A radiation source includes a nozzle configured to direct a stream of fuel droplets along a trajectory towards a plasma formation location; a laser configured to output laser radiation, the laser radiation directed at the fuel droplets at the plasma formation location to generate, in use, a radiation generating plasma; and a catch configured to catch fuel droplets that pass the plasma formation location. The catch includes a container configured to contain a fluid; a driver configured to drive the fluid, to cause the fluid to move; the catch being configured such that the fuel droplets are incident on that moving fluid.

A lithographic apparatus is a machine that applies a desired pattern onto a substrate, usually onto a target portion of the substrate. A lithographic apparatus can be used, for example, in the manufacture of integrated circuits (ICs). In that instance, a patterning device, which is alternatively referred to as a mask or a reticle, may be used to generate a circuit pattern to be formed on an individual layer of the IC. This pattern can be transferred onto a target portion (e.g. comprising part of, one, or several dies) on a substrate (e.g. a silicon wafer). Transfer of the pattern is typically via imaging onto a layer of radiation-sensitive material (resist) provided on the substrate. In general, a single substrate will contain a network of adjacent target portions that are successively patterned.
Lithography is widely recognized as one of the key steps in the manufacture of ICs and other devices and/or structures. However, as the dimensions of features made using lithography become smaller, lithography is becoming a more critical factor for enabling miniature IC or other devices and/or structures to be manufactured.
A theoretical estimate of the limits of pattern printing can be given by the Rayleigh criterion for resolution as shown in equation (1):
                    CD        =                              k            1                    *                      λ            NA                                              (        1        )            where λ is the wavelength of the radiation used, NA is the numerical aperture of the projection system used to print the pattern, k1 is a process dependent adjustment factor, also called the Rayleigh constant, and CD is the feature size (or critical dimension) of the printed feature. It follows from equation (1) that reduction of the minimum printable size of features can be obtained in three ways: by shortening the exposure wavelength λ, by increasing the numerical aperture NA or by decreasing the value of k1.
In order to shorten the exposure wavelength and, thus, reduce the minimum printable size, it has been proposed to use an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation source. EUV radiation is electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength within the range of 5-20 nm, for example within the range of 13-14 nm. It has further been proposed that EUV radiation with a wavelength of less than 10 nm could be used, for example within the range of 5-10 nm such as 6.7 nm or 6.8 nm. Such radiation is termed extreme ultraviolet radiation or soft x-ray radiation. Possible sources include, for example, laser-produced plasma sources, discharge plasma sources, or sources based on synchrotron radiation provided by an electron storage ring.
EUV radiation may be produced using a plasma. A radiation system for producing EUV radiation may include a laser for exciting a fuel to provide the plasma, and a source collector module for containing the plasma. The plasma may be created, for example, by directing a laser beam at a fuel, such as particles (i.e. droplets) of a suitable fuel material (e.g. tin), or a stream of a suitable gas or vapor, such as Xe gas or Li vapor. The resulting plasma emits output radiation, e.g., EUV radiation, which is collected using a radiation collector. The radiation collector may be a mirrored normal incidence radiation collector, which receives the radiation and focuses the radiation into a beam. The source collector module may include an enclosing structure or chamber arranged to provide a vacuum environment to support the plasma. Such a radiation system is typically termed a laser produced plasma (LPP) source. In an alternative system, which may also employ the use of a laser, radiation may be generated by a plasma formed by the use of an electrical discharge—a discharge produced plasma (DPP) source.
A proposed LPP radiation source generates a continuous stream of fuel droplets. As discussed above, a laser beam may be directed at these fuel droplets to generate a radiation generating plasma. However, all droplets in that stream may not be targeted by the laser beam, and thus some droplets may pass through and beyond a plasma formation location without being, for example, vaporised or the like by the laser beam. These fuel droplets need to be caught, and preferably caught in such a way that minimises or avoids splashing, which splashing could contaminate the radiation source (e.g. a collector forming part of the radiation source).
A proposed apparatus for catching fuel droplets involves the use of an open-ended tube, as for example shown in published international (PCT) patent application WO 2010/117858. The droplets are directed into this tube such that the droplets are incident at a grazing incidence angle on an internal surface of the tube, thus causing little or no back-splashing. However, the required or desired dimensions of the tube are linked to the speed of the droplets and also the accuracy of delivery of the droplets into the tube. If the droplets are faster, then the angle of incidence needs to be more grazing, and the tube needs to, in general, increase in length. Alternatively or additionally, if the accuracy of droplet delivery is not consistent, then the tube opening may need to be wider, in order to be able to catch each and every droplet and at the required grazing angle of incidence. One or both of these problems can lead to the need for a larger tube, in terms of the length and/or width of the tube. Space within a radiation source is at a premium, and it is not desirable in terms of space restrictions, design restrictions and cost to make the radiation source bigger simply to accommodate such a tube-based catching device.


A tone generating portion has a performance play capability for concurrently generating, on the basis of a set of performance information, musical tone signals having various voices each assigned to one of parts. A performance data setting portion chooses, under user's direction, one of performance data sets stored in a performance data set storage portion and makes settings of the various voices applied to musical tone signals for the parts. A developing portion enables generation of musical tone signals for at least one of the parts and disables generation of musical tone signals for the other parts in response to user's direction in a state where respective settings of various voices to be applied to musical tone signals for the parts have been done. A tone range defining portion defines tone range data of the at least one part as representing a tone range including at least pitches of all the musical tone signals specified by the performance information.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a musical tone signal generating apparatus having a performance play capability which enables concurrent generation of musical tone signals having different voices assigned to a plurality of parts on the basis of a set of performance information. The present invention also relates to a computer program for the apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, there has been an electronic musical instrument which offers voice play mode and performance play mode for use in user's keyboard performance. Details on the electronic musical instrument are described from page 60 to page 73 of "Instructions on MOTIF ES" offered by Yamaha Corporation.
On this conventional electronic musical instrument, performance information brought on the basis of performance on a keyboard provided for the body of the electronic musical instrument and information brought on the basis of operations of various controllers is sent to a tone generating portion as MIDI massage. In the voice play mode, a set of performance information brought from the keyboard causes the tone generating portion to generate only one musical tone signal having a voice (tone color) which is selected by a user from among a plurality of voices prior to his performance on the keyboard. In the performance play mode, on the other hand, a set of performance information brought from the keyboard causes the tone generating portion to concurrently generate musical tone signals having different voices which compose layers having a plurality of parts. Each of the voices is assigned to a part, respectively. In other words, a set of musical tone signals having various voices assigned to a plurality of parts respectively is concurrently generated in response to a set of performance information. In this specification, a "performance" indicates a set of different voices (e.g., a set of four voices at the maximum). The user chooses one of the "performances" prior to his performance on the keyboard. In the performance play mode, therefore, a key depression by the user causes concurrent generation of a plurality of musical tone signals having various tone colors, resulting in enriched musical tones to be generated.

Musical tone signal generating apparatus for generating musical tone signals


A location-based caching system provides the ability for a mobile communication device to dynamically provide content related to a user's location. Content may comprise a series of map segments that anticipate the route traveled by a user of the mobile device. Other related content may also be provided, for example, point of interest information related to the route traveled. The system tracks a present location of the mobile device and predicts a future location of the mobile device. Based upon the prediction of future location, the caching module determines whether content related to the future location is presently stored on the mobile device. If appropriate content is not on the mobile device, the caching module retrieves the content from a content server via a network connection. The content information nay be contextually selected based upon, for example, user preferences, movement information, and device state information.

Generally, navigation applications for mobile devices operate by downloading a map to the device corresponding to a pre-calculated route or an estimated area in which the user of the mobile device intends to travel. Using a mapping service, generally offered by a web-based provider or data maintained on a personal computer or server, the user specifies a starting point, a destination, and potentially stop-over destinations and a static route based upon the these locations is then calculated. A complete map of the route is downloaded to the mobile device.
There are significant limitations to these existing navigation applications. First, the navigational route is static and bound to a given starting point and destination. There is no ability to dynamically change the route stored in the mobile device should a user determine to alter course. Second, in most cases the map data is vector-based and only one map type is supported, i.e., the resolution may be adapted, but it is not possible to change the map type, for example, from a street map to an aerial view, a topographical view, or other potential view. Further, such navigational applications do not account for limitations on device capabilities, for example, limited memory for map storage and limited processor allocation. Additionally these navigational applications in most cases only support map data rather than any kind of location-based data that maybe of interest to the user of the mobile device.

Location-based caching for mobile devices


Systems, methods and apparatuses for delivering therapeutic fluid to the body of a patient are disclosed. The apparatus includes a dispensing unit having a driving mechanism, a pumping mechanism, a reservoir containing therapeutic fluid, and an outlet port. The driving mechanism causes the pumping mechanism to positively displace therapeutic fluid within the reservoir for delivery of therapeutic fluid to the body of the patient via the outlet port.

Medical treatment of several illnesses requires continuous drug infusion into various body compartments, such as subcutaneous and intra-venous injections. Diabetes mellitus patients, for example, require administration of varying amounts of insulin throughout the day to control their blood glucose levels. In recent years, ambulatory portable insulin infusion pumps have emerged as a superior alternative to multiple daily syringe injections of insulin. These pumps, which deliver insulin at a continuous basal rate as well as in bolus volumes, were developed to liberate patients from repeated self-administered injections, and allow them to maintain a near-normal daily routine. Both basal and bolus volumes must be delivered in precise doses, according to individual prescription, since an overdose or under-dose of insulin could be fatal.
Several ambulatory insulin infusion devices are currently available on the market. Mostly, these devices have two portions: a reusable portion that contains a dispenser, a controller and electronics, and a disposable portion that contains a syringe-type reservoir, a needle assembly with a cannula and a penetrating member, and fluid delivery tube. Usually, the patient fills the reservoir with insulin, attaches the needle and the delivery tube to the exit port of the reservoir, and then inserts the reservoir into the pump housing. After purging air out of the reservoir, tube and needle, the patient inserts the needle assembly, penetrating member and cannula, at a selected location on the body, and withdraws the penetrating member. To avoid irritation and infection, the subcutaneous cannula must be replaced and discarded after 2-3 days, together with the empty reservoir. Examples of first generation disposable syringe-type reservoir and tubes were disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,631,847 to Hobbs, U.S. Pat. No. 3,771,694 to Kaminski, U.S. Pat. No. 4,657,486 to Stempfle, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,544,369 to Skakoon. The driving mechanism of these devices is a screw thread driven plunger controlling the programmed movement of a syringe piston.
Other dispensing mechanisms have been also discussed, including peristaltic positive displacement pumps, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,498,843 to Schneider and U.S. Pat. No. 4,715,786 to Wolff. These devices represent an improvement over multiple daily injections, but nevertheless, they all suffer from several drawbacks. The main drawback is the large size and the weight of the device, caused by the configuration and the relatively large size of the driving mechanism of the syringe and the piston. This relatively bulky device has to be carried in a patient's pocket or attached to the belt. Consequently, the fluid delivery tube is long, usually longer than 60 cm, in order to permit needle insertion at remote sites of the body. These uncomfortable bulky devices with a long tube are rejected by the majority of diabetic insulin users, since they disturb regular activities, such as sleeping and swimming. Furthermore, the effect of the image projected on the teenagers' body is unacceptable. In addition, the delivery tube excludes some optional remote insertion sites, like buttocks, arms and legs.
To avoid the consequences of long delivery tube, a new concept, of second generation pump, was proposed. This concept includes a remote controlled skin adherable device with a housing having a bottom surface adapted to contact patient's skin, a reservoir disposed within the housing, and an injection needle adapted to communicate with the reservoir. These skin adherable devices should be disposed every 2-3 days similarly to available pump infusion sets. These devices were disclosed at least in U.S. Pat. No. 5,957,895 to Sage, U.S. Pat. No. 6,589,229 to Connelly, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,740,059 to Flaherty. Additional configurations of skin adherable pumps were disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,723,072 to Flaherty and U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,461 to Mason. These devices also have several limitations: they are bulky and expensive, their high selling price is due to the high production and accessory costs, and the user must discard the entire device every 2-3 days, including relatively expensive components, such as driving mechanism and other electronics.
There are various types of conventional pumping mechanisms that are employed in infusion devices. An example of a pumping mechanism is a syringe type in which a motor driven plunger displaces the fluid out of a round barrel-shaped reservoir. A processor-controlled motor allows pre programming and on demand fluid dispensing.
Such syringe type mechanism is discussed for example in the following U.S. patents referring to the first pump generation: U.S. Pat. No. 3,858,581 to Kamen, U.S. Pat. No. 4,435,173 to Siposs, U.S. Pat. No. 4,652,260 to Fenton, U.S. Pat. No. 5,954,697 to Strisathapat. Syringe reservoir is also described in U.S. patents and applications referring to the second pump generation: U.S. Pat. No. 6,656,159 to Flaherty and U.S. patent application No. 2005/0251097 to O'Neill.
Unfortunately the second generation skin adherable infusion devices suffer from major drawbacks which include, inter alia, the following:                They are heavy and bulky—syringe-type reservoirs are usually rounded tubes, thus, to hold, for example, 3 ml of drug, they should either be long and having a small diameter e.g., 60 mm long ×8 mm inner diameter) or short and having a large diameter (e.g., 17 mm long ×15 mm inner diameter). This is a major hurdle for all portable insulin infusion devices used for treatment of diabetes patients and, especially, for second generation skin adherable insulin pumps.        They are expensive to manufacture and replace—the entire device including relatively expensive components (electronics, driving mechanism, etc.) should be disposed every 3 days.        Reservoir filling may require an additional syringe to draw the fluid from the glass bottle and to subsequently fill the pump reservoir.        They cannot be disconnected—there are situations in which patients would like to disconnect the pump (e.g., during hot showers, sauna, intimacy, etc.), however, conventional pumps do not allow such disconnection.        The cannula is rigidly secured at the pump housing, thus, users cannot choose cannula length and vary the insertion angle.        Waste of insulin—in cases of site misplacement (e.g., scarred tissue, bleeding, cannula kinking, etc.) the entire device including the filled insulin reservoir should be disposed, which wastes costly insulin.


The disclosure provides a system that displays graphical representations of posture zones associated with posture states of a patient, on a display device communicatively coupled to a medical device. The medical device is configured to deliver therapy to the patient based on detected posture states of the patient, where the detected posture state is based on the posture zones. The display device may allow a user to manipulate the graphical representations of the posture zones, including changing the size of the posture zones. Additionally, the display device may allow a user to change transition times associated with transitions between posture states, and displaying an indication of the changed transition time by highlighting the two graphical representations of the posture zones corresponding to the posture states associated with the changed transition time.

A variety of medical devices may be used for chronic, e.g., long-term, delivery of therapy to patients suffering from a variety of conditions, such as chronic pain, tremor, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, urinary or fecal incontinence, sexual dysfunction, obesity, or gastroparesis. One example of medical devices is medical electrical stimulation devices, which may deliver electrical stimulation therapy to a patient via implanted electrodes. Electrical stimulation therapy may include stimulation of nerve, muscle, or brain tissue, or other tissue within a patient.
An electrical stimulation device may be fully implanted within the patient. For example, an electrical stimulation device may include an implantable electrical stimulation generator and one or more implantable leads carrying electrodes. As examples, electrical stimulation generators are used for chronic delivery of electrical stimulation therapies such as cardiac pacing, neurostimulation, muscle stimulation, or the like. Alternatively, the electrical stimulation device may comprise a leadless stimulator. In some examples, implantable electrodes may be coupled to an external electrical stimulation generator via one or more percutaneous leads or fully implanted leads.
Other examples of medical devices are pumps or other fluid delivery devices, which may be used for chronic delivery of therapeutic agents, such as drugs. Typically, such devices provide therapy continuously or periodically according to parameters contained within a program. A program may comprise respective values for each of a plurality of parameters, specified by a clinician.
In some examples, the patient may be allowed to activate and/or modify the therapy delivered by the medical device. For example, a patient can be provided with a patient programming device. The patient programming device communicates with a medical device to allow the patient to activate therapy and/or adjust therapy parameters. For example, an implantable medical device (IMD), such as an implantable neurostimulator or a fluid delivery device, may be accompanied by an external patient programmer that permits the patient to activate and deactivate neurostimulation or fluid delivery therapy and/or adjust the intensity of the delivered neurostimulation or the delivered amount of the therapeutic agent. The patient programmer may communicate with the IMD via wireless telemetry to control the IMD and/or retrieve information from the IMD.

Graphical manipulation of posture zones for posture-responsive therapy


A hand guard removably mountable on the barrel of a firearm such as a rifle. The hand guard is formed in two complementary mating housing components joined in a vertical plane which contains the longitudinal axis of the barrel. The housing components together define a convection chamber which envelops a substantial length of the barrel of the firearm. The joined housing components are generally of pear-shaped cross section having a broadened, flattened bottom member and a narrow, tall chimney member. Heat from the barrel of the firearm creates convection currents in the convection chamber as cooling air is drawn through inlet ports in the bottom member, around the barrel, and out through exhaust ports in sidewalls of the chimney member. A heat shield is carried by each of the housing components and is positioned between the barrel and the outer housing.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a hand guard for various types of firearms but, more particularly, to a hand guard adapted to be utilized in conjunction with the barrels of such rapid firing weapons as rifles, carbines, and the like. The purpose of the hand guard is to insulate the hand of the user of such firearms from the heat generated by their barrels.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It is well known to those skilled in the art that rapid fire weapons utilized particularly in military operations are characterized by the heating of the barrels thereof to relatively high temperatures. At such temperatures, the barrels cannot be comfortably, and indeed, safely held by the soldier firing the same. Various expedients have been resorted to in the past in an attempt to insulate the hand of the person firing the weapon from harmful contact with the excessively hot barrel while still permitting adequate cooling of the barrel to such an extent as to prevent the rise in temperature of the barrel which might possibly cause malfunctioning of the firearm.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,090,150 to Stoner is representative of known hand guard constructions which utilize a housing encompassing a substantial length of the barrel of the firearm. Apertures are provided both along the bottom and along the top of the housing. The heat of the barrel creates convection currents within the interior of the housing which cause ambient air to be drawn in through the bottom apertures and then cause it to be discharged through the top apertures. Unfortunately, the heated air is discharged along the line of sight resulting in visual distortion and adversely affecting the ability of the user of the firearm to fire accurately.


An elongate probe for providing irradiation treatment of the heart, the probe having a distal end for engaging heart tissue of a subject, including a waveguide, which conveys radiation to the heart tissue; and a sensor, adjacent the distal end of the probe, which generates signals for use in controlling the treatment.

TMR is a technique, known in the art, for creating channels in ischemic heart tissue, typically in the left ventricular wall of the heart, to improve the blood supply to ischemic myocardium. The technique is described, for example, by Mirhoseini, et al., in an article entitled "Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization: A Review," in the Journal of Clinical Laser Medicine & Surgery, vol. 11 (1993), pages 15-19, and by Bonn, in an article entitled "High-power lasers help the ischaemic heart," in The Lancet, vol. 348 (1996), page 118, which are incorporated herein by reference.
In TMR, as is known in the art, a computer-controlled laser is used to drill holes about 1 mm in diameter in the myocardium, communicating with the left ventricle, at a typical density of about one hole per square centimeter. Typically, the laser beam is delivered to the epicardium through an incision in the chest and the pericardium that exposes the beating heart. The laser, typically a CO.sub.2 laser or, alternatively, an excimer or Ho:YAG laser, fires pulses of about 1000 W, which photovaporize the myocardium and create channels through the endocardium into the ventricle. Blood at the outer, epicardial openings of the channels typically clots after a few minutes, but the inner portions of the channels, communicating with the ventricle, remain patent. It is hypothesized that during systole, blood flows through these channels into naturally-existing myocardial sinusoids, supplementing the impaired arterial blood supply.
Particularly when a CO.sub.2 laser is used, the laser is generally synchronized to the patient's ECG, so as to fire its pulse during systole, in the refractory period of the heart cycle. Firing the laser pulse at other points in the heart cycle can cause undesirable arrhythmias. The heart rate, myocardial thickness and other factors are used to determine the optimum energy level for each laser pulse.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,380,316 and 5,554,152, to Aita, et al., which are incorporated herein by reference, describe methods for intra-operative myocardial revascularization using an elongated, flexible lasing apparatus, which is inserted into the chest cavity of the patient. The distal end of the apparatus is directed to an area of the exterior wall of the heart adjacent to a ventricle and irradiates the wall with laser energy to form a channel through the myocardium.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,096, to Aita, et al., which is also incorporated herein by reference, describes methods and apparatus for percutaneous myocardial revascularization (PMR). A deflectable, elongated lasing apparatus is guided to an area within the patient's heart, and the distal end of the apparatus is directed to an area of interest in the inner wall of the heart. The wall is irradiated with laser energy to form channels therein, preferably without perforating the epicardium.
Since in PMR the channels are drilled from the inside of the heart outwards, there is no need for the channels to penetrate all the way through the heart wall, unlike more common TMR methods, in which the channels are drilled from the outside in. In other respects, however, the effects of PMR on the heart are substantially similar to those of TMR. Therefore, in the context of the present patent application, the term TMR will be used to refer to both extracardial and intracardial methods of laser revascularization of the myocardium.

Methods and apparatus for myocardial revascularization


A motor-driven compressor includes an electric motor driven by a motor driver, which includes a switching element that converts DC voltage from a battery to AC voltage. A control unit controls the switching operation of the switching element. A temperature detector detects the temperature of the switching element. A voltage detector detects DC voltage applied to the switching element from the battery. The control unit suspends the switching operation of the switching element when the temperature detected by the temperature detector rises to a predetermined temperature threshold. The control unit also reduces counter electromotive force generated by the electric motor. The temperature threshold includes a first temperature threshold, corresponding to a withstand temperature of the switching element, and a second temperature threshold, which is higher than the first temperature threshold. The control unit switches the temperature threshold between the first and second temperature thresholds.

The present invention relates to a motor-driven compressor.
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2005-201108 describes an example of a typical motor-driven compressor including a compression unit, which compresses and discharges a refrigerant, an electric motor, which drives the compression unit, and a motor driver, which drives the electric motor. The motor driver includes switching elements. The switching elements perform switching operations so that the motor driver converts DC voltage of a battery (DC power supply) to AC drive voltage and applies the drive voltage to the electric motor to drive the electric motor.
The switching elements generate heat when performing switching operations. For example, when the switching operation of a switching element generates a large amount of heat, the temperature of the switching element may exceed the withstanding temperature of the switching element. This may damage the switching element.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Motor-driven compressor with switching element


A dynamic gameboard comprising an electronic control system and a board having a plurality of dynamic board pieces, wherein the electronic control system includes a server, lift control board and a user interface, the server having a first processor, a first memory, and a first communication device, wherein instructions are stored on the first memory to cause the first processor to direct the lift control board to instruct the plurality of dynamic board pieces to move between a first position and a second position, and between the second position and the first position, where the first position is a fully extended up position and the second position is a fully recessed down position; the lift control board having a second processor, a second memory, and a second communication device, and the user interface having a third processor, a third memory, and a third communication device.

A physical game generally requires a combination of the mental and physical ability and requires the player to be aware of a goal to be achieved by playing the game. There are several games, such as, a mini golf course, a maze course, an obstacle course, etc., that are currently known which has a plurality of obstacles that a player needs to navigate during play. However, a path and the associated obstacles in these games are static and cannot be changed without manual intervention. Once the game is solved the first few times, players acquire the necessary knowledge to complete the game successively, losing with it interest in the game, which causes the game to lose values in the eyes of the game player and game owners.


A process for the recovery of precious metal values as essentially pure gold from gold alloys in the form of thin strips 0.05 to 0.25 inch thick having a gold content of up to 80% gold comprising chlorinating the strips at a temperature of 300 to 700 degrees Centigrade to form a metallic gold/metal chloride mixture and removing the metal chlorides from the gold in the mixture using an aqueous wash. When silver is part of the alloying metal, essentially pure silver is recovered by first washing the metallic gold/metal chloride mixture with hydrochloric acid and then with ammonium hydroxide and recovering the silver from the ammonium hydroxide.

The prior art methods of reclaiming gold values from jewelry and electronic scrap and dore involves dissolution of the gold and alloying metals and subsequent reduction of the gold-containing solution to obtain metallic gold. Dissolution of gold scrap produces large quantities of waste solutions especially when cyanide is used. Current EPA regulation requires treatment of these waste solutions prior to disposal which is both expensive and time consuming. We have invented a process for purifying gold scrap to produce very high purity gold which does not involve the use of cyanide nor the dissolution of the gold in the scrap and dore. In our process, alloying metals are stripped away from the gold using a moderately high temperature chlorination. The alloying metals are converted into metal chlorides which can be removed by dissolution in water, dilute hydrochloric acid and ammonium hydroxide and traces of silver are removed using a final nitric acid wash.
The process of this invention can be used to obtain high purity gold from dore, the impure gold obtained as an intermediate gold product in the recovery of gold from gold containing ores. The process provides a method of separating and recovering both gold and silver values when silver is the alloying metal or part of alloying metals in the gold alloy being purified.

Chlorination process for recovering gold values from gold alloys


One embodiment of the present invention provides a system that automatically identifies a standalone location, wherein a standalone location is a location which can be unambiguously identified by a name for the location alone. During operation, the system receives inputs from an interface for a search engine, wherein the interface includes two or more boxes, including a non-location box for receiving terms specifying what a user is searching for in a query, and a location box for receiving terms specifying a geographic location associated with the query. Next, the system receives a term to be evaluated. The system then uses the inputs to determine: a non-location score for the term which indicates how frequently the term appears in the non-location box; and a location score for the term which indicates how frequently the term appears in the location box. Next, the system determines whether the term is a standalone location based on the non-location score and the location score for the term.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to search engines. More specifically, the present invention relates to techniques for identifying "standalone locations," that can be unambiguously identified by the names for the locations alone.
2. Related Art
Standalone locations are the locations that can be unambiguously identified by their names alone, either within a specific geographic region or globally. For example, the name "San Francisco" usually refers to "San Francisco, Calif., Unites States" even without additional location specifiers like "California", and "United States" (so it is standalone location). However, the name "Washington" as a location could refer to the "City of Washington" in the state of Missouri, "Washington, D.C." or "Washington State", so it is not strictly a standalone location in the United States. Moreover, a large number of locations are not standalone because they do not have names that uniquely identify them; an extreme case is the city of "Orange" in the state of Texas: just given its name, most people do not think it is a location.
The ability to identify standalone locations within a query has a huge impact on quality of a search results generated by the query. Without such knowledge, the query processor cannot tell the difference between an obvious location query such as "new york pizza" (new york is a location) and an obvious non-location query such as "orange juice" (orange could be a location, but not here).
Unfortunately, some query terms contain a component which appears to be related to a location, but the entire query term is not actually related to the location. It is advantageous to place such terms in a "location blacklist." For example, the location blacklist can include terms such as: "Orlando Bloom," wherein the component "Orlando" is typically related to a location but the entire query term "Orlando Bloom" is the name of a person; and "Victoria's Secret," wherein the component "Victoria" can be a location but the entire query term "Victoria's Secret" is not.
Hence, what is needed is a method and an apparatus for automatically identifying standalone locations and terms that belong in a location blacklist without the above-described problems.

Using a query log from a two-box interface to identify standalone locations


An air vent comprising a housing extending between an air inlet opening and an air outlet opening, such that the housing has a first wall segment and a second wall segment; an air guiding element, arranged at least partially inside the housing thereby creating a first partial airflow channel and a second partial airflow channel between the air inlet opening and the air outlet opening; an airflow regulating element for regulating the airflow through the partial air flow channels, which airflow regulating element is arranged at the side of the air guiding element that is facing the air inlet opening; wherein the airflow regulating element forms an extension of the air guiding element in the direction of the air inlet opening and wherein the airflow regulating element is pivotable around an axis that lies behind the center of the airflow regulating element when viewed in the direction from the air outlet opening to the air inlet opening.

In some current air vents that use an air guiding element to create at least two channels for directing the vertical airflow, a flat flap is used to regulate the air flow in two channels. DE102016116356 A1 discloses such a mechanism for regulating airflow.
DE102016116358 A1 discloses an air regulating element or an air divider that is arranged inside the air guiding element, which air divider controls the quantity of air in two channels. The air regulating element is pivotable relative to the air guiding element around an axis that lies inside the air guiding element.
DE102017113906 discloses an air vent with an air regulating element which is a shell shaped as the surface of a cylindrical segment for closing two channels. The air regulating element is construed as an obstruction for an air flow into either one of the channels or into both channels.
A problem with some of the above disclosed approaches is that the air regulating element is not aerodynamic, i.e., when it is in the neutral or open position, where the neutral or open position is the position of the air regulating element in which the airflow in the two channels is the same, it does not appear as an extension of the air guiding element in the direction of the air inlet opening, and obstructs airflow. A further problem associated with devices shown in DE102017113906 is that the airflow regulating element has to pivot over a large angle between the neutral position in which the shell is in a lower position, and a position in which the shall is closing the upper channel. Since the airflow regulating element has to pivot over a large angle, this also necessitates a larger diameter of the air vent.
Another problem of known air vents in which the rotation axis of for example a flap is towards the air outlet side of the air guiding element, is that opening a closed channel requires that the flap has to pivot against the force exerted by the airflow.

Air vent with an aerodynamic element for regulating airflow


A manual transmission has a main gear box and an auxiliary box with an input shaft extending along an axis from a first end that extends into the auxiliary box for transmitting power to the auxiliary box. The auxiliary box has an output shaft having a second end adjacent the input shaft and coaxial with the axis for transmitting power out of the auxiliary box. A first gear is supported by the input shaft at the first end, and a second and third gear are supported by the output shaft. At least one countershaft having fourth, fifth, and sixth gears affixed to a shaft engages the first, second, and third gears, respectively. A synchronizer and a clutch collar are supported by the output shaft for engaging one of the first, second, and third gears. The arrangement eliminates an intermediate shaft that was required in the prior art.

This invention relates to an improved output shaft arrangement for deep reduction and splitter boxes in transmissions.
Prior art heavy duty manual transmission have at least one auxiliary box utilizing an input and output shaft with an intermediate shaft, or quill shaft, interposed between the shafts. Bearings are required to support the intermediate shaft. A synchronizer and a clutch collar are used as engagement mechanisms for engaging the gears within the auxiliary boxes. Both the synchronizer and clutch collar have opposing ends with teeth for engaging the gears and coupling them to the shafts. Typically, one engagement mechanism is supported on the output shaft while the other engagement mechanism is supported by the intermediate shaft. However, this arrangement adds cost and reduces reliability as a result incorporating the intermediate shaft and bearings.
These arrangements have been used for splitter boxes as well as deep reduction gear boxes. To better appreciate the present invention, a prior art auxiliary box 20 is shown in FIG. 1. The auxiliary box 20 includes an input shaft 22 having an axis of rotation A and extends between a first end 24 extending into the auxiliary box 20 for transmitting power to the auxiliary box 20 for increasing or reducing the torque from the input shaft 22. The auxiliary box 20 also includes an output shaft 26 coaxial with axis A for transmitting power out of the auxiliary box at either an increased or reduced torque. Interposed between the input 22 and output 26 shafts and coaxial with axis A is an intermediate shaft 28, or quill shaft. A first gear 30 is supported by the input shaft 22 at the first end 24 which is adjacent the intermediate shaft 28. A second gear 32 is supported by the intermediate shaft 28 and a third gear 34 supported by the output shaft 26. The auxiliary box 20 further includes a pair of countershafts 36 on either side of the input 22, intermediate 28, and output 26 shafts, which allows more power to be transmitted through the auxiliary box 20. Each countershaft 36 has fourth 40, fifth 42, and sixth 44 gears affixed to a shaft 46 for engaging the first 30, second 32, and third 34 gears, respectively. Additional countershafts 36 may also be used.
To selectively transmit power through a particular set of gears, the auxiliary box 20 includes a synchronizer 50 and a clutch collar 52. The synchronizer 50 is supported by the intermediate shaft 28 for engaging one of the first 30 and second 32 gears. The clutch collar 52 is supported by the output shaft 26 for engaging one of the second 32 and third 34 gears. The synchronizer 50 and clutch collar 52 are splined to the shafts 28, 26 in slip-fit relation, that is, they are free to move axially when actuated but are not permitted to rotate relative to the shafts 28, 26. The second 32 and third 34 gears are axially located on the intermediate 28 and output 26 shafts and free to rotate about the shafts when the synchronizer 50 and clutch collar 52 engages neither of the second 32 and third 34 gears. Mechanically actuated shift forks (not shown) engage and manipulate the synchronizer 50 and clutch collar 52 along axis A to effectuate an auxiliary box 20 gear shift.

Output shaft arrangement for manual transmission auxiliary boxes


A drawer pull-out guide includes a carcass rail to be fixed to a furniture carcass, an extension rail displaceable relative to the carcass rail between a closed position and an open position, and a rolling body and a supporting body movable along a running limb of the carcass rail and a running surface of the extension rail upon a movement of the extension rail. A clearance is formed on the running limb of the carcass rail and/or on the running surface of the extension rail. The rolling body is accommodated within the clearance in the closed position of the extension rail and is thereby relieved from the load of the extension rail. In the closed position of the extension rail, the load of the extension rail is carried by the rolling body. The rolling body and the supporting body are arranged in a common running carriage.

Constant-velocity joints have been used to transmit torque of a vehicle drive shaft to an axle.
Since constant-velocity joints allow angular displacement between the driving shaft and the driven shaft with the two shafts rotating at constant speeds, they are being used not only in motor vehicles but also in various industrial machines, home appliances, office machines, etc.
There are two types of constant-velocity joints, namely, fixed constant-velocity joints, which only permit angular displacement, and sliding constant-velocity joints, which permit both angular and axial displacements. JP Patent Publication 2007-255511A discloses a sliding constant-velocity joint.
The constant-velocity joint disclosed in JP Patent Publication 2007-255511A is what is known as a tripod type constant-velocity joint, and includes an outer ring formed on the inner periphery thereof with three axially extending track grooves so as to be circumferentially spaced apart by 120 degrees from each other, and a tripod member mounted inside the outer and formed with three radial protrusions (trunnions) slidably inserted in the respective track groove, whereby torque is transmitted between the outer ring and the tripod member.
The outer ring has bulges between respective adjacent pairs of track grooves. Each of the bulges is formed at its distal end with a pair of tapered surfaces inclined in opposite directions to each other and defining an apex at the center of the bulge with respect to its width direction. Each protrusion is formed at its front portion with a pair of tapered surfaces inclined from the widthwise center toward both sides, of the protrusion, thereby defining an apex at the widthwise center of the protrusion, whereby the tripod member can be easily fitted in and removed from the outer ring.
The tripod type constant-velocity joint disclosed in JP Patent Publication 2007-255511A is advantageous in that the tripod member can be easily fitted in and removed from the outer ring, no grease lubrication is necessary, and it is lightweight and small in size, and produces less noise.
The constant-velocity joint disclosed in JP Patent Publication 2007-255511A allows the axis of the driving shaft and the axis of the driven shaft to be inclined relative to each other with a relatively large angle therebetween, provided the two axes intersect each other in or near the joint.
However, this constant-velocity joint does not allow the above two axes to be inclined relative to each other with a relatively large angle, if the above two axes intersect each other at a position remote from the joint. Also, this constant-velocity joint does not allow too large an offset between the above two axes if the axes are parallel to each other.


A rate-adaptive mechanism for optimizing transmitter/receiver connections on a carrier-by-carrier basis for maximum date rate based on channel attributes for that connection and direction. Channel information is produced by a channel adaptation process based on channel characteristics and is stored in both transmitter and receiver as a channel map with an associated a channel map index for channel map look-up. The channel map index for a channel map used to modulate a payload of a frame is conveyed by transmitter to receiver in the frame so that the receiver is able to select the correct channel map for demodulation.

The invention relates to Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols in CSMA networks.
In prior data transmission systems, available transmission channel bandwidth may be subdivided into a number of discrete carriers. Examples of multi-carrier data transmission systems include Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) data transmission systems, in which the carriers are overlapping and orthogonal to each other, such as IEEE 802.11a Standard based wireless systems using OFDM and Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) systems using discrete multi-tone modulation. Data transmissions in multi-carrier systems such as these encompass some number of available carrier frequencies.
In multi-node, multi-carrier systems, for example, systems that implement the IEEE 802.11a Standard, it is possible to adapt each node-to-node connection to a particular data rate; however, all the data rates of the individual carriers are the same. The channel adaptation or channel information used to modulate a body of a frame and to be applied to the frame body by a receiving node for demodulation may be provided by the transmitting node in the frame's header, which is typically transmitted at a lowest data rate. While such a mechanism for conveying channel information may be adequate for a small amount of channel information, it becomes less efficient for systems with more complex channel information requirements.
In point-to-point, multi-carrier systems such as DSL, the carriers may be configured for different bit rates based on channel characteristics. In a point-to-point application such as DSL, there is no need to provide channel information with a transmission as each DSL transceiver only communicates with one other DSL transceiver.

Method and protocol to adapt each unique connection in a multi-node network to a maximum data rate


A method of monitoring clinician responsiveness to alarms generated by patient monitors. The method includes the steps of: receiving an alarm event from a patient monitor at a central monitor, determining an alarm initiation time for the alarm events, receiving at the central monitor an acknowledgement of the alarm event by a clinician, calculating an event response time as the time between the alarm initiation time and the acknowledgement of the alarm event by the clinician, determining a total number of alarm events, determining event response times for each of the total number of alarm events, and computing a responsiveness score based on the event response time for each of the total number of alarm events.

Patient monitoring devices, such as devices monitoring a patient's vital signs, are designed to identify physiological problems experienced by patients and to alert clinicians to those problems. Typically, clinicians are alerted to such problems via the generation of alarms, such as auditory or visual alarms, or alerts sent directly to pagers or personal digital assistants (PDAs) carried by clinicians. Alarms may also be generated by patient monitors when problems occur with the monitor itself, such as a low battery, disconnection of patient monitoring lead, etc.
Hazards may arise when alarms go unrecognized or are not acted upon for a period of time. Clinicians responsible for monitoring patient alarms may receive frequent visual and audio alarm notifications for those alarms. Such repetitive exposure to alarm notifications can cause a clinician to become de-sensitized to the alarms, which affects the timeliness of his or her responses. Additionally, clinicians may begin to ignore alarms as a result of the frequent occurrence of false alarm events, which may cause the clinician to believe the alarms are unimportant and do not need a response.
Alternatively, a clinician may desire to attend to all alarm events, but may be unable to respond to alarm events in a timely manner because the clinician's work flow is too heavy. Several alarms may occur at once, and/or a hospital floor may be understaffed, which may create a scenario in which it is impossible for a clinician to respond to all alarm events in a timely manner.
Unheeded alarms negatively affect patient care, and can lead to undesired outcomes for patients. An alarm event may indicate a deterioration of a patient's physiological condition, which often requires immediate attention. Alternatively, technical alarms may occur that indicate the inability of a patient monitor to accurately monitor a patient's condition.
Thus, methods and systems are needed for monitoring and measuring clinicians' responses to alarms.

System and method for monitoring clinician responsiveness to alarms


Relocateable boat accessories, such as seats having a second extension that can be positioned through a second extension slot, and then pivoted to position a locking member through a finger slot. The locking member can have a tip that is positioned under a floor so secure the seat to the floor. The floor may have several second extension slots and several finger slots to accommodate various accessory or seat position possibilities.

Boats typically are purchased with a predetermined number of seats, and a fixed location of seats. However, if there are only one or two people in the boat, and 4 seats, then there may be wasted space occupied by the unused seats. In addition, if there are two or four seats in the boat, and one person in the boat, then the boat would normally be leaning to the right or left if the two or four seats are disposed on the left and right side of the boats.
A company named "Rivtech" has an adjustable boat seating system described at its web site, "http://www.rivtechdriftboats.com/standard-features/adjustable-removable-drift-boat. However the seats of this product are secured to a bench that is raised above the floor, and secured to the sides of the boats. The seat can be in a fixed position on the bench, or it may slide on a rail that is on the bench.
As can be seen, there is a need for a boat to have a seat or accessory that is moveable or relocateable to various positions on the floor of the boat to accommodate the number of people in the boat, and the desired space.
There is also a need for a seat or accessory that is removably attached to a floor of a drift boat. The seat being disposed on the floor provides a lower center of gravity, and thus more safety.
There is also a need for a boat to have accessories other than seats, such as counsels, cooler, refrigerators, or containers that are moveable or relocateable about the boat floor.


A system and method comprises selecting at least one metric from an alternative representation of a database to create a request based on the at least one metric, invoking an interpreter associated with the database to return data related to the at least one metric, and displaying the data.

Some computer systems may be adapted to analyze data and generate reports based on the analyzed data. For example, a system may report profits by analyzing revenue and expenditures. A reporting application may be responsible for analyzing relevant data and generating the reports.
In many situations, the reports generated by such a system utilize data collected at multiple levels of the organization. Mappings (such as views), data structures, and complex queries may need to be generated and executed by the reporting application to relate and transform the data into user friendly information. Unfortunately, the performance of such systems may be adversely affected by the generation and execution of such mappings.

Displaying metrics from an alternative representation of a database

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


A secure device operating with a secure tamper-resistant platform including a tamper-resistant hardware platform and a virtual primary platform operating with a low level operating system performing an abstraction of resources of the hardware platform, and a secondary platform with a high level operating system providing a further abstraction of resources to applications in which respective internal hosts are embedded, the secure device including an internal host domain including the internal hosts, the secure device including a plurality of physical and/or logical input/output interfaces through which external hosts can access the internal hosts, the virtual primary platform being configured to set interactions between the external hosts and the internal hosts, wherein the internal host domain includes a further set of virtual hosts each configured to operate as a proxy between an input/output interface and an application, each input/output interface being configured to address only one among the virtual hosts.

Embedded and Integrated Smart Secure Platform (SSP) are a new class of devices currently under specification in ETSI, as for instance indicated in ETSI TS 103 465 V15.0.0 (2019-05). From the hardware point of view Embedded SSP it is a standalone chip and integrated SSP is an isolated chip integrated in a bigger CPU that may be used to converge services from different existing secure elements.
Currently there are several secure elements in high end phones, which are in some ways similar, such as a secure element that works in conjunction with Mobile Phone TEE (Trusted Execution Environment) for storing passwords and secrets, NFC (Near Field Communication) embedded Secure Elements for NFC payments, the eUICC, i.e., the embedded Universal Integrated Circuit Card used as secure element to authenticate in mobile telecommunications.
The corresponding several physical standalone chips are typically based on similar hardware and operating systems, having similar, but not identical features and requirements. This leads to the need for the convergence of such similar secure devices into a single one. However, a single operating system has resulted to be too complex to manage all the requirements, in particular in terms of certifications, such as for payment applications and approval. For instance, a NFC embedded Secure Element (eSE) needs to be certified Visa, Master Card, EMVco and others. A telecom secure element such as the eUICC instead needs to be tested by many Mobile Network Operators.
Thus, in order to separate the different operating system requirements even if using a single Secure Element (or TRE), it is known to adopt an approach based on a secure device operating with a smart secure platform (SSP), in particular including a virtual primary platform (VPP).
In FIG. 1 it is shown an architecture of a smart secure platform 10, which represents a tamper resistant element (TRE), which includes a hardware platform 11, and a primary platform 1P, specifically embodied by a Virtual Primary Platform 12 or VPP. Indeed the VPP 12, as described in for instance in GlobalPlatform Technology VPP—Concepts and Interfaces, Version 1.0.1 made available by the GlobalPlatform consortium at the URL https://globalplatform.org/specs-library/globalplatform-technology-virtual-primary-platform-v1-0-1/, includes a low level operating system (LLOS) managing security-related hardware functions and native multiprocessing capabilities and services, managing the hardware functions related to communication and firmware management. In FIG. 1 block 12 refers essentially to LLOS. The VPP 12 also includes a block indicated with 12a including an ABI (Application Binary Interface) related to the implementation of the LLOS in order to map any API (Application Programming Interface) which are dependent of the programming language made available on a HLOS (High Level Operating System) which is in a secondary platform 2P accompanied by respective Virtual Primary Platform applications or VPP applications 14. HLOS is an additional Program encompassed in a VPP Application, that provides further abstraction of resources and services to its HLOS applications 14. A same HLOS can support several VPP Applications 14. LLOS in block 12 is running in privileged CPU mode and it is minimal, containing only the functionality which cannot run in unprivileged CPU mode. The LLOS shall include a kernel, i.e., block 12a, supporting the management of multiple Processes and in addition to a kernel, the LLOS shall support:                the initial Bootstrap Program of the Primary Platform        the management of all the following hardware functions:                    Security Functions,            Memory Management Functions,            Memory Transfer Functions,            System Functions.
Thus, the LLOS in block 12 virtualizes the underlying hardware resources, i.e., represent an abstraction of the resources, and includes a respective VPP API which interacts with multiple VPP applications 14.
On the same level, the secondary platform 2P of the VPP applications 14 it is also shown to include a firmware loader module 13, which is specifically the GlobalPlatform Open Firmware Loader (OFL) in the example, which standardizes how firmware can be loaded and managed in the tamper-resistant hardware platform ii, whereas GlobalPlatform VPP platform 12 defines the security services for the tamper-resistant hardware platform 11 at the primary platform 1P.
The Hardware Platform 11 is implemented in a TRE and may embed:                one or more CPUs, which shall be specifically built for high-level of security        Random Access Memory (RAM)        Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) of potentially different types (reprogrammable or not)        a True Random Number Generator Function        long-term credentials storage        security functions (e.g., sensors)        a Key Protection function to restrict CPU access to secret key material        a Memory Management Function in charge of translating the physical memory addresses to virtual        memory addresses and protecting memory spaces according to their access rights.
The hardware platform ii should furthermore embed:                Cryptographic Functions        Memory Transfer Function (e.g., a Direct Memory Access controller).
Even if the VPP platform is very effective in isolating operating system requirements, it has a drawback in impact on the rest of the device. In fact, to address the several VPPs applications, an "addressing protocol" is required, which allows to address the several VPP applications inside. Such protocol defined in VPP is called VPP network protocol, as for instance specified in GlobalPlatform Technology Virtual Primary Platform—Network Protocol Version 1.0.1.
The VPP network protocol can setup pipes, i.e., a logical data circuit routing packet communication channel or channels between two gates of two different hosts within two different host Domains, with modem, Rich EE (REE), Trusted EE and other hosts. A gate is an entry point of the pipe towards a service/application that is operated inside a host, which in turn is a logical entity that operates one or more gates.
Such setting up pipes allows a multiplexing of protocols on the same physical interface.
In FIG. 2 it is shown schematically a network including a TRE host domain 23, including any host embedded in a VPP Application 14 in the tamper resistant element hardware platform 11 and external host domains 30 including:
a TEE Host Domain 31 for group of Hosts 311, 312 in Trusted Execution Environment,
MBM Host Domain 33 for the group of Hosts 331 running on the Mobile Broadband Modem,
REE Host Domain 32 for the group of Hosts 321, 322, 323 on the Rich Execution Environment.
Pipes P connecting gates of a TRE Host 231 in the TRE host domain 23 to gates of hosts the external host domains 31, 32, 33 are shown.
In addition to that, legacy interfaces may be requested to be restricted to specific classes of VPP applications for security reasons.
In particular, in specific devices the secure element needs to access to GPIO (General Input Output ports) pins to control user inputs and perform other functions.
In specific applications, also there is the requirement to limit the visibility of the GPIOs pins to specific VPP applications.

Secure device operating with a secure tamper resistant platform, corresponding system, method and computer program product


Technologies are described herein for identifying query intent from a raw query. A method for identifying intent may include repeatedly separating and merging terms of a natural language expression based on a set of rule-based transpositions of natural language terms into one or more defined terms based on predetermined naming conventions for at least one software function. Thereafter, a cluster of previous search terms related to the defined terms may be identified, and the natural language expression may be associated with the identified cluster to create intent-based cluster information.

Many software products provide a relatively large number of internal functions for use while utilizing the software products to perform various tasks. For example, spell check functions within word processors, algorithm functions within spreadsheet applications, and graphical functionality for altering text in publishing applications are relatively commonplace. However, a large number of users are not familiar with many other features, functions, and tools offered in some software products.
In order to address the problem described above, some software products provide for a "help" or "query" tool that allows for users to enter an expression related to a desired task, and receive results according to the particular algorithm employed by the help or query tool. For example, a user may be permitted to enter a phrase or group of terms using natural language that describe functionality the user desires to use in the underlying software product.
In order for relevant functionality to be inferred from the phrase and subsequently returned to the user, the help or query tool must determine what matches (if any) exist between the phrase supplied by the user and pre-defined descriptions of available functionality. Furthermore, natural expressions created by any number of users must be accounted for as compared to a small group of terms used by software programmers who generate the underlying software product and descriptions of associated functionality. Accordingly, there may exist a large gap between natural language expressions used to describe desired software functions as compared to actual internal naming conventions of the desired software functions.
It is with respect to these and other considerations that the disclosure made herein is presented.


A method for the production of a piston for an internal combustion engine, having a circumferential cooling channel, whereby a blank of a lower piston part is forged, and a blank of an upper piston part is produced, the blanks are pre-machined and joined together to form a piston blank, which is finished to produce a piston. At least one depression or recess is formed into the blank of the lower piston part during the forging process. In the finished piston, the depression forms an opening for a coolant inflow and/or a coolant outflow, or the recess forms an excavation groove for a pin securing ring, respectively.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for the production of a piston for an internal combustion engine, having a circumferential cooling channel, whereby a blank of a lower piston part is forged, and a blank of an upper piston part is produced, the blanks are pre-machined and joined together to form a piston blank, which is finished to produce a piston. The present invention furthermore relates to a method for the production of a piston for an internal combustion engine, whereby a blank of a lower piston part is forged, and a blank of an upper piston part is produced, the blanks are pre-machined and joined together to form a piston blank, which is finished to produce a piston. Finally, the present invention relates to such pistons for an internal combustion engine.
2. The Prior Art
In forged piston parts, openings such as those for the coolant inflow and the coolant outflow in a cooling channel, for example, have been produced by means of drilling. In this connection, sharp cutting edges occur, at which great stresses can lead to cracks. For this reason, the cutting edges must be rounded off manually or by machine, and this involves much effort. Furthermore, openings that deviate from the circular shape must be milled, with great effort. The excavated grooves for the pin securing rings on the pin bores must also be milled or cast, with great effort.

Piston for an internal combustion engine and method for its production


A false positive testing device (FPTD) that contains a coating based on a one hundred percent solids varnish and a transparent reagent, that uses oxidative free radical polymerization as a drying mechanism, and that can be transferred to various types of porous substrates by conventional lithographic offset printing and/or dry offset printing. The substrates with the FPTD can be verified by using common currency detection protocols, such as testing with ultraviolet lights and/or counterfeit detection iodine based pen/pad stamps.

Historically, security papers and substrates for banknotes, bonds, stocks, coupons, certificates, gift vouchers and other financial instruments along with identification documents, Ids, professional licenses to practice and ownership deeds etc., were ultra violet (UV) dull and did not fluoresce, i.e. turn bright or "glow" under UV light. Thus, UV fluorescent fibers, inks and coatings could be added to the security documents in predetermined target areas for visual verification/authentication by an observer or inspector (Warner, et. al.) Therefore if the above mentioned security documents were to be examined and verified under UV light if said documents turned bright or "glow" which would imply a "negative" result and said documenst would be deemed counterfeit. However, if said documents would remain "dull" or did not "glow" would imply a "positive" result and said documents are to be deemed genuine.
Also, the security substrates contained no fillers (sizing agents) or stiffeners such as potassium iodide starches that allow for authenticity and verification testing by marking on the security document in question, with a commercially available potassium Iodide Based Pen (IBP) or stamp pad in order to turn the marked area to be verified to a gold/amber/yellow color. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,063,163 of Carmeli, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this specification. Therefore if the above mentioned security documents were to be examined and verified by marking such documents with a commercially available potassium Iodide Based Pen (IBP) turned dark/black/reddish brown would imply a "negative" result and said documents would be deemed counterfeit. However, if said marking on these documents would turn gold/amber/yellow would imply a "positive" result and said documents are to be deemed genuine.
Most commercially available publication grade papers, especially coated papers, have ultraviolet brighteners and sizing agents that render them useless for financial security document applications as they are designed to fluoresce under UV light and they also react to a potassium iodide or potassium permanganate counterfeit detection Iodide Based Pen (IBP)/pad stamps producing a desired and visible colored moiety, usually dark/black/reddish brown in color respectively. Traditionally documents with these results would be considered and accepted as "negative" results and be rejected as "genuine". However, in more recent times, security printers are faced with using recycled papers that often contain unknown percentages of recycled coated publication grade papers mixed with recycled uncoated papers and thus when tested with a potassium iodide or potassium permanganate counterfeit detection Iodide Based Pen (IBP) pens/pad stamps may turn gold/amber/yellow color which signify a "positive" test result or dark/black/reddish brown color which signify a "negative" test result depending on the concentration of recycled coated paper. The same mixture of coated and uncoated recycled papers as above may (which signify a "negative" test result) or may not fluoresce (which signify a "positive" test result) under UV light inspection, depending again on the unknown percentages of coated and uncoated papers present in the recycled substrate.
Using the counterfeit detection Iodide Based Pen (IBP) or stamp pad and UV light detection methods are questionable and subject to "false positive" test errors when the documents are produced on recycled papers. In addition to the above scenario of unknown mixtures of coated versus uncoated paper present in the recycled substrates, many printing papers, such as Japanese rice papers, common newsprint stock, synthetic plastic papers and natural fiber papers contain no UV brighteners nor sizing starches, thus appearing to be UV dull and produce the "false positive" gold/amber/yellow color when tested with a counterfeit detection Iodide Based Pen (IBP).
Sometimes, fraudsters and criminals will take bone fide security documents, such as a one dollar US Banknote, use a oxidizing agent, such as bleach or hydrogen peroxide or a reducing agent such as bisulphite to erase the printed one dollar image, leaving the real security paper substrate to be reprinted at a higher denomination value, a practice known as "raising the note.". Thus the forged note is printed on a bond fide security paper and when tested for potassium iodide starch by a counterfeit detection Iodide Based Pen (IBP) or stamp pad will turn gold/amber/yellow and also looks UV dull under visual examination with a UV light source, a false positive test result.
In extreme cases, counterfeiters, forgers, terrorists, and fraudsters will simply procure the desired real security substrates by "breaking and entry" thus producing counterfeit documents that will produce a false positive test result when examined with a counterfeit detection Iodide Based Pen (IBP) and/or examined with a UV light source. A False Positive Testing Device, FPTD, that is independent of the security paper's UV dull and potassium iodate starch reaction attributes is needed for document, label and packaging authentication and verification.
There are numerous verification/identification commercially available security print technologies/techniques/methods that are used for securing security documents, labels and packages. They range from user friendly low-cost but very effective counterfeit and forgery deterrents such as void pantographs, microprint lines, geometric lathe patterns to covert security features such as scramble indicia to very high tech and expensive features such as radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, holograms, etc., where the verification involves the examination of the distortion or absence of the above mentioned features.
Certain segments of the industry's security end products, such as coupons, checks, cash vouchers, free standing newspaper inserts (FSI), Rx prescription pads etc., warrant using effective but low cost security devices that are easily adopted to the operational production processes in current use for counterfeit/forgery mitigation and subsequent identification and verification.
It is an object of this invention to provide a very effective, low cost user friendly security device that can be used for deterring counterfeit and forgery attempts, is easily adaptable to the manufacturing and printing processes in current use, is most effective in reconciling false positive test results, and provides a new and additional test method for authentication/verification and identification of security documents labels and packages.


This invention is a low-power circuit for detecting and latching the state of a fusible link. During a power-up sequence, the circuit makes a one time determination regarding the blown or unblown status of a fuse element. In one embodiment of the invention, the circuit comprises a fuse detect node which is coupled to power supply voltage (V.sub.cc) through a first IGFET and to ground through a second IGFET (which, in this embodiment, has more drive than the first) and the fuse element, respectively, when the fuse element is not severed. In another embodiment of the invention, the fuse detect node is coupled to ground through the second IGFET, and to power supply voltage (V.sub.cc) through the first IGFET (which, in this embodiment, has more drive than the second) and the fuse element, respectively, when the fuse element is not severed. During a first portion of the power-up sequence, both first and second IGFETs are rendered conductive, thus allowing the fuse detect node to reach equilibrium with respect to charge. The equilibrium charge state will depend on whether or not the fuse is severed or intact, and this charge state is reflected in a latched output. Once the output has been latched, whether in a low or high state, the first and second MOSFETs are rendered nonconductive during a second portion of the power-up sequence, thus isolating the fuse detect node from V.sub.cc and ground. The output is used to select or deselect a feature option or redundant circuit element.

In integrated circuits, there is often a need for discretionary connections which, once established, are permanent. Such discretionary connections are useful, for example, to program read-only memories, for swapping redundant circuit elements for defective circuit elements in memory arrays, for selecting useful circuits in wafer scale integration, and for enabling features or disabling features in integrated circuits. Most often, discretionary connections are made with either fusible links or antifusible links.
An antifusible link, when fabricated, provides an open connection. Antifuse links consist of two conductor and/or semiconductor materials having some kind of a dielectric or insulating material between them. A silicon nitride dielectric layer interposed between two conductively-doped silicon conductors is one common type of antifuse. During programming, selected antifuse links are shorted to provide a closed connection by applying a voltage across the dielectric layer that exceeds its breakdown voltage.
A fusible link, on the other hand, provides a closed connection when fabricated. The fusible link may be selectively melted to provide an open connection. In some cases, the fusible link is melted by passing an electric current through it which is of sufficient magnitude to cause the element to melt. In other cases, a laser beam is used to melt the link.
The use of laser-blown fuses poses several problems. Not infrequently, the blowing of a fusible link does not result in an adequate disconnection between two fuse-linked nodes. This problem may be the result of several factors. First, dielectric layers, which are often deposited on top of the fusible elements are not uniformly thick from wafer to wafer. Even on the same wafer, dielectric layer thickness may vary from the edge to the center. Therefore, the energy required to cleanly sever a fusible element may vary from device (also referred to as a die or chip) to device. If a fusible element is not cleanly blown such that a path of acceptably high resistance exists between the formerly interconnected nodes, it is generally advisable to discard the device, as it is usually undesirable to blow a fuse more than once in the same location. In any case, a relatively large gap must be blown in the link in order to prevent it from later becoming closed during operation of the device, through transmigration of conducting material near the gap into the gap region. This phenomenon of a blown fuse element "healing" itself is more likely to occur under conditions of high voltage and elevated temperature. The phenomenon is particularly problematic, because parts that are deemed to be good during testing immediately following manufacture may degrade in the field to the point where the selected option or replaced redundant circuit element is no longer selected consistently. Once the part becomes unreliable, it must be replaced. It is a generally accepted maxim that the more current that passes through a fusible link, the greater the likelihood of a future transmigration-induced failure.
Fuse circuits, such as the one depicted in FIG. 1 have been commonly used to make discretionary, permanent connections in integrated circuits. For example, such a circuit may be used to effect repairs in VLSI and ULSI random access memory (DRAM) arrays. In such a case, repairs are performed by disabling defective array elements (i.e., one or more rows and/or columns) and enabling functional redundant array elements in such a way that the enabled array element will be addressed in lieu of the disabled array elements. The fuse circuit is replicated many times within the array, with each circuit being associated with a group of rows or a group of columns, rather than with a single row or a single column. Such an arrangement represents a compromise between the competing goals of minimizing circuit space dedicated to repair circuitry and the ability to repair the maximum number of integrated circuit devices.
Still referring to FIG. 1, when the group of array elements associated with an individual repair circuit are fully functional, node A is maintained at ground potential (typically referred to as V.sub.ss) through the unblown fuse element FE. The output of the repair circuit in such a case is high. However, if one or more of the array elements associated with the repair circuit are determined to be defective during testing, fuse element FE is blown with a laser pulse in order to isolate node A from ground. Device Q1 then pulls node A to near power supply voltage (typically referred to as V.sub.cc), with the result that the output of the circuit is, now, low. The output feedback path P1 then latches transistor Q2 to an "on" state, thus ensuring that node A is held near V.sub.cc. The output signal, when low, enables address rerouting for the defective group of circuit elements.
Still referring to FIG. 1, if fuse FE is not completely blown, or if the open circuit partially "heals" itself, a leakage path through fuse element FE will exist. Node A will no longer be maintained near V.sub.cc, but rather at some voltage between ground and V.sub.cc. As a consequence, the circuit will be either unstable or completely nonfunctional. The problem will be particularly acute for low V.sub.cc levels, since transistor Q1 will not have sufficient drive to compensate for the leakage through fuse FE.


The invention relates to glaze resistors which are used for electronic parts of hybrid integrated circuit devices, chip resistors, resistor network, etc. The glaze resistor comprises 4.0 to 70.0 wt % of a conductive component composed of a metal silicide and a metal boride and 30.0 to 96.0 wt % of glass in which a rate of said metal boride is 1.0 to 68.0 wt %. Thus, the glaze resistor can be formed by sintering in a non-oxidizing atmosphere and can provide a circuit, together with conductor pattern of base metals such as Cu.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a glaze resistor which can be formed by sintering in a non-oxidizing atmosphere. According to this glaze resistor, base metals conductor pattern such as a Cu conductor pattern, etc. and thick film resistors can be formed on the same ceramic substrate.
2. Statement of the Prior Art
In the field of thick film hybrid integrated circuit (IC), novel metals such as Ag, AgPd, AgPt, etc. are used as conductor pattern and RuO.sub.2 type is used as a resistor (e.g., "Thick Film IC Technology", edited by Japan Microelectronics Association, pages 26-34, published by Kogyo Chosakai).
Recently, demand for high density circuit and high speed digital circuit has been increasing in the field of thick film hybrid IC. However, in conventional Ag type conductor pattern, problems of migration and circuit impedance arise and, the demand cannot be sufficiently met. Thus thick film hybrid IC using a Cu conductor pattern is viewed to be promising. However, the Cu conductor pattern is oxidized by sintering in the air so that a resistor used for the Cu conductor pattern must be formed by sintering in a non-oxidizing atmosphere. Glaze resistors which meet the requirement and have practicable characteristics have not been developed yet.

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A process for the nitrogen doping of a material includes a set of carbon atoms in the sp2 hybridization state. The process further includes the material not being oxidized beforehand, then placing the material in contact with dinitrogen. Irradiating the material and the dinitrogen placed in contact with a beam of electrons or of light ions whose energy is greater than or equal to 0.1 MeV, to obtain a material wherein some of the carbon atoms in the sp2 hybridization state is nitrogen-doped.

The presently disclosed subject matter relates to a process for the nitrogen doping of solid materials, these materials comprising or being constituted of a set of carbon atoms in sp2 hybridization.
The discovery of graphene and of its exceptional properties, especially those of two-dimensional electron transport, gave rise to very active research on this material. One of these research routes is directed toward modifying the electron properties of graphene in the context of its use in various devices.
One of the ways of modifying the electronic properties of graphene is doping, which is generally performed by replacing carbon atoms with other elements. At the present time, nitrogen is one of the dopants most extensively studied in the case of graphene. It has been demonstrated that nitrogen doping remarkably improves the performance qualities of graphene, especially in lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells and field-effect transistors.
Nitrogen doping is also advantageous as regards other materials constituted of carbon atoms in the sp2 hybridization state, for instance graphite or carbon nanotubes.
The nitrogen doping of graphene may be performed chemically, for example by heat treatment of graphene oxide in the presence of ammonia (Xu et al., Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2015, 445, 143-150) or of an organic compound comprising nitrogen (Liu et al., Energy Storage Materials 2016, 2, 69-75), or by heating a nitrogen-doped graphene precursor, such as pyridine or julolidine (Yasuda et al., ChemComm 2013, 49, 9627). However, these processes make use of high temperatures and of toxic chemical compound v ds, thus making them unattractive from an economic and ecological viewpoint.

Method for nitrogen doping of solid materials

CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE

COMMISSARIAT À L'ÉNERGIE ATOMIQUE ET AUX ÉNERGIES ALTERNATIVES


A network switch device includes a plurality of ingress processors, each ingress processor has a packet memory to store packets received via a plurality of ingress ports. A plurality of egress processors are coupled to the plurality of ingress processors via a switch fabric. Each egress processor has a plurality of egress ports. Each ingress processor is configured to create descriptors for packets received via ingress ports, each descriptor having a smaller size than the corresponding packet, store the packets in the packet memory, process each descriptor to determine at least the appropriate egress processor among the egress processors to which to forward the descriptor, transmit, via the switch fabric, descriptors to egress processors, and, in response to receiving PULL messages from the egress processors, transmit packets to the egress processors via the switch fabric.

The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure.
Some network switch devices comprise a plurality of packet processors interconnected by a fabric, such as a fabric comprising one or more crossbar devices. The packet processors each include a plurality of ports (network ports) coupled to a plurality of network links, and one or more ports (fabric ports) coupled to the fabric. In such devices, a packet is received via a first network port of a first packet processor, and the first packet processor analyzes the packet to determine via which other network port (e.g., a second network port) the packet is to be transmitted. When the second network port is a port of another one of the packet processors (e.g., a second packet processor), the first packet processor provides the packet to the fabric over a first group of one or more fabric ports, and the fabric, in turn, provides the packet to the second packet processor over a second group of one or more fabric ports. The second packet processor then transmits the packet via the second network port.
In one known approach, the packet is initially stored in an ingress queue of the first packet processor. A scheduler of the first packet processor determines when the packet can be provided to the crossbar. A scheduler of the crossbar then determines when the packet can be provided to the second packet processor. At the second packet processor, the packet is stored in a transmit queue. A scheduler of the second packet processor then determines when the packet can be transmitted via the second port of the second packet processor.

Fabric traffic management in a network device


A seedling holding and dispensing mechanism used on planters having a planting arm which is intermittently extended downwardly into the soil. The seedling holder and dispenser is preferably mounted along the trailing edge of the planting arm. The seedling holder includes a first jaw and a second jaw. The first jaw is preferably mounted to the trailing edge of the planting arm in a fixed position. The second jaw is mounted for movement relative to the first jaw to allow clamping of the seedlings. The second jaw can be pivotally mounted, such as by using a connecting rod which is pivoted torsionally about a longitudinal axis. A proximate end of the connecting rod is adapted to have a lever arm. The mechanism preferably uses retraction and extension position actuators which automatically open the jaws in both the retracted loading position and the extended discharging position. A biasing spring biases the jaws together when not actuated to thereby hold the seedling as it is moved downwardly and inserted into the soil.

The widespread harvesting of timber has increased the need for improved re-forestation practices. Most re-forestation planting is done in areas previously logged. It is common for re-forestation planting to be accomplished by manual labor, but such an approach is costly. The high cost of manual planting is caused by the difficulty of the work, the large amounts of area which must be covered, and the large volume of tree seedlings which must be planted. There have been numerous attemps to design a suitable tree seedling planter which is effective and efficient. To date all mechanized tree seedling planters have suffered from one or more limitations which have deterred acceptance of these implements by the lumber industry.
Of particular significance to this invention are problems experienced in prior art seedling holders and dispensers. The seedling holder is subjected to severe service since it must hold the seedling and appropriately release the seedling as it is placed into the ground. Correct placement of the seedling within the soil layer is one of the most important factors in seedling survival. The seedling must be properly held and appropriately released to achieve acceptable position and orientation within the ground.
The insertion and removal of mechanized seedling holders has previously caused substantial maintenance and operational problems. The seedling holder operates in the soil under conditions of moisture and a variety of soil compositions. Some soils are highly abrasive, while others are gummy and sticky. Nearly all are likely to contain sufficient amounts of organic matter or other constituents which can cause fouling or plugging.
Prior art seedling holders have typically functioned to eject a seedling by using a linear ejection mechanism. Such mechanisms often entail bulky and relatively heavy mechanisms. Use of such heavy mechanisms on a movable planting arm can significantly reduce the speed of operation because of the larger mass which must be repeatedly accelerated and decelerated during cycling of the planting arm. Accordingly there is a need for minimizing the mass and inertia associated with a seedling holding and planting apparatus.
Another deficiency of the prior art is the efficient and automatic operation of the seedling holder into open positions at both the loading and unloading positions. Prior art seedling holders such as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,899,985 to Rath are only capable of manual loading, thus requiring manipulation of an operator handle to load a seedling into the seedling holder. Although the Rath patent shows release of the seedling holder in the extended position, the absence of automatic opening in the retracted loading position creates a very significant amount of delay and greatly reduces the rate of speed at which seedlings can be planted.
Until the present invention there has remained a strong need in the art for an efficient, reliable, and automatic seedling holder and dispensing mechanism for use in planting seedlings, particularly tree seedlings.

Plant seedling holding and dispensing mechanism


The invention provides an amphiphilic siloxane-containing vinylic monomer which comprises one sole ethylenically unsaturated group and a siloxane-containing group covalently linked to the ethylenically-unsaturated group through a hydrophilic linker. The present invention is also related to a polymer, an actinically-crosslinkable silicone-containing prepolymer, a silicone hydrogel polymeric material, or a silicone hydrogel contact lens, which comprises monomeric units derived from an amphiphilic siloxane-containing vinylic monomer of the invention. In addition, the invention provides a method for making silicone hydrogel contact lenses using a water-based lens-forming formulation comprising an amphiphilic siloxane-containing vinylic monomer of the invention and/or an actinically-crosslinkable silicone-containing prepolymer of the invention.

In recent years, soft silicone hydrogel contact lenses become more and more popular because of their high oxygen permeability and comfort. "Soft" contact lenses can conform closely to the shape of the eye, so oxygen cannot easily circumvent the lens. Soft contact lenses must allow oxygen from the surrounding air (i.e., oxygen) to reach the cornea because the cornea does not receive oxygen from the blood supply like other tissue. If sufficient oxygen does not reach the cornea, corneal swelling occurs. Extended periods of oxygen deprivation cause the undesirable growth of blood vessels in the cornea. By having high oxygen permeability, a silicone hydrogel contact lens allows sufficient oxygen permeate through the lens to the cornea and to have minimal adverse effects on corneal health.
Typically, silicone hydrogel contact lenses are produced according to a cast molding technique involving use of disposable or reusable molds and a silicone hydrogel lens formulation (i.e., a mixture of vinylic monomers and/or vinylic macromers). A silicone hydrogel lens formulation often comprises a bulky siloxane-containing vinylic monomer, such as, for example, a vinylic monomer having a tris(trialkylsilyloxy)silylalkyl group (e.g., tris(trimethylsilyloxy)-silylpropyl acrylate, tris(trimethylsilyloxy)-silylpropyl methacrylate, tris(trimethylsilyloxy)-silylpropyl acrylamide, tris(trimethylsilyloxy)-silylpropyl methacrylamide, tris-(trimethylsiloxysilyl)propylvinyl carbamate, etc.). It is reported that such a bulky siloxane-containing vinylic monomer is critical to the elimination of optical defects derived from handling during manufacturing, especially when curing the monomer mixture in a mold within a relatively short time (e.g., less than about 300 seconds) with a UV light. When such a bulky siloxane-containing vinylic monomer is eliminated from a monomer mixture for making silicone hydrogel contact lenses, resultant lenses may develop permanent deformations (optics defects) due to handling. But, when such a bulky siloxane-containing vinylic monomer is present, resultant lenses exhibit a 'healing' effect that eliminated the optical defects (i.e., the folding marks become transient and can disappear after a short time period, e.g., about 15 minutes or less).
However, most of available bulky-siloxane-containing vinylic monomers are hydrophobic and not suitable for making water-based silicone hydrogel lens formulations. In addition, unpolymerized bulky siloxane-containing vinylic monomers must be removed from molded lenses by using an organic solvent in a lens extraction process. Such lens extraction process increases the production cost and is not environmentally friendly.
Therefore, there is still a need for amphiphilic siloxane-containing vinylic monomers which have adequate solubility in water and can be used in an environmentally-friendly lens production process.

Amphiphilic siloxane-containing vinylic monomers and uses thereof