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This paper was presented at "Protecting & Exploiting Intellectual Property in Electronics", IBC Conferences, 10 June 1998
Despite the popularity of the concept of reverse engineering with sections of the engineering community, the legislative position restricts reverse engineering of hardware and makes reverse engineering of software legal only under very limited circumstances in Europe. In the US, slightly more freedom is available to reverse engineers, but great care is still needed to avoid infringement.
This article considers reverse engineering, and the controversial impact of intellectual property law on reverse engineering techniques, in Europe and elsewhere.
[ Contents ]
The first step, then, is to develop a mental picture of what reverse engineering is. To do this, it would be useful to start with a simplistic model of engineering itself.
Engineering is the process of turning a specification into a product for performing to it.
A full specification may not only specify what the product has to do, but also specify performance criteria it needs to meet along the way. As the complexity of IT systems grows, so does the importance of a good specification.
In between the specification and the product is the engineering or implementation process, which involves some human creativity, and an increasing degree of automation.
It is convenient to think in terms of "layers" or "levels" of abstraction. Thus:
Nowadays, in many processes the lower level descriptions are unnecessary and, if produced at all, are produced only for documentation purposes rather than during the design process.
Often, the same specification can be implemented in many different ways, for example by using different target platforms (e.g. microprocessors) or different engineering tools and techniques (e.g. CMOS or NMOS). There is thus one to many relationship between a top level specification and products produced from it.
[ Contents ]
Reverse engineering, as the name implies, is the reverse of this; in other words, the attempt to recapture the top level specification by analysing the product - "attempt" because it is not possible in practice, or even in theory, to recover everything in the original specification purely by studying the product.
Reverse engineering is difficult and time consuming, but it is getting easier all the time thanks to IT, for two reasons:
However, whilst it is often possible to automate the generation of a higher level structural description of a product, recognising what it is doing is difficult and still requires human skills, and it may simply not be possible to recapture some parts of original specification to which the product was made by studying the product.
Since reverse engineering still needs human input, at some stage the reverse engineering process needs to produce a complete system description of the product, to allow a human to work out how the product functions; it is only after this human analysis that the product can be split into its component parts.
Thus, reverse engineering generally consists of the following stages:
There is thus a chain of events between the underlying design specification and any intermediate level design documents lying behind the product, through the product itself, through the reverse engineered product description, through the reverse engineered specification, and into the new product itself. This raises at least the risk of infringement of copyright or similar design or chip protection rights.
If the same person both reverse engineers the old product and designs the new product, and there are similarities, it is hard to avoid an assumption that some copying has taken place, and so reverse engineering "best practice" involves breaking the chain, so far as possible, at the specification stage. The specification is made as abstract and functional as possible by the reverse engineers, and is then handed over to a "clean room" design team who have no other contact with the old product, or the team who analysed it, and who will then design the new product using as little low-level information as possible from the old product.
[ Contents ]
One group of reverse engineers are users of old products, who want to maintain them, but find that the original supplier may no longer exist, or may have dropped support for the product (1). Most users will want a subcontractor to re-engineer the software, rather than doing so themselves. To maintain an old product, it will often be necessary to understand how it works.
Recently, the "Year 2000" problem has stimulated interest in maintaining old software. Reverse engineering may be needed if an old product is to work alongside, or within a new system. There is also a desire, amongst some software users, to re-engineer old software, to make it more modular, re-useable, accessible or reliable.
Genuine competitors may wish to use reverse engineering techniques, for one of two reasons:
Examples of interoperable products are applications which need to interoperate with operating systems; software controlled exchanges which need to operate with others; and programs which are locked by hardware "dongles".
Finally, pirates may occasionally use reverse engineering techniques. Pirates do not usually need to understand how a product works merely to copy it, but occasionally a product may include security features which the pirate needs to defeat.
There are thus legitimate and illegitimate reasons for wanting to reverse engineer software products, chips, printed circuit boards and other hardware products, and firmware (i.e. mask-programmed or similar embedded software products).
A genuine competitor will try to reduce their use of the intermediate description generated by reverse engineering to the absolute minimum necessary, to avoid copying, whereas a pirate will attempt to use the reverse engineered code to the maximum extent possible and add the minimum of independently created material, to make the product a "lookalike" in so far as possible, and to reduce the amount of effort they use.
[ Contents ]
Techniques now exist for visually scanning mechanical parts and generating CAD models from them, using machine vision technology; for example, the REFAB (Reverse Engineering - Feature Based) tool available from the Department of Computer Science of the University of Utah (2) and ARL's site. In REFAB, a laser digitiser is used to the scan the part, and the analysis software then analyses the shape of the part, using features which are based on typical machining operations, to generate a computerised manufacturing description which can be displayed, used to copy the product, or produce new products using the design.
Computer vision has been widely used to scan PCBs for quality control and inspection purposes, and based on this, there are a number of machine vision for analysing and reverse engineering PCBs (3). Several firms on the Internet offer a service of scanning a PCB and supplying a corresponding netlist.
This is much harder work, since everything is on a much smaller scale.
The first step is to get through the encapsulating material into the product itself, by chemical etching or grinding. This can be tough in itself, since some manufacturers include hard particles such as carborundum or sapphire in the encapsulating the resin, so that mechanical grinding also destroys the chip.
Once at the chip surface, each layer of components is photographed, then ground away to reveal the layer below. This process reveals the structure of the chip. Again, the process can be made more difficult, for example by providing some of the components vertically across several layers.
Although these processes can reveal the structure of the chip, they do not indicate the voltages at each point. However, if the chip is undamaged, voltage contrast electron microscopy can be used to scan the chip in use, and watch the voltage level change over time.
These processes are generally referred to as "stripping" or "peeling" the chip.
Having stripped the chip, it can then be analysed using pattern recognition software and human inspection to get to a netlist and then a circuit diagram.
Several firms on the Internet offer a service of scanning standard cell or gate to automatically generate a netlist (i.e. a low level circuit description which can be used to generate a new integrated circuit) (4).
[ Contents ]
De-compilers are programs which will convert object code back to high level languages such as C (although, to the uninitiated, a C program may be little more meaningful than object code!) (5).
A range of other tools are available which can trace an analysis the operation of a program, represent the loops of the program and so on.
[ Contents ]
The input and output states of a chip can be monitored using an oscilloscope, or special purpose probes such as logic state analysers or protocol analysers, to acquire a picture of the behaviour of the chip over time or in response to input signals.
[ Contents ]
Many patented goods are not sold with restrictive licences, and hence a bona fide purchaser cannot usually be prevented by the patent from doing what they like with the patented product. Indeed, the patent itself may give the reverse engineer valuable information on how the patented product operates.
However, a competitive product produced by reverse engineering may still infringe the patent itself - patent infringement does not require copying, and so "clean-room" techniques do not assist.
[ Contents ]
It is widely accepted that copyright does not protect "ideas", but only "expression"; that is, the way in which those ideas are "expressed". This idea is carried through into similar rights, such as Topography Rights. Copyright subsists in "copyright works". Reproduction or translation of the whole or a substantial part of a copyright work will constitute an infringement of copyright.
Top level specification are themselves copyright works, and intermediate level specifications (source code and circuit diagrams) and lower level specifications (assembly code, net lists and node lists) may also qualify as copyright works.
A common assumption is that the top level of a design specification is unprotectable by copyright, since it consists only of "ideas" (6). Some assume that this applies also to some lower levels insofar as they cover "algorithms" and not actual code.
On this assumption, "clean-room" reverse engineering techniques succeed in breaking the chain of copying, since if only unprotectable ideas are communicated to the new design team by the reverse engineers, the new design team cannot be copying protectable "expression".
However, this approach is incomplete. Firstly, it ignores the fact that the intermediate copies made during reverse engineering are themselves infringements. Secondly, at least in the UK, serious doubt has been cast on the correctness of this approach (7). Thirdly, modern engineering tools can directly accept some high-level specifications, which are thus akin to executable code rather than abstract description.
In Europe, special codes of protection exist for computer programs (8), semiconductor topographies (9), and databases (10). Each of these contains special definitions of infringement which are binding across the EU, and which (for computer programs and semi-conductor products) mirror those created in the US.
A given act of reverse engineering may involve several of these provisions; if so, it needs to be clear of infringement under each different head of copyright work.
With copyright infringement, both the creation of the intermediate copy of the original design documents (which takes place after analysis of the product) and the ultimate products created from it may be infringements of copyright, as we will see from the cases.
[ Contents ]
In the case of computer programs, the EU directive states (11) that the ideas and principles underlying a program are not protected by copyright, and that (12) logic, algorithms and programming languages may to some extent comprise ideas and principles.
Analysis of the function of a program (but not decompilation (13))is permitted under Article 5.3, if it is carried out by a licensed user in the normal use of the program.
Reverse engineering is allowed under Article 6, but only for the single purpose of producing an interoperable program (rather than a competing program).
For this purpose, in addition to reverse engineering itself (i.e. producing a high level version of the code) subsequent forward engineering to produce the interoperable program is permitted.
However, the reverse engineer has to cross a host of formidable barriers before he can make use of this right;
Thus, far from creating a general right to reverse engineer, these provisions create only the smallest of openings for the reverse engineer; they are intended for use only to defeat locked, confidential, proprietary interfaces.
[ Contents ]
Directive 87/54/EEC, and the corresponding US provisions of the Semiconductor Chip Protection Act 1984 (14), contain (15) the same distinction between the protection granted to topography and the concepts, processes, systems, techniques or encoded information embodied in the topography, which are not protected by the topography.
The topography directive permits reverse engineering (16) (i.e. the analysis of a topography). It does not, however, allow all uses of the information obtained from reverse engineering.
If a different topography can be created using the information derived from the original, so that it does not "reproduce" the original, then there will be no infringement of the topography right.
If the reverse engineering information is used, by the reverse engineer, to create a new original mask work, then this too is not an infringement, apparently even if it reproduces a substantial part of the original chip topography. In other words, where a chip has been reversed engineered, chip protection right is useful only against pirates.
There has been little case law under the chip protection provision. One case which went through three rounds in the US was the Brooktree v. AMD case (17), in which Brooktree Corporation brought an action against AMD, who were producing plug-compatible colour palette chips for use in graphics work stations.
At the interlocutory stage, the Court held that if AMD could show they had reversed engineered the chip, then anything less than a substantially identical chip would not infringe Brooktree's topography rights. However, at the full trial in 1990, the jury found infringement and this was upheld on appeal in 1993.
[ Contents ]
Databases or collections of data in general may be protected under copyright law, and (in Europe) by a special sui generis right (20).
Under previous UK copyright law, even the simplest tables of data would have qualified as literary work (19), but under the EU directive, the kind of data which makes up design documents for software, hardware or interfaces will rarely be entitled to copyright protection. However, where a significant investment has been made in compiling the data, then it may nonetheless be protected by the sui generis right (20). No specific reverse engineering rights are given under the sui generis right (despite the inclusion of such a right in the first draft (21)).
It is not yet clear whether "substantial" means "expensive", or just "not trivial".
[ Contents ]
In the UK at least, copyright law makes no concessions to reverse engineering. The position will inevitably change somewhat in the specific fields of computer software and semiconductor topographies, but where any design document other than a computer program or a semi-conductor topography is copied then normal copyright law will prevail.
For a three dimensional product, in general, reverse engineering need not recreate any of the design documents which lie behind the product. An analysis program might generate a table of computer-aided design (CAM) control data quite different to those from which the product was made. Further, in many countries, copyright does not offer protection to utilitarian three dimensional articles (although in the UK, the sui generis Design Right (22) does so instead, in similar fashion)
However, where the reverse engineering process does recreate design documents, copyright or (in the UK) Design Right infringement may occur. For example, if reverse engineering of a PCB regenerates the net list from which it was produced (23), then the net list will be a copyright infringement. The same is true where a computer program is reproduced (24).
The "fair use" defence to copyright infringement (25) permits copying where this is for the purposes of research or private study. However, in the UK, this does not extend to any commercial research or study, as would be involved in reverse engineering (26). In the specific case of computer software, decompilation is expressly not "fair dealing" (27).
The position in the US is quite different; there, in the Sega Enterprises v Accolade (28) and Atari Games Corp v. Nintendo (29) cases, the intermediate copies produced by reverse engineering were held to be excused by the equivalent "fair use" defence.
[ Contents ]
Reverse engineering gives no general right to breach obligations to keep information confidential. For example, in Stac Electronics v. Microsoft Corp. (30), Stac (who defeated Microsoft in a patent infringement action) were themselves held to have committed a trade secret violation by reverse engineering features of a beta version of MS DOS, with which they had been supplied in confidence, and then using the reverse engineered information in their own product. The award of $13.6 million against them would have been significant, if they had not won a much larger amount from Microsoft.
The position is more difficult where a product is widely distributed, but with a contract of sale which purports to include a confidentiality clause; it is not clear that a court would support a transparent attempt to portray as confidential something which was on open sale. Where reverse engineering of a software product is permitted under the EU Directive interoperability, then UK law will not enforce a contractual term to the contrary (31).
[ Contents ]
BROOKTREE CORP v. ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES INC [1989] 2 EIPR D-30 AND [1990] 11 EIPR D-221
This US chip topography case concerned copying of 23-30% of Brooktree's colour graphics palette chip in AMD's plug-compatible copy. The copied part was the memory which allegedly was the "core" of the chip.
At the interlocutory stage, the Judge concluded that whilst this would have been a "substantial part" and hence normally an infringing reproduction of the topography right, where reverse engineering was shown (as apparently it was) the test was whether the new chip was original over the old one - i.e. whether there was substantially identical reproduction. However, the Jury eventually found infringement at full trial, and were upheld on Appeal.
SEGA ENTERPRISES LTD v. ACCOLADE INC 977 F.2D 1510 (9TH CIR. 1992)
This US software copyright case concerned Sega's video game console and cartridges. The cartridges had a 20-25 byte code segment which was interrogated by the console, as a security measure.
Accolade disassembled the code which was common to three different Sega games cartridges, to find the security segment, and included it in competing games cartridges.
The Ninth Circuit held this disassembly to be a permitted "fair use" of the copyright in the games programs.
ATARI v. NINTENDO 975 F.2D 872 (FED. CIR. 1992)
This US software copyright case concerned Nintendo's NES video game console and cartridges. The cartridges contained a microprocessor, and program code, and was interrogated by the console microprocessor, as a security measure, like the Sega system. The security was potentially a two-way process, with the console checking for a valid cartridge and the potential for the cartridge to check for a valid console (which Nintendo did not actually do).
Atari disassembled the program code which performed the security signalling exchange (the interface code). However, they also had access to a copy of the source code from the US Copyright Registry, to obtain which they stated (untruthfully) that it was for the purposes of litigation.
They implemented the signalling exchange to validate the cartridge, thus achieving compatibility of their cartridges with Nintendo consoles. However, they went further and implemented the rest of the interface, to validate the consoles, apparently in case Nintendo changed their product in future. In each case, they copied some actual code, allegedly only to the extent necessary.
The Court held that the intermediate copying during reverse engineering was legitimate, as "fair use". However, Atari infringed copyright nonetheless, in going too far in copying beyond what was strictly necessary. The programmer apparently also had sight of the source code from the US Copyright Registry, casting some doubt on whether the copying was solely due to the reverse engineering operation.
Finally, Nintendo had a patent on the interface, and Atari were found to infringe that too.
AUTODESK INC v. DYASON [1992] RPC 575 & (NO. 2) [1993] 12 RPC 259
This Australian software copyright case concerned a CAD package, which was supplied with a hardware device containing an EPROM, called the AutoCAD lock, which operated with part of the package called the "Widget-C" program. The program sent a challenge signal to the lock, which replied with a return signal. The program checked the return signal against a lookup table. The lookup table comprised 16 bytes of a 30kByte program. An encrypted form of the lookup table was held in the lock EPROM.
The Defendant studied the signals with an oscilloscope, and read them. Apparently, the correct contents of the EPROM were deduced from this functional analysis, without reading of the EPROM. They then produced an alternative lock device. The Plaintiff alleged that the table was a substantial part of the program, and that the program had thus been copied.
The Court held that the table was a substantial part of the program (an issue of importance rather than size) and that it had been copied, and that this was an infringement. A move to re-hear the case, on the basis that the Court had misunderstood, was dismissed (with dissenting judgements).
POWERFLEX SERVICES PTY LTD v. DATA ACCESS CORP [1997] 12 EIPR 732
This Australian software copyright case concerned a database management system (Dataflex) which was "cloned" by the Defendant. Apparently, although the Court referred to reverse engineering, the Defendant did not actually analyse the code by decompilation or disassembly, but read the manual to produce a lookalike using the same commands and file structures. All this was held not to infringe.
However, Dataflex used compression of records, using a stored table of Huffman codes to compress and decompress. The table thus constituted an interface between the program and the files. There is no indication that the files were to be shared with other programs, so the table was not an interface to non-competing interoperable programs. The Defendant wanted his program to be able to read files created by Dataflex and so he calculated the required compression table, apparently from inspection of stored records, which therefore reproduced that of Dataflex.
It was held that although the table was not a substantial part of the program (or even part of the program at all), it attracted literary copyright as a compilation in its own right, and that copyright was held infringed.
CREATIVE TECHNOLOGY LTD v. AZTECH SYSTEMS PTE LTD [1997] FSR 491
This Singapore software copyright case concerned the Sound Blaster PC Sound Card It contained firmware, and was supplied with an ancillary PC program to operate with it. The Defendants wanted to produce a sound card which could interoperate with PC programs which would operate with the Sound Blaster – in other words, to create a competing substitute. They bought and studied a Sound Blaster and ancillary program. They were held (on the balance of probabilities) to have disassembled and reverse engineered the firmware, and admitted running the ancillary program (which they pleaded as a "fair dealing"). In their product, only about 4% of the code was identical to that of the Sound Blaster firmware, but that 4% included redundancies and errors present in the original, suggesting copying (going beyond that which is necessary).
The Court held (reversing the first instance) that although the ultimate products did not involve a substantial reproduction of the original program, there was clear evidence that reverse engineering had been used and hence that an intermediate copy had been made. This and the admitted copying (in unlicensed use) of the ancillary program were both not "fair dealing", and hence infringed.
ANACON CORP LTD v. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY LTD [1994] FSR 659
This UK copyright case concerned an electronic dust meter analyser, and involved a computer program, some engineering drawings, and some circuit diagrams for a PCB. The Defendant was in liquidation, and the Judge found clear infringement of the first two items, so the Report concerns only the PCB circuit diagrams.
Apparently, the Defendants reverse engineered the Plaintiffs PCB and extracted from it a net list specifying the components and their interconnection, which they then used to make further PCBs.
The Judge understood that the net list could be interpreted by computer to produce either a circuit diagram or instructions to make a PCB (i.e. higher or lower level descriptions).
He held that the Plaintiff's circuit diagrams contained not only an artistic work (the drawing) but also a literary work (the identities represented by the component symbols, and their interconnections, making up a table or a compilation). This literary work was reproduced in the Plaintiff's PCBs, and hence was copied by the Defendants in their net list derived from the PCBs and containing the same information. This conclusion was later criticised in a later case (Electronic Techniques (Anglia)) Ltd. v. Critchley Components Ltd. [1997] FSR 401 at 412-3) and is still unresolved (Mackie Designs Inc. v. Belivinger, [1999] RPC 717 at 720).
He did not need to decide whether the Defendants PCBs were also infringements as well as their net list, but logic compels this conclusion. A later case (Autospin (Oil Seals) Ltd v Beehive Spinning, [1995] 23 RPC 683) considered this last point with favour, but decided on other grounds.
NEWS DATACOM LTD v. SATELLITE DECODING SYSTEMS [1995] FSR 201
This Irish software copyright case concerned a satellite decoder operated by a Smart Card including a microprocessor and software operating a complex authorisation algorithm to unlock the decoder and unscramble the TV signal. The Defendant marketed a Smart Card which replicated these functions.
Smart cards cannot be read like conventional computer memories, but the Plaintiff's case was that they could be reverse engineered using electron microscopy and chip stripping. The Plaintiff had no evidence of reverse engineering but pleaded that because of the complexity of the algorithm, it must be presumed to have occurred and the burden of disproof should lie on the Defendant.
The Judge declined to accept this presumption, and commented that if reverse engineering was possible, then they should reverse engineer the alleged infringement to obtain evidence of infringement.
MARS v. TEKNOWLEDGE TIMES LAW REPORTS 23 JUNE 1999
Mars manufacture coin accepting devices for use in vending machines, to determine the denomination and validity of inserted coins. Measurement values, characteristic of genuine coins of each type, were stored in EEPROM in the apparatus in encrypted form.
When new types of coins were introduced, or the design of an existing denomination was changed, it was necessary to reprogram the EEPROM with new values, using a programming device which communicated with the validator, using communications protocols. Mars supplied reprogramming devices to authorised reprogramming agencies.
Teknowledge were a non-authorised re-programmer. By analysing the communications protocol and the contents of the EEPROM, they managed to defeat the encryption and learnt the communications protocols. It was conceded that, in the process, they necessarily reproduced the contents of the EEPROM, and of the communications programs.
Mars brought action for infringement of their copyright in the communications programs, and their database right in the contents of the EEPROM. It was clear that Teknowledge could not avail themselves of the limited reverse engineering defences provided in European copyright law, but they attempted to argue a general right to repair or, alternatively, that the sale by Mars left no rights outstanding to them on the basis of the "non-derogation from grant" principle stated in BL v. Armstrong (32).
The Judge held that both the copyright in the program and the database right had been infringed by Teknowledge. The European Directives overrode earlier UK common law copyright defences, to provide a complete code on reverse engineering. Even if this were wrong, there was no evidence to shown that Mars was in a monopoly position where "non-derogation from grant" might apply, as in Canon v. Green Cartridge (33).
Finally, the Judge held that the mere use of encryption per se was not enough to create an obligation of confidentiality; the reverse engineering was not a breach of confidence.
[ Contents ]


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Friday - August 8
Decided to bag my workouts in favor of a full rest day. I feel weird about it, but I think it might be smart leading up to 5430 Half Ironman. So Vail update: Things are settling down. My little place is going to work out just fine. It's comfortable and I love where I live in Minturn. Ramone and I are having some epic trail runs he is happy as a clam. My job is going well so far. Lining up some talent for the season... The Reverend Horten Heat with Slim Cessna's Auto Club is confirmed for two nights in Feb(for sure sellouts). I'm getting close on a monster big show with Super Diamond in January and a lot of really cool stuff like Drag the River with Cory Branan (Think Bright eyes) and I'm trying to get Liam Finn with the Veils supporting in September! Of course I'll be lining up some heavy hitting punk stuff too so stay tuned!
Tuesday - August 5
Sunday - August 3
- RACE DAY: Evergreen Town Race 10k PR BY 2 MINUTES
DickDime's Training Log
Upcoming races
- Leadville Trail 100 Run (Run)8/16/2014 Leadville, Colorado
- July's totals
- June's totals
- 2014 totals
- 2013 totals
Bike: 13h 29m 10s - 256.39 Mi
Run: 44h 04m 42s - 272.31 Mi
Bike: 18h 12m 10s - 339.44 Mi
Run: 36h 19m 43s - 239.78 Mi
Swim: 57m 45s - 2600 M
Bike: 97h 44m 10s - 1816.14 Mi
Run: 247h 53m 06s - 1705.92 Mi
Strength: 2h 45m
Swim: 29h 32m 28s - 75198.58 M
Bike: 221h 31m 11s - 4196.74 Mi
Run: 274h 14m 39s - 2002.84 Mi
Strength: 131h 05m
Core Training: 3h 59m
Stretching: 1h 45m
Walking: 4h 51m 28s

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Sector Funds focus on a specific industry, social objective or sector such as health care, real estate or technology. Their investment objective is to provide concentrated exposure to specific industry groups, called sectors.
Sector Fund Strategies and Cautions:
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Investors should be careful with sector funds because there is increased market risk due to volatility if the sector suffers a downturn. Over-exposure to one sector, for example, is a form of market timing that can prove harmful to an investor's portfolio if the sector performs poorly.


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In "First Blood" released in 1982 and "Rambo: First Blood Part II" released in 1985, Sylvester Stallone's machine gun-toting, all-American avenger waved the flag and defeated evil while grossing an awesome $390 million at the box office. Along the way, Rambo became for some people an icon of renewed American patriotism.
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text:
field cricket
The topic
field cricket
is discussed in the following articles:
behavioral patterns
animal behaviour
Behavioral genetics
...offspring values and parental values. The slope of this line reveals the heritability of the behavioral trait in that population. For example, the heritability of the calling behaviour that male crickets (
Gryllus integer
) use to attract females has been measured. In any one population, some males chirp away for many hours each night, others call for just a few hours, and still others...
cricket (insect)
field cricket
(genus Gryllus) and the house cricket (Acheta, formerly Gryllus, domesticus) of the subfamily Gryllinae are stout-bodied and black or brown and often dig shallow burrows. They may feed on plants, animals, clothes, and each other. The
field cricket
(also called the black cricket) is common in fields and yards and sometimes enters buildings. The house...
mating behaviour
sound reception
Behavioral observations
Further experiments carried out by Regen on
field cricket
s (Liogryllus campestris) demonstrated the reactions of females to chirping males. In the most elaborate of these experiments, 1,600 sexually receptive females were released around the periphery of a large enclosed area in the middle of which had been placed a cage containing one or more chirping males. Precise data concerning the...
"field cricket".
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2014. Web. 29 Jul. 2014


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Delays and Closures
Student Handbook
National Honor Society
Campus Portal (A.K.A. Parent Portal)
Seniors Only
Video Archive
Video Live Feed
PTO/Smoke Signals
D12 Website
Cheyenne Mountain High School is located in the shadows of scenic Cheyenne Mountain in the southwest part Colorado Springs, Colorado. Cheyenne Mountain School District is one of only three districts in the Pikes Peak region that has been "Accredited with Distinction" by the Colorado Department of Education.
Recognized nationally for academic excellence, Cheyenne Mountain High School is a Blue Ribbon School as selected by the U.S. Department of Education. This is a prestigious national award received by only a handful of schools in Colorado. Additionally, Cheyenne Mountain High School has been a winner of the John Irwin School of Excellence award every year since the award's inception in 2001.
CMHS also excels in athletics and the fine arts, and has won numerous athletic state championships. Our choral, band, visual art and drama programs are state and nationally recognized, and CMHS is home to the 2011 state champion Science Olympiad team and the 2011 and 2012 state runner-up Science Bowl team.
To view Cheyenne Mountain High School's performance data, click on the link below:
Performance Framework for Cheyenne Mountain High School
To see how Cheyenne Mountain School District compares with the other 177 school districts in the state click the link below:
State Accreditation Report
Please download your student's back to school packet below. If you do not have access to a printer you may stop by the Counseling Office to pick up a packet after July 28 as the school is closed July 1-25. If you have changes to your contact information over the summer, please email those updates to firstname.lastname@example.com
9th Grade Packets
10th Grade Packets
11th Grade Packets
12th Grade Packets
If you would like to purchase your pictures online prior to picture day, open flyer below and click on the link and follow the online instructions.
Lifetouch Flyer
CMHS has won 80 Athletic State Championships, including 7 in 2010-11, 4 in 2011-12, and 5 so far in 2012-13! CMHS consistently wins numerous academic championships and artistic awards each year.
Click here for more information about excellence at CMHS!


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Glenna Jane Sizemore Bennett, 74, of Brandon, passed away on Sunday, February 3, 2013 at the Hospice House in Sun City.
She was born to the late Gordon and Berndena Sizemore on March 27, 1938 in Louisville, Kentucky. She was preceded in death by her daughter, Maynor Bennett Roberts; her husband, Guy Arnold Bennett Jr.; and two sons, Robert Alan Bennett and Guy Arnold Bennett III.
Glenna is survived by her daughter, Elizabeth Bennett Stewart, a music teacher at Riverview High School, and her son-in-law, Robert Warren Stewart, a Hillsborough County Sheriff's Office deputy. Also, her son and daughter- in- law, Charles Clifford Bennett and Lori Millen Bennett as well as daughter-in-law Amy Teddar Bennett.
Glenna has two sisters: Betty Sizemore Fallis and Peggy Sizemore Landress. Her nieces are Jane Ann Powell, Mary Beth Fallis, Barbara Susan Fallis as well as nephews, Charles Steven Fallis and John Thomas Landress.
Lastly, she also has five grandchildren: Christian Robert Stewart, Thomas Gordon Bennett, Daniel Charles Bennett, Katie Beth Bennett and Jacob Curtis Bennett.
In the early years of her life, Glenna, "Little Doc", as she was known, enjoyed a long singing career on country and gospel radio with her father Gordon Sizemore and sister, Betty.
Glenna attended Salvisa High School in 1955, before attending Eastern Kentucky University and the University of Kentucky (1958) where she earned her Bachelor's degree in Education and later earned her Master's degree in English from Rollins College in 1967.
She was an elementary teacher for 36 years in Covington, Kentucky; Miami, Florida for Dade County Schools and finally Hillsborough County Schools, where she taught at Brooker, Kingwood, Trapnell and Kenly Elementary. She retired from Hillsborough County Schools in 1991.
She was a long-time member of the First Baptist Church of Brandon, where she enjoyed volunteering with the adult special-needs classes and singing in the senior choir.
Helping family and friends were Glenna's passion and delight. She was always known to be a woman of compassion for a friend in need; she often transported cancer patients to and from treatments after her retirement. Her grandchildren were the great joy of her life. She spent many hours supporting them in their music, drama productions, wrestling tournaments, swim meets and baseball games and was delighted to be included in their lives.
Visitation is scheduled for Wednesday, February 6, 2013 from 6:00 pm to 8:00 pm at Serenity Meadows Funeral Home. The funeral service will be on Thursday, February 7, 2013 at 11:00 am at the funeral home.
In lieu of flowers, memorial donations may be made to LifePath Hospice.


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The night before graduation, Laura Allan got a life-changing phone call. Allan, a 2012 UMW graduate, had been accepted to the competitive DC Teaching Fellows program. Less than one month later, she arrived in Washington, D.C., to start an intensive eight-week training session. DC Teaching Fellows, a partnership between District of Columbia Public Schools and TNTP, a national nonprofit organization, trains professionals and recent college grads to serve high-need students throughout the D.C. area. The program is catered to people who have taken a nontraditional route to education, like Allan, who focused her undergraduate work on sociology. UMW, recognized on the President's Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll for the past three years, is known for its service-minded students and alumni. The Peace Corps ranks UMW No. 1 in the nation among small universities for alumni now serving as Peace Corps volunteers. But many recent graduates, like Allan, choose to volunteer … [Read more...]
A Bigger Impact
August 13, 2012 by Brynn Boyer Leave a Comment
Filed Under: Show on Great Minds Tagged With: Center for Honor, Christina Eggenberger, COAR, Leadership and Service, SOCG
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A business leadership course at the University of Mary Washington so inspired … [Read More...]
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The job Dan Wolfe '84 landed after graduation brought a paycheck, but it also … [Read More...]
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Katy Chase has bug viewers, digital microscopes, binoculars and GPS navigation … [Read More...]
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As a preteen at St. Ursula School, Tom Pacheco took the stage in front of his … [Read More...]
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A bin of orange bouncy balls caught Sidney Mullis' eye during a routine trip to … [Read More...]
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Simpson Library boasted new CD-ROMS. The Battlefield Athletic Complex had just … [Read More...]


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Congratulations go to Bill Wells and Aidan Moffat as their album 'Everything's Getting Older' has been named the Scottish Album of the Year. Their award-winning album is available to download in Studio Master.
The duo won £20,000 for their work, which was eight years in the making, beating acts such as Mogwai and Conquering Animal Sound. Judges described 'Everything's Getting Older' as a 'bruised and beautiful wonder'. Written by composer Wells along with Arab Strap member Moffat, the album is a mixture of jazz-inspired love songs and spoken word pieces.
Aidan Moffat, said: 'It's fantastic. I still can't quite believe it. Obviously we're very, very happy. It was a great shortlist. The Scottish Album of the Year Award is all about introducing people to a wide variety of different types music - the award is
very, very important from an industry point of view too and we hope there are many more of them.'


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Round 'em Up & Move 'em Out! Intervention!on September 9, 2010 at 02:49
Well it's finally here. When most of you see this on Thursday morning I will have already made my way to the train station for my trek North to the wilderness that is the D.C. area. After arriving in D.C. I'll make my way to the Metro system and on to the Twinbrook Station in lovely Rockville, MD. I have been assured that it is right across the street from the Hilton Washington DC/Rockville Hotel home to this year's Intervention!
Want to meet me? Well I want to meet you, so come on over to Table 9 From Outer Space!!!


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Celebrities were all over the place outside the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles earlier tonight (June 29) as Keke Palmer made his/her red carpet arrival at the 2014 BET Awards.
No stranger to the scene, the "Akeelah and the Bee" star hammed it up for the shutterbugs in a Alon Livné Spring / Summer 2014 dress while catching up with a few famous friends along the way.
Photo Credit: Getty Images
Making the most of Black History Month, First Lady Michelle Obama attended a star-studded premiere for the forthcoming Lifetime Television movie "The Trip to Bountiful" on Monday night (February 24).
With the recent wrap of her VH1 movie "Crazy Sexy Cool: The TLC Story," Keke Palmer graced the cover of Kontrol magazine's June 2013 issue.
The 19-year-old beauty rocked a Monaco Blue two-piece skirt by Camero for the front page shoot and shared the ups and downs in her music career.
Photo Credit: Kontrol


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Carolina Panthers
DeAngelo Williams - #34 - RB
|5' 9"/ 215 lbs.
|Wynne, AR
|Years played
|2006, 1st round, 27th pick by Panthers
Jaguars sign DT Edwards, cut DT McClain
The Panthers announced Sunday that they have signed veteran DT Dwan Edwards and waived second-year DT Terrell McClain.
Panthers cut WR Ajirotutu, trade for S Jones
The Panthers announced their first batch of cuts on the way to the deadline for a 53-man roster later Friday.
Rivera expects WR Smith back to practice Sunday
Head coach Ron Rivera says he expects WR Steve Smith will return to practice Sunday and play in the Panthers' season opener.
NFC South teams have questions at MLB spot
A tie binding each of the four NFC South teams is concern at middle linebacker, but how worried should they really be?
Panthers PK Medlock wins NFL job in 'final attempt'
PK Justin Medlock was a little apprehensive when the Panthers called in March and asked him to come in for a tryout.
Panthers cut PK Mare, P Harris
The Panthers made several moves Monday in order to reduce the active roster to 75 players, including the release of PK Olindo Mare.
Panthers RB Stewart leaves game with injury
RB Jonathan Stewart suffered what appeared to be a right ankle injury in the Panthers' preseason game vs. the Jets Sunday.
Panthers' Johnson working to answer Rivera's call
Panthers DE Charles Johnson admitted he was surprised when Ron Rivera publicly challenged him to take his game to another level early in training camp.
Panthers extend RB Stewart for five years
The Panthers signed veteran RB Jonathan Stewart to a five-year contract extension on Saturday, the team announced.
Twelve NFL proposition wagers to ponder
Mike Wilkening plays oddsmaker and puts up 12 hypothetical proposition bets for 2012, including one focusing on Cam Newton's rushing TDs.
Panthers WR Smith bruises knee, held out of practice
Panthers WR Steve Smith was held out of the second half of Tuesday morning's practice after bruising his left knee.
Time for Panthers' Olsen to shine
It is a familiar theme for owners that have followed him throughout his career — this really could be Greg Olsen's year.
Panthers wondering if LaFell will seize opportunity
We hear no one in Panthers' camp is posing a legitimate challenge to WR Brandon LaFell, who is in line to start opposite Steve Smith.
Panthers release OT Otah
The Panthers terminated the contract of OT Jeff Otah, the team announced Thursday.
Jets sending OT Otah back to Carolina
OT Jeff Otah will return to the Panthers after his trade to the Jets was voided when he didn't pass a physical.
Williams closed the season by setting a franchise record with a career-best 210 yards rushing and two touchdowns in Carolina's 44-38 win over the New Orleans Saints.||||||| Williams started the team's final five games with Stewart out with a high ankle sprain. Carolina won four of those.
With with Jonathan Stewart sustaining a high ankle sprain in Monday night's win over Philadelphia, coach Ron Rivera said Williams could be thrust back into the starting lineup against the Chiefs (1-10) on Sunday.||||||| The Panthers gave Williams a five-year, $43 million deal before the 2011 season, but the 29-year-old running back hasn't come close to producing the type of numbers that would warrant such a big contract. He ran for 836 yards and seven touchdowns in 2011, but this year has just 292 yards rushing and three TDs. He is a low-end No. 2 fantasy RB at best.
Although the Panthers are open to listening to all trade offers, coach Ron Rivera said they aren't actively shopping any of their players. That includes, he said, the franchise's all-time leading rusher, Williams.||||||| That doesn't mean it won't happen, of course. Williams, who signed a five-year, $41.5 million contract in 2011, was benched two weeks ago for Jonathan Stewart and has been a non-factor in the offense since.
Coach Ron Rivera said in an effort to shake things up the Panthers are moving away from their long-standing philosophy of rotating Williams and Jonathan Stewart. Rivera said the Panthers will instead look to "find one guy, develop a rhythm and if he gets hot, ride him" against Chicago Sunday.||||||| That philosophy essentially began last week against Dallas, although it was hard to notice as neither tailback got rolling in a 19-14 loss. Stewart replaced Williams as the starter and finished with 35 yards on 10 carries. Williams played five snaps and carried twice for 4 yards. Newton led the team in rushing with 64 yards. Rivera said Stewart will start again Sunday against a physical Bears defense
Williams had 12 carries for 44 yards along with a two-yard reception Sunday in a 31-17 loss at NFC South rival Atlanta.||||||| This is Cam Newton's show now in Carolina. That has diminished the value of Williams and fellow tailback Jonathan Stewart.


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Wildlife artist Ernest C. Simmons' seemingly effortless depictions of birds transport you to the shore, to the Everglades, out into the wild scrublands and finally catapult you into the heavens.
Simmons was fascinated by birds as a child and spent his free time sketching them. He is one of those rare people who knew what he wanted to do from a young age, and so he concentrated on advancing his knowledge of art and birds. Growing up in Clearwater, he started volunteering at the Suncoast Seabird Sanctuary, the largest wild bird hospital in the U.S. In his 19 years as a volunteer, and later as an employee, he worked with thousands of birds each year from the smallest dove to the largest eagle.
This knowledge of the bone structure, the personality, and the movements of the birds he paints gives his work a pulse that would not exist if he was simply copying a photograph. The birds' souls seem to tremble just under the surface of the paintings, so much so, that as you walk away from one you might question whether you heard the sound of rustling feathers.
The artist is as intriguing as his paintings. Tall and personable, Simmons projects the affable and good-humored character of Tom Selleck. You can imagine he would be comfortable with a cigar in his hands.
His studio is woodsy and inviting, canoes hang on the ceiling and it is accented with functional bamboo pieces by Don Eichar of .
A hand painted sign on his work easel says "shut-up and paint."
"Artists sometimes get lost in talking about what they want to accomplish rather than doing the work," Simmons says. "I keep it there as a reminder."
Of his many accomplishments, Simmons won the Florida Duck Stamp competition in 1980 with his portrait "Pintail Duck in Flight." He was the youngest winner in the country at the time. And more recently, he has been a finalist in the Federal Duck Stamp competition six times in the last 10 years. His work has been commissioned by the Florida National Parks and Monuments Associations and has helped to raise awareness and money for wildlife conservation.
The studio is open to the public by appointment or on . The next studio opening is May 5 from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Along with original art, the studio sells T-shirts, $50 framed prints and unframed numbered prints.
Want to go?
- Where: Ernest C. Simmons Art Studio, 602 Douglas Ave.
- Contact: 727-738-0161, www.ernestsimmons.com
- Hours: By appointment only, except on select dates.


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01420 564344
01256 398 964
Before beginning a contract for any cleaning service, we agree on a full specification and cleaning schedule with the customer.
Our cleaners are shown around the premises and briefed on exactly what to do before they commence any cleaning work. After the contract begins, we perform regular checks to ensure that a consistent standard in the quality of cleaning is maintained.
A formal inspection is arranged regularly with customers to discuss our cleaning services. This gives them the opportunity to highlight any difficulties or areas for improvement.
We are so confident in the superiority of our cleaning that we have introduced a service guarantee - try before you buy.
At the prospect of a contract, we invite you to try our cleaning services for one week. If you are not impressed by what we can deliver, you don't have to pay us a penny.
So, if you are looking to appoint a new contract cleaning company, but you are concerned about the standard of quality and level of service you might receive, then take us up on our service guarantee.
Need a reliable commercial cleaner? Contact us to trial our services in your first week.
Put us to our service guarantee test. Call us now to arrange a consultation on 01256 398 964 or 01420 564 344


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By Robert Stoneback
The Daily Item
MILTON — A fire at Imperial Lanes bowling alley was contained by two employees Sunday before it could cause serious damage.
Lane owner Andy Neuer said the fire, which originated at a malfunctioning dryer on the building's roof, was contained to an 8-foot by 6-foot work room used to repair balls and shoes.
Around 3:20 p.m., a worker smelled smoke, said Neuer, and some clients said they saw smoke coming out of light fixtures.
Neuer and employee Kenny Leon located the fire in the work area and used extinguishers to put it out before firefighters arrived.
About 10 people were in the building when the fire started and were all evacuated quickly and safely, Neuer said.
Chief Sam Shaffer, of the Milton Fire Department, reported minimal fire damage. He was uncertain of the value of assets lost, but said that it was mainly burned bowling shoes and balls.
Shaffer said that, with the main fire extinguished by the employees, firefighters cleared the building of smoke and took care of a smaller fire in the ceiling.
Shaffer expected the bowling alley would be open later that evening.
Also responding were firefighters from the White Deer Township Fire Department.


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|Course Superintendent: Pat Kriksceonaitis
|Manager: David Mazur
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Christian & Gardner > Ortiz & MannyBy
Chad Jennings says Jeff Karstens will make the start for Triple-A Scranton tomorrow. Karstens is the model AAAA pitcher; he destroys minor leaguers (3.48 minor league ERA) but get's destroyed by big leaguers (80 career ERA+). If nothing else, at least he's another option.
In completed unrelated news, Mike A. prospect crush Hall of Famer Michael Aubrey was recently called up by the Indians and picked up his first career hit today when he took Edison Volquez deep. Congrats on first career knock and jack Mikey, hope the back's doing well.
Triple-A Scranton
Game 1 (7-1 loss to Pawtucket in 7 innings)
Brett Gardner, Justin Christian & Jason Lane (aka the 1-2-3 hitters) combined 0 for 10 – Christian drove in a run & K'ed
Juan Miranda: 1 for 2, 1 2B, 1 BB
Greg Porter & Chris Stewart: combined 2 for 3 – Stewart scored a run & K'ed
Bernie Castro: 1 for 3, 1 SB
Steven White: 3.1 IP, 7 H, 6 R, 6 ER, 1 BB, 0 K, 2 HB, 5-5 GB/FB – 42 of 75 pitches were strikes (56%)
David Robertson: 2.2 IP, 2 H, 1 R, 1 ER, 1 BB, 5 K, 1-2 GB/FB – 36 K in 28 IP
JB Cox: 1 IP, 1 H, 0 R, 0 ER, 0 BB, 0 K, 2-1 GB/FB
Game 2 (7-3 win over Pawtucket)
Bernie Castro: 1 for 2, 1 R, 1 BB, 1 CS – picked off first
Justin Christian: 2 for 3, 2 R, 1 HR, 1 RBI, 1 K, 1 SB
Brett Gardner: 1 for 2, 2 R, 1 HR, 1 RBI, 1 BB, 1 SB – went back-to-back with Christian in the first … CJ says it was hardest hit homer that he's seen Gardner hit
Jason Lane: 2 for 3, 1 R, 1 HR, 4 RBI, 1 K
Cody Ransom & JD Closser: both 0 for 3, 1 K
Eric Duncan: 0 for 2, 1 BB
Nick Green: 1 for 3, 1 R, 1 HR, 1 RBI, 1 K
Jeff Marquez: 5.1 IP, 10 H, 2 R, 2 ER, 0 BB, 2 K, 2-12 GB/FB - he's not supposed to give up that many fly balls
Billy Traber: 0.2 IP, 1 H, 1 R, 1 ER, 1 BB, 1 K
Scott Patterson: 1 IP, zeroes, 1 K, 1 HB
Double-A Trenton's game with New Hampshire was suspended after the third inning due to rain. New Hampshire visits Trenton again in a week-and-a-half, and I suspect they'll finish the game then. I'll update the stats when the game is complete, but for now all you need to know is that Dan McCutchen struck out 6 in his 3 innings of work. I'm impressed he did that all the way from Scranton, aren't you George King?
High-A Tampa (5-1 win over Vero Beach)
Damon Sublett & Andres Perez: both 0 for 4 – Sublett K'ed twice … Perez drove in a run & K'ed
Luis Nunez: 2 for 4, 1 R, 2 2B, 1 RBI
James Cooper, Ben Blumenthal & Chris Kunda: all 0 for 3 – Cooper was hit by a pitch … Kunda K'ed
Jose Gil: 1 for 3, 2 R, 1 BB
Josue Calzado: 2 for 3, 1 R, 1 HR, 2 RBI, 1 SB – up to .151-.177-.254
Tim Battle: 1 for 3, 1 R, 1 K, 1 SB
Mike Dunn: 6 IP, 4 H, 1 R, 1 ER, 5 BB, 4 K, 7-7 GB/FB
Grant Duff: 3 IP, 1 H, 0 R, 0 ER, 1 BB, 2 K, 5-2 GB/FB
Low-A Charleston (3-1 win over Asheville)
Austin Krum & David Williams: both 0 for 2 – Krum walked twice, Williams once
Justin Snyder: 0 for 4, 1 R – avg dips below .300 for the first time all year
Braedyn Pruitt & Chase Odenreider: both 0 for 3 – Pruitt walked & scored a run
Jesus Montero: 2 for 4, 1 R, 1 2B, 2 RBI, 1 PB – 20 XBH this year, Jose Tabata had 23 all of last year
Carmen Angelini: 1 for 3, 1 RBI, 1 E (throwing)
Noel Castillo: 6 IP, 1 H, 0 R, 0 ER, 4 BB, 8 K, 4-5 GB/FB
Chase Vacek: 2 IP, 0 H, 1 R, 0 ER, 1 BB, 0 K, 1-5 GB/FB
Jon Ortiz: 1 IP, zeroes
18 Comments»
CJ noted that Juan Miranda left in Game 1 due to an injury. He does not know if it was serious or just a precaution but he obviously did not appear in Game 2.
"…but get's destroyed by big leaguers (80 career OPS+)."
What does this mean? I know what OPS+ is, but I don't understand the usage here. Opposing batters have an 80 OPS+ against Karstens? That sounds really good.
Nevermind. I just realized you meant ERA+
Mike, I haven't heard much buzz about Jonathan Ortiz, but his numbers have been stellar over the last year+. Is he on the prospect radar? Any idea what he throws?
Maybe Karstens could make it in the NL, especially if he's going to end up blocking other Yankees pitching prospects down the line
I think Eric Duncan needs a day or two off. He's had about negative 5 hits the past 2-3 weeks.
Looks like his "breakout" year isn't panning out
How is David Robertson getting all of these Ks with a low-90s fastball? What am I missing here?
Low 90s is plenty fast to get strikeouts. Edwar has put up about the most ridiculous strikeout numbers you'll ever see with a 90 mph fastball.
I forgot who delivered the quote but somebody in the organization said "Nothing he [Robertson] throws is straight."
Yeah I read a profile on him that he has thrown harder than the 93-94 he throws now, but he has great movement on the fasball, so it would be more like a Rivera fasball then a Farnsworth fastball
And a SICK curveball
So how long will it be, two weeks?
Before JB Cox debuts in 'stripes, that is.
Would YES go back to televising minor league games? I'd rather watch that then this bunch of dogs. /rant
Not sure how much interest there would be in this news item, but Joe Muich had to leave the game with a deep bone bruise in his left wrist, and is expected to miss several days…
That's a shame because Mulch really enhances the Yankees' landscape.
[...] One year ago today on DotF, Justin Christian and Brett Gardner hit back-to-back homers in game two of Triple-A Scranton's against Pawtucket. [...]


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Audio / Visual Resources
AV Home • Backgrounds • Black Slide • Contacts • Do
It Yourself • Equipment
Powertips • Services • Success • Turning Point Tips • Video Recording • VTC Tips
Flash Application Samples
Some presenters like it, some presenters don't. The Black Slide often seen at the beginning or end of a PowerPoint presentation (not the black End of Slide Show… slide PowerPoint uses) can cause confusion for unaware presenters. But why? Why use a black slide to start your presentation? To focus the audience's attention on you, the speaker. Remember that a PowerPoint presentation is there only to support or better illustrate what you say. Let the audience get to know you first. Then move smoothly into your PowerPoint title slide. Build an interest and curiosity. Now you got 'em!
Another minor reason to use a black slide at the front of the presentation is to save a teeny bit of file size. An all black slide means PowerPoint doesn't have to code all those colors and shapes in its slide preview.
And what about ending with an all black slide? Because you gotta be smooooth! Professional. When you go to the theater, after the play the curtain comes down. The black slide is the curtain coming down. If you drop back into PowerPoint work mode it is the equivalent of showing all the props, ropes, and pulleys backstage before the audience has left. If you drop out of show mode the audience has now forgotten what you have said is curious to see what you are doing in PowerPoint. Their attention has turned to the screen and off you. You've lost the last moments of your memorable closing words sinking in, your dramatic ending.
As an alternative to ending with a black slide go to Slide Show/Set Up Show in PowerPoint and check Loop continuously until 'Esc'. Now, after your last slide, click one more time and your first slide will show again. If you have your name and lesson title on that frame, both have now been reinforced in the viewer's mind. They have actually seen this before so very quickly they are now re-focused on you again and your closing words.
Loop continuously until 'Esc' is great to use all the time. By always checking it you guarantee not accidentally dropping out of Show Mode. You must use the Escape key to return to Work Mode. Sometimes a nervous hand can click twice at the end of a show and drop past the End of Slide Show… slide and into PowerPoint. Not a classy ending.
No, everyone doesn't have to use a black slide on every presentation every time. Having your title slide or interesting photo up as the audience comes into the room or leaving a The End slide up at the end of a presentation probably works just as well. Once something is up on screen long enough the focus returns to the speaker. Every presentation should be just a little different. It's that little difference that can add spark and interest to a day of PowerPoint presentations. Just be sure the audience is leaving their seats, you are disconnected from the projector, or another activity has started before leaving your PowerPoint presentation. You will then project confidence and professionalism.
For more information on creating a black slide in your presentation contact:
Maria U. Anderson, AV/Visual Information Specialist


text: As one of the most creative Asian pioneer of Modern Chinese Cuisines, Mr. Jereme Leung is one of the pioneer chef who perfectly blends the concept of Modern Chinese Cuisines with classical Chinese provincial food. Between 2002 and 2008, he created and operates two Whampoa Club Restaurant serving new Shanghainese and Beijing cuisines, located at Shanghai's Three on the Bund and the quadrangle courtyard on Financial Street in Beijing. Both venues stirred up great enthusiasm for "Modern Chinese Cuisines" around the world and set excellent examples with the integration of traditional Chinese cuisines with international elements which were very well received and much lauded among gourmands. Leung's own contemporary interpretation of Chinese cuisine, with a modern approach to presentation, has caught the attention of numerous international restaurant critics, including Nina and Tim Zagat, creators and publishers of the highly respected Zagat Survey.The renowned International Herald Tribune restaurant reviewer Patricia Wells has this to say about Leung's talents: "It's been a long time since I got up from the table after dining in a restaurant and whispered to myself, "genius." But there's surely a touch of that talent in the young, sure-footed Hong Kong-born Jereme Leung." Taking inspiration from traditional recipes by working together with Masters of Chinese classical regional cuisines, Leung's cuisines remain true to traditional Chinese cooking techniques while pushing the envelope in terms of style and presentation. The finest provincial Chinese cuisine is being reinterpreted in the different regions where his restaurant concepts were located, they underpin Leung's vision of introducing revolutionary ways to approach Chinese cookery while preserving its core traditions. In his creation of new Chinese cuisines, in order to deepen the understanding of food materials and traditional cooking skills of Chinese cuisines, Mr. Jereme Leung started to explore different food materials and cooking skills in different regions in China since the early 1990s. He explores and experiment different food ingredients personally and studied different cooking cultures and skills across the country. His continuous accumulation lays the most reliable foundation for his creativity. His understanding of the world catering industry and rich knowledge and flows of inspirations, have infused fresh vitality into his cuisine design. Chef Leung began his cooking career at the age of 13 in Hong Kong. An expert in all four schools of Chinese cooking - dim sum, barbecue, wok cooking and knife work – Leung later on honed his craft at some of Southeast Asia's best hotels. He was the Chinese Executive Chef at the Mandarin Oriental Hotels in Surabaya and Jakarta Indonesia, The Excelsior Hong Kong, and later in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia whom which he was part of the pre-opening team of the Mandarin Oriental Hotels in Surabaya (1995) and Kuala Lumpur (1998). He was also the Chinese Executive Chef at the six-star Four Seasons Hotel in Singapore (2000). He has moved to China since 2003 to create his own restaurant concepts. In 2000, Leung joined the ranks of culinary supernovas like Charlie Trotter, Paul Bocuse, Wolfgang Puck and Jean-Georges Vongerichten when The American Academy of Hospitality Science conferred upon him the Five Star Diamond Award, naming him one of the "World's Best Chefs" He was awarded the same honor again in 2008. Leung was also awarded the prestigious XO Hennessy Culinary Award in 2000, which recognizes hotel chefs working in Malaysia for their creativity and prominence in developing gourmet culinary trends. A year later, at Singapore's World Gourmet Summit Awards of Excellence, he was presented with the inaugural Rising Chef of the Year award. In April 2007, the renowned culinary academy At-Sunrice conferred upon him the Global Chef Award. In May 2008, he was named "International Famous Master Chef for Chinese Cuisines" and "The International Judge of Chinese Cooking Competition" by the World Association of Chinese Cuisines, Beijing, China. In addition, he was also named 'Chef of the Year' by TIMEOUT magazine, Beijing. Today, Jereme Leung is a renowned food and beverage concept services consultant. He established Jereme Leung Creative Concepts -J.L. after his own name to provide food service consulting for top restaurants around the world. The Chinese cuisines served in those world-famous hotels such as W Taipei's Yen Restaurant, W Guangzhou's Yan Yu Restaurant, Dragon Hotel Hangzhou's Grand Dragon Restaurant, Westin Beijing's Zen5se Restaurant, Sofitel Chongqing's JYX Restaurant and Yalongwan Seaview International Resort are all successful examples of the cooperation between Jereme Leung and world-famous hotel chains in the development of new Chinese cuisine brands. His influence and the turn-key consulting service his company is providing also found in many other fields. In 2010, he participated in the setting up of the first "Shanghai Tang Cafe" in the world, working with luxury fashion brand "Shanghai Tang" and was invited by COFCO, (Largest food producing company in China) to act as its food service consultant in the Enterprise Brand Pavilion during the Shanghai World Expo 2010. In 2011, he collaborated with China Eastern Airlines in the "Dong Fang Tian Chu" Project to customize featured dishes for the first-class and business class passengers of the Airlines on their international routes. In the same year, Jereme Leung Concepts is assigned by Alpha Catering Services, Amsterdam to work on their Asian cuisine improvement program. Our company is proud to be working as food consultant to design special menu for key parties of famous company like Amway Japan and Martell Noblige. In 2012, Jereme Leung Concepts and Shanghai Qiangsheng Group is working together to launch a dining cruise project on Whampoa river in front of the legendary Shanghai Bund. In late 2012, he cooperated with Qianshen Leisure Co., Ltd. in a comprehensive manner, in an effort to establish a high-end hydrotherapy and leisure catering pattern across China. Besides, he worked with Chongqing Guanzhi Club to make all efforts to present the top club catering of Chongqing in 2013. Following the shooting of "People" Program of CCTV Channel 10 in 2009, Jereme Leung participated in the shooting of "A Bite of China" (Episode 5), a large cuisine documentary of CCTV Channel 1 in 2012 and became the cuisine representative for Hangzhou Region. In the same year, he was also invited by Shanghai Dragon TV and became the first chef guest in the program "Radiant East Star". He then cooperated with the Discovery Channel to commonly shoot the advertising video of "Food Enlightenment - Creation Revelation". In 2013, Jereme Leung accepted the invitation from "Master Chef" Program Group of Shanghai Dragon TV and became the chief judge of "Master Chef" Season 2, determined to create the first food talent show in China and discover more talented and promising catering talents for Chinese Catering Industry.


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Hommus Hannah VS Sabra
I recently tasted the best hommus at Costco Wholesale in Massachusetts. This was under the Hannah Brand Label. I was wondering what people think of this hommus verse the other brand that they carry called Sabra before I purchase it to give it a try. I have tried some other great products from Hannah, especially their Bruschetta, Tzatziki (yummy) and Spinach Dip so naturally that was my first choice of hommus.
What are your thoughts on Hannah vs Sabra Hommus
There's been two threads on this topic in the last year....Personally, I like both of them and think they are both good. I switch off between the two. I've been eating the Hannah one for years. Sabra is ground to a finer consistency and I find it a bit oilier. Regardless of which of the regular tubs I buy, I always grab Hannah's Roasted Peppers & Jalapeno Hommus....I'm into the tzatziki these days as well. I wasn't into the spinach dip though. The Costco in Queens used to have this great portabello mushroom dip/spread thing (not by Hannah's), but it disappeared a long time ago.
Slightly Off-topic, but Sabra Baba Ganouj is fantastic and almost completely as good as Sasha Finkelstajn's deli in Paris. It's made without tahini. The used to have a product called Spanish style sliced eggplant which was equally as amazing, but I'm not sure if they make it anymore or if it is called something else.


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Album Review: "Away from the World" by Dave Matthews Band
- for fans of
- Jack Johnson
- singles to download
- 'The Riff,' 'If Only,' 'Sweet'
Dave Matthews Band released its newest album "Away from the World" this past Tuesday. Although the band stays true to its original, jazzy rock on this album, many of the songs showcase a new side. There are mature words of wisdom as Matthews encourages us to have faith in ourselves. The lyrics can be a bit mawkish, but because of the band's success in keeping with its fresh, unconventional sound and epic instrumentals, the sappy words don't compromise the album's brilliance.
The "Away from the World" cover features Matthews' own artwork, inspired by the theme of loneliness in a new song, "The Riff." This prog-rockish song starts off somber with soft acoustic guitar and Matthews gently begging "please don't leave me here, sitting in a box away from the world out there" but becomes hopeful with the classic DMB explosion of blasting horns, electric guitar and violin by the end.
Although bearing new members (saxophonist LeRoi Moore passed away in 2008 and was replaced by Jeff Coffin) and a more mature outlook, the band has kept most of its traditions. It certainly left room for solo instrumentals, setting the stage for its well-known jam-outs in live performances in songs like "Drunken Soldier," which is the longest song DMB has ever recorded at 9:46. Being both the quietest and the loudest song on the album, it ranges from hard rock to soft jazz. The words aren't introduced until three minutes in, but it's worth the wait.
Whether or not you're a steadfast fan, Dave Matthews will surprise and please you with his new contemplative moods and ingenious sounds in "Away from the World."
Artwork reminds me of Shel Silverstein ;-)
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Love the vibes of this album! I will definitely be trying to get out and see DMB live again very soon, come on tour dates! Also loving what they did with involving their fans for the Mercy video, right on!
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Been playing the new album non stop! And I love the fan video they made for Mercy
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korey, there you go again! On another web site ranting about peoples ignorance. As I said on another web site, time to grow up dude. You are truly taking any slight criticism of this album way to personal.
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Korey, please don't bring age into this. I'm 20 and DMB is my favourite band. So what if I didn't listen to them when they were in their "prime"? Does that make me less of a fan than people who were able to see them live in the early 90′s? The author gave AFTW a decent rating; no need to talk down on him.
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Hey, I saw them play with Iron and Wine in MPLS this past fall and they were great. They have a darn good e.p. that they put out for the tour thats very good. I belive you can find some demo MP3′s on their wetsibe (you could for a while at least, haven't checked in a number of months)
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Please stick to school and not writting reviews on a band you know nothing about!!!! Your prob 19 to 21 yrs old which would make u a baby when they hit the scene. This record is nothing short of amazing, their best work in more than a decade. The bands you listen to could only dream of being this musically gifted and create an album like this. Jack Johnson is good but not even in the same breath as this band!!!! So please stick to " call me maybe"its and getting your degree because reviews arent your thing.
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American BALLET THEATRE didn't create dreadful productions of the three full-length Tchaikovsky classics simply by blind obedience to tradition. No, in revising and restaging "Swan Lake," "The Nutcracker" and "The Sleeping Beauty," artistic director Kevin McKenzie worked hard at cluttering the narratives with bizarre new plot twists and special effects, even sometimes messing with the music via resequencing and interpolation.
But Thursday, when his 8-year-old "Swan Lake" returned to Southern California for the start of a five-performance run at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, his greatest crimes (or sins, if you consider the genuine 1895 "Swan Lake" to be holy writ) were those committed against his dancers.


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A driver has been arrested and charged in a crash that killed a bicyclist near Lunken Airport.
Melvin White, 50, is charged with vehicular homicide and vehicular manslaughter, both misdemeanors. He was arrested on Tuesday.
White is accused of hitting and killing Andrew Gast, 27, on Aug. 26 in the 600 block of Wilmer Avenue.
According to court documents, White failed to maintain assured clear distance and struck Gast from behind.
White is scheduled to be in court on Wednesday.
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Economic order quantity
|Corporate finance
|Working capital
|Societal components
Economic order quantity is the order quantity that minimizes total inventory holding costs and ordering costs. It is one of the oldest classical production scheduling models. The framework used to determine this order quantity is also known as Wilson EOQ Model or Wilson Formula. The model was developed by Ford W. Harris in 1913,[1] but R. H. Wilson, a consultant who applied it extensively, is given credit for his in-depth analysis.[2]
EOQ applies only when demand for a product is constant over the year and each new order is delivered in full when inventory reaches zero. There is a fixed cost for each order placed, regardless of the number of units ordered. There is also a cost for each unit held in storage, commonly known as holding cost, sometimes expressed as a percentage of the purchase cost of the item.
We want to determine the optimal number of units to order so that we minimize the total cost associated with the purchase, delivery and storage of the product.
The required parameters to the solution are the total demand for the year, the purchase cost for each item, the fixed cost to place the order and the storage cost for each item per year. Note that the number of times an order is placed will also affect the total cost, though this number can be determined from the other parameters.
Underlying assumptions[edit]
- The ordering cost is constant.
- The rate of demand is known, and spread evenly throughout the year.
- The lead time is fixed.
- The purchase price of the item is constant i.e. no discount is available
- The replenishment is made instantaneously, the whole batch is delivered at once.
- Only one product is involved.
EOQ is the quantity to order, so that the sum of ordering cost and holding cost is at its minimum. These costs will be equal to one another at the minimized cost point.
- = purchase price, unit production cost
- = order quantity
- = optimal order quantity
- = annual demand quantity
- = fixed cost per order, setup cost (not per unit, typically cost of ordering and shipping and handling. This is not the cost of goods)
- = annual holding cost per unit, also known as carrying cost or storage cost (capital cost, warehouse space, refrigeration, insurance, etc. usually not related to the unit production cost)
The Total Cost function[edit]
The single-item EOQ formula finds the minimum point of the following cost function:
Total Cost = purchase cost or production cost + ordering cost + holding cost
- Purchase cost: This is the variable cost of goods: purchase unit price × annual demand quantity. This is c × D
- Ordering cost: This is the cost of placing orders: each order has a fixed cost K, and we need to order D/Q times per year. This is K × D/Q
- Holding cost: the average quantity in stock (between fully replenished and empty) is Q/2, so this cost is h × Q/2
To determine the minimum point of the total cost curve, partially differentiate the total cost with respect to Q (assume all other variables are constant) and set to 0:
Solving for Q gives Q* (the optimal order quantity):
Economic Order Quantity
Q* is independent of c; it is a function of only K, D, h.
The optimal value Q* may also be found by recognising that[3]
where the non-negative quadratic term disappears for which provides the cost minimum
Several extensions can be made to the EOQ model, including backordering costs and multiple items. Additionally, the economic order interval can be determined from the EOQ and the economic production quantity model (which determines the optimal production quantity) can be determined in a similar fashion.
A version of the model, the Baumol-Tobin model, has also been used to determine the money demand function, where a person's holdings of money balances can be seen in a way parallel to a firm's holdings of inventory.[4]
- Suppose annual requirement quantity (D) = 10000 units
- Cost per order (K) = $2
- Cost per unit (c)= $8
- Carrying cost percentage (h/c)(percentage of c) = 0.02
- Annual carrying cost per unit (h) = $0.16
Economic order quantity = = 500 units
Number of orders per year (based on EOQ)
Total cost
Total cost
If we check the total cost for any order quantity other than 500(=EOQ), we will see that the cost is higher. For instance, supposing 600 units per order, then
Total cost
Similarly, if we choose 300 for the order quantity then
Total cost
This illustrates that the Economic Order Quantity is always in the best interests of the entity.
Multi-Criteria EOQ[edit]
Malakooti (2013) [5] has introduced the multi-criteria EOQ models where the criteria could be minimizing the total cost, Order quantity (inventory), and Shortages.
See also[edit]
- Costant fill rate for the part being produced: Economic Production Quantity
- Demand is random: classical Newsvendor model
- Demand varies over time: Dynamic lot size model
- Several products produced on the same machine: Economic Lot Scheduling Problem
- Reorder point
- ^ Harris, Ford W. (1990) [Reprint from 1913]. "How Many Parts to Make at Once". Operations Research (INFORMS) 38 (6): 947–950. JSTOR 170962. Retrieved Nov 21, 2012.
- ^ Hax, AC and Candea, D. (1984), Production and Operations Management, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, p. 135
- ^ Grubbström, Robert W. (1995). "Modelling production opportunities — an historical overview". International Journal of Production Economics 41: 1–14. doi:10.1016/0925-5273(95)00109-3.
- ^ Andrew Caplin and John Leahy, "Economic Theory and the World of Practice: A Celebration of the (S,s) Model", Journal of Economic Perspectives, Winter 2010, V 24, N 1
- ^ Malakooti, B (2013). Operations and Production Systems with Multiple Objectives. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-58537-5.
Further reading[edit]
- Harris, Ford W. Operations Cost (Factory Management Series), Chicago: Shaw (1915).
- Wilson, R. H. "A Scientific Routine for Stock Control" Harvard Business Review, 13, 116-128 (1934).
External links[edit]
- The EOQ Model
- http://www.inventoryops.com/economic_order_quantity.htm
- Simple EOQ Calculator for Android devices
- http://www.scmfocus.com/supplyplanning/2014/04/10/economic-order-quantity-calculator/
Plossel, George. Orlicky's Material Requirement's Planning. Second Edition. McGraw Hill. 1984. (first edition 1975)


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Legislature 2013
- Legislature 2013
State legislative session wrap-up
The Georgia 2013 Session of the Legislature ended March 28, 2013 at 11:50 p.m. The following is a brief summary from State Representative Rusty Kidd of some of the major issues that were acted on by the House this session.
At the Capitol, last-minute maneuvers rule the day
It's an old lesson of Politics 101: A bill isn't actually dead until the legislative session is over.
Legislative update: State Rep. Burt Jones (R-Jackson)
In an effort to save taxpayer dollars, Georgia has one of the shortest sessions in the nation and although there is less time, we are still completing the same amount of work. The remainder of this session will be dedicated to moving influential bills and examining each section of the 2014 Fiscal Year Budget to ensure each dollar is properly allocated.
Ga. Senate OKs scholarship tax credit changes
The Georgia Senate has approved changes to a tax credit program that provides scholarships for children to attend private schools.
- Legislative update: State Sen. Burt Jones (R-Jackson)
Legislative update: State Rep. Rusty Kidd (I-Milledgeville)
We are halfway through the Legislative Session.
Ga. lawmakers look to allow vote on firework sales
The Georgia state Senate has passed a resolution to let voters decide whether fireworks sales should be legal in the state.
- State legislative session wrap-up


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Search for Courses
Las Vegas, Arizona, California, Florida, Hawaii, Chicago, Denver, DC, Oklahoma, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin and more!
Bear Valley Golf Course
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Wednesday's TV Highlights: 'Broadchurch' on BBC America
Story | Aug 27, 2013 | 8:00 PM
Wednesday's TV Highlights: 'Broadchurch' on BBC America
Story | Aug 27, 2013 | 8:00 PM
'NCIS,' 'The Voice' upstage 'Dancing With the Stars'
Story | Nov 14, 2012 | 4:45 PM
THIS POST HAS BEEN UPDATED: "NCIS" and "The Voice" dueled for supremacy Tuesday night. "NCIS" had the most viewers, but "The Voice" was the night's biggest show with the 18-to-49 age group. By the way, ...
This week: 'Mankind'; Whitney Houston salute; Rolling Stones
Story | Nov 11, 2012 | 4:43 PM
Musical specials and musical contests are among the week's ballyhooed programs. But the biggest show carries an epic title, "Mankind: The Story of All of Us." The program doesn't do subtlety. This 12-hour, six-night history lesson indulges...
Tonight: Christina Aguilera vs. Kylie Minogue vs. Mark Harmon
Story | Nov 13, 2012 | 4:40 PM
The broadcast networks turn up the competition in the 8 p.m. slot Tuesday. The highlights tonight include: 1. Coach Christina Aguilera performs "Make the World Move" on "The Voice" at 8 on NBC. She will be joined by CeeLo Green....


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WATERTOWN, WI – The American Volleyball Coaches Association (AVCA) recently announced Maranatha's 2012-13 volleyball squad as one of the 622 recipients of the Team Academic Award, which breaks the Association's previous mark of 536, set in the 2011-12 academic year. The 2012-13 academic year also marked the first time the volleyball team earned the award, [Continue Reading...]
Maranatha Articles on AVCA
NCCAA, AVCA Name DeLozier Player Of The Year
WATERTOWN, Wis.—Maranatha senior outside hitter Torey DeLozier has been named National Christian College Athletic Association Player of the Year by both the NCCAA and the American Volleyball Coaches Association. The awards ceremony will take place Dec. 14 in Louisville, Ky., at a banquet that takes place in conjunction with the NCAA Division I Championships and [Continue Reading...]
AVCA, NCCAA Award DeLozier
WATERTOWN, Wis. –The American Volleyball Coaches Association (AVCA) recently announce All-American, and All-Region Honors for Division III. Senior volleyball player, Torey DeLozier, was named to the AVCA Division III Midwest All-Region Team, in addition to being named Honorable Mention All-American. DeLozier finished her career with 2,525 kills, ranking as the all-time kills leader in the [Continue Reading...]


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July 31, 2014
The price of Powerball tickets went up on Sunday (01/15), from a dollar to two dollars.
Lottery officials say the jackpot will be bigger, beginning at 40-million dollars instead of the current 20-million. And, they say the chances of winning will also increase.
As the jackpots grow quickly into triple digits, lottery officials believe it will draw even greater interest and that means even more ticket sales.
One thing that will drop is the numbers available for Powerball, from 39 to 35.


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Ripples, the Google+ analytics feature, now has some added features for tracking. Launched back in October, Google Ripples now have been enhanced to work for over 60 languages and also show how individual links are shared.
Up til now, Ripples only reported on how specific posts within Google+ were being shared. Now all public shares of a URL can be viewed on a link. Simply toss a link into the search bar and view all the Ripples:
This works for any publicly shared post with a link attachment. Simply click on the dropdown, and select the "View Ripples" button:
For more information see the official announcement from Vic Gundotra, Senior Vice President, Engineering at Google.
Related Topics: Channel: Social Media Marketing | Google | Google: Google+


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Top and Best 2014 New Year SMS Wishes Messages in English, Tamil, Hindi
Author: Ranjana :
…he telecommunication like Airtel, Aircel will be charging for the SMS sent on 31st December 2013 and 1st January 2014. People also use the free sms web portal to send the Happy New Year SMS. New Year SMS Wishes in English: New Year begins, let us pray, that it will be a year with new Peace, New Happiness, and abundance of new friends, God bless you through out the new Year. Happy New Year 2014. This is last evening of 2013 Last sun of 2013 Has sp…
20 Nov 2013


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The crash occurred a little after 7:30 PM tonight, local time, where witnesses say that Nick and his friend were bombing down Court Street when he lost control and slammed into a Jersey barrier. The car spun around, hit a palm tree and was summarily ripped apart.
Both of the occupants were flown in a helicopter to a hospital in St. Petersburg where Nick and his friend are listed in serious and critical condition, respectively.
[Source: TMZ]


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Adult Service, Waumba Land (6-weeks – Preschool), UpStreet (K – 5th grade).
Adult Services, Waumba Land (6-weeks – Preschool), UpStreet (K – 5th grade), and Transit (6th – 9th grade)
We offer two identical adult worship services - 9:00 am & 11:00 am. At each of these times, we offer environments for children (6 weeks old - 5th grade). Our Middle School students (6th - 9th grade) have an environment for them during our 11:00 service. We offer our High School students (9th - 12th grade) a small group environment on Monday evenings.


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RALEIGH — A Raleigh man arrested on a charge that he failed to pay child support could wind up spending time in prison for a second offense he was charged with while in jail: felony spitting.
Wake County Sheriff's officials on Wednesday charged Julius Cotton, 33, of 3208 Tradewind Court, after they accused him of spitting at a jail officer, according to an arrest warrant filed at the Wake County Magistrate's Office.
The charge, listed as "felony spitting" on the warrant, is more formally known as "malicious conduct by a prisoner."
The offense is a Class F felony, with a maximum punishment of nearly five years in prison, a Wake County magistrate said.
Wake County authorities arrested Cotton on Wednesday after he did not appear in court June 7 to answer charges that he failed to pay $6,545 in child support, court records show. The offense is a misdemeanor under North Carolina law.
The spitting charge against Cotton rose to the level of a felony because he was accused of emitting a bodily fluid on a jail official, the Wake magistrate said.
Cotton remained in custody at the Wake County jail Wednesday. In addition to paying the back child support that authorities say he owes, he must also post $5,000 in bail for the felony charge before he can be released, court records show.
Staff writer Thomasi McDonald can be reached at 829-4533 or thomasi.mcdonald @newsobserver.com.


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Safari Books Online is a digital library providing on-demand subscription access to thousands of learning resources.
IPv6 Essentials, Second Edition provides a succinct, in-depth tour of all the new features and functions in IPv6. It guides you through everything you need to know to get started, including how to configure IPv6 on hosts and routers and which applications currently support IPv6. The new IPv6 protocols offers extended address space, scalability, improved support for security, real-time traffic support, and auto-configuration so that even a novice user can connect a machine to the Internet. Aimed at system and network administrators, engineers, network designers, and IT managers, this book will help you understand, plan for, design, and integrate IPv6 into your current IPv4 infrastructure.
Beginning with a short history of IPv6, author Silvia Hagen provides an overview of new functionality and discusses why we need IPv6. Hagen also shares exhaustive discussions of the new IPv6 header format and Extension Headers, IPv6 address and ICMPv6 message format, Security, QoS, Mobility and, last but not least, offers a Quick Start Guide for different operating systems. IPv6 Essentials, Second Edition also covers:
In-depth technical guide to IPv6
Mechanisms and Case Studies that show how to integrate IPv6 into your network without interruption of IPv4 services
Routing protocols and upper layer protocols
Security in IPv6: concepts and requirements. Includes the IPSEC framework and security elements available for authentication and encryption
Quality of Service: covers the elements available for QoS in IPv6 and how they can be implemented
Detailed discussion of DHCPv6 and Mobile IPv6
Discussion of migration cost and business case
Getting started on different operating systems: Sun Solaris, Linux, BSD, Windows XP, and Cisco routers
Whether you're ready to start implementing IPv6 today or are planning your strategy for the future, IPv6 Essentials, Second Edition will provide the solid foundation you need to get started.
"Silvia's look at IPv6 is always refreshing as she translates complex technology features into business drivers and genuine end-user benefits to enable building new business concepts based on end to end models." Latif Ladid, President IPv6 Forum, Chair EU IPv6 Task Force
Average Rating: Based on 3 Ratings
"OS agnostic, to the point" - by Anonymous on 07-MAR-2011
Reviewer Rating:
Good starting point for exploring IPv6--for admin, developer, marketing
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