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rAIUXUH "~SEAItCH IEFUaf: TEN YEARS OF PITTMAN-ROBERTSON WI LOLl FE RESTORATION 193 ~ -- I'li 8 "'..,~ ... t., ,II. WH,O"" MANAOIM'NT INUlTun 1 ...... -' ""WI_, w-.w., ... I, 0, C, " TEN YEARS OF PITTMAN-ROBERTSON WILDLIFE RESTORATION by ROBERT M. RUTHERFORD, CHIEF BRANCH OF FEDERAL AID, FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Published by the WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE Investment Building Washington 5, D. C. 1949 ' TABLE OF CONTENTS Subject THE STORY BEHIND THE ACT ____________________________________________________________ _ WORKING OUT PROGRAM STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES ___ _ ASSENTING TO BECOMING ELIGIBLE TO SHARE IN BENEFITS EXCISE TAX: ApPROPRIATIONS AND ApPORTIONMEN'rS_ Page 8 9 9 How THE ACT OPERATES WORK SELECTION AND EMPHASIS _______ _ RESTORATION ACCOMPLISHMENTS }'EDERAL RESPONSIBILITlES-STATE COOIWINATION SPECIES BENEFITTED BY P.-R. PROJECTS DEER ______________________ _ _______________________ _ ELK __________________ _ ANTELOPE __ _________ ___ _ _______________ _ MOUNTAIN SHEEP ____________________________________ _ MOUNTAIN GOAT ___________________________________________ _ MOOSE ____________________________________________ _ BUFFALO ____________________________________________ _ JAVELIN A ____________ _____ _ ___________________________________________ _ BEAR _____ ______________ _ _________ . _______ .... . __________ _ WATERFOWL _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _ BOBWHITE QUAIL __________________ _ ____________________________ . _____ ....... _____ . ____ _ SCALED, MOUNTAIN, VALLEY AND GAMBEL'S QUAIL RING-NECKED PHEASANT __ . ______________ . _____ .. ______ .___ _ __________________________________ _ WILD TURKEY _______________ _____________________ _ _____________________________ _ RUFFED GROUSE ________ ______________________ _ ______________________________________________ _ PRAIRIE GROUSE _______________________________ ________________ _ ____________ • ________ . _____ _ SAGE GROUSE __________________ _____ _ __________________________________________________________ _ HUNGARIAN P ARTRIDG E _____________________________________________ _ CHUKAR PARTRIDGE __________________________________ _ DOVES ______________________________ ___ ____________ _ __________________________________________________________ _ CLAPPER RAIL _____________ _ _________________________________________________________ _ WOODCOCK _____________________________________ _ COTTONTAIL RABBIT _ _ ___________ _ _____________ _ ______________________________________________ _ SQUIRRELS _____________________________________________________________ _ VARYING HARE ____ __________ _______ _ ________________________________ _ RACCOON ____________ _ ______________________________________________________________ _ MUSKRAT ________________ _ _________________________________________________________ _ BEAVER __________________ _ ______________________________________________________________ _ MARTEN ________________________ ________________________________________________ _ _____________ _ PREDATORS ___________________________________________________________________________________________ _ CONTRIBUTIONS OF TECHNICA(,Ly-TRAINED PERSONNEL ____________________________ _ PUBLICATIONS COOPERATION BETWEEN THE STATES AND FEDERAL AGENCIES ApPENDIX HUNTING LICENSE SALES BY STATES ____________________________________________________ _ DATES OF STATES' ASSENT ACTS TO THE PITTMAN-RoBERTSON ACT SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS, ApPROPRIATIONS AND ApPORTIONMENTS ApPORTIONMENT OF FUNDS, STATES' CONTRIBUTIONS, AND GRAND TOTAL __ FINANCIAL SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS FOR FEDERAL AID IN WILDLIFE RESTORATION PROGRAM ________________________________________________________________________ _ NET OBLIGATIONS BY TYPES OF PROJECTS ______________________________________________ _ SUMMARY OF LANDS ACQUIRED AND BEING ACQUIRED BY STATES _________ _ SUMMARY OF LANDS ApPROVED FOR PURCHASE ____________ . __ . __ ._. ____ . ____ . __ .. MAMMALS TRAPPED AND TRANSPLANTED ____ . ___ . ____ . _____________ . __________ _ BIRDS TRANSPLANTED ____________________ _ __________________________________________________________ _ WILDLIFE SPECIES INVESTIGATED BY STATES _______ _ ____________________ _ FEDERAL AID IN WILDLIFE RES'l'ORA'rION PROJ ECTS ApPROVf;D FISCAL YEARS 1939-48 AND THE FUNDS INVOLVED ______________________________ _ 5 ](\ 10 11 12 14 16 16 19 21 23 23 24 24 25 2!) 25 32 36 39 42 43 44 4" 4" 46 46 47 47 47 50 "I 52 53 55 ,,8 58 61 62 63 68 69 69 70 71 72 73 73 74 75 76 78 INTRODUCTION """""''''''<1"""""""",,,,,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,""""""'"'''''H','''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"'''''''''''''"""""""'''''''''''''UI!
s in the lTnited States Treasury, the game and fish departments may proceed to obligate these funds. They select the work and submit proj_ ect proposals to the Fish and Wildlife Service for approval. The 10 Service, acting for the Secretary of the Interior, reviews the objectives and plans of the projects to see that they conform with requirements of the Act, and are sound in character and design. When approved, the State game and fish departments proceed with the work. All project personnel are employed by the States. All eqnipment and lands bought with the help of these funds become the property of the States. 'rhe initial expenditures are paid with State funds. Periodic and final reimbursement claims are paid by the Federal Government on the basis of 75 percent of the actual costs. Thus, when completed, the projects cost the States ~5 percent from theie departmental funds. The remaining 75 percent is paid from PittmanRobertson funds. The Act provides for wildlife restoration by the acquisition of lands and waters, their development, and the conduct of investigations into problems of wildlife management. Projects dt'signed to benefit fish are not approvable. On July 24, 1946, an amendment was passed which permits expenditure of as much as 25 percent of each State's share for maintenance of completed projects. The States are allowed two years in which to obligate their annual apportionments. If they fail to do this the sums of money left over revert to the Fish and Wildlife Service and are expended in financing Service operations under provisions of the Migratory Bird Conservation Act. (See Table V for tabulation of apportionments, reversions, project obligations and unobligated balances by States.) WORK SELECTION AND EMPHASIS There are no restrictions on State investment of this money as long as the work selected comes within the framework of the Act. Each State has its own peculiar problems to solve. Some have devoted most of their allotments to the acquisition of lands to be used for refuges, public shooting grounds, and management units. Others are stressing the development of lands by planting food and cover, fencing, posting, and construction of water impounding structures. Still others emphasize surveys and investigations of their wildlife management problems, such as determining the current status of game populations. Such information i3 basic to the setting of sound seasons and bag limits. Since the amendment of July 24, 1946, was passed permitting States to use this money for maintenance of completed projects, needed reconditioning of structures and other improvements on previously developed project areas has been financed. (See Table VI for a listing of net obligations by types of projects, and the percentage of funds devoted to them.) Ten years ago, most State wildlife programs consisted almost entirely of law enforcement, game bird stocking, and predator control. The majority of sportsmen had been sold on these activities as producers of the highest returns for them. But there were questions in the minds of many State game administrators and more observing nimrods, about the real dividends from investments in large-scale bird stocking and high-powered predator control campaigns (particularly those featuring bounty payments). Technically trained wildlife workers were hired, with the help of Pittman-Hobertson funds, to 11 get the facts. They soon proved that widespread and indiscril1lbate plantings of game birds were not paying their way. This led to a deeline in pen-reared bird releases and increased empha.<;is on habitat improvement. It is universally agreed now that the only excuse for this kind of stocking is to introduce new species or restore birds to suitable habitats from which they have been cleaned out. High production costs and low survivals would bankrupt a game department if it tried to stock sufficient birds on a large enough scale to meet hunting demands. Studies have shown that State-wide predator control programs rarely can be justified. The needs for this kind of work usually are local. With farm game in particular, predation does not makc serious inroads if wildlife is well established and has properly located food and cover. On the other hand, coyote control is often necessary to permit antelope remnants to build up or to pave the way for the safe reintroduction of these animals into presently vacant but suitable ranges. The point is that the real need for this kind of work should be determined by field studies. Investigations have diselosed the futility of trying to maintain excess popUlations of big-game animals by artificial feeding. This has led to population counts and forage utilization studies a,'! a routine preliminary to the setting of seasons and bag limits. The objective is a very sensible one: keep these animals in balance with carrying eapacities of the ranges thpy oceupy. Tn the W('st, partieularly, biological studies have pointed to the need for aequiring willtl'r ranges, especially for deer and plk. Much land of this eharacter has been bought to date. . Instead of laying out their Pittman-Robertson ea.<;h to build biggpr and better game farms, the Stat!'s have swung owr to improving wildlife living" quarters on the land. Tlw ('stablishnwnt of fipl(l borders featuring perennial Ipgullles such as serieea and bieolor It'spedpzas j creation of living fences through plantings of multiflora rose j planting of coverts of conifers, hardwoods, and foo(l bearing shrubs; and the fencing of parts of farms or strips of uplands bordering farm ponds, are providing food, l1Psting and eseape cover for farmland wildlife. This work is not spectacular but it strengthens nature's physical condition so she will prodlwe 1Il0re abundantly. It is a heartening improvement over those parlier feathered shots in the arm, which at best afforded only temporary relief. RESTORATION ACCOMPLISHMENTS During the 10 years ('overed by this report, ;)8 States a('quirNl nearly 900,000 acres of land. The aVl'rage plm·hasc price was $7.28 an acre. (See Table VII for a(~rpag('s aeqnired and being acquired by the States and Table V III for a summary of acquisitions by fistal years.) Developmental measures have been extremely yaried. Many dams, dikes, and water diversion structures, as well as service roads and buildings, were constructed. Millions of trees and shrub seedlings were planted. Several thousand aeres of food and nesting eover were seeded. Hefuge boundary fencing and posting totaled thousands of 12 miles. Live trapping and transplanting of birds and mammals included 29 species. Restocking suitable but vacant ranges has been given high priority in many States. Included in this splendid work has been the designing of traps and devising of successful trapping methods. (See Tables IX and X for numbers of mammals and birds trapped and transplanted by the States.) The availability of Pittman-Robertson funds has enabled the States to expand their activities to include improvements to benefit waterfowl. Many excellent areas have been bought and developed. During the first ten years of this program, 23 percent of the money allotted to thc States was invested in the purchase and development of lands, and in surveys and investigations to help ducks and geese. Land acquisition and developmental work have one feature in common: although primary benefits for individual species arc emphasized, important secondary advantages accrue to other species. Quail developmental work, for example, can not be carried out without helping cottontail rabbits. Waterfowl improvement usually creates fine muskrat habitat, with substantial dividends coming from the harvest of these fur animals. Game birds and mammals also flourish in the included uplands bordering such marshy spreads. While all Pittman-Hobertson projects must aid wildlife primarily, improving conditions for ducks and geese frequently create excellent fishing opportunities. Lands retired for wildlife purposes contribute to moisture conservation and stop soil erosion. Recommended soil conservation practices go hand-in-hand with good wildlife man'agement. The aims of both are so closely interwoven that 27 States now have wildlife habitat improvement projects operating in cooperation with soil conservation districts. Prominently woven into the cloth of Pittman-Robertson achievements are the study threads. These surveys and investigations have been undertaken to answer the multitude of management problems confronting State game administrators. These include such things as the devising and testing of new management methods, the objective weighing of accomplishments on the ground, and the gathering of facts and figures so that sound recommendations for open seasons and bag limits can be made. Nearly all game species and many furbearers have been the subjects of these studies. (See Table XI for a listing of the species investigated by the States.) The 1946 amendmt'nt to the Act permits the States to use part of their annual apportionments for the maintenance of completed projects. This financial assistance was badly necded to insure that acquired and developed refuges and management areas would produce to the limit of their potentialities. Maintenance projects have been undertaken to repair structures, replace signs, reseed food patches and replant trees and shrubs. (See Table XII for a listing by States of all projects approved during the lO-year period.) 13 ' FEDERAL RESPONSIBILITIES - STATE COORDINATION The Fish and Wildlife Service is responsible for administering the I<\>deral portion of this cooperative wildlife restoration program. This calls for determining whether projects self'ctedl and submitted by the States are approvable under the law, whether costs of such projed. s are reasonable, and whether reimbursement claims for completed work conform with Federal-State projed. contracts. lTnfot·tunately, the substantiality of projects tkaling with the purchase of lands, their development, and the conduct of rpspareh into the problptm; of wildlife management ean not be determined merely by reviewing paper submissions. Satisfying thp rf'qnirPtlwtlts of law ealls for field investigations by tren who are eompetent to perform such work. When this cooperative program began, very few States had engaged in buying lands, in performing improvl'llwnt work on sueh lands, or in eonduding wildlife management resNtreh. Over the years the Fish and Wildlife Service had assf'mbled a staff of skilled land appraisers. Depending upon the problem at hand, these men eould eruise timber, appraise the worth of buildings, translate crop production into real worth per acre for agrieultural lands, determine the livestock earrying capacity of grazin;.t lands and from that fignt'e tlleir cash value, and evaluate marshlands from the fur erops or other income produced. To help the many States in need of land-valuation assistance, a substantial part of the administrative funds available to the Fish and Wildlife Service has bepn pxpended in making detailpd lanel appraisals in propospd projeet ar('as. Proposals for the impoundment of water to bpnefit dueks and geese involve biologieal and l'nginepring problems in addition to the bnyin!! of neeessary lands. Through the development of millions of acres of waterfowl habitat, the Serviep trainpd a group of highly skilled marsh biologists. Thpse tlwn have bppn made available to the Statps for thp investigation of potential restoration sites. The Serviee pprformed the pilot work on designing and installing earthen dikPs and dams for impounding water on the national systpm of waterfowl rt'fuges it administers. There is a scarcity of engineers who are experil'nced in this economieal type of watpr impoundment and who are fully aware of the dangers inhert'nt in inaccurate water availability conclusions and faulty constrnction. To assist the States needing help on sueh developmental work, the Service has supplied enginperillg assistance wlwnever requested, which has been frequent. Tht' States have invpsted a substantial part of tht'ir Pittman-Robertson funds on wildlife surveys and investigations. As a serviee to them, the Fish and Wildlife Service abstracts signifieant information eontained in quarterly progress reports and publishes it in the PittmanRobertson Quarterly. This information is highly vaillable to project workers stationed at fipld points where rpfprence library facilities are not available. It also tends to prevent duplication of effort and encourages project workers in various States to corr(>spond with eaeh other. This eXl,hange of information is a quick way of spreading knowledge of improved wildlife management techllies. F'iseal rpquirPlllPnts of the Fedpral Governmpnt ('all for approval of State reimbursl'ment requests by bonded eertifying' offil'prs. This 14 in turn requires that claims for the Federal share of expenditures made by the States on approved projects be audited. It also makes it necessary to audit project accounts and records in the State capitals. A group of qualified auditors has been employed to perform these necessary accounting tasks in cooperation with the fiscal branches of the States. The law provides that as much as eight percent of each annual appropriation may be deducted to finance the work responsibilities of the Fish and Wildlife Service on the Pittman-Robertson program. The major part of the f>xpenditures at the Federal end have been devoted to serving the States beyond the strict requirements of the law. The States wanted the help, and by providing it the Service has promoted economy, efficiency, and progress along all lines of action. After the Pittman-Robertson program got under way, it became obvious that the weak link in the operational chain in many of the States was the lack of someone to plan new work and to supervise that in progress. State game administrators in most States could not devote enough time to program activities and there was no one in their organizations to whom that responsibility could be assigned. This unsatisfactory state of affairs led to the designing of the coordination project. The duties of prog~am coordinators in the States include planning, directing, and supervising all restoration work financed through Pittman- Robertson project~. This employee administers the program and is responsible for its integration with the over-all programs of the State game department. Contributions from coordination projects are extremely important in the smooth and effective operation of this wildlife restoration work. Coordinators relieve game department heads of responsibility for program details. They insure a well-balanced and productive program operated on a current fiscal basis. In many instances these employees conduct land-purchase negotiations and perform some devt'lopmental or rt'search work as part of their normal responsibilities. Then too, this project is used at times to finance the cost of employing engineers to make reconnaissance surveys of areas that appear to have biological promise for waterfowl restoration. Such studies disclose whether adequate water supplies are available and whether ground conditions favor desired development at reasonable costs. Where lands are being purchased in numerous places and from many owners, it often has been found expedient to attach personnel who conduct the negotiations to coordination projects. This gets away from maintaining involved cost-distribution records for each project on which office or field work is performed, and enables these State workers to spend full time on the land-buying work for which they were hired. Coordination projects were in operation in 31 States on June 30, 1948. This post in the State departments has provided a fertile training ground for advancement to higher administrative responsibilities. Of the seven former Pittman-Robertson workers who were filling the top positions in State fish and game department organizations on June 30, 1948, five were Federal Aid coordinators when the promotions occurred. SPECIES BENEFITTED BY P.-R. PROJECTS Practically every game and fur species has received attention under one or more phases of the program. Typical examples of State actions have been selected and are contained in the following coverage, by species. Deer The three species of deer - white-tails, black-tails, and mulecomprise the most important big-game group in the country. As such, they have been accorded major attention under the Pittman-Robertson program. These animals received primary benefits from 70 land acquisition projects, covering 64 areas in 19 states. These have involved the purchasing or long-term leasing of 636,000 acres of land. These dcer areas vary in nature and use, but fall into two general categories. Those in the East usually comprise year-round habitat for whitetailed deer and are set up as refuges, or as in Pennsylvania, as ad.ditions to the State Game Land.s, open to hunting (-'xcept on specified refuges. Much of the limd acquired in the West has been purchased to provide wintering range for mule and black-tailed deer. A good example of an eastern project is the Catoosa Game Management Area acquired by Tennessee, comprising 60,000 acres in Cumberland and Morgan Counties. The Tehama Winter Deer Range in Tehama County, California, is a good illustration of the western type. This eventually will contain over 114,000 acres, and will benefit Columbian black-tailed deer. A total of 33,972 acres has been bought or is in process of acquisition in this purchase unit. Cattle grazing was reduced to 50 percent of prior usage on Stateowned lands, and sheep grazing has been discontinued. Required fencing was constructed nnder a developnkntal project. Texas has been most active in live-trapping and transplanting white - tails, having moved 9,186 head. Additional animals have Figure I. During the 19<47-<48 trapping season, the Telas Game, Fish, and Oyster Comission furnished Georgia with 150 whitetails. This truck load has just completed a I,OOO-mile trip and the deer are about to be released on suitable but vacant Georgia deer range. The animals were trapped on the Fish and Wildlife Service's Aransas National Wildlife Refuge. Photo by Georgia Game and Fish Comminion. 16 been made available to Oklahoma and certain eastern states, for seed stock purposes (Figure 1). This out-of-state aid in helping solve deer deficiency problems has included the shipping of 25 Texas white-tails to the Virgin Islands. They were trucked to Miami, Florida, and then transported by airplane the remaining 1.100 miles to the Virgin Islands. Arkansas has caught and moved 1,909 white-tails. Montana has live-trapped and transplanted 1,:333 deer, of which 262 were white-tails and 1,071 mule deer. Restocking unoccupied but suitable range by purchase and release of white-tailed d('er had b('en emphasized in eertain eastern and southern States. Virginia pro~nred and released a total of 1,373 deer, betw('cn 19:1!) and ID44. This stocking program was very successful. Son.:e of the counties where these deer were released have already been opened to hunting for Hhort periods to permit the harvesting of surplus bucks. Opening up dense stands of timber to stimnlate growth of food plants on the forest floor is a re('('nt addition b program activities. Outstanding is Pennsylvania's projel't involving a ('utting progra:n in second-growth timber on its extensive game land holdings. \Vith intensive fire protection, large scopes of cut-over timcer land have recovered, and now support dense stands of second growth which no longer provide food for deer. Snrh forests must be opened if the carrying capacity for more than a remnant of recNlt herds is to be maintained. Cutting operations underway in Pennsylvania are aimed at removing inferior trees. The deer benefit, and the timber removed is in accordance with sound woodland management. Several of the southt'a"tern "tates have set asi(le large blocks of woodlands as deer refug'('s in which the animals will be allowed to increase for restocking purpos('s or the l-iurplus will be permitted to spread out into adjacent open art'as. To make thel-ie as productive as possible for deer, the boundaries have been posted and food patches established on old clearings and trails. Methods of censusing deer have teen gr('atly improved through the efforts of Pittman-Robertson workers. In 'rexas, a successful cruise census and quadrant count has been developed on the Edwards Plateau. This has made it possible for one man to sample representative areas and come out with a rt,liable estimate of total population. Similar types of cruise census were devised and applied on PittmanRobertson projects in Oklahoma and Minnesota. The greatest improvement in counting deer and many other species has been made possible by using airplanes. This was pioneered in i-Jorth Dakota, but has since been adopted by about half of the States for deer population Htudies. Browse studips in a nmuerr of statps have provided yardsticks for quickly appraising' deer cont('ntration areas by examining key browse species as indicators of intenl-iity of deer use. These surveys, plus nutritional and preference l-itudips al-isembled through Pittman-Robertson projects, enable the game departments to establish season and bag limits, so as to keep numbers within the ('arrying' capacities of the ranges. Starvation lossps can be prt'tiidt'd in time to avoid them (Figure 2). Expt'rilllents have bet'n (·ondlleted in 'Wisconsin and Michigan to determine ('an-ying' capaeity of deer Y Lrtis, and Wiscon- 17 Figure 2. Deer browse line in Itasca State Park, Minnesota. Field investigations and timely herd reduction can prevent forage being depleted to this starvation stage. Photo by Minnesota Department of Conservation. sin has n~ade appraisals of drrr damag-r to forest reproduction. Palatability ratings of plant spe('ies wpre determined in South Dakota by eOlllparing pereentages available as determined by range surveys with pereentages found in stomaeh analyses. Bone marrow analyses to determine degree of malnutrition in deer, have teen made in New York, Wisconsin, and South Dakota. North Carolina has used environmental studirs as a basis for deer management. Moreover, effeets of weather on deer kill have been studied in New York, Vel'lllont. and Maine. Oregon, Texas, Alabama, Nt'w York, Maint', alld Vermont havt' studipd depr-damage eontrol by use of t'ledrie fenees, 1'('p('l1ents. and buffer erops. Body and antlt'r lIlt'aSllrements in V t'rmout showed age to bt' thr most important fador gowI'ning size and weight and Colorado has devisrd a method of eonvt'rting body mt'aSllrements of mule deer into wright figures, thus {'liminating the necessity of removin~ earcasses from ears. This type of data is important in determining physieal eondition of the herd. Winter mortality surveys have been eonducted annually in the Adirondaek region of New York, and food habits studies have Ceen made in North Carolina, Wisconsin, South Dakota, and many other States. Studies of supplemental feeding of mule deer in winter concentration areas in Utah and Colorado diselosed that such programs were detrinH'ntal rather than benefieial. It wa.'> concluded that heavier hunting prrssure to remove surplus deer threatened by malnutrition was the only practieal method of avoiding over-populations. The abandonment of artificial feeding in Colorado has saved that Statr almost $50,000 per year. Annual population inventories and rang'e utilization studies have been substituted. Deer now are managed on a herd-basis, with hunting pressure being expanded or eon traded to keep the animals within the earrying capacities of their winter ranges. Bitter and inconclusive wranglfs as to whether defr herds should ue incrfased or reduced are now being solved over the fntire range of these animals by Pittman-Robertson field studies, and slItSl"ljUl"nt management recommendations. Facts have replaced opinions. Actions are in keeping with the basic principles of good livestl)('k management, partienlarly in the \Vest. In some of the millwestern and eastern 18 Figure 3. Some of Montana's Sun River elk hord on the winter range being acquired for them. Photo by R. F. Cooney, Montana Fish and Game Commission. stat.('s, how('vl'r, putli(~ ('du~atioll has not progressed to the stage where intelligent managellll'nt ('an be applied to deer. Deer winter yard forage conditions continue to dpt.priorate and periodic heavy starvation losses occur. Nevertheless, Pittman-Robertson technicians have developpd pradical and inl'xpPllsive n1l'thods for getting the facts. The prescription can te written and treatment started whenever public acceptance permits aetion. Elk The Irajor problpJl1 in rlk manag-rll1l'llt is the shortage of winter range. To rl'lieve this condition six of the \V l'stprn States have undertaken the purchase of 1 U wintering areas., Montana's elk winter range 19 • -I < , . < . "1 , , .,~' ; ~ It' 1. Figure 4. All big-game animals transplanted on Pittman-Robertson projects are OMtagged. Additional Wyoming elk are lured into corrals and livestock tags are attached to their ears. Hunter and other kills then furnish information on extent of migrations and life spans. Montana also tags new-born elk on calving grounds. Photo by James E. Gra5Se, Wyoming Game and Fish Commission. pnrehase progra:n at the headwatprs of the Sun River is t.'1pieal. By eareful management, the State has built up the Sun River herd to :3,000. This is the second largest concentration in the State, being exeeeded only by the Gallatin herd which summers in Yellowstone National Parle The Sun River elk were causing severe damage to ranches. The Montana Fish and Game Commission had two choices: the winter range could be expanded or the elk population reduced. The State chose to buy the ranches. The purchase area contains 65,280 lwrps of privately-owned lanels, of which 11,775 acres have been acquired. (Figure:3.) ·Wyoming has liw-trapped and transplanted 929 elk, and leads in this activity (Figure 4). Idaho obtained 50 l>lk from Wyoming, to get these animals baek onto Yarant but hereditary range. Elk refug'es have been established by several States, and developments eonsist of posting, fencing out domestie stock, and range revegetation where ne(~e&"ary. Salting summer ranges, as eondueted b.'1 Idaho and Montana, has proved effective in prolonging their use by rlk. Animals are thus p}1C'ouraged to drlay thrir fall mig'rations to winter ranges, and go back to the summer ranges earlier in the spring. Since winter range is the population bottleneck, successful enticements to keep elk at higher elevations until they are aetually forred out by winter snows, and to get thcm to return as qnit'kly as possible, is first-class managellH'nt. In the roadlrss cal'k <'oulltr.'1, airplanrs are used for dropping the 50-pound blo('ks of livrstol'k salt. 'rhis is ehraprr and makes for better distribution than would be the ease if pa('k animals were used. :!o Rex-and-age dassifieations of elk have been made in South Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah. Sueh information is gathered to learn the reproductive success of individual herds and whether the ratio of cows to bulls is in proper balance. This data, along with population counts and the degree of forage utilization on the ranges, makes it possible for the game departments to intelligently build up, maintain, or reduce the herds. When ranges become overstocked, western Statt's do not hesitate to permit the harvesting of surplus cow elk. Treating each herd and the range it occupies as a separate problem, is in striking contrast with former State-wide management. The ehange-over in operating procedure was made possible by the availability of Pittman-Robertson funds to t'mploy trained men to go out and gather the facts. That these workers had to devise new methods and procedures to do the job is more to their eredit. The task of taking inventory, for example, has been simplified and speeded up by using airplanes. Antelope One of the outstanding accomplishments of the Pittman-Robertson Figure 5. Metal post and rope-netting antelope trap. Stakes and cables provide needed support and eliminat. time-consuming post setting in rocky or frozen ground. Narrow lane in background extends 100 yards and widens into V-shaped wings. Loading chute and catching pen is in the foreground. Photo by R. F. Cooney, Montana Fish and Game Commission. program has been the speetacnlar increast's in numbers of antelope, due to restoration and management activities by the States. Once ranging from Iowa to California and from Canada to Mexico, and counted in the millions, occupied ranges and antelope numbers were whittled to nubbins. Changed land nse, overgrazing by sheep, overshooting and predation were responsible. To spread these speedsters onto lands that are still suitable for them, trapping and transplanting have been conducted. More than 7,000 antelope in eight western States have been liberated in new homes. Texas leads, that State having trapped and moved 2,675 of them. Through experimentation, traps have been designed that can be erected quickly and where the corralled pronghorns can do themselves the minimum of injury. Bands selected for trapping are spotted and herded into the traps by airplanes. Truck bodies have been designed to permit loost' loading, getting away from awkward, individual crating. Transportation losses are negligible under this system (Figure 5). The airplane also is a major tool of managt'ment. Open seasons are based upon ability of the populations to stand hunting pressure. In order to get the faets about numbers, sex ratios, and the fawn crop. the Statt's have used the airplane to do the job (luickly, cht'aply, and accurately. In some cases, predation by coyotes has proved to be a limiting factor. Their killing is confined principally to the kids. Where necessary, some predator control has been done to take pressure off remnant populations, or to prepare the range for seed-stock releases. Arizona studies have shown an excellent increase in fawn survival where coyote eontrol has been undertaken. Fawn survival was in direct ratio to the degree of control, being as high as 95 percent where intensive control campaigns were conducted, and a'> low as 21 percent where control was lacking. Complaints by Texas eattIe ranchers about competition between antelope and cattle for available forage, resulted in a study being made to get the facts. It was fonnd that a range steer would eat as mueh eattle forage a,> 38 antelope. The rt'ason is that in addition to the great difference in consumption due to the disparity in weight, antelope are essentially browsers while cattle confine themselves almost entirely to grass. Spreading the rt'sults of this study in Texas and plsewhere has helped allay past misapprehensions and ch·ar the way for expansion of antelope rehabilitation work. The non-competitive nature of antelope, and the fact that there are millions of acres of public land in the West over which these animals can range freely, have made it generally unnecessary to buy land for their use. The major exception was the purchase of the 9,000-acre Raymond Ranch in Coconino County, Arizona, by the Arizona Game and Fish Commission, to provide the nucleus for the Anderson Mesa antelope range. Control over 5,000 acres of State-owned lands was obtained by lease and exclusive grazing rights were assigned to wildlife on 5,000 acres in the adjacent Coconino National Forest. This State-owned and ('ontrollt'd unit provides ('ssential winter range for Arizona's largest antelope herd and it ensnrE'S the does. coming 22 through the winter and into the critical fawning period in good condition. This State antelope establishment has been fenced to prevent trespass by domestic livestock. Water sources have been developed to insure an ample supply of good drinking water. Previously-erected ranch headquarters buildings have been remodelled to provide suitable quarters for the State employee who is responsible for management and maintenance of the land and improvements. Mountain Sheep Ten years ago the fear was prevalent that the bighorn sherp was a vanishing sprcies. Pittman-Robertson investigations verified the low state of popUlations, but not the vanishing predictions, if protection and sensible management were applied. Recommendations came out of those studies for trapping and transplanting wherever a surplusage prrmitted. Traps were devised and successful corralling methods developed. Montana moved 25 out of its small Sun River herd to the Gates of the Mountains country on the Missouri River, near Helena, where Lewis and Clark reported large numbers in 1804. Montana also obtained 16 bighorns from Colorado, in exchange for mountain goats. These have been released in a half-section woven wire enclosure in hereditary sheep country in the Missouri River breaks, bordering the Fort Peck Reservoir. Surplus animals will be permitted to leave the enclosure. By that time the sheep should be sufficiently accustomed to the new country so that long-range wandering in search of accustomed Rocky Mountain terrain need not be feared. With its famous Tarryall herd to draw from, Colorado is in the best position to get seed stock onto vacant but suitable ranges. To date, that State has trapped and moved 152 sheep, not including those traded to Montana. New Mexico has performed some water impounding work to provide a permanent source of water for bighorns in the Big Hatchet Mountains. Previously, these sheep had to travel a long distance down into cattle country for water. Texas' Sierra Diablo mountain sheep project is the only acquisition undertaken primarily to aid bighorns. The projcct proposes the purchase of a block of very rugged land, containing almost 20,000 acres, in Hudspeth and Culberson Counties, to protect the Texas remnants of this species. To date, 5,325 acres of the proposed purchase area have been acquired. Mountain Coat Surveys of mountain goat range were made in Montana to determine approximate numbers, sex ratio, extent of range, life history and migratory habits. This information was badly needed to insure the best possible management of these animals. Montana deviscd suitable traps and succeeded in catching 54 mountain goats. Colorado obtained eight of them in exchange for mountain sheep. The remainder was released by Montana in mountain ranges lying east of the Rockies. There had never been any goats in the places the releases were made, but conditions there were comparable to those found in occupied ranges in the l~ockies. Very satisfactory results are coming from Montana's efforts to sprcad the range of this interesting and valuable big game specie". 23 Colorado never had any Ro(~ky Mountain goats, at least during historic times. There is no good reason, however, why these animals should not prosper in the placf's they were released in that State. Moose Pittman-Robertson investigations in Montana in 1945 showed the population to be around ;~,600 head. These were scattered in three loealities in the western part of the State. These surveys revealed over-populations in certain parts of tIl{> winter range, and unbalanced sex ratios in others. Based on these findings, the first open season on a special-permit system was allowed in 1945. Moderate kills of bulls both in 1945 and 1946 were made. The part hunting plays in scattering these animals has not been determined, but recent increases have been noted in several places adjacent to hunted areas. Moose also were found to have very definite migration habits which are closely related to palatability changes in forage. In Minnesota pressure was put on the game department to open the moose season in the Northwest Angle - the most northerly point in the United States. Aerial surveys by Pittman-Robertson personnel over that area and other places in northern Minnesota occupied by this largest member of the deer family showed that the moose population was not high enough to justify an open season. These findings were accepted by the game department and no hunting has been permitted (Figure 6). A similar investigation in Wyoming showed that a hunting season could be justified in 194(), and 200 animals were subsequently harvested. This was an increase in kill over any previous war between 1940 and 1945. . \Vyoming experimented with trapping and transplanting and in the winter of 1947-1948 was su('('essful in moving eight moose to new locations. Buffalo Arizona has a free-ranging herd of buffalo in House Rock Valley, close to the Colorado River in Coconino County. These animals range on public domain along with domestic livestock. Under agreement with the local grazing district, the herd is limited to 200 animals. Numbers above that rate are harvested by hunting, through the /. 2·1 medium of special permits. To supply an assured source of water, a pipeline several miles in ]pngth was laid to tap permanent water on the adjoining Kaibab N ational For est. \Vater troughs were installed along the pipeline. This Figure 6. Moose being counted from the air. Photo by W. W. WeHschreck, Minnesota Department of Conservation. Pittman-Robertson development has enabled the buffalo to utilize fully the range they occupy. Buffalo and antelope complrnH'nt one another in their feeding habits - the buffalo being primarily grass raters and the antelope browsers. Mindful of that, 42 buffalo were trapped in House Rock Valley and released on the 20,OOO-acre Anderson Mesa antelope range. An additional 17 were obtained from the Wichita National Wildlife Refuge of the Fish and Wildlife Service, and rrleased on the Mesa. Through these actions, the Arizona Fish and Game Commission now has two thriving herds. Kansas is the only other State that has done anything for buffalo, under the Pittman-Robertson program. In that State a 520-acre area was purchased and frnced, to expand the Finney County Game Preserve as a refuge for buffalo and othrr game species. Javelina The javrlina, or peccary, has rrceivrd drwlopmental attention by one State. Trxas live-trapprd and transplanted six of these animals, under one project. Arizona is making a study of thrse animals in the southern part of that State to ascertain their prrsrnt distribution and numbers. These findings will be the basis for further studies and management recommendations. Bear Black brar have recrivrd s(>('ondary attention in many woodland acquisitions. Being secretive and difficult to hunt, they are not classed as a major big-game specirs. Krntucky has imported and released 10 of these animals on big-game refuges in an attempt to extend their range in thl:1t State. In Virginia, bear damage complaints WHe investigated by PittmanRobertson personnel. It was found that the damage was not serious. As a result of this study the Commission was able to reject a petition to extend the open season on black bear or remove it entirely from the protected list. Workers in Colorado and Montana have rrported that there is a drfinite correlation between brar damage and the scarcity of natural foods during certain seasons of the year. While no specific projects have bren set up for bear studies, many of the Statrs have gathered data on them incidental to other work. Waterfowl With the help of Pittman-Robrrtson funds, many States for thc first time were able to finance waterfowl restoration work. It was fortunate indeed that they could move in to take up some of the slack. Duck stamp sales more than doublf'd during the ten years, bringing a spectacular increase in hunting pressure j high crop prices stimulated the drainage of marshes j and well-financed hunting clubs bid high for control of the fast shrinking waterfowl habitat. Work to aid waterfowl has been performed by 38 States. This has included the purchase and devrlopment of lands, the conduct of field studies to locatf' and appraise likely restoration sitrs, and the gathering of facts needed for better management of the resource. Almost 25 I I 126,000 acrrs of land have been bought in 70 areas. Typieal example~ of such purehases are New .Jersry's -1,4~)6-acre Egg Island Marsh; Oak Orchard, totaling 2,2-13 acres in ~ ew York; the Cheyenne Bottoms in Kansas, ('ontaining 18,711 acft'S; Colorado's South Platte River acquisition calling for the eventual control of 14,000 acres; and Oregon's Sauvies Island, which will total over 12,500 acres. Iowa has dipped into its Pittman-Robertson income to step up action on its 25-ycar waterfowl restoration program. In thc heart of the high-priced land of the corn belt, that State aequired 15 fine waterfowl areas totaling 6,600 acres during the 10-year period. Effcetive management of lands for dmks and geese calls for control of water levels. This is accomplished through construction of dams, dikes, spillways, canals, and othrr features peculiar to first-class marsh management. Such improvements have been made on 34 areas in 22 States. An outstanding example of this work was the development of the Ogden Bay Unit on the gently sloping mud flats bordering Great Salt Lake. Formerly a skim of water would cover those salty flats from time to time. In late summer and early fall the ducks would con(' cntrate there and periodically thousands would be killed by botulism. Utah built a series of dikes enelosing 6,500 acres of these mud flats and interior dikes to permit shifting of water levels within the main impoundments. Spillways to let the water in and out were built into the dikes. Ample water was available for diversion from the 'Weber River which flows into Great Salt Lake at this point. Raising or lowering water levels helps check botulism when sick ducks appear. Shallow flooding of the fertile delta lands produce an abundance of waterfowl food plants. An additional 6,000 aeres of unimproved marshes and mud flats lie between the dikes and the Lake. This development is not only an attractive stopping place for migrating birds, it also is a top-notch waterfowl factory. In 1947, a one-mile stretch along the banks of an interior channel revealed over 200 waterfowl nests. Canada geese owned 17 of them (Figures 7 and 8). The Ogden Bay project is managed as a refuge and public shooting gronnds - half of the developed lands being devoted to each use. During the 1946--17 open seasons, more than 10,000 hunters bagged almost 16,000 birds here. ~ew .Jersey owned a 13,000-acre tidal marsh near Atlantic City. The scarcity of open water and the rank profusion of salt marsh grasses offered little attraction to wildfowl. By constructing dikes now totaling ovn 27,000 lineal feet, the State has been able to trap fresh water along the margin of the marsh. Close to 3,000 acres of salt marsh has been transformed into a series of fresh water impoundments which provide ideal conditions for the birds (Figures 9 and 10). And the remaining salt marsh has not been ne~lected. Using" dynamite, the thick vf>getative mat has been blasted to create a pattern of quartt'r-aere ponds (Figure 11). The Tuckahoe development is llIanagf>d as a eombination waterfowl refuge and public shooting grounds. It is first-class both ways. In thf> spring of 1946, the Missouri Conservation Commission started buyin~ ;3.000 acrf'S of flood plain along the Grand River, ill Linn and Living-ston Counties, for the FOllntain Grove Waterfowl Management r Figures 7 and 8. The above scene shows thousands of botulism-killed ducks on a fourmile stretch of mud flats at Ogden Bay prior to diking and restoration. Below is the healthy situation created by construction of diklts and spillways to im pound and manage Weber River waters. Photos by Lee Kay, Utah Fish and Game Commission. ,) , .. -. • p- , , ' Figure 9. Ditch plug construction with a three-quarter yard dragline in diking work at Tuckahoe, New Jersey. Photo by L. G. MacNamara, New Jersey Department of Conservation. Figure 10. One of the marshy lakes created by diking and trapping fresh water at Tuckahoe, New Jersey. Photo by L. G. MacNamara, New Jersey Department "f Conse, vation. 28 Figure II. Dynamiting a pond in the unimproved salt marsh on Tuckahoe project. Photo by L. G. MacNamara. New Jersey Dep.lrtment of Conservation. Unit. 'fhat was followed by eonstrudion to divprt flood wah-rs into a series of pools formed by a system of eross dik('s. By the fall of ] 948, dewlopmpnt was ll(·arly (·olllplef('d. Part of the (·stahlishmr.nt was opened to publie shooting and the hnnters obtained g'oo(l returns despite the fact the pools were only partially filled. Thus in two seasons the State was able to transform a large dlllnk of unproduetive flood plain into an attraetive waterfowl manaw'ment unit. The Oregon Game Commission is prond of its ];3,650-aere Summer Lake Waterfowl Management Area. Alkali flats, exposed by the dwindling lake, made this opportunity. Oreg-on bong-ht the privatelyowned lands needed, then proceeded with improvement work. \Vater was available from the Anna River, whieh heads a few miles north in a duster of profusely-flowing spring'S. Diversion dams were built, eanals excavated and low dikes eonstruded to eOlltrol and spread the water over the parched lands. The work is not eompleted, but close to a,ooo acreS have already been converted into a highly-productive waterfowl marsh. Wheat and rye are planted on bordering uplands each yrar to provide additional nourishll~ent for local and migrating ducks and g'eese. Hunting is pcrmitted 011 half the area; the other half is a sanctuary. Illformation gathered dming' the first half of 29 Figure 12. Hunters returning from public shooting grounds at Summer Lake. Photo by A. V. Meyers. Oregon Game Commission. the 1948 split hunting season disclosed a harwst of 8,669 ducks and geese fro:n :3,367 man-days of shooting, or better than 2.6 birds per man-day (Figure 12). But Summer Lake is morc flail a l'ombination rt'fuge and pnblic shooting grounds, it is also a spll'IHlid illl'ubator. The production records show that this Pittman-l{occrtson pt'ojed rears 6,000 ducks and 1,500 Canada geese each year. Horicon Marsh, \Visconsin, is a fine example of nnwisc re('la'l:ation followed by a costly salvage job. In its original state this 30,OOO-acre marsh was a famous waterfowl ll('sting and concentration spot and a splendid producer of mink and muskrats. Unfortnnatply, the marsh was drained some 50 years ago to uneover more agril'nltural law]s. After the lands wcr(' d!'hydrated and rnined for wildl ife it wa-; ](>arned that the sour Iwaty soil would Bot grow erops. In 1940, the Wisconsin COltserYation Commission 1111(1 tl:(' Fish and \Vildlife Service entered into an agreement whpr!'by the ~tate would buy and restore the southern part of the former marsh, and the Scrvi('c would take like action on the northern part. 'rhis two-prongt'd rehabilitation campaign was to be financt'd by the State, with the h('lp of Pittman-Robertson funds, and by the St>rvice with Duek Stamp money. Executing its part of the agr('pmrnt, \Vis('onsin pr(wrf'ded to buy nearly 10,000 acres of land in the southl'r11 part of the marsh. lkstoration has followell, through required developuH'lltal (lJ'oje:·t;;. Half of the State's marshy spreall is dosed to hunting-; the rcuwindpl' is open. \Vhile fur animals were ineiti('ntal to tht' n:ain purpose of restoration, the \Viseonsin Conservation Departll'Pnt's dividends frolll this source of cash ineome, are substantial. During the 1 D47 -48 trapping season, for exam pit', the State sold its half of the share-trapped mink and muskrats for $15,000. 'l'hat money is helping' pay for restoration and manag-ement work on the property. Replacing low-quality plants with hi~h-qualit:v food producers has been undertaken by n:any States. Elimination of noxious vl'g'etatioll is a('complished by cutting, discing, sImwing- with hprbicides such as 2,4-D, and by controlled burning. Nl'W York is rapidly elrarillg waterrhestnut from the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers. This worthless ('xotie threatened to ehoke all other vE'g-etation in the quil't waters of thosp streams until it was sucepssfullv batth'd by 1I1ldpt'water wec(l ('uttp['S and 2,4-D sprayed by airplanE'S: hdieopt('rs' and hand PUl\} ps. \ViSl'Oll- 30 sin has used controlled burnin'" to "'ood effect on its Horicon Marsh, to eheek the growth of willo; an;1 aspen and thus provide gOOf'll' pasturage. Maine has made extensive elearings on Swan Island, and has seedNI them with rye, Ladino elov('r ancl other plants to supply QTeen foo p. 1t operates throng'h Soil ConserYation Distril'ts. O('or;!ia's first trouble was in gptting enongh bieolor sped to (listribut(, to tl](' farHH'rs for planting. Then too, many failures ('ame from rlired s('('(ling and a shift was HUH Ie to growing seedlings in nnrst'rit's for later transplanting. r II Hl-1-S, the produetion of bieolor s(,(,tlling's totalpd n('arl.\' :P/~ millions. During the last five ~'t'ars, almost ii,OOO of tl]('sp tipld horders ha\'(~ bepn pstablishpd ill Ororgia. ~ill1ilar proje('fs are olwrating lIO\\' in North Carolina, Louisiana, Alabama, Arkansas, :::iol1th Carolina, Florida, Virginia, and Mississippi. General farm game habitat. imprO\'('IlH'llt proj(,l'ts which utilize th(~ lespt'dezas to a It'sst'r l'xtPl1t arc fpatllrpd in Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, Oklahoma, -:\lissonri, \Vest Virg'inia, Dplaware, Mar~'land, and Pennsylvania. {~nfort.llnat,·J.\', lpslw /"('\'('nt pr('dators sll('h as ('o."ot('S, bobeats or foxcs fro III 37 gaining a('('('ss. 'I'll(' tallk intt'rior ;;10 P('s gmt! ually down ward frolll til(' ('11- traJl('c, so the birds ('all always gaill a('('PSS to thl' wat(' r as it I'('('('d('s dlll'illg dry wl'atlwr, without dallgt'r of lwillg dt'owlH'd. Figure 18. Gallinaceous gunler showing part of water-collecting apron, entrance to underground storage tank and valley quail that have come in for water. Photo by Ben Glading, California Fish and Game Commission. TIH'se concrete ref;ervoirs are built to hold about 600 gallons of water. To assure a water suppl~' of that volume, thc f;ize of the collecting apron is determined by loeal prp{~ipitation recordf;. Average rainfall is halvpd, and the collecting slope is made large enough to fill the tank. For example, if the rainfall is conservatively figured at thrpe inches per year, a surface of :120 square feet will fill thc 600- gallon storage reservoir. Despite drought l'on{litions in California (luring 1948, not a single gallinaeeous guzzlpr wpnt {lry. Thc eonstrnction is simple and maintenance costs are inconsequential. The prcsen('c of this water supply has rp,mlted in Iwak quail populations of several hundred, in places where there were nOlle previollsly. Not only are largpr populations of thpse sought-after game birds being produl'pd, but thpy no longer have to travel long distames to obtain water during dry ppriods. Thr peonomit's of thpse quail oasrs are on the plpasing side. California has rt'du(,pd ('oMs in sonw lo{'alitips to a,.o;; low as $200 per installation. Figuring the iuv('stnwnt at I) 1)('l"{'Pllt lH'r ~'l'ar, and {lisI'p!!' ardillg- any littlp maintl'nal}(,{', tlw {'(lHh olltla.Y wOlIl(l he worth $10 I)('r ~·par. That wOllld pay for fivc g-allle-farm hir{ls of (lnbions ability to survive in the wild. Game men in California fignre that a gallina(' POUS g-uzzler is far below par if it does not prOdlH'e GO quail per ~·par. The imau:inatiol1 and p('rsist('n('e of California game terhnieians in pt'rft'd.ing this praetieal quail-population increase (leviee is worthy of the high('st ('ollllll('ndation. This has IH'en one of the h(·tter PittlllanRohprtson achievements. ~What haH b('('n dOll{' in Htal'ting a largc-scale qnail l"estoration pro!! ralll in California, is appli('ablp all oyer the low-rainfall parts of the ,Vest. Arizona, N{'vada, and Hawaii are now engaged on identical water-providing projp\'ts. The pllrehas('s of w('st,'rll big-g-alllP l'ang:cs haye, in Ilnmerons instane(' s, IH'lped th(' wPHtprn qnail. \Vh('1l thps(' rangps are fpnepd and ('attl(' grazing 1'(' s haY(' liYl~-trapl)f'd and distributed nearly H,I)OO of the yarions HIW('ips of w('st('rn C]nail. Many sit('s that la{'lw(1 all (,ff'p(·ti\'p bl'('pding- popnlation \\,pre rpst s. The limits of infcl'tioll in the State hav\' b('I'1l !'Htahlislll'll through sampling stndi('s. \Vith this knowlcdge, plus blood ('x l)('r('(,lIt of til<' Ill'sts W(,I'(' Sl\('(·('ssfnl. Hungarian Partridge The IIlIng-IlI'ian pal'tridg-t', an ('xoti(, of I('ss illlpo!'taw'p allti with It lIIore I'(~strid(' 0 !ll'I'l'('llt or 11101'(' of the land is tilllb('r(~d. 'l'lw birds like wpll-sod(!t,d, Ilattlntl g!'llSS fOl' lH'sting, alld f('w of tlw "Htlll" lH'stS al'p fotlnd in (·tlltivat('d fil'lds. lI('avy prp('ipitation dtll'illg- til<' l'l'iti"lti r<~pl'odtldion [ll'l'iod is probably t1w prinei pal fador I illl it.ing- 1It1llgarian partridge ilWl'eases. Prolollg-l'd rains ('at 1St' Iwav,V lI('st loss('s. Chilling' and lIIt1dballillg' on Iwaks and fl'l't of yOllng- ('hi('ks at'(' I'('spollsibip for substantial brood losses dtlring ('old, wd w('atll<'r. Parasitism by a 1Il'llIatode WOl'ltl lllay I'('sult in t['PIl\('IHlollS die-otfs alIlOIlg- YOllllg bil't!s tinder eOllditions (·aused by IlPavv rainfall. III '}1 i ;l!Iesoh~ it was fOlllld that t hI' If tlllg'lll'ian partridge nestingseason pxt<'ll(ls ()V(,I' an H-\\,('pks' Iwriorl, with 0\'('[' !)() pcrecllt of tl](' IlPsts Lpg-ull dUI'illg- a IWl'iod of six \\'(,('ks. A It.houg-h the avera:.re dlltdl size was qllit!' hig-h (1.J..7 ('g'g-s) , til<' !lullg-at'ian pat'tridgc is lllueh l('st-; sl\('('('ssful at 1'(,II('St.illg- than is th(' rillg--Ilpeked plwusant. 'rhc 1I('still).!: s('aSOIl of the !lulIg-al'iall par·tridge (eig'ht w('('ks) as eompared with tlw rillg"-IH,('k('d ph('asant (Hi \\'('('ks) llIakf's the formel' far more \' III 1](' rub]p to the df('ds () f ('old, \\'d Il('~t i II,~ s('aSOllS. Pheasants often lay eggs in Hungarian partridge nests in regions where both speeies are eommon and especially when nesting eover is s('aree. In one sueh area in ~1innesota, those anties ('ansed the abandOllment and subsequent loss of 60 Iwn'pnt of all II lIngarian partridge llt'sts nnder observation. The Ameriean method of hunting' disl'l'iminates against the young, slower-flying' birds and allows a large proportion of old birds to escape. The result is vigorous fighting among: adult malfs in an attempt to dffend larg'e nesting territorit's (whi('h in }linnesota had an average radius of 300 yards) and the produetion of fewer birds per unit area, 1 n England where high popnlatiolls of this bird are maintaine(l through intensive malHlgpment, evpry ('/fort is ma(le to shoot old birds to redllee fi(yhtiu" amon" nestincr pairs thus inereasiIl , white-wings are suffering from land dearing activities and studies have shown that one of the best immediate management aids would be the acquisition of suitable nesting areas along the lower Rio Grande river bottoms. Nest predation by grackle:') in Texas is very serious and it alone is ('lItting breeding' success in half. Control teehniques are being studied in the hopes of reducing' these losses. Band-taih'd pig-POllS arr b('ing stll llIade some valllable observations on this spel'il's in the tidal marshl's of that Rtate. Woodcock 'I'he woodeoe];: IS another sp('cies that needs further mallage!11('ut studv. Massaehusrtts is the onlv State that has earried on PittmanRob(~ rtsou work with this sjwl·i(:s. However, it has reeeived eonsiderable study in other States independent of the 1<'ederal Aid program. Aeqnisitions for waterfowl and deer have, in many instances, provided ex('ellt'nt nesting habitat for the" timber doodle." Cottontail Rabbit The t'ottontail, being a farm game species of outstanding importall<~e in most of the eastrrn lTnitt'd States, has bet'n helped by many habitat f('storation projed.s. Almost without exception, this work has benefited phpasants or quail as wpll as rabbits. Such improvements as f('neillg, planting trl~l'S and shrubs, and speding herbaceous plants on small isolatf' ntbbit popUlation skyroeketed. Attempts to rt'
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|Ten years of Pittman-Robertson wildlife restoration 1938 to 1948
|Rutherford, Robert M.
|Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act of 1937, now referred to as The Pittman-Robertson Wildlife Restoration Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 669-669k), provides federal assistance to the 50 States, the Commonwealths of Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Territories of American Samoa, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands for projects to restore, enhance, and manage wildlife resources, and to conduct state hunter education programs. The Act authorizes the collection of receipts for permanent-indefinite appropriation to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for use in the fiscal year following collection. Funds not used by the states within two years revert to the Service for carrying out the provisions of the Migratory Bird Conservation Act. The Act also requires the Secretary of the Treasury to invest the portion of the fund not required for current year spending in interest-bearing obligations. The interest must be used for the North American Wetlands Conservations Act. The Appropriations Act of August 31, 1951, (P.L. 82-136, 64 Stat. 693) authorizes receipts from excise taxes on selected hunting and sporting equipment to be deposited in the Wildlife Restoration Account, as a permanent, indefinite appropriation. Receipts and interest distributed to the Wildlife Restoration Account are made available for use by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in the fiscal year following collection. The Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration Programs Improvement Act of 2000, (P.L. 106-408) amends The Pittman-Robertson Wildlife Restoration Act and authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to develop and implement a Multistate Conservation Grant Program and a Firearm and Bow Hunter Education and Safety Program that provide grants to states.
|FWS Resource Links
Wildlife management
Fisheries management
Game management
|Wildlife Management Institute; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
|Date of Original
|Item ID
|Ten Years of PR Wildlife Restoration 1938 to 1948 (1).pdf
NCTC Conservation Library
|Public domain
|File Size
|Original Format
|128 p.
rAIUXUH "~SEAItCH IEFUaf: TEN YEARS OF PITTMAN-ROBERTSON WI LOLl FE RESTORATION 193 ~ -- I'li 8 "'..,~ ... t., ,II. WH,O"" MANAOIM'NT INUlTun 1 ...... -' ""WI_, w-.w., ... I, 0, C, " TEN YEARS OF PITTMAN-ROBERTSON WILDLIFE RESTORATION by ROBERT M. RUTHERFORD, CHIEF BRANCH OF FEDERAL AID, FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Published by the WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE Investment Building Washington 5, D. C. 1949 ' TABLE OF CONTENTS Subject THE STORY BEHIND THE ACT ____________________________________________________________ _ WORKING OUT PROGRAM STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES ___ _ ASSENTING TO BECOMING ELIGIBLE TO SHARE IN BENEFITS EXCISE TAX: ApPROPRIATIONS AND ApPORTIONMEN'rS_ Page 8 9 9 How THE ACT OPERATES WORK SELECTION AND EMPHASIS _______ _ RESTORATION ACCOMPLISHMENTS }'EDERAL RESPONSIBILITlES-STATE COOIWINATION SPECIES BENEFITTED BY P.-R. PROJECTS DEER ______________________ _ _______________________ _ ELK __________________ _ ANTELOPE __ _________ ___ _ _______________ _ MOUNTAIN SHEEP ____________________________________ _ MOUNTAIN GOAT ___________________________________________ _ MOOSE ____________________________________________ _ BUFFALO ____________________________________________ _ JAVELIN A ____________ _____ _ ___________________________________________ _ BEAR _____ ______________ _ _________ . _______ .... . __________ _ WATERFOWL _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _ BOBWHITE QUAIL __________________ _ ____________________________ . _____ ....... _____ . ____ _ SCALED, MOUNTAIN, VALLEY AND GAMBEL'S QUAIL RING-NECKED PHEASANT __ . ______________ . _____ .. ______ .___ _ __________________________________ _ WILD TURKEY _______________ _____________________ _ _____________________________ _ RUFFED GROUSE ________ ______________________ _ ______________________________________________ _ PRAIRIE GROUSE _______________________________ ________________ _ ____________ • ________ . _____ _ SAGE GROUSE __________________ _____ _ __________________________________________________________ _ HUNGARIAN P ARTRIDG E _____________________________________________ _ CHUKAR PARTRIDGE __________________________________ _ DOVES ______________________________ ___ ____________ _ __________________________________________________________ _ CLAPPER RAIL _____________ _ _________________________________________________________ _ WOODCOCK _____________________________________ _ COTTONTAIL RABBIT _ _ ___________ _ _____________ _ ______________________________________________ _ SQUIRRELS _____________________________________________________________ _ VARYING HARE ____ __________ _______ _ ________________________________ _ RACCOON ____________ _ ______________________________________________________________ _ MUSKRAT ________________ _ _________________________________________________________ _ BEAVER __________________ _ ______________________________________________________________ _ MARTEN ________________________ ________________________________________________ _ _____________ _ PREDATORS ___________________________________________________________________________________________ _ CONTRIBUTIONS OF TECHNICA(,Ly-TRAINED PERSONNEL ____________________________ _ PUBLICATIONS COOPERATION BETWEEN THE STATES AND FEDERAL AGENCIES ApPENDIX HUNTING LICENSE SALES BY STATES ____________________________________________________ _ DATES OF STATES' ASSENT ACTS TO THE PITTMAN-RoBERTSON ACT SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS, ApPROPRIATIONS AND ApPORTIONMENTS ApPORTIONMENT OF FUNDS, STATES' CONTRIBUTIONS, AND GRAND TOTAL __ FINANCIAL SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS FOR FEDERAL AID IN WILDLIFE RESTORATION PROGRAM ________________________________________________________________________ _ NET OBLIGATIONS BY TYPES OF PROJECTS ______________________________________________ _ SUMMARY OF LANDS ACQUIRED AND BEING ACQUIRED BY STATES _________ _ SUMMARY OF LANDS ApPROVED FOR PURCHASE ____________ . __ . __ ._. ____ . ____ . __ .. MAMMALS TRAPPED AND TRANSPLANTED ____ . ___ . ____ . _____________ . __________ _ BIRDS TRANSPLANTED ____________________ _ __________________________________________________________ _ WILDLIFE SPECIES INVESTIGATED BY STATES _______ _ ____________________ _ FEDERAL AID IN WILDLIFE RES'l'ORA'rION PROJ ECTS ApPROVf;D FISCAL YEARS 1939-48 AND THE FUNDS INVOLVED ______________________________ _ 5 ](\ 10 11 12 14 16 16 19 21 23 23 24 24 25 2!) 25 32 36 39 42 43 44 4" 4" 46 46 47 47 47 50 "I 52 53 55 ,,8 58 61 62 63 68 69 69 70 71 72 73 73 74 75 76 78 INTRODUCTION """""''''''<1"""""""",,,,",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,""""""'"'''''H','''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''"'''''''''''''"""""""'''''''''''''UI!
|Date created
|Date modified


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About This Product
This mock wrap top features feline logo snaps, shoulder darts at the front and back for shaping, patch pockets and side vents. Center back length 26 1/2".
Fabric: 60 Cotton/40 Poly Poplin
More like this
More in this style Mock Wrap Top (26908)
More in this color (FRPP)

subset: commoncrawl


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Template Tools
|Roger D. Dyrdal, 69
|Written by TRF Times
Thornton, Colo. - Roger Duane Dyrdal went to be with our Lord on Monday, June 18, 2012.
Funeral services were held Friday, June 22 at Olinger Highland Mortuary in Thornton, Colo. Roger was buried at Olinger Highland Cemetery.
He was born Feb. 25,1943 in Thief River Falls, Minnesota to parents Nels and Helen (Stigen) Dyrdal.
In his younger years, Roger spent many of his days biking out to Norden Township so he could be on the farm with his cousins LouAnn and Daryl Lewis. This is where he learned his love for mechanic's taking something broken and fixing it. This is where he learned the diesel mechanic trade as well which led to a career of over 40 years in the trade.
Roger served in the Army National Guard Reserves from 1963 to 1968. During this time, he served in North Dakota during a flood and many other disasters in the Minnesota and North Dakota areas.
Roger married Linda Scholin on June 26, 1965. They had five beautiful children, Lynn Smith, Roger Jr., Jeri (Dennis) Thomas, Bryce, and April (David) Cole.
He is survived by his wife Linda, his children, eight grandchildren; six great-grandchildren; two brothers; one sister; several aunts and uncles; four brothers-in-law; and three sisters-in-law.
He was preceded in death by his parents; mother and father in-law; three brothers-in-law; a sister-in-law; a son-in-law; several aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews and cousins.
Arrangements Entrusted to Olinger Highland Mortuary & Cemetery, Thornton, Colorado.


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Colorado, the state where serious cycling began in the U.S., is host to the 2014 USA Pro Cycling Challenge bike race


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Ratchet and Clank: Into the Nexus™
- Platform:PS3™
- Genre: Action, Strategy, Platformer
Ratchet and Clank: Into the Nexus™ Overview
Ratchet and Clank are back! The beloved duo return with an original single-player epilogue to the acclaimed Ratchet and Clank Future: Tools of Destruction™ and Ratchet and Clank Future: A Crack in Time™. Ratchet & Clank: Into the Nexus is a story-driven platform adventure with humor and heart, featuring outrageously upgraded weapons, extreme planet hopping and brand new worlds begging to be explored. Into the Nexus marks a true return to form for the acclaimed series.
After one of the most infamous manhunts in galactic history results in the capture of Vendra Prog, Ratchet and Clank offer to escort the dangerous criminal to the Vartax Detention Center. After a daring orbital jailbreak at the forgotten edge of the galaxy, Ratchet and Clank find themselves lost in an abandoned sector.
More Info
- Related Content
- You May Also Like
Plus Membership - $49.99.
Just under $5/month.
Plus Membership - $17.99. Just under $6/month.
- Experience this Product at these Events
Related Events
- Genre: Action, Strategy, Platformer
- Publisher: SCEA
- Available Platform: PS3™
- Release Date: 11.12.2013
- Players: 1
- Max Online Players: 0
- 3D Compatible: No
"PlayStation" and the "PS" Family logo are registered trademarks of Sony Computer Entertainment Inc.


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|McLeod, UNCW Dominate CAA Golfing Honors
WILMINGTON, North Carolina –UNCW's Payne McLeod, the reigning Colonial Athletic Association champion, was named CAA Golfer-of-the-Year and the Seahawks landed four golfers on the all-conference squads released on Thursday.
"I'm excited for Payne and our award winners," said UNCW Head Coach Matt Clark. "To be recognized by the league's coaches for their hard work, dedication and determination is satisfying to see."
McLeod, who was also a first-team honoree for the third time, won his first conference title in late April when he cruised to a four-stroke victory at the Reserve Club of St. James Plantation in Southport, N.C. He earned his first tournament win earlier in the season at the Seahawk Intercollegiate while leading the Seahawks to a one-stroke win over nationally-ranked Kent State.
McLeod joined former Seahawks Chris Buffaloe (1993), Sean Dougherty (2001), Josh Brock (2011) and Thomas Bass (2012) as UNCW CAA Player-of-the-Year award winners.
Joining McLeod on the first team was Bass, who earned All-CAA honors for the third time and second straight as a first-teamer. He is tied for seventh at the conference championship and enters the NCAA Fayetteville Regional second on the team with a 74.2 stroke average. McLeod leads the way with a 72.4 average. Bass collected a tournament win when he captured medalist honors at the Fighting Irish Gridiron Classic in South Bend, Ind.
Rounding out the Seahawks on the all-conference teams as second team selections were juniors Stefan Brewer and Josh Woodfox. Brewer tied for seventh and Woodfox finished fourth at the conference championship.
The Seahawks head to Fayetteville, Ark., for the NCAA Regional hosted at The Blessings Course on May 16-18.


text: Lease a Kia Rio direct from a Kia dealer or find cheap Kia Rio leasing offers by comparing Kia Rio contract hire deals on Lease Cars. Find the Kia Rio that suits your requirements then contact the Kia dealer associated with that Kia Rio lease deal. All the Kia Rio car leasing offers are supplied direct from UK Kia dealers, all Kia Rio are brand new cars and based on the 3+ (3 payments upfront) lease scheme.


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Safe Kids MassachusettsA Team Fundraising Page Benefiting Safe Kids Worldwide
- Team goal:
- $1,000
- Raised so far:
- $75
- Team Ranking:
- 18 of 123
- Fundraisers:
- 2
Every year around the world, a million families lose a child to a preventable injury. In fact, preventable injuries are the number one killer of kids in the United States today.
We can change this.
On May 10, Safe Kids Massachusetts will celebrate Safe Kids Day at Martha Eliot Health Center. Our goal is to raise awareness about the ways we can protect our children from preventable injuries, and to raise funds to support our local and national injury prevention programs.
Join us!
Help Safe Kids Massachusetts spread the word about Safe Kids Day. With your help, we can raise awareness and support life-saving programs to protect kids from injuries.
- Make a donation today
- Create a fundraising page to inspire your friends and family to take action
- Join us at our Safe Kids Day celebration
- Sponsor Safe Kids Day in our community
What Your Donation Supports
Your donation will be put to work immediately to protect kids through research, education and awareness about ways to keep kids safe from predictable & preventable injuries. Proceeds from Safe Kids Day support the injury prevention efforts of Safe Kids Massachusetts and our partner, Safe Kids Worldwide, a leading global nonprofit organization dedicated to preventing childhood injury. Funds raised through Safe Kids Day enable our team to reach more families with life-saving prevention information, expand existing programs and launch new programs to protect kids in our community.
Have Questions?
If you have any questions or need help feel free to contact the Injury Prevention Program at 617.355.7332 or send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com.
You can help us keep kids safe, active and healthy so they can grow up to do all the great things kids were meant to do.


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For new Tools, it's a little confusing as there are multiple logins, especially if you haven't created any Erf accounts before. Some suggested posts that could benefit from a link to "Instructions/What to do and expect" page are:
--This post New Tool Memberships Delayed Slightly saying there are delays between subscriptions to activation.
- This post: New Subscription Options: Yearly, and
- anywhere you process / announce subscriptions.
What I suggest for the web page. Most of it I took from user Romanosuke, with a little modification. I noticed he posted this in several replies to people asking the same question as mine, indicating Erfwold should clarify the process.
[ __ ] Create monthly recurring subscription (Your Forum Name or New Tool ID)
[ __ ] Create annual recurring subscription (Your Forum Name or New Tool ID)
Thank you for choosing to become a Tool. When creating a toolbox account, there are a few things you should know.
When creating a new account, if you haven't already been around the Erfworld site, then you should create:
- An Erfworld Forum account (If you want to join in conversation / ask questions). Strongly recommended you do this first so you can have the same forum name and Toolbox ID.
- An Erfworld Store Account (if you want to purchase things)
- An ErfWiki account (if you want to edit the ErfWiki)
Once your Toolbox membership is activated, you will get an email saying:
Your account has now been set up for the forums, the store and the Toolbox.
Your username is:
Your Toolbox password is:
Feel free to change this password.
Let me know if you have any problems logging in.
Thank you for being a Tool!
You should now be able to login as a Tool and get all the extras (full sized comics at lower compression, wallpaper of the month, lost panels, ad-free site, private Toolbox forum, podcasts, scripts, and more).
As a reminder, the Toolbox login is in the upper-right corner of any main Erfworld page, click on "Toolbox Login" (clickable link)
You should also have your store credit. You can check your store credit by:
-Logging onto your Store Account
-Click Modify Profile (Top Right in between Wishlist and Delete Profile)
-On the Modify Profile page, look for Points Available (between Profile Details and Personal information)
When you are ready to make your purchase, just fill your shopping cart, check out. Use to the Tool Point Payment option. The next step will ask you how many points do you want to use. Note that Tool points can not be used to pay for shipping fees. Finally, you pay the remaining balance.
If for some reason you did not get any points once your account is activated, fill out a Erfworld Customer Support form here:
Give them your account name and email address associated with your account.


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Find Buried Treasure with Pirate Party Games
Compete for your buried treasure in this fun and easy pirate party game. This pirate party game provides tons of fun for all the little maties at your party or event.
A pirate game like this is perfect entertainment for all of your pirate party guests. We have the pirate party games you need to make your pirate party a hit, plus tons of stunning pirate party favors and prizes to give to the winners.
good -
akship, ketchikan, alaska
kids love bean bag toss. Love the pirate ship. It is small so putting it on a table worked. The holes need to be larger so the little ones don't get so frustrated. also I put a little rubber end on the stick that helps it stand so it didn't fall over so much, they are chucking bean bags at it :-)
lots of fun -
jsp, ny
used for our annual family pirate party. it was lots of fun for all ages. we established lines at various distances for different ages. the grandchildren got it out on their own to play with several times later during their visit.
Fun but flawed -
Nathan, Orlando, FL
Appealing but needs some improvements. The small holes and nearly-upright position of the board make it very very difficult to score, even when you're just a foot away from it. The image is very cute, as are the different bean bags themselves, but the whole game needs to be just a little bigger. If you warn players that it's supposed to be very hard to score, that helps a little. I hear the Jack-O-Lantern Bean Bag Toss Game has the same problems, but that one is even cuter, with larger holes. 3-Stars for the Pirate version though.
Great game -
Laurie, Gilbert, AZ
I bought this for my son's 4th birthday party. He started playing with it long before the party started and keeps practicing. Unfortunately, we didn't have time to play at the party, but my son still plays with it now.
Pleasing -
My 3-year old Grandson loved this bean-bag pirate toss game. I was glad that the game arrived in plenty of time for me to wrap and deliver to an lovable little boy. I rated it 4 on educational only because we see educational as reading & writing. The truth is, it will help develop his hand-eye coordination which is good because he is a very sport orientated little boy. What fun!
|Average Rating:
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Enjoy casual dining and creative cuisine such as steak, seafood and pasta in a relaxed atmosphere. ...
"Steaks fit for a king or queen."
This fine little Greek restaurant has been treasured by the downriver community for over 20 years. C...
Create-your-own stir-fry. Choices include a variety of meats, poultry, and seafood; many different ...
Create-your-own stir-fry. Choices include a variety of meats, poultry, and seafood; many different ...
"Upscale traditional and non-traditional soul food served in a casually elegant ambience. Lots of A...
Upscale, eclectic dining indoors and on the patio. Handcrafted signature beers complement the distin...
Steak dominates the fare and theres nothing on the menu that would make a meat-and-potatoes lover s...
The menu centers on soups and sandwiches thus far, though within a few weeks Bailey plans to add som...
The lofty open space on two floors can accommodate intimate or large groups, and caters to canines a...
"Upscale cuisine and service in comfortable, supper-club setting located in historic Gem and Century...
(American, Eclectic, Tavern Fare)
"Specialty casual theme restaurant and bar with generous portions, '8-to-80' crowd appeal, and disti...
A full-service bar and restaurant with over 100 bottled and draught beers with 16 on tap. Features a...
This eclectic chophouse is the United States' second-highest restaurant and is located at the top of...
"A microbrewery serving steaks, ribs, pasta, fish, burgers, pizza, soups, salads, and desserts with ...
(American, Eclectic, European)
"Chef Paul Grosz' dream come true, Cuisine. The French-American styled restaurant provides a simplis...
(Italian, Mediterranean, Pizza)
Neighborhood Italian joint with eclectic and "from scratch" fare. A fresh Caesar or Caprese salad wi...
"Casual but upscale contemporary food served in a warm Paris bistro-style atmosphere. 47 years of se...
"Asian based, new American cooking a unique blend of Eastern and Western seasonings and cooki...
For a romantic mood, try one of the cozy corner booths at this Italian eatery, amid the music and tw...
Wednesday night is the busiest night at the Goldengate. Thats because its fire night, and because ...
Many of the Hill's signature dishes cater to a Reagan-era notion of good eating: surf and turf, lot...
"Live music, DJs, dancing, games, pool, TVs, hockey memorabilia, great food and great people! Pleas...
The menu changes frequently here, but when we last sent our reviewer, they raved about a top-of-the-...
Jacoby's has been a favorite downtown Detroit eatery and hangout since 1904. The main floor dining a...
(Middle East, Vegetarian Menu)
"White tablecloths, wine, fresh juices, Lebanese cuisine and pleasant company are all features of th...
"Lefty's Lounge is Detroit's premier sports pub. Boasting 15 giant TVs, amazing drinks specials, a ...
Lily's Seafood is a hot spot that offers not only a stunning interior and friendly service, but most...
(Asian, Japanese, Sushi, Thai)
Nu Asian cuisine: sushi, Thai, Phillipine and Japanese.


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Homepage >
Flame Half Helmet- Model #: 808-FLAME
The lowest price ever on a quality motorcycle helmet! Dirt bikes, street bikes, ATVs - no matter what you ride, you'll look cool and ride safe when you wear one of these half helmets! The rugged high-quality 709 ABS shell meets and exceeds DOT safety requirements and has an impact-absorbing EPS safety liner for added protection. Also features screw-in peak and adjustable double D ring chin strap. Comes with fabric draw string carrying bag. Size Small
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Compare Marcolin Products - Page 99 - Sort by reviews count (low to high)
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Discover what customer just like you thought of Marcolin products. Explore Marcolin ratings, reviews, advices and compare customer feedback. In addition to Marcolin reviews, recommendation for Eyeglass Frames and Prescription Eyeglasses are available for your assessment.
Would you like to share your opinion and provide buying advice for Marcolin products? Then fill out a Marcolin review today. If you would like to participate in a discussion of Marcolin product, visit our OpticsPlanet discussion forum. OpticsPlanet is an Authorized Dealer for Marcolin. We offer the largest selection of Marcolin Eyeglass Frames and Marcolin Prescription Eyeglasses with full manufacture warranty, discount pricing, outstanding customer service and Free Shipping on orders over $29.95.


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¡Una lectura exclusiva para hombres! ¿Qué los motiva y los impulsa? Explora tu conciencia y tu poder personal, y vislumbra los factores que mueven tu verdadera pasión. ¡Aprende a descifrar la misteriosa psiquis masculina con esta lectura poderosa y reveladora! ¡Comienza hoy mismo!
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You are now automatically enrolled as a member of Astrology.com and we will send you email about your readings as well as our products, services, discounts and special offers. You can unsubscribe anytime.
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From WND's Taking America Back 2010 convention in Miami, FL:
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In addition to reviewing print and online media, Media Matters monitors at least 150 hours of television and radio each week. This section features highlights (or low-lights) from our monitoring efforts, other noteworthy clips as well as original videos.
A Media Matters analysis finds that the Sunday shows covered climate change more in the first half of 2014 than in the last four years combined, following a push from nine U.S. Senators for increased coverage. Although these shows gave the issue more coverage, at times they used false balance, enshrouding the scientific consensus surrounding climate change.


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Alabama running back Eddie Lacy avoids Notre Dame safety Zeke Motta during the 2nd quarter. (Photo by Chad Weaver/The Goshen, Ind., News)
- Seasonal Content
- AP Video
- Judge Ponders Overturning Colo. Gay Marriage Ban Airlines Halt Travel to Israel Amid Violence NYPD Chief Calls for 'use of Force' Retraining VA Nominee McDonald Goes Before Congress Bush: Don't Worry, Sugarland Isn't Breaking Up US Official: Most Migrant Children to Be Removed Police Probing Brooklyn Bridge Flag Switch CDC Head Concerned About a Post-antibiotic Era Raw: First Lady Says `Drink Up' More Water Courts Conflicted Over Healthcare Law Holder Urges Bipartisanship on Immigration Raw: Truck, Train Crash Leads to Fireball US Airlines Cancel Israel Flights Obama Signs Workforce Training Law Crash Victims' Remains Reach Ukraine-held City Diplomatic Push Intensifies to End War in Gaza Cat Fans Lap Up Feline Film Festival Michigan Plant's Goal: Flower and Die Veteran Creates Job During High Unemployment
- NDN Video
- Justin Bieber In Calvin Klein Underwear Shoot Samsung Pre-Trolls The IPhone 6 With New Ad Jimmy Kimmel Introduces His Baby Girl Swim Daily, Nina Agdal in the Cook Islands Guilty Dog Apologizes to Baby for Stealing Her Toy Prince George Turns 1 and is Already a Trendsetter Train Collides With Semi Truck Carrying Lighter Fluid Kanye West Tells-All on Wedding in "GQ" Interview Tony Dungy Weighs in on Michael Sam Scarlett Johansson Set To Marry In August New Star Wars Episode XII X-Wing Revealed Obama: Putin must push separatists to aid MH17 probe Michigan inmates no longer allowed to wear orange due to 'OITNB' Adam Levine Ties the Knot Sebastian The Ibis Walks Beautiful Bride Down The Aisle | ACC Must See Moment NASA Ceremony Honors Moon Walker Neil Armstrong Faces of Souls Lost in Malaysian Plane Crash 105-year-old woman throws first pitch Man Creates Spreadsheet of Wife's Reasons for Turning Down Sex 'Weird Al' Is Wowed by Album's Success
Click HERE to read all your Parade favorites including Hollywood Wire, Celebrity interviews and photo galleries, Food recipes and cooking tips, Games and lots more.
Click HERE to read all your Parade favorites including Hollywood Wire, Celebrity interviews and photo galleries, Food recipes and cooking tips, Games and lots more.


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SPi's entertainment industry channel covers breaking celebrity, music and fashion news from around the world, international corporate profiles and market research reports. The entertainment industry (also informally known as show business or show biz) consists of a large number of sub-industries devoted to entertainment. However, the term is often used in the mass media to describe the mass media companies that control the distribution and manufacture of mass media entertainment. In the popular parlance, the term show biz in particular connotes the commercially popular performing arts, especially musical theatre, vaudeville, comedy, film, and music.
Regal Entertainment Group (NYSE: RGC), a leading motion picture exhibitor owning and operating the largest theatre circuit in the United States, today announced it will release fiscal first quarter 2014 results on Thursday, April 24, 2014 at 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time and hold a conference call at 4:30 p.m. Eastern Time. Interested parties can listen to the call live on the Internet or by phone. In...from: Regal Entertainment Group via Businesswire
This afternoon DC Entertainment via Businesswire notes; "DC Entertainment Celebrates 75 Years of Batman at WonderCon 2014 with Stellar Collection of Talent and Events" and SocialNightLife via Marketwire announced that "SocialNightlife Launches at Zero Gravity Event at the Largest Music Festival in Entertainment ". Earlier today, "Shedding Light on PC-to-TV Entertainment" wrote Logitech Blog
Sector Publishing Intelligence publishes market sector news, blogs, and press releases through its extensive news portal that aims to increase the sophistication of press/news dissemination on the Web. The site has been designed to join up useful news stories with helpful background data about companies, news providers and other related information to give visitors a holistic view on on an encyclopaedic range of topics.
Researchers and corporate visitors can use the power of our extensive databases to discover market news and information in a clear, quick and joined-up manner.
SPi has also created a large list of channels that may be of interest to visitors. These can been monitored using RSS Readers allowing followers to keep up to date with the latest breaking news as it happens. The full list of channels is shown at the bottom of the website.
There are also several Twitter accounts that can be followed for the most popular channels.
SPi News is published by Sector Publishing Intelligence Ltd.
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The Chancellor
Dr. Divina Grossman became Chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth on July 1, 2012. Prior to joining UMass Dartmouth, Dr. Grossman was the Founding Vice President for Engagement at Florida International University where she had also served as Dean of the College of Nursing and Health Sciences and Dean of the School of Nursing. Read more about Dr. Grossman.
UMass Dartmouth mission and vision
UMass Dartmouth history timeline


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Tigers Nip Seahawks In CAA Matinee
Courtesy: UNCW Athletic Communications
Release: 01/27/2013
TOWSON, Maryland - Senior Michelle Peebles poured in a game-high 18 points and added 10 rebounds to lead Towson to a 55-53 victory over UNCW in Colonial Athletic Association women's basketball action Sunday at the Towson Center.
The Tigers improved to 7-11 overall and 1-6 in CAA play as they halted a six-game losing skid with the two-point victory. The Seahawks, meanwhile, slipped to 2-15 and 1-5 as they suffered their fourth-straight setback.
Peebles was joined in double figures by junior Tanisha McTiller, who chipped in 13 points and seven rebounds as the Tigers held a 36-28 advantage on the glass, highlighted by 18 offensive rebounds that they were able to convert into 20 second-chance points.
Senior Karneshia Garrett and freshman Dana Brown scored 14 points apiece to power a UNCW attack that shot 43.8 percent (21-of-48) from the floor for the game. Senior Tawanna Lee joined the duo in double figures with 13 points while Garrett grabbed a game-high 12 rebounds to post her fifth double-double of the season.
In a tight contest that saw neither team hold a lead of more than six points over the final 35 minutes, UNCW trailed 55-50 when a 3-pointer by Lee from the right elbow made it a two-point contest, 55-53, with 66 seconds showing.
Junior Jessica Freeman almost tied the game moments later as she caused a Towson turnover at midcourt, but she was unable to convert a transition layup that the Tigers were to rebound and end the threat.
The Seahawks would get one final chance to tie the game; gaining possession with 11 seconds remaining after the Tigers missed two shots on their last trip down the floor.
UNCW would work the ball to Lee during the final possession, who drove the right side of the lane and put up a shot with two seconds remaining that did not go down, allowing the Tigers to record the two-point victory.
Earlier in the contest, Towson raced out to an early 11-2 lead, converting five of its first eight shot attempts to build the early advantage.
The Seahawks responded to the Towson opening charge, using back-to-back layups from Garrett and Freeman to spark a 17-2 run that spanned nine minutes and gave UNCW its first lead of the game, 19-13.
A jumper from Peebles at the 6:36 mark ended the Seahawks run and started a 10-4 stretch for the Tigers that knotted the score at 23-all. The two sides would trade baskets over the remaining three minutes before a three-pointer by Lee with 20 seconds on the clock would stake the Seahawks to a 30-27 lead at the break.
The two sides would trade baskets over the first seven minutes of the second half until a pair of free throws by senior Nyree Williams ignited a 10-2 spurt that would give the Tigers a 45-40 lead with 9:23 remaining.
The Seahawks would respond, notching six of the next eight points to make it a 47-46 contest, only to see Peebles score four straight points to push the Tigers advantage back to five, 51-46, with 4:42 remaining. Garrett and Peebles would then exchange baskets over the next three and a half minutes before Lee's triple set up the game's frantic final minute.
Both teams return to action Thursday with home contests. UNCW hosts William & Mary while Towson entertains James Madison. Tip off for both games is set for 7 p.m.
0 - Tawanna Lee
20 - Dana Brown
40 - Karneshia Garrett


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