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Washington Treaty
Washington Treaty The foundations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization were officially laid down on 4th April 1949 with the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty, more popularly known as the Washington Treaty. It is a model of brevity and provides for in-built flexibility on all fronts. Without the original text being modified at any stage, the Alliance has been able to adapt to a changing security environment through time and each Ally can implement the text in accordance with its capabilities and circumstances. The Treaty derives its authority from Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, which reaffirms the inherent right of independent states to individual or collective defence. Collective defence is at the heart of the Washington Treaty and is enshrined in Article 5. It commits members to protect each other and sets a spirit of solidarity within the Alliance. Only 14 articles long, the Treaty is one of the shortest documents of its kind. The carefully crafted articles were the subject of several months of discussion and negotiations before the Treaty could actually be signed by the 12 founding members in the Departmental Auditorium in Washington D.C. There were several areas of contention on fundamental issues such as the duration of the Treaty, its geographical scope, membership and the rights and obligations implied by Article 5. Once signed, the Treaty gave birth to the Alliance and only later did a fully-fledged organization develop. Strictly speaking, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) provides the structure which enables the goals of the Alliance to be implemented. To date, those goals have not fundamentally changed nor the Treaty been rewritten. The only so-called "amendments" made so far stem from the series of accession protocols which have been added as new members join, illustrating the foresight of its drafters and their ability to marry international concerns and objectives with national interests. Political context of the Alliance's birth The hostilities that had characterized relations between soviet and western powers since 1917 gradually re-emerged at the end of the Second World War. This "East-West" divide was fuelled by conflicting interests and political ideologies. There were clashes over peace agreements and reparations, and tensions were exacerbated by events such as the Berlin blockade in April 1948, the June 1948 coup in Czechoslovakia and direct threats to the sovereignty of Norway, Greece and Turkey. As the power of the Soviet Union spread to several Eastern European countries, there was concern among Western European countries that the USSR would impose its ideology and authority across Europe. From 1945, Western governments started reducing their defence establishments and demobilizing their forces. But in January 1948, Bristish Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin spoke of the need for a "treaty of alliance and mutual assistance", a defensive alliance and a regional grouping within the framework of the UN Charter. The United States would only agree to provide military support for Europe if it were united. In response, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, signed the Brussels Treaty in March 1948, creating the Western Union. Designed to strengthen ties between the signatories while providing for a common defence system, the Brussels Treaty ultimately became the basis for the Washington Treaty. In the meantime, the US Senate adopted the Vandenberg Resolution – a resolution that would change the course of American foreign policy since it allowed the United States to constitutionally participate in a mutual defence system in times of peace. The ground was set for negotiations to start on a transatlantic treaty. Negotiating and drafting the Treaty The talks on what would become the Washington Treaty took place between the powers of the Brussels Treaty (except Luxembourg, which was represented by Belgium) plus the United States and Canada. Representatives from Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States constituted the core drafting team, but participants from other countries also contributed to the initial discussions, with the assistance of a working group. What has been coined as the "six-power talks" gave birth to the Washington Paper, issued 9 September 1948, which contained an outline of possible future articles for the Treaty. Formal public treaty negotiations began 10 December 1948 with the Ambassadors Committee in Washington, D.C. For these talks, Luxembourg sent its own representative. Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Portugal and Italy were later invited to the final sessions of negotiations, which began 8 March 1949. Although the participating countries agreed that collective defence would be at the heart of the new Alliance, several other issues were still not resolved and needed to be worked out before the formation of the Alliance could become a reality. Collective defence Views on the implementation of Article 5 differed. The United States had previously taken a stance of officially avoiding foreign entanglements. Because of this, it was concerned that Article 5 would draw the country into a conflict through treaty obligations. Something had to be put in place to allow for the US to send aid to attacked countries without having to declare war. The European countries, on the other hand, wanted to ensure that the United States would come to their aid if one of the signatories came under attack. The United States refused to make this pledge and believed US public opinion would not follow so they proposed an option that would allow each country to assist other signatories "as it deems necessary." In other words, there would be no automatic declaration of war or obligation to commit militarily on the part of member countries; the action to be taken would be up to each individual member country. Ultimately, the American viewpoint on collective defence won out. Political and military cooperation Some drafters wanted more than just military cooperation between signatories. They wanted to expand cooperation to social and economic cooperation, but there were differing views on how to treat non-military issues. Ultimately, Article 2 went through, and now forms the basis of the Alliance's political and non-military work. Article 2 is reinforced by Article 4, which encourages the Allies to "consult together" whenever they consider it necessary, therefore facilitating consensus-building. The practice of regularly exchanging information and consulting together strengthens the links between governments and knowledge of their respective preoccupations so that they can agree on common policies or take action more easily. Geographical scope of the Alliance The geographical scope of the Alliance, both in terms of membership and area of responsibility, was yet another topic on which the negotiators had a difference of opinion. The United States and the United Kingdom saw NATO as more of a regional organization while other countries, such as France, felt it should take on a more global role. Ultimately Article 6 of the Washington Treaty details specific countries in the North Atlantic area, along with the caveat that in certain conditions the Alliance's responsibility could be extended as far south as the Tropic of Cancer to encompass any islands, vessels or aircrafts attacked in that area. However, according to one of the original drafters, Theodore C. Achilles, there was no doubt in anybody's minds that NATO operations could also be conducted south of the Tropic of Cancer and basically, worldwide. This interpretation of the Treaty was reaffirmed by foreign ministers in Reyjavik in May 2002 in the context of the fight against terrorism: "To carry out the full range of its missions, NATO must be able to field forces that can move quickly to wherever they are needed, sustain operations over distance and time, and achieve their objectives." Membership of the Alliance In terms of whom to invite to join the Alliance, again the drafters held diverging views. The United Kingdom wanted to keep the Alliance small and strong, avoiding commitments to peripheral countries, while the United States advocated inviting weaker countries or countries that were more likely to fall to Soviet aggression. France, on the other hand, was mainly concerned with protecting its colonial territories. Of concern to all three countries was Germany, whose membership was not immediately considered due to the complexity of its situation. The drafters also discussed inviting Italy, Greece, Turkey, Portugal, Iceland and the Scandinavian countries, essentially for their strategic value. Italy, Portugal and Iceland were among the founding members and ultimately, Greece and Turkey joined the Alliance in 1952. Iceland linked its membership to that of Denmark and Norway, which also joined in 1949; Sweden, on the other hand, categorically refused to have any links with NATO. Consideration was also given to offering membership to Ireland, Iran, Austria and Spain, but the idea was dropped largely due to internal conditions in each country. Colonial territories The status of colonial territories was one of the biggest bones of contention in the drafting of the Washington Treaty. France insisted on including Algeria, while Belgium requested the Congo's inclusion. However, the United States and Canada wanted to exclude all colonial territory, the main concern being that NATO would end up having to resolve problems stemming from the native population of overseas territories. Ultimately, the drafters granted France's request to include Algeria¹, which had been fully integrated into the French political and administrative organization as a French department, but rejected Belgium's request regarding the Congo. Duration of the Treaty The negotiating countries disagreed on how long the treaty should last. Some countries favoured a long-term agreement that would set the initial duration at 20 years, while others feared that anything beyond 10 years would be seen as an unnecessary extension of the war effort. Finally, at the insistence of Portugal, the Treaty was made valid for a 10-year period, after which the Treaty could be reviewed (Article 12); and only after the Treaty had been in force for 20 years could a member withdraw from the Organization (Article 13). To date, these two provisions have never been used, i.e., the Treaty has never been reviewed nor a member withdrawn from the Organization. 1. The Article dealing with French Algeria no longer became applicable from 3 July 1962, following the independence of Algeria. The Treaty and its fundamental values and principles Once Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the United States came to an agreement on the various areas of contention, they drafted a new document that would establish the North Atlantic Alliance. On 4 April 1949, the 12 countries signed the North Atlantic Treaty in the city which lends the Treaty its nickname: Washington D.C. The treaty committed each member to share the risk, responsibilities and benefits of collective security and required them not to enter into any international commitments that conflicted with the Treaty. It also committed them to the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and stated that NATO members formed a unique community of values committed to the principles of individual liberty, democracy, human rights and the rule of law. In addition to collective defence and key values, the principle of consensus decision-making and the importance of consultation define the spirit of the Organization, together with its defensive nature and its flexibility.
Weapons of Mass Destruction
Weapons of Mass Destruction (© Science Photo Library / Van Parys Media ) NATO's Strategic Concept made clear that "the proliferation of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction (WMD), and their means of delivery, threatens incalculable consequences for global stability and prosperity. During the next decade, proliferation will be most acute in some of the world's most volatile regions". Heads of state and government further emphasized at their Summit in Chicago in May 2012 that "proliferation threatens our shared vision of creating the conditions necessary for a world without nuclear weapons in accordance with the goals of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)". That is why NATO will work actively to prevent the proliferation of WMD by State and non-State actors through an active political agenda of arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation as well as by developing and harmonizing defence capabilities and, when necessary, by employing these capabilities consistent with political decisions in support of non-proliferation objectives. Both political and defence elements are essential to a secure NATO. The Alliance will be prepared for recovery efforts should the Alliance suffer a WMD attack or CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear – term for agents which can cause hazards to populations, territory and forces) event, within its competencies and whenever it can bring added value, through a comprehensive political, military and civilian approach. But despite significant progress, however, major challenges remain. NATO's Weapons of Mass Destruction Initiatives The Alliance stepped up its activities in this area in 1999 with the launch of the Weapons of Mass Destruction Initiative. This initiative was assigned to integrate political and military aspects of Alliance work in responding to proliferation of WMD. Since then, Allies continue to intensify and expand NATO's contribution to the global non-proliferation efforts, especially through strong support to various arms control and non-proliferation regimes and through international outreach to partners and relevant international organisations. Allies also intensify NATO's defence response to the risk posed by WMD, continue to improve civil preparedness and consequence management capabilities in the event of WMD use or CBRN attack or accident . The Weapons of Mass Destruction Centre The Weapons of Mass Destruction Non-Proliferation Centre was launched in May 2000 as a result of the Initiative on Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) that was approved at the April 1999 Washington Summit. It is structurally embedded in the Emerging Security Challenges Division (ESC) and combines in its work the knowledge of National Experts as well as of personnel from the International Secretariat. Core parts of the Centre's work are to strengthen dialogue and common understanding of WMD issues among member countries, to enhance consultations on non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament issues, to assess risks and to support defence efforts that serve to improve the Alliance's preparedness to respond to the risks of WMD and their means of delivery. In recent years the Centre focuses additionally on the protection of forces and populations against, chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear weapons and on missile defence. Improving CBRN defence capabilities The Alliance effort to improve NATO' s CBRN defence capabilities stepped up in 1999 led to the introduction of the five CBRN defence initiatives, endorsed at the Prague Summit in 2002. These initiatives represent a crucial advancement in improving NATO's defences against WMD and emphasise multinational participation and the rapid fielding of enhanced capabilities: a Prototype CBRN Joint Advisory Team that can assess the effects of a CBRN event, "reach back" to national experts and provide expert advice to NATO commanders, helping them to choose appropriate protection actions; deployable analytical CBRN laboratories that can be transported rapidly into theatre to investigate, collect and analyse samples for identification; a CBRN virtual pharmaceutical stockpile shared among Alliance members, which could rapidly support NATO deployed forces with pharmaceutical material to enhance post-exposure medical treatment and recovery; a Virtual Centre of Excellence for CBRN defence to enhanced visibility and transparency of all NATO CBRN training and education; a Near Real Time Disease Surveillance System to rapidly collect, identify, analyse and disseminate information related to any biological outbreak, with the goal of preventing or limiting the loss of personnel or resources. Four of the Prague CBRN defence initiatives have been brought to a successful conclusion. The first two initiatives now form the Combined Joint CBRN Defence Task Force (CJ-CBRND-TF) consisting of NATO's multinational CBRN Defence Battalion and Joint Assessment Team, which were declared "fully operational" at the Istanbul Summit in June 2004. NATO achieved an interim Disease Surveillance capability in June 2007, and a full operational capability is expected in the near future. As a consequence of all these efforts, NATO and NATO Allies have, until now, significantly improved and are further improving the Alliance's CBRN defence posture with the establishment of the Weapons of Mass Destruction Centre (WMDC), the Combined Joint CBRN Defence Task Force (CJ-CBRND-TF), the Joint CBRN Defence Centre of Excellence (JCBRN Defence COE), the Defence Against Terrorism COE, and other COEs and agencies that support NATO's response to the WMD threat. NATO Allies have invested significant resources in warning and reporting, individual protection and CBRN hazard management capabilities. Combined Joint CBRN Defence Task Force The multinational CBRN Defence Battalion and Joint Assessment Team now form the NATO Combined Joint CBRN Defence Task Force, which is designed to perform a full range of CBRN Defence missions. The Task Force is led by an individual Ally on a six-, or 12- month rotational basis. Under normal circumstances, it would operate within the NATO Response Force, which is a joint, multinational force designed to respond rapidly to emerging crises across the full spectrum of Alliance missions. However, the Task Force may operate independently of the NRF on other tasks as required, for example, helping civilian authorities in NATO member countries. The Task Force deployed to assist the Greek authorities in providing security for the 2004 Olympic and Paralympic Games in Athens and in support of NATO's Istanbul and Riga Summits. Joint Centre of Excellence on CBRN Defence The Joint CBRN Defence Centre of Excellence in Vyskov, Czech Republic, was activated in July 2007. It is an International Military Organization sponsored and manned by the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Centre offers recognized expertise and experience to the benefit of the Alliance, and supports NATO's transformation process. It provides opportunities to improve interoperability and capabilities by enhancing multinational education, training and exercises; assisting in concept, doctrine, procedures and standards development; and testing and validating concepts through experimentation. Standardization, Training, Research & Development NATO continues to; create and improve necessary standardisation documents; conduct training and exercises and to develop the necessary capability improvements in the field of CBRN Defence through the work of many groups, bodies and institutions, including: CBRN Operations Working Group; CBRN Medical Working Group; Joint Capabilities Group on CBRN Defence; CBRN Training Working Group; NATO Research and Technology Organisation; and the Political and Partnerships Committee (taking over the task of developing and implementing science activities, which were formerly managed under the auspices of the Science for Peace and Security Committee). Disarmament, arms control and non-proliferation Disarmament, arms control and non-proliferation are essential tools in preventing the use of weapons of mass destruction and the spread of these weapons and their delivery systems. That is why Allies will continue to support numerous efforts in the fields mentioned above, always based on the principle to ensure undiminished security for all Alliance members. In this process, disarmament of both conventional weapons and weapons of mass destruction are actively addressed. Regarding conventional weapons, NATO is committed to conventional arms control, which provides predictability, transparency, and a means to keep armaments at the lowest possible level for security. The Alliance will work to strengthen the conventional arms control regime in Europe on the basis of reciprocity, transparency, and host nation consent. On the field of WMD disarmament NATO has, with the changes in the security environment since the end of the Cold War, dramatically reduced the number of nuclear weapons stationed in Europe and our reliance on nuclear weapons in the NATO strategy. No NATO member country has a chemical or biological weapons programme. Additionally, Allies are committed to destroy any stockpiles of chemical agents and have supported a number of Partner countries in such activity. NATO members are resolved to seek a safer world for all and create the conditions for a world without nuclear weapons in accordance with the goal of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. That is why the Alliance will seek to create the conditions for further reductions in the future. One important step towards this goal is the implementation of the New START Treaty. Deterrence In the Alliance's 2010 Strategic concept, deterrence, based on an appropriate mix of nuclear and conventional capabilities, is identified as a core element of NATO's collective defence and will therefore contribute to the indivisible security of the Alliance. NATO must be prepared to utilise all options at its disposal to deter a potential aggressor from employing WMD. Deterrence is conveyed through maintaining a credible overall deterrence posture as well as declaratory statements that, inter alia, demonstrate NATO cohesion and resolve. The Alliance will reaffirm and communicate its resolve to hold accountable all those who support or enable the use of WMD against Allies. Missile defence In the "Comprehensive Strategic-level Policy for Preventing the Proliferation of WMD and Defending against CBRN Threats" of 2009, member states agreed that Ballistic missile proliferation poses an increasing threat to Allies' forces, territory and populations. Consequently, on the 2010 Lisbon Summit, NATO decided to develop a missile defence capability. Missile defence will become an integral part of the Alliance's overall defence posture. In Lisbon it was further decided, that the scope of NATO's current Active Layered Theatre Ballistic Missile Defence (ALTBMD) programme's command, control and communications capabilities will be expanded beyond the protection of NATO deployed forces to also protect NATO European populations, territory and forces. In this context, the United States European Phased Adaptive Approach is welcomed as a valuable national contribution to the NATO missile defence architecture, as are other possible voluntary contributions by Allies. In the process, NATO will actively seek cooperation on missile defence with Russia. The Alliance will continue to explore opportunities for missile defence co-operation with Russia in a spirit of reciprocity, maximum transparency and mutual confidence. NATO reaffirms the Alliance's readiness to invite Russia to explore jointly the potential for linking current and planned missile defence systems at an appropriate time in mutually beneficial ways. NATO missile defence efforts and the United States European Phased Adaptive Approach provide enhanced possibilities to do this. The NATO – Russia Council was identified as an adequate forum for these efforts. NATO is also prepared to engage with other relevant states, on a case by case basis, to enhance transparency and confidence and to increase missile defence mission effectiveness. NATO leaders declared that the Alliance now has an interim ballistic missile defence capability at their 2012 Summit in Chicago, marking the first step in the development of a NATO missile defence system. Improving civil preparedness Major civil emergencies can pose a threat to security and stability, and because CBRN consequence management is challenging and could be a massive, costly and protracted effort, NATO will be prepared to lend its capabilities to national authorities, if requested. NATO will continually review and update its Civil Emergency Planning (CEP) Action Plan for the Improvement of Civil Preparedness Against Possible Attacks with CBRN Agents to reflect the most recent political guidance; evaluate changes in threats, risks and vulnerabilities; incorporate the development of new technologies, capabilities and strategies; and enhance outreach to partners, international organisations and civilian entities, in accordance with CEP Ministerial Guidance. The Euro-Atlantic Disaster Response Coordination Centre, which is based at NATO Headquarters, stands ready to act as a clearing house for mutual assistance, upon request, and can also assist in coordinating civil-military cooperation in the event of such an attack. Creating standard agreements among Allies NATO continues to create and improve standard NATO agreements that will govern Allied operations in a nuclear, biological or chemical environment. These agreements guide all aspects of preparation, ranging from standards for disease surveillance to rules for restricting troop movements. Such standards combine with national force goals regarding protective and detection equipment, thereby ensuring interoperability of Alliance forces. In addition, the Alliance conducts many training exercises and senior-level seminars that are designed to test interoperability and prepare NATO leaders and forces for operations in a CBRN environment. Cooperating with Partners The Alliance will engage actively to enhance international security through partnership with relevant countries and other international organizations. NATO's partnership programmes are therefore designed as a tool to provide effective frameworks for dialogue, consultation and coordination. That way, they contribute actively to NATO's arms control, non-proliferation and disarmament efforts. Examples of institutionalised forums of the aforementioned cooperation include the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, the NATO-Russia Council, the NATO-Ukraine Commission and the Mediterranean Dialogue. NATO also consults with countries in the broader Middle East region which take part in the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative as well as with so-called "contact countries" (these are countries such as Australia, New Zealand, Japan and the Republic of Korea, which have less formal relationships with NATO but share NATO's values and contribute to NATO-led operations). The support of Partner countries has enhanced the effectiveness of Operation Active Endeavour, NATO's maritime counter-terrorism operation in the Mediterranean, which continues to make an important contribution to the fight against terrorism. International outreach activities Outreach to partners, international and regional organisations will help develop a common understanding of the WMD threat and encourage participation in and compliance with international arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation efforts to which they are party. It will also enhance global efforts to protect and defend against CBRN threats and improve crisis management and recovery if WMD are employed against the Alliance or its interests. Of particular importance is NATO's outreach to and cooperation with the United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU), other regional organisations and multilateral initiatives that address WMD proliferation. Continued cooperation with regional organisations such as the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) can contribute to efforts to encourage Member States to comply with relevant international agreements. On the practical side, NATO is organizing an annual non-proliferation conference involving a significant number of non-member countries from five continents. The latest event, hosted by the Hungarian Foreign Ministry in Budapest in June 2012, has already attracted more than 100 participants, including senior officials from NATO and partner countries, as well as a number of international organizations and academic institutions. This event is unique among activities in the non-proliferation field organized by international organizations in that it provides a possibility for an informal discussion on all types of WMD threats as well as the political and diplomatic responses to them. Croatia will host the next conference in 2013 The Alliance also participates in relevant conferences organized by other international organizations, including the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Interpol and others. Many of NATO's activities under the Science for Peace and Security Programme focus on the civilian side of nuclear, chemical and biological technology. Scientists from NATO and Partner countries are developing areas of research that impact on these areas. These include the decommissioning and disposal of WMD, and components of WMD, the safe handling of materials, techniques for arms control implementation, and the detection of CBRN agents. Working with Russia NATO-Russia cooperation is of strategic importance as it contributes to creating a common space of peace, stability and security. Already in 2002, during the Rome Summit, the NATO-Russia Council (NRC) was created. Today, it is a well-established forum for political dialogue at all times and on all issues, including where there is disagreement. Among those issues, non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery, and arms control are of particular interest for the WMD Non-Proliferation Center of NATO. A "Joint Review of 21st Century Common Security Challenges", has identified the fields above as areas for practical cooperation. NATO is in addition actively pursuing cooperation with Russia on missile defence, including through the resumption of theatre missile defence exercises. Further institutionalisation of the NATO – Russia cooperation is also mirrored through the NRC Ad Hoc Working Group on Proliferation Issues, also established in 2002, currenty named NRC Working Group on Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation – NRC(ADN). This body brings together representatives from Allied and Russian foreign ministries and other relevant agencies to discuss proliferation trends and concerns, and to explore possibilities for cooperation In addition to work under the auspices of the NRC, Allies are providing bilateral and multilateral assistance to Russia for weapons destruction, and for the safeguarding of nuclear and radiological materials. Such waste material has been accumulated from past activities in the production of nuclear weapons and the use of nuclear energy for civil and military purposes, and as a result of nuclear arms reduction. Furthermore, a joint NATO-Russia Advisory Group has been established to assess the impact of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear terrorism. At Chicago in May 2012, NATO leaders stressed that NATO missile defence is not oriented against Russia nor does it have the capability to undermine Russia's strategic deterrent. The Alliance, in a spirit of reciprocity, maximum transparency and mutual confidence, will actively seek cooperation on missile defence with Russia. The decision-making bodies The North Atlantic Council, NATO's principal decision-making body, has overall authority on Alliance policy and activity in countering WMD proliferation. The Council is supported by a number of NATO committees and groups, which provide strategic assessments and policy advice and recommendations. The senior advisory board that is dealing with the Alliance's political and defence efforts against WMD proliferation is the Committee on Proliferation. It brings together senior national officials responsible for political and security issues related to non-proliferation with experts on military capabilities needed to discourage WMD proliferation, to deter threats and the use of such weapons and to protect NATO populations, territory and forces. The Committee on Proliferation is chaired by NATO's International Staff when discussing politico-military aspects of proliferation, and by national co-chairs when discussing defence-related issues. In addition, various other NATO bodies assist the Alliance in achieving its non-proliferation objectives: The Defence Policy and Planning Committee (Reinforced) – DPPC(R) – consists of representatives from Allied capitals (mainly from the defence and foreign ministries). It is chaired by the Assistant Secretary General for Defence Policy and Planning. The DPPC(R) is the prime focus for defence and policy consultations on missile defence within the Alliance. The NATO-Russia Council (NRC) is a forum for consultation, cooperation and consensus building between NATO and Russia. Work in specific areas is developed in the framework of ad hoc working groups such as the NRC Working Group on Arms Control, Disarmament and Non- Proliferation, and NRC Working Group on Missile Defence – NRC(ADN) and NRC(MD), respectively. Evolution The use or threatened use of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) significantly influenced the security environment of the 20th century and will also impact international security in the foreseeable future. Strides in modern technology and scientific discoveries have opened the door to ever more destructive weapons. During the Cold War , use of nuclear weapons was prevented by the prospect of massive retaliation. The nuclear arms race slowed in the early 1970s following the negotiation of the first arms control treaties. The improved security environment of the 1990s enabled nuclear weapon states to dramatically reduce their nuclear stockpiles. However, the proliferation of knowledge and technology has enabled other nations to build their own nuclear weapons, extending the overall risks to new parts of the world. At the Washington Summit in 1999 , Allied leaders launched a Weapons of Mass Destruction Initiative to address the risks posed by the proliferation of these weapons and their means of delivery. The initiative was designed to promote understanding of WMD issues, develop ways of responding to them, improve intelligence and information sharing, enhance existing Allied military readiness to operate in a WMD environment and counter threats posed by these weapons. Consequently, The WMDC has been established at NATO HQ in Brussels. In 2002 , at the Prague Summit the Allies launched a modernization process designed to ensure that the Alliance is able to effectively meet the new challenges of the 21st century. This included the creation of the NATO Response Force, the streamlining of the Alliance command structure and a series of measures to protect NATO forces, population and territory from chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear incidents. In 2003 , NATO has created the Multinational CBRN Defence Battalion and Joint Assessment Team, which since 2007 are part of Combined Joint CBRN Defence Task Force. At the Riga Summit in 2006 , Allied leaders endorsed a Comprehensive Political Guidance (CPG). The CPG provides an analysis of the future security environment and a fundamental vision for NATO's ongoing transformation. It explicitly mentions the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery as major security threats, which are particularly dangerous when combined with the threats of terrorism or failed states. In July 2007 , NATO activated a Joint CBRN Defence Centre of Excellence in Vyskov, the Czech Republic. In April 2009 , NATO heads of state and government endorsed NATO's "Comprehensive Strategic-Level Policy for Preventing the Proliferation of WMD and Defending against CBRN Threats". On 31 August 2009, the North Atlantic Council decided to make this document public. In November 2010 at the Summit in Lisbon, NATO heads of state and government adopted a new Strategic Concept for the Defense and Security of the Members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Allied leaders also agreed at Lisbon to establish a dedicated Committee providing advice on WMD control and disarmament. This Committee started work in March 2011. In May 2012 at the Summit in Chicago, NATO heads of state and government approved and made public, the results of the Deterrence and Defence Posture Review. This document reiterates NATO commitment "to maintaining an appropriate mix of nuclear, conventional and missile defence capabilities for deterrence and defence to fulfil its commitments as set out in the Strategic Concept". The Summit also reaffirmed that "arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation play an important role in the achievement of the Alliance's security objectives" and therefore Allies will continue to support these efforts.
Women, peace and security: NATO's implementation of UNSCR 1325
Women, peace and security NATO's implementation of UNSCR 1325 This page has moved to a new location. If you're not automatically redirected, please click here .


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Tracy Sharp Baer, AKA John Smith, AKA Phlash Misericord, is a Cowardly Christian Conservative Republican troll who targets people with threats and insults. Now he's the target. Feel free to troll th…read more…
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Thailand on a Shoestring (ATRT)
Perfect for those looking to experience northern Thailand's cultural treasures and the natural beauty of its southern islands. This 16-day trip will help you get off the beaten path with a trek to the region's hilltribes but remains flexible enough to suit all tastes. From the lush hills of the north, stitched through with the diverse colours of its hilltribes, to the soft sands of the south and the glorious chaos of Bangkok, Thailand will leave you captivated.
Highlights: Experience the bustling streets of Bangkok, explore colourful Chiang Mai, trek to remote hilltribe villages, float down a river on a bamboo raft, enjoy the island beaches of Koh Samui and Koh Tao.
India on a Shoestring (AHRH)
From the monuments of Delhi to the colourful cities of Rajasthan, experience three weeks of northern India's best. Marvel at Jaisalmer's mud fortress and Bikaner's unique temple before journeying into the desert for an overnight camel safari. Follow in the footsteps of pilgrims and make your way to the Ganges River at Varanasi. Your expert CEO will take care of the hassles so you're free to see the sights or just soak up the vibe—India is home to great food, fascinating culture, alluring sights and friendly and inviting people. Discover the charms and mystery that make up this incredible country.
Highlights: Drink in a kaleidoscope of colour and culture, experience spiritual Varanasi along the Ganges, marvel at the Taj in Agra, wander vibrant cities, revel in the colourful villages of Rajasthan.
Vietnam, Laos & Thailand on a Shoestring (AVVL)
From the fast-paced nightlife of Bangkok to a slow boat along the Mekong, this trip brings you the best of Southeast Asia on a shoestring. You'll party along the beautiful bay of Vietnam's Nha Trang in the company of like-minded travellers and channel the French vibe sipping coffee in riverside cafés in Laos. Explore golden temples or hunt down treasures in local markets—the choice is all yours. Best of all, your CEO will take the hassle out of planning, so you're free to soak up the spirit of this amazing region.
Highlights: Explore vibrant cities, snorkel colourful reefs, shop in quaint Hoi An, float among the karsts of Halong Bay, discover sleepy Laos, cruise the mighty Mekong River.
- Travel Style:
- Yolo
- Trip Type:
- Small Group
- Service Level:
- Basic
- Physical Grading:
- 2
Budget China: Beijing to Hong Kong (ACRG)
For ambitious travellers on a tight budget who are after an experience full of the very best this country has to offer, this tour showcases the scenic wonders without missing its most famous cities and sites. Walk back in time along the Great Wall then see the future in Shanghai. Our CEOs will help you dig deeper into the very best of China. Offering a great deal of flexibility, our optional activities allow you to go beyond the highlights.
Highlights: Explore cosmopolitan cities, uncover ancient capitals and charming rural villages, hike the beautiful hills dotted with Longji rice terraces, marvel at the Terracotta Warriors, stand in awe on the Great Wall.
- Travel Style:
- Yolo
- Trip Type:
- Small Group
- Service Level:
- Basic
- Physical Grading:
- 3
Thailand on a Shoestring (ATRT)
India on a Shoestring (AHRH)
Vietnam, Laos & Thailand on a Shoestring (AVVL)
Budget China: Beijing to Hong Kong (ACRG)
|Service Level
|Starting Price
|Thailand on a Shoestring (ATRT)
|16 days
From $1399
|India on a Shoestring (AHRH)
|20 days
From $1349
|Vietnam, Laos & Thailand on a Shoestring (AVVL)
|22 days
From $1559
|Budget China: Beijing to Hong Kong (ACRG)
|18 days
From $1614


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Homepage > Recreation & Health > Personal Care >
GPS Tracking Heart Rate Monitor- Model #: 810
The workout monitor of the future is here and features an on-board GPS! The most advanced heart rate monitor we've ever sold! This Schwinn Pro Tracker calculates your heart rate, speed and distance to give you a total picture of your workout. Plus, it can monitor, track and analyze exercise and training routines or simply log the routes you travel. Features GPS watch, altimeter, digital compass, pedometer, sport watch, GPS WAAS/ ENGOS support, lap memory, multi GPS screens, 25,000 track points and more. Comes with chest belt, USB charging clip cable and software. 1-year limited warranty.
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I decided to use one of my extra bedrooms for my listening room/wifes gaming area. Its a basic setup that is almost complete. The tv will be mounted on the wall, I may or may not get this equipment shelf http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Whalen+F...9#tab=overview to replace the tv stand, and I will be getting the ikea ponag chair http://www.ikea.com/us/en/catalog/pr...28/#/S79903930
I hooked it all up and after a few adjustments It sounds good. I think I will need to make some acoustic panels. certain frequencies have odd effects in the room. It can get uncomfortable to listen to. I found out quickly that having the speakers near the back wall greatly inflates the midrange and makes everything sound muffled. If you have any ideas on where to start with placing panels let me know. I am researching the subject currently.
I am really happy with the way it came out. Looks better then I thought it would.


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Safari is a very rustic board with knots and cracks that has saw marks across the whole board. Smoking gives it a deep brown colour.
Show in Virtual Showroom
A rustic, handscraped product. Low sawn mark across the whole width of the board but randomly spread. Brushed, carbonized and nature oil gives it an old look.
Oak Bisbee is a 3-strip floor with moderate colour variations and a brown stain. May contain minor knots.
Walnut Bloom is a clean grade with no/few knots or significant colour variation.
Walnut Cocoa with a micro bevelled edge is a clean even grade with no/few knots or significant colour variation.
Orchard Walnut is a stained rustic 1-strip design. Contains sap wood and colour variation. May contain knots.
Garden Walnut is a natural one strip design. Contains natural colour variation and may contain small knots.


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Event cache
An event cache marks the location, date, time, description, requirements, etc. of a geocaching event, which is an official gathering of geocachers. Geocaching events are great opportunities to meet other geocachers in your area.
Many geocaching event caches that are sponsored by a local Geocaching Club will have food, fun, and fraternizing. Friends and family are often invited to geocaching event caches, even if they do not participate in Geocaching. Thus, geocaching event caches are a great method to recruit new geocachers.
Often, event caches are located in an area with many Geocaches around. Sometimes, temporary caches are set up for the geocaching event cache.
The first recorded geocaching get-together (now known as an event cache) was held in Austin, Texas, on March 24, 2001. It was hosted by Eoghan and Pumpkin Princess. The "hide" date was set as the actual date of the event (which became standard practice) and the meeting location coordinates were used for the "cache coordinates". (Ref: The History of Geocaching)
CITO event caches are events held specifically to clean up an area.
In 2006, Groundspeak added support for mega-event caches, which is an event cache attended by at least 500 people.
Geocachers who attend an event cache can post a log and receive an event cache icon.
Games and Activities for Events
Event organizers may find the following list of games and activities for events useful. Be careful not to over-schedule your event, and avoid planning games that split everyone up. Attendees will want unstructured time to socialize.
- Raffles and Door Prizes — Everyone gets one ticket. You can offer additional tickets as prizes for other games and activities. You can also give special prizes for the attendee who traveled the furthest, the attendee who has the fewest finds, etc.
- Geocacher Bingo – Attendees receive a "bingo card" with a 5-by-5 grid of characteristics (e.g., has fewer than 100 finds, has more than 1000 finds, owns a virtual cache, has found a terrain 5 cache, still uses an old yellow eTrex), and must write the name of someone with that characteristic who is present at the event. Each name can be used only once.
- Pin Swap — Attendees receive a lanyard with 10 identical pins on it. There are 10 different designs, and everyone must swap pins with each other to get a complete set of 10 different pins.
- GPS Accuracy Test — Attendees use their own GPS receivers to place survey flags as close as possible to specified coordinates. The flag closest to the "actual" location (determined in advance by the organizer's GPSr, or better yet, by a high-end surveying system) wins a prize.
- Crosswords and Word Hunts — Create a crossword or word hunt puzzle using geocaching-related words. Offer prizes for the first few people who correctly solve the puzzle.
- Cache Decorating/Camouflaging Contest — Invite attendees to bring decorated/camouflaged ammo cans, or have them decorate/camouflage cache containers at the event. (A separate contest for kids can help keep them from getting bored at the event.) The winner gets a prize. Everyone can take home their containers, or they can be auctioned off.
- The Swag Game — Display a dozen or more assorted trade items (ranging in value from a few cents to a few dollars) on a table, each identified by a different letter. Attendees must list the trade items in order of value. A good prize for the winner is a ready-to-hide cache container, complete with a log and all the trade items from the game.
- Bobbing for Film Canisters — Fill a tub with water, then toss in film canisters with various prizes in them. As with bobbing for apples, attendees try to retrieve film canisters with their mouths (no hands allowed). They get to keep the prizes in the retrieved film canisters.
- Micro Toss - Place a target on the ground. Attendees each get to toss one film canister at the target from behind a designated line. The film canister closest to the target wins.
- Coordinates Hangman - Display a set of blank coordinates (N _ _ ° _ _ . _ _ _ W _ _ _ ° _ _ . _ _ _) at the event. At regular intervals, fill in another digit in the coordinates. The winner is the first person to find the temporary cache located at the coordinates.
- Scavenger Hunt - either a standard scavenger hunt, or a scavenger hunt based on the contents of temporary caches.
- Potluck Meals.
- Temporary caches.
See also
- Learn to Host a Geocaching Event (GoGeocaching channel on YouTube)


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Homepage > Auto & Hardware > Auto Accessories >
Plug-In Goosenck Mount- Model #: PIMPTR5R
Stay connected to all your digital music, and enjoy it in your car with this FM transmitter from Pyle. Use your vehicle's FM frequency to deliver music from your iPod®* or other MP3 device! This user-friendly device delivers all your favorite digital music through your vehicle's speakers. Simply plug this device into your car's cigarette lighter, set a station, and stream your digital music over the FM frequency through your car's speakers. Now you can enjoy all your favorite music wherever you go. Color: Red. *iPod is a registered trademark of Apple, Inc.
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$ 75.00
Available at local Chamilia retailers.
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Article no.: 1320-0001
Crystals and Stones,
Sterling Silver
Light dances and elegance abounds with the Briolette Earring Bead Drop with fuchsia crystal Swarovski Elements. Place a Bead Drop on a Chamilia earring to create an elegant look or make a stylish statement by adding a bead to create your own design. The interchangeable bead drop can be customized with existing charms and beads. Please note that the bead drop is intended for use with Chamilia earrings only.
Urban Hoop Earrings - Small
$ 40.00


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West End star Adam Cooper discusses his exceptional transition from ballet star to musical theater leading man, why he found Black Swan laughable and the wet consequences of texting during his musical Singin' in the Rain.
In the sixth episode of her backstage vlog, Jessie Mueller heads into the recording studio with her castmates to record the original cast album of Beautiful.February 20, 2014
The Realistic Joneses stars Toni Collette, Marisa Tomei, Michael C. Hall & Tracy Letts talk up Will Eno's latest play about...well, we're not sure.February 20, 2014
Broadway.com meets up with the super-excited new stars of Les Miserables including Ramin Karimloo, Caissie Levy, Will Swenson, Nikki M. James and more!February 20, 2014
Before Tony Shalhoub and Santino Fontana tackle the role of Moss Hart in Broadway's Act One beginning March 20, they headed to Barnes & Noble to chat about the theater legend and read excerpts from his autobiography.February 20, 2014
This week on The Broadway.com Show, we've got the lowdown on Maggie Gyllenhaal's switcheroo, Broadway gangsters, Carey Mulligan's West End debut, a surprise from Sylvester Stallone and an all Kristin Chenoweth smackdown.February 19, 2014
The cast of the new A Raisin in the Sun, including Denzel Washington, Anika Noni Rose & LaTanya Richardson Jackson talk up the show at a press event.February 19, 2014
Meeting up with stars Adam Jacobs, Courtney Reed, James Monroe Iglehart and Jonathan Freeman and the creators of Broadway's newest musical comedy at a special launch event.February 18, 2014
Enjoy this video first look of new Cinderella stars Carly Rae Jepsen, Joe Carroll and Fran Drescher!February 18, 2014
Get a taste of the new Tom Kitt-Brian Yorkey musical If/Then as star Idina Menzel and the cast take the stage at the Cutting Room for a special fan concert on February 13.February 14, 2014
See video clips of Sylvester Stallone, Andy Karl, Margo Seibert and more at the first-ever Broadway performance of Rocky on February 13 at the Winter Garden Theatre!February 13, 2014
See stars Zach Braff, Marin Mazzie and more sing, dance and talk about about Woody Allen's new killer musical comedy Bullets Over Broadway, directed by Susan Stroman.February 13, 2014
Catch the madness when Anika Larsen steals Jessie Mueller's video camera and tapes everything that happens while Mueller's on stage performing in Beautiful. Also, Happy Birthday, Carole King!February 13, 2014


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Homepage > Gifts & Collectibles > Gifts For Her >
Women's Marquise Watch- Model #: TW691G
No one has ever attempted to recreate this classic original, until now. Every facet of this incredibly gorgeous timepiece has been painstakingly reproduced down to every detail including the graceful, sweeping second hand movement. The uniquely shaped case and buttons are crafted of brushed and polished stainless steel. The luxurious ivory face is accentuated by striking roman numerals. Of course it was also updated with kinetic power. Just like the original mechanical movement designed by inventor John Harwood in 1923, this 35 jewel mechanical automatic winding watch never needs batteries and never needs to be wound. It is constantly charging itself with the movement of your body. With a limited edition issue it will not be long before this classic disappears for another 80 years. Color: Gold.
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|Barbour, Wybersky Win Events On Friday
WILMINGTON, North Carolina - Kyle Barbour and Ashley Wybersky won the Hammer and 5,000 meters, respectively, as UNCW jumped out to leads in the men's and women's meets on Friday at the UNCW Seahawk Invitational.
For Barbour, he used a career-best mark of 177-9 to win the event while Wybersky topped the collegiate field by over 30 seconds in winning her event.
Also adding second-place finishes for the Seahawks were Clarissa Perkins (Hammer) and Shelby Hall and Aerial Chatman won the women's and men's Long Jump, respectively.
The meet concludes with a full day of activity on Saturday beginning at 10 a.m. with the High Jump. The track portion will being at noon with the 4x100.
The Seahawks ask that those attending to please bring canned foods for donation to Wilmington's food banks. There will be a receptacle at the entrance to the Greene Track & Field Complex.
Team standings:
Men: UNCW 96, North Dakota 29, Campbell 24, UNC Pembroke 7
Women: UNCW 57, North Dakota 50, UNC Pembroke 30, Campbell 10, Washington & Lee 7, Barton 2


text: For the Ampera, going further means taking the electric car from the realm of dreams into the real world. It means leading the industry with an electric propulsion system that can cover the average European commute of 40-80 km on battery power and then goes another 500 km with the range extender. The Ampera makes no compromises. It takes electric driving beyond the limits of battery power.


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SOI starts April 19. With WTT just a few days before that, would they be able to appear in SOI if they chose not to do WTT? (Not sure if there's a blocked period during which they can't do shows, in that circumstance.)
SOI starts April 19. With WTT just a few days before that, would they be able to appear in SOI if they chose not to do WTT? (Not sure if there's a blocked period during which they can't do shows, in that circumstance.)
Aren't skaters apparently pressured to go though. I thought that's what happened last year. Anyways I'm not sure what the point of this video is except to tell us Worlds is in London, Ontario from March 11-17, but I did notice in the inscription that it says Canada has two favorites out of the four disciplines. It got me thinking about the amount of pressure that Tessa and Scott (and Patrick) will be facing come March. I hope they will be able to handle it and I'm going to channel iggie and hope they get in their "bubble" circa 2010.
How long is SOI? Maybe they wouldn't take a 2 week vacation this year lol. But they're not going to do the Ex like they did last year I'm presuming.
SOI is April 19 through May 10. If they didn't do WTT, maybe they could take vacation before SOI. But like you say, they may not have a choice. The WTT rules, at least in the past, strongly pressured the top teams to compete. Not sure what this year's rules say.
Found this vid of a very young scott and tessa, thought you'd enjoy
Keeper of Nathalie Pechelat's bitchface.
queen tessa: http://25.media.tumblr.com/eb6a74a61...rap4o1_500.jpg
i love how v/m's funny face fd is the first thing that comes out when you search for ice dance on youtube
Wtt is from 11-14 and SOI start at 19 ??? isn't this too close ?
04/05: FD (Adios Nonino)
06/07: OD (Assassination Tango)
07/08: Tango was the CD
09/10: Ditto
Because the tango was the rhythm chosen for two compulsories in one quad, as well as the OD it's definitely over-represented in V/M's career. I wouldn't mind seeing an adult tango FD, but in the 14/15 season (heh).
I always thought Tessa looks like Kate Middleton.
I am going to check out getting tickets for CSOI. I haven't yet but the next 2 years it should be really good.
~I am convinced that life is 10% what happens to me and 90% how I react to it.~ (Charles R. Swindoll)
i wonder if tessa and scott have considered acting i wanna see them in movies
eta: do you guys think tessa and scott could dance to ragtime for next year sd? does the genre of music fit the finnstep pattern?
omg it would be so awesome if either v/m or d/w dance to henry burr's "if you were the only girl in the world" because tessa and meryl are both downton abbey fans (i wonder if they watch it together)
Last edited by rainbowkisses; 01-31-2013 at 04:32 PM.
I already got the help that I asked for (thanks a lot, Cherub721 ).
Last edited by lauravvv; 01-31-2013 at 11:36 PM.
Sorry, yes, I am bad person, but if you ask someone for help, you could be more kind, no? There are so many good people on fsu, who could give video link to you so why ask me to do this?
Deleted - wrong place for this.
Last edited by lauravvv; 02-01-2013 at 01:57 PM.


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Statoil Energy RealitiesVoice
A Guide To Global Energy Needs
By The Economist Intelligence Unit, an Energy Realities Partner
For how many more years can the Arctic fend off a resource-hungry world?
When the first wintertime shipment of liquefied natural gas (LNG) from Norway to Japan gingerly crept through the icy Arctic waters this past November, many proclaimed that a new era had begun for the region which surrounds the North Pole. Long thought to contain a sizable chunk of the world's untapped natural resources, the brutal environment north of 66 degrees latitude has filled dreams for many decades. The crossing was a novel triumph for Gazprom Gazprom, a Russian gas company, which aims to broaden its exposure to the fast-growing Asian LNG market. But the Arctic was not ready to yield so easily and would soon bite back at any attempt to exploit its riches. As Shell, an Anglo-Dutch oil and gas company, would discover while attempting to drill for new oil off the north coast of Alaska, the most advanced technology the world can afford is no match for the wild forces of Arctic weather. One of Shell's large rigs broke free from a tow ship and eventually ran aground. The experience led Shell to suspend Arctic exploration, and the story has reverberated loudly through the oil and gas industry. So while the Arctic is slowly opening up for transport, it may take longer before actual resource extraction occurs on any broad scale.
Laurence C Smith and Scott R Stephenson, two geographers at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), have gained attention for their work studying the pace at which the receding Arctic ice will increasingly open up the region. Their recently published paper, "New Trans-Arctic shipping routes navigable by midcentury", shows that the existing Northern Sea Route is set to greatly expand and that the Northwest Passage—which traverses the North American segment of the Arctic—will become viable. So much so that, by mid-century, trans-Arctic shipping will appear more common across the polar region. For the next few decades, according to Stephenson, "there will be uncertainty throughout the century. We do not even forecast, for example, the region to be totally ice-free at mid-century. But we have very high confidence Polar Class ships [ships to which an ice class has been assigned] can transit by mid-century."
Melting models
Change is already in motion, which will affect shipping well before mid-century. Aggregating seven different climate-forecasting models, Smith and Stephenson also suggest that in the nearer term the Northern Sea Route (NSR)—the pathway that hugs the coasts of Norway, Russia and onward through the isthmus between Alaska and western Russia—will broaden during the northern hemisphere summer. The opportunity for non-ice-strengthened, open-water ships to transit the NSR will increase therefore as the seasonal window, which currently runs from July to October, opens further.
Although the rate at which late summer ice has collapsed since 2006 has shocked environmentalists and climate scientists, Stephenson points out that "the possible advancement in the starting date of navigation has more to do with the overall negative trend in ice extent—which is robust, with satellite data back to 1979—and less to do with the more rapid decline observed in the last decade."
Transit to Asia
It is probably no accident that Gazprom's experimental, wintertime LNG shipment targeted Japan. The Asian market for LNG is soaring. China's recent imports have risen to the highest levels ever and Japan, which lost more than 25% of its electricity inputs from nuclear in the post-Fukushima environment, has also recently called on massive increases in coal, LNG and oil imports to make up the difference.
It would not be surprising, therefore, if global LNG shipments began to increasingly transit the Arctic during the expanding summer window of lower ice levels. Japan routinely pays some of the highest world prices for imported LNG and recently paid over US$19 per million BTU, according to Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) data, which is an even higher price on a BTU basis than oil. Asian buyers of LNG, as price-takers, will surely seek ways to create pricing competition. China, Japan and other Asian countries could possibly optimize for max-loading shipments of summertime LNG, by expanding their domestic storage networks.
Extreme resources
Since the start of the millennium the world has increasingly turned to energy resources at the extreme end of the recovery spectrum. Projects of the kind seen over the last decade at Sakhalin, a Russian island, for example, have served as a test case showing how ice floes, permafrost and volatile weather can rapidly balloon into massive cost overruns and delay. And Sakhalin itself, for all its difficulty, is actually located just south of the Arctic circle.
At these new frontiers of resource extraction, companies are often starting from scratch. This is why the advent of more habitual transport will almost certainly precede any resource extraction in the Arctic. If transport routes open up even more quickly than anticipated, the development cycle in the Arctic could also proceed at a faster pace.


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use Ecoupon FHDupgrade, Ends 14th August.


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The new MicroDynamics OCS721 open channel microwave UV technology offers long lamp life with more cost savings in a smaller footprint.
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Xcelsius® 2008 Dashboard Best Practices
By: Loren Abdulezer
Publisher: Sams
Publication Date: 22-DEC-2008
Insert Date: 25-AUG-2008
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Overview: Xcelsius® 2008 Dashboard Best Practices
THE DEFINITIVE, COMPREHENSIVE, OFFICIAL GUIDE TO XCELSIUS 2008 DASHBOARDS Using Xcelsius, you can create powerful, interactive dashboards, gather data from spreadsheets or databases, and deliver knowledge that can be instantly understood and acted upon. Now there's a definitive, authoritative guide to making the most of Xcelsius 2008, the newest version of this breakthrough product. Loren Abdulezer, editor-in-chief of Xcelsius Journal, shares insider's knowledge that goes far beyond any other book or online help resource. Abdulezer introduces Xcelsius 2008, reviews its core concepts,...
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2.1: Peachtree DAC●iT>Yaqin MC-10L w/6CA7-EH, Voskhod 6N1P-EV>polkaudio RT25i, PSW202
5.1: ATI HD5850 HDMI Bitstreaming>Denon AVR-1910>polkaudio RT7, CS350-LS, RT3, PSW505, Sony Bravia KDL-52W3000
Congratulations on the new system PFB, that looks like one sweet___ system bro and we now it's been a hell of a climb for you to get to this point of your audio journey, enjoy!
Breaking stuff...seems to be a theme here. (Too soon? )
Seriously though, nice rig. Let me know what you think about the Primalunas. That is a great deal if they sound as good as they look.
"Unwad those panties and have a good time man. We're all here to help each other, no matter how it might appear." DSkip
I may have an addiction... RTA-15TL, SDA 2, LSi25, LSi15, LSi9, LSi7, LSiCx2, LSiFX, LS/FX, RT/FX, DSW MP2000...and that's just the Polks...
My yaqin was a gateway drug and a dam good one but from coming here and reading my idea of a real 2 ch system had to consist of.. a good playback source, cables that make you feel like your being ripped off paying for and musical amplification
Last edited by polkfarmboy; 04-26-2013 at 02:27 PM.
The roll-off and tonal characteristics generally are more characteristic of the tubes themselves, not the amp. I think you made a great purchase, but I wouldn't discount any tube amp without having a decent selection of tubes for it. Most the tubes I have are mediocre at best, currently running Sovtek 12AX7's and Sylvania 12AT7's and really like the combination, but I still want to roll some other ones in. The Yaqin that Marvin brought over just annihilated my Jolida on every speaker we played them on. The difference I still think was in the tubes.
With that said, I think you made a definite upgrade and wish I were so lucky.
Last edited by DSkip; 04-26-2013 at 02:49 PM.
Usher CP-6311, Shuguang S200MK, Shuguang S845MK, Pioneer BDP-51fd, Essence Audio HDACC, Douglas IC's, Douglas Alpha bi-wire SC's, Pangea/Douglas PC's, Epson 8100
Very nice setup man congrats! Nothing like getting new gear that exceeds your expectations. Enjoy and keep us posted.
Your First one yea right.... Very Nice!
Carver Amazing Fronts
CS400i Center
RT800i's Rears
Sub Paradigm Servo 15
Conrad Johnson PV-5 pre-amp
Parasound Halo A23
Pioneer 84TXSi AVR
Pioneer 79Avi DVD
Sony CX400 CD changer
Panasonic 42-PX60U Plasma
WMC Win7 32bit HD DVR
Same deal with the Gold Lion EL34's--plain 'ol EH EL34's built at the New Sensor plant, with a fancy label added.
Again, the Yaqin isn't going to compete with what you have now, obviously, but you weren't even close to getting the best performance out of it. Not that it matters--you can put that all behind you now that you have this beast!! Enjoy, and let us know how it goes!
Last edited by Tbone289; 04-26-2013 at 04:10 PM.
2.1: Peachtree DAC●iT>Yaqin MC-10L w/6CA7-EH, Voskhod 6N1P-EV>polkaudio RT25i, PSW202
5.1: ATI HD5850 HDMI Bitstreaming>Denon AVR-1910>polkaudio RT7, CS350-LS, RT3, PSW505, Sony Bravia KDL-52W3000
What happens with an ESL panel at higher frequencies is the impedance of the panel can drop below the impedance of the amplifier and the amp further rolls off the highs, depending on the amount of mismatch.
Recently I went the other way as you and removed all the tubes from my ESL system, but do admit there was a time I enjoyed them there. Njoy your journey.
I've had gear that sounded great with newly manufactured tubes. Russian mostly as I don't think the Chinese have metallurgy down, or they were/are not consistent across manufacturers anyway.
Make yourself necessary to someone. Ralph Waldo Emerson
Salk SoundScape 8's
Krell KRC-HR Class A Pre w/ Reference Phono
Krell Class A KSA-250
Harmonic Technology Pro 9+
Squeezebox Touch / Welborne Labs PS / I2S Out Mod
Denon 3910 w/I2S/DSD Out
Twisted Pear Buffalo III Dual Mono ESS Sabre32 DAC
Sennheiser HD650
Heavy Plinth Lenco L75 Idler Drive
AA MG-1 Linear Air Bearing Arm
AT33PTG/II & Denon 103R
Shunyata Hydra (Original)
NHT B-12d subs
GIK Acoustic Treatments
CP Showcase
Sweet system. Enjoy PFB.
__________________________________________________ ___________________________________________
Source: SONOS Music System, DAC: W4S DAC-2, Pre/Pro: Marantz AV8801, Amp: W4S MC5, Front: Polk RTIA9, Center: Polk CSIA6, Surrounds: Polk FXIA6, Sub EQ: DSPeaker Anti-Mode 8033C, Subs: 2 - Polk DSW PRO660WI, IC & Speaker Cables: Signal Cable
The Gold Lion KT77 and KT66s are decent, but the Gold Lion KT88s sound excellent in the PLs. Shuaguang Treasures sound even better IMHO.
Very, very nice rig! But I'm a little confused?
How does a farm boy "afford" equipment that an East Coast Prof. can't? And, I didn't think that most farm houses had baseboard heating in them. lol
Just what kind of farm boy are you? Chairman of Monsanto?
Last edited by cnh; 04-27-2013 at 12:25 PM.
Onkyo TX-SR 805 System #1 HT AVR
Office Two Channel: LSi-7s (Nakamichi CA-5, NAD 214, Pioneer BDP51fd)
Vintage Polks: Polk Monitor 5As, Monitor 7Bs [HK 730], Monitor 10As [Marantz 2265], SDA-2Bs [Jolida JD-303, Jolida MV-MK4]
Headphones: HD600, Q701, ATH-M50s etc. Bravo Audio Ocean amp., Onkyo P-304, Adcom GFA-555, Technics Direct Drive TT
A phrase comes to mind from our absent mod Doro...... "HT is easy, 2ch is where its at" I think I am getting a better understanding of what he meant after only a short while of having my setup
I received the wireworld gold eclipse 6 ic's on Saturday as a nice surprise instead of the Monday due date. When I opened the package and unpacked them I noticed they were nothing special to look at. They have a screw mech on them so you can tighten them up and a little red glass logo that serves no purpose and slides up and down the cable. The cable feels like its rock solid wire with little flex but who cares as they are not for looking at anyways
I have been burning in the electra power cables as well as the sratus any way I can on any devices and the tube amps have just been on playing music through the polks almost 24 h per day. The system is like Frankenstein's monster lol as it just keeps coming alive with the more juice I pump into it day by day.
Well here is the missing link ... the gold eclipse... holy sh$t are these a great ic. I know it takes time for them to burn in but it just pealed off another layer of something I never knew was there in the first place. The bass was defined and it really improved the top end by quite a large margin. There is another layer of quietness to the system that is just not there when I remove them, things just seem to hang in mid air when I use these, its almost like going from a dvd to a bluray they really are that good. I always scoffed at cables let alone making a transformation of this margin. Its still really early in the burn in stage so I still can't properly evaluate or do some A/B testing on individual components but I am so amazed by the romance this brings to cold hearted tracks and it punishes really bad music for being bad
I did play around with the wire world cables too and these are very good and very musical and still highly detailed. I think these are a very important link in the chain and are miles better than what I have tried previously. These cables are super stiff and take alot to bend as they are like 10 awg, these have the same design of the platinum and gold eclipse that retail for stupid money. Even though pricey I think they offer good value and cant really see myself getting any added benefit for climbing higher up the ladder as you can only pass through so much signal through the mid range components I use
Nice setup man , congrads. Why Wireworld? They seem to be making a splash in the Audio world. I hear about them more and more. They even approached us to carry them. I turned them down.
Should I give them another look?
My personal quest is to save to world of bad audio, one thread at a time.
"He who fights with monsters should look to it that he himself does not become a monster. And when you gaze long into an abyss the abyss also gazes into you." Friedrich Nietzsche
Yep the glass sleeve has an arrow but so does the the rca terminations so it just seems a little gimmicky, but I have to admit I never really noticed that until your post
I would for sure have a listen to them Dan, they have a really good value to them and have interesting reviews. I chose them for the design of the cables as its diff to everything that is out there. There are many good price points but went for the reference line with the electras's pc's, speaker cables and ic's.
I don't notice a huge diff in the power cords yet as they are not burned in all they way but I do know for sure it makes my gear sound better and my tv picture has less pixel noise
looking good!
Bryston DACs are all the rage this year.
2CH Setup.
Sonos Pre-Amp
Crestron CNAMPX16x60 (Bridge Mode)
MIT AVT2 Interconnects
Really nice
Very nice system Farmboy - the Wireworld cables are a nice choice.
Strictly 2 channel
Rotel RC-1550 pre
Rotel RB-1582 amp
Catcables Kingcats ICs
APC S-20 line conditioner
B&W N804 mains
B&W ASW800 sub
Rotel RCC-1055 changer
Denon DVD 1000
Listening Room:
McIntosh C2300 preamp
McIntosh MC452 amp
McIntosh MCD-500 SACD player
AQ Colorado XLR ICs
AQ Columbia ICs
APC H-15 line conditioner
Sonus faber Auditor M speakers w/stands
REL B1 subwoofer
Rega P9 w/Lyra Delos
Pioneer RT-707 R2R
Zu power cables & XLRs
Impressive! Great new toys!
"Science is suppose to explain observations not dismiss them as impossible" - Norm on AA; 2.3TL's w/sonicaps/mills, polyswitches removed, Lg Solen inductors, RD-0198's, MW's dynamatted, Armaflex speaker gaskets, H-nuts, brass spikes, Cardas CCGR BP's, upgraded IC Cable, Black Hole Damping Sheet strips installed on back wall behind MW's & Tweeters, interior of cabinets sealed, AI-1 interface with 1000VA A-L transformer
looks perfect
Main Family Room: Sony 46 LCD, Sony Blue Ray, Sony DVD/VCR combo,Onkyo TXNR 708, Parasound 5250,
Polk SDS-SRS with mods, CSI 5 center + Klipsch SC2, Polk RT2000P rears, Klipsch KG 1.5's sides, Polk Micro Pro 1000, Polk Micro Pro 2000, Polk SW505, Belkin PF60, Signal Cable Classics,Monster IC's, 2 15 amp circuits & 1 20 amp circuit.
Living Room: Belkin PF60, Parasound HCA2200, MIT ProlineEXP balanced IC's,Emotiva XDA-1 DAC/Pre,Emotiva ERC2 transport,MIT AVT2, Polk LSI 9's.
Thanks for the kind words everyone, I think what I need now is a really good usb cable. The cable I am using now is a cheapo and needs to go as its the weakest link in the chain. There have been some good reviews and comparisons done on the forum so I may go grab one thats been proven to be good like the aq forest or see if I can get something else. I am impressed with the wireworld cables I have so I might go grab a few of those to try. Wireworld has 4 cables, the ultra violet, starlight, silver starlightand platinum starlight. The prices on the wireworld usb's are horrible but they use that unique design so it may be a good move
WOW your system Hot!, Where do you live?, I need to come hear that system one day!
Polk Audio SDA SRS 1.2TL's
With new Exotic wood, Sonicaps, Mills & RDO198's - Born on 4-24-1989 and Signed by Matthew Polk!!!!
My Polk SDA SRS 1.2TL's http://www.LASAREATH.com/
It All Started here: http://tinyurl.com/lasareath2
Part Deux: http://tinyurl.com/lasareath3
Car Stereo---->http://www.salsleaf.com/leaf_stereo/index.htm<---- NEW for 2013
I am way out in ND, the tubes help to heat my apartment lol
How is the Gold Lion KT77 a plain old EH EL34? It's a completely different tube made to be an EL34 direct replacement. It looks NOTHING like an EH EL34. Please get the facts right instead of posting false information.
Congrats! Excellent looking set up you have there. Enjoy.
Last edited by organ; 05-04-2013 at 01:20 AM.
CD Player: Original CD-A8T
Receiver: Harman/Kardon HK3390
Speakers: Polk Audio RT1000p
"I would rather have a cup of tone than an ocean of power" **Dr. Harvey Rosenberg**
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This blog provides information regarding the Oracle Directory Server Enterprise Edition and Oracle Unified Directory products. Use this blog to get the latest breaking information regarding releases and updates plus other technical and non-technical information.
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After Tony-nominated performances in Company and Speed-the-Plow, Raúl Esparza is calling the Ethel Barrymore Theatre home yet again as math scholar Valentine Coverly in the Broadway revival of Tom Stoppard's Arcadia. Esparza welcomed Broadway.com to his backstage dressing room (where Marlon Brando was a former tenant!) to show off his five must-have items for a successful show. Click below for a guided tour by Esparza as he presents his impressive bar and the fancy cologne he's chosen to wear onstage.
In this week's episode Sierra Boggess takes us into the exclusive Club Christine. In part one of two, Sierra gabs with nine of the Phantom's past and present Christines. Come back for part two next week!July 22, 2014
It's swag day ay at If/Then as James Snyder and his fellow cast members get gifts from fans, including a box of chips and a lightsaber.July 24, 2014
Disney has done it again with their new stage adaptation of the animation hit Aladdin! Hear all about the new family favorite from the stars and creators in this video trailer.July 15, 2014
The Lion KingSeptember 25, 2008
The Matilda funny lady talks about her surprise Olivier win, career highs and lows, kiddie co-stars, awesome dog and more.July 17, 2014
On this week's brand new episode of The Broadway.com Show, we've got an out-of-town Smackdown, a heartfelt salute to Elaine Stritch, big news from Bryan Cranston and much more.July 23, 2014
See clips from the Broadway sensation inspired by The Wizard of Oz.September 25, 2008
Enjoy this video first look of new Cinderella stars Carly Rae Jepsen, Joe Carroll and Fran Drescher!February 18, 2014
Watch video of Broadway's longest-running phenomenon!September 25, 2008
This week, Sierra Boggess shows us what Norm Lewis is cooking up backstage at The Phantom of the Opera. Spoiler alert: it's dinner!July 29, 2014
See a video sneak peek of Broadway's long-running sexy smash!September 25, 2008


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drachefly wrote:Housellama wrote:Quantum mechanics is just booping weird. It contains contradictions
No, it doesn't. It's a consistent system. If it weren't consistent, it wouldn't even be worth considering.
Well, it depends on what you call "quantum mechanics."
You have to understand - the reason why so many physicists are actually mathematicians is because the math needed to describe physics at the scale we can reach now doesn't exist yet. So what physicists do with the math they have is say "&!@# it, I'm pretty damn sure the theory's right, so we'll just quietly ignore this problem and pretend it actually works out." Later physicists wave their hands and try to claim that what they're doing is perfectly fine. But that's post-hoc rationalization - they bull$*!+ their way through it, and they knew it. Seriously, some of the math blows up in 4 dimensions, so one of the tricks is to say "well... let's *pretend* we don't live in 4 dimensions... let's pretend we live in "4+a little" dimensions, and then we'll just take 'a little' to go to zero and pretend that's the right answer." The mathematicians around might say that's okay (it's called 'analytic continuation') but seriously, if the math doesn't work in the number of dimensions you're actually working in, it ain't all that great math.
So if you're talking about the concepts of quantum mechanics... the fact that things are quantized, the fact that certain observables are complementary, the fact that you have certain fundamental symmetries of the universe - those guys are fine. But if you're talking about the actual math - it's loaded with contradictions. Physicists just say "OK... so the answer isn't *really* infinity... so let's just replace it and pretend we never saw the infinity." Again, you might think "well, OK..." but the problem is that sometimes when you cheat and do that, you end up making your nice, elegant theory that you base all your other math on not actually work anymore. It just really depends on whether you think the math is all that important or not - and most physicists tend to side on the "if I can calculate a number and that number ends up being right, I don't care if the math sucks."
As a note, this is par for the course for physicists. Dirac needed a function that picked out a specific value when you integrated over it. So he just said "OK... there is one. Now we're gonna use it and play around with it." Mathematicians looked at it and said "WTF! How the heck does this work?" and Dirac basically responded "Who the hell knows, you go find out and I'm gonna do physics." Thirty years later they managed to actually work out a consistent description of Dirac's delta function. (Meanwhile Dirac had laid down most of the basics for the next century of physics).
Dirac's attitude was that the math that's used isn't intended to be descriptive, but just to figure out some way to calculate things. His opinion would be that describing string theory to the public is a waste of time, because it's just math, and has nothing to do with what's actually going on in the universe. Similarly he would be railing against Kaku's goofy "space pushes" description. History has proven Dirac to be right many many times - the mathematics of a theory usually long outlast its silly examples - so I tend to side with him in that. Waving your hands around and saying "look, strings!" is just not helpful to actually explain physics.
I mention this because your statement of "if it wasn't consistent, it wouldn't be worth considering" is unfortunately very naive. In fact, most modern physics theories start out life hopelessly inconsistent, but physicists, like Dirac, basically said "whatever, I can use it to calculate stuff. Good enough for me" and just hope the mathematicians figure it out eventually.


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Michael Gallucci
Michael Gallucci is the editor in chief of Diffuser.fm. His previous gigs include associate editor of Ultimate Classic Rock, managing editor of Cleveland Scene and writing about music and movies for All Music Guide, American Songwriter, the A.V. Club, Goldmine, M Music & Musicians, Paste, Spin, the Village Voice and other publications and websites.


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Stafford Hospital is a general medical and surgical hospital in Stafford, VA, with 100 beds. Survey data for the latest year available shows that 35,949 patients visited the hospital's emergency room. The hospital had a total of 3,459 admissions. Its physicians performed 1,155 inpatient and 3,541 outpatient surgeries.
For more about this hospital, see hospital details. The information shown is provided by the American Hospital Association, which compiles data on all U.S. hospitals through an annual survey and from other sources. Hospital ownership, number of doctors and nurses, volume of births and ER visits, and available services such as sports medicine are just a few examples of data collected by the AHA. Find out more at www.ahadata.com.
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Stafford Hospital
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(540) 741–9000