Forelimb Proportions, Ternary Style
An important part of our manuscript will simply be a description of limb proportions in ornithischian dinosaurs. For this, ternary plots really have no parallel. These graphs simultaneously plot three variables in two dimensions on an equilateral triangle. And wouldn't you know it – we can consider each dinosaur limb to have three major bones! In the case of the forelimb, these are the humerus, radius, and metacarpal III (see this post for an explanation of why we would look at the radius rather than the ulna).
In the figure below, I've generated a quick and dirty ternary plot for ornithischian dinosaur forelimb proportions. You'll note that ornithischians occupy a very small chunk of morphospace! Hadrosaurs (and one or two non-hadrosaurid ornithopods; likely ones very close phylogenetically, such as Tethyshadros) have their own special brand of metacarpal lengths (this has been discussed before). It's an absolute shame that stegosaurs and pachycephalosaurs simply aren't represented!
Comments or thoughts are very welcome – and if you want to generate other versions of the plot, all data are freely available (see below). In fact, we encourage you to play with the data. Drop a note in the comments if there's an image you'd like to post here, too!
What Species Are Included?
- Any species for which the three major bones of the forelimb (humerus, radius, and MC III) were known. For taxa with multiple individuals, only the largest was used. Known juveniles are excluded, to my knowledge.
How Was It Plotted?
- The following text provides the sequence of commands that I typed into the terminal, to produce the plot. I created this plot using R 2.10.1, running on Ubuntu 10.04. The file "forelimb_tern.csv" can be downloaded here. It is taken from the "Fore Hind 1″ tab in the spreadsheet posted the other day.
- These commands read the data file, plot a ternary plot, and export said plot to a PDF. [Important: Your web browser may "cleverly" reformat the quote marks into 'smart quotes'; so, reformat back before pasting into your terminal]
- After I had the PDF, I manipulated it in GIMP and Inkscape, in order to produce the graphic seen above.
- This is surely the most inelegant way to accomplish the task; I received some odd errors when trying to add a legend, and never figured out how to plot just the portion of the graph with the data. If anyone figures this out, I'd love to hear it! We will almost certainly produce a nicer version of this plot for the final manuscript.
colors <- c("black","red","green","blue")
pch <- substr(levels(taxon), 1, 1)
pch = as.character(taxon),
col = colors[as.numeric(taxon)],
main = "Ornithischian Limb Bone Proportions"
By Popular Demand. . .
As a follow-up to our last post on thyreophorans, here are marginocephalians (ceratopsians and pachycephalosaurs) with some of their outgroups. Moving or removing the uncertainly-placed Stenopelix has little effect on character reconstruction.
Data Are Pretty
Now that we've gotten a reasonable phylogeny hammered out, it's time to start putting it to use! Just for fun, I used the (open source and free to download) program Mesquite to plot the femur:tibia ratio (as John Dziak had talked about not so long ago) as it changed from basal ornithischians up through Thyreophora, the clade including ankylosaurs and stegosaurs. The cladogram shown here only illustrates taxa for which we know the ratio, and species with multiple individuals had their data averaged.
Note that everything up through and including Scutellosaurus is presumed to be bipedal; after that, they're quadrupedal. There's a rather major change! Rather than the tibia being longer than or approximately equal in length to the femur, the femur ends up much longer than the tibia (and Stegosaurus is just insane in this respect)! Now the interpretation of this isn't as easy as you might think. Is it due to being quadrupedal? Or is it due to being a big animal? The bipedal guys are all small, and the quadrupedal guys are all relatively large, so it's tough to separate these two factors. Either way, we can say something interesting about locomotor evolution! And, note that the branches between nodes are reconstructed, with a reasonably wide error bar. So, please don't consider them absolute truth.
And while I'm thinking of it. . .why didn't theropods ever go quadrupedal? Some of them are as big as the largest quadrupedal ornithischians! Quadrupedal vs. bipedal locomotion can't strictly be a size thing, then. Is there something about being a carnivorous dinosaur that discourages quadrupedalism? Perhaps the use of the forearms for prey acquisition? This is something we'll want to touch on in the paper.
P.S.: The latest version of the combined spreadsheet is available here (Excel spreadsheet).
Mid-December Update
We're long overdue for an update post. Many of our regular contributors, and a few new ones, have kept the data rolling in. Now, we've got over 1,400 verified entries! Thank you to everyone who has helped out with this effort. We've got another month and a half of data collection (according to the current schedule), so it's not too late to get in on the action.
I'd like to give special recognition to ODP contributor Rob Taylor, who has done some fantastic work in cross-checking bibliographic entries with the various verification and public data lists. It's a tedious task, but very important for ensuring that we have the best database possible. Thank you, Rob!
Finally, let's do a little data exploration. Although stegosaurs have a rather crummy fossil record when it comes to delicate bits like hands and feet (or at least a crummy publication record), for some reason their ontogenetic series are crazy good. And, people who work on ontogeny of stegosaurs actually publish raw measurements! This means we can do some pretty cool meta-analyses of their data.
I pulled out all of the data that are referable to Stegosaurus (or plausibly referable to Stegosaurus), and found specimens with humerus, ulna, femur, and tibia measurements. The specimens range from the really big (femur length 1,300 mm) to the rather small (femur length ~300 mm). At right is a log plot showing hind limb proportions for those individuals with both femora and tibiae preserved. We can make a comparable plot for humerus vs. ulna (not shown), and also run regressions on the data.
Interestingly, femur length and tibia length scale isometrically–their proportions are similar, regardless of body size (RMA slope=1.0057, 95 percent confidence interval 0.9049 – 1.07, N=15). By contrast, the ulna scales with positive allometry relative to the humerus–it gets relatively longer as body size increases (RMA slope=1.16, 95 percent confidence interval 1.087 – 1.317, N=15). Perhaps this is due to the olecranon process being bigger in bigger animals? We can't really tell from the data. Finally, it looks like the humerus scales with negative allometry relative to the femur, although the confidence interval just barely includes isometry (RMA slope=0.964, 95 percent confidence interval 0.9081 – 1.004, N=14). [Note: If you're not familiar with terms like allometry and isometry, check out this post for an explanation. And, all of the slopes presented above are for log-transformed data] It would be lots of fun to compare the stegosaur data with other ornithischians, but unfortunately the published data are just too sparse right now.
Big News Tomorrow (and a Plot)
Late tomorrow we look forward to bringing you a Big Project Announcement (well, more of a Big Project Promotion). So, tune in then for more details.
In the meantime, enjoy this new plot of our data. The other day Tor Bertin suggested we take a look at MT III and MC III ratios. So, here's a chart showing the MT III:tibia ratio versus the MC III: ulna ratio. A few things to note:
- Hadrosaurs are still very, very bizarre. Their MC IIIs are relatively longer than in any other ornithischian.
- The vertical spread in ceratopsians is probably because both small, bipedal forms as well as large, quadrupedal forms are included in that category.
- Basal ornithischians have very long MT IIIs. Is this a consequence of their generally small size?
- We need more thyreophorans (stegosaurs, ankylosaurs, and the like) with MC and MT data! This group, for various reasons, is one of the remaining holes in the data set.
In the interests of full transparency, I deleted the point for for the ornithopod Lurdusaurus arenatus. Its metatarsal III length seems far too small for the size of the tibia. This may be an error in the original paper (I even went back to triple-check it!), or it could be that this taxon has tibia:metatarsal proportions completely unlike any other ornithopod.
Want to See Some Other Plots?
We're always looking for new ways to present the data on the blog. If you have any requests, feel free to note them in the comments section.
Or better yet. . .don't forget that the data are freely available to everyone! There is absolutely nothing stopping you from playing with the data yourself. In fact, we encourage it. Odds are quite good that, like many project participants, you'll pick up something nobody else has noticed yet.
Plot of the Moment
Every once in awhile, it's fun to plot up the data and see what they look like. Lately, it's been especially fun because our data set just keeps on growing and growing! Right now, we have 425 436 455 verified entries, 190 183 unverified, and around 30 20 10 in the double-check queue. We've also added a few new contributors this week, which is another nice bonus. Excellent progress, everyone!
This time, I decided to plot tibia length versus metatarsal III length for a variety of animals (at right; click on it for an enlarged version). As in one of our earlier plots of tibiae versus femora, ankylosaurs are weird. Their metatarsals are just really, really stubby relative to the tibiae (and the tibiae were really stubby relative to the femora). Interestingly, the saurischians in our sample seem to consistently plot above the ornithischians; in other words, saurischian metatarsals are long relative to the tibia (for the basal saurischians in our sample, at least).
Some analyses of mammals have suggested that a long MT III relative to the tibia may indicate more cursorial tendencies than for animals with a short MT III. Does this perhaps hold in dinosaurs? Were saurischians speedy, and ankylosaurs plodding? Or is there a phylogenetic effect that swamps any functional signal (as suggested for the mammal patterns by some authors)? Lots of additional analyses are needed.
The plot also shows a few gaps in our verified data set. Stegosaurs, basal thyreophorans, and pachycephalosaurs are not represented at all in this plot, because we don't have any measurements of both a third metatarsal and a tibia for any members of these groups. If you're looking for a data entry project, these would be excellent groups upon which to focus our efforts.
Do you want to do your own analysis? You can! All of the data used to create the plot above are publicly available.
Can We Get A Hand?
Or at least some measurements of hands? One of the things we'd love to do with the ODP data is investigate the way that the proportions of the fingers and toes, phalanges and unguals, metacarpals and metatarsals, changed through evolution. Do quadrupeds do something funky with their hands, and do they all do it in the same way?
For a little bit of data exploration, I decided to create a visualization of the proportions of the various bones making up the third digit of the hand. The third digit (which we know as the middle finger) is usually the central one in dinosaurs, or at least the longest one. Thus, it might be inferred to be most important functionally. The graph below shows the relative proportions of each phalanx and metacarpal in digit III, for a variety of dinosaurs. All have been scaled to the same length.
There are certainly some interesting patterns. First, the little ornithischian Heterodontosaurus and the saurischian Herrerasaurus (our outgroup comparison here) have very, very short metacarpals relative to the rest of the finger. Second, hadrosaurs (the duck-billed dinosaurs, including Kritosaurus, Parasaurolphus, and Corythosaurus) have really, really long metacarpals. Without exception, around 2/3 of their hand is metacarpal (equivalent to our palms). Note also that these hadrosaurs have lost phalanx four, and the penultimate (second-to-last) phalanx is really, really short. Ceratopsians (the horned dinosaurs, including Protoceratops, Styracosaurus, and Centrosaurus) and Hypsilophodon are somewhere in between.
How might I interpret this (cautiously, because we have so few data here)? Without a doubt, hadrosaurs are funky. Is this an adaptation for their unique brand of quadrupedality? Maybe. . .it would be nice to compare with more basal iguanodonts. I would like to say that the intermediate proportions of the ceratopsians (between Heterodontosaurus and hadrosaurs) are adaptations for quadrupedality, too, but the similar proportions of Hypsilophodon (usually assumed to be bipedal) add an unwelcome reality check on this hypothesis. Assuming that Heterodontosaurus and Herrerasaurus are both basal, perhaps we can interpret their digits as the ancestral condition for dinosaurs. These are interesting hypotheses, and ones that could be tested.
Unfortunately, we are running up against a problem with the goal of thoroughly documenting this aspect of ornithischian evolution: there just aren't many measurements of fingers and toes out in the literature. I suspect the reason for this is two-fold: 1) fingers and toes were often the first thing to wash away prior to fossilization, or are so disarticulated that it's impossible to identify which is which; and 2) authors present measurements for the humerus, radius, ulna, and sometimes metacarpal or metatarsal III, but don't measure the rest of the limbs.
Conspicuously absent from the list: measurements of hands and feet for ankylosaurs, stegosaurs, basal ceratopsians (including psittacosaurs, for which there are literally dozens of articulated hands and feet!), and non-hadrosaurian ornithopods (with some many good, articulated iguanodont skeletons out there, you think someone would have published measurements). Even clades with a decent number of good hands and feet–such as hadrosaurs and ceratopsians–are missing measurements for many of the key specimens. So here's your assignment: 1) if you have access to original material catalogued in public collections, spend a few minutes to measure some hands and feet, and send the data our way; and 2) if you have access to the literature, see what you can find for measurements there.


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By Tripp from Rochester
from Rochester, MN
This shirt has become my favorite dress shirt. Fitted but not tight... So less to tuck in
Superb quality, will be back for more!
By Recent Military Retiree
from Washington DC
About Me Career
Quick delivery - Monday online purchase to door delivery on Wednesday!
great shirts
By bill
from newtown pa
great shirt
Nothing tailored fit about it...
By Fullbrigades
from Minneapolis
The quality is top notch. However, very disappointed by the measurements... Very loose and baggy for a "tailored fit" Perhaps should have ordered slim fit as this shirt is as big a classic.... If had known before, would not have ordered.... Same thing with their suits.. Great quality but the trousers are very baggy for a slim/tailored fit....Jackets fit great though...
Bottom Line No, I would not recommend this to a friend
Nice, clean look.
By T-Buff
from Trenton, NJ
About Me Career, Classic
Bought several of these dress shirts for work. They look and wear very well. Very good at resisting wrinkles. Will definitely buy again.
Great Buy!
By frank
from baltimore MD
use for business travel
Excellent Quality and Price
By Brett
from Tucson, AZ
Great fit and price.
Wardrobe Staple
By KMFinanceGuy
from Philadelphia, PA
About Me Bargain Shopper, Career, Classic
Everyday shirt that looks great with ties and dry cleans crisp. One of each color please!
Real permanent press
By Pantherfan
from Boca Raton, Fl
Wear for work, nice fit, retains wrinkle free appearance
Very nice shirt, recommend.
By Rodney
This is a very nice shirt, well worth the money and if you can find on a sale, 100% buy. Fabric is high-quality, shirt looks great wash after wash, I highly recommend. Will be buying more.
Good quality.... Not quite wrinkle proof
By aaron
from brooklyn, new york
Structure and manufacturing were excelllent. Feeling the shirt and its various special added touches makes it a product of good value. Was dissapointed in the "wrinkle free" feature which was touted and the main reason I purchased these shirts. I found that to make these shirts truly wearable and smart looking, some additional ironing was required. Fit of the shirt was excellent.
Wonderful. No ironing is the best!!
By Tim
from Jacksonville Florida
I use this product daily. In my job, it is required but most of all the Traveler Fitted is a great shirt. Quality and looks are important to me. Need more colors and patterns
Shirt Review
By Corey
from Frisco, TX
Great shirt that looks fabulous. Fit is a bit more generous than the 'trim fit' name denotes. Perhaps a 'slimmer' version of this shirt could be manufactured. The shirt has been laundered commercially several times and looks better than new.
Liked the shirt, hate the shipping
By D
from Wilmington, DE
About Me Bargain Shopper, Career
Nice shirt.
Loved shopping over the website: easy...
By Mike the Coach
from Dobbs Ferry, NY
Delivery was fast !
On all online orders$75 or more◊
1-800-285-2265 ©Jos. A. Bank Clothiers, Inc.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Members of the Port Chester High School Marching Band will be getting some tutoring today from a big-time college band.
The UMASS Minutemen band will be rehearsing on the PCHS field from 9 to 11 a.m. Sunday. They are traveling from a Saturday afternoon football game in Massachusetts to a collegiate marching band festival in Allentown, PA, on Sunday, and stayed overnight Saturday in the PCHS gym.
This morning, they will practice on the field as well as tutor the members of the PCHS marching band.
If you miss the UMASS Minutemen on Sunday, you'll see them again in November 2013. Under the direction of Director, Timothy Todd Anderson and Associate Director, Thomas P. Hannum, the University of Massachusetts Minuteman Marching Band will be traveling to New York City to march in next year's Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade.
The UMASS band has more then 350 members.


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Healthy energy on public lands
by Jodi PetersonWind turbines and solar panels may be coming soon to a national forest near you. According to a new report, there are plenty of opportunities to develop renewable energy on millions of acres of federal land in the West.
In Assessing the Potential for Renewable Energy on Public Lands, the Bureau of Land Management and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory outline possibilities for photovoltaic, solar, wind, biomass and geo-thermal energy on public lands. According to the study, all 11 Western states could develop one or more sources, and seven of them could develop three or more.
Mike Kirby, associate director of the BLM National Science and Technology Center, says that even before the first draft was released, industry began showing great interest. "We've seen 42 applications for wind power this year," he says. "Last year, we only had two."
Proponents of renewable energy say privately owned lands need to be studied next. Stephanie Bonin of Coloradans for Renewable Energy notes, "Developing renewable sources on private land would help keep our public lands wild and undeveloped. It would also provide a needed boost to rural economies."
Assessing the Potential for Renewable Energy on Public Lands is available online at www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/33530.pdf. © High Country News


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Have a great September!
- Delta Fair and Music Festival
Enjoy rides, games, concerts, and foods at this annual fair at the Agricenter.
August 31-September 9, 2012
- Memphis Music and Heritage Festival
This festival features Memphis music, southern cuisine, local art, and more.
September 1-2, 2012
- Southern Heritage Classic
Enjoy several days of events leading up to the annual Southern Heritage Classic football game.
September 6-9, 2012
- Rock for Love
This four day musical event benefits the Church Health Center of Memphis.
September 6-9, 2012
- Rickey Smiley Live
See "clean" comedian Rickey Smiley live on stage at the Orpheum Theatre.
September 7, 2012
- Germantown Festival
Bring the whole family out for a day of fun at C.O. Franklin Park. There will be arts and crafts booths, children's activities, food, live entertainment, and more.
September 8-9, 2012
- September 11th Tribute
The Fire Museum of Memphis will hold a special tribute to honor the fallen firefighters of the September 11th attacks.
September 11, 2012
- Orpheum Summer Movie Series
The Rocky Horror Picture Show is the last movie in this year's summer movie series. Tickets are reasonably priced, making this an inexpensive date night destination.
September 14, 2012
- Cooper Young Festival
Enjoy a mix of art, music, and crafts presented by over 400 vendors. There will also be a special children's area. The festival will run from 9:00 a.m. -- 7:00 p.m.
September 15, 2012
- Billy Elliot the Musical
See this award-winning musical live on stage at the Orpheum Theatre.
September 18-23, 2012
- Mid-South Fair
Held annually at the Landers Center (formerly the DeSoto Civic Center), the Mid-South Fair features rides, games, exhibits, and fair food.
September 21-30, 2012
- Cordova Festival
This free, family-friendly event features artisans, live music, children's activities, food, and more.
September 22-23, 2012
- Bartlett Festival
This annual event features a car show, live music, hot air balloons, children's activities, arts and crafts, food vendors, and more.
September 28 and 29, 2012
- Big Scoop Ice Cream Festival
Sample a variety of ice creams and other frozen concoctions at this event to benefit the Ronald McDonald House of Memphis.
September 29, 2012
- Levitt Shell Concerts
Enjoy free concerts at the Levitt Shell in Overton Park from a wide variety of genres.
Multiple Dates in September
- Children's Consignment Sales
It's fall consignment sale time again and there are great bargains to be had on gently used children's clothing, baby gear, toys, and more.
Multiple Dates in September
- Farmers' Markets
There are several large farmers' markets in the Memphis area providing fresh, local produce all summer long. In addition, you can find homemade jams, baked goods, crafts, and more.
Multiple Dates in September
- Pick Your Own Produce
Late spring and early summer is the right time for picking your own produce. Various fields and orchards across the Mid-South offer strawberries, peaches, blueberries, and more -- ripe for the picking.
Multiple Dates in August
- Sunday Brunch at the Peabody
Enjoy a fabulous feast from 11:00 a.m. - 2:30 p.m. in the Capriccio Grill. The cost for brunch is $37 for adults, $12 for children ages 5-12, and free for kids 4 and under
Multiple Dates in September


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Two Grinnellians offer summer art and science options to engage kids' minds.
Grinnell's only required course for all students — what it is, what you learn, how you choose.
Rewarding experiences, learning that matters, firsthand research, and a vibrant, supportive community with global outcomes.
For Vincent Kelley '16 and Omri Benami '16, making music is about engaging with many different disciplines.
How do you balance a great education and academic rigor with strong athletics? Learn how Kainoa Inafuku '14 does it.
Megan Goering '08 went from Kansan to San Franciscan by way of Grinnell.
Students find summers in Burling the best time to focus on in-depth research.
Follow Daniel Kisslinger '14 across the country as he interviews alumni about their experiences after Grinnell.


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Two Dominican Girls Naked
Rihanna and Ashlei are two gorgeous Dominican girls that love getting naked. Posing outdoors they exposed their big natural tits for the camera before getting naughty. Super horny they sexy Dominican's teased each other touching, licking and poking before flashing fresh Dominican pussy and much more. Finding real amateur Dominican girls is no easy task enjoy 100% of these girls and Dominican porn and sex videos at Toticos.com


text:
If you're an Amazon Mom member, make sure to check your e-mail inbox for an e-mail containing a unique coupon code for a FREE $2 MP3 Credit! My e-mail came at 1:00am in the morning from email@example.com and the subject was "$2 MP3 Credit from Amazon Mom".
Remember, Amazon has an entire section of albums for under $5. After your coupon code, you can get them for just $3! There are also some individual songs and Christmas albums for under $2, so those will be FREE after your coupon code!
Did you receive one of these e-mails?
Don't forget to get the Bargain Blessings toolbar to print coupons and stay up to date on all the latest deals!


text:
TERRE HAUTE, IND. -- Transylvania University improved to 5-1 in
Heartland Collegiate Athletic Conference softball action with a 5-4
and 9-4 sweep over Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology in softball
action on Saturday.
Transylvania scored three times in the seventh inning in the
opener to rally and earn a 5-4 victory. Emily Hampton led
Transylvania with three hits. Michelle Ladanyi slapped two
hits, including a triple, and added two RBIs.
Sophomore Allison Bowman (Fort Wayne/Snider)
led the game one offense for Rose-Hulman with a two-run home
run. Freshman Carly Heibel (Fort Wayne/Lakewood
Park) added two hits, and junior Brianne Widmoyer
(Elkhart/Central) had one single, one run, one RBI and
four pitching strikeouts.
Transylvania relied on three runs in the second and five in the
third to earn a 9-4 victory in the nightcap. Hampton had
three more hits in the nightcap for the Pioneers.
Junior Alyse Mueller (Belleville, Ill./West)
slapped two hits, including a double, with two RBIs to lead
the Engineers. Heibel and junior Kayla Irwin
(Farmersburg/North Central) also contributed two hits.
Transylvania improved to 12-10-1 and 5-1 in HCAC play, while
Rose-Hulman is 6-14 and 2-2 in league games. The Fightin'
Engineers return to action at Blackburn College on Sunday


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Cold weather gets luke-warm welcomeBy Anders Ax
Staff Report | January 03,2013Although Thursday was an exceptionally cold day, with a high of only 10 degrees and a low of negative eight, many were able to beat the chill.
Kellsey Oakes of Sheldon stopped into Sundaze Tanning Salon for a few minutes of warmth.
"I definitely come when it's most cold," Oakes said.
When Oakes stepped outside, she said the cold "took my breath away. It's insane. I need to move out of Vermont," she added laughing.
Tammy Errington, owner of Sundaze, said that she's had women show up on their half-hour lunch breaks just to warm up.
"This morning I've been swamped," Errington said.
Errington said that recently, simply because it's winter, business has picked up. But people have also been showing up more often to get a dose of vitamin D from the sun that's been behind the clouds.
"For everyone, it's not about the tan. It's the vitamin D. They flock in for the vitamin D."
For Molly Hornbeck of Whiting and Sarah Stanley of Brandon, they're about to travel to St. John.
"I'm going to study abroad," Stanley said. "I need to get a base before I fry."
Upstairs in Ben and Jerry's, Ariana Thomas of Shrewsbury pressed hot waffle cones on a sizzling griddle coated on the outside with burned grease.
"Well, my car wouldn't start this morning that was sort of a bummer," Thomas said. Luckily, her father let her use his, but she said the cold hasn't really been bothering her. In fact, she welcomes it.
"I'm actually really excited, after last year without any real snow."
Thomas finds the cold to be kind of fun, but doesn't believe she'd want to be outside too long.
"If I was working outside, I'm sure I'd be singing a different tune."
For the complete story, see Friday's Rutland Herald.MORE IN This Just InTOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: Josh O'Gorman reports on the impact of state budget cuts on state colleges, Rutland Town welcomes Donna Zeller as town clerk, Bryanna Allen in Killington for chili cookoff and Haley talks up big Shrine game with N.H. and Vt. 0Rutland Herald News Editor Alan J. Full StoryWHITE RIVER JUNCTION A Royalton man denied charges that he pointed a gun at a woman and her... Full StoryStaff Report Full Story
- Most Popular
- Most Emailed
- TODAY'S WEATHER MINUTE: Rutland Herald content editor Rich Alcott shares local weather information and easily digestible news tidbits: Teddy Roosevelt makes Americans believe the poor, peace-loving, misunderstood piranha is a vicious, dangerous animal.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: Teamsters leader Jimmy Hoffa disappears on this day in 1975, on this day in 2003, the last Volkswagen Type I, the Beetle, rolls off the assembly line in Mexico, Ambrose Bierce on the classifications of homicide.
- TODAY'S WEATHER MINUTE: Seals have figured out fish they like to eat gather in schools around turbines in offshore wind farms. But the environment is not without hazards, maintenance vessels and noise pollution.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: Vermont Yankee announces final day of nuclear power generation in Vermont, storm brings floods back to Chester, Castleton town manager to resign office, chronic offender sentenced to 25 years for sexual assault.
- TODAY'S WEATHER MINUTE: Rutland Herald content editor Rich Alcott shares local weather information and easily digestible news tidbits: Archaeologists find a leather shoe in a cave in Armenia that predates the Pyramids by more than a thousand years.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1932, President Hoover orders the Army to evict bonus marchers from Anacostia Flats; author Malcolm Lowry born this day, as is Jackie Kennedy and Mike Bloomfield; Stephen Crane on consuming one's own heart.


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Antica Osteria da Divo in Siena - Good Choice?
We had a very nice dinner at da Divo in July of this year. It is a very romantic restaurant that has very good food. Service was excellent along with a very good wine selection. There are differnet places to sit - we were in the main dining room but if you go further back some tables are quite isolated (kind of a cave like atmosphere). Lighting is low to add to the ambiance.
This was not an inexpensive dinner but we thoroughly enjoyed the experience. Reservations should be made in advance (we made them at noon for the evening). Have a great dinner!


text:
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Book, change, or cancel almost any hotel without paying an Expedia fee.
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Athens' central square and transportation hub is within 2 km of the picturesque Plaka neighborhood and the Acropolis. The Greek Parliament building is adjacent to the bustling square, where visitors can witness evzones or changing the guard at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. West of the square on Ermou Street is the one of the most fashionable retail districts in the city.
Pack your bags, grab your itinerary, and get ready for the getaway of a lifetime; with the hotels in Syntagma Square, Athens, you'll be on your way to a budget-friendly vacation faster than you can say cheap deal. Browse Expedia's specials and secure yourself a great deal today.


text:
It's ironic that the wrath of this past winter has forced Andover's students to endure record heat during their final week of school.
But five snow days coupled with last September's post-Labor Day start extended the school year until Friday, June 28.
Students and teachers have had to remain in class through this week to meet the mandated 180-day state requirement for the school year.
If there hadn't been a special arrangement to hold school on Good Friday, which is typically a vacation day, and if Andover High School students, who missed a sixth day of class this year because of a January gas leak, hadn't been forced to attend one Saturday session this spring, the school year could have potentially extended into July.
There are plenty of arguments that students in this country don't spend enough time in school, that they're lagging behind their counterparts in other countries.
But most of our schools are not equipped for year-round study. And 90-plus-degree temperatures aren't particularly conducive to quality education taking place.
Andover Education Association, the teachers union, was right in requesting that the School Committee start next school year before Labor Day. Typically, students in Andover do not report to school until after the holiday. And the School Committee acted correctly in approving their proposal.
The change will mean school next year will get under way more than one week earlier than it did this past year.
The 2012-2013 calendar had students arriving for their first day of classes on Thursday, Sept. 6. Under contract, teachers arrived two days earlier on Tuesday, Sept. 4.
Next school year, students will report on Wednesday, Aug. 28, with teachers getting settled two days before them, on Monday, Aug. 26. School will then be closed on Friday, Aug. 30, to allow everyone to enjoy an extra-long Labor Day weekend, before returning back to the classroom on Tuesday, Sept. 3.


text:
Results 1 to 4 of 4
Thread: Steering Issues
Steering Issues
I have an 82 K10 4x4. Most of the time it drives straight as an arrow. I can usually let go of the steering wheel on a straight, smoothe road and it wont veer off to one side or the other. But, occasionally after I make a right turn it will just jerk pretty violently back and forth out of nowhere and it's hard to control. Today after I made a right turn it jerked a couple times and then I had to hold the steering wheel like i was making a right turn just to keep the truck STRAIGHT! Anybody have any ideas? This thing has felt like a death trap the last couple of days.-1982 K10 Pickup AKA "Big Red" -
- Join Date
- Mar 2007
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- Grand Prairie, Texas
- Posts
- 5,389
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Do you have a steering stabilizer on it now?
If not might want to add one, if you do check to see it isnt worn out.
Also check the pitman arm and steering gear box for excessive wear.
I got under there yesterday and pretty much ALL of the bushings are worn out on everything under there. Any idea how much that would cost to take in and have replaced? I dont really have the knowledge or the proper tools to safely take all of that stuff apart. I'd like to leave it to a professional. My steering isn't something I really want to mess around with without the right tools.
Have you ever had your steering come apart while traveling down the road? I have. More than once even. This can cause tons of damage, personal injury or even death. Park it and fix it.
By the way you probably have all the tools needed. You may need to buy a large/heavy hammer and two sizes of tuning forks, (joint separators).But that's fairly cheap.
It's far less technical than replacing cylinder heads, but a whole lot more physical. Follow instructions in your repair manual and you'll be fine. Just expect this to take an entire day.
I recently paid our local shop $580.00 for upper and lower ball joints on a company truck, (both sides). That was a bargain.
I've got a lot of experience with your series of truck, and I think your gonna need about everything there is up front.
The good news is that once your finished your good for another 10 to 20 years.
Half the battle with any job is confidence. So go ahead and tackle it.
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text:
It is that holiday time for most of us and with all the stress and financial issues so many people have it's easy to forget all the things in our lives that are good. In our world so many people are afflicted with loss and devastation it's a reminder to us how fortunate we really are.
This past year the world of sports had some serious issues that were publicized and affected many families. Each day we are here it's like an hour glass filled with a grain of sand which represents our actions and our choices. Every person even unknown to themselves affects the outcome of thousands of people because of our own free will.
Athletes in general should have a high level of thanks for all the people who help them and should truly consider being thankful and grateful because athletes have opportunities other people do not get. So many times we hear of professional athletes making poor decisions and without thinking first they cause undo harm to many people.
Just last week we heard the Dallas Cowboys lost a player due to a DUI with another player driving. If these players were so truly grateful for what they have or had, would they still act that way? We have all made mistakes but it is what we do today and now with our lives that matter. I today have so many things to be grateful for and that gets put on a list and read with my family at Christmas.
If you are reading this, take a second to jot down some of the things you are grateful for and think about how quickly those things can be taken or lost. Treat those around you with care and dignity and set an example for others to follow.
Just a few pointers for just the athletes. Remember that most are one injury away from never playing again so never take for grated each and every practice, game and training session. Be kind to your teammates and coaches, respect your parents and keep from boasting about how you play. Do not get caught up in the society of bashing others and take aside a struggling player and help them. Do not turn your back on hazing issues and stick up for the little guy.
I today am grateful for the opportunity to help others and give of my time. I am grateful for my family and those close around me. I am grateful for God who keeps me here!


text:
Looking for the must-have product for your on-the-go lifestyle just got easier. iS Clinical Active Serum .50 fl oz is the perfect companion for your getaway. It reduces fine lines, wrinkles, and discoloration while effectively healing acne. Now there's a way to look great anytime, anywhere with this potent blend of antioxidants and botanical extracts.
.5 fl oz


text:
Wordpress 2.0.6
I'm a little behind with this one, still recovering from too much turkey methinks. Wordpress 2.0.6 has been released and while upgrading I've made a few changes and been fiddling with the design (coming soon).
The most important (and visible) one is the banishing of WWW. As always a change like this this may break things and / or bring about the end of humanity as we know it. If you spot anything amiss feel free to let me know.


text:
Epping, NH — Frederick Michael Hopper, of Epping, N.H., passed away unexpectedly on Sunday, June 15, 2014. Predeceased by his wife, Alice Hopper, he is survived by his longtime girlfriend, Joann Peatfield; daughters, Shay Belair and Jayne Pond; sons-in-law, Adam Belair and James Pond; mother, Arlene Hopper; father and stepmother, Frederick S. and Barbara Hopper; siblings, Susan Hardy, Stephan Hopper, Scott Hopper, and Sherri Chagnon; grandsons, Benjamin Belair, Jonathan Belair and Jackson Pond; and numerous nieces and nephews.
A graduate of Newburyport High School, he attended Berklee School of Music after serving in the U.S. Army during the Vietnam War. His passions were family, music and playing pool.
ARRANGEMENTS: An outdoor memorial service to be held at the American Legion Post 51 on Route 125, Epping, at 1 p.m., on Saturday, June 21.
In lieu of flowers, the family requests donations be made to the American Legion Post 51.


text:
At Koa Trading Company, we're here to provide you with the widest selection and best variety of grocery products you'll find anywhere in Lihue, HI. Our commitment to our neighbors in Lihue is to always have the freshest products, the best selection, and the best prices on grocery products, wines and spirits, meats and poultry items, and more!
When you shop with us, you're shopping with a local, family owned and operated company that cares about the quality of your grocery products while at the same time saving you money. Come see us in Lihue today, and you'll experience the Koa Trading Company difference.


text:
Plastic Technology
Plastics instead of stone, wood and metal
Plastics are replacing other materials increasingly. At the same time, the requirements pertaining to materials continue to rise: Materials should become stronger, lighter and more cost effective. In addition, there should not be any restrictions with respect to safety, service life and environmental compatibility.
The Institute for Plastics (TÜV SÜD) offers all relevant engineering and certification services from a single source – worldwide:


text: Escape Publishing - FAQs/Help - General FAQS - Genre guidelines - Other GENERAL FAQS Q: Escape Publishing is a part of Harlequin Australia, but how is it different? Harlequin Australia is a traditional print publisher that publishes its titles digitally simultaneous with print. Escape Publishing is a digital-only publisher that publishes most titles in ebook formats only and some titles in print-on-demand format as well. Some other differences: • Escape Publishing does not pay advances, but because of the different cost structures involved in digital-only publishing it offers a higher royalty rate than traditional print publishing. • All Escape Publishing titles are signed with global digital rights and are distributed internationally. This means they are available via the following platforms: Amazon's Kindle, Barnes & Noble's Nook, Apple's iBookstore, Google eBooks, Kobo, Booki.sh and many others. Q: What is digital-only publishing? Escape Publishing publishes books first and foremost as ebooks. Our ability to make your book available to paying customers is not limited by print bookstore shelf space, which means we can accept more diverse titles from our authors. Publishing digitally also means that Escape Publishing can publish books much faster than a traditional publisher. Q: Why publish with Escape Publishing? At Escape Publishing, our mission is to connect readers all around the world with the stories they want to read. We recognise and appreciate great storytelling in all genres, particularly in romance and if you are a romance author or reader, then you know that Harlequin IS romance. We know what good romance is and know how to make it sell. This is due to our close relationship to readers and our dedication to satisfying their need for good stories. We also look after our authors: from acquisition to publication and beyond, we work with our authors in a partnership to make sure your book is the best it can be in terms of editorial and packaging, and is supported with great initiatives for sales, marketing and PR. Q: How does Escape Publishing protect its authors against piracy? At Escape Publishing we believe that the most effective way to fight book piracy is to make sure our authors' books are available globally and at a reasonable price. Q: Do I need an agent to submit a book to Escape Publishing? No. Q: Do you accept simultaneous submissions? You are welcome to submit a manuscript to us that is also under consideration at other publishers. However, please do not submit simultaneously to Harlequin Australia and Escape Publishing. We would also ask that you let us know immediately if you are offered a contract elsewhere. Q: Can I submit to Escape Publishing if Harlequin Australia has rejected my manuscript? Yes, you can submit a manuscript that has been rejected by any publisher, including Harlequin Australia. Q: Can I submit multiple manuscripts at once? Yes. However, please send two separate emails, and ensure that you make it clear in the covering letters that you are the author of both submissions. We'd prefer it if you didn't send more than one book in a series or trilogy. Q: Will Escape Publishing publish my book in a paper edition? Escape Publishing titles are available primarily as ebooks. However, for some titles we are open to making them available as print-on-demand. The standard Escape Publishing contract also includes the option to publish your book in a traditional print deal with Harlequin Australia if both parties decide it is worth doing. Q: Does Escape Publishing pay advances? No. Our author contract is strictly royalty based. Q: Will my manuscript be edited? Yes. Escape Publishing's editorial process is virtually identical to Harlequin Australia and the same rigour and care is taken on every book published. Q: Will I be charged to publish my book with Escape Publishing? No. Escape Publishing accepts all production costs associated with editing, marketing and publishing its authors' books. Q: Do I have to live in Australia to be published by Escape Publishing? No. Although Escape Publishing is based in Australia, we are a global publisher with access to all international ebook and print-on-demand markets, as well as an internationally focused marketing team. Q: Can I submit to Escape Publishing if I am not living in Australia or New Zealand? Escape Publishing is the digital-first romance imprint for Harlequin Australia and is dedicated to publishing authors from the Australian and New Zealand territory. If you live outside of this territory, you can submit to Harlequin's other digital-first imprints: - Carina Press – representing authors worldwide - Carina UK – representing authors from the UK territory If you have already submitted to these publishers and were rejected, or you would prefer to be published with Escape Publishing, you are permitted to submit to Escape Publishing (although not if your manuscript is currently being considered by other Harlequin imprints e.g. Harlequin Desire, Carina etc). If you are an Australian or New Zealander currently living outside of these countries (e.g. in USA, UK etc), you are also permitted to submit to Escape Publishing. Q: I've heard your books are available without DRM, is that true? Yes it is. Some retailers still don't support selling ebooks without DRM, but unless otherwise specified, all links leading from our site are DRM free. GENRE GUIDELINES Q: Is there a particular genre Escape Publishing is looking to publish? We are looking for exciting new authors and fresh new stories in all sub-categories of romance, including (but definitely not limited to): • Romantic Thrillers • Romantic Fantasy • Urban Fantasy (with romantic elements) • Science Fiction Romance • Dystopian • Steampunk • Paranormal Romance • Contemporary Romance • Historical Romance • Saga (with romantic elements) • Erotic Romance • M/M romance • F/F romance Q: What is the word length do the stories need to be? 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The World's Most Flexible and Reliable PIR Detector.
Visonic SRN-2000W/PCN/0-3563-0 12 Bit All-In-One Universal 9V Wireless PIR
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Visonic SRN-2000W/PCN/0-3563-0 12 Bit All-In-One Universal 9V Wireless PIR
Item# 73964
1 customer rating
Free shipping on orders over $175 -
See Details
Compatible with WR Series receivers
Coverage: 18m (60ft)
Simple dip switch programming
9 Volt battery powered, with unique energy saving circuitry
Extremely-low current consumption 0.013 mA
Automatic low-battery and tamper alerts
On-board CE and FCC approved transmitter module
Programmable system and channel codes
45 easy-to-change lenses
Programmable Pulse Counter
Visible pattern locator option
25° vertical and 30° horizontal pattern calibration
Surface and corner mounting
Diverse swivel mounting brackets
SMD technology
Rejects RF interference up to 1000 MHz
Essential Info
Visonic's SRN-2000W/PCN is the world's most flexible and reliable dual-element, low-noise, pyro-electric PIR detector. While compatible with all Visonic WR-200/WR-300 12-bit wireless receivers, it was designed to work as an add-on to an existing hard-wired system where wiring is a problem. Visonic is a leader in the field of passive infrared detection devices, and continues to develop lens technology to satisfy the expanding needs and demands of the security industry. As the only PIR manufacturer in the world to produce its own Fresnel lens assemblies Visonic offers an outstanding variety of 45 easy-to-change lenses - more than the entire combined industry competition. Visonic's noted Super-Red Lens Library, and the state-of-the-art detection technologies are backed by 30 years of Visonic expertise. Monitor upward-looking zones for ceilings, stairs, and odd shaped rooms, as well as long corridors or 2-3 rooms, all from this one PIR detector. Maximum coverage, using the wide angle lens, is 60ft x 60ft (18m x 18m). This universal PIR, with select lens combinations, creates the highest performance in all respects: sensitivity, reliability and false alarm immunity.
A unique "test point" can be used for pinpoint adjustments of the detection pattern as well as for locating background interferences. Special lens masking material is provided to enable masking detection zones exposed to interfering sources, such as cold and hot air ducts or outlets, moving objects, etc.
Owner's Manual
More Info
The SRN-2000 series of passive infrared detectors presents a technological break-through that is revolutionizing the PIR industry. The SRN-2000 employs an innovative approach by combining several different design techniques to solve the industry's biggest problem - false alarms. Designed for easy error-free implementation in any environment, the SRN-2000 W/PCN detector allows users to easily select from a wide range of settings. It is flexible in every respect, featuring 30° vertical and horizontal adjustment; surface, corner or swivel bracket mounting; and installation height of up to 5 meters (17 ft). Secure wireless communication from the PIR to the target receiver is achieved by using one of the 256 possible user-selectable system codes. Automatically transmitted, low-battery alerts will be sent as soon as the panel recognizes the PIR's power source is insufficient. This feature provides the user a great piece of mind knowing there isn't any chance the detector could be sitting inactive, without having alerted you first.
RED LENS LIBRARY is divided into the following nine sections. The lens's you use will be determined by location of the PIR and the type of motion you intend to monitor.
Corner Mounting Wide-Angle 90° - 100° : This section comprises 6 lenses which provide the maximum room coverage, when the PIR is installed in the corner
Ultra-Wide-Angle 120° - 140° : This section comprises 3 lenses which provide the largest and widest room coverage in applications where the PIR is wall mounted or flush mounted.
Pet-Alleys : This section comprises 6 lenses with a single horizontal beam layer which allows pets to move under the coverage pattern, undetected.
Long-Range Corridors up to 36 m (120 ft) : This section comprises 3 lenses specially designed for long range and narrow areas such as corridors, aisles and long walls.
Multiple Room and Corridor Coverage : This section comprises 10 lenses, each providing a combination coverage of one or two Long-Range corridors and one or two Wide-Angle rooms simultaneously, using a single PIR.
Combined Ceiling, Stair and Room Coverage : This section comprises 8 lenses providing multiple coverage of ceiling and stairs in addition to the normal room area coverage.
Finger Curtains : This section comprises 3 lenses providing coverage of multiple vertical finger curtains which may be used to prevent access from two walls simultaneously and detect movement through curtains located in the area between the walls.
Lenses for Energy Management PIRs : This section comprises 4 high density lenses specially designed for usewith models SRN-2000E, ET and EF in Energy Management applications
Solid Curtain PlRs : This section comprises 5 lenses specially designed for models SRN-2000H and SRN-2000CH, providing various types of solid curtain coverage.
Voltage: 9 Volt alkaline or lithium battery
Standby Current Drain: 0.013 mA.
Alarm Output: up to 100mA / 30VDC -18 Ohms ON resistance
RFI Protection: Greater Than 20V/m (up to 1000 MHz)
Standard Lens: SRN-2000 lens No. 100
Lens to be used for UL installations: Lens No. 100
Adjustment: Vertical +10° to -15° calibrated scale Horizontal up to 30°
Rearm Timer: Rearms the unit about 2 minutes after the last alarm; timer disabled in the walk test mode
Channels: 4 channels, switch selectable
Alarm Transmission Duration: 2 seconds
Tamper Alert: Transmission of the "Channel 2" code at 2-minute intervals, until the tamper switch is restored
LED: Walk Test and transmission
Detector: Dual-element low-noise pyro-electric detector.
Pulse counter: Programmable to 1, 2, 3 or 5 pulses with walk-test override
Operating temperature: -10°C to 50°C (14°F to 122°F)
Storage temperature: -20°C to 60°C (-4°F to 140°F)
The temperature range may be reduced due to battery characteristics.
Dimensions: 4.7in H x 2..7in W x 1.9in D(12cm H x 7cm W x 4.8cm D)
Weight: 95 g (3.4 oz).
Color: White
Important notes:
Only merchandise credit for defective items returned within 30 days of purchase. No other returns allowed on this item.
Manufacturer contact information:
Visonic Inc
, Tel:
(860) 243-0833
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This product worked fairly well. You have to pry it open with a screw driver. Do this more than a few times and the plastic clip breaks. Once set to a channel, let it sit awhile as it won't imediately start working. If you change the channel, unplug the battery and plug it back it in.
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Recycling rotisserie chicken
How about quesadillas or enchiladas? Pot pie might work, too. There's a very easy and good recipe for Tortilla Pie at epicurious that does not list cooked chicken as an ingredient, but sometimes I add it if I have to use up leftover chicken. I always use corn tortillas for this, too, as do many people who reviewed the recipe:
You could do a warm chicken salad -- the kind with slivered almonds and celery and water chestnuts. Not the most chowish main but it's very tasty. Or chicken and dumplings, or shredded "barbecue" chicken, or chicken tortilla soup, or creamed chicken and biscuits. Some of those have already been mentioned.
Wild mushroom and roasted chicken risotto? Then you could use the stock from the bones as the risotto liquid.
You could add it to filling for egg rolls or spring rolls! That sounds pretty darn good.
Thanks for all the suggestions. I'll probably start with soup and try them all eventually. I love the idea of roasting the carcass, and imagine that it adds flavor, but is that why it's done?
This week I used 1/2 a rotisserie chicken to make baked chimichangas. I heat up a can of black beans with one chopped chili and 1 T adobo, mash about half, add 3 cloves crushed garlic. Then mix 1 pack Uncle Ben's brown Ready Rice (hey, this is convenience food) with 1 cup drained salsa. Layer beans, tomato rice, shredded chicken and some shredded cheddar on a flour tortilla, roll, spray with oil and back at 350 until golden and crispy (20 minutes?). That's one of my favorite lazy meals.
I also really like Pam Anderson's flatbreads from Perfect Recipes for Losing Weight. She makes a quick, unleavened dough and tops it with a bunch of different things, many times shredded rotisserie chicken.
I had the same dilemma, so I ripped the leftover chicken from the carcass and fried the chunks lightly in oil to crisp them up a bit. I then made a white sauce with whole black peppercorns, heating it until they were soft. Plated the chicken, poured over with sauce. Served with asparagus and, hehe, tater-tots.
Obviously this isn't an "authentic" recipe, rather one of my last-minute concoctions, but it turned out pretty tasty.
Pasta (rotini, rotelli, or farfalle works fine), pesto, a little olive oil to thin the pesto out if it's store-bought, fresh broccoli, maybe black olives or sun-dried tomatoes and feta cheese. It is my "take to", and seems to please even the fussy eaters.
re: miki
Miki, I just made this tonight with some pesto from the freezer. I sauteed the broccoli in a little garlic and crushed red pepper and steamed it for a couple of minutes, and then added both kalamatas that I wanted to use up and reconstituted sun-dried tomatoes. I also added a touch of cream after adding the pesto and chicken and stirred in a little parmesan. Very yummy! Thanks for the combo.
So many possibilities: I make chicken enchiladas, Indian butter chicken, chicken salad, chicken and wild mushroom lasagna, chicken sandwiches; I also toss it with rice noodles for various Thai dishes.
I always save the carcass and bones and put them in a zip-lock bag in the freezer. Once I've got about three birds' worth, I make a big pot of stock, and it has delicious flavor, better than when I start with raw parts. I've never actually roasted or browned those bones, just used them as they were, but I may try that next time; sounds like it might be even better.
I like to use it shredded, with lots of shredded veggies, in a multi-layered phyllo "pie" or in phyllo "turnovers". You can use the stock to make a sauce to spoon over them.
Frankly, I also like to freeze the chicken cut-up to use in chicken salad in many variations. It's got more flavor for that than most chicken I cook at home. But I realize you're looking for an entree.
In my 4H cooking group, we taught this delicious & easy soup:
3 boxes Imagine free range chicken broth
bring to simmer
add 1 c "instant" brown rice (Uncle Ben's 5-minute brown)
add 3 carrots, large chunks (inch or so)
While rice & carrots are cooking, rip all meat from a prepared rotisserie chicken
add meat
add box of baby spinach after rice& carrots are cooked & meat has been added (just wilt--do not cook to death)
You're all done! No other seasonings necessary.
This became a fast & go-to favorite of many of our 4H families, and very kid friendly too.
I can't vouch for your success if you use a different brand of broth. We found the Imagine broth to be the tastiest.
After stock has been made on the carcass, just about anything can be done with the meat and stock. I will sometimes make a Mexican soup that is so easy it's embarrassing. Heat up some stock, add a jar of salsa and a drained can of hominy (pozole), add shredded chicken (or pork, turkey, I haven't ever done this with beef or lamb) and heat through. Serve with a dollop of sour cream and/or scallions (or cilantro if you like it, I don't).


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2013 United States Super 8 Film + Digital Video Festival-Part 1
Now in its 25th year, the United States Super 8mm Film + Digital Video Festival is the largest and longest running juried Super 8mm film and digital video festival in North America. The festival encourages any genre (including animation, documentary, personal, narrative, and experimental) made on Super 8mm/8mm film, Hi 8mm/8mm, or digital video. The 25th annual United States Super 8mm Film + Digital Video Festival will be held on February 15-17, 2012 at Voorhees Hall #105, beginning each evening at 7 PM, on the College Avenue Campus of Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. The Festival will include a different program each evening.
All of the submitted works were screened by a panel of fifteen jurors comprised of media professionals, journalists, students, interns, and film scholars. The panel included: Nia Allen-Lee, Yasmeen Ali, Alexandra Chin, Erika Conty, Ryan Dembek, Rugved Deshpande, Daniel Fisher, Irene Fizer, Victory Furniture, Allyson Hensley, Albert Nigrin, Matt Riddle, Johanna Ruiz, Allie Steiger, and Andrew Zrebiec. The nineteen finalist works were selected from over 166 works submitted by filmmakers from around the world. In addition, the jurors chose the Prize Winners in conjunction with the Festival Director. During the three days of the festival, audience members will participate in the judging process by voting for their favorite works via the "Audience Choice Prize." All of the award-winners will be publicly announced after the closing-night screenings on Sunday, February 17, 2013. In addition, there will be special tribute programs for two Super 8 filmmakers -- Sanjiban Sellew and Anne Robertson -- who won many awards at our Festival. We join their families and friends in mourning their untimely passing as we celebrate their remarkable work.
2013 United States Super 8 Film + Digital Video Festival Schedule
Friday, February 15, 2013
The Transmission – Brian Lonano (Atlanta, Georgia)
While a storm rages outside and Henry drinks from his bottle of absinthe, he receives a bizarre television transmission. 2012; 6 min.
Nothing Seems to Last - Daniel Robin (Atlanta, Georgia)
A haunting family memory about infidelity, desperation, and lust is told from somewhat conflicting perspectives. 2012; 6 min.
Decapoda Shock-Javier Chillon (Madrid, Spain)
An astronaut returns to Earth after a fatal accident on a distant planet. 2012; 9 min.
TROBIA - Benjamin Ross Hayden (Calgary, Alberta, Canada)
This abstract animation film explores fractal entities that provide a harmonic emotional resonance, and pays homage to the forgotten 3D modeling software developed by Lazarus Plath. 2012; 7 min.
Dead Good - Beverley Jordan (Norwich, United Kingdom)
A "living statue" street performer encounters some devilish competition. He doesn't get mad - he just tries to get even... 2012; 8 min.
Olivia - Ana García Abad (Toluca Lake, California)
In this short film, Olivia is a 13-year-old narcoleptic girl who is constantly bullied by her classmates. However, her luck changes when her disorder brings her an unexpected power: the ability to step into other people's dreams. 2012; 15 min.
Story City – Phillp Docken (Minneapolis, Minnesota)
A mesmerizing meditation on the limitations of attachment and desire, inspired by Buddhist scripture. 2012; 14 min.
A Tribute to Sanjiban, The Restless Rascal (1953 – 201
As Sanjiban wrote, "my filmmaking career began in 1976. I was 23 years old. At the time I was a disciple of a charismatic East Indian meditation teacher who gave me a Beaulieu Super 8 camera and told me to entertain the world. I was thrown off guard. […] As time went on my film style became more and more vaudevillian in nature. Living in San Francisco gave me permission to explore different exaggerated comic dispositions on multiple levels. I felt a sense of freedom and relief that I didn't have to be sophisticated to be in the film/art scene. Perhaps I was no more than a gag artist and that label was fine with me." In the 80s Sanjiban moved back to his roots, the woods of Western Massachusetts. He continued to work as a cabinet-maker and carpenter and gathered a team of co-conspirators around him styled as the Konkapot Big Boys of Super 8. When his camera broke in 1995, Sanjiban took up digital video until his untimely death in 2012. This tribute celebrates Sanjiban's style, skill, understanding, fun, ferocity, and the embrace of the absurd that marks his film work. Visit the website SanjibanFilms.com for more information.
Film selections:
1. Me against you (1988) 1 min. A capsule of conflict.
2. I Got Mail (1999) 3 min. Retrieving the news of the day.
3. Roadkill Revival (1990) 4 min. Animal Rescue 9-1-1.
4. Pinnacle Man (1989) 5 min. Comic reflections on the path to knowledge.
5. Prayer Box (2003) 7 min. Wayside in.
6. Self Arrest (2006) 5 min. A therapeutic remedy in times of terror.
7. Remembering Lao (1990) 7 min. Re-imagining a fabled event in the life of Lao Tzu.
8. Parada Vida (1990) 7 min. A life pause, a resting place.
39 min.
Friday—February 15, 2013
Voorhees Hall #105, Rutgers University,
71 Hamilton Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey
$10=General; $9=Students+Seniors; $8=Rutgers Film Co-op Friends
Jimmy John's of New Brunswick will be providing free sandwiches prior to this screening!
More info is available at www.njfilmfest.com or 848-932-8482!


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