The present invention relates to an evaporator, and more particularly, to an evaporator which can restrict a surface area of a communication hole with respect to a cross sectional area of a compartment and a surface area of a tube with respect to a surface area of a fin, thereby providing a dimensional extent for maximizing the heat exchange efficiency. Therefore, by optimizing a relation between the surface area of the communication portion and the surface area of the compartment of the first header tank and dimensions for each surface area and the heights of the tube and fin, the present invention provides a dimensional extent for maximizing the heat radiation amount, reducing the maximum temperature deviation of the core portion and allowing the refrigerant and air to be smoothly flowed, thereby maximizing the heat exchange efficiency.

In the recent automotive industry, according as the global interest in environment and energy is increased, there has been performed research and development in the improvement of fuel efficiency. And, in order to satisfy various users' requirements, there has been also proceeded research and development in light, small and multi-functional automobiles. Also, the evaporator has been improved to realize the smaller size and to increase the heat exchange efficiency together.
The evaporator is a component of an air conditioner in which air introduced by an air blower is cooled due to heat exchange while liquid heat exchange medium is changed into a gaseous state and then the cooled air is supplied inside a vehicle.
A conventional evaporator includes first and second header tanks which forms at least one or more compartments and disposed to be parallel with each other; inlet and outlet pipes which are formed at one side of the first header tank; a baffle which is provided in the first or second header tank to control a flow of refrigerant; a core portion having a plurality of tubes of which both ends are fixedly disposed at the first and second header tanks to form a first row communicated with the inlet pipe and a second row communicated with the outlet pipe, and a plurality of fins which are interposed between the tubes; and a communication portion which has a communicating hole for communicating a part of the first and second rows.
Since the evaporator is comprised of the first and second rows, even though a flow passage of the header tank and the tube is formed properly, the flow of refrigerant is considerably changed according to a size of the communicating hole of the communication portion for communicating the first and second rows.
Further, in the evaporator, the refrigerant is flowed through the header tank and the tube, and while external air is flowed along the fin interposed between the tubes, the heat exchange is occurred between the refrigerant and the external air. Thus, if a height of the tube is high, the internal refrigerant is smoothly flowed, but since a height of the external fin is reduced and thus the flow of external air is restricted, the heat exchange performance is deteriorated. However, if the height of the tube is low, the external air can be smoothly flowed, but the flow of internal refrigerant is restricted and thus the heat exchange performance is deteriorated.
A surface temperature of the evaporator is changed according to the size and surface area of the communicating hole, and the height of the fin and tube, and temperature deviation on a surface of the core portion may be occurred.
However, in the conventional evaporator, there was provided only limitation of its shape or general dimensions, and there was never provided a detailed dimensional extent such as the surface area of the communicating hole and the number of the communicating holes considering the flow of refrigerant, and the height and the surface area of the fin and tube and a density of the fins considering a pressure drop amount of the refrigerant and the like.

HALLA VISTEON CLIMATE CONTROL CORPORATION


A secure device for a heat dissipating component provides a base body with a plurality of engaging members attached to two lateral sides thereof. Each of the engaging members further has a secure part and a follower part for clamping the heat dissipating component.

1. Field of the Invention:
The present invention is related to a secure device for a heat dissipating component and particularly to a secure device, which is capable of allowing a heat dissipating component being mounted easily and fast.
2. Brief Description of the Related Art:
In order to attaching a heat dissipating component such as a heat sink or a radiator to a heat generating component such as CPU (Central Processing Unit) tightly, the conventional way is that the heat dissipating component is fixed to a location on a support member such as a motherboard corresponding to the heat generating component for the heat generating component being able to reduce the temperature thereof by means of the heat dissipating component guiding heat outward rapidly.
Accordingly, ways for the heat dissipating component being joined to the heat generating component mostly are divided into the following classes.
The first class: The heat dissipating component is fixed to the support member directly with welding, adhering or screw fastening.
The second class: The heat dissipating component is mounted to a base body with secure part and the base body is fixed to the support member.
However, the way of first class has shortcomings such as inconveniently working, hard to assemble and structurally damaged. The way of second class has shortcomings such as unevenly distributed holding forces, swung heat dissipating component and displacing and broken holding parts.
Taiwanese Utility Model No. M243906 (Filing No. 9092212394 filed on Sep. 11, 2004), entitled "ENGAGING DEVICE FOR A RADIATOR", includes a radiator, fixing device and a plurality of secure parts. The radiator has a base and a plurality of cooling fins extending upward from the base. The base has inner locating holes and outer locating holes. The cooling fins has receiving spaces communicating with the locating holes. The fixing device supports the radiator with a plurality of holding arms extending upward. Each holding arm has a secure hole. Each of the secure parts includes an operation section, a secure section under the operation section and an inner and outer locating needles extending from the secure section. The inner and outer locating needles insert into the inner and outer locating hole of the radiator. The secure section hooks the secure holes of the fixing device.
However, the preceding prior art belongs to the way of second class and the structure made is inconveniently in parts assembling in addition to higher costs of material and labor.

Secure device for a heat dissipating component


A white organic light emitting device, with improved color shift characteristics and improved efficiency according to viewing angle changes by controlling conditions for designing an optical path in organic material layers between a cathode and an anode or adjusting interior or exterior thicknesses of the organic material layers, has a structure including a first electrode and layers between the first electrode and a second electrode satisfies an optical path condition represented by the following equation

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an organic light emitting device, and more particularly, to a white organic light emitting device with improved color shift characteristics and improved efficiency according to viewing angle changes by controlling conditions for optical path in organic material layers disposed between a cathode and an anode or adjusting interior or exterior thicknesses of the organic material layers, and a display device using the same.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
In recent years, the field of displays that visually express electric information signals has rapidly developed with the advent of the information age. Correspondingly, a variety of flat display devices having excellent performance, such as slim design, lightweight, and low power consumption, have been developed and rapidly replaced conventional cathode ray tubes (CRTs).
Detailed examples of flat panel display devices may include liquid crystal display devices (LCDs), plasma display panels (PDPs), field emission display devices (FEDs), and organic light emitting devices (OLEDs).
Among the aforementioned ones, the OLED has competitiveness because it does not need a separate light source and realizes a compact device design and vivid color.
In such OLEDs, formation of an organic light emitting layer is necessary. Conventionally, deposition using a shadow mask has been used therefor.
However, if a large-area shadow mask is used, the shadow mask sags due to heavy weight thereof so as not to be used multiple times, and defects are generated in the formation of an organic light emitting layer pattern. Thus, alternative approaches thereto are required.
As one approach replacing such a shadow mask, a tandem white organic light emitting device (hereinafter, referred to as a 'white organic light emitting device') is introduced, and the white organic light emitting device will be described.
The white organic light emitting device is manufactured by respectively depositing layers between a cathode and an anode on one another without using a mask upon formation of a light emitting diode. In other words, organic layers including organic light emitting layers are sequentially formed by depositing different materials in a vacuum state. In addition, the white organic light emitting device includes different light emitting layers emitting a plurality of colored light beams between the cathode and the anode. Since charge generation layers are respectively disposed between two adjacent light emitting layers, stacks are divided based on each light emitting layer as a basic structure.
Such a white organic light emitting device emits light by a combination of light beams emitted from a plurality of light emitting layers respectively including light emitting materials with different photoluminescence (PL) peaks at each corresponding wavelength and disposed at different positions of the device rather than using only a single material. In addition, for example, the white organic light emitting device may also be implemented by laminating a stack including a fluorescent light emitting layer and a stack including a phosphorescent light emitting layer.
However, when using known light emitting materials, as a viewing angle increases, a brightness reduction rate of the fluorescent light emitting layer is greater than that of the phosphorescent light emitting layer. Thus, as viewing angle increases, warmer white color coordinates having a lower color temperature are obtained in the white organic light emitting device. Viewers may recognize a color change according to viewing angle changes if the white organic light emitting device has such warmer white color coordinates. Thus, efforts to improve thereon have been conducted.

White organic light emitting device and display device using the same

Abstract: n          a                                  d          a                    λ        +                  ∑        j                                                                          n            j            w                                          d            j            w                          λ              =      1.85    ∼    2.15  with respect to emissions of the first and second stacks, where λ is an emission peak wavelength of the first stack or the second stack, na and da are a refractive index and a thickness of a transparent electrode selected from the first and second electrode, and nw and dw are a refractive index and a thickness of any one of the layers disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, respectively.


An integrated circuit includes a substrate with first and second cells having first and second FDSOI field-effect transistors. There are first and second ground planes, a buried oxide layer and first and second wells, under the ground planes. The first well and the first ground plane have the same doping and the second well and the second ground plane have the same doping. The first and second cells are adjoined and their transistors are aligned in a first direction. The wells of the first cell and the first well of the second cell are doped opposite of the second well. A control device applies a first electrical bias to the wells with the first doping and a second electrical bias to the well with the second doping. The transistors of the first cell and second cell have different threshold voltage levels.

SOI technology consists in separating a fine silicon layer (a few nanometers) on a silicon substrate by a relatively thick layer of insulator (a few tens of nanometers as a general rule).
Integrated circuits produced in SOI technology exhibit a certain number of advantages. Such circuits generally exhibit lower electrical consumption for equivalent performance. Such circuits also bring about lower junction capacitances, which make it possible to improve switching speed. Moreover, the phenomenon of spurious triggering (referred to as "latchup") encountered by "bulk" technology metal-oxide-semi-conductor (MOS) transistors can be avoided. Such circuits therefore turn out to be particularly suitable for applications of SoC ("Systems on Chip") or MEMS ("Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems") type. It is also noted that SOI integrated circuits are less sensitive to the effects of ionizing radiations and thus turn out to be more reliable in applications where such radiations can bring about operating problems, notably in space applications. SOI integrated circuits can notably comprise random-access memories of SRAM ("Static Random Access Memory") type and logic gates.
The reducing of the static consumption of logic gates while increasing their toggling speed forms the subject of much research. Certain integrated circuits under development integrate both low-consumption logic gates and also logic gates with high toggling speed. To generate these two types of logic gates on one and the same integrated circuit, the threshold voltage (abbreviated VT) of certain transistors is lowered to form logic gates with high toggling speed, and the threshold voltage of other transistors is increased to form low-consumption logic gates. In "bulk" technology, the modulation of the threshold voltage level of transistors of the same type is performed by making the doping level of their channel different. However, in fully depleted channel semi-conductor on insulator technology, better known by the acronym FDSOI (for "Fully Depleted Silicon On Insulator"), the doping of the channel is almost zero (1015 cm−3). Thus, the doping level of the channel of the transistors cannot therefore exhibit any significant variations, thereby preventing the threshold voltages from being made different in this fashion. A solution proposed in certain studies, to produce transistors of the same type with distinct threshold voltages, is to integrate various gate materials for these transistors. However, the practical production of such an integrated circuit turns out to be technically tricky and economically prohibitive.
In order to have distinct threshold voltages for various transistors in FDSOI technology, it is also known to use an electrically biased ground plane (or "back plane") disposed between a thin insulating oxide layer and the silicon substrate. By altering the doping of the ground planes and their electrical bias, it is possible to improve the electrostatic control of these transistors, thereby making it possible to define various ranges of threshold voltages for these transistors. It is thus possible to provide so-called LVT (for "Low VT") low threshold voltage transistors, so-called HVT (for "High VT") high threshold voltage transistors, and so-called SVT (for "Standard VT"), or RVT (for "Regular VT") intermediate threshold voltage transistors. Typically, LVT transistors exhibit a threshold voltage of less than or equal to 350 mV, HVT transistors greater than or equal to 500 mV and RVT transistors between 350 mV and 500 mV.
Such transistors are described, for example, in the technical application note of P. Flatresse et al., "Planar fully depleted silicon technology to design competitive SOC at 28 nm and beyond", STMicroelectronics, 2012, available on the Internet site "www.soiconsortium.org".
In a known manner, such transistors exhibiting different threshold voltages can be integrated within one and the same integrated circuit. Such co-integration makes it possible notably to benefit from several threshold voltage spans, together with better operating flexibility of the circuit. However, this co-integration can lead to a degradation in electrical performance of the circuit, or else bring about violations of drafting rules during circuit design steps.
Typically, the transistors are placed in the circuit within so-called standard cells. These standard cells generally each comprise solely transistors of a given threshold voltage level. These cells are typically placed alongside one another, so as to form rows of cells, parallel to one another.
Generally, in the presence of cells having distinct threshold voltages, it is preferable to co-integrate the cells exhibiting different threshold voltages within same rows. Indeed, placing cells with distinct threshold voltage along rows of cells with homogeneous threshold voltage can lead to difficulties with the circuit design (increase in length of electrical interconnections between cells, overconsumption of occupied surface area) which, ultimately, attenuate the advantages afforded by co-integration.
However, placing cells with distinct threshold voltages in one and the same row can lead to other difficulties. Notably, the steep discontinuity between semi-conducting wells of the various cells can lead to the formation of singular points. These singular points are situated at the junction between four wells exhibiting pairwise opposite dopings. These singular points can lead, according to the electrical biases applied to the wells, to the appearance of leakage currents caused by the forward bias of p-n junctions formed by these wells.

Integrated circuit comprising transistors with different threshold voltages


Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) in a dual-pole optical communications network is compensated for using an adaptive PMD equalizer. The PMD equalizer may include a number of substantially identical filter modules that provide partial outputs which may be combined to form a PMD compensated output. A constant modulus algorithm (CMA)-based equalizer may track PMD across both poles and generates an error signal. The CMA-based equalizer includes a filter bank, and uses an update algorithm and tap/output adjustments based on a difference between combined tap energies and an index, and feedback from a forward error correction code frame synchronizer.

The present disclosure relates to systems and methods cross-polarization interference compensation in dual polarization fiber optic communications systems in general and, in particular, to an adaptive polarization mode dispersion (PMD) equalizer that compensates for PMD that may be present on in-phase and quadrature signals in a dual-polarity optical communications network.
Fiber optic channels in network communications systems are well known and are considered effective for data transmission, allowing relatively high bandwidth data communication. Optical fiber used in such channels is flexible and can be bundled as cables, and is generally considered to be advantageous for long-distance communications, because light propagates through the fiber with little attenuation compared to electrical cables. Typical present day commercial optical fiber systems transmit data at 10 or 40 Gbit per second. Each fiber can carry multiple independent channels, each using a different wavelength of light in a technique known as wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), thereby enhancing the net data rate of an optical fiber.
As more capacity is continually desired for networks, increased data transmission rates would be desirable. However, in fiber optic systems, as data rates increase various optical phenomena begin to manifest and act to limit data transmission rates. For example, optical effects from chromatic dispersion (CD), polarization mode dispersion (PMD), and polarization dependent loss (PDL), to name a few examples, begin to have a significant impact on the data transmission rate.

Adaptive PMD equalizer and implementation


A thin film transistor substrate includes a substrate, a gate electrode disposed on the substrate, a gate insulation layer disposed on the gate electrode, an oxide semiconductor pattern disposed on the gate insulation layer, where the oxide semiconductor pattern includes a first area whose carrier concentration is in a range of about 1017 per cubic centimeter to about 1019 per cubic centimeter and a second area whose carrier concentration is less than the carrier concentration of the first area, an etch stopper disposed on the oxide semiconductor pattern, where the etch stopper covers the first area and the second area of the oxide semiconductor pattern, a signal electrode partially overlapping the etch stopper and the second area, and a passivation layer which covers the etch stopper and the signal electrode.

1. Field
Exemplary embodiments of the invention relate to a thin film transistor substrate and a method of manufacturing the thin film transistor substrate. More particularly, exemplary embodiments of the invention relate to a thin film transistor substrate for a display device and a method of manufacturing the thin film transistor substrate.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, display technologies have been developed for a display device including an oxide semiconductor gate ("OSG") as a driving gate electrode for an organic light emitting diode ("OLED"). The OLED is used as a light emitting element of the display device. The display device including OLED typically has a wide viewing angle, high response speed and low power consumption.
When the display device includes both the OLED and the OSG, a high current level between a source electrode and a drain electrode of a thin film transistor is typically used under a certain gate voltage, e.g., 10 Volts. Hereinafter, the current level under the certain gate voltage is referred to as saturation mobility.
However, conventional thin film transistors have low saturation mobility less than a desired level in a channel area. Accordingly, attempts have been made to form a passivation layer covering the thin film transistor under high hydrogen (hereinafter, "high-H2") condition to increase saturation mobility of the thin film transistor.

Thin film transistor substrate and method of manufacturing the same


Disclosed is a method of producing a sustained-release preparation for injection, which comprises adding to microspheres which are obtained from w/o emulsion with a solution containing a physiologically active peptide as an internal aqueous phase and a solution containing a polylactic acid having a weight-average molecular weight of about 5,000 to about 25,000 as an oil phase, a sugar in an amount of about 2 to about 60% (w/w) relative to the microspheres; freeze drying and subsequent heating at the temperature ranging from the glass transition temperature of the microspheres to the temperature which is higher by about 20.degree. C. than the glass transition temperature for about 24 to about 120 hours; and the method of the present invention suppresses microsphere particle aggregation during production process, makes it possible to almost perfectly remove the water and organic solvent in microspheres, and yields microspheres having good dispersibility and storage-stability.

Microsphere type sustained-release drug preparations incorporating a biodegradable polymer are disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication Nos. 118512/1982, 150609/1982, 100516/1985 (EP-A145240), 201816/1987 (EP-A190833), 233926/1988, 42420/1989, 032302/1991, 321622/1922 (EP-A442671), 70363/1993, 112468/1993, 194200/1993 (EP-A535937), 145046/1994 (EP-A582459) and 192068/1994 (EP-A586238). Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication Nos. 100516/1985 and 201816/1987, in particular, disclose a method of preparing sustained-release microspheres of a water-soluble physiologically active substance with high entrapment ratio and high dispersibility by the in-water drying method.
With regard to microsphere type sustained-release drug preparations incorporating a biodegradable polymer, it is necessary to prepare fine particles of uniform microsphere particle form, to ensure satisfactory dispersibility and needle passability during administration, and to prevent aggregation and particle binding from market delivery to use. Also, in the preparation method involving the use of an organic solvent, the residual solvent in the finished preparation is problematic from the viewpoint of preparation stability and safety to the human body, necessitating perfect solvent removal during the production process.

Production of sustained-release preparation for injection


A method of quantizing an artificial neural network includes dividing an input distribution of the artificial neural network into a plurality of segments, generating an approximated density function by approximating each of the plurality of segments, calculating at least one quantization error corresponding to at least one step size for quantizing the artificial neural network, based on the approximated density function, and determining a final step size for quantizing the artificial neural network based on the at least one quantization error.

Apparatuses and methods consistent with example embodiments relate to an artificial neural network, and more particularly, to quantizing an artificial neural network.
An artificial neural network may refer to a method performed by a computing device or a computing device to generate interconnected sets of artificial neurons (or neuron models). Artificial neurons may generate output data by performing simple operations on input data, and the output data may be transmitted to other artificial neurons. As an example of an artificial neural network, a deep neural network or deep learning architecture may have a multi-layer structure and multiple sample distributions may be generated by training each of the layers according to multiple samples.

Method and apparatus for quantizing artificial neural network


An appendage or apparatus attached to the leading edge of a shovel for the purpose of small shock absorption from contact between paved roadways and the shovel. The invention aims to prevent the most basic fissures and cracks at contact with the roadway without complicated devices and can be retrofitted onto existing shovels.

The present invention relates to shovels and, more particularly, to a shock absorption and transferring appendage for a shovel blade, and more particularly to snow shovel blades.
Roadbed fissures and potholes can be caused by the rupturing or cracking of pavement due to excess energy between the vertical and horizontal movements of a shovel, such as a snow plow, on or towards the ground. Additionally, water infiltration into a small fissure already present in a road surface and subsequent expansion as the water reaches near freezing temperatures can cause the surface of a roadway to buckle or rupture. When the blade of a snowplow or shovel makes contact with the ground, the shearing stress impacts these ruptures and can scrape away large portions of the roadway.
Other devices that are modifications to the shovel, or a snowplow include flaps, fan mechanisms, and shock absorbers in other areas of the shovel. These modifications do little for alleviating roadway damage and pothole formation due to the direct contact between the shovel and the road during roadway shoveling. Additionally the common method for treatment for fissures and potholes are post fact: happening after the incident occur.
As can be seen, there is a need for an improved attachment to a shovel blade to prevent the most basic fissures and cracks at contact without complicated devices and may easily be retrofitted onto existing shovels.

Shock absorbing and transferring appendage


A layer or layers for use in package substrates and die spacers are described. The layer or layers include a plurality of ceramic wells lying within a plane and separated by metallic vias. Recesses within the ceramic wells are occupied by a dielectric filler material.

Semiconductor dies are routinely connected to larger circuit boards such as motherboards and other types of printed circuit boards (PCBs). Connection is made by use of a circuit substrate that has two sets of connection points, a set for connection to the die and a less densely-packed for connection to the PCB. The circuit substrate generally consists of an alternating sequence of a plurality of organic insulation layers and a plurality of patterned electrically conductive layers forming traces between the insulation layers. Electrically conductive vias—e.g., plated vias having organic cores—extending through the insulation layers electrically interconnect the conductive layers. A substrate core having thicker insulation and conductive layers is typically provided to provide sufficient rigidity to the substrate. Similar, yet simpler, structures known as die spacers are used to interconnect stacked semiconductor dies.
Continued advancements in integrated circuit technology have resulted in the need for substrates having higher electrical performance, higher routing density and greater heat spreading capability. The existing substrate architecture has several drawbacks, the primary problem being the mechanical and thermal characteristics of the organic insulation layers. For example, reduction of substrate z-height is hindered by the relative flexibility of the organic layers that require the use of a thick core structure. In addition, the low thermal conductivity of the organic insulation layers combined with the low metal density of the substrate limit the substrate's heat spreading capability. Moreover, the large mismatch between the thermal expansion coefficients (CTE) of the organic insulation and conductive layers induce stresses within the substrate that can cause warping and/or circuit fractures.

Package substrate and die spacer layers having a ceramic backbone


In a toner production process having at least a kneading step, a pulverization step and the step of simultaneously carrying out a surface modification step and a classification step to obtain toner particles, the surface modification and the classification are simultaneously carried out using a batch-wise surface modifying apparatus having at least a cylindrical main-body casing, a classifying rotor, a surface modifying means having a dispersing rotor and a liner. The positional relationship between the dispersing rotor and the liner is set in an appropriate specific state so that toner particles having a narrow particle size distribution with less fine powder and having a high sphericity can be obtained with a good efficiency.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a process for producing a toner used in image forming processes, such as electrophotography, electrostatic recording and electrostatic printing, and to an apparatus for modifying surfaces of toner particles.
2. Related Background Art
In general, processes for producing toner particles may include pulverization and polymerization. Toner particles produced by pulverization are, under existing circumstances, advantageous in that they can be produced at a lower cost than those produced by the polymerization and are also at present widely used in toners for copying machines and printers. In the case when toner particles are produced by pulverization, a binder resin, a colorant, and so forth, are mixed in stated quantities, the mixture obtained is melt-kneaded, the kneaded product obtained is cooled, the kneaded product, thus cooled to solidify, is pulverized, the pulverized product obtained is classified to obtain toner particles having a stated particle size distribution, and a fluidity improver is externally added to the toner particles obtained, to produce a toner.
In recent years, there has been a demand for copying machines and printers that can achieve high image quality, energy savings, environmental adaptation, and so forth. For this reason, there is a shift to toners, in their technical concept, made of spherical toner particles to achieve high transfer efficiency and reduce waste toners. A method of making toner particles spherical by mechanical pulverization is proposed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. H09-85741. Also, a method of making toner particles spherical by the action of hot air is proposed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2000-29241. However, mechanical pulverization cannot provide sufficiently spherical toner particles. Also, if the process utilizes hot air, wax begins to melt when toner particles are incorporated with wax, which makes it difficult to control surface properties of toner particles and results in a problem of the quality stability of toner particles.
To cope with these issues, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2002-233787 proposes an apparatus for modifying surfaces of toner particles that also enables high-performance surface treatment and removal of fine powder. However, it is desirable to improve upon this surface modifying apparatus, because fine-powder removal efficiency, which is called classification efficiency, tends to decrease and image fog tends to occur when a high degree of spherical treatment is maintained.

Apparatus for modifying surfaces of toner particles


At a time of enrollment, a client terminal: generates a feature polynomial from biometric information for enrollment; multiplies the feature polynomial by a prescribed integer; stores a helper polynomial obtained by multiplying an inverse polynomial of a template polynomial, a polynomial having a small norm; and transmits the template polynomial to an authentication server. The authentication server stores the template polynomial in a storage unit. At a time of authentication, the client terminal: generates a feature polynomial from biometric information for authentication; multiplies the helper polynomial by the feature polynomial; adds a random polynomial having a small norm to the authentication polynomial; and transmits the authentication polynomial to the authentication server. The authentication server determines whether or not the biometric information for enrollment and for authentication can be authenticated, based on the result obtained by multiplying the authentication polynomial by the template polynomial.

An authentication system using biometric information acquires biometric information of an individual at a time of initial enrollment, extracts information referred to as a feature data from the biometric information, and enrolls the extracted feature data. The enrolled information is called a template. At a time of authentication, the authentication system acquires biometric information from the individual again, extracts a feature data from the biometric information, and verifies the newly-obtained feature data with the previously-enrolled template, to thereby determine whether or not the feature data and the template come from the same individual.
In an authentication system in which a client terminal and an authentication server are connected via a network, when an authentication server authenticates biometric information of a user transmitted from the client terminal, the authentication server typically holds a template therein. At the time of authentication, the client terminal acquires biometric information of the user, extracts a feature data from the biometric information, and transmits the feature data to the authentication server. The authentication server verifies the transmitted feature data with a template of the user, to thereby determine whether or not the feature data and the template are of the same user.
Such a template is, however, information by which an individual can be identified. This means that the template needs to be strictly controlled as personal information and thereby requires a high management cost. Even if the template is managed with strict security, not a few people are still psychologically reluctant to enroll their template due to concerns about leak of their personal information. Additionally, there is a limit to the number of variations of one kind of biometric information that one individual has (for example, fingerprints typically has only ten variations based on ten fingers. There is thus a problem that such a template cannot be easily replaced with another, unlike a password or an encryption key. There is another problem that, if a template is leaked and is put at risk of forgery, the biometric authentication based on the template cannot be used any longer. Further, if one same biometric information is enrolled at different systems and is leaked from one of those systems, the other systems are also exposed to threat.
In light of the above, a method is proposed in which: at a time of enrollment, a feature data of biometric information is transformed by a given function (a type of encryption) and a secret parameter held by a client terminal (a type of encryption key), and the transformed feature data is stored in an authentication server as a template of which original information is kept confidential; and, at a time of authentication, a feature data of the biometric information is newly extracted by the client terminal, the extracted feature data is transformed with the same function and parameter as those used at the time of enrollment, the transformed feature is transmitted to the authentication server, and the received feature data is verified with the template while both are kept in the transformed states (the method is called cancelable biometrics).
In the above-described method, the client terminal keeps a transformation parameter secret, which makes the original feature data unknown to the authentication server even at the time of authentication. This allows privacy of individuals to be protected. Or, even if the template is leaked, security of the private information can be protected by changing the transformation parameter and newly creating and enrolling another template. Further, even if one same biometric information is used at different systems, different templates can be created from the one same biometric information by transforming using different parameters and enrolling the different templates. This can prevent security of the other systems from being decreased, even if any one of the templates is leaked.
A specific method of realizing such cancelable biometrics depends on a type of biometric information or verification algorithm.
For example, Patent Document 1 shown below discloses a biometric authentication method and a system implementation method (to be hereinafter referred to as correlation invariant random filtering) which is applicable to a biometric authentication technique in which a degree of similarity is determined based on a correlation value of a feature data (an image) such as vein authentication.
In the technique described in Patent Document 1, at a time of enrollment, a client terminal makes a feature data image x extracted from biometric information of a user subjected to basis transformation (Fourier transform or number theoretic transform), to thereby calculate a basis-transformed image X, to which a randomly-generated transform filter K is subjected. The client terminal then calculates T[i]=X[i]/K[i] for each i-th pixel, to thereby create a transform image T and enroll the created transform image T in an authentication server. The user carries the transform filter K by storing in an IC (Integrated Circuit) card or the like.
At a time of authentication, the client terminal newly extracts a feature data image y from biometric information of the user, sorts the extracted pixels in reverse order with respect to a vertical direction and a horizontal direction, and performs basis transformation on the pixels, to thereby calculate a basis transformation image Y. The client terminal transforms the basis transformation image Y using the transform filter K read from the user's IC card, calculates V[i]=Y[i]×K[i] for each i-th pixel, thereby creates a transform image V, and transmits the transform image V to the authentication server. The authentication server calculates C[i]=T[i]×V[i] (=X[i]×Y[i]) for each of the pixels, performs inverse basis transformation (inverse Fourier transform or inverse number theoretic transform) on the image C, and thereby calculate a value of mutual correlation between x and y. The authentication server then calculates a degree of similarity between x and y based on the value of mutual correlation, to thereby determine a match/nonmatch.

Information authentication method and information authentication system


The present invention concerns a beverage food product. The beverage food product is in a gel phase at room temperature and is converted to a liquid phase at a temperature elevated above room temperature. The invention has a particular application to a bi- or multi-layered beverage food product, in particular a cream liqueur. The invention provides a beverage food product whose top layer comprises less than 70% (w/w) water. This overcomes a prior art problem of color migration between layers.

The present invention concerns a thermoreversible food product.
The term xe2x80x9cthermoreversiblexe2x80x9d is intended to mean that which is convertible from a gel phase at room temperature to a liquid phase at a temperature elevated above room temperature. The term xe2x80x9cthermoreversiblexe2x80x9d also includes the preferred term xe2x80x9cthermointerchangeablexe2x80x9d as that which is convertible from a gel phase at room temperature to a liquid phase at a temperature elevated above room temperature and is reconvertible back to a gel phase when cooled to room temperature.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a food product which is gelled at room temperature and which, following heating in a microwave, has completely melted.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a bilayered food product in which both layers are gelled at room temperature and in which, following heating in a microwave, both layers are completely melted, but remain as substantially separate liquid layers.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a bilayered food product in which colour migration between the two layers is substantially eliminated, after the food product has been microwaved.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide a multilayered food product, in which all layers are gelled at room temperature and in which, following heating in a microwave, at least two of the layers are completely melted, but remain substantially separate liquid layers, and in which colour migration, between those layers, is substantially eliminated.
The food product may be, for example, a coffee liqueur product, having a base layer containing coffee and alcohol and having a top layer containing an animal fat or a mixture thereof, a vegetable fat or a mixture thereof or a mixture of animal and vegetable fats. It is envisaged that both layers of such a food product may be melted to their respective liquid phases and heated by means of a microwave.
In a first embodiment, the invention provides a food product having a top layer comprising less than 70%, preferably less than 65%, more preferably less than 60%, most preferably less than 50%, (w/w) water and an amount of at least one top thermoreversible setting agent sufficient to maintain the top layer in a gel phase at room temperature whilst permitting thermoreversion to a liquid phase at a temperature elevated above room temperature, with the proviso that sodium caseinate is substantially absent.
Preferably, the top layer contains 40-65% (w/w) water, more preferably 40-50% (w/w) water.
More preferably, the top layer contains at least 40% (w/w) water.
By xe2x80x9croom temperaturexe2x80x9d, we mean at or below 23xc2x0 C. By xe2x80x9ctemperature elevated above room temperaturexe2x80x9d, we mean that the temperature in the relevant layer is, following heating by microwave, at or above 40xc2x0 C., preferably at or above 45xc2x0 C., more preferably at or above 50xc2x0 C., most preferably at or above 55xc2x0 C.
Preferably, the food product additionally includes a base layer comprising at least one base thermoreversible setting agent in an amount sufficient to maintain the base layer in a gel phase at room temperature, whilst permitting thermoreversion to a liquid phase at a temperature elevated above room temperature.
Advantageously, the top layer additionally comprises at least one top emulsifier and more than 15% (w/w) fat. More advantageously, the top layer contains more than 20% (w/w) fat and most advantageously 20-40% (w/w) fat. The fat can be of animal or vegetable origin, or a mixture thereof.
Preferably, the at least one top thermoreversible setting agent is combined with the at least one top emulsifier selected from at least one mono-glyceride of a fatty acid or mixtures thereof; at least one di-glyceride of a fatty acid or mixtures thereof; at least one sucrose ester or mixtures thereof; or mixtures of two or more of mono-glycerides, di-glycerides and sucrose esters. More preferably, the top layer contains 0.1 to 1.75% (w/w) of the at least one top thermoreversible setting agent. Even more preferably, the base layer contains 0.1 to 3.5% (w/w) of the at least one base thermoreversible setting agent.
In a conventional cream liqueur system, sodium caseinate is used as an emulsifier and as a stabiliser. However, in a microwavable food product, which is the subject of the present invention, the co-presence of sodium caseinate and alcohol causes skin formation when the food product is microwaved. It was, therefore, necessary to preclude the use of sodium caseinate.
It is believed that the present invention overcomes the problem of colour migration by providing a top layer having less than 70% (w/w) waterxe2x80x94this reduces hydrogen ion migration, which is accompanied by colour migration, from the base layer to the top layer, which hydrogen ion migration affects the pH of the top layer and may also be accompanied by a breakdown in the stability of the top layer""s emulsion, causing it to lose its thermoreversibility.
Suitable emulsifiers should not form a skin on the upper surface of the top layer when the top layer is heatedxe2x80x94it is thought that such skin formation is related to denaturation of a proteinaceous emulsifier, so that such emulsifiers should be avoided. Suitable emulsifiers must be comestible and include, but are not limited to, mono-glycerides of fatty acids, di-glycerides of fatty acids, sucrose esters or mixtures thereof. Sucrose esters endow good stability, but their organoleptic properties need to be improved.
Suitable top and base thermoreversible setting agents must be comestible and include, but are not limited to, gelatine, agar, gellan gum, methyl celluloses, guar gum, carrageenan (preferably kappa and/or iota carrageenan), gum arabic, xanthan gum, locust bean gum or mixtures thereof. When the thermoreversible setting agent is gelatine, the top layer may contain 0.75 to 1.75% (w/w), more preferably 1.0 to 1.5% (w/w) gelatine and the base layer may contain 1.5 to 3.5% (w/w), preferably 2.0 to 3.25% (w/w), more preferably 2.25 to 2.75% (w/w) gelatine. When the thermoreversible setting agent is carrageenan, the top layer may contain 0.1 to 1.0% (w/w), preferably 0.25 to 0.75% (w/w) carrageenan and the base layer may contain 0.1 to 1.5% (w/w), preferably 0.2 to 0.75% (w/w) carrageenan. If a mixture of carrageenans is used, they may be present in a ratio of 2:1 to 1:2, preferably 1.5:1 to 1:1.5 (ratio of kappa to iota carrageenan).
Gelatine is obtained from collagen found in animal tissues, including the skin, tendons and ossein of bones.
In a second embodiment, the invention provides a cream liqueur food product having a top layer comprising (i) less than 70% (w/w) water; (ii) more than 15% (w/w) fat; (iii) at least one top emulsifier; and (iv) at least one top thermoreversible setting agent, the at least one top emulsifier and the at least one thermoreversible setting agent being sufficient to maintain the top layer in a gel phase at room temperature, whilst permitting thermoreversion to a liquid phase at a temperature elevated above room temperature, with the proviso that the, or each, top emulsifier or setting agent is not sodium caseinate.
The invention also provides a method for forming a layer of a food product, comprising at least one thermoreversible setting agent and/or at least one emulsifier, the method comprising the steps of providing a first liquid phase at a temperature below room temperature; providing a second liquid phase comprising an amount of at least one setting agent and/or at least one emulsifier sufficient to maintain a mixture of the first and second liquid phases, when mixed in a thermoreversible gel phase at room temperature with the proviso that the, or each, setting agent and/or emulsifier is not sodium caseinate, the second liquid phase being at a temperature raised above room temperature; and mixing the first and second liquid phases to obtain the top layer.
By xe2x80x9craised temperaturexe2x80x9d is meant a temperature at or above 30xc2x0 C., preferably at or above 35xc2x0 C.
It will be appreciated that, if the food product comprises a top layer and a base layer, the aforementioned method comprises the steps of providing first and second base phases; mixing the first and second base phases and allowing the thus mixed first and second base phases to set; providing first and second top phases; mixing the first and second top phases and allowing the thus mixed first and second top phases to set on the base layer.
According to a further embodiment of the invention there is provided a method for forming a layer of a food product comprising at least one thermoreversible setting agent and/or at least one emulsifier sufficient to maintain the layer in a gel phase with the proviso that the, or each, setting agent and/or emulsifier is not sodium caseinate.
It will be appreciated that, if the food product comprises a top layer and a base layer, the aforementioned method comprises the steps of providing the first layer, allowing the first layer to set; providing the second layer and allowing the second layer to set on the base layer.
Advantageously, the food product is a cream liqueur. By xe2x80x9ccream liqueurxe2x80x9d is meant a bi- or multi-layered beverage whose top layer contains fat of animal and/or vegetable origin and at least one of whose other layers contains alcohol. If the cream liqueur is bilayered, the volume ratios of the top and base layer should be in the range 1:1 to 1:12, preferably 1:1 to 1:10, most preferably about 1:2. Hereinafter is exemplified a cream liqueur food product in the form of an xe2x80x9cIrish Coffeexe2x80x9d having two layers, namely a base layer and the top layer. It will, of course, be appreciated that the cream liqueur food product may, alternatively, be a xe2x80x9cFrench Coffeexe2x80x9d if brandy is added instead of Irish whiskey in the base layer. Similarly, a xe2x80x9cRussian Coffeexe2x80x9d (vodka) or xe2x80x9cCaribbean Coffeexe2x80x9d (rum), etc., are also envisaged. The present invention is not of course limited to coffee-containing cream liqueur food products (coffee cream liqueur food products)
Any comestibly suitable alcohol in the base and/or top layer may be selected from spirits, such as neutral spirit, whiskey, whisky, brandy, vodka, rum or a mixture thereof. Preferably, the base layer contains 7 to 20% (w/w), preferably 8 to 12.5% (w/w), more preferably 8.75 to 10% (w/w) alcohol. More preferably, the top layer contains 7 to 20% (w/w), preferably 8 to 12.5% (w/w), more preferably 8.75 to 10% (w/w) alcohol. Advantageously, the cream liqueur food product contains 7 to 20% (w/w), most preferably 8.75 to 10.5% (w/w) alcohol.
The invention will now be described and exemplified in the following examples, which are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

Saint Brendan""s Irish Cream Liqueur Company Limited


A method for altering the appearance of molded articles is described herein. The method includes the steps of providing a plurality of articles; feeding a first article to a conveyor; transporting the first article to a treatment station; activating an activatable colorant of the first article by exposing the first article to at least one energy source, thereby causing a color change in the first article; manipulating the exposure of the first article to create a first discernable pattern in the first article; feeding a second article to the conveyor; transporting the second article to the treatment station; activating an activatable colorant of the second article by exposing the second article to the at least one energy source, thereby causing a color change in the second article; and manipulating the exposure of the second article to create a second discernable pattern in the second article.

There are numerous systems known for moving articles during their manufacture and/or packaging. Some systems employ conveyors or similar apparatuses that randomly transport articles from one location to another, but do not control the orientation or position of the articles so that additional manufacturing steps or inspection can occur in a quality manner. Other systems employ components, such as a cassette, that can maintain orientation of an article as it is moved from one location to another, but the article is typically held statically as it is moved wherein less than the entire article is exposed or otherwise available for additional manufacturing or inspection. What is needed is a method and apparatus that can move an article from one location to another and controllable reorient the article as it is being moved to facilitate treatments or inspection, for example, on multiple portions of the article.

Method for moving articles and controlling the position of same


A storage system and an undo processing method that can facilitate undo processing for configuration change operations that have been performed for storage apparatuses by different administrators. A management server manages the history of configuration change operations it performs for storage apparatuses while a storage apparatus manages the history of configuration changes it makes in itself in accordance with the configuration change operations performed by the management server. When the storage apparatus receives a request to undo a configuration change operation from a management server, if the undo target configuration change operation or its relevant configuration change operations performed after the undo target configuration change operation have not involved a further relevant configuration change operation for another storage apparatus, the storage apparatus performs undo processing only for the configuration change made in accordance with the undo target configuration change operation, and if they have involved a further relevant configuration change operation for another storage apparatus, the storage apparatus makes a request to the management server that performed the further relevant configuration change operation to undo it.

The present invention relates to a storage system and an undo processing method. The present invention is preferably applied to a storage system where different system administrators perform different configuration change operations for storage apparatuses.
In a conventional storage system where plural storage apparatuses are connected to each other via a Storage Area Network (SAN), system administrators with different roles perform configuration change operations such as setting and deletion of paths and copy-pairs for the storage apparatuses using different management servers.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open (Kokai) Publication No. 2003-108412 discloses an invention related to a method for updating configuration information for storage apparatuses, the updating being required in configuration changes in the storage apparatuses. Japanese Patent Laid-Open (Kokai) Publication No. 2003-345632 discloses an invention related to a method for analyzing information about the states of storage apparatuses and managing the storage apparatuses based on the analysis results.

Storage system and undo processing method


In order to provide a method for supplying fresh auxiliary material, which is added to a stream (120) of crude gas laden with wet paint overspray before the stream of crude gas passes through at least one filter element (172) for separating the overspray from the steam of crude gas, to at least one filter device (132) which comprises at least one receptacle (176) for auxiliary material, which is in its operating position, while the stream of crude gas is passing through the filter element, which method enables better action of the auxiliary material on the stream of crude gas and makes a particularly efficient supply of fresh auxiliary material to the at least one filter device possible, it is suggested that the fresh auxiliary material be supplied directly into the receptacle for auxiliary material while the receptacle for auxiliary material is in the operating position.

The present invention relates to a method for supplying fresh auxiliary material, which is added to a stream of crude gas laden with wet paint overspray before the stream of crude gas passes through at least one filter element for separating the overspray from the stream of crude gas, to at least one filter device which comprises at least one receptacle for auxiliary material, which is in an operating position, while the stream of crude gas is passing through the filter element.
Such a method is known, for example, from DE 10 2005 048 579 A1.
With this known method, the dry separation of the wet paint overspray from the stream of crude gas of a spray booth takes place in the filter device once fresh, flowable, particulate auxiliary material designated as "precoat" material has been released into the stream of crude gas with a nozzle arrangement.
This auxiliary material serves the purpose of being deposited on the surfaces of the filter element as a barrier layer in order to prevent these surfaces from becoming clogged due to overspray particles adhering thereto. As a result of periodic cleaning of the filter elements of the filter device, the mixture consisting of auxiliary material and wet paint overspray passes from the filter elements into receptacles for auxiliary material, from which it can be withdrawn by suction in order to be supplied to the nozzle arrangement for renewed use as auxiliary material. Furthermore, the mixture consisting of auxiliary material and wet paint overspray which is present in the receptacle for auxiliary material can be whirled up by means of pulses of compressed air from a compressed air lance in order to rise up out of the receptacle for auxiliary material to the filter elements and be deposited on them.
In order to prevent auxiliary material passing into the application area of the paint plant while auxiliary material is being supplied to the stream of crude gas from the nozzle arrangement, the flow path of the stream of crude gas from the application area to the filter device is closed periodically in this known method. The auxiliary material which has been whirled up from the receptacles for auxiliary material is not sufficient to generate an adequate protection layer on the filter elements. In addition, fresh auxiliary material can be introduced into the stream of crude gas only through the nozzle arrangement.
The object underlying the present invention is to provide a method of the type specified at the outset which enables better action of the auxiliary material on the stream of crude gas and makes a particularly efficient supply of fresh auxiliary material to the at least one filter device possible.

Method for supplying auxiliary material and receptacle for auxiliary material


To decrease the circuit scale necessary for the calibration of the output circuit and to decrease the time required for the calibration operation. The invention includes a first output buffer and a second output buffer that are connected to a data pin, and a calibration circuit that is connected to a calibration pin. The first output buffer and the second output buffer include plural unit buffers. The unit buffers have mutually the same circuit structures. With this arrangement, the impedances of the first output buffer and the second output buffer can be set in common, based on the calibration operation using the calibration circuit. Consequently, both the circuit scale necessary for the calibration operation and the time required for the calibration operation can be decreased.

In recent years, a very high data transfer rate is required to transfer data between semiconductor devices, for example, between a CPU and a main memory. In order to achieve this, the amplitude of input and output signals is made smaller each year. When the amplitude of the input and output signals is made smaller, the required precision of the impedance of the output buffer becomes considerably severe. The impedance of the output buffer varies based on process conditions at the manufacturing time. In addition, the impedance is also affected by a change in the ambient temperature and a variation in power supply voltage during the actual usage of the semiconductor device.
Therefore, when a high precision is required for the impedance, an output buffer having the impedance adjusting function is employed (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Nos. 2002-152032 and 2004-32070). The adjustment of the impedance of the output buffer is usually carried out using a circuit called a calibration circuit.
On the other hand, when plural chips are connected in parallel on an external bus like a DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory), a signal is reflected in some times by a chip of which output buffer is in a high-impedance state (Hi-Z). When the reflection of a signal occurs, the quality of the signal on the external bus is lowered. Therefore, in a semiconductor device in which a high data transfer rate is required like a DDR2 type SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory), an ODT (On Die Termination) function for making the output circuit function as a terminal resistor is provided (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2003-133943).
When the semiconductor device has the ODT function, a terminal resistor is not necessary on the mother board. Therefore, the number of parts can be decreased, and the reflection of a signal can be prevented effectively. Consequently, the quality of the signal on the external bus can be increased.
However, usually, during the ODT operation, impedance which is different from that during the data output time is required. Therefore, when the output circuit has the ODT function, two calibration circuits for the impedance adjustment are necessary, that is, a calibration circuit that is used to adjust the impedance at the data output time, and a calibration circuit that is used to adjust the impedance at the ODT operation time. This has a problem in that the circuit scale becomes large.
During the calibration operation, the adjustment of the impedance at the data output time and the adjustment of impedance at the ODT operation time need to be carried out separately. Therefore, there is a problem in that it takes time for the calibration. This problem is not so serious when the calibration is carried out at only the power supply on time or the reset time. However, when the calibration is carried out periodically during the actual use time, this problem becomes serious.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Output circuit for semiconductor device, semiconductor device having output circuit, and method of adjusting characteristics of output circuit


A fastening module (1) for a printed circuit board (10) of a portable electronic device includes the printed circuit board and a casing (20). The casing includes at least one supporting plate (23, 25) and at least one clamp (22). The supporting plate and the clamp engage with the printed circuit board, thus fixing the printed circuit board in the casing.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a fastening mechanism, and particularly to a fastening module for fastening a printed circuit board in a portable electronic device.
2. Description of Related Art
In a conventional portable electronic device, such as a mobile phone, the printed circuit board thereof is only sandwiched between two enclosures of the portable electronic device and is only fixed when the portable electronic device is assembled. U.S. Pat. No. 6,111,760 discloses such a fastening means wherein multiple layers of electronic components, including a printed circuit board, are secured within a wireless communications device by two different portions of the device""s enclosure gripping the component layers therebetween, thereby preventing substantial vertical movement of the component layers within the combined housing. However, if the two different portions of the device""s enclosure slightly loosen, the printed circuit board will become loose and electronic contact between the board and other components will be weakened. Furthermore, the printed circuit board cannot be fastened in place until the two different portions of the device""s enclosure are assembled together, and the printed circuit board will become unfixed if the two different portions of the device""s enclosure are disassembled. In its unfixed condition, the printed circuit board can be easily damaged. Furthermore, it is inconvenient to assemble and disassemble the device since the printed circuit board is not fixedly attached to one side or the other of the enclosure.
Therefore, an improved fastening means for a printed circuit board of a portable electronic device is desired which overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art.
A main object of the present invention is to provide a reliable fastening module for a printed circuit board of a portable electronic device.
A fastening module for a printed circuit board of a portable electronic device includes the printed circuit board and a casing, wherein the casing comprises at least one supporting plate and at least one clamp, and the supporting plate and the clamp engage with the printed circuit board, thus fastening the printed circuit board in the casing.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment thereof when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

Fastening module for printed circuit board of portable electronic device


A server creates a communication path table indicating a communication path for packet data, based on connection information reported by a parent device and a relay device, and distributes the created communication path table to the parent device, the relay device and a child device. The child device transmits the packet data to a relay device indicated in the communication path table, based on the distributed communication path table. The relay device transfers the packet data transmitted from the child device, to a relay device or a parent device indicated in the communication path table, based on the distributed communication path table.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a multi-hop network system including communication devices, a server that manages the communication devices, and a path notification method in the multi-hop network system.
2. Description of the Related Art
For mesh protocol technology in which multi-hop communication is performed via base stations to thereby attempt to enlarge a communication area, a communication scheme using a frame extension method or an extended field in standards such as IEEE 802.11s has been discussed (For example, see Hidenori Aoki, Shinji Takeda, Kengo Yagyuu, Akira Yamada, "IEEE 802.11s Wireless LAN Mesh Network Technology", NTT DoCoMo Technical Journal, NTT DOCOMO, INC., Jul. 1, 2006, Vol. 14, No. 2, p. 14-22).
Moreover, there has been known a multi-hop network (or an ad-hoc network or an MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network)) used in a multi-hop communication scheme that enables packet transmission in a bucket brigade fashion by multi-hopping packet data among communication devices. For a routing protocol (a path selection/control protocol) used in this multi-hop network, routing schemes have been proposed/published in MANET working group of IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) or IEEE 802.11s, and standardization thereof has progressed.
However, the above described techniques include the following problems.
As a first problem, in the multi-hop network, the larger the scale of the network, the higher is the performance that is required of the communication devices belonging to this network. Communication traffic increases along with an increase in the number of control packets transmitted and received in the entire network for routing control or the like, and an increase in the number of the communication devices. Thereby, congestion and transmission delay increase. Moreover, power consumption in the entire network also increases. This is due to the following reasons.
In the multi-hop network, it is necessary to create a communication path table indicating a routing path through which the packet data reaches a final destination. In order to create this communication path table, in a general routing protocol, the communication device first transmits a broadcast packet for path search. When receiving the transmitted broadcast packet, the communication device retransmits this broadcast packet in order to expand a path search range. In this way, a target packet transfer destination is found and a communication path table is created by propagating the broadcast packet for the path search, throughout the network.
In this way, in a large-scale network, according to the propagation of the broadcast packet throughout the network, the amount of packets transmitted for the path search increases, and a congestion and the transmission delay occurs in the network along with an increase in the number of transmitted and received packets.
Moreover, path information obtained by each communication device needs to be retained and updated.
Furthermore, a communication device with a low calculation capability includes a limited relay capability for the broadcast packet for path retrieval, or a limited relay capability for the transmitted packet. Thus, this limited relay capability may cause a transmission delay, or may decrease throughput of the entire network.
Due to these reasons, high calculation performance and abundant resources are required for the communication devices belonging to the large-scale multi-hop network. If each communication device performs processing depending on the requirement, power consumption in each communication device increases, which causes power consumption in the entire network to increase as well.
Moreover, now, proposed routing protocols include, as schemes applicable to the multi-hop network, schemes such as an AODV (Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector) protocol and an OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing), which have been discussed in MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network)-WG (Working Group). As a second problem, all of these schemes have to update the path information by periodical path check. This is due to the following reason.
In these protocols, it is assumed that the communication device moves and is powered OFF/ON, and thus periodical update of the path information is essential. This is because, when the communication device moves, the same ID (Identification) (for example, an MAC [Media Access Control] address) exists in locations, and thus routing cannot be performed.
As a third problem, in the multi-hop network, when the number of hops increases, that is, when the number of the communication devices to be passed through (the number of relay nodes) increases, communication quality degrades, and quality degradation such as a decrease in throughput occurs.
The reason is as follows. Since the number of times of transmission and reception of the packets increases along with an increase in the number of the relay nodes, the probability of packet discard increases. Also, transfer delay of the packet data increases due to process delay for the number of the relay nodes. Thus, in a protocol such as TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)/IP (Internet Protocol), a response confirmation time increases to decrease the throughput.


A wireless communication system, an apparatus in the wireless communication system and a method. The apparatus at a user equipment side in the wireless communication system includes: a wireless link problem detector, detecting a first wireless link between a first node and a user equipment to determine whether a wireless link problem occurs; a timer configuration unit, which starts a first timer when detecting that the wireless link problem occurs on the first wireless link, wherein the user equipment considers that a wireless link failure event occurring on the first wireless link is detected when the first timer expires; and a wireless link information reporting unit, which reports content including wireless link information of the first wireless link to a second node through a second wireless link between the user equipment and the second node when detecting that the wireless link problem occurs on the first wireless link.

When a signal of user equipment has been subjected to severe interference or deep attenuation, the user equipment may undergo a radio link failure. The radio link failure will result in interruption of service transmission, during which the user equipment can not transmit or receive any data service. Further, a too long time of interruption of connection will produce a negative effect on an application layer, thereby lowering user experience.
In order to account for amount of mobile data which increases exponentially in a network, small cells are deployed in hot regions in a heterogeneous network. Standardization work of 3GPP LTE Release 12 mainly focuses on small cell enhancement (SCE). As compared with the traditional heterogeneous network, a larger number of small cells will be deployed in a small cell network (SCN). SCN is not a coverage-limited network, but the user equipment in the small cells will subject to severe interference from neighboring nodes due to the dense deployment of the small cells, and thus the radio link failure will occur more easily. Therefore, in order to provide stable service for users, a solution which quickly solves the radio link problem for SCN is required.
Existing quick solutions with respect to the radio link problem in the heterogeneous network mainly include two directions: (1) a time length of a T310 timer is reduced to reduce service interruption time of the user equipment, in which the T310 timer is defined as being triggered when the user equipment deems the radio link problem has been detected and as being expired when the user equipment declares the radio link failure; and (2) radio resource control (RRC) connection is re-established according to user equipment context by a network end. Regarding solution (1), it may directly reduce an overall service interruption time, but might cause the user equipment to declare the radio link failure too early, that is, might make the user equipment lose an opportunity to wait for recovering of a radio link in which a problem has occurred, which may possibly increase the service interruption time to some extent. As for solution (2), it can improve probability of succeeding in reestablishment of RRC connection, but needs additional signaling overhead for transmitting new user equipment context when the user equipment context saved in a source cell has changed, the signaling overhead being in proportional to number of potential target cells for which the RRC connection is reestablished, and thus it might introduce additional time delay.

Wireless communication system for reporting radio link information of a first radio link via a second radio link when radio link problem has occurred in the first radio link


A chemical composition for cleaning an individual""s dentures and gums is disclosed. The chemical composition would be in powder form but instead could be made into liquid form by adding water. The chemical composition would brushed onto dentures in an effort to clean the dentures of any powder or substance on them that remains to them after a person has removed them from their mouth.

The present invention concerns that of a new and improved chemical composition for cleaning an individual""s dentures and gums.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,124,374, issued to Kolias, discloses a denture adhesive and cleaning composition.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,443, issued to Rajaiah, discloses a denture adhesive composition which provides for easy removal.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,261,817, issued to Nack, discloses a denture adhesive removing tool.
The present invention concerns that of a new and improved chemical composition for cleaning an individual""s dentures and gums. The chemical composition would be in powder form but instead could be made into liquid form by adding water. The chemical composition would brushed onto dentures in an effort to clean the dentures of any powder or substance on them that remains to them after a person has removed them from their mouth.
There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, the more important features of a denture and gum cleaner that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional features of the denture and gum cleaner that will be described hereinafter and which will form the subject matter of the claims appended hereto.
In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment of the denture and gum cleaner in detail, it is to be understood that the denture and gum cleaner is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The denture and gum cleaner is capable of other embodiments and being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of descriptions and should not be regarded as limiting.
As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception, upon which this disclosure is based, may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present denture and gum cleaner. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a denture and gum cleaner which has all of the advantages of the prior art and none of the disadvantages.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a denture and gum cleaner which may be easily and efficiently manufactured and marketed.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a denture and gum cleaner which is of durable and reliable construction.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a denture and gum cleaner which is economically affordable and available for relevant purchasing government entities.
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment when considered with the attached drawings and appended claims.

Gum and denture adhesive cleaner comprising alum


A telephone having a closure removably covering an operation panel on the body of the telephone, and automatic dialing push buttons arranged on the closure for performing an automatic dialing function. Depression of the push button on the closure becomes effective when the operation panel is covered with the closure. When the push button is depressed in this state, prestored telephone number data is automatically transmitted to telephone lines as dial signals.

Telephones provided with a push-button comprising "0" to "9" digit keys have the dialing function of converting items of telephone number data entered by depressing some of the digit keys to dial signals in succession and transmitting the signals to telephone lines.
In recent years, such push-button telephones have a multiplicity of advanced functions to be performed by depressing push buttons. Typical of these functions is the so-called automatic dialing function which is disclosed in Examined Japanese Patent Publication SHO 63-22659, etc.
In an automatic dialing mode wherein the automatic dialing function is performed, a specified bush button is depressed, whereupon telephone number data pre- restored in corresponding relation to the button is automatically transmitted to the telephone lines on conversion to dial signals.
The automatic dialing function is useful since calls can be placed easily even by children.
With the conventional push-button telephones having the automatic dialing function, one or a plurality of push buttons for performing the automatic dialing function (hereinafter referred to as "automatic dialing push buttons") are arranged on the same operation panel as a plurality of push buttons for executing the usual dialing function (hereinafter referred to as "usual dialing push buttons"). Accordingly, there arises the problem that the user is liable to depress a wrong push button to place an unintended call. It is especially difficult for children to distinguish the automatic dialing push button from the usual dialing push buttons. The push-button arrangement therefore impairs the usefulness of the automatic dialing function.


A diagnostic catheter with a steering device to direct the distal end of the catheter while it is inserted in a vessel. The catheter may include either a bi-directional steering mechanism, or a unidirectional steering mechanism. Pre-formed catheters with no steering means are also provided. The catheter bodies include a plurality of ring electrodes used for sensing the intracardial electrogram signal during operation of the catheter. The ring electrodes are placed in ohmic contact with their corresponding signal wires by a solderless connection. In addition, the catheter may be embodied as a basket catheter including a plurality of splines. After the catheter is inserted into the vessel or organ to be examined (typically the heart), the splines may be expanded from an at-rest position to form the basket. A central retractable and steerable member is included to provide the expansion force. The expansion force can also be provided by moving the proximal portion of the catheter relative to the central member. Each of the splines forming the basket includes a length of spring wire disposed therein to provide conformal forces causing the splines to conform to the surfaces being inspected.

Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Heart disease is found in all countries and across all ages, socioeconomic levels, occupations, and sexes. Because heart disease is so universally common, the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease is an immensely important field.
One of the chief difficulties in examining the heart is that, as with all internal organs, the defects cannot be readily seen. It is therefore necessary to use some instrument that enables the user to "see" inside the organ. One of the processes that enables physicians in the treatment of hear disease is an electrophysiological examination. This examination requires the use of a catheter with a plurality of ring electrodes on a distal end. In addition to the ring electrodes, the catheter may also carry one or more probes at its distal tip.
The catheter is introduced through the patient's veins or arteries into the areas of the heart, or the associated blood vessels, which require analysis. Due to the many available probes and testing devices, it is not uncommon for the examining physician to have several catheters in use at a given time in a single patient's heart. When this is the case, the catheter entry path becomes very congested. Due to the relatively large size of existing diagnostic catheters, it is sometimes necessary to remove one catheter and replace it with another during a procedure. In addition to the distinct possibility of dislodging the already positioned catheters, the removal of a catheter can itself damage the organ if the catheter is removed improperly or becomes entangled with another catheter.
Another of the shortcomings in the prior art catheter devices is that they are very difficult to position correctly in the vessel or organ being examined. There are only very limited means of guiding the catheter. Smaller existing art catheters are generally provided with a fixed curvature at the distal end.
Another problem inherent in the prior art devices is that the shape of the probes on the distal ends of the catheters is fixed. This contributes to the problem of congestion in the entry path, as a different catheter must be introduced when the physician wishes to examine different vessel and organ wall shapes and sizes. When a basket catheter is being used, a sheath must be placed over the multiple probes or basket to introduce the catheter into the vessel.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an electrophysiology catheter that comprises a means to steer the distal end while providing a main body that is more narrow than those of current art devices.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a catheter which allows the size, shape, and direction of travel of a probe to be changed while in the vessel or organ. This innovation is particularly applicable to basket catheters.


A facsimile apparatus, to which an external telephone enables to be connected through a line, has a line I/F section that transfers and receives signal through a network, a voltage detection section that is provided in a semiconductor DAA and detects a line voltage of the line, an adjustment section that adjusts a line voltage during establishment of a connection through the line so as to be within a predetermined voltage, and an external telephone monitor section that acquires a value of the line voltage detected by the voltage detection section at regular time intervals and monitors a use state of the external telephone based on the acquired values of the line voltage.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a facsimile apparatus and in particular to a facsimile apparatus that monitors the use state of an external telephone using a voltage detection circuit incorporated in a semiconductor DAA.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, it is known that a semiconductor data access arrangement (DAA) is used for an interface (I/F) section with a telephone line for the purpose of miniaturizing a facsimile apparatus. A use method of connecting an external telephone to a facsimile apparatus and sharing the same telephone line between the facsimile apparatus and the external telephone is also known. To detect hookup of the external telephone, hitherto, a current detector has been installed between the external telephone and the telephone line. That is, if a DC circuit is closed in conjunction with hookup, a DC loop current flows and thus the current detector is installed between a network and the external telephone to detect the DC loop current and hookup of the external telephone (Refer to JP-A-2003-51926 and US 2003/0048483 A1).
JP-A-2003-51926 (especially [0026]) is referred to as a related art.
The semiconductor DAA used in the I/F section incorporates a voltage detection circuit, and the line voltage when a connection is established, detected by the voltage detection circuit is adjusted so as to become within the range predetermined according to the standard. On the other hand, it is desirable that parts that can be omitted should be omitted as much as possible for miniaturizing the facsimile apparatus and reducing the costs thereof.


This invention is to provide a diffusion testing device to facilitate determination of diffusivity of prolonged release of drugs from transdermal therapeutic preparation.

Franz cell is the commonly used test apparatus for studying of the transfer of a substance through a membrane. The Franz cell is in the form of a container with an upper half separated from a lower half by a membrane. In the upper compartment there placed a donor substance. The lower compartment is completely filled with a receptor media. The concentration of the testing substance in receptor solution is determined to study the diffusion rate of testing substance at a given time.
It is desired in clinical therapy to instantly understand the drug absorption from transdermal therapeutic preparation in human body when transdermal therapeutic preparation, such as nitroglycerin tape, ISDN tape, indomethacin gel, prednisolone ointment and so on, are applied. However, it is difficult to determine prolonged changes of drug diffusion rate just using said Franz diffusion cell.
In order to determine the permeation situation of the testing substance, the receptor solution have to be sampled at a given time. Therefore, a diffusion cell which is known as the Franz cell as shown in FIG. 1 was developed. FIG. 15 is the cross-sectional view of one of the examples of the diffusion cells developed.
100 is a cylindrical container defined by a flange on its top end. 200 is an upper container in shape of cylinder and fixed by a flange on its lower end. The container 100 is surrounded by a jacket 101 which has an inlet 102 and an outlet 103 integrally connected to the lower and upper wall of the jacket 101 respectively to supply and discharge of temperature-keeping liquid. Besides, a refilling port 104 for receptor media supply is connected to the lower wall of container 100. Connected to the middle wall of the container 100 is a branch shaped sample port 105 which has an internal sample tube 300 reaching at the near center of container 100 for sample-taking.
Using said diffusion cell to determine the transfer of the testing substance at any time, a stirrer 400 is firstly placed into the container 100. A membrane 500 is clamped between the flanges of container 100 and upper container 200. Then, the receptor media is supplied through the refilling port 104 to completely filling up container 100. Stirrer 400 is operated to cause the receptor liquid to be homogeneous.
Temperature-keeping liquid is to be supplied through the inlet 102 into jacket 101. A testing media is supplied into upper container 200 and in contact with membrane 500. At predetermined time interval, a known quantity of the receptor solution with permeated testing substance is removed through the sample tube 300 to determine the concentration of testing substance and additional quantity of fresh receptor media is supplied through refilling port 104 afterwards. (See references cited)
[Patent 1] U.S. Pat. No. 5,198,109
Although said diffusion cell can be used to determine the permeation of testing substance at any time, it is desirable to have the receptor solution maintained at a specifically known temperature level for 1 or several days when the permeation of testing substance in transdermal formulation to human body is studied. The way to achieve this is by supplying the liquid being at a pre-determined temperature through the inlet 102 to cause the circulation within the jacket 101 during the time. However, it is difficult to have the receptor liquid maintained at a specifically known temperature level for 1 or several days by this way.
Said diffusion cell may have to be immersed in a thermostatic water bath to finish the determination when there is no jacket 101 existed, resulting in difficult temperature control due to the water evaporation in water bath over a long time. In addition, volume of 3 to 10 ml of container 100 in said diffusion cell makes it difficult to keep the receptor liquid at a stable temperature over a long time.

Apparatus for measuring diffusion of transdermal absorption preparation

Abstract: The diffusion testing device is characterized by a receptor liquid reservoir; a diffusion testing cell having a receptor chamber functioning to be full of receptor liquid and within which a stirrer be placed, a receptor liquid supply unit, a thermostat bath to hold the diffusion testing cell, a stirring apparatus located beneath the thermostat bath to cause the rotation action of the stirrer set in the receptor chamber, a sampling unit permitting sampling and storage of receptor liquid dissolving permeated drugs. Said receptor liquid reservoir, said receptor chamber, said receptor liquid supply unit and said sampling unit are connected with each other via infusion tube. Said thermostat bath comprises aperturees or through-holes functioning to hold the diffusion testing cells, and metal block which has temperature regulation unit to be installed.