A gas generator includes a plurality of gas discharge openings arranged in a circumferential wall portion along a circumferential direction as not overlapping with each other. The plurality of gas discharge openings consist of one group or two or more groups of first gas discharge openings, one group or two or more groups of second discharge openings, and one group or two or more groups of third gas discharge openings. The gas discharge openings included in each of the groups of first to third gas discharge openings are set to be opened at an identical opening pressure. The second gas discharge openings are higher in opening pressure than the first gas discharge openings and lower in opening pressure than the third gas discharge openings. The gas discharge openings included in each group of gas discharge openings are evenly arranged in rotation symmetry at an angle not greater than 120°.

From a point of view of protection of a driver and/or a passenger in a car, an air bag apparatus which is a passenger protection apparatus has conventionally widely been used. The air bag apparatus is equipped for the purpose of protecting a driver and/or a passenger against shock caused at the time of collision of a vehicle, and it receives a body of a driver or a passenger with an air bag serving as a cushion, as the air bag is expanded and developed instantaneously at the time of collision of the vehicle.
The gas generator is equipment which is incorporated in this air bag apparatus, an igniter therein being ignited in response to power feed through a control unit at the time of collision of a vehicle to thereby burn a gas generating agent with flame caused by the igniter and instantaneously generate a large amount of gas, and thus expands and develops an air bag.
Gas generators of various structures are available. A disc-type gas generator in a substantially short columnar shape relatively great in outer diameter is available as a gas generator suitably used for an air bag apparatus on a driver's seat side or an air bag apparatus on a passenger's seat side, and a cylinder-type gas generator in a substantially long columnar shape relatively small in outer diameter is available as a gas generator suitably used for a side air bag apparatus, a curtain air bag apparatus, and a knee air bag apparatus.
As described in Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 1-172047 (PTD 1), for example, a disc-type gas generator including a housing including an upper shell (a closure shell) and a lower shell (an initiator shell) and a filter provided inside the housing, a plurality of gas discharge openings for discharging gas through the filter being provided in a circumferential direction of the upper shell, has been known as the disc-type gas generator.
It is important for a gas generator to burn a gas generating agent continually in a stable manner at the time of activation. In order to burn the gas generating agent continually in a stable manner, the gas generating agent should be placed in a prescribed high-pressure environment. Therefore, the gas generator is designed to narrow a size of a plurality of gas discharge openings provided in the housing to a desired size so that a pressure in a space in a housing is raised to a considerable level at the time of activation.
Output characteristics of the gas generator, however, are affected by an ambient environment in which the gas generator is placed, and particularly dependent on an environmental temperature. The output characteristics tend to be enhanced in a high-temperature environment and weakened in a low-temperature environment. In the high-temperature environment, gas is discharged earlier and more strongly, and in the low-temperature environment, the gas is discharged more slowly and weakly. Therefore, in particular in the low-temperature environment, significant drop in pressure in the housing due to opening of the gas discharge openings tends to occur, continual burning of the gas generating agent may be impeded, and gas output may be insufficient.
In order to lessen difference in gas output performance due to an environmental temperature, for example, International Publication WO2015/163290 (PTD 2) discloses a disc-type gas generator constructed to include a plurality of gas discharge openings different in opening pressure provided in a housing. In the gas generator constructed as such, the plurality of gas discharge openings are opened stepwise with increase in pressure in a space inside the housing.
Therefore, as compared with a gas generator constructed such that all gas discharge openings are opened in unison with increase in pressure in a space inside a housing, significant drop in increase in internal pressure in particular in a low-temperature environment can be prevented. Therefore, a gas generating agent can burn continually in any temperature environment from a high-temperature environment to a low-temperature environment, and consequently a difference in gas output performance attributed to an environmental temperature can be lessened.
FIGS. 10 to 12 of PTD 2 disclose a disc-type gas generator constructed such that a plurality of gas discharge openings are opened in three stages with increase in pressure in the space inside the housing at the time of activation by providing in a circumferential wall portion of the housing, the plurality of gas discharge openings of which opening pressures are set in three stages. When general specifications required of a disc-type gas generator are taken into consideration, the gas generator is preferably set such that the plurality of gas discharge openings are opened in three stages.


Articles and laminates include a substrate with a first polyester surface and a second polyester surface, a crosslinked polyurethane-based primer coated on at least the first polyester surface, and an optically clear heat activated adhesive adjacent to the crosslinked polyurethane-based primer. The articles and laminates are prepared by applying a polyurethane-based dispersion and a crosslinker on at least one polyester surface, drying the applied coating, heating while stretching the substrate and the coating to form a crosslinked primer layer on the stretched polyester surface, and applying an optically clear heat activated adhesive onto the crosslinked primer layer.

A problem often encountered in the polymer film art relates to the difficulty of providing strong adhesion between substrates and functional coatings applied to them. This is particularly true for polyester-based substrates. To deal with the problem, a primer layer or coating is often applied to the polyester substrate to improve adhesion between the substrate and the functional coating.
Among the primer technologies that have been used to provide improved adhesion between polyester-based substrates and functional coatings applied to them are: the use of aminosilane coatings to improve the adhesion at subfreezing temperatures as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,064,722 (Swofford et al.); PET (polyethylene terephthalate) films primed with polyallylamine coatings to improve adhesion to the PET film of a polyvinyl butyral or ionoplast resin layer, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,189,457 (Anderson); glass laminates for reduction of sound transmission that may include 3-layer laminates of polyester film positioned between two dissimilar polymer layers, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,297,407 (Anderson); and the primer layers for multi-layer optical films where the primer layer may include a sulfopolyester and a crosslinker, as described in PCT Publication No. WO 2009/123921.


The proposed system defines an automated safe reprogramming of software radios. The essence of software radios is to enhance or alter the functionality of a mobile terminal by using software. This means that the required software is downloaded onto a mobile terminal on the fly to meet the critical and necessary needs of the user. Lot of caution needs to be exercised while downloading the necessary software components on the fly. The proposed invention automates the validation and verification of the downloaded component by suggesting (a) a variety of signatures; (b) a means for defining multiple zones and verification of zone-specific signatures; (c) a means for computing the signatures of the downloaded component in the multiple zones; and (d) a means for verification of the downloaded component based on the signatures. The objective is to define the safeness of the downloaded component based on multiple signatures to be validated in different zones. In this way, the multiple validity requirements are tested in a systematic way and failure to meet any one of the requirements leads to the rejection of the downloaded component.

Wireless terminal architecture is adopting the principles of Software Defined Radio. The main thrust in applying the principles of Software Defined Radio into the handset architecture is to utilize the potential that SDR offers in terms of universal multi-mode terminal functionality within a single reconfigurable platform. This is necessitated by the plethora of standards in Radio Access technologies in both the second and third generation of mobile communication systems. Also, the need to provide true global roaming seamlessly across network boundaries, getting access to services anytime anywhere without having to bother about the underlying technology changes necessitates the terminal to have some amount of reconfigurability built in.
The architecture of a terminal built on the principles on Software Defined Radio follows a distributed computing paradigm. SDR Forum in their Software Communications Architecture Specification, Volume 2.2, suggests CORBA as a middleware. The entire Software Radio is viewed as a heterarchical collection of software components. Each application is viewed as composed of one or more of these components. Adding a new component is termed as commissioning and removing of a component is termed decommissioning of the component. A component can be commissioned, decommissioned or replaced on the fly. The component server is capable of managing the component activity at transaction level granularity.
Over-the-air reconfiguration of wireless terminals provides the true advantages of having a reconfigurable architecture. The terminals can download software components over-the-air and reconfigure the properties of the terminal. Theses components can range from new air interface protocols to new user applications. Some of these components can even change the pattern in the power emission characteristics of the terminal.
The reconfiguration process, as per Architectures Supporting SDR Terminals by Nikolas Olazieregi et al, at the minimum level, requires some generic tasks like available mode lookup, negotiation, over-the-air software download and reconfiguration. Every terminal will have some non-reconfigurable modules that take care of such functionality. The download of software components can be in two ways, namely, user-triggered and system-initiated. User-triggered software downloads can be for user applications such as scheduler, calendar or game applications. System initiated downloads can be for system level components such as CODECs, protocol stack for a new air interface, and modem for a new air interface.
Detection and control of the rogue SDR terminals in the future networks, by Jafar Faroughi-Esfahani et al, describes conditions under which reconfiguration of a terminal could lead to potential problems. The capability of a reconfigurable terminal to download and commission new software components during an operation also throws open the possibility of the terminal malfunctioning and jamming other users in the network.

System and method for automated safe reprogramming of software radios

Satyam Computer Services Limited of Mayfair Centre


A cloth curtain lift controller, which includes a driving wheel driven by a cord of beads to engage or be disengaged from a brake member by relative engagement with a ratchet wheel which is controlled by a stopper element to rotate in one direction. A torsion spring is mounted on a brake member with one end secured to the driving wheel so as to bias the driving wheel into engagement with the ratchet wheel. A driven cylinder is secured to the driving wheel to drive a cloth curtain scroll to raise or lower a cloth curtain.

The present invention relates to a cloth curtain lift controller for efficiently raising or lowering a cloth curtain.
1. Description of the Prior Art
Traditionally, a curtain is raised or lowered directly by a cord. Recently various designs for curtain lift controlling devices have been used. FIG. 1 illustrates a type of curtain lift controller according to the prior art, which is generally comprised of a cap A, a ring B, an axle C, a sliding wheel D, a stopper element E, a counter-stopper element G and a compression spring F. The compression spring F is set between the stopper element E and the counter-stopper element g; The stopper element E comprises a plurality of raised portions E1 respectively seated in the notches D1 of the sliding wheel D; The rod-like body C1 of the axle C is inserted through the sliding wheel D, the stopper element E and the compression spring F permitting its front semi-circular flange C11 to be secured in the semi-circular hole G1 of the counter element G; The ring B comprises a flange B1 set in a hole D3 on the base D2 of the sliding wheel D; a cap A comprises a side-wall portion A1 extending over pulley wheel portion D4 of the sliding wheel D. During operation, the sliding wheel D is rotated by a cord or chain through its toothed portion D5 so as to disconnect its notches D1 from the raised portions E1 of the stopper element E, the ribs D6 of the sliding wheel D are simultaneously driven to carry a curtain scroll to raise or lower a curtain. In operation, the notches D1 of the sliding wheel D must overcome the biasing force from the compression spring F before breaking away from the constraint of the raised portions E1. A disadvantage of this type of curtain lifting controller is that the raised portions E1 of the stopper element E and the compression spring may be easily damaged and affect the operation of the controller. Another disadvantage of this type of curtain lifting controller is that the notches D1 of the sliding wheel D may be easily disconnected from the raised portions E1 of the stopper element E when the connected curtain is directly pulled by an external force. Still another disadvantage of this type of curtain lifting controller is that with any damage to the raised portions E1 of the stopper element E, it will be impossible to stop the connected curtain at a desired position. All the above-said problems can be efficiently eliminated by means of the application of the present invention.

Structure of cloth curtain lift controller


Fluorescent proteins comprising the following internal amino acid sequence

Fluorescent proteins (FPs), in particular green fluorescent proteins, are commonly used fluorescent makers in molecular biology to monitor gene expression and protein localization in living organisms and in medical diagnostic applications.
Fluorescent proteins are found in a variety of marine organisms ranging from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, to the Indo-Pacific coral Discosoma. Due to their genetically encoded fluorescence, fluorescent proteins have become most important marker molecules and tools in cell biology. Becoming spontaneously fluorescent without any requirements for cofactors, substrates or other gene products, FPs have revolutionized research in many areas of biology.
During recent years FPs have also gathered strong appreciation as powerful tools for the drug discovery process. As fluorescent probes, FPs enable both real-time and non-invasive reporting in living cells. This ability provides a basis for cell-based monitoring of FP-linked targets upon administration of external drugs. The impact of FPs has been revolutionary; FPs have not only facilitated visualization of intricate cellular architecture but they have also acted as markers of protein dynamics and behavior in cell biology. These applications have been translated to drug discovery where fluorescence proteins have been utilized in fluorescence and confocal imaging, HTS/HCS screening assays and for in vivo diagnostics. FPs cannot only be used in early stage target characterization but also in retrieving non-invasive 'whole organism' data and in evaluating lead compound toxicology.
Limitations of most fluorescent proteins are generally associated with molecular brightness and/or stability. Moreover, many FPs have additional complications involving protein folding, chromophore maturation and self-association. Although FPs have vastly improved over the years, mainly by introducing mutations, they still exhibit major limitations.
There is an interest in obtaining new fluorescent proteins with different properties compared to known fluorescent proteins. For instance, there are no fluorescent proteins on the market that can be used in paraffin sections at room temperature for immunohistochemical purposes since they lose their fluorescence intensity under such conditions.

Fluorescent proteins and genes encoding them

Abstract: (SEQ ID NO: 47)Gly Tyr Xaa Xaa Xaa Gln Tyr Leu Pro Xaa Pro1               5                   10wherein                Xaa in position 3 is Ala or Gly,        Xaa in position 4 is Phe, His or Tyr,        Xaa in position 5 is His, Tyr or Asn, or        Xaa in position 10 is Phe or Tyrare disclosed. Such proteins are e.g. isolated or recombinant fluorescent proteins from a Cephalochordata, such as Branchiostoma floridae or Branchiostoma lanceolatum, or isolated mutants or recombinant proteins that have at least 80% amino acid sequence identity with the fluorescent proteins. Isolated and purified structural genes encoding such fluorescent proteins are also disclosed.


In general, techniques are described for synchronizing gateway layer two (L2) addresses of routers that cooperate to provide interconnectivity to multiple, separate L2 networks. In one example, a router includes a VPLS module that establishes a VPLS instance to provide L2 connectivity between a local L2 network for the router and a remote L2 network for the router, wherein the router is addressable by a gateway L2 address. A synchronization module receives a gateway L2 address synchronization message that includes an additional gateway L2 address for an additional router. An integrated routing and bridging (IRB) interface of the router receives a L2 PDU from the local L2 network on an attachment circuit for the VPLS instance attached to the interface card, and a forwarding unit routes a layer three (L3) packet carried by the PDU when the PDU has an L2 destination address that matches the additional gateway L2 address.

Networks that primarily utilize data link layer devices are often referred to as layer two (L2) networks. A data link layer device is a device that operates within the second layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model, i.e., the data link layer. One example of a common L2 networks is an Ethernet network in which end point devices (e.g., servers, printers, computers) are connected by one or more Ethernet switches or other L2 network devices. The Ethernet switches forward Ethernet frames, also referred to as L2 communications or L2 packets to devices within the network. As the Ethernet switches forward the Ethernet frames the Ethernet switches learn L2 state information for the L2 network, including media access control (MAC) addressing information for the devices within the network and the physical ports through which the devices are reachable. The Ethernet switches typically store the MAC addressing information in MAC tables associated with each of their physical interfaces. When forwarding an individual Ethernet frame, an ingress port of an Ethernet switch typically multicasts the Ethernet frame to all of the other physical ports of the switch unless the Ethernet switch has learned the specific physical port through which the destination MAC address devices is reachable. In this case, the Ethernet switch forwards a single copy of the Ethernet frame out the associated physical port.
Some layer three (L3) networks that route communications at the third layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model, i.e., the network layer, employ L3 network devices that also perform L2 functionality to bridge and switch L2 communications to other L3/L2 and L2 network devices within the networks. One mechanism by which network service providers that operate L3 networks provide L2 connectivity to their customers is by use of a virtual private local area network service (VPLS). A customer-specific VPLS instance transports layer two (L2) communications, such as Ethernet packets, between customer network sites through the service provider network core. In a typical configuration, provide edge (PE) routers coupled to the customer network sites define label switched paths (LSPs) that may be used to carry pseudowires that carry encapsulated L2 communications within the provider network as if the customer network sites were directly attached to the same local area network (LAN). Each of the PE routers operates as a virtual L2 switch having customer- and core-facing interfaces to connect the multiple LAN segments of an overall customer network defined by the individual customer network sites.

Synchronizing VPLS gateway MAC addresses


In an automated library, data cartridges, such as magnetic tape cartridges, are stored in storage cells and accessed by data storage drives. An accessor with a gripper transports cartridges between storage cells and storage drives. Cartridges are prioritized according to their relative importance. A processor manages the placement of the cartridges in cells by having higher priority cartridges stored closer to the front of multi-cartridge cells than cartridges with a lower priority. Cartridges with a higher priority may also be stored closer to a storage drive than cartridges with a lower priority. A pusher may be used to push cartridges towards the front of multi-cartridge cells with an empty position to enable the gripper to reach the front cartridge.

Automated data storage libraries are known for providing cost effective storage and retrieval of large quantities of data. The data in automated data storage libraries is stored on data storage media that are, in turn, stored on storage cells, shelves or the like inside the library in a fashion that renders the media, and its resident data, accessible for physical retrieval. Such media is commonly termed "removable media". Data storage media may comprise any type of media on which data may be stored and which may serve as removable media, including but not limited to magnetic media (such as magnetic tape or disks), optical media (such as optical tape or disks), electronic media (such as PROM, EEPROM, flash PROM, Compactflash™, Smartmedia™, Memory Stick™, etc.), or other suitable media. Typically, the data stored in automated data storage libraries is resident on data storage media that is contained within a data storage cartridge, also referred to herein as a cartridge. An example of a data storage cartridge that is widely employed in automated data storage libraries for mass data storage is a magnetic tape cartridge.
In addition to data storage media, automated data storage libraries typically contain one or more data storage drives that store (write) data to and/or retrieve (read) data from the data storage media. Transport of cartridges between storage cells and storage drives is typically accomplished by one or more robot accessors. Such accessors have grippers for physically retrieving a selected cartridge from a storage cell within the automated data storage library and transporting the cartridge to a storage drive by moving in the horizontal (X) and/or vertical (Y) directions. Additionally, many libraries now include data drives of different types and the libraries must accommodate multiple types of cartridges to be used in the different drives.
Customer demands for storage have increased. One method for satisfying such demands has been the development of increased storage media density, along with new data drives, such that more data can be stored in the same amount of customer floor space. While increased media density has helped alleviate the forgoing demand, the need for increased storage has continued. While storage cells have traditionally been designed to hold a single data cartridge, a more recent development has been storage cells designed to be deep enough to hold two or even more data cartridges. Thus, with only an incremental increase in the library footprint, the data density of a library may be increased by a factor of two or more.
When a cell is deep enough for a single cartridge, the cartridge is always within reach of the accessor gripper. However, when a cell holds more than one cartridge and the front cartridge has been removed, it is necessary for the remaining cartridges to be moved forward to be reachable by the gripper. This can be accomplished by the use of a spring located in the rear of the cell which pushes the cartridges forward or by the use of an external mechanism which can reach into the cell and push the cartridges forward.
In a multi-cartridge cell, it requires extra time to remove a desired cartridge which is not at the front of the cell. Intermediate cartridges must first be removed and placed at a temporary location before the desired cartridge may be brought to the front of the cell and removed. The other cartridges must then be brought back to the cell and inserted. Such actions slow the overall access time to data stored on the cartridge.
Consequently, a need remains for more efficient management of data cartridges in an automated storage library having multiple-cartridge cells.

Management of data cartridges in multiple-cartridge cells in an automated data storage library

International Business Machines Corporation


There is provided an apparatus for measuring flow rates of multi-phase flows in metal pipes, the apparatus comprising a transceiver generating a pulsed Doppler signal in the range 100 KHz to 10 microHz and an impedance device adapted to be coupled to a pipe so as to reduce or prevent reflections occurring from a pipe wall in response to the pulsed signal. The apparatus includes signal processor for analysing reflected signals received by the transceiver and for calculating the energy contained in a received signal. The pulsed signal is a shear wave which assists analysis of the reflected signals. The impedance device comprises a sound absorbing block made from plastics material with tungsten particles embedded therein. Different embodiments using various arrangements of transceivers are described, and also a related method of using the apparatus.

This invention relates to a flowmeter for use in connection with metal pipes, and in particular a non-invasive flowmeter using a pulsed narrow band ultrasonic signal to detect different phases present in a fluid flowing through a pipe.
Flowmeters which are clamped externally onto pipes to measure flows occurring within the pipes in a non-invasive manner are well known. Certain of these flowmeters use an ultrasound signal to monitor single-phase flows in industrial pipes. However, these meters are limited in application as they cannot be used to monitor multi-phase flows of gas/liquid or gas/oil/water in metal pipes, such as are common in the oil industry. This is because the metal pipes cause unwanted reflection of the ultrasound signal and also gas bubbles in the fluid tend to attenuate and scatter the signal. This makes interpretation of a reflected ultrasound signal very difficult.
The present invention aims to provide a flowmeter which is capable of monitoring multi-phase flows occurring in metal pipes.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided apparatus for measuring flow rates in metal pipes, the apparatus comprising transceiver means generating a pulsed narrow band ultrasonic signal in the range 100 KHz to 10 MHz and matching means adapted to be coupled to a pipe so as to reduce or prevent reflections from occurring from a pipe wall in response to the pulsed signal. The use of a pulsed Doppler measurement in combination with a matching means allows analysis of multi-phase flows within metal pipes to be undertaken.
The pulsed signal is generated at a known frequency and as is usual with Doppler-type analysis, a shift in frequency of a signal returned from a moving body can be used to determine the velocity of the moving body.
Accordingly, the apparatus preferably further comprises a signal processing means for analysing the reflected signals received by the transceiver means. This allows shifts in frequency of the reflected signal from that of the generated pulsed signal to be analysed to give a measure of the velocity of phases within a flow contained in a metal pipe.
The signal processing means desirably further comprises means for calculating the energy contained in the Doppler frequency shifted part of the a reflected signal.
Preferably the signal processing means further comprises means for calculating flow rates of at least two phases in a flow contained in a metal pipe. The invention is particularly applicable to flows occurring in horizontal pipes and for two phase flows, although in certain circumstances analysis of flows containing three phases can be undertaken, as can analysis of flows in vertical pipes.
To allow an analysis of the reflected Doppler signals according to depth of origin within a pipe wall, the signal processing means may further comprise range-gate channels for acquisition of data relating to the reflected signals.
A number of different embodiments are possible for apparatus in accordance with the present invention, and thus the transceiver means may be a transceiver, the matching means an impedance matching device, with the transceiver and impedance matching device being contained in a common housing. Measurements using the apparatus are typically obtained at more than one position, and where the transceiver and impedance device are contained in the common housing, multi-positional measurements may be obtained by moving the apparatus around a pipe so that successive measurements are taken at different angles to the vertical.
In a further embodiment, the transceiver means preferably comprises a plurality of transceivers, and similarly the matching means may comprise a plurality of impedance devices, such that each transceiver may be held in a common housing with a respective impedance matching device. In such an embodiment, there are thus a plurality of housings each containing a transceiver and an impedance matching device and multi-positional measurement about the circumference of a pipe may be obtained by spacing the housings around an outer surface of the pipe.
Where a common housing is provided for a transceiver and an impedance device, preferably the housing includes a frequency transparent material to allow signals from the transceiver to be emitted from the housing without distortion. This ensures that the signal characteristics of the pulsed signal are not affected by the impedance device.
To ensure that there is sufficient contact area between the housing and a pipe on which measures of flow are to be undertaken, preferably the housing comprises a contact face for engaging with a pipe, the contact face having a groove of complimentary curvature to a pipe wall. This ensures that sufficient energy of the pulsed signal is transmitted into fluid contained in the pipe.
Desirably the impedance matching device has its impedance substantially matched to that of a pipe wall on which the apparatus is to be used. By matching the impedance in this way, energy transmission between the transceiver and the fluid is mainly limited to the region of direct contact between the transceiver and the pipe wall as dispersion of energy into the area of pipe surrounding the transceiver is limited due to damping associated with the impedance matching material.
The impedance matching device may comprise a sound absorbing block and the block may be made from plastics material, such as epoxy, with metal particles, such as tungsten, embedded therein. Rubber with tungsten particles embedded therein is also suitable, as is any material with an impedance similar to the metal from which the pipe is made.
The impedance matching device may also comprise an irregular surface to scatter unwanted reflective signals, and so minimise specular reflections. One type of irregular surface suitable, is a surface with a repeating saw tooth edge in profile.
The pulsed signal propagating in the pipe wall is preferably a shear wave, which again acts to limit the amount of energy dispersion along the length of the pipe, as opposed to the desired energy transmission through the pipe wall and into the fluid. Whilst an element of compressional wave may be within the pulsed signal, it is preferred that the pulsed signal propagating in the pipe wall is entirely a shear wave.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for measuring flow rates in metal pipes, comprising attaching a transceiver means and matching means to a metal pipe containing fluids, generating a pulsed signal in the range 100 Khz to 10 MHz, transmitting the pulsed signal into fluid contained in the pipe, receiving a reflected signal from the fluid and analysing the reflected signal to determine different phases contained in the fluid.
The matching means reduces or prevents reflections occurring from a pipe wall in response to the pulsed signal.
Preferably, the method further comprises angling the transceiver means relative to a pipe to which it is attached, so as to achieve propagation of the pulsed signal as a shear wave. This helps ensure that a substantial proportion of the energy associated with the pulsed signal is transmitted into the fluid, and not just along the pipe wall.
The pulsed signal preferably propagates the shear wave at an angle between 35-85xc2x0 in a pipe wall, although other angles of incidence may be used, particularly where it is acceptable to have an element of compression wave in the pulsed signal. More preferably the angle should be between 45-75xc2x0.
The reflected signal is preferably analysed to determine its energy in the Doppler frequency shifted region, and analysis can also be undertaken using range-gate channels to allow the reflected signal to be analysed according to depth of origin within the fluid. Preferably the method further comprises measuring the reflected signal at a plurality of positions, the measurements being spaced apart in time. This can either be achieved by moving the transceiver means and matching means around the metal pipe, or by the transceiver means and matching means comprising a plurality of pairs of transceivers and impedance devices, these pairs being spaced apart on the pipe surface to achieve multi-positional measurement.


Methods for performing phase-correct layout and routing of integrated circuits using alternating aperture phase shift masks (AltPSM), including bright field AltPSM and dark field AltPSM are disclosed. Also disclosed are systems for performing phase-correct layout and routing, including computer-based routing programs and systems.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to methods and systems for design, layout, and routing of integrated circuits using alternating aperture phase shift masks.
2. Description of Related Art
The features of small integrated circuit semiconductor devices, such as microprocessors, are usually defined by using lithographic techniques on a semiconductor wafer. A typical lithographic mask for semiconductor photolithography processes is a sheet of quartz onto which a layer of chrome or another opaque material is deposited in patterns that define the shapes which are to be reproduced lithographically on the semiconductor wafer.
As better technologies have allowed the features of a semiconductor device to become smaller and smaller, feature size has begun to approach the theoretical minimum size that can be faithfully reproduced by conventional lithographic techniques. Therefore, as feature sizes have become smaller and smaller, engineers have turned to a number of Resolution Enhancement Techniques (RET) that improve the resolution of the conventional processes.
One RET is a technique known as Alternating Aperture Phase Shift Masks (AltPSM). In general, AltPSM makes use of the constructive and destructive interference of light to sharpen the edges and increase the resolution of lithographically reproduced features. Specifically, some portions of AltPSM masks are etched so as to be thinner, or have additional layers of transparent material deposited on them so as to be thicker. Changing the depth of material through which light passes during lithography alters the phase of the light. By selecting and controlling the depth (i.e., thickness) of the mask, an AltPSM mask can have areas in which the light passing through the mask is 180° out of phase with respect to the other areas of the same mask. When light that is 180° out of phase meets at the wafer, either constructive interference or destructive interference may occur, and the interfering light defines the pattern to which the (usually photoresist-covered) wafer is actually exposed. Typically, light of a particular wavelength (e.g., currently 193 nanometers (nm)) is used in semiconductor lithography. Resolution Enhancement Techniques such as AltPSM may be used to print features smaller than the wavelength of the light.
When using AltPSM techniques in integrated circuit design and layout, features that approach the minimum size may be defined, at least in part, by shapes having the phases necessary to cause interference and create the desired feature. Two primary types of AltPSM are in use: bright field and dark field. The two techniques are complements of one another. In bright field AltPSM, phase shifting shapes are added to the layout to sharpen the focus of the design features. In dark field AltPSM, phases are added to the design features themselves to define and sharpen the spaces between the features.
For example, FIG. 1 is a depiction of an exemplary phase-correct bright field AltPSM layout 10. The actual shape of the feature 12 is flanked on each side by a phase shape 14, 16. The two phase shapes 14, 16 have phases that are 180° out of phase, so that interference of light will define the desired feature 12.
FIG. 2 is a depiction of an exemplary phase-correct dark field AltPSM layout 20. In the dark field layout 20, three wires 22, 24, 26 are given particular phases; the uppermost and lowermost phase wires 22, 26 in FIG. 2 have the same phase, and the center wire 24 has a phase 180° out of phase with the other two wires 22, 26; therefore interference between the center wire 24 and the top and bottom wires 22, 26 will define and sharpen the spaces between the wires.
Typically, bright field AltPSM is used for polysilicon layers and dark field AltPSM is used for metal layers (e.g., wiring layers). The overall process of determining the location and phase of AltPSM phase shapes is sometimes referred to as "phase coloring," particularly in the case of dark field AltPSM, in which phases are added to existing shapes or features. AltPSM layouts and routings may be determined for an entire integrated circuit together, or for smaller individual portions of the circuit, for example, between a certain group of standard or "book" elements in one portion of the integrated circuit.

Methods and systems for layout and routing using alternating aperture phase shift masks


A self configuring knowledge representation system and method is presented which self configures based on the external stimuli in order to answer the query in a way best suited to the user. The domain knowledge representation here is by way of graphs that allows the knowledge to self configure based on the query intent to give “specific” to the query answers.

Knowledge management, in a typical business organization, is needed for achieving organization's primary objectives of improved business performance and to attain a competitive edge over others by adopting knowledge management as a strategic asset for gaining insights and experiences. In general, the process of knowledge management and acquisition demands a research level understanding of the subject domain such that the documents retrieved using search engines is digitally read and comprehensively analyzed. However, this does not imply that a researcher is all time capable of coming up with a most optimum solution to a given query, for he may have overlooked some of the other associated important aspects that were desirable to consider or he may not be able to capture the events that gets dynamically associated with any subject which may be valuable to contribute towards the attainment of optimal solution.
In some applications, Question Answering (QA) systems do use knowledge base in the form of ontologies to retrieve the most relevant document or information pertaining to the query. Ontology is a way to represent knowledge within a specific domain. This system is well documented in the existing prior arts. For example, Aqua-Log is a QA system which takes queries expressed in natural language and ontology as input and returns answers drawn from the available semantic markup. Other existing prior art discusses building an ontology for agriculture domain specifically. However the ontology used in the above arts are fixed, irrespective of external stimuli. This approach often leads to a "general" answer and not "specific to the question" answer. This is because QA systems are developed for certain domain and are anticipated to answer queries related to specific domain and not to specific person who is asking the query. None of the existing literature discusses the representation of knowledge such that it configures itself based on the external stimuli in order to answer the query specifically and satisfactorily.
For personalized response one should have access to a system that enables them to see a relationship between the domain knowledge and the external stimuli. Currently there is no systematic way of retrieving distilled knowledge from vast repositories of knowledge available over the internet. In the light of foregoing there is a need in the art for a knowledge management system that is easy to navigate and is capable of configuring itself in response to the query issued by the user along with the external stimuli in order to provide a solution/knowledge that best matches the user inquisition.

Self configuring knowledge base representation


A mechanical tube expander for simultaneously expanding plural hairpin tubes into interlocked relationship with plural fins which includes a frame on which is provided a receiver to support the bent portions of the hairpin tubes in an assembly of fins loosely stacked on the straight leg portions of the hairpin tubes. A support structure is also provided on the frame for engaging and supporting a first endmost fin that is oriented immediately adjacent to but spaced from the receiver. A pressure plate carrying a plurality of expander rods is provided and each of the expander rods is aligned with the hairpin tubes. A stripper plate structure having plural guide openings therethrough is also provided. The expander rods extend through the guide openings. Structure is provided on the stripper plate for engaging a second endmost sheet of the assembly of fins at an end thereof which is remote from the receiver. Separate drive devices are provided for effecting a selective and coordinated movement of each of the pressure plate, the stripper plate structure and the support structure relative to each other and in response to a movement of the expander rods and the tube expanding structure thereon into the straight leg portions of the hairpin tubes which effects an enlarging of the diameter of the straight leg portions to effect a fixing of each of the fins to the hairpin tubes.

Tube and fin type heat exchangers employing hairpin tubes (U tubes) or straight tubes are assembled into a mechanical tube expander by expanding the tubes into interference fit with the fins and end sheets of the heat exchanger. The hairpin tubes (U tubes) are comprised of two straight legs and a bend which is bent through an arc of 180.degree.. The length of the two straight legs usually determines the number of fins that are to be stacked one on top of the other and laced through holes provided in the fins.
One of the problems associated with a taking of an assembly of fins loosely stacked on the straight leg portions of the hairpin tubes and effecting a fixing of each of the fins to the hairpin tubes has been controlling the position at which each of the fins individually becomes affixed to the straight leg portion of the hairpin tubes. If one of the fins becomes affixed to the tube prematurely or not soon enough, a gap will form between mutually adjacent fins or mutually adjacent fins will be pushed into tighter relationship with one another and appear to be crushed (or may even be crushed) when viewed from the side edges of the fins. Further, the amount of stick out of the distal end of the straight leg portions of the hairpin tubes beyond the endmost fin remote from the 180.degree. bend is oftentimes uneven due to the crushing of the fin pack and not satisfactory to the customer purchasing the assembled coil. In addition, the length of the straight leg portions are known to shrink as the straight leg portions are expanded. This known shrinkage factor is further complicated by a growth in the height of the fin pack or coil height dimension as the tubes are expanded. These complicated relationships have resulted in undesired crushing of the fin pack, especially when the consistency in the material of the tubes varies. Thus, an apparatus which will effect an assembly of fins onto the straight leg portions of hairpin tubes and avoid the disadvantages mentioned above is deemed desirable.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a mechanical tube expander having separate drive means for effecting a selective and coordinated movement of each of the pressure plate, the stripper plate and a support structure for an endmost fin in an assembly of fins relative to each other and in response to a movement of the expander rods and the tube expanding structure thereon into the straight leg portions of the tubes which effects an enlarging of the diameter of the straight leg portions to effect a fixing of each of the fins to the hairpin tubes.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a mechanical tube expander, as aforesaid, which has a control panel having controls thereon enabling the operator to set up the machine for differing coil heights while remaining at the control panel.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a mechanical tube expander, as aforesaid, wherein structure is provided for compensating for the shrinkage of the length of the straight leg portions and the simultaneous growth in the height dimension of the fin pack or coil height.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a mechanical tube expander, as aforesaid, wherein the separate drive means for effecting a selective and coordinated movement of each of the pressure plate, the stripper plate and the support for an endmost fin or end sheet is precisely controlled by a preprogrammed control circuit precisely moving each of the aforesaid pressure plate, stripper plate and support structure at precisely the correct rate of speed and at the correct moment in time to bring about the desired assembly of fins.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a mechanical tube expander, as aforesaid, which is easy to operate and permits simple compensation for minor part variations.

Mechanical tube expander with four axis control


The present invention aims at preventing erroneous data reproduction even when the amplitude center of a signal of a data part read out from an optical disc is displaced. An information reproducing apparatus comprises read means for reading data stored in each of block units on an optical disc and outputting a read signal, digitizing means for digitizing the read signal by using a slice level, generating means for comparing the signal digitized by the digitizing means and clock signals output at predetermined intervals, thereby generating a charge width signal representing a phase difference between the digitized signal and the clock signals, while the data stored in a data storing portion of the block unit is read by the read means, and changing means for changing the slice level of the digitizing means on the basis of the charge width signal generated by the generating means.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an information reproducing apparatus for reproducing information recorded on an optical disc by a mark-length recording system.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, optical discs in which information is recorded by a mark-length recording system have been put to practical use. According to this recording system, a block unit including a preamble part and a data part is used as a unit, and a number of block units are used for information recording. The preamble part stores a predetermined code for synchronizing the block units, and the data part stores recording data and a sync code.
There has been proposed an appartus (Japanese Patent Application No. 2-201533/90), wherein when information is reproduced from the optical disc, an average value of detection signals of the preamble portions recorded on the optical disc is found, and, on the basis of a slice level determined by the average value, the data part is digitized at a center level of the amplitude tude of the preamble part.
This apparatus exactly detects the pit width and the interval between pits and prevents erroneous data reproduction, even when a laser reflection light amount from the optical disc varies due to a focal offset of the optical head, a variation in film sensitivity of the optical disc, a variation in laser intensity, a distor tion in analog circuits and digitizing circuits, etc.
In this apparatus, however, erroneous reproduction cannot be prevented when the center of amplitude of the data part is displaced.

Information reproducing apparatus with variable digitizing threshold


A high temperature resistant textile sleeve and method of construction thereof is provided. The textile sleeve has a flexible, tubular knit wall of thermoplastic yarns. The yarns are tightly knit with weft knit stitches extending along a circumferential direction about the tubular knit wall to provide a substantially smooth inner surface and a substantially smooth outer surface. The yarns are knit in a tricot stitch pattern, wherein the tricot knit stitches extend along a circumferentially direction of the sleeve wall.

1. Technical Field
This invention relates generally to textile sleeves for protecting elongate members, and more particularly to knit textile sleeves having a high resistance to radiant heat.
2. Related Art
Tubular sleeves are known to provide protection to elongate members contained therein, such as a wire harness, fluid or gas conveying tubes, or cable, for example. Some protective sleeve applications must provide protection to the elongate members against exposure to high temperature radiant heat. One such type of sleeve is constructed of tubular ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM). Sleeves constructed of EPDM provide basic mechanical protection and typically have smooth inner and outer surfaces to prevent abrasion of the elongate members being protected and to prevent abrasion of external components, and further, they remain generally tubular and are flexible. However, being constructed of EPDM, these sleeves are limited to withstanding a temperature of radiant heat up to about 250 degrees F., or less.

High temperature resistant weft knit textile sleeve and method of construction thereof


This invention relates to a process for producing magnetite particles having a coercivity of 6.366 kA/m to 10.345 kA/m (=80 to 130 Oe) and an octahedral particle shape, comprising heating an alkaline component and an iron(II) component in the form of an aqueous solution to a temperature of 50xc2x0 C. to 100xc2x0 C., whereby the molar ratio of iron(II) component to one equivalent of alkaline component is 0.38 to 0.45, and treating the suspension with an oxidizing agent at a rate of oxidation of 20 to 50 mol. % Fe(II)/h until the iron compound has an Fe(III) content of more than 65 mol. %, and then again adding an Fe(II) component in the form of an aqueous solution at a molar ratio of Fe(II) to one equivalent of total alkaline component used is 0.47 to 0.49, and treating the suspension with an oxidizing agent, at a rate of oxidation is 20 to 50 mol. % Fe(II)/h until the iron compound has an Fe(III) content of more than 65 mol. %, and filtering the suspension, and washing, drying and grounding the residue.

The invention relates to a process for producing magnetite particles.
Particulate magnetites produced from aqueous solutions by a precipitation process have been known for a long time. The production of magnetite by precipitation of iron(II) sulfate using an alkaline component and subsequent oxidation by air has already been described in U.S. Pat. No. 802,928. The production of magnetites by the precipitation process is likewise described in numerous subsequent publications.
The production of magnetites by the precipitation process with the addition of silicon is described in JP-A 51 044 298. Pure precipitated magnetites without added foreign elements can be produced batchwise according to DE-A 3 209 469 or continuously according to DE-A 2 618 058. Normally, the iron(II) salt used is FeSO4.
It is possible, however, to use any soluble iron(II) salt for the production of a magnetite by the precipitation process. The use of FeCl2, as described in DE-A 3 004 718, is particularly suitable here. The use of FeSO4 or of FeCl2 has the advantage that both substances can be obtained very economically in large quantities as waste products of the iron-working industry. Suitable precipitating agents, besides the most frequently used sodium hydroxide, are CaO or CaCO3 (DE-A 3 004 718), ammonia (DE-A 2 460 493) or Na2CO3, MgCO3 or MgO (EP-A 0 187 331). Air is generally used as the oxidizing agent. However, oxidation processes using nitrates (DD-A 216 040 and DD-A 284 478) are also described.
The magnetites have been used primarily for producing all kinds of pigments. The particular advantage of magnetites over organic pigments and carbon black is their far better resistance to weathering, so that pigments containing magnetite can also be used outdoors. Precipitated magnetites are also usually employed for coloring concrete moldings such as concrete paving stones or concrete roofing tiles.
Magnetites have also been used for a long time in electrophotography for the production of toners. Magnetites which have been obtained by the precipitation process are preferably employed for producing toners for photocopiers using one-component toners. The magnetic toners used for this purpose must have several properties. With the progressive development and improvement of photocopiers and printers, ever greater demands are placed on the magnetic toners and consequently on the magnetite used in them. The most recent generation of printers achieves a resolution of more than 400 dpi (dots per inch), for which it was necessary to develop finely divided toners having a very narrow particle-size distribution. The result of this was that the magnetites used for this purpose must likewise possess a very narrow particle-size distribution. A specific particle size is also necessary in order to ensure a homogeneous distribution of the magnetite particles in the final toner. The magnetites must themselves have an electrical resistance high enough to stabilize the latent image during electrostatic transfer. Furthermore, coercivity, saturation magnetization and, above all, the remanent magnetization must all be in the correct relationship to the field strengths prevailing in the machine.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a technically particularly simple and therefore also economic process for producing magnetites having a coercivity of 80 to 130 Oe (=6.366 kA/m to 10.345 kA/m) and an octahedral particle shape for the production of magnetic toners. This object can be achieved by the process according to the invention.
The invention relates to a process for producing a magnetite having a coercivity of 6.366 kA/m to 10.345 kA/m (=80 to 130 Oe) and an octahedral particle shape by
a) placing an alkaline component in the form of an aqueous solution under a protective gas,
b) heating the alkaline component to a temperature of 50xc2x0 C. to 100xc2x0 C.,
c) adding an iron(II) component in the form of an aqueous solution whereby the molar ratio of iron(II) component to one equivalent of alkaline component is 0.38 to 0.45, while maintaining the temperature at 50xc2x0 C. to 100xc2x0 C.,
d) treating the suspension obtained in c) with an oxidizing agent, whereby the rate of oxidation is 20 to 50 mol. % Fe(II)/h until the iron compound has an Fe(III) content of more than 65 mol. %,
e) after the oxidation in d), again adding an Fe(II) component in the form of an aqueous solution to the suspension obtained in d) whereby the molar ratio of Fe(II) in c) to one equivalent of total alkaline component used is 0.47 to 0.49,
f) treating the suspension obtained in e) with an oxidizing agent, whereby the rate of oxidation is 20 to 50 mol. % Fe(II)/h until the iron compound has an Fe(III) content of more than 65 mol. %,
g) filtering the suspension, and washing, drying and grounding the residue.
Surprisingly, it has been found that by increasing the ratio of Fe(II) to alkaline component to 0.38 to 0.44, at temperatures of 50xc2x0 C. to 100xc2x0 C., preferably at 70xc2x0 C. to 90xc2x0 C., and by rapid oxidation (up to 50 mol. % Fe(II)), a magnetite which is usable in standard toners is obtained. Owing to the high rate of oxidation, the process is particularly economical because the plants can be utilized particularly efficiently.
The magnetites thus obtained can be used not only in magnetic toners, but also for coloring paper, plastic, paints, fibres and concrete, and in dyes.
Magnetites having a coercivity of 80 to 130 Oe (=6.366 kA/m to 10.345 kA/m) and an octahedral particle shape are obtainable by the following process according to the invention, wherein
a) an alkaline component in the form of an aqueous solution is placed under a protective gas,
b) the alkaline component is heated to a temperature of 50xc2x0 C. to 100xc2x0 C., preferably to 70xc2x0 C. to 90xc2x0 C.,
c) an iron(II) component in the form of an aqueous solution is added in a quantity such that the molar ratio of iron(II) component to one equivalent of alkaline component is 0.38 to 0.45, the temperature being maintained at 50xc2x0 C. to 100xc2x0 C., preferably 70xc2x0 C. to 90xc2x0 C.,
d) the suspension obtained in c) is treated with an oxidizing agent, with a rate of oxidation of 20 to 50 mol. % Fe(II)/h being established, until the iron compound has an Fe(III) content of more than 65 mol. %,
e) after the oxidation in d), an Fe(II) component in the form of an aqueous solution is again added to the suspension obtained in d) in a quantity such that the molar ratio of Fe(II) used in c) to one equivalent of total alkaline component used is 0.47 to 0.49,
f) the suspension obtained in e) is again treated with an oxidizing agent, with a rate of oxidation of 20 to 50 mol. % Fe(II)/h being established, until the iron compound has an Fe(III) content of more than 65 mol. %, and then
g) filtered and the residue is washed, dried and ground.
The alkaline component preferably contains an alkali metal hydroxide, an alkaline-earth metal hydroxide, an alkaline-earth metal oxide, an alkali metal carbonate, MgCO3 or ammonia
The iron (II) component preferably contains a water-soluble Fe(II) salt, more preferably an iron sulfate or iron dichloride. It is also possible, however, to use other water-soluble Fe(II) compounds, in particular if they are available at comparable prices.
The oxidizing agent preferably contains atmospheric oxygen, pure oxygen, H2O2, chlorine, alkali metal chlorates (for example, NaOCl, NaClO3, NaClO4) or nitrates. Atmospheric oxygen, pure oxygen, H2O2 or sodium nitrate are more preferred.
A particularly preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention is described in more detail below.
Sodium hydroxide solution containing 300 g NaOH per liter of water is placed in a batch-operated stirred-tank reactor, with stirring under a flow of protective gas.
The solution is then heated to a temperature of between 50xc2x0 C. and 100xc2x0 C., preferably between 70xc2x0 C. and 90xc2x0 C. When this temperature has been attained, metering of the Fe(II) component is commenced. The Fe(II) component is calculated from the desired NaOH/Fe(II) ratio. If, for example, the aim is to achieve an NaOH/Fe(II) ratio of 0.55 and 100 mol NaOH has been introduced, then 100*0.55 =55 mol Fe(II) component must be added. The calculation of the alkali metal hydroxide/Fe(II) ratio is based on the equation
Fe2++2NaOHxe2x86x92Fe(OH)2+2Na+Fe(II)/NaOH=0.50.
If an alkaline component is used which reacts in a different stoichiometric ratio with the Fe(II) component to form Fe(OH)2 or FeCO3, the ratio must be correspondingly altered. This is the case, for example, where carbonates or alkaline-earth metal hydroxides or alkaline-earth metal oxides are used, so that in these cases the equation is as follows:
Fe2++Ca(OH)2xe2x86x92Fe(OH)2+Ca2+Fe(II)/Ca(OH)2=1.0
or
Fe2++Na2CO3xe2x86x92FeCO3+2Na+Fe(II)/Na2CO3=1.0.
The Fe(II) component is metered preferably at such a rate such that no fall in temperature occurs. When the addition of the calculated quantity of the Fe(II) component is complete, the reaction mixture is optionally heated once more to 50xc2x0 C. to 100xc2x0 C. In many cases the temperature in b) and the temperature in c) are identical, so that a further heating step is not required in c). When this temperature has been attained, the aeration with protective gas is concluded and the addition of the oxidizing agent is commenced. In the case of an aeration using air, air is introduced via an aeration device below the stirrer. The quantity of air supplied per hour is between 5 and 15 l/h per mol Fe(II). Where NaNO3 is used, the oxidizing agent is pumped in as an aqueous solution over a period of 5 to 30 minutes. The quantity required can be calculated from:
NaNO3[mol]=Fe(II) [mol]*0.67*xe2x85x9.
For example, 100 mol Fe(II) would therefore require 8.375 mol NaNO3. The quantities of the other oxidizing agents are calculated from the redox equivalents of the respective oxidizing agents. Here it should be borne in mind that at most only 66.6% of the Fe(II) has to be oxidized in order to produce magnetite.
The oxidation is concluded preferably when an Fe(III) content of more than 65 mol. % has been attained. This can be ascertained by redox titration.
Following this oxidation, an aqueous solution of an Fe(II) component is added until a ratio of Fe(II)/alkaline component of 0.47 to 0.49 is established. This further addition of Fe(II) serves to completely utilize the alkaline component used. If this step were not carried out, a considerable proportion of the alkaline component would enter the waste water, where it would have to be neutralized at some expense. Subsequently, oxidation is resumed at a rate of up to 50 mol. % Fe(II)/h, until an Fe(III) content of more than 65 mol. % is attained.
On conclusion of the second oxidation, the product is filtered, washed and dried. Prior to being dried, the product can be aftertreated in order to improve the thermostability and dispersibility. A polysiloxane or organic Ti ester can be preferably used for this.
The preferred conditions are as follows:
alkaline component: NaOH
Fe component: FeSO4
reaction temperature: 80xc2x0 C. to 90xc2x0 C.
FeSO4/NaOH: 0.43 to 0.41
rate of oxidation: 35 to 50 mol. % Fe(II)/h
FeSO4/NaOH after the first oxidation: 0.48
The magnetites produced by the process according to the invention or the magnetites according to the invention can be used with particular advantage for the production of toners, printing inks and dye pastes for ink-jet printers.
The properties of the magnetites were measured by the following methods:
1. The color values were examined by preparing a paint: 3.2 g magnetite was ground in a microdismembrator (30xe2x80x3) using an agate sphere of 10 mm in diameter. Then 2.0 g of the binder Alkydal(copyright) F48 (Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Del.), 0.1 g of the ground magnetite to be examined and 1.0 g TiO2 (Bayertitan(copyright) R-FK2; Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Del.) were ground on a plate color rubbing machine (product of Engelsmann) having a diameter of 250 mm (also referred to as a muller).
The color values L* (brightness), a* (red) and b* (blue) were determined in accordance with DIN 55986, using Dataflash 2000 (d/8xc2x0), instrument A and the evaluation programme CIELAB 2 dated 19.10.1989. The entire procedure of color measurement is described in detail in EP-A 0 911 370.
2. The magnetic values (coercivity, specific saturation magnetization, specific remanent magnetization) were measured by a magnetometer (product of Bayer) at 5000 Oe field strength (corresponding to 397.9 kA.mxe2x88x921).
3. The BET surface area was measured in accordance with DIN 66 131. Gas mixture: 90% He, 10% N2; measuring temperature: 77.4 K; heating at 140xc2x0 C., 60 minutes.
4. Elemental analysis for Si and Mn:
Si was determined by spectral analysis, using ICP-OES. Mn was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
5. Elemental analysis for Fe (total), Fe(II) and Fe(III):
Determinations in accordance with DIN 55 913. The Fe content was determined by titration with KMnO4 using a memotitrator (Mettler DL-70). The Fe(III) was determined similarly, using TiCl3. The total iron content was calculated from the two individual values and the weighed portion. The concentrations of the two standard solutions were determined daily.
6. Particle shape and particle size:
Assessment of the particle size and particle shape from a transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrograph at 30,000 times magnification.
7. Elemental analysis for S:
Sulfur was determined by ICP-OES.
8. The water-soluble constituents were determined in accordance with ISO-EN 787 Part 3.
9. The pH value of the magnetite powder was determined in accordance with ISO-EN 787 Part 9.
The invention is illustrated in more detail by the following Examples.

Process for producing magnetite particles


An electrical connector and a method for assembling the electrical connector is provided, wherein the electrical connector includes a connector shell defining a connector shell cavity and having a connector nose end and a connector base end, wherein the connector shell includes a connector shell internal threaded portion proximate the connector base end, a contact insert having a power contact carrier, a ground contact carrier and a ground plane, wherein the ground contact carrier is conductively connected to the ground plane and a bonding nut having a bonding nut threaded portion, wherein the contact insert and bonding nut is contained within the connector shell cavity to be proximate the connector base end, such that the bonding nut threaded portion engages the connector shell internal threaded portion to contact the ground plane.

Class L electrical power connectors are well known in the art and are standard power connectors that have been in use for at least 50 years. These types of connectors are designed to Military Specification MIL-DTL-22992 to be suitable for heavy duty use in industrial and military applications. Typically, Class L connectors are configured with different shell sizes ranging from 28 to 52 and they are configured to operate with conductor sizes that range from size 6 to 4/0 AWG and are used to operate with electrical currents ranging from 40 to 200 amperes. Because these connectors are for heavy duty uses and large power applications, it is important, from a safety and operational perspective, that the connector has a suitable strain relief and that the shell maintains continuity to the ground pin(s) (this is also a requirement of the MIL-SPEC). In current Class L connectors this is accomplished by using an aluminum back shell and a wire mesh Kellems grip. The continuity is achieved by bonding the ground pin(s) together in the front shell of the connector via a metal ring. The back shell is screwed and tightened to the front shell and the metal of the back shell bonds to a metal ground ring. This creates continuity between the entire connector body and the ground pin(s). One view of a prior art Class L connector is shown in FIG. 1.
Unfortunately, the aluminum back shell and Kellems grip used with current Class L connectors have several undesirable characteristics. First, because the metal body of the connector is exposed to the environment, these connectors can freeze making handling difficult. Second, because the aluminum back shell used to create ground continuity is large, the connectors are large, bulky and non-ergonomic. Third, because these connectors are used in heavy duty applications and the Kellems grip is exposed to the environment, the Kellems grip tends to fray overtime causing individual wires of the wire mesh to stick out of the grip. Thus, when a user grabs the grip, the frayed wires tend to cut the hand of the user.

Electrical power connector with improved ground continuity and method for manufacturing same


An electronic device is disclosed herein and includes a multi-functional power button and a processor, where the multi-functional power button includes a power switch and a fingerprint recognition module. The fingerprint recognition module is combined on the power switch, and the processor is coupled to the multi-functional power button. The fingerprint recognition module is configured to extract a fingerprint feature information. The processor is configured to determine whether the multi-functional power button is pressed or touched to respectively cause the power switch to generate a switching signal or cause the fingerprint recognition module to extract the fingerprint feature information.

Field of Invention
The present invention relates to electronic device technology. More particularly, the present invention relates to an electronic device for operation recognition.
Description of Related Art
With development of network technology becomes mature, some service (e.g., online payment or other information that involves personal privacy) requires an environment with higher security, and combinations of accounts and passwords are often used for identity certification. For users, although security of personal information is increased, account and password are required to be entered again whenever the identity is under certification so that burdens on the users are also increased. Particularly, if the users setup different combinations of accounts and passwords corresponding to different services, difficulty with use of the combinations of accounts and passwords is further increased. Moreover, once the passwords are cracked, the users need to take risks that personal information leaks and be hacked.
Therefore, one of currently important subjects of research is how to improve convenience of identity certification and security concerns, which also becomes an objective that desires to be improved in related fields.


A method, apparatus and computer program product for providing policy inheritance between Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) is presented. The systems disclosed herein are able to convey, from a designated (i.e., first) VLAN to a roaming (i.e., second) VLAN, mobility VLAN policies enabled at the designated VLAN that are not provided at the roaming VLAN. In operation, example embodiments of the present invention detect a roaming mobile unit in the roaming VLAN. VLAN policies for the mobile unit are then requested from a VLAN server mobility switch in the designated VLAN. VLAN policies are then received and applied in the roaming VLAN.

Wireless Local Area Networks (LANs) are a popular and inexpensive way to allow multiple users of mobile units to communicate with each other, to access a wired LAN, to access a local server, to access a remote server, such as over the Internet, etc. Wireless LANs are employed within facilities such as businesses, university classrooms or buildings, airport lounges, hotel meeting rooms, etc. When a user is physically located in the vicinity of an access point, the transceiver of the mobile unit communicates with the access point and a connection to the wireless LAN is established.
A LAN may also include one or more Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs). A VLAN includes a group of devices with a common set of requirements that communicate as if they were attached to the same broadcast domain, regardless of their physical location. A VLAN has the same attributes as a physical LAN, but allows for devices to be grouped together even if they are not located on the same network switch. Conventional VLANs were statically configured on wired networks using the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.1Q networking standard. Typically, Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) are governed by a set of policies relating to network security, user permissions and the like.

Methods, apparatus and computer readable medium for conveying virtual local area network (VLAN) policies from designated to roamed network


A trench structure of an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is formed as a trench net in a P region and extends into an N− layer. The trench net separates the P region into P wells and floating P layers. The P wells contact an emitter electrode while the floating P layers are not in direct contact with the emitter electrode. A gate formed of conductive material and having a surrounding insulation oxide layer is formed in the trench net. An N+ layer may be formed above each floating P layer under the gate. The floating P layers are isolated from the gate and are also not connected to the emitter electrode.

An insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a three-terminal power semiconductor device with a low voltage drop, high efficiency and fast switching operational characteristics. The IGBT is used to switch electric power in many modern appliances. The IGBT combines the gate-drive characteristics of a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) with the high current and low saturation voltage capability of bipolar transistors by combining an isolated gate FET for the control input and a bipolar power transistor as a switch in a single device.
FIGS. 1a and 1b illustrate a conventional trench IGBT structure. FIG. 1a is a top partially cut away view of the conventional trench IGBT structure, and FIG. 1b is a cross-sectional view of the conventional trench IGBT structure taken along line A-A'. The trench IGBT structure includes a collector electrode 100. A P+ layer 110 is formed above the collector electrode 100, and an N layer 120 is formed above the P+ layer 110. An N− layer 130 is formed above the N layer 120, and P wells 140 are formed above the N− layer 180. A trench is formed between adjacent P wells 140 and extends into the N− layer 130 such that the adjacent P wells 140 are isolated from each other. An N+ source region 150 is formed in each upper corner of each P well 140 proximate the trench. A gate 160 is formed in each trench. The gate 160 is surrounded by an oxide layer 170 such that the oxide layer 170 is provided between the gate 160 and the N− layer 130, the P wells 140 and the N+ source regions 150. An emitter electrode 180 is formed above the P wells 140, the N+ source regions 150 and the gate 160 including the oxide layer 170.
The conductivity of a semiconductor may be varied in proportion to the density of charge carriers. For example, increasing the amount of charge carriers increases the conductivity of the device. This phenomenon is referred to as "conductivity modulation." FIG. 1c illustrates a graph of charge carrier densities (i.e., electron and hole densities) in the N− layer 130 and the N layer 120 of the conventional trench IGBT structure shown in FIGS. 1a and 1b.
In operation, when a positive voltage is applied to the gate 160, electrons move from the N+ source regions 150 and the P wells 140 into the N− layer 130 and the N layer 120. However, the electrons do not easily traverse the junction barrier between the N layer 120 and the P+ layer 110, resulting in increased electron density at the barrier. In the opposite direction, holes from the P+ layer 110 move into the N layer 120 and the N− layer 130. The holes in the N− layer 130 easily traverse the junction and into the P wells 140 which decreases the charge carrier density at the junction. Thus, the conventional IGBT structure causes many holes to escape.
In order to limit the amount of holes that escape the N− layer 130 and enter the P wells 140, a width of the gate 160 may be increased to create a wide trench IGBT. A wide trench IGBT structure enhances conductivity modulation because a bottom of the wide trench blocks hole escape through the P wells 140 and also supplies electrons to combine with the holes. The electrons compensate for the positive charge of the holes. The density of electrons and holes can be increased under the wide trench. As a result, the wide trench IGBT structure promotes conductivity modulation of the N layer 120 and the N− layer 130 of the device. However, conventional wide trench IGBTs may be structurally unstable and mechanically weak, and are also difficult to manufacture.
Therefore, it is desirable to provide an improved wide trench IGBT structure.


Petunia plant having a free flowering, pendant habit and free branching growth habit.

Genus and species: Petuniaxc3x97hybrida.
Variety denomination: xe2x80x98Keipabukasxe2x80x99.
The present invention relates to a new and distinct variety of petunia plant which was originated by me by crossing two unnamed varieties, neither of which is patented.
The primary objective of this breeding was to produce a new petunia variety having a free flowering, pendant habit and free branching.


The invention relates to a high melting point chicken fat produced by dry fractionation of semi-liquid chicken fat. In particularly the invention relates to a chicken fat wherein the chicken fat having a total saturated fat content of 48 to 72 wt % (based on weight of total fat) comprising the fatty acids C16:0 in the range of 36 to 55 wt % (based on weight of total fat) and C18:0 in the range of 11 to 19 wt % (based on weight of total fat).

Chicken fat is a well-known ingredient in food manufacturing due to its flavour and nutritional value. In particular, chicken fat is not restricted by any religious belief. In its original form, chicken fat contains of 25 to 29 wt % of saturated fatty acid content (based on weight of total fat). It is usually prone to faster rancidity at room temperature of 20° C. It is semi-liquid at room temperature of 20° C. and has limitations on its application due to the low slip melting point. This limitation becomes more important in bouillon products where fat structuring properties are required for industrial process-ability and shelf life. Introducing chicken fat into powdered recipes through mixing requires complex process, e.g. melting and spraying units. An amount of 3 wt % of chicken fat in the recipes has been found detrimental to flow-ability of bouillon powder mixes. Inhomogeneous distribution of fats during mixing causes lumping and sticking powders that triggers dosing inaccuracy.
Usually culinary products such as bouillon tablets/cubes require a fat that remains solid at room temperature at 20° C. and even up to 40° C. to ensure tablet/cubes integrity/hardness. Such fat is also necessary to avoid staining of the packaging during shelf life. Staining is a common quality issue in bouillon tablets/cubes. Fat that is convertible to powdered format is desirable because it simplifies the manufacturing process with no need to melt the fat and ensures a good flow-ability of a bouillon mass resulting in efficient filling and/or tableting processes. Currently this high melting fats are usually based on palm fat, however palm fat is not consumer friendly. In addition palm fat has a neutral taste which on one side is an advantage while on the other side requires that flavour compounds/flavour extracts be added to a recipe to achieve a certain taste. For example chicken flavour has to be added to a chicken bouillon.
Chicken fat in its original form is usually semi-liquid at room temperature of 20° C. and so far there is no commercial or technical availability of a chicken fat which has a high solid fat content and slip melting point.
Hence there is an existing need in the art and food industry to provide a better solution for a high melting fat using no palm fat or no hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated fat. The Invention has developed a fractionated chicken fat which has a high slip melting point (>45° C.) and a solid fat content (>30% at 30° C.). This development delivers fat structuring properties, total flavour reduction and total fat reduction in bouillons. It is also desirable to be able to produce chicken fat in powdered form. The introduction of chicken fat in powdered form into recipes simplifies processes thus eliminating the need of fat melting and spraying unit during mixing.


An in-vehicle engine control apparatus allowing split injection frequency or split injection of fuel while preventing a driving switch element for fuel injecting electromagnetic coils and a boosting switch element for generating a boosted high voltage from being overheated. An operation control circuit portion has reference data of measured environmental temperature vs allowable engine rotational speed with a selected value of the split injection frequency being a parameter, and determines the selected value having, as an upper limit, a split injection frequency which makes the internal temperature of the boosting switch element or a rapidly exciting switch element a predetermined allowable limit value in association with the present environmental temperature detected by an average environmental temperature detection element in a case and the present engine rotational speed detected by an engine rotation sensor.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to improvements of an in-vehicle engine control apparatus in which multiple fuel injections, i.e. fuel injections of plural times are performed to the same cylinder in one combustion cycle period of an internal combustion engine, and in particular to an in-vehicle engine control apparatus in which a temperature rise of a fuel injection control portion following such multiple fuel injections is suppressed.
2. Description of the Related Art
A fuel injection type multi-cylinder engine includes a collective injection type which performs the fuel injection once in one combustion cycle period of each cylinder, a split (divided) injection type which performs the fuel injection of the same amount as a whole by multiple split injections, or an intermittent split type which alternately repeats the collective injection and the split injection, in order to improve vehicle exhaust emission measures and fuel efficiency depending on the load condition.
It is to be noted that split injection mentioned herein includes a variety of injection types, for example from a split injection type of two steps or stages composed of a former injection in the inlet stroke and a latter injection in the compression stroke to a split injection type of five steps at maximum composed of a pilot injection in the compression stroke; a pre-injection, a main injection, and an after-injection in the explosion stroke; and a post injection in the exhaust stroke.
For instance, "Fuel injection control apparatus" of Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication 2005-337038 (hereafter, referred to as Patent Document 1) is, as shown in FIGS. 3, 4, and 8) provided with a thermistor 41 for detecting an ambient temperature Ta of FETs 35-37 between the charging FET 35 (boosting switch element mentioned in this patent application) for generating a boosted high voltage, the separating FET 36 (rapid excitation switch element mentioned in this patent application) for applying a boosted high voltage to a plurality of injectors 20, and the constant current FET 37 (power feeding-sustaining switch element mentioned this patent application) for feeding power to the injectors 20 from a battery power supply. In addition, a temperature difference between the ambient temperature Ta and a junction temperature Tj of the FETs 35-37 when operated on the severest condition is preliminarily calculated and stored, which is added this to the actual ambient temperature Ta, thereby calculating the maximum junction temperature Tjmax. When this exceeds a predetermined temperature (e.g. 150 degrees C.) for determining an overheat state, the number of split step (five steps at maximum) of the split injection is reduced, thereby suppressing such a temperature rise.
According to FIG. 10 and the descriptions of Paras. [0055], [0056], it is described that the thermistor 41 is preferably provided in close vicinity of a heatsink of MOSFET, that is a part to be measured, to measure the ambient temperature Ta at the nearest position, thereby reducing a calculation error of the junction temperature.
In the descriptions, four cylinder FETs (rapid cutoff switch element mentioned in this patent application) for four cylinder engine, four separating FETs 36 (rapid excitation switch element mentioned in this patent application), two constant current FETs 37 (power feeding-sustaining switch element mentioned in this patent application) by cylinder group, and two charging FETs 35 (boosting switch element mentioned in this patent application) for each cylinder group are used.
While two separating FETs 36 and one charging FET 35 are generally used, Patent Document 1 uses four separating FETs 36 and two charging FETs 35 to disperse the heat generated, where a connecting circuit arrangement of the four separating FETs 36 and the two charging FETs 35 is not disclosed.
Also, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication 2011-220244 (hereafter, referred to as Patent Document 2) describes "Fuel injection control apparatus" in FIG. 4 such that based on the in-apparatus temperature T detected by the thermistor or the engine rotational speed N, all of injection controls A-D are allowed to be performed when the detected temperature is equal to or less than T11 or the rotational speed is equal to or less than N11; either the control B or the control D which is larger in the heat generation amount is allowed to be performed when the detected temperature is between T1−T12 (T12>T11) or the rotational speed is between N11−N12 (N12>N11); or only the control A and the control C are allowed to be performed with the control B and the control D prohibited to be performed when the detected temperature exceeds T12 or the rotational speed exceeds N12, for suppressing the in-apparatus temperature.
The control A mentioned therein is a fuel injection control having a long valve opening command period which includes a rapid power feeding period of a large current and a valve opening-holding period of a small current as shown in FIG. 2(A), and the control B is a fuel injection control having a short valve opening command period which includes only a rapid power feeding period of a large current as shown in FIG. 2(B).
The control C is a fuel injection control enabling a fuel injection once in one combustion cycle period of the engine as shown in FIG. 3(A), and the control D is a fuel injection control enabling the split injection twice as shown in FIG. 3(B).
Para. [0038] of Patent Document 2 describes that the heat amount generated in the injector driving circuit 22 by the control D for performing multiple fuel injections is larger than that by the control C as is obvious.
Para. [0036] of Patent Document 2 describes that the heat amount generated in the injector driving circuit 22 by the control B which cuts off a large current is larger than that by the control A.
However, the valve opening command period for the injector increases in proportion to the inlet air amount responsive to the depressing degree of acceleration pedal and decreases in reverse proportion to the engine rotational speed. Therefore, in case where the fuel injection amount required is small, requiring no valve opening-holding period, and the power feeding is stopped immediately after the rapid power feeding current has attenuated, the heat amount generated in the injector driving circuit 22 by the control B is apparently smaller than that by control A, so that it is not simply possible to specify what level of attenuation cutoff current would make the control B more disadvantageous.
Since even though the power feeding is stopped during the rapid power feeding period of a large current, the generated heat amount will not increase if the attenuation is made by a commutation circuit or power is collected by a capacitor, generally there is a contradiction that it cannot be said that the generated heat amount by the control B is simply larger than that by the control A.
Also, "Driving apparatus for electromagnetic load" of Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication 2001-14043 (hereafter, referred to as Patent Document 3) related to the thermal control according to this patent application comprises, as shown in FIG. 1, a boosting circuit mainly composed of an inductor L11, a transistor T00, an oscillating circuit 100, and capacitors C10, C20 for rapidly exciting injector solenoids 101a-104a. This apparatus is disclosed as one example of a regenerative charging system in which the counter electromotive force energy generated in the solenoids 101a-104a at the time of electrical conduction cutoff is collected by diodes D10-D40 and accumulated by the capacitors C10, C20 for the reduction of power loss, where ECU 200 is adapted to monitor the voltage of the capacitors C10, C20 at the time of electrical conduction cutoff of the solenoids 101a-104a and adjust the electrical conduction cutoff timing even though the voltage is varied, thereby stabilizing the valve opening characteristics.
(1) Explanation of Prior Art Problem
"Fuel injection control apparatus" according to the above Patent Document 1 is provided with the thermistor 41 for detecting the ambient temperature Ta at the nearest position of the FET that is a switch element to be thermally monitored and restricts the number of injection steps or stages so that the junction temperature of the switch element which is estimated from the ambient temperature Ta may become a predetermined temperature or less.
However, the fuel injection control apparatus is generally installed in the engine room, so that it is necessary to assume the temperature inside the engine room to be 120 degrees C. at the maximum while in order to make the temperature of the junction portion of the semiconductor element below e.g. 175 degrees C. or less, it is necessary to control the temperature of the heatsink portion representing the inside temperature of the semiconductor element to 150 degrees C. or less.
Therefore, there is a problem that the internal temperature rise allowed for the switch element in the inside of the fuel injection control apparatus becomes 20-30 degrees C. or less, and that even though the temperature at the nearest position of the switch element is detected, its distribution between the environmental temperature and the temperature rise due to the self-heat generation is not detected, so that the temperature rise component of the switch element cannot be accurately controlled, and that even if the temperature rise is actually much smaller, a control only with a margin based on the highest temperature rise for the worst condition scenario.
It is to be noted that Patent Document 1 is adapted to disperse the generated heat by using the four separating FETs 36 (rapid excitation switch element mentioned in this patent application), and that for this purpose, it is necessary to connect eight positive and negative terminals in total of the four solenoids 101a-104a to the driving circuit 100. Therefore, there is a problem that the cost and the vehicle weight increase as the number of external wiring increases, and that the contact reliability is lowered due to the increase of pin number of connector, and an occurrence probability of disconnection/short-circuit a ground fault contacting the ground circuit of external wirings, or an abnormal sky fault connection thereof with the positive side wiring of the power supply grows.
Also, in "Fuel injection control apparatus" according to the above Patent Document 2, thermal information acquiring means that indicates the thermal sensor or the engine rotational speed used therein is not specified as to acquiring the temperature of which portion in the inside of the fuel injection control apparatus and which switch element in the driving circuit is focused is not specified as well.
Therefore, there is a problem that while if the engine rotational speed is assumed to be acquired by thermal information acquiring means, the temperature rise of e.g. the boosting switch element can be estimated from the engine rotational speed, but the temperature of the boosting switch element itself cannot be estimated if the environmental temperature is not known.
Also, there is a problem that even though the engine rotational speed is determined, the temperature rise itself of the switch element which supplies the valve opening-holding current cannot be estimated.
Also, there is a problem that if the thermal sensor is made a thermal information acquiring means and if the thermal sensor detects the temperature of the nearest position of the heat generated element, the distinction between the environmental temperature and the temperature rise due to the self-generated heat cannot be made, so that if it is provided at a position far from the heat generated element, the temperature of the heat generated element itself cannot be estimated.
While FIG. 5 of Patent Document 2 determines an applicable control mode with a dual map of the detected temperature by the thermal sensor and the engine rotational speed upon attending to the above problem, a plurality of switch elements in the driving circuits are not individually focused, so that individual accurate determination cannot be made and only a general determination having a certain margin can be done.
On the other hand, there is a problem that in "Driving apparatus of electromagnetic load" according to the above Patent Document 3, the number of use of the power feeding-sustaining switch elements T11, T21, the rapid excitation switch elements T12, T22, and the boosting switch element 100 is fewer than the number of use of the rapid cutoff switch elements T10-T40, sharing a plurality of solenoids, so that the power loss is concentrated and the temperature rise of the local part becomes excessive.
Also, there is a problem that while the regenerative charging system for suppressing the temperature rise of the rapid cutoff switch elements T10-T40 and the boosting switch element T100 is applied, complicated adjusting means for stabilizing the valve opening characteristics is required.
Also, as seen from FIG. 2, since the transistors T13, T23 in the boosting circuit are connected by cylinder group, the capacitors C10, C20 cannot be alternately used with the same solenoid, resulting in the arrangement of concentrating the generated heat to the single boosting element T100 and the single inductor L11.