A projection display is disclosed. The present invention can eliminate the reflective light on the internal optical surface of the optical system, using the phase plate and linear polarizer, in the color sequential driving of illuminating at least two colors on the single display panel at a random moment. The phase plate converts the incident light from a linearly polarized light to a circularly polarized light, and vice versa. And, the linear polarizer transmits the linearly polarized light of the incident light in the specific direction. Therefore, the present invention prevents the degradation of color purity generated from the mutual intrusion of light of at least two colors, thereby enhancing quality of color image.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a projection display. Although the present invention is suitable for a wide scope of applications, it is particularly suitable for enhancing color purity.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Recently, a display device has a tendency for developing into its lightweight, slim size and wide screen, and more particularly, its lightweight and slim size become a matter of concern.
To achieve the light weight and slim size, a projection display instrument needs to employ a single panel illumination system using one display panel instead of employing a 3- or 2-panels illumination system using three display panels.
The single panel illumination system enables low price, lightweight and slim size which are smaller than those of the 3-panels illumination system. Yet, the single panel illumination system implements separation/synthesis of the three primary colors, red, blue and green of light by color sequential driving, thereby having radiation intensity lower than that of the 3-panels illumination system.
To supplement such a disadvantage of the single panel illumination system, color scrolling methods of implementing color by illuminating at least two kinds of color on a display panel instantly have been devised.
Yet, in the color scrolling type single panel projection display, at least two colors are simultaneously illuminated on one panel to implement colors. Hence, one color causes interference to an area of another color on the display panel to lower color purity.
For instance, blue and green lights intrude a red area to degrade red color purity. Likewise, a green or blue area is intruded by lights of the rest two colors to degrade its color purity. Such a color purity degradation always takes place in the color implementation system of the color scrolling method of implementing lights of at least two colors on one display panel simultaneously.
FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining an example of occurrence of color intrusion at a random moment in case of implementing an entire screen with red in an illumination system of a single panel projection display device according to a related art, FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining a color scrolling method by the rotating prism in a single panel projection display device according to a related art, and FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining a color scrolling method by the color wheel in a single panel projection display device according to a related art.
A process that 1-color light intrudes an area of another color is explained with reference to FIG. 1 as follows.
FIG. 1 shows an example that green color intrudes red color in a color scrolling method of illuminating 2-color light on a panel at one arbitrary moment.
Referring to FIG. 1, white light projected from a light source 701 is homogenized and converted to a linearly polarized light having one optical axis by an integrator and polarizing converter 702 to proceed to a color separation unit 703. Any device operative in performing color separation by a color scrolling method can be used as the color separation unit 703. For instance, a color drum, a color wheel, a rotating prism or the like corresponds to the color separation unit 703. Namely, the color separation unit 703 splits the white light into lights of R, G and B areas. And, it is also assumed that the polarizing converter 202 converts the white light to a P-wave polarized light.
The R, G and B lights split by the color separation unit 703 are sequentially illuminated on a display panel 706 via an illumination lens array 704 and a PBS 705.
In FIG. 1 that shows an example of implementing an entire image by red color, an ON signal is applied to an area of the display panel having the red light illuminated thereon and an OFF signal is applied to an area of the panel having the green and blue lights applied thereto, in the color scrolling method. According to a time basis, the R, G and B lights, as shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, then sequentially propagate. In doing so, the red light proceeds to a projection lens 707 via a PBS 705 only but the green and blue lights fail in proceeding toward the projection lens 707.
Namely, as the P-polarized red light is illuminated on the ON area of the display panel only, a polarized direction of the red light is converted to an S-wave from a P-wave to reflect to the PBS 705.
It is assumed that the PBS 705 is coated with a polarizing film to reflect the S-wave thereon and to transmit the P-wave therethrough.
If so, the S-wave red light is reflected by the PBS 705 toward the projection lens 707. The projection lens 707 then enlarges and projects the red light reflected by the PBS 705 to a screen (not shown in the drawing).
Meanwhile, the P-polarized green and blue lights, which are illuminated on the OFF area of the display panel, are reflected toward the PBS 705 without changing their polarized direction. Namely, the green and blue lights maintaining the P-polarization to be reflected toward the PBS 705.
For convenience of explanation, the green light among the green and blue lights is explained in detail as follows.
First of all, the green light, which is reflected by the OFF area of the display panel 706 to the PBS 705 to be in the P-polarized state G_p, is transmitted through the PBS 705 to enter the illumination lens array 704 as it is.
In doing so, it may happen that a portion G_p of the green light indicated by a dotted line in FIG. 1 is reflected by a random surface of the illumination lens array 704 to arrive at the red area of the display panel via the PBS 705. Since the panel signal of the red area is 'ON', the P-polarized green light G_p is converted to the green light G_s to reflect to the PBS 705. Since the PBS 705 is coated to reflect the S-polarized light, the S-polarized green light G_s is reflected by the PBS 705 to the projection lens 707. The projection lens 707 then enlarges to project the S-polarized green light to the red area of the screen.
Meanwhile, the blue light, on which the same process of the green light is carried out, is enlarged to be projected on the red area of the screen as well.
However, in case of the related art single panel projection display device enabling color implementation by illuminating at least two kinds of lights on the display panel simultaneously, the above-explained color intrusion degrades the quality of color image.


A stepping exercise machine has hydraulic cylinders to resist downward movement of its pedals or treadles and a bias spring to urge the pedals or treadles to their upper position of travel. A plurality of receptacles such as holes or slots interconnect with a hook associated with one end of the hydraulic cylinders to in turn vary the resistance to movement of the pedals or treadles.

1. Field:
This invention relates to exercise devices and is particularly related to stepping exercise machines.
2. State of the Art:
Exercise machines known as "steppers" typically include a pair of side-by-side levers, which may be variously configured, e.g. as pedals, pads or treadles. The levers are spaced apart and typically move up and down in what may be regarded as parallel planes. Some "steppers" include means for translating or synchronizing downward movement of one lever into upward movement of the other lever. Other versions have means to bias both levers to a raised position. In either case, an exercise is performed by sequentially stepping on the respective levers in a manner simulating climbing a flight of stairs. Such "steppers" include means to resist downward movement of the respective foot pads; and some such "steppers" have structure so the resistance may be varied or adjusted.
To use such a "stepper," the user performs a typical exercise routine in which weight is applied to one lever at a time in sequence to cause the levers to pivot in an arc against a resistance associated with each lever. At or about the same time the user applies weight to one lever, the user removes weight from the other lever to allow a biasing mechanism or a synchronizing mechanism to raise the other lever.
In one known stepping exercise machine, a resilient spring is positioned beneath arms supporting foot pads. Resistance to the downward movement of the levers, as well as return of the levers to a raised position, is provided by the springs.
Other available stepping exercise machines rely upon spring loaded fluid cylinders to provide resistance to downward lever travel and springs to return the levers to their raised positions.
Various mechanical arrangements have been provided to adjust the mechanical advantage through which the force applied to a lever and in turn the resistance to lever movement is provided by the resistance mechanism. These arrangements have tended to be expensive to fabricate, and their adjustment may require a degree of skill not possessed by typical users of the equipment or may require operating screws or nuts which may be difficult or frustrating to some users. There remains a need for a simple, easily used and inexpensive system for adjusting the degree of difficulty of exercises performed on low cost stepping exercise machines.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,838,543; 4,563,001; 4,989,858; 5,000,441; 5,062,627; 5,071,115 and 5,078,390 each disclose stepping exercise machines wherein hydraulic cylinders are used in conjunction with pivoted levers some of which have foot pads on the free ends thereof.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,838,543 discloses a stepping exercise machine having hydraulic resistance interconnected between a support post and a pair of pivoted arms having foot pads fixed to the free ends thereof. A synchronizing rope connector is used to raise one lever as the other is depressed. Resistance to depression of the levers is varied by changing the location of the connection of the shock absorbers using a wing nut and bracket through a slot along the lengths of the pivoted arms.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,563,001 discloses a stepping exercise machine having resistance cylinders each connected from beneath a pivoted lever arm. The connecting means between the resistance cylinders and the lever arms are adjustable with a screw along the lengths of the arms to vary the resistance encountered by a user in pushing down on the levers.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,989,858 discloses a stepping exercise machine providing a combination arm and leg exercising apparatus. In the disclosed device, a pair of foot pedals each have one end pivotally connected to a frame. An adjustable compressed spring tension device is connected between the frame and each foot pedal.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,000,441 discloses a machine having a pair of foot pedals each pivotally connected at one end to a support frame. A hydraulic cylinder is pivotally connected between a support post of the support frame and each foot pedal with no adjustment structure illustrated.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,062,627 discloses a stair stepper having hydraulic cylinders pivotally connected between a support post and pivotally mounted pedals. A reciprocator is provided to raise one pedal as the other is pushed down. The resistance may be adjusted using a screw or bolt interconnected to the cylinder through a series of holes.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,071,115 discloses a stepping exercise machine utilizing adjustable hydraulic cylinders as resistance means for steps and torsion springs to return the steps to a raised position.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,078,390 discloses a stair stepper with pivotally mounted foot support beams. Shock absorbers are pivotally connected to a support post and are adjustably connected along the lengths of the foot support beams to vary the resistance to downward movement of the support beam ends.

Stepper with adjustable resistance mechanism


A reflective optical system for projectors comprises a single integral piece of transparent optical molding having at least an incident surface, an exit surface, and two or more internal reflection surfaces between the incident surface and the exit surface, each reflection power having a power, positive or negative. The reflective optical system is provided with grooves, desirably blackened grooves, formed between the internal reflection surfaces so as to block out undesirable light proceeding therein. The internal reflection surfaces are formed by coating an aluminum film on an outer wall of the transparent optical molding. The reflective optical system reflects incoming image bearing light through the incident surface on the internal reflection surfaces in turn and projects the image bearing light through the exit surface so as thereby to project an image on a remote screen.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a reflective optical system used for projectors or projection televisions to modulate and project image bearing light as an enlarged image on a screen.
2. Description of Related Art
Projectors for projecting images on a remote wide screen are provided with a projection optical system comprises a large number of lenses. Such a projector is unavoidably large in size. Apertures, curvatures and weight of these lenses used in the projection optical system exert various restraints on proximity wide-angle projection. In recent years, there have been proposed reflective projectors for projecting images on a wide screen at a short distance. Such a reflective projector is provided with a wide-angle projection optical system including an image display device or element such as a liquid crystal display device or a digital mirror device (DMD). The projection optical system disclosed in, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2002-40326 includes a folded reflective optical system including a plurality of reflection mirrors for reflecting image bearing light from the image display device for repeating reflection of image bearing light for enlarged image projection on a wide screen at a comparatively short distance. Using the folded reflective optical system enables wide-angle projection at a short distance and makes the projector compact in size. Moreover, the folded reflective optical system provides high resolution images.
However, the reflective optical system including a plurality of reflection mirrors encounters a difficulty in arranging the reflection mirrors in precise relative positions. In the case of, for example, a folded reflective optical system for a projector disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2003-29149 in which six reflection mirrors are used for the purpose of aberration correction, there is an essential demand for the reflective optical system that mirror parts have to be not only prepared with high precision but arranged and fixed with a high degree of accuracy when attempting to miniaturize the projector and/or to enable wide-angle projection. This demand results in a drop in manufacturing efficiency and a raise in manufacturing cost.
Further, as disclosed, for example, in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2003-29149, the reflective optical system is installed by mounting reflection mirrors to a housing. In order to avoid an occurrence of aberration such as distortion due to an accumulated error of registration of the reflection mirrors, the reflection mirrors have to be installed and fixed with a high degree of accuracy and also have to be adjusted precisely in position after installation.


The adhesive tape includes: a resin layer that is formed by applying resin coating, the resin coating containing a resin having an acid number of 50 mg/g or more and 130 mg/g or less, and at least one type of cross-linking agent selected from between an epoxy-based cross-linking agent and a metal chelate cross-linking agent; and an adhesive layer that is laminated on or above the resin layer, and is formed by applying adhesive coating, the adhesive coating containing a resin including a hydroxyl group, and a metal chelate compound.

Technical Field
The present invention relates to an adhesive tape.
Related Art
A display apparatus (liquid crystal display apparatus, organic EL display apparatus) including a display panel such as a liquid crystal panel or an organic EL panel and a transparent panel to be attached to the front surface side of the display panel is used for mobile phones, smartphones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), electric dictionaries, and the like.
In such a display apparatus, an adhesive tape with excellent optical characteristics is used for reducing the thickness and weight of the overall apparatus, improving visibility, attaching various kinds of members to each other and the like. For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 2012-188479 discloses a two-sided adhesive tape for attaching a transparent panel to an image display apparatus.


An article for storing fruits and vegetables (10) is formed from a sheet of mesh material (20) which has two edges (22) placed next to one another to form a tubular bag. The ends of elastic strips (24) parallely affixed along the length of the sheet (20) are joined to form rings creating pockets (26) in the bag.

Many fruits and vegetables are stored in clusters in bowls, bins or baskets prior to consumption by a consumer. Problems arise in storing fruits and vegetables in this manner because the items touch one another, air is not allowed to freely circulate around the items, and all of the items do not have equal, free access to sunlight. Some fruits and vegetables which are subject to problems due to cluster storage include apples, oranges, peaches, pears, tomatoes, onions, potatoes, and bell peppers. One problem is that many fruits and vegetables which touch one another often rot at the point where contact is made between items. Some fruits and vegetables will also rot at the point of contact with the bowl, bin, basket or other container. Another problem is that many fruits and vegetables need exposure to sunlight to ripen while being stored. Fruits and vegetables which are intended to ripen by exposure to sunlight will ripen better if all items have equal access to sunlight. Each stored item will also ripen more evenly if none of its surfaces are shadowed by another item. An additional problem in cluster storage is that gases are often emitted from ripening fruits and vegetables. When fruits and vegetables are stored in extremely close proximity, and especially when touching one another, gases from one fruit may permeate another fruit affecting the ripening rate for the second fruit and also affecting taste of the second fruit due to the absorption of gases from the first fruit. Another problem in cluster storage is that touching, restricted air circulation, and restricted sunlight often promote infestation of the fruits and vegetables by bugs or the growth of mold or mildew. Still another problem of cluster storage is that it is more difficult to control the environmental temperature for fruits that are very sensitive to temperature fluctuations.
Many of the problems associated with cluster storage of fruits and vegetables also occur in the cluster storage of plant bulbs and similar articles. In particular, it is often necessary to store plant bulbs in a cool environment away from sunlight without one bulb touching another bulb. Thus, it can be appreciated that it would be desirable to have a means for storing fruits, vegetables and similar articles without touching one another, without touching similar or like articles, without touching a container which promotes rotting, without limiting the circulation of air around the item, and without limiting access of the item to sunlight.

Article for storing fruits, vegetables and similar items


A transformer for converting 3 phase AC to 9 phase AC power is provided. The transformer comprising a laminated core, first, second and third coils constructed on the laminated core, each coil including several windings. Cooling ducts are provided in each coil, wherein at least one cooling duct is disposed between the laminated core and an adjacent winding of the respective coil. The transformer further includes first, second and third input terminals each linked to the first, second and third coils, and configured to receive a first, second and third phases of input AC power and first through ninth output terminals linkable to first through ninth output power lines.

The present invention relates generally to transformers such as those used in power conversion systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to multi-phase transformers winding placement with different number of air ducts.
Multi-phase transformers such as 9 phase transformers, are configured to convert a 3-phase AC input power to a multi-phase (e.g. 9 phase) AC output power. Such transformers are typically designed to provide a desired output AC power. The output AC power generated by the transformer may be rectified or filtered before being supplied to a load.
Typically, a 9 phase transformer includes 3 coils constructed on a laminated core. Each coil is formed of several windings. For example, in many 9 phase transformers, each coil is formed of five separate windings. Thus, the 9 phase transformer is typically formed using 15 windings connected in series.
During operation, leakage inductance is present in each winding of the coil. The leakage inductance in each coil often is typically unequal due to placement of the windings and air ducts. Such unbalanced leakage inductance causes an increase in the total harmonic distortion in the input power.
One technique often employed to reduce leakage inductance is winding the coil in different layers, each layer including several windings. For example, for a coil including five separate windings, one layer may be formed using first two windings and a portion of the third winding and a second layer may be formed with the other portion of the third winding and the remaining two windings. However, constructing the coil in multiple layers causes excessive heat generation that can eventually damage the transformer if the winding size is not properly selected.
To reduce the cost or reduce the winding temperature, Cooling ducts are typically employed to dissipate the heat generated by the transformer. However, there is a constraint on the number of cooling ducts that can be accommodated in the transformer as an increased number of cooling ducts will increase the size and the cost of the system as well. Therefore, there is a need to design a multi-phase transformer with an effective cooling system.


A light emitting diode includes a n-doped region, a p-doped region, and a light emitting region located between the n-doped region and a p-doped region. The n-doped region includes a first GaN layer, at least one n-doped second GaN layer located over the first GaN layer, an AlGaN dislocation blocking layer located over the at least one n-doped second GaN layer, and a n-doped third GaN layer located over the AlGaN dislocation blocking film.

Light emitting devices such as light emitting devices are used in electronic displays, augmented reality, virtual reality, heads up displays, etc., such as liquid crystal displays in laptops or LED televisions, or direct displays. Light emitting devices include light emitting diodes (LEDs) and various other types of electronic devices configured to emit light.

Epitaxial gallium nitride based light emitting diode and method of making thereof


In some embodiments, a method of forming a structure includes: forming a liquid oxide material at a low temperature by dissolving fumed nanoparticles in a liquid hydrate of a silicate or an aluminate; applying the liquid oxide material on a substrate; and at a low temperature, curing the liquid oxide material to evolve gaseous water, leaving structural silicate glass.

Oxide materials for complex structures, such as silicon wafers, and their processing techniques may be evaluated along three different axes. First, various applications may require structures to have a sufficient strength. Second, applications may require structures to be operative in extreme environments, such as high-temperature or oxidizing environments. Third, applications may require structures to be manufactured cost-effectively at low temperature.
Various coatings have been developed that are simultaneously sufficient according to only two of these three axes. For example, Spin-On Glass NDG-7000 by Desert Silicon, Inc. of Tempe, Ariz. and the various FOX® Flowable Oxides by Dow Corning of Midland, Mich. are both operative in extreme environments and use low-temperature processes, but the resulting coatings are too thin to provide sufficient structure for some applications. Similarly, additive 3D printing techniques such as binder jetting and stereolithography are operative in extreme environments and provide sufficient structure, but the process temperature is too high for certain fabrication settings. Likewise, structural surface treatments that may be processed at a relatively low temperature, using materials like Kapton® polyimide film by DuPont of Wilmington, Del., ACCUGLASS® by Honeywell International Inc. of Charlotte, N.C., or SU-8 by MicroChem Corp. of Westborough, Mass. are not suitable for the high temperature or oxidizing environments demanded by some applications.


A handle for attachment to a rotational shaft, the handle comprising a lever handle, for attachment to the rotational shaft for aiding application of torque to the shaft, and an alignment boss, separate from the lever handle, for attaching the lever handle to the shaft and for aligning the lever handle at a predetermined orientation with respect to an alignment feature of the shaft.

Many items of home and office equipment comprise enclosures which are normally shut, but which may be opened by manipulation of an access handle which is turned to release an associated mechanism. Such access handles are common, in particular in devices such as printers, photocopiers, fax machines and folder/inserter machines. Typically, the access handle is attached to a rotational shaft which forms part of a locking/release mechanism. Each handle has, essentially, two rotational orientations-open and closed. In the closed position, the handle is positioned to lock the mechanism in a closed or operational position which enables normal operation of the device in which it is located. In the open position, the associated mechanism becomes unlocked, allowing, for example, an access panel to be opened, a section of machinery to be removed, or a section of machinery to be moved from an operational position in which its performs normal function to an access position in which an operator may gain access to that machine section (as might be required in order to clear a jam or blockage or to replace print toner).
Typically, such access handles might consist simply of a cylindrical knob which may be turned to the appropriate orientation in order to either open or close the associated mechanism. More commonly, these access handles comprises a lever arm attached at one end to the rotational shaft to thereby allow a user to apply a larger torque to the shaft.
A typical arrangement might include an elongate lever arm attached to a cylindrical hub. The cylindrical hub has a hole therein which mates with a corresponding section on the shaft. In known handles, the hole has a D-shaped cross-section, and the corresponding shaft to which the handle is to be attached has a corresponding flattened section at one end to produce a D-shaped cross-section which mates with the D-shaped hole in the access handle.
Whilst this arrangement works adequately, it nevertheless has disadvantages.
In a device which has a plurality of access handles, it is likely that the handles will need to be located within the machine at various different orientations, both with respect to the machine itself and with respect to the flattened section of the rotational shaft. Thus, it is common that a separately-moulded handle element is required for each rotational shaft in the machine, each one of the handles having a hole with the D-shaped cross-section oriented at a different angle to the lever arm. This problem is particularly exacerbated by the manufacturing requirements of the rotational shaft. Theoretically, the flat portions of the rotational shaft could be oriented on each shaft in order that only a single design of handle would be needed. However, because of other components forming part of the rotational shaft, it is not always possible or economical to manufacture the shaft in this way, and the orientation of the flattened section of the shaft may be chosen purely for manufacturing reasons independent of alignment considerations with the handle.
A further consideration is that it is often desirable to label the hub of the handle with an appropriate symbol, such as an arrow or lettering. The alignment of such labelling is therefore dependent not only upon the orientation of the D-shaped part of the rotational shaft, but also on the orientation of the handle lever arm when attached to the rotational shaft.


Provided herein are small molecule compounds that alter the transport activity of solute transporters, particularly urea transporters. The compounds described herein belong to the phenylsulfoxyoxazole, phenylsulfoxyimidazole, phenylsulfoxythiazole class of compounds. The compounds described herein are useful for increasing solute clearance in states of fluid overload and for treating cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic diseases, disorders, and conditions. Methods for identifying and using these agents that inhibit urea transporters are described herein.

1. Field of the Invention
Agents that alter the transport activity of small, neutrally charged solutes by solute transporters are needed as therapeutic agents for increasing solute clearance in states of fluid overload and for treating diseases and conditions such as hypertension. Methods for identifying and using agents that inhibit solute transporters such as urea transporters are described herein.
2. Description of the Related Art
Urea is generated as the major end product of hepatic nitrogen metabolism and is excreted primarily by the kidney. Urea and sodium chloride are the major solutes in the hyperosmolar renal medulla. In the antidiuretic kidney, urea is greatly concentrated with respect to plasma (up to 100 times in humans and 250 times in rodents) by countercurrent multiplication and exchange mechanisms (Bankir et al., In The Kidney (6th Edition), pages 637-679, Brenner, B M, ed., (WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pa.) (2000)). Of central importance to these mechanisms is intrarenal urea recycling, which requires facilitated urea transport by molecular urea transporters (UTs). UTs are comprised of two major subfamilies encoded by different genes (UT-A and UT-B) (see, e.g., Bagnasco, Am. J. Physiol. 284:F3-F10 (2003); Shayakul et al., Pflügers Arch. 447:603-609 (2004); Yang et al., J. Biol. Chem. 273:9369-72 (1998)). In kidney, a single UT-B isoform is expressed in vasa recta while several splice variant UT-A-type transporters are expressed in kidney tubule epithelia (see, e.g., Sands, Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 13:525-32 (2004)).
Phenotype analysis of mice separately lacking vasa recta UT-B or inner medullary collecting duct UT-A1/3 implicated UT involvement in the formation of concentrated urine and in renal urea clearance (see, e.g., Yang et al., J. Biol. Chem. 277:10633-37 (2002); Fenton et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:7469-74 (2004); Fenton et al., J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16, 1583-92 (2005)). The UT-B knock-out mice that were generated manifested a urea-selective urinary concentrating defect associated with urinary hypoosmolality and increased renal urea clearance (Yang et al., supra). UT-B is also expressed outside of the kidney, most notably and in highest abundance in red blood cell (RBC) membranes. Loss-of-function human UT-B mutations result in greatly reduced urea permeability in RBC and a mild urinary concentrating defect (Sands et al., J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2:1689-96 (1992); Lucien et al., J. Biol. Chem. 273:12973-80 (1998)).
Diuretics are administered widely in humans to increase renal salt and water clearance in a variety of conditions that are associated with total body fluid overload, such as congestive heart failure and cirrhosis, as well in normovolemic states such as hypertension and syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Most diuretics are inhibitors of salt absorption by kidney tubules, such as a furosemide block of Na+/K+/2Cl− co-transport in the thick ascending limb of Henle and a thiazide block of Na+/Cl− co-transport in the distal tubule. Recently, a new type of diuretic, called an "aquaretic," has been developed to increase renal water clearance in hyponatremia associated with fluid overload or SIADH (see, e.g., Goldsmith, Am. J. Cardiol. 95:14B-23B (2005); Miller, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 54:345-53 (2006)). Vasopressin-2 receptor (V2R) antagonist aquaretics have been approved for clinical use in some countries, though not yet in the United States, and aquaporin inhibitor aquaretics are under development.
Functional studies in knock-out mice indicate a critical role for urea transporters (UTs) in the urinary concentrating mechanism and in renal urea clearance. However, potent and specific urea transport blockers have not been available. Accordingly, a third type of diuretic is needed: one that targets renal urea clearance mechanisms. Because urea is of at least equal importance to NaCl in the renal countercurrent mechanism for urinary concentration (see, e.g., Bankir et al., supra; Masilamani et al., In The Kidney (6th Edition), Brenner, ed. Philadelphia, Pa.; WB Saunders Company; pages 595-35; (2000)), such diuretics are needed for increasing solute clearance in states of fluid overload, hypertension, and may also be useful in prolonging dialysis-free survival in chronic renal insufficiency. A need also exists for methods for rapid screening of compounds to identify potential urea transporter inhibitors and other compounds that effectively increase renal water and solute clearance for subjects who are exhibiting a water-retaining state.

Phenylsulfoxyoxazole compound inhibitors of urea transporters

The Regents of the University of California


A method and system eliminate spectral lines and shapes the power spectral density of an ultra bandwidth signal. First, a train of non-periodic pulses is generated. The non-periodic pulses are then modulated in time according to uncorrelated symbols. A polarity of the non-periodic pulses is inverted randomly before transmitting the non-periodic pulses as an ultra wide bandwidth signal to eliminate spectral lines and to shape a power spectral density of the ultra wide bandwidth signal.

Ultra wide bandwidth (UWB) systems have recently received considerable attention for wireless radio communication systems. Recently, the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has allowed UWB systems for limited indoor and outdoor applications.
The IEEE 802.15.3a standards group has defined performance requirements for the use of UWB in short-range indoor communication systems. Throughput of at least 110 Mbps at 10 meters are required. This means that the transmission data rate must be greater. Furthermore, a bit rate of at least 200 Mbps is required at four meters. Scalability to rates in excess of 480 Mbps is desirable, even when the rates can only be achieved at smaller ranges. These requirements provide a range of values for a pulse repetition frequency (PRF).
In February 2002, the FCC released the "First Order and Report" providing power limits for UWB signals. The average limits over all useable frequencies are different for indoor and outdoor systems. These limits are given in the form of a power spectral density (PSD) mask 200, see FIG. 2. In the frequency band from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz, the PSD is limited to −41.25 dBm/MHz. The limits on the PSD must be fulfilled for each possible 1 MHz band, but not necessarily for smaller bandwidths.
For systems operating above 960 MHz, there is a limit on the peak emission level contained within a 50 MHz bandwidth centered on the frequency, fM, at which the highest radiated emission occurs. The FCC has adopted a peak limit based on a sliding scale dependent on an actual resolution bandwidth (RBW) employed in the measurement. The peak EIRP limit is 20log(RBW/50) dBm, when measured with a resolution bandwidth ranging from 1 MHz to 50 MHz. Only one peak measurement, centered on fM, is required. As a result, UWB emissions are average-limited for PRFs greater than 1 MHz and peak-limited for PRFs below 1 MHz.
These data rate requirements and emission limits result in constraints on the pulse shape, the level of the total power used, the PRF, and the positions and amplitudes of the spectral lines.
In UWB systems, trains of electromagnetic pulses are used to carry data. FIG. 1 shows an example symbol structure 100 of UWB signal with a one pulse per frame 101, i.e., the symbol length, a time hopping (TH) sequence of eight pulses 102 or subframes, and a subframe 103 including a TH margin. The signal comprises symbols 110 equal to a frame length, subframes 111, with a pulse position modulation (PPM) margin 112, and a TH margin 113. Instead of grouping N pulses to create a symbol of N frame durations, the frame duration is split into N subframes with 1 pulse per subframe, as shown in FIG. 1.
Many UWB signals use pulse position modulation (PPM) for modulation, and time hopping (TH) spreading for multiple access. This results in a dithered pulse train. The spectrum of the signal can be obtained by considering this dithered signal as a M-PPM signal.
If the modulating sequence is composed of independent and equiprobable symbols , then the PSD for non-linear memoryless modulation is given by Equation 1 as:
                                                        G              s                                                  (              f              )                                =                                                    1                                                      M                    2                                                                          T                    s                    2                                                              ·                                                ∑                                      n                    =                                          -                      ∞                                                                            +                    ∞                                                                                (                                                                                                                                                              ∑                                                          i                              =                              0                                                                                M                              -                              1                                                                                S                              i                                                                                (                                                              n                                                                  T                                  s                                                                                )                                                                                                                            2                                                                                δ                                                                    (                                                  f                          -                                                      n                                                          T                              s                                                                                )                                                                              )                                                      +                                          1                                  T                  s                                                                          (                                                                            ∑                                              i                        =                        0                                                                    M                        -                        1                                                                                1                        M                                            ·                                                                                                                                                        S                              i                                                                                (                              f                              )                                                                                                                                2                                                                              -                                                                                                                                    ∑                                                      i                            =                            0                                                                                M                            -                            1                                                                                1                            M                                                    ·                                                                                S                              i                                                                                (                              f                              )                                                                                                                        2                                                  )                                                    ,                            (        1        )            where M denotes the number of symbols, Ts is the symbol period or frame, and Si is the PSD of the ith symbol of the constellation.
Inherent in PPM, and as shown in FIG. 2, the first term of Equation (1) causes spectral lines which are outside the FCC mask 200. The spectrum of a signal with a 2-PPM usually contains spectral lines spaced by the PRF. Consequently, the amplitude of these spectral lines can be 10*log10(Ts−1) dB above the level of the continuous part of the spectrum. That corresponds to 80 dB for the 100 Mbps data rate mandated by IEEE 802.15a.
The FCC measurement procedures average the power of these spectral lines over the resolution bandwidth. Even then, the power level remains higher than the threshold and thus violates the FCC limits or requires a reduction of the total power. Time hopping is generally used to reduce the problem of spectral lines by reducing their number in a given frequency band. However TH does not necessarily attenuate the amplitude of the remaining spectral lines.
In a non-periodic time hopped pulse train, each individual pulse can be in one of M equally probable positions within its frame. This signal has the same spectrum as a M-PPM signal with the same PRF, fPR, and uncorrelated modulated data. Increasing M enlarges the constellation of the PPM, and therefore the number of pulse positions within the frame. If these positions are uniformly spaced within the frame, then all the spectral lines that are not a multiple of M·fPR disappear.
Instead of grouping N pulses to create a symbol of N frame durations, the former frame duration is split into N subframes with one pulse per subframe 111 as shown in FIG. 1. As a consequence, the PRF is N*fPR. Hence, this non-periodic TH pulse train is composed of N pulses per frame, and each pulse can take M positions within the duration of a subframe. The spectrum of this pulse train is the same as for a M-PPM signal with a PRF=N*fPR. As a result, the spectral lines are spaced by M*N*fPR when the M pulse positions are uniformly spaced. If M goes to infinity, which is equivalent to a uniform distribution of the pulse, then all spectral lines occur at infinite spacing and thus effectively vanish.
However, in order to consider realistic pulse trains that can be used in the generation of UWB signals, some modifications need to be made. If pulses are truly uniformly distributed within each frame, overlaps may happen at the junction between subframes when M increases. Margins or guard intervals eliminate these overlaps.
In order to modulate the symbols by PPM, additional margins are introduced between frames. However, by introducing margins, the uniform distribution of pulse positions within each subframe is destroyed, which has an impact on the spectral lines. Furthermore TH sequence is limited in time and contributes to the periodicity of the signal and undesirable spectral lines as shown in FIG. 2.
Therefore, there is a need to provide a system and method that can eliminate these undesirable spectral lines. Furthermore it is desired to influence the design of the power spectral density of the signal.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Randomly changing pulse polarity and phase in an UWB signal for power spectrum density shaping

Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc.


A display apparatus for a hybrid drive vehicle includes a screen that depicts a first icon, a second icon, and a third icon to represent energy sources and energy destinations. The appearance of the screen is variable to indicate the flow of energy between energy sources and energy destinations. In a preferred embodiment, changes in color, changes in icon size, and movement of elements are used to indicate energy flow.

Hybrid drive vehicles are powered by two or more energy sources. Typical hybrid drive vehicles include a heat engine and a battery connected to a motor/generator as energy sources. Other hybrid drive vehicles may, for example, employ a fuel cell in hybrid combination with a battery.
An engine or fuel cell in a vehicle without hybrid drive acts as the sole source of energy to propel the vehicle. Accordingly, the behavior of the engine or fuel cell is directly related to the power applied to the vehicle's drive wheels to accelerate or maintain a given speed. A driver associates changes in engine sounds or fuel cell compressor sounds with changes in power delivered to the drive wheels for acceleration, climbing a hill, etc.
The flow of energy between vehicle components in a hybrid drive vehicle may be confusing to a driver because, in a hybrid drive vehicle, the behavior of the energy sources may not directly correspond with vehicle acceleration or speed. For example, when an engine or fuel cell is transmitting energy to charge a battery, a driver may be confused by changes in engine or fuel cell compressor sounds without a corresponding change in acceleration or power necessary to maintain speed.

Hybrid vehicle display apparatus and method


Provided are an electroluminescent compound having a structure represented by Formula I, a thermally activated delayed fluorescence material and an application thereof. The electroluminescent compound has TADF characteristics and may be applied to a light emitting layer of an OLED device as a thermally activated delayed fluorescence material. The OLED device includes an anode, a cathode, and at least one organic thin film layer comprising the thermally activated delayed fluorescence material in a light emitting layer between the anode and the cathode. The electroluminescent compound effectively reduces the overlap between HOMO and LUMO through special molecular structure design, so that ΔEST is reduced to less than 0.25 eV, which satisfies reverse crossing of energy from a triplet state to a singlet state, effectively improves transmission capacities of two kinds of carriers, improves carrier balance, and thus significantly improves light emitting efficiency of the OLED device.

Organic light emitting displays (OLEDs) are a new type of panel display technology. Compared with liquid crystal displays (LCDs), OLEDs have advantages of active luminescence, fast response speeds, low energy consumption, low driving voltages, lightness and thinness, wide viewing angles, continuously adjustable light emitting color, low costs, simple production process, high light emitting efficiency, and flexible display. The OLEDs have drawn much attention of industrial and scientific communities and have been widely applied to flexible displays, panel displays, solid-state lighting, on-vehicle displays and other industries. At present, OLEDs have entered the industrialization stage, and the development of high-performance organic photoelectric materials is still the focus in the art.
Researches have shown that materials for the light emitting layer of OLEDs may be divided, according to their light emitting mechanism, into four types: fluorescent materials, phosphorescent materials, triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) materials and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials. In fluorescent materials, singlet excited state S1 excitons returns to the ground state S0 through radiation transition. According to spin statistics, the ratio of singlet excitons to triplet excitons is 1:3, so the maximum internal quantum yield of a fluorescent material is not greater than 25%. According to the Lambert light emitting mode, the light extraction efficiency is about 20%, so external quantum efficiency (EQE) of an OLED device based on a fluorescent material is generally not higher than 5%. In phosphorescent materials, triplet excited state T1 excitons decay directly and radiatively to the ground state S0. Due to a heavy atom effect, intramolecular inter-system crossing may be enhanced by spin coupling interactions, and 75% of triplet excitons may be directly utilized to achieve the emission involving both S1 and T1 at room temperature. The theoretical maximum internal quantum yield can reach 100%. According to the Lambert light emitting mode, the light extraction efficiency is about 20%, so EQE of an OLED device based on a phosphorescent material can reach 20%. However, most phosphorescent materials are heavy metal complexes such as Ir, Pt, Os, Re, and Ru and their production costs are high, which is disadvantageous to large-scale production. Moreover, the phosphorescent material has a serious efficiency roll-off phenomenon at high current densities, which leads to poor stability of a phosphorescent OLED device. Two triplet excitons of the TTA material interact with each other to recombine into a molecule at a singlet excited state which is at a higher energy level and a molecule at a ground state. However, since two triplet excitons produce one singlet exciton, the theoretical maximum internal quantum yield is only 62.5%. In order to prevent a large efficiency roll-off phenomenon, the concentration of triplet excitons needs to be regulated in this process.
In TADF materials, when the energy level difference between state S1 and state T1 is small and the lifetime of an exciton at state T1 is long, the exciton at state T1 may switch from state T1 to state S1 through reverse inter-system crossing (RISC) and then decays radiatively from state S1 to the ground state S0 at a certain temperature. Therefore, the TADF material may utilize 75% of triplet excitons and 25% of singlet excitons and the theoretical maximum internal quantum yield can reach 100%. More importantly, most TADF materials are organic compounds without a rare metal element, resulting in low production costs, and they may be chemically modified by various methods to achieve further performance optimization.
CN109134520A, CN109503508A, CN108530357A, etc. have disclosed TADF materials and their application. However, only a small number of TADF materials have been found at present, and their performance is insufficient to satisfy the requirement on high-performance OLED devices.
Therefore, it is an urgent problem to be solved in the art to develop more kinds of new TADF materials with high performance.

Electroluminescent compound, thermally activated delayed fluorescence material, and application thereof

WUHAN TIANMA MICRO-ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.


Various embodiments relate to a next generation wireless communication system for supporting a higher data transfer rate and the like beyond 4th generation (4G) wireless communication systems. Provided according to various embodiments are a method for transmitting/receiving a signal in a wireless communication system and a device supporting same, and various other embodiments may also be provided.

Wireless communication systems are being widely deployed to provide various types of communication services such as voice and data. In general, a wireless communication system is multiple access system that can support communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., bandwidth, transmission power and the like). Examples of the multiple access system include CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) system, FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) system, TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) system, OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) system, and SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) system and the like.

Method for transmitting and receiving signal in wireless communication system, and apparatus supporting same


A protective circuit for protecting an IGBT from a stress due to application of an overvoltage which is induced by a surge such as static electricity is provided. The protective circuit allows for improvement in a voltage tolerance to a stress due to application of an overvoltage induced by a surge while ensuring a current tolerance to flow of a direct current from an external power supply when the external power supply is improperly connected in a direction contrary to a normal direction. The protective circuit includes a resistor having one end connected to a terminal for connecting to the external power supply and the other end connected to a semiconductor element, and a first zener diode including a cathode connected to the other end of the resistor. The protective circuit further includes a plurality of second zener diodes connected in series between the one end of the resistor and a generator of a constant potential such as a ground.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device including a protective circuit, and more particularly to a semiconductor device including a protective circuit for preventing breakdown of an insulated gate bipolar transistor which is caused by a stress due to flow of an overcurrent or application of an overvoltage, for example.
2. Description of the Background Art
There has conventionally been a protective circuit which is formed in the same semiconductor device that includes an IGBT (Insulated Gate bipolar Transistor) and functions to protect the IGBT from a stress due to flow of an overcurrent or application of an overvoltage. FIGS. 11 through 13 illustrate such a conventional protective circuit.
FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram of the conventional protective circuit. FIG. 12 is a sectional view of a portion of a semiconductor device in which the conventional protective circuit is formed. FIG. 13 is a plan view of the portion of the semiconductor device illustrated in FIG. 12. The sectional view of FIG. 12 is taken along a line XIIxe2x80x94XII of FIG. 13.
In the conventional protective circuit illustrated in FIG. 11, a terminal P for establishing connection with an external power supply (which will be hereinafter referred to as an xe2x80x9cexternal connection terminalxe2x80x9d) is connected to one end of a resistor R1, the other end of which is connected to a cathode of a first zener diode D1 and a semiconductor element such as an IGBT not shown. An anode of the first zener diode D1 is connected to any kind of a constant potential node such as a ground.
Next, a structure of the semiconductor device in which the conventional protective circuit illustrated in FIG. 11 is formed will be described with reference to the sectional view of the semiconductor device in FIG. 12.
An n+-type semiconductor layer 2 is formed on a p-type semiconductor substrate 1 by using epitaxial growth. On the n+-type semiconductor layer 2, an nxe2x88x92-type semiconductor layer 3 is formed by using epitaxial growth. An oxide film 4 is formed on the nxe2x88x92-type semiconductor layer 3, and a polysilicon region is provided in a portion of the oxide film 4. A p-type diffusion layer 5 and an n+-type diffusion layer 6 are formed in respective predetermined portions of the polysilicon region by diffusing impurities into the corresponding portions.
Further, an insulating film 7 is formed so as to cover respective top faces of the oxide film 4, the p-type diffusion layer 5 and the n+-type diffusion layer 6. Contact holes extending from a surface of the insulating film 7 and respectively reaching the diffusion layers 5 and 6 are formed in respective predetermined portions of the insulating film 7. Each of interconnects 8 and the external connection terminal P is formed by filling each of the contact holes with a conductor such as a metal in a predetermined pattern.
Moreover, an electrode 10 used for an IGBT or the like is formed on a back face of the p-type semiconductor substrate 1.
In the semiconductor device with the foregoing structure, a junction between the p-type diffusion layer 5 and the n+-type diffusion layer 6 forms the first zener diode D1, while the n+-type diffusion layer 6 which connects one of the interconnects 8 and the external connection terminal P forms the resistor R1.
The one of the interconnects 8 which is connected to the n+-type diffusion layer 6 is to be connected to the IGBT, while another one of the interconnects 8 which is connected to the p-type diffusion layer 5 is to be connected to a constant potential node.
FIG. 13 is a plan view of the foregoing configuration, in which the insulating film 7 covering the diffusion layers 5 and 6 are omitted for purposes of clarifying the formation of the first zener diode D1 and the resistor R1.
In the protective circuit with the above-mentioned configuration, the first zener diode D1 is formed in order to protect the IGBT from a stress due to application of an overvoltage which is induced by a surge such as static electricity externally supplied.
More specifically, upon application of an overvoltage which is induced by a surge such as static electricity via the external connection terminal P, a zener breakdown takes place in the first zener diode D1, to absorb the overvoltage induced by a surge as applied. This prevents a voltage equal to or higher than a breakdown voltage from being applied to the IGBT. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent the IGBT from being broken down under a stress due to application of an overvoltage which is induced by a surge.
On the other hand, the resistor R1 is formed in order to protect the first zener diode D1 from a stress due to flow of an overcurrent from an external power supply.
More specifically, the resistor R1 is formed in order to provide for occurrence of an event where an external power supply Vd for driving the IGBT is improperly connected in a direction contrary to a normal direction as illustrated in FIG. 14. In such an event, even if a direct current I continues to flow from the external power supply Vd for a predetermined time, a value (flow rate) of the direct current I is limited to a degree where the first zener diode D1 is not broken, by the resistor R1.
As described above, according to the conventional protective circuit, the first zener diode D1 is formed in order to protect a semiconductor element such as an IGBT from a stress due to application of an overvoltage which is induced by a surge such as static electricity, and the resistor R1 is formed in order to protect the first zener diode D1 from a stress due to flow of an overcurrent which may possibly be caused by improper connection of the external power supply Vd.
However, if an overvoltage is applied to the conventional protective circuit including the resistor R1 and the first zener diode D1 as illustrated in FIG. 11 because of occurrence of a surge, a voltage difference which is equal to a difference between the applied overvoltage and a breakdown voltage is provided between opposite ends of the resistor R1.
As a result, an electric power is generated due to the voltage difference between the opposite ends of the resistor R1 so that the resistor R1 is excessively heated. Thus, if an overvoltage equal to or higher than a predetermined voltage is applied to the protective circuit because of occurrence of a surge, the resistor R1 is likely to be burnt and be disconnected from the protective circuit. Thus, because of the formation of the resistor R1 within the protective circuit, an entire voltage tolerance of the protective circuit to a stress due to application of an overvoltage induced by a surge is degraded.
In order to improve the voltage tolerance of the protective circuit including the resistor R1 to a stress due to application of an overvoltage induced by a surge, minimization of a resistance of the resistor R1 may be effective on one hand. However, on the other hand, minimization of a resistance of the resistor R1 would reduce a current (flow rate) tolerance of the protective circuit for protecting the first zener diode D1 from a stress due to flow of an overcurrent which is induced by improper connection of an external power supply. In view of this, there are limits to how much the voltage tolerance and the current tolerance can be improved, respectively.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a semiconductor device including a protective circuit capable of improving a voltage tolerance of the protective circuit while maintaining a predetermined current tolerance of the protective circuit.
According to the present invention, a semiconductor device with a semiconductor element formed on a semiconductor substrate and a protective circuit for the semiconductor element includes a resistor, a first zener diode and a plurality of second zener diodes. The resistor has one end connected to a terminal for external connection and the other end connected to the semiconductor element. The first zener diode is connected between the other end of the resistor and a constant potential node. The plurality of second zener diodes are connected in series between the one end of the resistor and the constant potential node. The number of the plurality of second zener diodes is larger than that of the first zener diode.
The number of the second zener diodes to be connected is controlled so as to allow a sum of forward rising voltages of the second zener diodes to be higher than a voltage of an external power supply connected with the terminal for external connection. This ensures that a current flowing from the external power supply flows into the resistor via the first zener diode thereby to advantageously reduce the current, not allowing the current to flow into the second zener diodes even if the external power supply is improperly connected in a direction contrary to a normal direction.
Accordingly, it is possible to prevent the first and second zener diodes from being broken due to flow of a current from the external power supply.
Also, even if an overvoltage is applied via the terminal for external connection because of occurrence of a surge such as static electricity, the opposite ends of the resistor are kept at respective constant potentials and an excessive voltage difference is not provided between the opposite ends of the resistor. Accordingly, the resistor is saved from burning due to application of an overvoltage induced by a surge.
Thus, it is possible to improve a voltage tolerance of the protective circuit while maintaining a current tolerance thereof.
These and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Semiconductor element protected with a plurality of zener diodes


Methods for inhibiting endothelial cell growth and angiogenesis, and suppressing tumor growth using calreticulin, fragments of calreticulin and variants of calreticulin are provided. Such methods are useful for the treatment of cancer and diseases associated with unwanted angiogenesis, for example chronic retinal detachment.

A. Tumor Growth and Invasion
Tumor growth and invasion into normal tissues is dependent upon an adequate blood supply (Folkman, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 401:212-227, 1982; Kerbel, Bioessays 13:31-36, 1991). Agents that target tumor blood supply have been shown to prevent or delay tumor formation, and to promote the regression or dormancy of established tumors in preclinical models. Thus, antibodies against the endothelial cell growth factor VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), which is produced at high levels by various types of tumors (Dvorak et al., J. Exp. Med. 174:1275-1278, 1991), antibodies to VEGF receptor 2, and soluble VEGF receptors all have been shown to reduce tumor growth in experimental animal models (Kendall and Thomas, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:10705-10709, 1993; Kim et al., Nature 362:841-844, 1993; Skobe et al., Nat Med. 3:1222-1227, 1997). Antibodies to the integrin αvβ3, which is expressed at high levels by angiogenic blood vessels and permits endothelial cells to interact with components of the extracellular matrix, have been shown to disrupt ongoing angiogenesis on the chick chorioallantoid membrane and produce regression of human tumors transplanted into this site (Cheresh and Spiro, J. Biol. Chem. 262:17703-17711, 1987; Brooks et al., Cell 79:1157-1164, 1994).
A truncated form of tissue factor targeted to tumor vascular endothelium was demonstrated to initiate formation of intravascular clots and promote the regression of experimental tumors established in mice (Huang et al., Science 275:547-550, 1997). Angiostatin, a fragment of plasminogen (O'Reilly et al., Cell 79:315-328, 1994), and endostatin, a fragment of collagen XVIII (O'Reilly et al., Cell 88:277-285, 1997), are known to inhibit the proliferation of endothelial cells in vitro and to suppress neovascularization in vivo. Both compounds also inhibit the growth of a variety of tumors in mice, and upon repeated cycles of treatment, promote sustained tumor dormancy without inducing drug resistance (O'Reilly et al., Nat. Med. 2:689-692, 1996; Boehm et al., Nature 390:404-407, 1997).
Other multifunctional drugs that can also inhibit angiogenesis have displayed antitumor effects. These include Interleukin-12 (Voest et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 87:581-586, 1995) the Interferon-γ Inducible Protein-10 (Angiolillo et al., J. Exp. Med. 182:155-162, 1995; Strieter et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 210:51-57, 1995; Sgadari et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:13791-13796, 1996), the monokine induced by Interferon-γ (Sgadari et al., Blood 89:2635-2643, 1997), a fragment of prolactin (Clapp et al., Endocrinology 133:1292-1299, 1993), synthetic analogues of fumagillin (Ingber et al., Nature 348:555-557, 1990), thalidomide (D'Amato et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 91:4082-4085, 1994), Platelet Factor-4 (Maione et al., Science 247:77-79, 1990), and thrombospondin (Good et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 87:6624-6628, 1990; Weinstat-Saslow et al., Cancer Res. 54:6504-6511, 1994).
B. Calreticulin
Calreticulin was first identified in skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. (Ostwald and MacLennan, J. Biol. Chem. 249 (3):974-979, 1974). Fifteen years later it was cloned and the N-terminus was sequenced. This led to the discovery that several groups had independently identified the molecule and had given it different names, including, "high-affinity Ca2+", "calregulin", "CRP55" and "calsequestrin-like protein" (Ostwald and MacLennan, J. Biol. Chem. 249 (3):974-979, 1974; Waisman et al., J. Biol. Chem. 260(3):1652-1660, 1985; Macer, D. R. J. & Koch, G. L. E. J. Cell. Sci. 91:61-70, 1988; Damiani et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun 165(3):973-980, 1989; Treves et al., Biochem. J. 271:473-480, 1990). Each of these groups identified calreticulin through different means, but all identified its ability to bind Ca2+.
Although most studies have indicated that calreticulin resides predominantly within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, calreticulin may also be found in other cellular compartments. For example, calreticulin was detected on the plasma membranes of lymphoblastoid cells (Newkirk and Tsoukas, J. Autoimmun. 5:511-525, 1992) and epidermal keratinocyte lines (Kawashima, et al., Dermatology 189 Suppl. 1:6-10, 1994). It was proposed to represent, or to be closely related in structure, to the C1q receptor found on endothelial cells, B cells, T cells and other cells (Chen et al., J. Immunol. 153:1430-1440, 1994). Calreticulin is also a constituent of lytic granules contained in cytotoxic T and NK cells from which it is released during cell lysis (Dupuis et al., J. Exp. Med. 177:1-7, 1993), and has been purified from the culture supernatant of several cell types (Booth and Koch, Cell 59:729-737, 1989; Eggleton et al., Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 72:405-409, 1994) and from normal human plasma (Sueyoshi et al., Thromb. Res. 63:569-575, 1991). Several observations support the notion that calreticulin can also be a target for autoimmune responses (Lux et al., J. Clin. Invest. 89:1945-1951, 1992; Meilof et al., J. Immunol. 151:5800-5809, 1993).
Since the initial identification and cloning, the structure of calreticulin has been characterized. Mammalian calreticulin is a 417 amino acid peptide from which the 17 N-terminal amino acids are cleaved upon translocation to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (Smith and Koch, Embo. J 8(12):3581-3586, 1989). In addition to being found in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, calreticulin has been found in the cytoplasm, in the nucleus of some cells, and in the extracellular matrix (Michalak et al., Biochem. J. 285:681-692, 1992). Further studies revealed that calreticulin has three distinct domains, the N-terminal domain, a middle domain and the C-terminal domain.
The mature calreticulin is composed of an N-terminal domain consisting of 180 amino acids that are highly conserved. Proposed three-dimensional models indicate that the domain contains eight anti-parallel β-strands. Furthermore, the N-terminal domain has been found to bind a number of molecules including the alpha subunit of integrin, Zn2+, and the DNA binding domain of steroid receptors (Nash et al., Mol. Cellular Biochem. 135:71-78, 1994).
The middle domain of calreticulin stretches from amino acid 180 to amino acid 280. It is proline rich and has also been termed the P-domain. This domain has been found to have a high affinity for Ca2+ and contains a nuclear localization signal (Baksh and Michalak, J. Biol. Chem. 266:21458-21465, 1991).
Following the P-domain is the C-domain. This last domain is highly acidic and contains an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal. The C-domain binds to Factor IX, Factor X, and prothrombin (See U.S. Pat. No. 5,426,097, to Stern et al.).
Calreticulin has also been found to be useful in wound healing (See U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,716, to Siebert et al.).

Use of calreticulin and calreticulin fragments to inhibit endothelial cell growth and angiogenesis, and suppress tumor growth

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services


An exemplary device for spray applications includes a nozzle configured to emit a first fluid stream in a downstream direction away from the nozzle. At least one feed port situated near the nozzle introduces an agent into the first fluid stream to be carried by the first fluid stream in the downstream direction. At least one cleaning port situated near the nozzle emits a second fluid stream in a generally upstream direction toward at least one of the nozzle or the feed port.

Spray applications are used for a variety of coating processes. Some spray application devices include a primary fluid stream into which a coating agent is introduced. The primary fluid stream including the coating agent is directed at a work piece to achieve the desired coating. It is necessary to maintain control over the fluid flow and the introduced coating agent to achieve a desired coating.
One challenge presented in many spray application devices is that build up may occur on the application device components. For example, in thermal spray applications, the coating agent comprises fine particles that can tend to build up on the spray nozzle, powder ports and other spray components. Such build up interferes with proper powder introduction to the primary fluid stream such as a plasma plume. Without proper powder injection, a variation in the coating properties may occur resulting in an imperfect coating on the work piece.

Device for spray applications including at least one cleaning port


The present disclosure provides a wavy physiological signal collecting device and a physiological signal collecting mattress. The device includes a wavy flexible body including a flexible body panel and a plurality of protruding flexible bodies each of which is arranged on the flexible body panel for converting a human body pressure applied thereto to a tensile force; a tensile force sensor arranged in the flexible body panel for generating an electrical signal according to the tensile force; and a signal processing unit configured for processing the electrical signal to obtain a human body physiological signal. The wavy flexible body converts the human body pressure to an electrical signal and processes the electrical signal, thereby obtaining the human body physiological signal in daily life without directly contacting human skin, allowing the physiological signal to be obtained more conveniently.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure generally relates to technologies of collecting physiological signals, and more particularly, to a wavy physiological signal collecting device and a wavy physiological signal collecting mattress.
2. Description of Related Art
A conventional collecting device of a human body physiological signal needs to be in tight contact with human skin for collecting pressure signals generated by muscles and converting the pressure signals to electrical signals to obtain important human body physiological signals such as heartbeat signals, respiration signals, and convulsion signals.
The above collecting device needs to be in tight contact with human skin in the process of collecting the physiological signal, which is inconvenient to the user. Meanwhile, since a signal electrode of the collecting device needs to be adhered to human skin, different resistances may be generated caused by various reasons including that the signal electrode is adhered to a different position on human skin each time, which results in unstable strengths (magnitudes) of the collected signals and prevents the collecting device from collecting needed physiological signals such as the strength information of the heartbeat.

Wavy physiological signal collecting device and wavy physiological signal collecting mattress


Techniques are provided herein for establishing an ad hoc aircraft-to-aircraft mesh network to provide a redundant backup of critical flight information for an aircraft. Using a directional communication link of the aircraft-to-aircraft mesh network, the aircraft can transmit at least a portion its critical flight information to one or more receiving aircraft. The receiving aircraft may store the critical flight information of the transmitting aircraft on a local memory device. At least portions of the critical flight information may be reconstructed from the data stored on the receiving aircraft. In some examples, the receiving aircraft may retransmit the critical flight information to other aircraft.

The following relates generally to wireless communication, and more specifically to sharing critical flight information using a mesh network.
Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of such multiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such as a Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employ technologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), or discrete Fourier transform-spread-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). A wireless multiple-access communications system may include a number of base stations or network access nodes, each simultaneously supporting communication for multiple communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipments (UEs).
During flight many commercial aircraft record critical flight information in a flight recorder, sometimes referred to as a black box. When an aircraft crashes or has an incident, investigators may use the critical flight information stored on the flight recorder to determine what happened on or to the aircraft. In some situations, the black box may be unrecoverable (either due to an unknown location or damage) and the critical flight information for the aircraft may be unavailable for use by the investigators.

Sharing critical flight information using mesh network


A method to merge telephony services over a circuit switched network (3) and a packet switched data network (4), in a mobile phone terminal, comprises the steps of:                receiving communication events arriving via a circuit switched network (3),        receiving communication events arriving via a packet switched data network (4),        storing communication events into a shared memory,        and analyzing communication events arriving via the circuit switched network (3) and communication events arriving the via the packet switched data network (4), and then routing each communication event to a voice application, either directly or via said means for storing, in order to store it temporarily, so that all the events concerning a same call are synchronized when they are received by said voice application.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a method and a mobile phone terminal enabling to merge telephony services over heterogeneous networks, i. e. a circuit switched network and a packet switched data network. It concerns all the mobile terminals that can be used for telephony, that is to say: phone handsets, smart phones, and personal computers comprising a telephony interface.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In an enterprise, a unified communication server provides sophisticated voice services to employees of this enterprise, such as unified directories research, communication logs, instant messaging, telephonic and instant messaging presence, and voice services such as call hold, back and forth, conference, call forward, access to central directory, dial by name, call log, voice mail, . . . . These services are fully available for fixed telephone terminals, but are only partially available for mobile phone terminals when these mobile terminals are outside the premises of the enterprise.
In particular, a unified communication server offers some basic services to the classical GSM handsets, such as conference, call forwarding, business voice mail consulting, dual call, business forwarding activation and deactivation, etc. These basic services are activated through DTMF codes sent over the GSM circuit switched network. DTMF codes respectively represent the actions of a user on the twelve dial keys of a phone. These codes can transmit twelve symbols only, and they cannot be used for backwards transmission of data, from the server to the terminals, because the mobile phone terminals generally do not comprise DTMF decoders.
It is desirable to extend these services, by adding more sophisticated services such as: business directory consulting, business call log consulting, dial by name, instant messaging, telephony presence, etc, that a unified communication classically offers to fixed terminals. These sophisticated services cannot be activated through Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) codes sent over the GSM circuit switched, because they need more signaling data and a bidirectional transmission. They are implemented by a signaling data transmission via a mobile packet switched data network, such as a 3G network (GPRS, UMTS, HSDPA, . . . ) or high data rate wireless local area network (WiFi, WiMAX, . . . ), or a newer packet switched network.
Current voice application solutions for mobile handsets are deployed either in a public land mobile circuit switched network (with basic services only) or in a public land packet switched data network (with sophisticated services in addition to the basic services), but never in both type of networks at the same time. That is to say that signaling is either carried over a circuit switched network (GSM for instance) or over a packet switched data network (GPRS, UMTS, HSDPA, . . . ) but is never carried on both networks.
It is desirable to alternately use both types of networks to offer, to the end users, sophisticated telephony services whenever it is possible, and to offer only basic services, as a backup solution, when it is not possible to offer the sophisticated services (No network coverage).
A service could generate signaling data on a circuit switched network and on a packet data network, at the same time. However, in such a case, both signaling types should be handled, though they are sent asynchronously. For instance, when setting up a call, the voice application should wait for the circuit switched call signaling, to consider that a voice link is really active. On the other hand, packet data network signaling may be lost, depending on the network coverage. So it would be necessary to synchronize signaling data coming from both types of networks when a service is activated, and to provide a backup mode when only one or several circuit switched networks are available.
Thus, there is a need to provide a technical solution to synchronize signaling data coming from both types of networks when a service is activated. The 3GPP community has developed a solution supported by the Internet Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). However this solution has two drawbacks: The IMS is not widely deployed today, and it will not be deployed in the enterprises because it would be too expensive.
The document WO 2006/137762 describes a terminal in a mobile communication system arranged for transmitting a first and a second media stream (respectively for video and voice) to a receiving terminal, the first and the second media stream being transmitted separate from each other, but at least partly simultaneously. The first media stream is associated with a first end-to-end time delay and the second media stream is associated with a second end-to-end time delay. The first end-to-end time delay is larger than the second end-to-end time delay.
The terminal further comprises:                control means arranged for presenting the first media stream at the terminal delayed from the transmission of the first media stream with a time dependent on the time difference between the first and the second end-to-end time delay;        and means for estimating end-to-end time delays arranged for estimating the first end-to-end time delay and the second end-to-end time delay.
The first end-to-end time delay is estimated by:                recording a first time when a data packet to which a reply is requested is transmitted to the receiving terminal;        recording a second time when the reply is received from the receiving terminal;        subtracting the first time from the second time;        optionally, subtracting, from the result of the subtraction, a possible waiting time that the receiving terminal has waited from receiving the transmitted data packet until the reply was sent to the terminal;        dividing the result of the subtracting calculation by two, and;        adding, to the result of the division calculation, a current buffer delay in the receiving terminal, which buffer delay is measured at the receiving terminal and transmitted to the sending terminal.
This known solution is not adapted for synchronizing first and second data indicating events concerning a same call, because:
These events do not generate a continuous flow of data, as voice and video do, because they are scarce. So it is not possible to estimate a time shift once for all. Restituting accurately the time intervals between the events is not important for events concerning a call. Most important is correctly restituting the order of the perception of events, because it is essential for establishing or releasing a call, and all other call services.
The aim of the present invention is to solve this synchronization problem by simple means.

Method and a mobile phone terminal enabling to merge telephony services over heterogeneous networks


A channel-based network user terminal including a set-top box, a display, and input devices. A non-volatile memory stores a semi-permanent copy of a channel table downloaded from a server via the Internet. The channel table includes a list of channel numbers, associated Internet site names, and associated Internet addresses. A volatile memory stores a temporary copy of the channel table during user sessions. The channel numbers and associated Internet site names are read from the volatile memory and displayed as a menu. A user selects an Internet site name from the menu, and enters the channel number associated with the selected Internet site name using a numeric keypad provided on a remote control input device. The user terminal then accesses the selected Internet site by reading the Internet address associated with the entered channel number from the volatile memory, and transmitting the Internet address onto the Internet.

The present invention relates to telecommunications, and more particularly to networks and systems used to access the Internet.
The Internet is a modern communication system that allows computer operators (users) to network with other operators as well as a variety of Internet databases (sites). These Internet sites often provide useful information, such as news and weather information, or offer products or services that can be purchased by users using, for example, credit card numbers.
Although the Internet is steadily increasing in popularity, many prospective users are unable to overcome the cost and complexity of gaining access to the Internet using conventional methods. First, a prospective user must purchase an expensive personal computer and appropriate software. Next, the prospective user must establish an account with an Internet access provider or on-line service provider such as America Online. The prospective user must master the operating system of the personal computer to establish access to the Internet. Finally, the user must search for useful and interesting Internet sites, often requiring the user to memorize and enter long and confusing uniform resource locators (URLs), or to search through pull-down tables for a desired Internet site. Faced with these hurdles, many prospective users become overwhelmed and abandon their efforts to gain access to the Internet.
Recognizing that there are a vast number of potential users that cannot afford to purchase a personal computer, or who are intimidated by personal computer operation, computer makers have sought to provide low cost and easy-to-understand Internet access systems. One such system is produced by WebTV Networks, Inc. of Mountain View, Calif. The WebTV system provides a set-top box that connects to a user""s television and allows the user to access the Internet using a wireless input device, thereby eliminating the cost of a computer monitor, while providing a convenient data input method. However, the WebTV set-top box is comparable to personal computers in price, and requires the user to master much of the same expensive and confusing software that is used on personal computers. Therefore, although the WebTV system makes accessing the Internet somewhat less complicated, it remains too expensive and complex for many potential users.
What is needed is an Internet access system that is significantly less expensive than personal computers, and is as easy to use as a television.
The present invention is directed to a user terminal for a channel-based network. The channel-based network includes a system server, at least one user terminal, and at least one Internet site. The system server stores a master channel table that is downloaded, at least in part, to the user terminals in a scheduled manner. The master channel table includes a list of Internet site names, associated channel numbers, and Internet addresses.
In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, each user terminal includes a memory circuit (e.g., a flash or SDRAM memory) that is configured to store a local version of the channel table. In a menu mode, channel numbers and associated Internet site names stored in the local channel table are displayed on, for example, a television or other display device. The user terminal is provided with an input device (e.g., a device similar to a television remote control) that allows the user to select an Internet site from the displayed menu by entering the channel number displayed next to the selected Internet site name using, for example, a numeric keypad. When a channel number is entered, the Internet address (e.g., URL) associated with the entered channel number is read from the local channel table, and the user terminal is connected with the selected Internet site by transmitting the Internet address onto the Internet. By allowing a user to access internet sites using channel numbers, the user terminal of the present invention provides a key advantage over conventional networks that access internet sites using pull-down displays. That is, when a large number of Internet sites are stored in such pull-down displays, a user must perform the tedious task of locating and highlighting a corresponding site name or icon before accessing the selected Internet site. In contrast, similar to located a favorite television station, the present invention allows a user to enter a memorized channel number, thereby immediately accessing the selected Internet site without manipulating pull-down displays. Further, by storing and accessing the Internet sites using a channel table, the manufacturing costs associated with user terminals are significantly less than conventional personal computers.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, each user terminal includes a non-volatile memory (e.g., a flash memory) for storing a semi-permanent version of the channel table, and a volatile memory for storing a temporary version of the channel table. At the beginning of each user session, a control unit of the user terminal interacts with the network server to authorize the user session (e.g., by comparing information transmitted from a smart card with information stored at the server), and then copies the semi-permanent channel table from the nonvolatile memory into the volatile memory if the user session is authorized. By providing a semi-permanent channel table in the non-volatile memory, irritating delays caused by downloading channel table data from the server are minimized. Further, because the control unit only operates using the temporary channel table stored in the volatile memory, which is erased at the beginning of each user session, unintended access of, for example, a minor user to adult Internet sites, is avoided. In other words, each user terminal is provided with an innate security system because the control unit must copy the semi-permanent channel table from the non-volatile memory into the volatile memory before the user terminal can be used to access Internet sites.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, each user terminal downloads the master channel table from the network server over the Internet, thereby providing a local copy of the master channel table that can be accessed during a user session. As mentioned above, channel numbers and associated internet site names are then read from the local copy and displayed, for example, on a television, thereby allowing a user to access each Internet site simply by entering a selected channel number. By supporting channel table downloads from the server, updated channel table information is conveniently provided to each user terminal when the master channel table at the server is updated. Further, guest users are able to access personal channel table information at remote locations simply by identifying themselves to the server using, for example, a smart card.

User terminal for channel-based internet network