A block-base bag is for vacuum cleaners. The bag includes, in the interior thereof, a diffuser made of strips of material and/or sheet materials with oblong-shaped flow openings. Such bags are distinguished by excellent dust storage capacity and extension of the useful life.

The increase in dust storage capacity—i.e. extension of the useful life (lifespan)—of a vacuum cleaner filter bag is, in addition to improved separation power (particle retention), a substantial aim in the development of filter bags.
This can be achieved by innovative bag materials or also by the incorporation of material surfaces which influence the airflow in the filter bag. Thus EP 0 960 645 and EP 1 795 247 disclose nonwoven materials for vacuum cleaner bags having particularly good dust storage capacity.
EP 1 787 560 shows flow distributors in the form of squares or strips of material which are fitted in the region of the inlet opening of the filter bag and are able to split and deflect the incoming airflow into partial flows. In EP 1 804 635, the concept is developed with respect to a second flow distributor supplementing the function of the first flow distributor. From DE 20 2008 008 989 and DE 20 2008 003 248, combinations of two flow distributors with a spacing means are known.
From DE 20 2006 016 303, a filter bag which comprises a bag having an interior which is subdivided into at least two chambers is known. In the case of one embodiment, the subdivision is effected by a separating wall which is fixed at three side edges, a transition between the first and the second chamber being formed at the fourth side edge. In another embodiment, the separating wall is welded to the filter layers only at one side edge for the entire length and is welded on the opposite side to a strip on the upper layer made of filter material.
DE 20 2008 007 717 describes a filter bag in which a planar, multilayer filter insert which is connected at least partially to the filter bag walls is disposed in the interior. Dust is intended thereby to be incorporated between the at least two layers of the filter insert. For this purpose, the upper of the two layers can be perforated or slotted. The filter insert can be configured as a continuous strip which is fixed at two oppositely situated edges of the bag.
DE 20 2007 010 692 relates to a filter bag in which a filler layer made of fibre- or yarn material extends between the two filter walls, which layer is connected to both filter walls and, when the bag is unfolded, is pulled apart such that a net-like structure is produced in the bag.
A dust filter bag having a blocking wall part fitted in the interior is known from DE 20 2006 019 108. This blocking wall part is mounted in front of the inlet opening of the bag such that it bulges out during operation and forms two outlet openings through which the airflow is deflected. It is essential to the invention that the blocking wall part is mounted at a spacing relative to the bag seam and does not abut against the rear bag wall under the pressure of the airflow.
A further air distributor is known from DE 10 2006 051 117. At least two material layers are thereby disposed one above the other between the bag walls, the layers having less extension in a first surface direction than the two bag walls and, in the surface direction orthogonal to the first surface direction, having the same extension as the bag walls. There may be mentioned as materials, microfibre nonwoven or paper.
DE 20 2006 016 304 discloses a bag having at least one guide element, by means of which the incoming airflow can be deflected. The guide element is fixed adjacent to the inflow opening.
A bag already found on the market of the company Miele has an arrangement of a deflection device which is fitted directly below the inlet opening. This deflection device consists of a sheet material which is fitted directly with the upper side of the bag on both sides of the inlet opening. The purpose of this deflection device resides in deflecting the airflow which is suctioned in through the inlet opening directly in the region of the inlet opening. This deflection device is configured such that it is welded directly to the bag wall at a spacing relative to the inlet opening on the basis of a prescribed length or area. The area of this deflection device is therefore below approx. 10% of the bag surface. However, it is problematic with these bags that, because of the relatively small dimensioning of the first deflection device (SR1), the result can be blockages of the bag due to dust accumulating between the inflow opening and the deflection device so that the bag becomes unusable. In addition, this vacuum cleaner bag also has a second plane of flow directors.
The production of block-base bags made of nonwoven is described in DE 20 2005 016 309 and also EP 1 776 909, in which a vacuum cleaner bag having a base from which circumferential side walls extend in one direction for the formation of an interior space is described, the base having an essentially rectangular base portion.
The basic shape of a block-base bag is described in DE 20 2007 000 198 U1. There is consequently understood by a block-base bag, a filter bag which has a bag body made of a one- or multilayer filter material, has a surface which forms two oppositely situated sides, the bag upper side, which contains an inlet opening or on which the block-base which contains an inlet opening is folded back, and the bag underside and also two side walls folded in on the bag undersides between the surface walls.
Reference is likewise made to DE 78 04 400, DE 76 30 890 and also DE 92 09 964, which deal with the basic construction of a block-base bag, for definition of the shape of a block-base bag.
A further block-base bag having a closed free end region and an oppositely situated, at least partially closed, region and also a retaining plate is known from DE 103 48 375, the base of the bag being formed from a plurality of layers of the bag material which are situated one above the other.
Block-base bags made of paper with rigid inserts in the interior are known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,603,741. U.S. Pat. No. 2,848,062 discloses a block-base bag having an inserted, partially planar, unslotted material layer.
It is however common to all the previously mentioned vacuum cleaner bags that the inflowing dirt particles are only distributed inadequately so that the result is premature blockage of the vacuum cleaner bag, which ultimately leads to reduced dust storage capacity and a significantly inadequate lifespan of the vacuum cleaner bag.


A television production system provides both signaling and power over a single coaxial cable between a television control station and a remote camera station. The control station includes a power delivery unit for coupling with the coaxial cable for delivering D.C. voltage and current along with signaling over the coaxial cable. The camera station includes a power receiving unit which receives power from the coaxial cable and delivers it to the television camera and other camera station equipment. The receiving unit also monitors the received voltage and provides a power status signal representative thereof over the cable to the power delivery unit. The delivery unit controls the delivered voltage in accordance with the status signal in order to maintain the received voltage at the camera station at a desired level in order to compensate for cable voltage drop.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of television production using remotely located cameras. More particularly, the invention concerns a system for providing both signaling and power over a single coaxial cable between a television control station and a remote camera station and for controlling the voltage delivered to the camera station.
2. Description of the Prior Art
On-location production of television programs typically involves the use of a production control center housed in a trailer or van connected with a number of remote camera stations by way of control and power cables. Each camera station typically includes a camera, camera operator headset, talent earpiece, and talent microphone. The control cables must have the capability of carrying a wide variety of signals including camera video and program audio signals from the camera station to the control facility, and two-way intercom audio between the control facility and the camera operator and talent. The cables also carry various control signals from the control center to the camera station such as system master reference signals including color black and a composite video signal (black burst) used as a synchronizing signal (gen-lock), and an on-air tally signal which activates the tally light on the camera viewable by the talent as an on-air cue.
In one prior art cabling technique, a plurality of coaxial cables are used for carrying signals and power is provided to the camera station by a portable power generator or conventional drop cords connected to the nearest A.C. outlet. The number of individual cables required for this technique can range from two to a more common seven consisting of four audio twisted pairs and three coaxial cables plus a power cord. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, a seven-line bundle for one camera station weights about ninety pounds for a reach of three hundred fifty feet.
Another cabling technique uses a multi-conductor cable containing several narrow diameter mini-coaxial cables and several wire pairs for audio and power. A more recent development uses a triaxial cable in which video and audio signals are modulated and multiplexed along the center conductor and the intermediate conductor with power provided over the center and outer conductors.
As those skilled in the art appreciate, all of these prior art cabling techniques are expensive and the cabling is relatively heavy and stiff making it awkward to carry and route. An even more recent technique is called the CAMPLEX system and uses a single coaxial cable over which all of the signalling is modulated and multiplexed. Because only a single coaxial cable is used, the use of this system is inexpensive and the single cable is very easy to carry, route and splice. This system does require, however, a separate power supply such as a conventional drop cord or the use of camera's internal battery.

Signal transfer and power delivery system for a television camera station


A device for dispensing a material into a representation on a surface, includes a storage chamber for holding a material, a charging chamber operably connected to the storage chamber, and a dispensing chamber operably connected to the charging chamber, wherein the dispensing chamber is made of a non-porous substance and includes a configuration corresponding to a representation to be dispensed on a surface.

The present invention is generally directed to image transfer devices, and more particularly to a method and device for dispensing or stamping a material into a representation on a surface, such as hair, skin, fabric, leather, paper, a textured surface, etc.
There are currently a number of products that can temporarily add color and/or glitter to hair, face, etc. The products take advantage of fashion trends that are popularized by rock stars, fashion models, celebrities and other trend-setting personalities. Many of these products are powder-based, offering the user the ability to add color and/or glitter in a general facial area, or the hairstyle. Powder-based products can often be found in vials or containers that require manual application or roll-on applicators that can be used, for example, to add streaks of color/glitter to the hair. Alternatively, the powder-based products can be infused in aerosol dispensers that add a hint of color/glitter to a wide area of the hair.
Color and/or glitter can also be added by means of a gel-based product which allows for relatively more specific placement of the color and/or glitter. The color/glitter gel is typically squeezed out from the tubes or bottles and placed either directly into the hair or onto a hand for placement on the hair. The gel can then be manipulated through the hair or combed into place. These products can offer coverage to strands of hair or to an area of hair, but do not offer anything further than merely adding color/glitter into the hair style.
Various devices for dispensing fluids, gel inks, ink compositions, etc., are currently available as shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,959,774; 3,148,401; 3,410,645; 3,418,055; 3,433,232; 3,726,289; 4,201,491; 5,019,033; 5,222,823; 5,421,765; 5,727,893; 5,799,669; 5,823,204; 5,848,599; 5,913,315; 5,964,226; 6,053,178; 6,073,635; 7,160,375B2; 7,246,447B2; 7,364,614B2; 7,981,210B2; 2003/0072599A1; 2007/0266377A1; 2008/0250956A1; 2009/0101159A1; 2009/0199960A1; and 2011/0303111A1; and Foreign CN 100464659C; CN 101384188A; CN 16995594A; JP2005-59583; WO 2004/019724; and WO 2005/011991.

Method and device for dispensing a material into a representation on a surface


According to one embodiment, a display device includes a TFT on an insulating substrate. The TFT includes a gate electrode, an insulating layer on the gate electrode, a semiconductor layer on the insulating layer, and a source electrode and a drain electrode each provided in contact with at least a part of the semiconductor layer. The source and drain electrodes have a laminated structure including a lower layer, an intermediate layer and an upper layer. The source and drain electrodes include sidewalls each including a first tapered portion on the upper layer side, a second tapered portion on the lower layer side and a sidewall protective film attached to the second tapered portion. The taper angle of the first tapered portion is smaller than that of the second tapered portion.

In recent years, display devices employing thin-film transistors as a semiconductor device have been commercialized. Examples of such display devices are liquid crystal displays, organic electroluminescent displays and the like.
A display device of this type comprises an array substrate on which thin-film transistors, interconnecting traces such as signal lines, gate lines and source-drain electrodes, a passivation film and the like are formed. The thin-film transistors and various interconnecting traces are patterned into predetermined forms by such methods as photolithography and dry etching.
In the process of manufacturing a display device, if an array substrate for display device is formed on a large-sized substrate, the in-plane evenness of processing is degraded. For example, in the chamber where the etching is performed, the density of radical species or ionic species easily disperses from the central portion to a peripheral portion of the substrate if it is large because of the influence of exhaust gas or the like (that is, a difference in ratio [density distribution] is easily produced). Therefore, the forms of the interconnecting traces, electrodes and the like are likely to differ from the central portion of the large-sized substrate to the peripheral portion.
Moreover, if the substrate is large, it is hard to attract radicals and ions to the substrate side in the etching step because of its specification, and further re-deposition on the sidewall of a portion to be etched is not sufficient, making it easy to cause progression of side etching. That is, the taper angle of the etching surface tends to be small. Alternatively, the re-deposition tends to be uneven, and further the sidewalls tend to be rough. For these reasons, it is difficult to obtain a processed form as designed in etching.


The present invention provides a waveguide for the TM mode having a simpler configuration. The waveguide has: a pair of main ground electrodes (2a) and (2b) disposed so as to face each other in parallel with each other with a dielectric block (4) in between; and a pair of side walls (3a) and (3b), each constructed of a plurality of sub ground electrodes (11) provided between the pair of main ground electrodes (2a) and (2b), the sub ground electrodes (11) stacked in parallel with the main ground electrodes (2a) and (2b) with a interval along a direction orthogonal to the main ground electrodes (2a) and (2b). Electromagnetic waves in the TM mode may propagate in a region (5) surrounded by the pair of main ground electrodes (2a) and (2b) and the pair of side walls (3a) and (3b).

As a waveguide for transmitting electromagnetic waves (high frequency signals) such as microwaves and millimeter waves, a waveguide disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. Hei 11-284409 is known. The waveguide has: a pair of main conductor layers sandwiching a dielectric substrate; a group of through conductors for a pair of side walls formed so as to electrically connect the pair of main conductor layers; and a sub conductor layer electrically connected to the group of through conductors for side walls and formed between the pair of main conductor layers in parallel with the main conductor layers. It is considered that the waveguide is directed to electromagnetic waves in the TE mode on the basis of the description in the publication that "parts corresponding to an H plane and an E plane of a dielectric waveguide are formed by a main conductor layer and a group of through conductors for side walls" and "parts corresponding to an E plane and an H plane of a dielectric waveguide are formed by a main conductor layer and a group of through conductors for side walls".
The inventors of the present invention are studying waveguides for electromagnetic waves in the TM mode. A waveguide for the TM mode can be formed by using the configuration disclosed in the publication. In the waveguide of the related art, however, a group of through conductors for side walls made of a number of through conductors for side walls have to be formed in a dielectric, so that the structure is complicated. There is consequently a problem that manufacturing cost is high.

Waveguide of rectangular waveguide tube type having sub ground electrodes


A thickened fabric softener includes 1 to 5 wt % textile-softening compound and a selected C16 fatty material as a thickening agent.

Fabric softeners are added to the laundry in the last rinse step of machine laundering in order to suppress the "dry stiffness" effect that occurs as the laundry dries. Dry stiffness is caused by the formation of hydrogen bridge bonds between the cellulose fibers. The cationic surfactants of the fabric softener penetrate into the fibers and/or become deposited onto the fiber surface, attach themselves to the negative charges, and thereby attenuate the interactions. The resulting decrease in the stiffness of the laundered item results in reduced effort when ironing, and increased wearing comfort.
Liquid fabric softeners are divided into two types: "normal" fabric softeners having a 1- to 5-wt % concentration of softening compounds, and "concentrated" fabric softeners having a 5- to 80-wt % concentration of softening compounds.
The acceptance of a fabric softener product by users is determined not only by its actual performance but also greatly by the viscosity of the product; medium to high viscosities are preferred by users. For normal fabric softeners, viscosities in the range from 100 to 500 mPas (determined using a Brookfield RV DV II+P viscosimeter, spindle 2, at 20 rpm and 20° C.) are desirable.
With normal fabric softeners in particular, the viscosity after manufacture is often too low, and thickeners are added to the products in order to increase the viscosity. EP 0763592 A1, for example, describes the use of fatty acids, in particular unsaturated fatty acids, as thickeners in fabric softeners.
A demand still exists, however, for maximally effective and inexpensive thickening agents for normal fabric softeners. An object of this invention was therefore to make available a thickened fabric softener, having 1 to 5 wt % fabric-softening compound, that can be manufactured inexpensively.
Furthermore, other desirable features and characteristics of the present invention will become apparent from the subsequent detailed description of the invention and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and this background of the invention.

Thickened fabric softener comprising free palmitic acid to increase viscosity


A multi projector imaging system is provided. The system includes a plurality of projectors and a computing device in communication with the plurality of projectors. The computing device includes a projector platform module providing output to the plurality of projectors such that the plurality of projectors display partially overlapping output as a cohesive display. The projector platform module includes a projection player module having media drawers for preparing frames of data that are drawn into a frame buffer for eventual display through the plurality of projectors. The projection platform also includes a remote desktop controller. The remote desktop controller manages remote computing devices communicating with the projector platform, wherein the remote desktop controller specifies a resolution and aspect ratio for image data provided by the remote computing devices, and wherein the provided image data is stored in the frame buffer. A method for displaying content through the multi-projector system is also included.

Video projector technology continues to advance pixel resolution and light output levels with ever more capable display solutions. Lower device costs have also expanded utilization of these products. These trends are further influenced by techniques developed to seamlessly combine multiple projectors to form even larger and brighter displays. Such multi-device displays can now be created with shape and dimension capabilities far greater than the capabilities of a single device or with less cost than comparable single projector solutions.
Projectors typically have a variety of inputs for receiving source content to display. Video standards have defined a growing number of connectors and signaling formats ranging from older analog Composite, Separate Video (S-Video), and DSUB-15 through digital visual interface (DVI), high definition multimedia interface (HDMI), and DisplayPort. Network connections, memory cards, portable storage devices, and other interfaces can provide digital media in a variety of formats and through various protocols. Some projectors may have internal storage capabilities that allow for presenting preprocessed document files, images, or other content preloaded into the device.
The range of signaling, input resolutions and aspect ratios makes matching source content to display output capabilities an ongoing challenge. Generally, when source content resolution equals a device's native pixel resolution, higher output quality is achieved. Content scaling, cropping, or positioning output on only a portion of the display's pixel area are common operations employed by display devices. With larger displays composed of many projectors, the ideal "native" resolution is less clear. Virtual resolutions formed by the combined devices, each with a respective native resolution, create displays that may easily surpass the pixel dimensions or aspect ratios of the most common source content formats.
In an example business conference room environment, laptops are often physically brought and connected to a projector with a video cable to display source content. Personal computers (PCs) may be dynamically disconnected and others cabled in turn as demonstration content shifts among presenting participants. Cable reshuffling distracts the presentation flow and cable connector incompatibilities among devices can hamper progress of the presentation. Some projectors aide this situation by providing multiple input ports and connection types which can allow cabling of several PCs at once and provide user switching among the differing source inputs when required. In another environment, a single presentation PC is connected to the projector and content is required to be preloaded into the presentation PC, or accessed via a network connection, for the presentation. This environment requires time to transfer files and suggests sharing of the content on a public device.
A direct physical PC video connection to a projector allows display of the host operating system desktop and applications as the source content. The PC video card configuration determines the signal resolution. Network capable projectors may even provide interfaces to view content on the network or provide a mechanism to stream content, like the PC desktop, to the projection device. In all cases, resolutions of each connected device desktop vary and often do not match the ideal resolution of the projector. Projectors employ a scaling method to fill the output screen which can also introduce unwanted artifacts. In a large scale display, such as with a display from a multi-projector system, content from a device is typically always scaled to fit the large scale display resolution or otherwise presented within a bounded region on the display surface. The connected source device is not aware of the large scale display resolution or the scaling performed by the projection system and consequently limitations are imposed on the eventual large scale display.
It is within this context that the embodiments arise.

System and method for displaying remote content through multiple projectors


An apparatus including a first chamber in operative communication with a carburetor to receive carburetor fluid flow therefrom, directing such fluid flow through a central conduit into a second chamber in operative fluid communication with an intake manifold of an associated internal combustion engine, such that the central conduit is arranged for the heating and associated gaseous flow from the carburetor to the intake manifold.

1. Field of the Invention
The field of invention relates to carburetor apparatus, and more particularly pertains to a new and improved fuel charge heating apparatus wherein the same is directed to the heating of a fuel charge between a carburetor and an associated intake manifold of an internal combustion engine.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Carburetor apparatus of various types are indicated in the prior art, wherein air fuel ratio control such as indicated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,563,991, a structure to elevate a fuel mixture as indicated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,123,398; and fuel control structure as indicated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,846,133 are available in the prior art.
The instant invention attempts to overcome deficiencies of the prior art by providing for a readily retrofitted and effective construction arranged to preheat a fuel mixture charge directed from the carburetor to an associated intake manifold and in this respect, the present invention substantially fulfills this need.

Carburetor fuel charge heating apparatus


A dual brush system having a first brush system and a second brush system within the first brush system. The first brush system contains a cannulated rod with a cannulated cap attached at one end and a set of bristles at the opposite end. The second brush system contains a second cap attached to one end of a second rod and a second set of bristles is attached to the other end. The second rod fits into the cannulated rod so that the two sets of bristles align with one another. The first and second set of bristles can be used together or individually.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a brush system having a larger brush that contains a smaller brush therein.
2. The Prior Art
When using a bottle of correction fluid, for example, it may be necessary to use a brush that has a smaller diameter than the brush provided for fine corrections. This is especially necessary when correcting technical drawings and diagrams.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,816,305 to Kravitt discloses a paint brush that contains a smaller brush within it. The smaller brush slides down through the handle of the larger brush by a button-screw mechanism. This connecting mechanism allows the smaller brush to slide out through the bristles of the larger brush. When not in use, the smaller brush retracts up into the middle of the larger bristles. Therefore, the brushes can be used together or the smaller brush can be used alone.
The disadvantage of this brush system is that the smaller brush can not be disconnected from the larger brush. Therefore, control of the brush is difficult due to the length of the brush arm.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,620,270 to Gueret discloses a device for storing and applying a makeup product. This invention consists of a first applicator that contains a hollow portion. A second applicator fits into the hollow portion of the first applicator. The walls of the first applicator contain at least one slot at the level of the brush of the second applicator so that the second brush can be used to apply the same substance in the container. Another embodiment of this invention shows the hollow portion of the first applicator containing a different substance so that the second brush can be used to apply another type of makeup.
The disadvantage of this system is that the two brushes can not be used together, and the user is limited to using one brush at a time.


A capacitor for a semiconductor device includes a first inter metal dielectric layer is disposed on a substrate. A first electrode is disposed on the first inter metal dielectric layer. A second electrode partially overlaps the first electrode. A first dielectric layer is disposed between the first and second electrodes. A third electrode partially overlaps the second electrode. A second dielectric layer is disposed between the second and third electrodes. An etch stop layer is disposed on the first, second, and third electrodes. A second inter metal dielectric layer is formed on the etch stop layer and includes first, second, and third via holes exposing the first and third electrodes and the etch stop layer. First, second, and third plugs are disposed in the first, second, and third via holes.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device and, more particularly, to a capacitor having metal/insulator/metal (MIM) structure and a method for fabricating the capacitor.
(b) Description of the Related Art
An MIM capacitor for a semiconductor device is formed as a metal/insulator/metal structure. The metal and insulator structures are layered on one another, such that a required capacitance can be provided.
Metal wirings are formed on an inter metal dielectric of the capacitor, and the metal wirings are connected to electrodes through plugs formed in the inter metal dielectric. By this arrangement, electricity can be applied to the electrodes.
The layered structures include via holes defining the plugs, the via holes having depths different from one another.
That is, the via holes are formed at different depths because the electrodes are formed on different layers. Since the via holes are formed at different depths, the etch process is performed with respect to the deepest via hole, such that the surface of the electrodes (upper electrode) exposed through the previously completed via holes are damaged while etching the via hole for exposing the low part (lower electrode).
Such damage deteriorates characteristics of the semiconductor device, and reduces the reliability of the device. Accordingly, in order to reduce the damage to the electrodes the etching process is performed using different masks according to the depths of the respective via holes to be formed. However, the utilization of additional masks complicates the fabrication process and increase manufacturing costs.

Method of fabricating a capacitor for a semiconductor device


A vehicular foot-operated parking brake control apparatus includes a mounting bracket and a pedal arm that is rotatably mounted on the bracket. The bracket is provided with a plurality of ratchet teeth and a pawl is rotatably mounted on the pedal arm for rotation between a first rotational position in which the pawl is engaged with the ratchet teeth and a second rotational position in which the pawl is disengaged from the ratchet teeth. The pawl is slidably mounted on the pedal arm to slide between a first slide position and a second slide position. The apparatus is designed to allow the parking brake to be engaged and disengaged by depressing the pedal arm.

The present invention generally relates to a vehicle parking brake. More particularly, the present invention pertains to a foot-operated parking brake control apparatus for vehicles that permits the parking brake to be released by performing the same operation as that performed to effect activation of the parking brake.
A known vehicular foot-operated parking brake control apparatus is disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 2967406. In this apparatus, a pawl for locking a pedal arm by engagement with a plurality of ratchet teeth provided on the pedal arm is rotatably supported on a bracket by a pin so as to be able to slide a predetermined amount in the rotational direction of the pedal arm. A release lever which is adapted to engage the pawl is rotatably supported on the bracket by a pin. A spring is disposed between the pawl and the release lever and the urging direction of the spring against the pawl and the release lever is changed in response to the rotation of the pedal arm.
That is, when the parking brake is not operated, the spring urges the pawl so that the pawl engages the ratchet teeth and simultaneously the spring urges the release lever so that the release lever is separated from the ratchet teeth. When the pedal is depressed and the pedal arm is rotated, the pedal is prevented from returning by the engagement between the pawl and the ratchet teeth and the operation of the parking brake is maintained. At this time, when the depressing force is removed, the pawl slides with a predetermined amount toward the returning side of the pedal and the release lever is rotated close to the ratchet teeth. Thereby, the urging direction of the spring is changed and the spring urges the pawl to separate from the ratchet teeth. Simultaneously, the spring urges the release lever close to the ratchet teeth. In this operating condition of the parking brake, when the pedal is depressed and the pedal arm is rotated, the engagement between the pawl and the ratchet teeth is released and the pawl is rotated to separate from the ratchet teeth. Thereby, the return of the pedal arm is allowed and the operation of the parking brake is released.
In the above-described apparatus, however, because the ratchet teeth are provided on the pedal arm, and the pawl and the release lever are mounted on the bracket, the size of the bracket is increased. As a result, the size of the overall parking brake control apparatus increases and a large space is required for mounting the parking brake control apparatus. This problem becomes more significant if the distance between the arc of the ratchet teeth and the rotational axis of the pedal arm is increased for lessening the stroke loss due to the return of the pedal arm when the depressing force is removed after operating the parking brake.
A need thus exists for an improved vehicular foot-operated parking brake control apparatus which is not as susceptible to the drawbacks mentioned above.
In light of the foregoing, the vehicular foot-operated parking brake control apparatus according to the present invention includes a mounting bracket adapted to be fixed to the vehicle body, a pedal arm rotatably mounted on the bracket for rotation about a rotational axis and being connected to a parking brake control cable, a plurality of ratchet teeth provided on the bracket along an arc disposed about the rotational axis of the pedal arm, and a pawl rotatably mounted on the pedal arm for rotation about a rotational axis between a first rotational position in which the pawl is engaged with one of the ratchet teeth and a second rotational position in which the pawl is disengaged from the ratchet teeth. The rotational axis of the pawl is generally parallel to the rotational axis of the pedal arm, and the pawl is slidably mounted on the pedal arm in the rotational direction of the pedal arm to slide between a first slide position and a second slide position. In addition, a release lever is rotatably mounted on the pedal arm for rotating about a rotational axis that is generally parallel to the rotational axis of the pedal arm to turn between a release rotational position and a non-release rotational position. A spring having a first end connected to the pawl and a second end connected to the release lever imparts a spring force that constantly urges the pawl to slide towards the first slide position. The spring urges the release lever to stay in the non-release rotational position and urges the pawl to turn towards the first rotational position when the release lever is in the non-release position, and urges the release lever to stay in the release rotational position and urges the pawl to turn towards the second rotational position when the release lever is in the release rotational position. A first cooperating mechanism is provided between the pawl and the release lever for turning the release lever from the non-release rotational position to the release rotational position when the pawl is moved from the first slide position to the second slide position, and a second cooperating mechanism is provided between the release lever and the pedal arm for turning the release lever from the release rotational position to the non-release rotational position when the pedal arm is turned from a parking brake engaging position to a parking brake disengaging position.
According to another aspect of the invention, a vehicular foot-operated parking brake control apparatus includes a mounting bracket adapted to be fixed to a vehicle body, a pedal arm rotatably mounted on the bracket for moving between a parking brake disengaging position and a parking brake engaging position, a plurality of ratchet teeth provided on the bracket, and a pawl rotatably mounted on the pedal arm for rotation between a first rotational position in which the pawl is engaged with one of the ratchet teeth and a second rotational position in which the pawl is disengaged from the ratchet teeth, with the pawl being mounted on the pedal arm by way of an elongated hole for slidably moving between a first slide position and a second slide position. A release lever is rotatably mounted on the pedal arm for rotating between a release rotational position and a non-release rotational position. A spring has a first end connected to the pawl and a second end connected to the release lever to urge the release lever towards the non-release rotational position while urging the pawl towards the first rotational position before the pedal arm is rotated from the parking brake disengaging position to the parking brake engaging position, and for urging the release lever towards the release rotational position and urging the pawl towards the second rotational position when the pedal arm is in the parking brake engaging position.

Vehicular foot-operated parking brake control apparatus


A stabilizer bar is intended for use in a vehicle, and a torsion part of the stabilizer bar is fixed to the vehicle body by a fixing member. A resin sheathing is provided integrally on an outer peripheral surface of the stabilizer bar. The fixing member is composed of the sheathing, a rubber bush disposed on the outer periphery of the sheathing, and a mounting fixture for mounting the rubber bush on the vehicle body side so as to cover the outer periphery of the rubber bush. The sheathing and the rubber bush are immovably assembled to each other. Thus, there may be provided a vehicle stabilizer, highly durable, easily mountable and replaceable, low-cost, and highly operable.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a vehicle stabilizer provided with a stabilizer bar.
2. Description of the Related Art
A vehicle stabilizer provided with a stabilizer bar connects the stabilizer bar to a suspension of a vehicle and stabilizes the attitude of the vehicle by utilizing a reaction force of the stabilizer bar. For example, the vehicle stabilizer is constructed so that opposite ends of the U-shaped stabilizer bar are coupled to operating parts of the suspension, and a torsion part of the stabilizer bar is fixed to a vehicle body by a fixing member and serves to receive a torsional reaction force.
Conventionally, a rubber bush is used for the fixing member to fix the torsion part of the stabilizer bar to the vehicle body frame. Specifically, the rubber bush is provided with a hole portion through which the stabilizer bar is passed and a notch for opening the hole portion. The notch is opened in assembling the rubber bush to the stabilizer, and the rubber bush is attached to the vehicle body frame by means of bolts or the like with the aid of, for example, a U-shaped mounting fixture.
Also known is an example in which a rubber bush is fixed to a stabilizer bar with an adhesive agent or by vulcanization molding or the like. In the case of this rubber bush, no gap is formed between the stabilizer bar and the rubber bush. If a torsional motion acts on the stabilizer bar as the suspension moves up and down, the rubber bush is deformed correspondingly. Thus, functions and effects for the stabilizer can be obtained by the deformation of the rubber bush as well as by a torsional action of the torsion part.
[Patent Document 1] Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 2006-27311
However, the fixing member configured so that the stabilizer bar is passed through the hole portion of the rubber bush and fixed to the frame by means of the mounting fixture cannot fully restrain the movement of the stabilizer bar.
In some cases, therefore, the stabilizer bar may rotate around its axis or move axially with respect to the rubber bush. Thereupon, a noise may be produced by the stabilizer bar and the rubber bush that rub against each other, and the stabilizing effect of the stabilizer may vary.
Further, fixing the rubber bush to the stabilizer bar requires, for example, a process for holding them in a heating furnace for a long time and entails a high cost. In replacing the rubber bush, moreover, the rubber bush must be removed from the stabilizer bar by cutting, melting, or some other operation. In addition, a new rubber bush must be fixed to the stabilizer bar with an adhesive agent or by vulcanization molding or the like, thus the replacement of the rubber bush requires much labor.


A versatile tool for cutting woody vegetation or other materials which can be adapted for use as either: a hand held, hydraulically actuated lopping shear for use within the operator's normal reach; or, a powerful pole pruner for cutting at a distance when the shear is attached to an extension mechanism. The lopping shear has a basically tubular body which is gripped with one hand while cutting force is applied to an axial piston by the other. The operator's effort is multiplied by hydraulic fluid acting between a smaller piston driven directly by the operator and a larger piston attached to a sliding blade working in opposition to a hook structure fixed to the shear body. Work located beyond easy reach can be cut by attaching the lopping shear to the extension mechanism. This mechanism has a quick action coupling to lock the shear to one end of a tube containing another concentric, sliding tube which transmits to the shear, cutting force applied by the operator to a handle at its opposite end.

This invention relates to cutting tools, specifically to lopping shears and pole pruners, being a tool adaptable for use in either capacity.
Large numbers of hand pruners, lopping shears, pole pruners and other cutting tools are used to aid in the control of vegetation. This is a versatile tool that can be used in either of two configurations: as a compact, hand held hydraulic lopping shear for cutting within the operator's normal reach; or, as a pole pruner when the lopping shear is mounted on an extension mechanism for work located at some distance or height from the operator.
One prior patent describes a small, commonly available scissors pruner detachably mounted to the end of a pole fitted on the outside with a system of ropes and pulleys whereby the pruner can be operated at a distance. My invention provides a hydraulically actuated pruner that is more powerful and can be used for heavier work than is feasible using this device. In addition, the present invention utilizes a concentric tube to transmit cutting force from the operator to the pruner. This mechanism is both easier to use and less cumbersome than ropes and pulleys.
Another patent, for a "Hydraulic Pruning and Cutting Tool", covers a hand held, hydraulic pruner with fundamental differences from my invention which has eliminated the separate pumps, valves or fluid reservoirs previously required. A complete cut can be made with the present invention using only one motion of the operator's arm, and the blade can be retracted and made ready for another cut without opening or closing any valves. The cutting blade of the invention is removable for replacement or sharpening and operates within view rather than being hidden behind the material being cut. Furthermore, the prior tool could not practically be pole mounted due to the arrangement of its pump handle and the weight inherent in its construction.


Provided is a novel system that includes an anterior vertebral body plate with at least one bone spike pivotally attached to the plate and capable of being manually inserted into underlying bone to securely fix the plate to the bone. Also provided is a method of stabilizing cervical vertebrae using the disclosed system.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to devices and methods for use in orthopedic spine surgery. In particular, the present invention relates to a bone plate system that provides a low profile anterior vertebral body plate and at least one spike fixation element, the system being used for fixation and stabilization of the spine, the spike fixation elements being located proximate to at least one end of the plate to provide a secure attachment to the underlying bone.
2. Background Art
Disease, the effects of aging, or physical trauma resulting in damage to the spine has been treated in many instances by fixation or stabilization of the effected vertebra. The use of plates and screws for fixation and stabilization of the cervical vertebra has been widely accepted as a reliable practice and has proven to be highly successful clinically.
The various plates, which are attached to the anterior vertebral bodies of the spinal column by bone screws have some common features such as relatively planar body profiles that define multiple holes or slots through which the screws fit and are threaded into the bone. A common problem with plates affixed to bone using conventional bone screw attachments is the unintentional backing out of the screws from the underlying bone with a resulting loosening of the plate from the bone. Various means have been used to prevent the screws from becoming loose or detached from their necessary secured or locked attachment to the vertebral plate. Among the differences between the conventionally used plates and screws is the manner in which the screws are locked into place in the hole or slot of the plate after the screws have been secured to the bone.
These conventional devices attached to the underlying bone using only bones screws can be generally grouped into three basic categories with regard to how the screws are captured or secured in the plates.
Early plate designs were standard bone plates having holes through which screws were passed and screwed into the bone. These plates had no special provision for attaching the screws to the plate and as such were susceptible to having the screws back out of the plate over time. Later innovations included providing a screw head containing a threaded hole configured to receive a set screw, which was inserted into the screw head to expand the diameter of the screw head and frictionally engage the wall of the plate hole, thereby resisting forces which tend to cause the screw to back out. While such mechanisms have worked to some degree, the addition of a small additional part, the set screw, at the time of surgery presents the potential hazard of dropping the set screw into the surgical field or otherwise misapplying the set screw to the screw head, for example, cross threading.
Later alternative approaches included providing plates and/or screws with special features, which were specifically to hold the screw in position once the screw is inserted through the plate and screwed into the bone. One direction taken in this effort has been to design plates that incorporate or attach individual retaining rings, cams or snap features associated with each plate hole configured to hold the inserted screw in place relative to the plate.
Another approach is to add a cover to the plate after the screws have been placed. Such a design undesirably adds steps to the surgical procedure, thickness or height to the overall construct, and is susceptible to misapplication. Yet another direction taken in this effort to provide plates with locking elements is to provide dedicated overlying features, which are attached to the top side of the vertebral plate for the purpose of covering at least a portion of the screw head and thereby holding the screw in a seated and locked position. Generally these plates are designed to provide a variety of screw covering features that are pre-attached to the plate, and which can be selectively slid or rotated into position once it has been inserted. In some devices, such covering plates cover multiple screw heads. These plates typically require an increase in the overall composite thickness of the plate in order to accommodate the additional locking feature attached to the top side of the plate. This is a particularly unacceptable condition due to the use of such plates in an area of the spine where a thin, smooth surfaced profile for the plate assembly is preferred. Another major problem with such plates is that the overlying locking element cannot always be properly positioned over the screw head if the screw shaft was, due to anatomical necessity, positioned through the plate and into the bone at an angle such that the screw head does not fully seat in the plate recess provided on the top side of the plate. Further, when one of the overlying locking elements of such a plate loosens or becomes disengaged it is then free to float away from the top side of the plate and migrate into the soft tissue adjacent to the top side of the vertebral plate.
Yet another approach is to provide machine threads in the plate hole with corresponding threads on the screw head. Thus the screw has a first, bone engaging thread on its shaft and a second machine thread on the screw head. As the thread shaft is screwed into bone the screw head approaches the plate hole and the machine thread engages the thread in the hole. In practice there is nothing to prevent the same forces that urge the screw to back out of bone, allow the plate to loosen from the bone, and perhaps allow the loosened bone screw to interfere with and damage adjacent soft tissue.
These plates have been widely used; however, an inherent problem associated with such plates is the use of the additional very small retaining elements that can become disengaged from the plate and migrate into the surrounding soft tissues just as can the conventional unsecured bone screw. Further, difficulty experienced in accessing and disengaging the small locking elements and removing the screws from this type of plate has caused some concern for the continued use of such plates.
There is therefore, an unfulfilled need for an anterior cervical plate system that can maintain a relatively low profile while providing security from the bone screw backing out problems associated with conventional plate and bone screw systems. Further there is a need for a vertebral plate that does not have additional separate small locking elements as found in conventional devices with the predictable problems of those locking elements becoming disengaged from the plate and migrating away from the top side of the plate into the surrounding soft tissue.

Anterior vertebral plate with spike fixation


Disclosed are virtual glasses try-on method and apparatus, and the apparatus includes an image capturing unit for capturing a user's image and a processing device for detecting a face image from the user's image, storing a glasses model, defining a first feature point of a lens of the glasses model and a second feature point at the center of a frame, and obtaining vertical vectors of the first and second feature points to find a third feature point. Two eye images are searched and binarized into a binarized picture that is divided into an eye area and a non-eye area. A center point between first and second extreme values is found, and vertical vectors of the first extreme value and the center point are obtained to find an example point. An affine transformation of the feature points is performed and attached to the face image to form a try-on image.

As science and technology advance, people has an increasingly higher demand on our living quality and innovative ideas for new things, and thus glasses are not simply used for assisting people with myopia, astigmatism or presbyopia, but also tend to be a decorative item, so that the type and model of glasses are enhanced. If there are too many customers who select glasses, a salesperson is unable to serve them at the same time to provide immediate services, so that the customers have to wait for a long time. In addition, online shopping has become very popular recently, but glasses buyers can view the photos of glasses and cannot try the glasses on before buying them.
Therefore, conventional online glasses websites such as clearlycontacts provide online try-on service and offer a plurality of face frames and glasses models, so that glasses shoppers can upload one of the face frames and select their eye positions to attach a glasses model onto the face frame. However, the shoppers can only try the glasses on from a fixed viewing angle and cannot check the try-on frame from different angles of the face, and the shoppers cannot know the actual wearing condition.
In another conventional method, a glasses try-on service such as megane SUPER website is provided, wherein two face models and a glasses model are provided, or shoppers can upload a photo and edit an image to form a face model from the photo, so that shoppers can select a glasses model and attach the glasses model onto their face. In addition, parameters including the size, degree and position of the glasses model can be adjusted, and the face model and the glasses model can be rotated according to the cursor direction of a mouse, so that the shoppers can observe the situation of wearing the glasses from different angles. However, the uploaded photos have limitations, and not all photos can be edited to form a face model, and thus the rotating angle of the face model is limited, and the face image is not real. As a result, the actual situation of wearing the glasses cannot be shown.
In another conventional method, an online glasses try-on service such as DITTO website is provided, wherein the shoppers have to follow the instruction given in the webpage to shoot a video of rotating a face horizontally in order to attach a glasses model onto the face in the video. However, the recording of the video may fail easily, and the operation procedure is complicated and inconvenient, and the image of the try-on cannot be shown immediately. In addition, the angle can only accommodate the video of a horizontally rotated face, so that if a shopper raise or lower the head, then the shopper cannot view the try-on image.
In view of the aforementioned problems of the prior art, the inventor of the present invention based on years of experience in the related industry to conduct extensive researches and experiments on simulated glasses try-on method and finally invented the present invention to overcome the aforementioned problems.

Virtual glasses try-on method and apparatus thereof


Methods and apparatus for eliminating loops associated with interconnects between clusters are disclosed. According to one aspect of the present invention, a method for operating a cluster of an interconnect group that includes at least one node and is in communication with a plurality of interconnects includes broadcasting a first frame on the interconnects. The method also includes receiving a second frame, the second frame being received on only a first interconnect, and blocking the second frame from being broadcast on the first interconnect. Finally, the method includes broadcasting the received second frame throughout the cluster such that no node in the cluster receives more than one copy of the second frame.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates generally to communication networks. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods of fault protection in communication networks.
2. Description of the Related Art
Various network topologies utilize rings. Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) is an example of a network topology for fiber optic rings. The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) defines RPR standards in IEEE 802.17, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. RPR is a layer two ring technology in a networking framework defined by the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, and supports bi-directional communications around both sides of a ring using redundant paths substantially simultaneously. At layer two, or a data link layer, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. Layer two is divided into two sublayers, a Media Access Control (MAC) layer and a Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. The MAC sublayer is arranged to substantially control how a node of a network accesses and transmits data, while the LLC layer generally controls frame synchronization, controls flow control, and provides error checking.
RPR generally treats a ring as a broadcast medium, and does not specify a higher level loop prevention mechanism. When two rings are in communication over interconnects, looping may occur. FIG. 1A is a diagrammatic representation of two RPR clusters that are in communication over a set of interconnects. A first RPR cluster 110a and a second RPR cluster 110b are in communication over interconnects 114a-d. More than one interconnect 114a-d is typically present between first RPR cluster 110a and second RPR cluster 110b to avoid a single point of failure.
When first RPR cluster 110a and second RPR cluster 110b choose the same interconnect, i.e., interconnect 114c as shown in FIG. 1B, to use for communications, then looping is not likely to occur. However, when first RPR cluster 110a and second RPR cluster 110b select different interconnects 114a-d to communicate over, looping may occur. FIG. 1C is a diagrammatic representation of first RPR cluster 110a that sends messages to second RPR cluster 110b over interconnect 114d and second RPR cluster 110b sending messages to first RPR cluster 110a over interconnect 114b. Looping may occur, as when first RPR cluster 110a receives a message for broadcast on interconnect 114b, first RPR cluster 110a may broadcast the message back to second RPR cluster 110b on interconnect 114d. Such looping may flood interconnects 114b, 114d, and degrade the performance of interconnects 114b, 114d, as well as of first RPR cluster 110a and second RPR cluster 110b. Looping may also result in the replication of frames contained in messages when a frame broadcast on interconnect 114b is returned on interconnect 114d.
Looping will be described in more detail with respect to FIG. 2. Multiple active paths between rings often cause loops in between the rings. When a loop is in existence in a network, duplication of messages may occur, as some nodes effectively receive messages from different sides. By way of example, when a node is a bridge, looping results in the bridge receiving a message on both sides of the bridge. As a result, a message forwarding algorithm of the bridge may become confused, and duplicate frames may be forwarded.
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of a network which includes nodes arranged in two rings, i.e., a bridged RPR network with a dual ring interconnect. A first ring includes nodes 206a-h, and a second ring includes nodes 216a-h. When a customer 202 wishes to send a message on layer two, as for example a message that is arranged as a plurality of frames, to another customer 220, the message is propagated through the first ring and the second ring. As the rings are linked by interconnects 210, 212, the message may loop through nodes 206a-h. Once the message reaches nodes 206c, 206g, the message is sent on interconnects 212, 210, respectively, to nodes 216c, 216g, respectively. Both node 216c and node 216g propagate the message through the second ring and, eventually, to customer 220 through node 216e.
However, when the version of the message received on node 216c via interconnect 212 is forwarded to node 216g, node 216g may forward that version of the message through interconnect 210 back to node 206g. Similarly, when the version of the message received on node 216g via interconnect 210 is forwarded to node 216c, node 216c may forward that version of the message through interconnect 212 back to node 206c. Hence, the message is effectively looped between the first ring and the second ring.
A spanning tree protocol may be used in some instances to effectively guarantee a loop-free network. To avoid path redundancy, a spanning tree protocol defines a tree that spans all nodes in a network. A spanning tree protocol effectively causes some redundant interconnects to be blocked. If one unblocked interconnect fails or otherwise becomes unavailable, a spanning tree algorithm reconfigures the network topology by unblocking a blocked path. However, a spanning tree protocol is relatively slow in recovering from a fault. In other words, once a fault is discovered, although a spanning tree protocol may be effective in reconfiguring a system, the reconfiguration process is relatively slow. The performance of the system may be compromised by a slow recover reconfiguration or recover process.
Though a rapid spanning tree protocol, which is implemented in some networks to guarantee a loop-free network, generally provides a faster reconfiguration process than a spanning tree protocol, a rapid spanning tree protocol does not provide rapid reconfiguration in a ring. Hence, a rapid spanning tree protocol may not be used to ensure that connectivity between rings is restored after a fault occurs.
Therefore, what is needed is a method and an apparatus for allowing a network that includes rings to operate without loops and to be relatively rapidly reconfigured in the event of a failure of an interconnect between the rings. That is, what is desired is a system that prevents loops from forming between rings, and that ensures a relatively efficient restoration of connectivity between the rings in the event of a failure.

Method and apparatus for preventing loops in a network by controlling broadcasts


A fingerprinting system comprising means capable of releasably retaining a liquid and a liquid composition releasably retained in said means, said liquid composition comprising a leuco chromogenic compound and an oleophilic solvent therefor, and a substrate for receiving fingerprints associated therewith, said substrate being coated on at least a portion of one surface thereof with a color-developing substance capable of reacting with said chromogenic compound to produce a colored reaction product. The invention also comprises the method of fingerprinting utilizing such system.

The present invention relates to inkless fingerprinting systems used for identification purposes. More specifically, it relates to compositions, systems, and methods of generating instant, stable fingerprints on various substrates without the need of conventional inks and without the use of any chemical or mechanical post-treatment of the fingerprint or the surface on which the fingerprint was made.
As used herein the term "fingerprints" also encompasses "footprints" such as those taken of newly-born infants and placed on birth records. Also, the term "inkless" means the absence of colored pigments such as carbon black and as being distinct from printing inks as such term is now understood in this art.
The fingerprint patterns or ridge endings and ridge separations are highly individualized and are not altered with time. The comparison of fingerprint patterns has long been accepted as an absolute means of identifying individuals in a multitude of criminal and non-criminal situations.
In order for a fingerprinting identification system to be commercially acceptable it must be extremely stable and reliable, i.e., the prints must be distinct and clear and must be easily readable by the human eye and by automated fingerprint reading systems which are finding increased usage especially with a number of law enforcement agencies. Furthermore, the prints must form instantaneously, and must possess a high degree of stability toward exposure to extreme atmospheric conditions such as temperature, humidity and light. Preferably, the systems must be simple and aesthetically inoffensive.
Traditionally, fingerprints have been made with printing or writing types of ink, usually comprising finely ground carbon black particles dispersed in a liquid vehicle. The carbon black dispersion is ordinarily applied to a flat and firm surface, the excess dispersion removed, transferred to the surface of the object to be fingerprinted or identified, and subsequently transferred to the surface of the substrate where the final print is to be made. Such a procedure is cumbersome, time consuming and results in severe soiling of the hands and clothing of everyone involved in the fingerprinting process.
During the past several years inkless fingerprinting systems have been proposed such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,831,552 involving the use of magnetizable powders. Other proposed inkless systems utilize the chelation of specific metal salts such as sodium vanadate with organic acids as described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,082,735, or various methods of reacting 8-hydroxyquinoline with metal salts, and preferably ferric chloride, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,960,632, 4,262,623, and 4,379,178. Additionally, U.S. Pat. No. 4,232,083 discloses the use of metal complexing compounds having a plurality of ligand groups with transitional metal salts of oleophilic, organic acids to form dark images which can be useful in fingerprinting systems.
The inkless fingerprinting systems known heretofore possess varying degrees of undesirable properties. Some are mechanically too complex to find commercial application and others, especially those relying upon metal-chelation reactions, are usually too slow and the image of the fingerprint does not appear instantaneously and in some cases it takes long periods of time before the print develops its full intensity. Oftentimes, these slow-forming inkless fingerprinting systems can be rendered completely inoperable if fingerprinting is attempted in substantially lower than ambient temperature as would be the case in an outdoor environment in geographic locations with extremely cold climates. In some cases, the fingerprint is treated chemically or mechanically after it is made in order to develop its desired color and color intensity.


The present invention relates to a novel process for the synthesis of everolimus of formula (I):

Everolimus (RAD-001) is the 40-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-rapamycin of formula (I),

It is a derivative of sirolimus of formula (III),
and works similarly to sirolimus as an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Everolimus is currently used as an immunosuppressant to prevent rejection of organ transplants and treatment of renal cell cancer and other tumours. It is marketed by Novartis under the tradenames Zortress™ (USA) and Certican™ (Europe and other countries) in transplantation medicine, and Afinitor™ in oncology.
Trisubstituted silyloxyethyltrifluoromethane sulfonates (triflates) of the general formula (IV),
wherein R1, R2, R3 are independently a straight or branched alkyl group, for example C1-C10 alkyl, and/or an aryl group, for example a phenyl group, are important intermediates useful in the synthesis of everolimus.
Everolimus and its process for manufacture using the intermediate 2-(t-butyldimethyl silyl) oxyethyl triflate of formula (IVA),
was first described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,772. The overall reaction is depicted in Scheme I.

For the synthesis, firstly sirolimus of formula (III) and 2-(t-butyldimethylsilyl)oxyethyl triflate of formula (IVA) are reacted in the presence of 2,6-Lutidine in toluene at around 60° C. to obtain the corresponding 40-O-[2-(t-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]ethyl rapamycin of formula (IIa), which is then deprotected in aqueous hydrochloric acid and converted into crude everolimus [40-O-(2-Hydroxy)ethyl rapamycin] of formula (I).
However, this process results in the formation of impure everolimus, which requires purification by column chromatography. The process results in very poor overall yield and purity and thereby the process is not suitable for the commercial scale production of everolimus.
Moenius et al. (I. Labelled Cpd. Radiopharm. 43, 113-120 (2000) have disclosed a process to prepare C-14 labelled everolimus using the diphenyltert-butylsilyloxy-protective group of formula (IV B),
as the alkylation agent. The overall yield reported was 25%.
International patent application, publication number WO 2012/103960 discloses the preparation of everolimus using the alkylating agent 2-((2,3-dimethylbut-2-yl)dimethylsilyloxy)ethyl triflate of formula (IVC),
wherein the overall yield reported is 52.54%. The process involves a derivatization method based on the reaction of the triflate (IV) with a derivatization agent, which preferably is a secondary aromatic amine, typically N-methylaniline.
International patent application, publication number WO 2012/103959 also discloses the preparation of everolimus using the alkylating agent of formula (IVC). The process is based on a reaction of rapamycin with the compound of formula (IVC) in the presence of a base (such as an aliphatic tertiary amine) to form 40-O-2-(t-hexyldimethylsiloxy)ethylrapamycin, which is subsequently deprotected under acidic conditions to obtain everolimus.
European Patent Number 1518517B discloses a process for the preparation of everolimus which employs the triflate compound of formula (IVA), 2-(t-butyldimethyl silyl) oxyethyl triflate. The disclosed process for preparing the compound of formula (IVA) involves a flash chromatography purification step.
The compounds of formula (IV) are key intermediates in the synthesis of everolimus. However, they are highly reactive and also very unstable, and their use often results in decomposition during reaction with sirolimus. This is reflected by the fact that the yields of the reaction with sirolimus are very low and the compounds of formula (IV) are charged in high molar extent. Thus it is desirable to develop a process to stabilize compounds of formula (IV) without loss of reactivity.

Process for the synthesis of everolimus and intermediates thereof

Abstract: and intermediates thereof.


According to certain embodiments, a system comprises one or more memories and one or more processors. The one or more memories store optical data from an optical recorder comprising at least two optical data sets by: receiving a first optical data set of an eye with a pupil having a first pupil size; and receiving a second optical data set of the eye with the pupil having a second pupil size. The one or more processors determine a pseudo-rotation related to a pupil size change, receive a measured cyclotorsion, calculate an actual cyclotorsion from the measured cyclotorsion and the pseudo-rotation, and adjust a laser treatment according to the actual cyclotorsion.

Laser treatment systems typically center a treatment profile on a particular portion of the eye, such as the pupil center. The eye, however, changes in a variety of ways, and these changes may move that portion. For example, movement of the eyeball itself may move the portion. As another example, changes in the iris under different light conditions may move the portion. Accordingly, the systems should compensate for the movement of the portion in order to properly apply the treatment.

Adjusting laser treatment in response to changes in the eye


The present invention provides a coupling mechanism between the optical subassembly and the circuit board using the FPC board. The mechanism according to the present invention may release the mechanical stress induced in the root portion of the lead pin of the optical subassembly and shows a superior productivity. The optical assembly provides a plurality of lead pins arranged in at least two rows. The FPC board bent in the U-shape is put between rows and soldered to the lead pins in the pads thereof. One piece of the FPC board is extended to the circuit board and soldered thereto.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a coupling mechanism between an optical subassembly and a circuit board, in particular, a coupling mechanism using a flexible printed circuit board.
2. Related Prior Art
Conventional coupling mechanism between an optical subassembly (hereinafter denoted as OSA) and a circuit board with a flexible printed circuit board (hereinafter denoted as FPC board) is, for example, one end portion of the FPC board is inserted with lead pins of the OSA and the FPC board thus assembled with the OSA is connected to a primary surface of the circuit board by bending the FPC board between the OSA and the circuit board. Such mechanism has been disclosed in a Japanese Patent application published as JP-H11-345987A.
However, this conventional mechanism has various subjects to be solved. That is:
(1) The FPC board is necessary to extend to be bent, which influences the high frequency performance of the transceiver that installs the OSA and the circuit board;
(2) Although a gap between the OSA and the circuit board may be adjusted by bending the FPC board to align the OSA along an optical axis thereof, mechanical stress is induced at the contact point of the FPC board with the circuit board, which causes a break of wiring pattern on the FPC board;
(3) Electrical connection between the OSA and the circuit board is realized by inserting the lead pins of the OSA into via holes provided in the FPC board and by soldering thereafter. However, the space between lead pins becomes smaller as the transceiver miniaturizes, which makes it hard to insert lead pins into the holes and to solder them. For example, assuming the diameter of the OSA is 3.8 mm and has four lead pins, the space therebetween becomes 0.45 mm. Moreover, for the side of the circuit board, the space between via holes into which the lead pin is inserted therein is only left by 0.5 mm, assuming the diameter of holes is 0.45 mm. The FPC board applicable to such small spaced lead pins is hard not only to manufacture it but also to solder them.
(4) A functional OSA requires a number of lead pins. One type of such numerous lead pins is known as an arrayed lead pin, in which the pitch of lead pins becomes further smaller as compared to those mentioned above. In order to solder or to connect this arrayed lead pins to the FPC board, respective pins is necessary to be expanded in their interval at a distal end, which makes it complex and costly to manufacture the transceiver.

Optical transceiver using optical sub-assembly having multiple lead pins connected to the substrate by a flexible printed circuit


A cylinder tip mounting head includes: a shaft member; a first cylindrical rod having a cylindrical space, which is mounted to a lower end of the shaft member, which is configured to move in the up-down direction integrally with the shaft member; a stationary second cylindrical rod, which has a housing space for housing the first cylindrical rod so that the first cylindrical rod is movable in the up-down direction, the stationary second cylindrical rod including a syringe mounting portion; and a discharge rod housed in the cylindrical space in the first cylindrical rod, the discharge rod including a plunger mounting portion. The discharge rod is configured to coordinate with the movement of the shaft member in the up-down direction so that the plunger mounted to the discharge rod reciprocates in the tubular passage in the syringe to suck the object into the tubular passage and discharge the sucked object.

Movement devices configured to move a certain object from one container to another container are required in various technical fields. For example, there is a moving device configured such that, in a case where there are a first container storing a large number of moving objects such as compact parts, organic or inorganic fragments or particles, and cells, and a second container receiving the moving objects, some of the moving objects are extracted from the first container and moved to the second container. Such a movement device needs a suction tip configured to suck an object from the first container and discharge the sucked object to the second container.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2009-34013 discloses a technology of sucking a cell aggregate, which serves as the moving object, from a dispenser well with use of a suction tip (micropipette) and discharging the sucked cell aggregate to a cell Petri dish. A cell aggregate is held in a liquid, and when the suction tip is used to suck the cell aggregate, a distal opening portion of the suction tip is immersed into the liquid. Accordingly, the suction tip may be required to be discarded after a single set of suction and discharge.
In the work of moving an object, there has been a requirement for highly automating a series of operations including suction and discharge of the object using the suction tip. At present, however, the suction tip is manually operated, or automation is limited to such an extent that only a suction force generation mechanism is attached to the suction tip. It cannot therefore be said that the movement work has high work efficiency at present.

Cylinder tip mounting head, and head device and movement device each using same


A system for monitoring ruminant animal foraging that utilizes a piezoelectric film sensor in communication with a computer processor to record and characterize jaw movement data for the foraging ruminant animal. The processor applies pattern algorithms to categorize the jaw movement data so that the jaw movements are categorized as at least chewing, biting, ruminating, and/or idling.

Foraging behavior in grazing ruminant animals is a complex process that is difficult to quantify. A greater understanding of foraging behavior is needed to better evaluate (among other things) plant-herbivore interactions in pasture-based systems. Direct observation of grazing animals is tedious, error-prone, and subject to natural limitations—such as weather conditions and the number of animals that can be effectively observed at one time. Additionally, human presence alone may significantly alter the foraging behavior of some animals.
Although some prior art ruminant behavior monitors are available, the monitors are cumbersome and fragile and are frequently damaged or dismantled by other cows, or affected by wet weather. Prior art monitors lack a Global Positioning System (GPS) capability and do not have a remote user interface, so that animals wearing the system must be physically located and detained to access the monitor's data.
The need exists for an animal monitoring system that affords the user the ability to collect and analyze data associated with various aspects of animal foraging behavior as well as information regarding the animal's spatiotemporal pasture location with little user intervention or disruption of the animal's natural foraging behavior. The monitoring system disclosed herein comprises a halter-mounted system that includes dual piezoelectric jaw movement sensors to track the ruminant's actual jaw movements.
The monitoring system also includes a data processor, data logger-type electronic storage capability, and a radio transceiver with GPS capability. The monitoring system further continuously (or selectively) communicates the status of the monitoring apparatus (wirelessly) back to a host computer. The system is configured so that a host computer can download the collected data on demand.

The United States of America, as represented by the Secretary of Agriculture


The present invention provides benzoxazole compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and pharmaceutical compositions including the same. The present invention further provides methods of use as described herein.

Many early immune responses to damage or infection are initiated by a family of innate immune toll-like receptors (TLRs). The TLR family has broad specificity, recognizing molecular structures that are highly conserved among pathogenic organisms or different types of physical damage. The ligands of specific TLRs include endotoxin, single- or double-stranded RNA, peptidoglycan, flagellin, heat shock proteins, and in the case of TLR9, unmethylated CpG sequences in DNA (Bell et al., Trends Immunol. 24:528-533 (2003) and Wagner, Trends Immunol. 25:381-6 (2004)). While this early sensing of disease or damage is critical to the ensuing immune response, it can also be the source of inappropriate or damaging responses as well. For example, TLR9 has been implicated in autoimmune disorders, including lupus, which has long been associated with anti-DNA antibody reactivity, and multiple sclerosis (Prinz et al., J Clin Invest 116:456-464 (2006)). TLR9 also appears to underlie the uncontrolled inflammatory response that is associated with death from septic shock (Plitas et al., J Exp Med 205: 1277-83 (2008)).
TLR9 was first identified as an innate immune receptor expressed by human B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) that binds unmethylated CpG sequences, resulting, in cellular activation and cytokine secretion (Hemmi et al., Nature 408:740-745 (2000)). These sequences are over-represented in bacterial DNA in comparison to eukaryotic DNA, and therefore can serve as an indicator of bacterial infection. However, eukaryotic DNA contains some unmethylated CpG and is capable of stimulating TLR9 as well (Vallin et al., J Immunol. 163:6306-13 (1999) and Leadbetter et al. (2002)). While DNA from dying cells is typically ingested and sequestered from the system, lupus is associated with genetic defects that lead to poor clearance and accumulation of excessive cell debris (Krislman et al., Seminars in Immunology 18:240-243 (2006)), exposing, the immune system to abnormally high levels of ligand. This condition, combined with targeted uptake of DNA-containing complexes by either complex-specific immunoglobulin on B cells, or Fc receptors on dendritic or antigen-presenting cells, can result in presentation and reaction to autoantigen, a response boosted by the presence of TLR9 ligand in the stimulating complex. This observation is exemplified by the fact that PDC respond to complexes found in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) serum by secreting α-interferon, and that this is Fc receptor and DNA-dependent and mediated by TLR9 (Leadbetter et al., (2002) and Means et al., J Clin Invest. 1152:407-17 (2005)). The resulting α-interferon can further drive dendritic cell and B cell maturation. Correspondingly, array data show activation of α-interferon inducible genes in patients with severe disease (Bennett et al., J Exp Med. 197:711-23 (2003)). As PDC are the predominant source of α-interferon in the body, this observation further associates this cell population with disease.
B cells are also central to lupus autoimmunity, and are driven to proliferate and produce IL-6 and antibodies by TLR9 stimulation with synthetic oligonucleotides. Due to preferential association with B cells expressing autoreactive cell surface immunoglobulin, autoantigen-specific cells will predominate in this response. A self-reinforcing cycle is thus at work, in which DNA or RNA-containing cell debris combines with antibodies from TLR9-stimulated autoantigen-specific B cells to stimulate plasmacytoid dendritic cells via Fc receptors.

Benzoxazole compounds and methods of use


A control device of an internal combustion engine calculates an abnormal combustion prevention torque for preventing an abnormal combustion due to self-ignition whose heat source is a mixture of supplied fuel to the internal combustion engine and lubricant oil, on the basis of a cylinder wall temperature of the internal combustion engine or a temperature of a parameter in correlation with the cylinder wall temperature, and controls a torque of the internal combustion engine to prevent the torque of the internal combustion engine from becoming equal to or more than the abnormal combustion prevention torque.

JP2011-106411A discloses, as a conventional internal combustion engine control device, one that calculates an upper limit of an engine torque (intake air amount) on the basis of an intake pressure and engine rotation speed and further correcting this upper limit in accordance with an engine water temperature, to prevent an occurrence of abnormal combustion due to self-ignition of a fuel-air mixture.

Control device of an internal combustion engine and a control method thereof


A novel fabric switch is provided. The switch includes a tunnel management apparatus that maintains a local inter-switch tunnel and an inter-fabric tunnel. The local inter-switch tunnel facilitates communication to a switch in a local fabric switch. The inter-fabric tunnel facilitates communication to a remote fabric switch. The switch further includes a packet header management apparatus that decapsulates a packet received from the local inter-switch tunnel and encapsulates the packet with a new tunnel header for transmission over the inter-fabric tunnel.

Field
This disclosure relates to communication networks. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a system and method for a constructing a scalable switching system based on hierarchical overlay tunneling.
Related Art
The exponential growth of the Internet has made it a popular delivery medium for a variety of applications running on physical and virtual devices. Such applications have brought with them an increasing demand for bandwidth. As a result, equipment vendors race to build larger and faster switches with versatile capabilities, such as network virtualization and multi-tenancy, to accommodate diverse network demands efficiently. However, the size of a switch cannot grow infinitely. It is limited by physical space, power consumption, and design complexity, to name a few factors. Furthermore, switches with higher capability are usually more complex and expensive. More importantly, because an overly large and complex system often does not provide economy of scale, simply increasing the size and capability of a switch may prove economically unviable due to the increased per-port cost.
One way to increase the throughput of a switch system is to use layer-2 switch stacking. In switch stacking, multiple smaller-scale, identical switches are interconnected in a special pattern to form a larger logical switch. However, switch stacking requires careful configuration of the ports and inter-switch links. The amount of required manual configuration becomes prohibitively complex and tedious when the stack reaches a certain size, which precludes switch stacking from being a practical option in building a large-scale switching system. Furthermore, a system based on stacked switches often has topology limitations which restrict the scalability of the system due to bandwidth considerations.
A flexible way to improve the scalability of a switch system is to build an interconnection of switches that can be controlled in a cohesive way, these switches can often share a single logical chassis, or a single control plane (referred to as "fabric switch"). A fabric switch is a collection of individual member switches. These member switches form a network of interconnected switches that can have an arbitrary number of ports and an arbitrary topology. As demands grow, customers can adopt a "pay as you grow" approach to scale up the capacity of the fabric switch.
While a fabric switch brings desirable features, some issues remain unsolved in efficient formation and data transportation of a scalable fabric switch. One challenge that remains is that as layer-2 networks become more ubiquitous, extended layer-2 broadcast domains are hosting an increasing number of medium-access-control (MAC) addresses. In addition, the emergence of cloud computing based on virtual machines exacerbates the grown of the number of MAC addresses. How to manage such a large number of MAC addresses, while providing the capability of handling a large amount of layer-2 traffic, remains a main challenge for network equipment vendors.

Interconnection of switches based on hierarchical overlay tunneling


A method of fabricating a capacitor on a semiconductor substrate. A barrier layer is formed over the substrate to serve as a bottom electrode of the capacitor. A dielectric layer is formed on the barrier layer. An upper electrode is formed on the dielectric layer. In addition, the method can be used in a dynamic random access memory.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device fabrication. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method of fabricating a capacitor.
2. Description of Related Art
Polysilicon is commonly used as an electrode for a capacitor in a semiconductor device fabrication. However, an electrode made from polysilicon still has many disadvantages such as depletion occurring in the polysilicon electrode. The depletion causes instability of the capacitor's capacitance so as to decrease the performance of devices.
FIG. 1 is a schematic, cross-sectional view showing a conventional method of fabricating a capacitor. As shown in FIG. 1, a semiconductor substrate 101 is provided. A polysilicon layer 107 is formed over the substrate 101. The polysilicon layer 107 is a part of a structure preformed over the substrate 101. A dielectric layer 105 is formed over the substrate 110 . A tungsten plug 103 is formed in the dielectric layer 105. A barrier/glue layer 108 is formed between the tungsten plug 103 and the dielectric layer 105 to increase adhesion between the metal plug 103 and the dielectric layer 105.
Another barrier/glue layer 109 is formed over the substrate 101 to cover the metal plug 103. A polysilicon layer 111 is formed on the barrier/glue 109 to serve as a bottom electrode of a capacitor formed subsequently. A dielectric layer 113 made EXPRESS MAL NO. from oxide is formed on the polysilicon layer 115. Another polysilicon layer 115 is formed on the dielectric layer 113 to serve as an upper electrode. A complete capacitor is formed.
In the conventional method, some ions such as phosphorous ions or arsenic ions are doped into the polysilicon layer which serves as the bottom electrode of the capacitor in order to increase conductivity. However, when a voltage is applied to the upper electrode of the capacitor, inductive charges are generated. Thus, the inductive charges generated at the interfacial between the bottom electrode and the dielectric layer are neutralized with the dopants of the polysilicon layer so as to form a depletion region in the bottom electrode.
As shown in FIG. 2, FIG. 2 is a schematic, cross-sectional view of what happens when a voltage is applied to a conventional capacitor. A capacitor 120 is composed of polysilicon layers 117, 119 and a dielectric layer 121. When a negative voltage is applied to an upper electrode 117 of the capacitor 120, inductive positive charges are generated in a bottom electrode 119 of the capacitor 120. At this time, a part of the inductive positive charges is neutralized with the dopants of the polysilicon layer so as to form a depletion region 123 at the interface between the bottom electrode 119 and the dielectric layer 121.
The depletion region 123 is viewed as a dielectric layer. In other words, the dielectric layer 121 is thickened due to the depletion region 123. The thickness of the dielectric layer 121 is increased. Since the charge-storing ability of the capacitor is relative to the thickness of the dielectric layer, the thinner the dielectric layer is, the greater the capacitance of the capacitor. The depletion region causes an increase in the thickness of the dielectric layer, in other words, the capacitor's capacitance is lowered so as to reduce performance of devices. Moreover, as different voltages are applied to the capacitor, the thickness of the depletion region 108 is changed. The voltage coefficient (1/C(dC/dV)) of the capacitor is thus increased so that the capacitance of the capacitor is changed as the different voltages are applied. Thus, stability of devices is decreased.


This is an electrophotographic marking system with the ability to minimize adherence of a marking composition to a fixing component in the system, such as a fuser roll. In this manner, offset is avoided and a better image results on the paper or receiving medium. This is accomplished by using a substituted polyolefin as a release agent that is coated on the surface of the fuser roll.

Electrophotographic image-forming machines are used to transfer images onto paper or other medium in both printing and copier systems. Generally, a photoconductor is selectively charged and optically exposed to form an electrostatic latent image on the photoconductor surface. Toner is deposited onto the charged photoconductor surface. The toner has a charge; thus, it will adhere to the photoconductor surface in areas corresponding to the electrostatic latent image. The toner image is transferred to the paper or other medium. The toned paper is heated by any of several methods including a fuser roller system and the toner in image-wise configuration is fused to the paper. The photoconductor is then refreshed—cleaned to remove any residual toner and charge—to make it ready for another image. The imaged paper is then passed to a document output collection area or tray where the user collects the finished, permanently imaged paper or documents.
The fuser roll used in the fuser roller system eventually becomes contaminated with a film or debris containing toner or by-products of toner and paper. This contamination usually takes the form of a film which eventually builds up and adversely affects the performance and life of the fuser roll.
This fuser roll contamination can generally occur in any fuser system of an electrophotographic printer or copier, and it causes marks on copy (MOC) in addition to marks caused by prior image history. Generally, the fuser roll becomes contaminated, as earlier noted, with toner and by-products of fuser chemical reactions which eventually can cause early failure of the entire fusing system.
Problems with toner debris on the fuser roller can eventually affect the pressure roll and also the quality and clarity of the imaged paper in contact with the fuser roller. As noted above, the life of the fuser roll can be substantially shortened if this contamination problem is not properly addressed. This results in increasing customer operating costs.
It is desired in the fusing process that minimal or no offset of the toner particles from the support to the fuser member takes place during normal operations. Toner particles offset onto the fuser member can subsequently transfer to other parts of the machine or onto the support in subsequent copying cycles, thereby increasing the image background, causing inadequate copy quality, causing inferior marks on the copy, or otherwise interfering with the material being copied there as well as causing toner contamination of other parts of the machine. The defect referred to "hot offset" occurs when the temperature of the toner is increased to a point where the toner particles liquefy and a splitting of the molten toner takes place during the fusing operation with a portion remaining on the fuser member. The hot offset temperature or degradation of the hot offset temperature is a measure of the release properties of the fuser member, and accordingly it is desirable to provide a fusing surface having a low surface energy to provide the necessary release.
The use of polymeric release agents having functional groups which interact with a fuser member to form a thermally stable, renewable self-cleaning layer having good release properties for electroscopic thermoplastic resin toners, is described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,029,827, 4,101,686, and 4,185,140, the disclosures of each of which are totally incorporated herein by reference.
In color or monochrome xerographic marking fusing systems and subsystems, silicone fluids are presently predominantly used as release agents. There are many associated defects and failure modes associated with the use of these fluids, especially when they are employed in machines printing full colors and requiring longer service life. Silicone is by nature chemically and physically susceptible to reaction with many other species in the environment, such as toner and toner additives, ink components, paper debris, etc. Side reactions with these species can lead to premature gelation, toner offset, slime, image defects, which ultimately lead to shortened component and subsystem operation life. This life shortfall directly impacts operation costs incurred by both manufacturers and customers. End use applications in particular, are negatively impacted by the use of amine-functional silicone fluids, as the amine functionality interacts with the surface of both coated and un-coated paper stocks. This leaves a persistent film on the surface that inhibits adhesives, UV overcoats write-ability, post-it notes use, book binding, and other end use elements from properly functioning.

Electrophotographic marking systems with release agents