A manufacturing method of a non-oriented electrical steel sheet includes: performing finish annealing of a cold-rolled steel strip; and forming a tension-applying type insulating film of not less than 1 g/m2 and not more than 6 g/m2 on a surface of the cold-rolled steel strip. The performing the finish annealing includes forming an oxide layer containing Al2O3 or (Al, Cr)2O3 and having a thickness of not less than 0.01 μm and not more than 0.5 μm on the surface of the cold-rolled steel strip with setting a temperature of the cold-rolled steel strip to not lower than 800° C. and not higher than 1100° C. in an atmosphere where when the total content of Si and Al of the cold-rolled steel strip is represented as X (mass %), a partial pressure ratio of water vapor to hydrogen is equal to or less than 0.005×X2.

Making an electrical apparatus more efficient has been desired strongly, and a further achievement of lower core loss has been required for a non-oriented electrical steel sheet used for an iron core material of a motor contained in an electrical apparatus. Then, there have been studied a technique of containing Si, Al, and so on in a non-oriented electrical steel sheet to increase resistivity and increase a grain diameter, a technique of adjusting hot-rolled sheet annealing and a cold rolling ratio to thereby improve texture, and so on.
Further, a non-oriented electrical steel sheet is an electrical steel sheet having random crystal orientations in the direction parallel to its surface, but depending on the use of a non-oriented electrical steel sheet, there is also sometimes a case that one having a magnetic property in one direction parallel to its surface, for example, a rolling direction more excellent than that in the other direction is preferable. For example, in the case when a divided core is used as a stator of a motor, the electrical steel sheet as described above is preferably used for the divided core. As an electrical steel sheet having an excellent magnetic property in the rolling direction, a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet is also considered, but a glass coating film exists on surfaces of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, so that punching is difficult to be performed. Further, as compared to the non-oriented electrical steel sheet, more controls are required for manufacturing the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, and the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet is expensive. Incidentally, in the case of the divided core being used as a stator of a motor, the direction of easy magnetized of the electrical steel sheet is allowed to agree with the direction in which the magnetic flux flows, and thus the efficiency of the motor can be improved. Further, it is possible to improve the yield of the electrical steel sheet being a material and to increase a winding filling factor.
Various proposals regarding the non-oriented electrical steel sheet for a divided core have been made. However, in conventional techniques, it is difficult to obtain the sufficient magnetic property in the rolling direction.

Non-oriented electrical steel sheet and manufacturing method thereof

NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION


Disclosed is a continuously variable valve lift actuator of an engine. The continuously variable valve lift actuator of an engine changes rotating angles of a rocker arm and a lift arm having a four-bar link structure to control an intake amount of air of an intake valve based on a running state of a vehicle, and adjusts a location and a length of a link bar by taking into consideration a rotating direction of a cam shaft and interference according to layout of the engine to advance an open time of a valve. The continuously variable valve lift actuator of an engine can reduce pumping loss by controlling an intake amount of air by changing an elevating distance of a valve according to a running state of a vehicle, and the fuel efficiency and the efficiency of the engine can be improved by advancing the open time of the valve.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a continuously variable valve lift actuator of an engine, and more particularly to a continuously variable valve lift actuator of an engine to control a lift amount of a valve according to operational conditions of a vehicle.
2. Description of the Related Art
A valve device applied to an engine of a vehicle supplies a mixed gas into a combustion chamber and exhausts a combustion gas according to strokes of the engine.
Recently, variable valve devices, which optimize an inflow amount of the mixed gas and an exhaust efficiency of the combustion gas by changing an open degree and an opening/closing time of a valve according to operational conditions, that is, an operational region of the engine divided by revolutions per minute (hereinafter, referred to as 'RPM') and a load of the engine, have been developed and applied to the engine.
Accordingly, the variable valve device of an engine for a vehicle may improve a performance of the engine such as fuel efficiency, a torque, and an output of the engine and reduce an amount of an exhaust gas.
The variable valve device of an engine for a vehicle includes a variable valve timing unit to change an opening/closing time of a valve, a variable valve lift unit to change an open degree of the valve, and a variable valve actuation angle unit to change an actuation angle of the valve.
Among the above units, the variable valve timing unit improves an output and a fuel efficiency in a middle/low speed mode, and is divided into a rocker arm type, a pivot type, a tappet type, and a bucket type.
The applicant of the present invention has filed a technology regarding a variable valve lift device as Korean Patent No. 10-1084739 issued on Nov. 22, 2011, Korean Patent No. 10-1084741 issued on Nov. 22, 2011, and Korean Unexamined Patent Publication No. 10-2012-0088363 published on Aug. 8, 2012.
However, when the continuously variable valve lift actuator according to the related art is applied to a vehicle, pumping loss is increased because a throttle body sucks air upon an intake stroke.
Therefore, there is a need for development of a technology capable of reducing the pumping loss by controlling a suction amount of air by an intake valve of an input port of a cylinder by improving a structure of the continuously variable valve lift actuator applied to a gasoline engine.
Further, there is a demand for development a technology to improve a fuel efficiency and an output of a vehicle by controlling an intake amount of air in an operation state, that is, a high speed operation state or a low speed operation state of the vehicle.
In addition, the continuously variable valve lift actuator of an engine according to the related art needs a process of controlling valve clearance in a state that the continuously variable valve lift actuator is mounted in the engine.
In this manner, according to the related art, since the control operation is performed in a state that the continuously variable valve lift actuator is mounted in the engine, if the control of the valve clearance fails, it is necessary to perform the control operation by replacing the continuously variable valve lift actuator with new one after separating the continuously variable valve lift actuator from the engine.
Accordingly, productivity of the engine and the quality of a product are degraded when using the continuously variable valve lift actuator of the engine according to the related art.

Continuously variable valve lift actuator of engine


An apparatus for providing a quantitative measurement of high frequency corona discharges from electrical devices operating at high voltages, including an alternating current power source for providing a test signal variable in amplitude and frequency, a high pass filter to reject power source cyclical components and to isolate corona discharge components, an adjustable gain amplifier, and a power meter providing a quantitative readout of the amplitude of corona discharges integrated over a preselected time period. Electromagnetic shielding of individual assemblies comprising the test equipment allows corona detection without emissions or interference from external sources.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates in general to detection and measurement of corona discharges in electrical devices and, more particularly, to quantitative measurement of high frequency corona discharges in flyback transformers for high voltage supplies.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Electrical components operating at high voltages, such as flyback transformers and power supply filter capacitors, isolation transformers, and dielectric materials are usually subjected to a high voltage test prior to use to detect any insulation or structural defects which may lead to corona discharge at operating voltages and frequencies. Intense corona activity within the device will lead to early failure.
A corona discharge has been defined as a type localized discharge resulting from transient gaseous ionization in an insulation system when the voltage stress exceeds a critical value. The ionized gases which make up the corona discharge are highly conductive and may lead to a direct arc discharge across the device. High voltage transformers,including flyback transformers for cathode ray tube power supplies, are particularly susceptible to irregularities in construction, because of the high voltage differential between layers of the windings, and a single misplaced turn or void in encapsulation may result in catastrophic failure from corona discharge. Similarly, capacitors may suffer break down of the dielectric due to corona discharge within the capacitor.
In order to obtain a valid test under conditions which approximate the use of the electrical device in operation, it is desirable to energize the device with high voltage, preferably at a magnitude greater than and a frequency nominally close to that encountered when installed in the intended circuit. Since flyback transformers are energized by a high frequency alternating current (ac) and filter capacitors are also used in such applications, the prior art has attempted to differentiate between the excitation signal and the corona discharge signal by narrow band filters, broad band filters, and cancellation techniques.
One known method for determining the presence of corona discharge in VLF capacitors makes use of corona current signals in the 20 MHz to 50 MHz frequency range to provide a dc level proportional to corona activity. However, it has been found that significant corona activity may occur with devices above the 50 MHz range, which would not be detected by the aforesaid system. Further, no provision is made for testing devices other than in a transmitter circuit operating at VLF. This precludes varying the applied excitation voltage in amplitude or frequency to determine a corona threshold, nor does it allow for testing inductive devices.
Another apparatus for detection of corona discharge signals mixed with noise which is in synchronism with a cycle of a power supply, such as occurs in a flyback transformer of a television receiver, converts the noise and corona signal to a digital signal and subtracts one from the other to provide a resulting digital signal which is converted to an analog signal for observation. This apparatus requires a complex circuit for signal processing to assure phase cancellation of the driving signal.
One difficulty in common with prior art systems is their susceptibility to external electromagnetic radiation sources, which may require the use of a shielded room to preclude errors introduced from such signals. Further, high voltage testing itself produces high levels of radio-frequency interference, which is inimicable to operation in a laboratory or test environment.
The present invention utilizes a modular shielded construction which obviates the need for a shielded room. It provides an alternating current power source variable in frequency and amplitude so that the threshold of frequency dependent corona breakdown in a unit under test can be determined. An absolute power measurement is made by integrating the corona discharge signal over an extended frequency band, so that critical high frequency corona components are included in the measurement. Off-the-shelf devices comprise a substantial portion of the test apparatus, minimizing the need for fabrication of complex, special purpose circuits.

Apparatus for measurement of high frequency corona discharges in electrical components


The present application includes biomarkers, methods, devices, reagents, systems, and kits for the detection and diagnosis of lung cancer. In one aspect, the application provides biomarkers that can be used alone or in various combinations to diagnose lung cancer or permit the differential diagnosis of pulmonary nodules as benign or malignant. In another aspect, methods are provided for diagnosing lung cancer in an individual, where the methods include detecting, in a biological sample from an individual, at least one biomarker value corresponding to at least one biomarker selected from the group of biomarkers provided in Table 18, Table 20, or Table 21, wherein the individual is classified as having lung cancer, or the likelihood of the individual having lung cancer is determined, based on the at least one biomarker value.

The following description provides a summary of information relevant to the present application and is not an admission that any of the information provided or publications referenced herein is prior art to the present application.
Lung cancer remains the most common cause of cancer-related mortality. This is true for both men and women. In 2005 in the United States lung cancer accounted for more deaths than breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colon cancer combined. In that year, 107,416 men and 89,271 women were diagnosed with lung cancer, and 90,139 men and 69,078 women died from lung cancer. Among men in the United States, lung cancer is the second most common cancer among white, black, Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Hispanic men. Among women in the United States, lung cancer is the second most common cancer among white, black, and American Indian/Alaska Native women, and the third most common cancer among Asian/Pacific Islander and Hispanic women. For those who do not quit smoking, the probability of death from lung cancer is 15% and remains above 5% even for those who quit at age 50-59. The annual healthcare cost of lung cancer in the U.S. alone is S95 billion.
Ninety-one percent of lung cancer caused by smoking is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which represents approximately 87% of all lung cancers. The remaining 13% of all lung cancers are small cell lung cancers, although mixed-cell lung cancers do occur. Because small cell lung cancer is rare and rapidly fatal, the opportunity for early detection is small.
There are three main types of NSCLC: squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. Adenocarcinoma is the most common form of lung cancer (30%-40% and reported to be as high as 50%) and is the lung cancer most frequently found in both smokers and non-smokers. Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 25-30% of all lung cancers and is generally found in a proximal bronchus. Early stage NSCLC tends to be localized, and if detected early it can often be treated by surgery with a favorable outcome and improved survival. Other treatment options include radiation treatment, drug therapy, and a combination of these methods.
NSCLC is staged by the size of the tumor and its presence in other tissues including lymph nodes. In the occult stage, cancer cells are found in sputum samples or lavage samples and no tumor is detectable in the lungs. In stage 0, only the innermost lining of the lungs exhibit cancer cells and the tumor has not grown through the lining. In stage IA, the cancer is considered invasive and has grown deep into the lung tissue but the tumor is less than 3 cm across. In this stage, the tumor is not found in the bronchus or lymph nodes. In stage IB, the tumor is either larger than 3 cm across or has grown into the bronchus or pleura, but has not grown into the lymph nodes. In stage IIA, the tumor is more than 3 cm across and has grown into the lymph nodes. In stage IIB, the tumor has either been found in the lymph nodes and is greater than 3 cm across or grown into the bronchus or pleura; or the cancer is not in the lymph nodes but is found in the chest wall, diaphragm, pleura, bronchus, or tissue that surrounds the heart. In stage IIIA, cancer cells are found in the lymph nodes near the lung and bronchi and in those between the lungs but on the side of the chest where the tumor is located. Stage IIIB, cancer cells are located on the opposite side of the chest from the tumor and in the neck. Other organs near the lungs may also have cancer cells and multiple tumors may be found in one lobe of the lungs. In stage IV, tumors are found in more than one lobe of the same lung or both lungs and cancer cells are found in other parts of the body.
Current methods of diagnosis for lung cancer include testing sputum for cancerous cells, chest x-ray, fiber optic evaluation of airways, and low dose spiral computed tomography (CT). Sputum cytology has a very low sensitivity. Chest X-ray is also relatively insensitive, requiring lesions to be greater than 1 cm in size to be visible. Bronchoscopy requires that the tumor is visible inside airways accessible to the bronchoscope. The most widely recognized diagnostic method is CT, but in common with X-ray, the use of CT involves ionizing radiation, which itself can cause cancer. CT also has significant limitations: the scans require a high level of technical skill to interpret and many of the observed abnormalities are not in fact lung cancer and substantial healthcare costs are incurred in following up CT findings. The most common incidental finding is a benign lung nodule.
Lung nodules are relatively round lesions, or areas of abnormal tissue, located within the lung and may vary in size. Lung nodules may be benign or cancerous, but most are benign. If a nodule is below 4 mm the prevalence is only 1.5%, if 4-8 mm the prevalence is approximately 6%, and if above 20 mm the incidence is approximately 20%. For small and medium-sized nodules, the patient is advised to undergo a repeat scan within three months to a year. For many large nodules, the patient receives a biopsy (which is invasive and may lead to complications) even though most of these are benign.
Therefore, diagnostic methods that can replace or complement CT are needed to reduce the number of surgical procedures conducted and minimize the risk of surgical complications. In addition, even when lung nodules are absent or unknown, methods are needed to detect lung cancer at its early stages to improve patient outcomes. Only 16% of lung cancer cases are diagnosed as localized, early stage cancer, where the 5-year survival rate is 46%, compared to 84% of those diagnosed at late stage, where the 5-year survival rate is only 13%. This demonstrates that relying on symptoms for diagnosis is not useful because many of them are common to other lung disease. These symptoms include a persistent cough, bloody sputum, chest pain, and recurring bronchitis or pneumonia.
Where methods of early diagnosis of cancer exist, the benefits are generally accepted by the medical community. Cancers that have widely utilized screening protocols have the highest 5-year survival rates, such as breast cancer (88%) and colon cancer (65%) versus 16% for lung cancer. However, 88% of lung cancer patients survive ten years or longer if the cancer is diagnosed at Stage 1 through screening. This demonstrates the clear need for diagnostic methods that can reliably detect early-stage NSCLC.
Progression from healthy state to disease is accompanied by changes in protein expression in affected tissues. Comparative interrogation of the human proteome in healthy and diseased tissues can offer insights into the biology of disease and lead to discovery of biomarkers for diagnostics, new targets for therapeutic intervention, and identification of patients most likely to benefit from targeted treatment. Biomarker selection for a specific disease state involves first the identification of markers that have a measurable and statistically significant difference in a disease population compared to a control population for a specific medical application. Biomarkers can include secreted or shed molecules that parallel disease development or progression and readily diffuse into the blood stream from lung tissue or from distal tissues in response to a lesion. The biomarker or set of biomarkers identified are generally clinically validated or shown to be a reliable indicator for the original intended use for which it was selected. Biomarkers can include small molecules, peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids. Some of the key issues that affect the identification of biomarkers include over-fitting of the available data and bias in the data.
A variety of methods have been utilized in an attempt to identify biomarkers and diagnose disease. For protein-based markers, these include two-dimensional electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and immunoassay methods. For nucleic acid markers, these include mRNA expression profiles, microRNA profiles, FISH, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), and large scale gene expression arrays.
The utility of two-dimensional electrophoresis is limited by low detection sensitivity; issues with protein solubility, charge, and hydrophobicity; gel reproducibility; and the possibility of a single spot representing multiple proteins. For mass spectrometry, depending on the format used, limitations revolve around the sample processing and separation, sensitivity to low abundance proteins, signal to noise considerations, and inability to immediately identify the detected protein. Limitations in immunoassay approaches to biomarker discovery are centered on the inability of antibody-based multiplex assays to measure a large number of analytes. One might simply print an array of high-quality antibodies and, without sandwiches, measure the analytes bound to those antibodies. (This would be the formal equivalent of using a whole genome of nucleic acid sequences to measure by hybridization all DNA or RNA sequences in an organism or a cell. The hybridization experiment works because hybridization can be a stringent test for identity. Even very good antibodies are not stringent enough in selecting their binding partners to work in the context of blood or even cell extracts because the protein ensemble in those matrices have extremely different abundances.) Thus, one must use a different approach with immunoassay-based approaches to biomarker discovery—one would need to use multiplexed ELISA assays (that is, sandwiches) to get sufficient stringency to measure many analytes simultaneously to decide which analytes are indeed biomarkers. Sandwich immunoassays do not scale to high content, and thus biomarker discovery using stringent sandwich immunoassays is not possible using standard array formats. Lastly, antibody reagents are subject to substantial lot variability and reagent instability. The instant platform for protein biomarker discovery overcomes this problem.
Many of these methods rely on or require some type of sample fractionation prior to the analysis. Thus the sample preparation required to run a sufficiently powered study designed to identify/discover statistically relevant biomarkers in a series of well-defined sample populations is extremely difficult, costly, and time consuming. During fractionation, a wide range of variability can be introduced into the various samples. For example, a potential marker could be unstable to the process, the concentration of the marker could be changed, inappropriate aggregation or disaggregation could occur, and inadvertent sample contamination could occur and thus obscure the subtle changes anticipated in early disease.
It is widely accepted that biomarker discovery and detection methods using these technologies have serious limitations for the identification of diagnostic biomarkers. These limitations include an inability to detect low-abundance biomarkers, an inability to consistently cover the entire dynamic range of the proteome, irreproducibility in sample processing and fractionation, and overall irreproducibility and lack of robustness of the method. Further, these studies have introduced biases into the data and not adequately addressed the complexity of the sample populations, including appropriate controls, in terms of the distribution and randomization required to identify and validate biomarkers within a target disease population.
Although efforts aimed at the discovery of new and effective biomarkers have gone on for several decades, the efforts have been largely unsuccessful. Biomarkers for various diseases typically have been identified in academic laboratories, usually through an accidental discovery while doing basic research on some disease process. Based on the discovery and with small amounts of clinical data, papers were published that suggested the identification of a new biomarker. Most of these proposed biomarkers, however, have not been confirmed as real or useful biomarkers primarily because the small number of clinical samples tested provide only weak statistical proof that an effective biomarker has in fact been found. That is, the initial identification was not rigorous with respect to the basic elements of statistics. In each of the years 1994 through 2003, a search of the scientific literature shows that thousands of references directed to biomarkers were published. During that same time frame, however, the FDA approved for diagnostic use, at most, three new protein biomarkers a year, and in several years no new protein biomarkers were approved.
Based on the history of failed biomarker discovery efforts, mathematical theories have been proposed that further promote the general understanding that biomarkers for disease are rare and difficult to find. Biomarker research based on 2D gels or mass spectrometry supports these notions. Very few useful biomarkers have been identified through these approaches. However, it is usually overlooked that 2D gel and mass spectrometry measure proteins that are present in blood at approximately 1 nM concentrations and higher, and that this ensemble of proteins may well be the least likely to change with disease. Other than the instant biomarker discovery platform, proteomic biomarker discovery platforms that are able to accurately measure protein expression levels at much lower concentrations do not exist.
Much is known about biochemical pathways for complex human biology. Many biochemical pathways culminate in or are started by secreted proteins that work locally within the pathology, for example growth factors are secreted to stimulate the replication of other cells in the pathology, and other factors are secreted to ward off the immune system, and so on. While many of these secreted proteins work in a paracrine fashion, some operate distally in the body. One skilled in the art with a basic understanding of biochemical pathways would understand that many pathology-specific proteins ought to exist in blood at concentrations below (even far below) the detection limits of 2D gels and mass spectrometry. What must precede the identification of this relatively abundant number of disease biomarkers is a proteomic platform that can analyze proteins at concentrations below those detectable by 2D gels or mass spectrometry.
Accordingly, a need exists for biomarkers, methods, devices, reagents, systems, and kits that enable (a) the differentiation of benign pulmonary nodules from malignant pulmonary nodules; (b) the detection of lung cancer biomarkers; and (c) the diagnosis of lung cancer.
To fulfill this need, a novel aptamer-based proteomic technology for biomarker discovery, which is capable of simultaneously measuring thousands of proteins from small sample volumes of plasma or serum has been developed (see e.g., U.S. Pub. No. 2010/0070191; U.S. Pub. No. 2010/0086948, Ostroff et al., "Unlocking biomarker discovery: Large scale application of aptamer proteomic technology for early detection of lung cancer," Nature Precedings, (2010); Gold et al., "Aptamer-based multiplexed proteomic technology for biomarker discovery," Nature Precedings, (2010)). This technology, referred to as SOMAscan, is enabled by a new generation of slow off-rate aptamers (SOMAmers) that contain chemically modified nucleotides, which greatly expand the physicochemical diversity of the large randomized nucleic acid libraries from which the aptamers are selected (see U.S. Pat. No. 7,947,447). Such modifications, which are compatible with SELEX, introduce functional groups into aptamers that are often found in protein-protein interaction, antibody-antigen interactions and interactions between small-molecule drugs with their protein targets. Overall, the use of these modifications expands the range of possible aptamer targets, improves their binding properties and facilitates selection of aptamers with slow dissociation rates.
Specifically, proteins in complex matrices such as plasma are measured with a process that transforms a signature of protein concentrations into a corresponding signature of DNA aptamer concentrations, which is then quantified using a DNA microarray platform (Gold et al., "Aptamer-based multiplexed proteomic technology for biomarker discovery," Nature Precedings, (2010)). The assay leverages equilibrium binding and kinetic challenge. Both are carried out in solution, not on a surface, to take advantage of more favorable kinetics of binding and dissociation. In essence, the assay takes advantage of the dual nature of aptamers as both folded binding entities with defined shapes and unique sequences recognizable by specific hybridization probes.
The assay is capable of simultaneously measuring large numbers of proteins ranging from low to high abundance in serum. For example, samples from 1,326 subjects from four independent studies of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been analyzed in long-term tobacco-exposed populations. More than 800 proteins in 15 μL of serum were measured and a 12-protein panel was developed that distinguishes NSCLC from controls with 91% sensitivity and 84% specificity in a training set and 89% sensitivity and 83% specificity in a blinded, independent verification set. Importantly, performance was similar for early and late stage NSCLC (Ostroff et al., Unlocking biomarker discovery: Large scale application of aptamer proteomic technology for early detection of lung cancer," Nature Precedings, (2010)).
To date, several clinical biomarker studies of human diseases, including lung cancer (U.S. Pub. No. 2010/0070191), ovarian cancer (U.S. Pub. No. 2010/0086948), and chronic kidney disease have been conducted using this method. These studies have identified novel potential disease biomarkers to each of these diseases as well as to cancer in general.


A hinge device where height adjustment, depth adjustment and side adjustment are permitted, wherein a hinge flap is adjustably supported by a rotatable pin with a polygonal flange, the hinge for side adjustment having an adjustable screw body fastened into the door frame for abutment with the rear side of the hinge, and where depth adjustment is provided by allowing a tongue on the hinge flap to form rotatable engagement with a double-headed adjusting screw that is insertable into the door frame parallel to the plane of the hinge flap.

The present invention relates to a hinge device which permits not only height adjustment, but also side adjustment and depth adjustment of the hinge.
The installation of hinges in recesses cut into frames and doors is done almost exclusively at the factory, instead of being done at the building site as was the case earlier. Such preparation is done because it is the cheapest solution and also because it results a higher aesthetic standard. Necessary tolerances in the manufacture of hinges and the difficulty of having 100% of the installation done at the building site have, with the assistance of the law of gravity, the result that the doors will always sag slightly, and slant out from the frame at the top and in at the bottom. This is a growing problem in connection with the design and adjustment of hinges that are suitable for such doors, not least because modern doors, due to requirements of sound, tightness, fire resistance and burglar proofing, are heavy. A high work pace may result in the installation at times not being completely precise. This usually applies to the plumbing of the door frame, and incorrect installation in this connection will mean that the door does not rest true against the rebate in the frame, and consequently is difficult to close to lock properly. The combination of these factors has meant that there has long been a demand for adjustable hinges. However, the difficulty has been to provide strong, but at the same time simple and relatively inexpensive constructions. Moreover, there has been a degree of conservatism in that there has been a desire to continue have established models.
There are a number of known types of height-adjustable hinges, and one solution for height adjustment is based on adjustable abutment against the upper side and the underside respectively of a hinge flap. A solution of this kind can be seen on the left in attached FIG. 7a.
There are also a number of known solutions in connection with sideways adjustment of a hinge where means are caused to alter the position of a hinge flap relative to, for example, a door frame by using screws which act on the outside and the inside of the hinge flap, respectively. However, the adjustments that must be made are awkward to carry out in practice, and there has long been a need to find a solution where such sideways adjustment of a hinge can be implemented in a simple manner.
A number of types of means for depth adjustment of a hinge have also been described. Often, such means consist of using guides, interacting ribs or the like in order to be able to adjust the hinge depthwise in a stepwise manner. However, these solutions are awkward in practice and there has therefore been a long-felt need to find solutions which are simple and which at the same time provide the hinge with means for rapid adjustment.
In the case of a hinge where there is the possibility of, for example, height adjustment, side adjustment and/or depth adjustment, it will often be appropriate to make the hinge a hinge of the snap-in type, where there are means allowing a hinge flap to be snapped into a mounting fitting on a door leaf. Often, it has been standard practice to make such mounting fittings of plastics. The use of hinges in connection with heavy doors will make great demands on the holding power (strength) of the mounting fitting. It is an object of the present invention to solve this in a simple, but effective manner.


An apparatus and method of interfacing video information which can provide an accurately displayed video picture irrespective of the type of a video input signal by interfacing the video display information between a main body and a monitor, and thus maintaining the optimum picture state. The apparatus includes a main body for outputting a video signal and information on a display type of the video signal, and a monitor for detecting the display type of the corresponding video signal in accordance with the display type information outputted from the main body and displaying on a display screen the video signal outputted from the main body to match the detected display type.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a computer system, and more particularly to an apparatus and method of interfacing video information in a computer system.
2. Background of the Related Art
A related art computer system, as shown in FIG. 1, includes a main body 1, such as a personal computer (PC) or a work station. The main body 1 performs various kinds of information operations and information processing, and generates a video signal for displaying corresponding processed contents on a display screen. A monitor 2 receives horizontal and vertical sync signals H-sync/V-sync and a RGB video signal outputted from the main body 1, as shown in FIG. 2. The monitor thus displays a corresponding image, and performs various kinds of information interface with the main body 1 through serial data (SDA) and serial clock (SCL) lines of a display data channel (DDC).
The monitor 2 comprises a microcomputer 11 for detecting the display type of an input video signal by analyzing frequency information of the horizontal and vertical sync signals. The monitor 2 outputs a control signal so that the RGB video signal transmitted from the main body 1 is processed using the same format as the corresponding display format, or in a form that corresponds to the closest factory mode. The monitor 2 further includes a video processing section 12 for processing the RGB video signal transmitted from the main body 1, to match the corresponding display type in accordance with the control signal from the microcomputer 11. Finally, a display section 13 displays an output of the video processing section on the display screen.
The operation of the related art computer system as constructed above will be described. First, the main body 1 of the computer system transmits the horizontal and vertical sync signals, as well as the RGB video signal to the monitor 2.
The microcomputer 11 in the monitor 2 detects the type of the input video signal in accordance with the frequencies of the horizontal and vertical sync signals, and controls the video processing section 12. This allows the input video signal to be displayed in a factory mode which is closest to the video type among factory modes predetermined in the monitor 2. The video processing section 12 processes the input video signal to match the factory type determined by the microcomputer 11, and displays the input video signal through the display section.
In the case of an analog type cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor, the factory mode corresponds to a table of the image type corresponding to the frequency information of the horizontal and vertical sync signals. Specifically, that includes an active video frequency for one horizontal period, a backporch time for one horizontal period, the total number of horizontal lines for one vertical period, and a backporch time for one vertical period, among others.
For a digital type liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor, the factory mode corresponds to a table of the image type corresponding to the frequency information of the horizontal and vertical sync signals. Specifically, that includes the total number of dots for one horizontal period, the number of backporches for one horizontal period, the total number of horizontal lines for one vertical period, and the number of backporches for one vertical period, among others.
The main body 1 transmits only the RGB video signal and the horizontal and vertical sync signals to the monitor 2. This, however, is not enough for the monitor 2 to detect the type of the video signal transmitted from the main body 1. In order to actually display the video signal, such as the above-described video type, information regarding the active video frequency for one horizontal period and the like is required.
Accordingly, the factory mode, which has the video types corresponding to the representative horizontal and vertical sync signal frequencies listed in table, is applied to the respective monitor 2. The frequency of the horizontal and vertical sync signals transmitted from the main body 1 is compared with the frequency of the horizontal and vertical sync signals of the predetermined factory mode, and if the same horizontal and vertical sync signal frequency exists, the video signal is displayed using the video type corresponding to the horizontal and vertical sync signal frequency.
If, on the other hand, the same horizontal and vertical sync signal frequency does not exist in the table, the video signal is displayed using the video type corresponding to the frequency closest to the frequency of the horizontal and vertical sync signals transmitted from the main body 1.
Thus, according to the related art computer system, if the frequency of the horizontal and vertical sync signals transmitted from the main body does not coincide with that of the predetermined factory mode in the monitor, the position or size of the displayed picture will become abnormal, and a normal picture desired by the user cannot be outputted.
The above references are incorporated by reference herein where appropriate for appropriate teachings of additional or alternative details, features and/or technical background.

Apparatus and method of interfacing video information in a computer system


A jack and dolly assembly and system including a shaft defining a longitudinal axis extending along the shaft and an interior hollow; a reversible drive mechanism at least partially positioned in the interior hollow of the shaft; a proximal arm removably securable to the shaft and substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis; a distal arm removably securable to the drive mechanism, the distal arm being spaced from and substantially parallel to the proximal arm; wherein the reversible drive mechanism is operable to move the distal arm along the shaft.

Dollies for lifting and moving vehicles are well known in the art. Commonly, wheel dollies are used in the industry across various settings including towing and vehicle recovery, and also in repair and mechanical shop venues. The dollies currently presented by the prior art are inconvenient for many reasons.
It is known in the art for lifting dollies to comprise two parallel arms that perform a pinching movement to effect the lifting of a vehicle wheel. Often, these arms are connected by means to effect the pinching. The prior art exemplifies such means as requiring inefficient modes of implementation. Known means include complicated mechanical structures to impart the pinching forces. These structures comprise the use of an excessive amount of mechanical parts, require frequent servicing, and are bulky and difficult to operate. Prior art devices also use greasy lubricants that leave not only themselves, but residual surfaces undesirable, dirty, and slippery.
Wheel dollies as taught in the prior art are often bulky, heavy, and difficult to transport and operate. It is well known in the art that four or more dollies are required to completely lift the wheels of a vehicle from the surface it rests upon. A shortcoming not expressed in the prior art is the ability for a towing professional to retrieve a vehicle parked in a parallel position and having vehicles positioned both to the front and rear.
In such a position, prior art dollies require the use of dollies in a 'left' and 'right' configuration to allow for placement of the dolly and subsequent actuation of the lifting mechanism. This required users to possess and transport multiple, permanent configurations of a dolly.
Another reoccurring experience is the position of a wheel such that the lifting mechanism cannot be accessed or easily actuated. Often the lifting mechanism is too complicated to easily and timely effect actuation. Other times the vehicle is positioned where the lifting mechanism cannot be positioned or accessed altogether. In all such situations, the dollies of the prior art require time consuming procedures. Frequently, the user finds themselves forced into maneuvering their bodies into undesirable positions while placing the dolly and operating the lifting mechanism. These circumstances lead to the frequent inability to properly and easily lift a wheel, and often lead to the misfortune of the jack and dolly assemblies being abandoned altogether.
Jack and dolly assemblies are also known to be used in vehicle manufacturing venues and in vehicle repair settings. In these and other circumstances, the ability to place all of the wheels of a vehicle onto a means allowing it to be moved about any direction in a single plane is desirable. The prior art provides various dolly assemblies allowing this type of vehicle movement and re-location. However, the dollies found in prior art lack the ability to allow a user in this setting to place and actuate the device with ease; complicated actuation mechanisms force users to struggle while attempting to lift the vehicle onto the assembly.
As such, there is a need in the art for a jack and dolly assembly having a simply mechanical structure that is lightweight and easy to use. There is a need for an assembly that is adaptable to the venue and environment presented, allowing for the user to timely adapt the apparatus to the given situation, while easily and efficiently actuating the lifting mechanism from any angle or position without being subject to uncomfortable and inoperable body positions.
These and other objects will be readily evident upon a study of the following specification and the accompanying drawing wherein:


A miniature electric motor (1) with an outer diameter (DA) that is smaller than or equal to 6 mm, has a hollow cylindrical stator (2) with stator coils (8) and a magnetic rotor (4) rotatably arranged around a rotational axis (16) in the stator (2) by means of a rotor shaft (10). The stator coils (8) can be energized in order to generate a magnetic rotational field in dependence upon the rotational position of the magnetic rotor (4). A sensor chip (20) having at least one magnetic field sensor (22) is arranged in such a manner in an area axially adjacent to a front face of the magnetic rotor (4) located within a plane that is vertical to the rotational axis (16) that the magnetic field sensor (22) is impinged in such a way by the magnetic field that the rotational position of the rotor can be evaluated.

Miniature motors of the above-referenced type are frequently brushless direct current motors, which are also called BLDC motors (BLDC=brushless direct current). Because of their very small overall size with an outer diameter of only a maximum of 6 mm, the determination of the rotational rotor position, which is required for commutation control, takes place usually without sensors, generally on the basis of a determination and evaluation of the back EMF, that is, a voltage back-induced in the stator coils during rotation. It is thus difficult to realize an actuation at low speeds or even a rotational position regulation with such miniature motors.
On the other hand, in larger motors with a diameter of more than 6 mm, sensors can be used, in particular Hall-effect digital sensors, because the larger overall size allows accommodation of the sensors. The sensors can thus be arranged, for example, eccentrically around the periphery at specific peripheral angle intervals, wherein however an exact position alignment of the individual sensors is required.
EP 0 920 113 B1 describes a brushless direct current motor with a sensor arranged eccentrically radially beside the rotor, wherein the rotor has additionally a special permanently magnetized measuring magnetization zone. DE 10 2007 000 440 A1 also discloses a rotational angle detection device, which is positioned eccentrically radially beside the rotor.
According to EP 0 510 336 B1, the magnetic stray field of the motor magnet is utilized, but only the direction of rotation, not the angular position, is to be detected.
United States patent application 2001/0090633 A1 describes the use of a Hall-effect sensor, which however detects the magnetic field of an additional magnetized transmitting magnet with two poles, which rotates together with the rotor via the motor shaft.
Something similar applies also for a motor actuation according to EP 2 117 103 B1.
Finally, individual sensors for determining the magnetic field of the rotor are also utilized according to EP 1 456 935 B1.
All these known configurations are not suitable for a generic miniature motor of the kind discussed herein due to their extremely small overall size, with an outer diameter that must in any case be smaller than/equal to 6 mm.
The aim of the invention is the creation of a miniature motor of the generic kind described above, in which an improved actuation is achieved, in particular also for a rotational position regulation and/or for low speeds, while retaining its small compact design.
This aim is achieved according to the invention. Advantageous embodiments of the invention are disclosed in the dependent claims and in the following description.
It is accordingly provided according to the invention that a sensor chip in the form of at least one magnetic field sensor is arranged in such a way in an area which is axially adjacent to the front face of the magnetic rotor located within a plane that is vertical to the rotational axis is provided for the purpose of detecting the rotational position of the magnetic rotor. The magnetic field sensor is impinged by the magnetic field of the magnetic rotor in such a way that the magnetic field can be evaluated in order to determine the rotational position of the rotor. The magnetic field, that is, the stray field of the magnetic rotor, can thus be advantageously directly detected and evaluated by means of the invention without any additional transmitter elements, in order to detect the rotational position of the magnetic rotor. The sensor chip preferably includes several, and namely at least three, but preferably four individual magnetic field sensors, in particular Hall-effect sensors, integrated in one component. The positioning and alignment of the magnetic field sensors relative to the magnetic rotor is in this way also possible with great exactness within the very small motor; the standard sensor chip only needs to be mechanically positioned on the stator relative to the magnetic rotor.
The sensor chip can be configured with a very flat design, and in particular as a single chip encoder, which comprises a signal evaluation as IC component, which is such that it directly delivers, in addition to the magnetic field sensors, an absolute and/or incremental rotational position signal for an external electronic control system. In this way, the electronic control system can also be designed, in addition to the actual commutation, for the exact regulation of the rotor position and/or also for the adjustment of low rotor speeds. The actuation of the motor can thus be optimally commutated from a standstill across the entire speed range, which would not be possible by means of a synchronic control or with a sensorless control utilizing the back EMF induced voltage in the stator coils. The actuation of the motor can even take place with sinus commutation due to the available output signals of the preferred single chip encoder, which was not possible until now with this type of small motors.
It is furthermore advantageous if the magnetic field sensors integrated into the sensor chip are arranged in an area that covers the axial projection of the magnetic rotor and in a specific peripheral distribution over a reference circle around the extended rotational axis, wherein the reference circle has a diameter that is located in the area between the diameter of the rotor shaft, which corresponds to the inner diameter of the magnetic rotor, and the outer diameter of the magnetic rotor. It is particularly advantageous if the diameter of the reference circle on which the magnetic field sensors are arranged is located within the outer half of the annular cross section of the magnetic rotor. The sensor chip can furthermore be arranged very close to the magnetic rotor. The sensor chip should be spaced from the adjacent front face of the magnetic rotor via an axial gap, which corresponds to a maximum of 1 to 1.5 times the diameter of the reference circle of the magnetic field sensors. It has been shown that a secure detection of the rotational position of the rotor is possible based only on the magnetic field of the rotor by means of this described configuration and arrangement of the sensor chip, and thus without additional transmitter elements, such as in particular separate transmitter magnets.
The same parts are always provided with the same reference signs in the different figures of the drawings.


Computer storage media may have stored thereon a voicemail application. The voicemail application may be configured to determine whether messages in a voicemail box meet a preservation criterion. If the messages do meet the preservation criterion, the voicemail application may be configured to cause a replica of at least one of the messages to be made and stored outside of the voicemail box. After a message is replicated successfully, it may be deleted from the voice mail box.

1. Technical Field
This disclosure relates to voicemail systems and to mobile communication systems.
2. Description of Related Art
Some voicemail boxes restrict the number of messages which they will store. These restrictions may be implemented in a variety of ways. For example, some voicemail boxes refuse to accept new voicemail messages after the box contains a pre-determined number of messages. Other voicemail boxes automatically delete messages after they reach a pre-determined age. Other algorithms for restricting the number of messages in voicemail boxes may also be used. Some voicemail boxes implement combinations of algorithms, such as refusing to accept new messages after a threshold has been reached and deleting messages which have reached a certain age.
These restrictive policies may lead to a user not receiving or being able to again listen to important messages.

Automated voicemail preservation and deletion


Recombinant DPO4-type DNA polymerase variants with amino acid substitutions that confer modified properties upon the polymerase for improved single molecule sequencing applications are provided. Such properties may include enhanced binding and accurate incorporation of bulky nucleotide analog substrates into daughter strands and the like. Also provided are compositions comprising such DPO4 variants and nucleotide analogs, as well as nucleic acids which encode the polymerases with the aforementioned phenotypes.

DNA polymerases replicate the genomes of living organisms. In addition to this central role in biology, DNA polymerases are also ubiquitous tools of biotechnology. They are widely used, e.g., for reverse transcription, amplification, labeling, and sequencing, all central technologies for a variety of applications, such as nucleic acid sequencing, nucleic acid amplification, cloning, protein engineering, diagnostics, molecular medicine, and many other technologies.
Because of their significance, DNA polymerases have been extensively studied, with a focus, e.g., on phylogenetic relationships among polymerases, structure of polymerases, structure-function features of polymerases, and the role of polymerases in DNA replication and other basic biological processes, as well as ways of using DNA polymerases in biotechnology. Scientists have comprehensively catalogued DNA polymerases from all three kingdoms of life, with the enzymes being classified into six major families (A, B, C, D, X, and Y) according to their sequence homology. For a review of polymerases, see, e.g., Hubscher et al. (2002) "Eukaryotic DNA Polymerases" Annual Review of Biochemistry Vol. 71: 133-163, Alba (2001) "Protein Family Review: Replicative DNA Polymerases" Genome Biology 2(1): reviews 3002.1-3002.4, Steitz (1999) "DNA polymerases: structural diversity and common mechanisms" J Biol Chem 274:17395-17398, and Burgers et al. (2001) "Eukaryotic DNA polymerases: proposal for a revised nomenclature" J Biol. Chem. 276(47): 43487-90. Crystal structures have been solved for many polymerases, which often share a similar architecture. The basic mechanisms of action for many polymerases have been determined.
A fundamental application of DNA polymerases is in DNA sequencing technologies. From the classical Sanger sequencing method to recent "next-generation" sequencing (NGS) technologies, the nucleotide substrates used for sequencing have necessarily changed over time. The series of nucleotide modifications required by these rapidly changing technologies has introduced daunting tasks for DNA polymerase researchers to look for, design, or evolve compatible enzymes for ever-changing DNA sequencing chemistries. DNA polymerase mutants have been identified that have a variety of useful properties, including altered nucleotide analog incorporation abilities relative to wild-type counterpart enzymes. For example, VentA488L DNA polymerase can incorporate certain non-standard nucleotides with a higher efficiency than native Vent DNA polymerase. See Gardner et al. (2004) "Comparative Kinetics of Nucleotide Analog Incorporation by Vent DNA Polymerase" J. Biol. Chem. 279(12):11834-11842 and Gardner and Jack (1999) "Determinants of nucleotide sugar recognition in an archaeon DNA polymerase" Nucleic Acids Research 27(12):2545-2553. The altered residue in this mutant, A488, is predicted to be facing away from the nucleotide binding site of the enzyme. The pattern of relaxed specificity at this position roughly correlates with the size of the substituted amino acid side chain and affects incorporation by the enzyme of a variety of modified nucleotide sugars.
More recently, NGS technologies have introduced the need to adapt DNA polymerase enzymes to accept nucleotide substrates modified with reversible terminators on the 3′-OH, such as —ONH2. To this end, Chen and colleagues combined structural analyses with a "reconstructed evolutionary adaptive path" analysis to generate a TAQL616A variant that is able to efficiently incorporate both reversible and irreversible terminators. See Chen et al. (2010) "Reconstructed Evolutionary Adaptive Paths Give Polymerases Accepting Reversible Terminators for Sequencing and SNP Detection" Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 107(5):1948-1953. Modeling studies suggested that this variant might open space behind Phe-667, allowing it to accommodate the larger 3′ substituents. U.S. Pat. No. 8,999,676 to Emig et al. discloses additional modified polymerases that display improved properties useful for single molecule sequencing technologies based on fluorescent detection. In particular, substitution of φ29 DNA polymerase at positions E375 and K512 was found to enhance the ability of the polymerase to utilize non-natural, phosphate-labeled nucleotide analogs incorporating different fluorescent dyes.
Recently, Kokoris et al. have described a method, termed "sequencing by expansion" (SBX), that uses a DNA polymerase to transcribe the sequence of DNA onto a measurable polymer called an Xpandomer (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,324,360 to Kokoris et al.). The transcribed sequence is encoded along the Xpandomer backbone in high signal-to-noise reporters that are separated by ˜10 nm and are designed for high signal-to-noise, well differentiated responses when read by nanopore-based sequencing systems. Xpandomers are generated from non-natural nucleotide analogs, termed XNTPs, characterized by bulky substituents that enable the Xpandomer backbone to be expanded following synthesis. Such XNTP analogs introduce novel challenges as substrates for currently available DNA polymerases. Published PCT application no. WO2017/087281 to Kokoris et al., herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, describes engineered DPO4 polymerase variants with enhanced primer extension activity utilizing non-natural, bulky nucleotide analogues as substrates.
Other challenges facing DNA polymerases are presented by certain nucleotide sequence motifs in the template. Of particular consequence are runs of homopolymers or short repeated DNA sequences that can trigger slipped-strand mispairing, or "replication slippage". Replication slippage is thought to encompass the following steps: (i) copying of the first repeat by the replication machinery, (ii) replication pausing and dissociation of the polymerase from the newly synthesized end, (iii) unpairing of the newly synthesized strand and its pairing with the second repeat, and (iv) resumption of DNA synthesis. Arrest of the replication machinery within a repeated region thus results in misalignment of primer and template. In vivo, misalignment of two DNA strands during replication can lead to DNA rearrangements such as deletions or duplications of varying lengths. In vitro, replication slippage results in replication errors at the site of the slippage event. Such reduction in polymerase accuracy significantly impairs the particular application or desired genetic manipulation.
Thus, new modified polymerases, e.g., polymerases engineered for improved properties that find use in sequencing by expansion (SBX) and other applications in biotechnology and biomedicine (e.g., DNA amplification, conventional sequencing, labeling, detection, cloning, etc.), would find value in the art as novel reagents. The present invention provides new recombinant DNA polymerases with such desirable properties, including the ability to incorporate nucleotide analogs with bulky substitutions with improved efficiency while demonstrating a reduction in the occurrence of replication errors, i.e., an increase in replication accuracy. Also provided are methods of making and using such polymerases, and many other features that will become apparent upon a complete review of the following.

DPO4 polymerase variants with improved accuracy


An inflow port is provided to a casing of an electronic cassette in order to pass air from outside through the inside of electronic cassette. Air is flowed to the inflow port when the electric cassette is housed in a housing section of a prone image capture table. Efficient cooling can accordingly be achieved with a simply configured portable radiographic image capture device.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a radiographic image capture system, a portable radiographic image capture device, and an image capture table.
2. Related Art
Recently, radiation detectors have been put into practice employing, for example, a FPD (Flat Panel Detector) that has a radiation sensitive layer disposed on a TFT (Thin Film Transistor) active matrix substrate, detects irradiated radiation, such as X-rays, and outputs electrical signals expressing radiographic images representing the detected radiation. Such radiation detectors have the advantage that, in comparison to conventional imaging plates, images can be more immediately checked and video images can also be checked.
Portable radiographic image capture devices (referred to below as electronic cassettes) installed with radiation detectors such as these for capturing radiographic images are being put into practice.
It is desirable for such electronic cassettes to be smaller, lighter and thinner, due to their mode of use. In consideration of use, such as during doctor's rounds and with dusty beds, there is also desirable for the electronic cassettes to be closely sealed.
Electronic cassettes are capable of capturing video images (fluoroscopic imaging) by performing successive capture with the radiation detectors, however, heat presents a problem when the electronic cassettes are closely sealed, due to the heat generated by image capture from electronic circuits inside the electronic cassettes.
As techniques to address this issue, techniques are described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) Nos. 2007-222604, 2008-36399 and 2009-28234 in which heat dissipation is performed when an electronic cassette is set in an image capture table by contacting the casing of the electronic cassette to a cooling mechanism.
There is also a technique described in JP-A No. 2005-181922 in which a cooling unit that suppresses temperature rise inside a casing is embedded within the casing of an electronic cassette, so as to be installable or removable.
However, there are occasions that sufficient cooling of the electronic cassette cannot be achieved by performing heat dissipation using the techniques of JP-A Nos. 2007-222604, 2008-36399 and 2009-28234 in which the casing of the electronic cassette is caused to contact a cooling mechanism.
In particular, the internal temperature of an electronic cassette readily rises when performing fluoroscopic imaging, since successive image capture is performed by the radiation detector.
Whilst sufficient cooling of the electronic cassette can be achieved when a cooling unit is embedded so as to be installable and removable with the technique of JP-A No. 2005-181922, effort is required to change over the cooling unit.

Radiographic image capture system, portable radiographic image capture device, image capture table


A process for production of a borohydride compound. The process comprises the steps of: (a) combining a boron-containing salt, at least one of a metal and its hydride; wherein the metal is Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, Si or a transition metal; and a solvent in which the borohydride compound is soluble; (b) grinding a mixture formed in step (a) to form the borohydride compound; and (c) separating a solution comprising the borohydride compound.

This invention relates generally to a process for production of a borohydride compound from boron-containing salts and metals or metal hydrides.
Production of sodium borohydride from sodium metaborate and alkali metal hydrides or alkaline earth hydrides or aluminum hydride is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,140,150. An equation describing the reaction for magnesium hydride is as follows:NaBO2+2MgH2→NaBH4+2MgOIt is also known in the prior art to react sodium borate salts, aluminum and hydrogen to produce sodium borohydride, as follows:3NaBO2+4Al+6H2→3NaBH4+2Al2O3However, elevated temperatures and pressures typically are required in the prior art processes. Moreover, the number of disclosed metals and metal hydrides is limited.
The problem addressed by this invention is to find an efficient and economical process for production of a borohydride compound from boron-containing salts and metals or metal hydrides.

Process for production of a borohydride compound


A dual element door chime assembly, positioning pick and fixed mount miniature guitar door chime, which provides musical, door opening audible indication and visual guitar decorative theme. The apparatus can be easily adapted to various sizes of doors and a plethora of doorway entry designs. The apparatus is comprised of a movable guitar pick and stationary fixed mount inverted miniature guitar, constructed of a spring-door stopper pick rotating about a horizontal plane and a fixed mount, wooden miniature guitar with metal string assembly.

Traditional door chimes are known in the art. One known type of door chime devices consists of a box and switch assembly actuating a recorded musical tone, series of tones or message. The signaling sound is created when the wall-housing aperture separates from the door chime assembly. Selecting one, of two or more, different housing covers, can alter the door chime assembly appearances and associated acoustic properties. Changing the shape and or size of the internal resonating elements within the housing unit alters the sound.
Another kind of known door chime is a simple wind chime fixed mounted to an opening door. This device indicates that the door has been opened, but does not utilize the unique sound and functional mechanisms of an actual miniature guitar to signal that the door has been opened.

Guitdoorbell entry signal stringed instrument door chime


A gas discharge filter is for cooling ionized gases discharged from a circuit breaker. The circuit breaker includes separable contacts electrically connected in series between line and load terminals, a housing, an arc chamber within the housing structured to extinguish an arc between the separable contacts when opened, and an exhaust vent in the housing for discharging ionized gases developed from the arc. The gas discharge filter includes a heat exchanger for reducing the temperature of the discharged ionized gases, and a supporting member to secure the heat exchanger outside the housing and proximate the exhaust vent opening in the exhaust path for the discharged ionized gases. The discharge filter cools the discharged ionized gases as they pass through and around the heat exchanger thus reducing the likelihood of electrical faults associated therewith.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to electrical switching apparatus and, more particularly, to circuit breakers, such as a molded case circuit breaker including an arc chamber and a gas discharge filter for avoiding inadvertent flow of electrical current due to ionized exhaust gases being discharged from the arc chamber. The invention also relates to gas discharge filters for electrical switching apparatus.
2. Background Information
Electrical switching apparatus include, for example, circuit switching devices and circuit interrupters such as circuit breakers, contactors, motor starters, motor controllers and other load controllers.
Circuit breakers are used to protect electrical circuitry from damage due to an over current condition, such as an overload condition or a relatively high level short circuit or fault condition. Circuit breakers typically have a molded plastic housing enclosing at least one pair of separable contacts which are operated either manually by way of a handle disposed on the outside of the housing or automatically by way of an internal trip unit in response to an over current condition.
When the circuit breaker separable contacts are opened under overload, short circuit or fault conditions, an arc is usually created which is accompanied by the generation of ionized gases. The ionized gases are conductive. If these ionized gases collect in the vicinity of the line terminals of the circuit breaker, they may cause a phase-to-phase electrical failure between the circuit breaker terminals, and/or a phase-to-ground electrical failure with any metallic enclosure within which the circuit breaker is mounted. This can lead to electrical faults on the line side of the circuit breaker and damage to switchgear equipment.
Circuit breakers typically include vents to allow the ionized gases to quickly escape therefrom. The problem of electrical faults is especially acute where the poles of the circuit breaker are in close proximity to the circuit breaker vents, thus subjecting each pole of the circuit breaker to hot ionized and electrically conductive exhaust gases. Accordingly, there is a need for preventing these kinds of electrical breakdowns.
Known prior art devices for preventing electrical faults caused by conductive ionized gases include gas deflectors, shields, and dampers.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,639,564 discloses a tubular wall in the cover of a circuit breaker which surrounds a terminal screw. The tubular wall includes a biased end face with the lower end of the face being disposed between the screw and the opening in a wall of a cover. This biased end face provides a cooling effect caused by siphoning or inward flow of air from the top of the tubular wall downwardly through the tubular wall and around the terminal screw from where it exhausts into the atmosphere through an outlet. Although the disclosure teaches the cooling of the gases by siphoning fresh air and mixing it with hot gases, the exhaust gases still remain relatively hot.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,650,940 discloses a circuit breaker having a flap or barrier, which is disposed within a terminal compartment and over the inner side of an opening for a screwdriver. The ionized gases flowing into the terminal compartment are stopped from flowing through the opening by the flap extending there across. The flap is preferably composed of a sheet of fiber or fiber type material, which is chemically and electrically impervious to hot ionized gases. However, because the shield is not fixed, it may move within the circuit breaker housing or be accidentally removed, thereby allowing a path for ionized gases to reach ground through the screwdriver opening.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/919,474, filed Jul. 31, 2001, discloses an exhaust control device for reducing the temperature, velocity, and ionization level of gases produced in a circuit interrupter, specifically a fuse, upon interruption of a circuit. Ionized gases flow from the fuse into a casing having first and second expansion chambers configured to separate gases into first and second pressure waves that sequentially travel through a mesh heat sink and then a damper to reduce gas temperature, velocity, and ionization level. However, the disclosed exhaust device is complex and cumbersome, and therefore, not conducive for use in applications such as, for example, circuit breakers mounted within a switchgear cabinet (e.g., without limitation, a panel board or a load center), particularly multi-pole circuit breakers having an ionized gas exhaust vent at each pole.
Accordingly, there is room for improvement in gas discharge filters for electrical switching apparatus and in circuit breakers employing ionized gas discharge filters.
These needs and others are satisfied by the present invention, which is directed to a gas discharge filter for an electrical switching apparatus. The filter cools ionized gases discharged from an arc chamber in order to minimize electrical faults associated therewith.
As one aspect of the invention, a gas discharge filter is used with an electrical switching apparatus including a line side with line terminal means, a load side with load terminal means, separable contacts electrically connected in series between the line terminal means and the load terminal means, a housing, an arc chamber within the housing and structured to extinguish an arc between the separable contacts when opened, the housing having an exhaust vent opening for discharging through an exhaust path ionized gases which are developed from the arc, the ionized gases having a temperature. The gas discharge filter comprises: heat reduction means for reducing the temperature of the discharged ionized gases, and a supporting member for securing the heat reduction means outside the housing and proximate the exhaust vent opening in the exhaust path for the discharged ionized gases.
The heat reduction means may include a heat exchanger including a conductive insert member structured for removable insertion within the supporting member.
As another aspect of the invention, an electrical switching apparatus comprises: at least one line terminal; at least one load terminal; at least one pair of separable contacts electrically connected in series between the at least one line terminal and the at least one load terminal; a housing; at least one arc chamber within the housing and structured to extinguish an arc between the separable contacts when opened; the housing having at least one exhaust vent opening for discharging through at least one exhaust path ionized gases which are developed from the arc; the ionized gases having a temperature; and a gas discharge filter comprising: heat reduction means for reducing the temperature of the discharged ionized gases, and a supporting member for securing the heat reduction means outside the housing and proximate the at least one exhaust vent opening, in the exhaust path for the discharged ionized gases.
As another aspect of the invention, a power distribution system comprises: a switchgear cabinet, an electrical switching apparatus coupled to the switchgear cabinet, the electrical switching apparatus including at least one line terminal, at least one load terminal, at least one pair of separable contacts electrically connected in series between the at least one line terminal and the at least one load termninal, a housing, at least one arc chamber within the housing and structured, to extinguish an arc between the separable contacts when opened, the housing having at least one exhaust vent opening for discharging through at least one exhaust path ionized gases which are developed from the arc, the ionized gases having a temperature, and a gas discharge filter comprising: heat reduction means for reducing the temperature of the discharged ionized gases, and a supporting member for securing the heat reduction means outside the housing and proximate the at least one exhaust vent opening, in the exhaust path for the discharged ionized gases.
The switchgear cabinet may include a securing element structured to secure the supporting member to the switchgear cabinet.

Gas discharge filter for electrical switching apparatus


A cathode-ray tube comprises an evacuated envelope having a faceplate panel with a sidewall joined to a funnel. A shrinkfit implosion protection band surrounds at least a portion of the sidewall and is in contact therewith. A plurality of openings are formed in the implosion protection band to support a degaussing coil. The implosion protection band is improved over prior bands by providing a cavity in the band around at least three sides of each of the openings. The cavity is directed toward the sidewall of the panel so that the openings in the band are spaced therefrom.

A CRT is evacuated to a very low pressure and accordingly is subject to the possibility of implosion due to the stresses produced by atmospheric pressure acting on all surfaces of the CRT. This problem has been addressed in the art by providing the CRT with an implosion protection band. Such a band is used to apply a compressive force to the sidewall of a faceplate panel of the CRT to redistribute some of the forces. The redistribution of the forces decreases the probability of an implosion of the tube by minimizing tension in the corners of the panel. An implosion protection band is also beneficial because it improves the impact resistance of the tube. Glass in compression is stronger than glass which is in tension and the band causes compression in panel areas which otherwise would be in tension. The implosion protection band also provides a convenient structure on which to attach a degaussing coil that is used to remagnetize internal ferromagnetic components of the CRT.
It is known that the earth's magnetic field affects the paths of the three electron beams emitted by a CRT electron gun and may cause what is called "misregister" in a color CRT. A shadow mask having a multiplicity of apertures therethrough is located in proximity to a tricolor screen of the tube to assure that each of the three electron beams impacts the phosphor element of the proper light emitting color. Thus, for example, the electron beam which is modulated with red information impacts the phosphor element which emits red light. Because the electrons of the beams are charged particles, the earth's magnetic field has an influence on their trajectories which can cause the electrons to impact a phosphor of the improper color, causing misregister, thereby degrading the quality of the image display. For this reason, a magnetic shield, preferably an internal magnetic shield, or IMS, is used within the CRT to act in conjunction with the shadow mask and its frame to shield a substantial portion of the electron beams trajectories from the influence of the earth's magnetic field.
The shielding acts in the following way: the external magnetic field realigns the Weiss domains in the ferromagnetic material of the shadow mask, mask frame and IMS, creating an induced magnetic field that tends to oppose the action of the external field of the earth which has given rise to it. If the material of the ferromagnetic components, i.e., of the shadow mask, mask frame and the IMS, has high magnetic permeability, the induced field at least partially opposes the external field. Hence, the deleterious effect of the earth's magnetic field is reduced.
For more efficient compensation, the ferromagnetic material of the components has to be de-magnetized with a magnetic field that is provided by the degaussing coil, fixed by appropriate means to the rear of the tube and overlying the ferromagnetic components. One such arrangement is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, in which a CRT 1 comprises a glass envelope having a faceplate panel 2 and a funnel 3 which includes a neck 4. The sidewall of the panel 2 is attached to the funnel 3 by a frit seal 5. An implosion protection band 6 surrounds the skirt of the panel 2. The band 6 has four mounting lugs 7 located at the corners of the tube to provide a means to affix the tube within a receiver (not shown). A deflection yoke 8 is attached to the funnel 3 of the tube to deflect the electron beams from an electron gun (not shown) located in the neck 4. A degaussing coil 9 having two loops 10 and 11 is fixed by appropriate means to the external surface of the tube 1. In FIGS. 1 and 2, the coil 9 is looped over the mounting lugs 7 and secured by means of a pair of holding straps 12. Alternatively, as shown in FIGS. 3-4, the coil 9 may be secured to the band 6 by means of the straps 12' or by clips 13 attached to retainers 14 adjacent to openings 15 formed in the band. The openings 15 are formed by either stamping or piercing, as is known in the art. The retainers 14 are then bent out of the plane of the band. The configuration of the coil 9 and its method of attachment to the tube depends on the tube parameters, and is adjusted to minimize misregister. As shown in the FIG. 1, the coil 9 overlies at least a portion of the implosion protection band 6.
one drawback of forming the openings 15 in the band 6 for attaching either the straps 12' or the clips 13 is that the stamping or piercing operation which forms the openings frequently causes a burr, or sharp projection, to be formed on the band 6 adjacent to the openings. Burrs are undesirable because they can either cut the insulation of the degaussing coil or injure anyone handling the tube, or if directed inwardly, toward the glass envelope of the CRT, may scratch the glass and weaken it so that it is more prone to implode if bumped or otherwise impacted. Removing the burr from the band 6 either by hand, or mechanical deburring, before installation of the band on the tube, adds additional manufacturing steps and cost to the tube manufacturing operation. Because it is nearly impossible to form the openings 15 without any burr, it is desirable to negate the effect of the burr without increasing tube cost.

Cathode-ray tube having implosion protection means with openings


A soft freeze assembly is provided within a freezer compartment of a refrigerator assembly. The refrigerator assembly includes a fresh food compartment maintained at a first temperature arranged adjacent the freezer compartment maintained at a second temperature. The soft freeze assembly includes a support structure attached to a wall within the freezer compartment. The soft freeze assembly further includes a storage bin being supported by the support structure and movable with respect to the support structure. The storage bin is structured to allow air exterior from the freezer compartment to enter the storage bin and maintain the storage bin at a third temperature that is colder than the first temperature and warmer than the second temperature.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to refrigerators, and, more particularly, to refrigerators with a soft freeze assembly bin in a freezer compartment.
2. Description of Related Art
Traditional refrigerators have been designed with a variety of shelves and bins to store food products. For example, it is known to provide shelves and bins within a freezer compartment. Food items, such as ice cream, in a freezer compartment may need to be stored at different temperatures, such as temperatures at or slightly below freezing. Further, food items in the freezer compartment that should be maintained within a certain temperature range may be subject to relatively large temperature fluctuations due to the opening and closing of a freezer door. Therefore, it would be beneficial to provide a storage bin within the freezer compartment that maintains food items at warmer temperatures than the remainder of the freezer compartment and to minimize the effects of temperature fluctuations within the freezer compartment.


A processor includes a scheduler operative to schedule data blocks for transmission from a plurality of queues or other transmission elements, utilizing at least a first table and a second table. The first table may comprise at least first and second first-in first-out (FIFO) lists of entries corresponding to transmission elements for which data blocks are to be scheduled in accordance with a first scheduling algorithm, such as a weighted fair queuing scheduling algorithm. The scheduler maintains a first table pointer identifying at least one of the first and second lists of the first table as having priority over the other of the first and second lists of the first table. The second table includes a plurality of entries corresponding to transmission elements for which data blocks are to be scheduled in accordance with a second scheduling algorithm, such as a constant bit rate or variable bit rate scheduling algorithm.

A network processor generally controls the flow of data between a physical transmission medium, such as a physical layer portion of a network, and a switch fabric in a router or other type of switch.
An important function of a network processor involves the scheduling of cells, packets or other data blocks for transmission to the switch fabric from the physical transmission medium of the network and vice versa. A network processor typically includes a scheduler for implementing this function. It is often desirable for a given network processor to support a number of different processing configurations, each of which may require a distinct scheduling algorithm. For example, a network processor may need to support constant bit rate, variable bit rate and weighted fair queuing scheduling algorithms. In typical conventional practice, the network processor may be configured to include separate hardware architectures to support each of the desired scheduling algorithms. However, each of the separate architectures generally requires a particular set of dedicated hardware resources, which can result in wasted resources if some of the supported scheduling algorithms are not used in a given network processor application. Also, such dedicated hardware architectures fail to provide adequate flexibility to implement different scheduling algorithms that were not specified at the time the hardware was defined.
The techniques disclosed in the above-cited U.S. patent applications address the problems associated with use of separate hardware architectures for each of a number of scheduling algorithms in a network processor. Notwithstanding the considerable advances provided by these techniques, a need remains for further improvements in scheduling algorithm implementation in a network processor.

Processor with scheduler architecture supporting multiple distinct scheduling algorithms


The present invention relates to hair compositions comprising at least one lecithin, at least one amphoteric surfactant, at least one nonionic surfactant, at least one film forming polymer, and at least one cationic polymer. The compositions are preferably used to maintain hair's natural shape and/or its curl definition.

Frizzy hair is one of the biggest problems encountered when hair is subjected to higher humidity (e.g., relative humidities of 80% and more). Frizzy hair is or becomes unmanageable and undisciplined. Such problems are often exacerbated in people with curly hair, either naturally curly or "permed" curly, leading to what is colloquially termed a "bad hair day". In such a case, hair loses its natural shape and/or its curl definition. Thus, hair compositions that address these problems are quite desirable.


Processing methods to create self-aligned contacts are described. A conformal liner can be deposited in a feature in a substrate surface leaving a gap between the walls of the liner. A tungsten film can be deposited in the gap of the liner and volumetrically expanded. The expanded film can be removed and replaced with a contact material to a make a contact. In some embodiments, a conformal tungsten film can be formed in the feature leaving a gap between the walls. A dielectric can be deposited in the gap and the conformal tungsten film can be volumetrically expanded to grow two pillars. The pillars can be removed and replaced with a contact material to make two contacts.

The semiconductor industry is rapidly developing chips with smaller and smaller dimensions to gain more functionality per unit area. As the dimensions of devices continue to shrink, so does the gap/space between the devices, increasing the difficulty to physically isolate the devices from one another.
Integrated circuits are made possible by processes which produce intricately patterned material layers on substrate surfaces. Producing patterned materials on a substrate requires controlled methods for deposition and removal of exposed material.
As the feature size of circuits and semiconductor devices keeps shrinking for higher integration density of electronic components, the self-aligned contact is becoming more and challenging, especially when the critical dimension (CD) of contact holes is smaller than the photolithography limit.
Therefore, there is a need in the art for new methods for self-aligned patterning applications.

Critical dimension control for self-aligned contact patterning


A computer-implemented method for tracking a small sample size user-identified object comprising extracting a plurality of blocks of pixels from a first frame of a plurality of frames of a scene detected by a hyperspectral (HS) sensor, comparing a reference sample of the object with the plurality of blocks to generate a first attribute set corresponding to contrasting HS response values of the reference sample and HS response values of each block of the plurality of blocks, comparing a test sample of a portion of the first frame to each block of the plurality of blocks to generate a second attribute set corresponding to contrasting HS response values of the test samples and HS response values of each block of the plurality of blocks and determining if the object exists in two or more of the frames by comparing the first HS attribute set with the second HS attribute set.

Often, objects of interest, such as motor vehicles, persons or other entities are required to be tracked by remote sensing. Sensors are mounted on platforms surveying the entities which move relative to the sensor platforms enabling kinematic motion tracking, i.e., tracking based on the positional movement of the entities. The sensors create discrete images of a scene and the images are represented as a sequence of frames. In conventional kinematic approaches, entity motion is easily blocked by structures such as buildings, trees, tunnels and the like in a sensor's viewing area. Continuity of entity motion is lost across the sensed sequence of frames when an entity goes out of view of the sensor and one unique object is mistaken for two distinct objects when the entity comes back into view of the sensor.
For example, in a scenario where an aerial sensor is capturing frames of a motor vehicle travelling on a highway, kinematic tracking allows the vehicle to be tracked accurately until the vehicle becomes occluded, e.g., enters a tunnel. Once the vehicle emerges from the tunnel, the aerial sensor has no way of correlating the vehicle to the previous view of the same vehicle, and will therefore classify the vehicle exiting the tunnel as new entity. This problem is worsened if several vehicles are entering and emerging from the tunnel. The aerial camera effectively loses tracking for all vehicles when they enter and exit a tunnel, or vehicles are obstructed from view by any structure for a few frames. The loss of tracking across the sequence of frames results in incomplete tracking of entities, and important targets are lost. The loss of tracking the motion is more pronounced when a vehicle is obscured for long periods of time. For shorter periods of occlusion, a kinematic motion tracker may be able to compensate for small frame to frame losses, but for long periods of occlusion in a sequence of frames, the kinematic motion tracker is not able to correlate two seemingly distinct entities sensed at different periods of the tracking as being the same entity.
In order to surmount these difficulties imposed by kinematic motion tracking, hyperspectral (HS) based remote sensing is often used as a substitute technology. HS imaging collects and processes the wavelength of responses of incident surfaces being exposed to a plurality of regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. HS imaging divides the spectrum into many more bands than visible light. Vehicles, persons and other entities often leave a hyperspectral "fingerprint" known as spectral profiles or spectral signatures due to their paint material, clothing material and the like. Due to the number of HS bands, algorithms are available to identify nearly any material type. A sensor capable of HS imaging captures several frames of spectral profiles and compares the profiles in each frame to track an entity without relying on motion. For each frame, the HS sensor senses multiple HS bands per pixel, creating a three-dimensional HS data cube for processing and analysis. These cubes can be compared with cubes for other frames to perform tracking. In contrast to kinematic tracking, HS imaging can "pick up" tracks of an entity hours after the entity was initially obstructed and correlate the two tracks to one object.
However, often in HS sensing, entities are represented by only a few pixels out of the entire frame relative to the number of spectral bands sensed by the HS sensor, i.e., the entity has a "rare sample size" and thus is difficult to track because statistical methods have not proved reliable on rare sample sizes. For example, a vehicle is made of metallic red paint, but that paint appears in only seven pixels out of a five megapixel image. Conventional statistical hypothesis tests, which are used to perform HS tracking; cannot be implemented on such a small sample of pixels relative to the number of HS bands sensed.
Therefore, there is a need in the at for a method and apparatus for tracking entities of small sample size via hyperspectral imaging.

Method and apparatus for object tracking via hyperspectral imagery

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army


A distributed web CGI architecture is disclosed. According to one embodiment of the present invention, distributed web common gateway interface architecture includes a primary network having a primary server (304). A database (210) communicates with the primary server (304). A plurality of secondary networks (202) are provided, with at least one secondary server (302) in the secondary network (202). In another embodiment, a method for the distribution of data files in a distributed organization is provided. The distributed organization has a multiple networks that communicate with the primary server. The method involves the steps of (1) validating a data file at a secondary server in one of the networks; (2) correcting defects in the data file if the validation fails; (3) releasing a validated data file to the primary server; (4) and transferring the validated data file to the primary server.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the field of Internet technologies for computer systems; specifically, it relates to a distributed web CGI architecture.
2. Description of the Related Art
User Interface through web browsers, such as Netscape® and Internet Explorer®, is becoming a standard for Client/Server applications. A Client/Server application typically performs three types of operations, including Application Logic, Presentation Logic, and Data Management Logic.
Application Logic represents the behavior of the system, Presentation Logic represents the User Interface of the system, and Data Management Logic represents the managing the data in a Database Management System, such as Relational DBMS or Object Oriented DBMS. A Web Browser can be used to perform the Presentation Logic of a Client/Server application. This can be done using HTML documents that are dynamically generated. These documents may contain HTML tags and JavaScript code that is read by the Browser to render Graphical User Interface. This type of interface may be referred to as a Web User Interface ("WUI"). A WUI consists of HTML tags, HTML form elements, and JavaScript code. All of these may reside in a HTML document.
A Common Gateway Interface ("CGI") is a technique used to construct a WUI to an application. When a user invokes any operation in the WUI, the Web Browser sends the request to the Web Server, which in turn invokes CGI programs. The CGI programs perform the requested task, and send the result back the Web Server. The result is expressed in terms of HTML documents. The Web Server sends the dynamically-generated HTML documents to the Web Browser which, in turn, renders the WUI. In this process, the CGI program might need to access the DBMS to have the Data Management Logic performed.


A device for exchanging energy and/or mass between a gas and a liquid, including a gas-liquid exchanging vessel having a gas inlet end, a gas outlet end and an upper end; a gas inlet pipeline; a gas outlet pipeline; a gas blocking plate; a liquid blocking plate; and a gas passage. The upper end of the gas-liquid exchanging vessel is closed. The gas inlet end of the vessel is connected with the gas inlet pipeline. The gas outlet end of the vessel is connected with the gas outlet pipeline. The gas blocking plate is fitted in the gas inlet end of the vessel. The liquid blocking plate is fitted in the gas outlet end of the vessel. The vessel is filled with liquid. The gas passage formed above the liquid is communicated with the gas inlet pipeline and the gas outlet pipeline.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method for energy and mass exchange between gas and liquid, in particular relates to a gas-liquid exchanging method and device in a pipeline.
2. Description of the Related Art
Gas-liquid exchange is a technology commonly and widely applied in the industries. There are many sorts of gas-liquid exchange devices, such as water film, dust catcher, humidifier, and so on. Nowadays, the mass exchange between gas and liquid is a wet dust removing technology that is the most commonly applied, and this technology is mainly applied for separating the dust from the gas, so as to purify the gas; heat exchanger is a device that is commonly applied for energy exchange between gas and liquid, so as to achieve the energy exchange between gas and liquid. However, there are some disadvantages over the traditional gas-liquid exchanging technology, such as huge energy consumption, too large size, complicated structure, etc.

Method and device for exchanging mass and energy between gas and liquid