This invention provides an automatic tracing algorithm for quantitative analysis of continuous structures, such as the images of tree-like or network-like structures. The algorithm includes the steps of encoding 3-D image voxels by using a source field encoding methodology followed by a defined image threshold, tracing the codelets along encoded voxels such that the characteristic element of a 3-D image such as the center line of fiber, fiber branch, loop, and end point can be determined systematically, and achieving the automatic analysis without manual intervention. In addition, quantitative measurements are exquisitely calculated by the location and distance of these characteristic elements between coded voxels. The algorithm is more suitable to automatically analyze the 2D/3D images of complex neurons, blood vessels, collagens in skin tissue, and fibril morphology in polymeric materials.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an automatic tracing algorithm for a quantitative analysis of continuous structures, and more particularly to an algorithm of a quantitative analysis that encodes voxels of images of a continuous structure and automatically traces this continuous structure.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, computer software and digital image technology advance rapidly. For example, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) result of a brain can be divided to create independent 3D images of each tissue for an analysis according to the properties of the tissue, or a blood vessel photography is used for taking the photos of blood vessels by a confocal imaging microscope (OCT) to produce 2D or 3D images for the analysis, or the confocal laser scanning microscope or any other imaging technique is used for obtaining a complicated 3D digital image of a neural structure, a distribution of blood vessels, and so on. However, it is a very challenging problem to analyze such a large volume of 2D or 3D digital images to obtain useful and quantitatively accurate information.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,872,861 disclosed a blood vessel imaging method that compares the intensity of a pixel with a pixel at the center line of the blood vessel to find stenoses of vessel. U.S. Pat. No. 7,480,400 disclosed a neural fiber tractography for analyzing 3D digital images by a magnetic resonance imaging water molecule diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) method. The method mainly uses a group of selected three-dimensional voxels to find a seed point by a different method, and then uses a distance threshold of the seed point to eliminate the voxel so as to trace a pathway of neural fiber. In the method of finding the seed point in accordance with this patented technology, the direction of a diffusion tensor axis (or the direction of a neural fiber) of a near pixel or the included angle between the relative position of the pixel and the axis, and the fractional anisotropy are used for determining the seed point.
The neural fiber, blood vessel, collagen in skin tissue, or many polymeric materials are continuous structures, such as line-structures, tree-like structures, network-like structures or neuron-like structures. If an image of the continuous structure is analyzed by a quantitative analysis, the moving direction of the structure is traced. For example, a method for tracing the moving direction of a blood vessel is disclosed by U.S. Pat. Publication No. 2006/0056694, wherein a definite starting point is set for a 3D image of a tree-like structured anatomical coronary vessel, and then a tracing codelet (segment) is moved along a definite image of the blood vessel section by section, and information of a distance direction is created. However, the determination of the moving direction by this method generally requires a manual determination, particularly at a branch or a loop. In addition, this method can analyze a main path only. For an analysis of the branch of a tree-like structure, it is necessary to select the starting point repeatedly and use the tracing codelet analysis so that the analysis not only takes much manpower, but also lacks objectivity, affects the result and fails to achieve the effect of an automatic analysis due to human factors.
In an article of Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 178, P.197-204 in 2009 by Zlatko V. and Armen S. and U.S. Pat. No. 7,072,515, a fully automatic line-structured 2D or 3D fluorescence confocal microscopy image tracing method is disclosed. The method mainly selects a seed point in a line-structure as a starting point, and traces the center line of the line-structure from the starting point to the next position, and the next position is set as a new starting point to repeat the step of tracing the center line of the line-structure until an end point of the line-structure is reached. In FIG. 1, N×M grids are used for representing line-structured neural fibers, wherein the center line of the line-structure is traced on an X-Y plane and in a Z-axis direction, and four templates are shared, and two 2D templates are used for the left and right directions on the X-Y plane, and two 2D templates are used in the up and down directions along the Z-axis direction, and the line-structure is divided into N2 directions. For example, if N=32, then four templates are divided into 4×322=4096 directions such that the starting point Pi is moved to the position of the next starting point Pi+1 according to the axis of the line-structure so as to trace the whole line-structure. Although this method can automatically trace the whole line-structure, yet it is difficult to use the method to trace a more complicated structure, such as a branch point or a loop of the neural fiber. In addition, these seed points are generated according to a certain selected condition. If some conditions are not defined appropriately, the seed point will be insufficient for tracing the whole structure such that the structure will form unconnected segments. Now, it is necessary to connect the segments with manual intervention.
In an article of Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 184, P.169-175 by Alfredo R., Douglas B. E., Patrick R. H. and Susan L. W. in 2009, a dynamic data segment is used for forming a funnel-shaped three-dimensional voxel, and computing a moving distance by a displacement during a tracing in order to trace the whole confocal microscopy image. Although this method can trace a confocal microscopy image having a branch image, yet the method involves a large volume of computations, which is unfavorable to a quick computation.
As to a process of encoding three-dimensional voxels to a branched skeleton of a confocal microscopy image disclosed in an article of Computers in Biology and Medicine, 35, P.791-813 in 2005 by Hamid S. Z., Ali S., Mohammad-Mehdi K., Zheng G. Z., Reza A. Z., Mahnaz M. and Michael C., the confocal microscopy image is rebuilt by a quantitative method. This method can connect confocal microscopy images with disconnected branches into a connected image, or trim an image branch, and apply the coded result to calculate the length. However, this method still requires manual intervention.
In view of the insufficiency of the prior art, an automatic tracing algorithm for a continuous structure without manual intervention is introduced, and the tracing algorithm with the least computing volume is urgently required for automatically tracing and analyzing image data of the continuous structure including the neural fiber, blood vessel, collagen in skin tissue of a line-structure, a tree-like structure, a network-like structure or a neuron-like structure, or images of various types of polymeric material fibers.

Automatic tracing algorithm for quantitative analysis of continuous structures


A liquid crystal display apparatus includes a liquid crystal display panel having a substrate to which an optical sheet is affixed, a protective plate disposed so that the optical sheet intervenes between the protective plate and the substrate and so that a predetermined space is formed between the protective plate and the optical sheet, a spacer disposed between the liquid crystal display panel and the protective plate, and a resin layer in a region enclosed by the spacer that is polymerized after filling. The area of the substrate is greater than the area of the optical sheet. The spacer has a frame shape corresponding to the outer shape of the optical sheet. And the spacer is located on edges of the optical sheet such that inner end faces of the spacer are located inward relative to outer end faces of the optical sheet.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a liquid crystal display apparatus including a protective plate and a liquid crystal display panel, and to a manufacturing method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
There has heretofore been known a liquid crystal display apparatus wherein a transparent protective plate for protecting the display surface of a liquid crystal display panel is bonded to the liquid crystal display panel through a resin layer so that the liquid crystal display panel and the protective plate are integrated.
Such a liquid crystal display apparatus undergoes the following process to integrate the protective plate and the liquid crystal display panel: The liquid crystal display panel and the protective plate are arranged face to face so that a space is made between the display surface of the liquid crystal display panel and the protective plate. Then, the space between the liquid crystal display panel and the protective plate is filled with a viscous unpolymerized resin. Further, the filling unpolymerized resin is polymerized and cured.
In the meantime, the liquid crystal display panel is structured so that an optical sheet such as a polarizing plate is affixed to a pair of substrates holding a liquid crystal layer in between. The unpolymerized resin is filled into the space formed between the protective plate and the optical sheet.
However, it has heretofore been the case that if the unpolymerized resin passes around the optical sheet when the unpolymerized resin is filled into the space, the unpolymerized resin adheres to the end face of the optical sheet because the end face of the optical sheet is exposed. That is, the unpolymerized resin or its solvent comes into contact with the end face of the optical sheet when the unpolymerized resin is filled into the space.
Here, the unpolymerized resin contains a solvent based on a hydrocarbon such as hexane that dissolves the unpolymerized resin. Moreover, the surface of the optical sheet is protected from the external environment by, for example, a coating material, but the end face of the optical sheet is exposed from the coating material because the optical sheet itself is cut into a predetermined size. This exposed portion is subject to adverse effects due to a solvent based on a hydrocarbon such as hexane.
Therefore, in the conventional liquid crystal display apparatus, faults such as cracks may be generated in the optical sheet due to the adhesion of the unpolymerized resin to the end face of the optical sheet with the passage of time after the protective place and the liquid crystal display panel are integrated.

Liquid crystal display apparatus including a resin layer in a region enclosed by a spacer between an optical sheet and a protective plate


The present invention provides a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery having excellent battery characteristics, including a battery separator containing a polyolefin porous film; a positive electrode plate; and a negative electrode plate. The polyolefin porous film has a puncture strength of at least 26.0 gf/g/m2 and satisfies Formula (A), and the positive and negative electrode plates satisfy Formula (B).0.00≤|1−T/M|≤0.54  (A)0.00≤|1−T/M|≤0.50  (B)T represents a distance by which the polyolefin porous film or positive or negative electrode plate moves in a traverse direction from a starting point to a point where a critical load is obtained in a scratch test under a constant load of 0.1 N, and M represents a distance by which the porous film or positive or negative electrode plate moves in a machine direction from the starting point to the point where the critical load is obtained.

Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries, particularly lithium secondary batteries, have a high energy density and are thus in wide use as batteries for, for example, personal computers, mobile telephones, and portable information terminals. Such nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries have recently been developed as on-vehicle batteries.
As a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery such as a lithium-ion secondary battery, known is a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery that includes a porous film as disclosed in, for example, Patent Literature 1, which porous film contains polyolefin as a main component.

Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery


The invention concerns a tire whose crown contains a ply of circumferentially oriented cords. That ply is so arranged that in sensitive zones, as, for example, at the side ends of the adjacent crown reinforcing ply, the laying pitch of the circumferentially oriented cords is markedly increased. That considerably lessens the risk of damage to the circumferentially oriented cords in those zones.

The invention concerns a vehicle tire and, notably, a tire whose architecture is optimized in order to reinforce its endurance and speed resistance.
It is now common for tires of passenger cars designed to run at high speeds to embody an additional ply of circumferentially oriented cords. That ply can be placed above the crown reinforcement plies at angles also commonly used.
In such a configuration, that ply of circumferentially oriented cords is the radially outermost ply of the tire crown.
A break of one or more of those circumferential cords on rolling can shorten the lifetime of the tire. In fact, such breaks reduce the binding of the crown, but can also lead to seepage of water along the circumferential cords, which can entail wire corrosion phenomena.
A zone sensitive to circumferential cord ply damage is the lateral end of the working ply closest to the circumferential cords, owing to the short distance between those circumferential cords and the ends of the wire cords of the working ply. The damage to the circumferential cords can be due, notably, to abrasive contacts with the ends of the cords of the ply at the outermost angle.
Tire designers have proposed various arrangements for keeping the circumferential cords away from the ends of the reinforcing plies at angles from the crown, notably, through the addition of rubber flanging layers.
These arrangements make the tire more difficult to manufacture and increase its cost. Furthermore, the shaping operations make industrial control of these complementary operations subject to time variations.
The object of the present invention is to present an economical arrangement for solving that technical question.
In what follows, xe2x80x9ccordxe2x80x9d is understood to mean monofilaments as well as multifilaments, or assemblages like cables, yarns or even any type of equivalent assemblage, whatever the material and treatment of those cords, like, for example, surface treatment or coating or pre-sizing to promote adherence to the rubber.
xe2x80x9cRubber bonding layerxe2x80x9d for a given reinforcing ply is understood to mean the rubbery compound in contact with the ply reinforcing cords, adhering to the latter and filling the interstices between adjacent cords.
xe2x80x9cContactxe2x80x9d between a cord and a rubber bonding layer is understood to mean the fact that at least one part of the outer circumference of the cord is in close contact with the rubber compound constituting the rubber bonding.
xe2x80x9cTiterxe2x80x9d is understood to mean the weight in grams of one thousand meters of a cord. The titer is expressed in tex. The stress undergone by a cord or the modulus of that cord is expressed in xe2x80x9ccN/texxe2x80x9d, cN meaning centinewton.
xe2x80x9cLaying pitch pxe2x80x9d of a generally circumferentially oriented and spiral-wound cord is understood to mean the distance transversely separating the axes of two adjacent cord turns. The laying pitch is the inverse of xe2x80x9claying density d,xe2x80x9d which corresponds to the number of cord turns contained in a given axial width: p=1/d. Usually, d is expressed in number of cords per decimeter (f/dm) and p by millimeters; thus, p=100/d.
The xe2x80x9chigh-temperature contraction potentialxe2x80x9d of a textile cord called xe2x80x9cCSxe2x80x9d is understood to mean the relative variation of length of a textile cord positioned, under a prestress equal to the half-sum of the titers of each of the elementary fibers, between the platforms of a furnace (TESTRITE type apparatus) regulated at a constant temperature of 185 xc2x10.5xc2x0 C. The CS is expressed in % by the following formula:
CS(%)=100xc3x97|L1xe2x88x92L0|/L0
where L0 is the initial length of the adhered cord at room temperature under a prestress equal to the half-sum of the titers of each of the elementary fibers and L1 is the length of that same cord at 185xc2x0 C. The length L1 is measured at the end of a cord stabilization time at temperature of 185xc2x0 C., equal to 120 sxc2x12%. The standard deviation on the measurement of CS is xc2x10.15%.
That potential is a direct consequence of the set of operations that the cord has undergone on its elaboration or on its use.
The invention concerns a tire containing a crown extended by two sidewalls and two beads, a carcass anchored in the two beads, in which the crown radially comprises from inside:
at least one reinforcing ply of axial width L, formed by parallel cords oriented at an angle xcex1 relative to the circumferential direction of between 10 and 75 degrees, and
at least one ply of cords obtained by spiral winding of the cords in a generally circumferential direction, arranged radially outside relative to the reinforcing ply and extending axially beyond the reinforcing ply.
This tire is characterized in that, in the zones axially placed relative to the equatorial plane P of the tire at a distance ranging between L/2xe2x88x92h and L/2+H, the laying pitch of the cords is greater than or equal to the axial distance H+h, in that the values of H and h are equal or over 2 mm and in that said ply of cords arranged in a generally circumferential direction has an axial width strictly over L+2 H.
The fact that in this zone the laying pitch of the circumferentially oriented and spiral-wound cords is greater than or equal to the axial distance H+h means that, from one side of that zone to the other, only one circumferential cord turn has been arranged at most. This embodiment therefore appreciably diminishes the likelihood of an accidental break of that cord due to an abrasive contact between that cord and a cord of the adjacent ply and thus reinforces the resistance of the tire as a whole.
The invention also concerns a similar tire in which the ply of circumferential cords comprises, at least on one side of the equatorial plane P of the tire, a first spiral winding extending from the equatorial plane P to an axial distance of L/2xe2x88x92h and at least a second spiral winding axially extending outward beyond an axial distance L/2+H from the equatorial plane of the tire.
That embodiment has the advantage of not entailing any risk of contact between the cords of the circumferential ply and the axial end of the cords of the reinforcing ply formed by cords oriented at angle xcex1. Industrial production is, however, somewhat longer by reason of the interruption and resumption of laying of the circumferential cords.
The laying pitch of the ply of generally circumferentially oriented spiral-wound cords is advantageously less in the zone axially placed outside beyond the axial distance L/2+H than the laying pitch of the cords in the center zone of the tire crown.
That makes it possible to compensate for the absence of binding opposite the axial end of the crown reinforcing ply of width L in order to obtain a uniform binding. Binding can also be increased in the shoulder zone in order to improve resistance to high speeds of the tire.
For a similar purpose, the laying pitch of the circumferential cords can also be reduced in the zone placed axially placed in proximity to the axial distance L/2xe2x88x92h.
When the tire crown includes a second reinforcing ply of axial width Lxe2x80x2, radially inward from the first, formed by parallel cords oriented at an angle xcex2 of between 10 and 75 degrees, the ply of circumferential cords can extend axially within or beyond distance Lxe2x80x2/2 from the equatorial plane of the tire, depending on the level of high-speed resistance sought.
According to one particular embodiment, the tire tread is, on at least a given axial zone of the crown, in direct contact with the circumferentially oriented cords. That facilitates manufacture of the tire by reducing the number of products to be laid. When the tread contains a first compound intended to come in contact with the road, as well as an underlayer radially placed under the first compound, it is the underlayer which is advantageously in direct contact with the circumferentially oriented cords.
The so-called underlayer compounds are intended to improve different performances like the consumption or drift rigidity of the tires.
The ply of generally circumferentially oriented cords advantageously consists of at least two simultaneously spiral-wound cords. That makes it possible to reduce the ply laying time. The maximum number of cords that can be simultaneously wound is at most four.
The simultaneous winding of two to four cords makes it possible to reduce the laying time of the ply of circumferential cords appreciably, since the laying pitch is doubled, while maintaining the same cord density. That does not appreciably increase the likelihood of abrasive contacts between the circumferentially oriented cords and the end of the cords oriented at xcex1 in the critical zone. Beyond four cords laid simultaneously, the length of contact possible increases, so that the benefit of the invention disappears.
Preferably, h ranges between 2 and 10 mm, and H is greater than 2 mm.
The generally circumferentially oriented and spiral-wound cords advantageously develop a stress under 3% strain greater than 12 cN/tex and preferably greater than 20 cN/tex. Those cords therefore present a high modulus of elasticity at elevated strains, which makes it possible for the ply they form to assume all its functions, notably, binding of the crown at high speed, while maintaining a relatively low laying density.
Those cords can present an initial modulus less than 900 cN/tex and preferably less than 800 cN/tex. The low initial modulus of those cords has the advantage of improving comfort of the tire and reducing its low-speed coast by running noise.
Such a cord can be a hybrid cable combining at least one nylon yarn and at least one aramid yarn.
The circumferentially oriented cords advantageously present a standard contraction potential at high temperature below 3.5%. That makes it possible to limit their contraction on vulcanization of the tire and thus reinforce in all the working variants described the likelihood of avoiding, in operation, all abrasive contact between the circumferentially oriented cords and those oriented at a and radially arranged inward.
It is also advantageous to spiral-wind the cords with laying diameters roughly corresponding to the final diameters of the cords in the tire after vulcanization. As previously, that reinforces the probability of avoiding, in operation, any abrasive contact between the circumferentially oriented cords and those oriented at a and radially arranged inward.
The embodiments described also have the advantage of making it possible to reduce the quantity and thickness of the rubber flanging layers. This is favorable in terms of thickness and heating at the shoulder.


A roll stabilizer for a motor vehicle having a housing (137, 237) with a first stabilizer element (110, 210) coupled to the housing and an electric motor (150, 250) located in the housing (137, 237). The transmission (160, 260) is coupled to the electric motor (150, 250) on a drive side, and the output side of the transmission (160, 260) is coupled to a second stabilizer element (115, 215) such that the stabilizer elements are electromechanically rotatable with respect to one another. The electric motor is designed as a Vernier motor.

Active roll stabilizers with a hydraulic or an electric motor actuator are known. In this case, a passive roll stabilizer is separated and an actuator comprising of a motor and a transmission is positioned between the stabilizer elements. The actuator can twist the two stabilizer elements against each other to minimize the rolling of the motor vehicle due to impulses of the roadway or during swerving or driving around curves. In this case, large actuating power is required so that, due to the limited assembly space, the motor and a transmission are positioned at the respective vehicle axle and axially next to each other.
An actuator is known through the EP 1 820 675 A1 for an active roll stabilizer whereby the actuator has an electric motor with a downstream three-stage planetary transmission which generates the output drive at the output side through its last planetary carrier. The electric motor and the planetary transmission are installed next to each other in a common enclosure of the actuator, whereby one side of the housing is connected in a rotationally fixed manner with its first stabilizer element. The second stabilizer element is connected in a rotationally fixed manner with the planetary carrier at the output side of the planetary transmission. During activation of the electric motor, the two stabilizer elements are twisted against each other to controllably counteract rolling movement of the vehicle's chassis.

Roll stabilizer and use of a roll stabilizer in a motor vehicle


An apparatus and method for high pressure gas filling of gas cylinders is disclosed. The apparatus includes an elongated filling tube for a pressurized gas cylinder having a valve regulator/fitting sealed in an opening at one end of the gas cylinder, the elongated filling tube extending within the cylinder and being attached at one end to the valve regulator/fitting. The elongated filling tube is provided with longitudinally spaced transverse openings along the length thereof to facilitate intermixing of gases injected into the cylinder under pressure. The method of high pressure gas mixing within a pressurized cylinder includes the steps of injecting a predetermined volume of a first gas under a predetermined pressure into the cylinder, and injecting a remaining volume of at least one other gas under a greater predetermined pressure into the cylinder, while also intermixing the molecules of the first and the at least one other gas together throughout the cylinder in order to produce a desired gas mixture within the pressurized cylinder.

The gas products industry ships gases and gas mixtures in carefully constructed metal pressure cylinders, in order to withstand pressure filling/unfilling, as well as transportation and handling of the pressure cylinders between the gas supplier and the gas user. Gases and gas mixtures are injected under pressure from a gas filling manifold into gas cylinders through valve regulators/fittings which are sealed and mounted to the gas cylinders at an upper end thereof. Manually operated levers or knobs are provided, to close the valve regulators/fittings when the gas cylinders are filled, and for subsequent opening of the valve regulators/fittings, when it is desired to use the gas or gas mixture contents within the cylinder.
When mixing two or more gases, the gas product industry has typically rolled or rotated the gas cylinder following filling, in order to mix the gases. This requires placing the filled gas cylinder in a horizontal position on a series of motor driven rollers which rotate the cylinder for a given period of time, usually about 15 minutes, in order to blend or mix the gas mixture. In many cases, the motor driven motor apparatus has been designed to accommodate a plurality of gas cylinders, i.e., 6 cylinders, in order to simultaneously mix the pressurized gas mixture contents of a number of gas cylinders at the same time.
The intimacy or degree of mixing achieved is directly related to the homogeneity of the mixture. Absolute homogeneity would correspond to theoretically perfect mixing; in actual practice; however, only a certain degree of homogeneity is achieved which is sufficient to fulfill the requirements of the gas products industry. It has been determined, on an empirical basis, that the aforementioned cylinder rolling procedure achieves the desired intermixing of gases, if performed over a given period of time, generally accepted to be a 15 minute time period for the intermixture of most gas products in the gas products industry.
While the above procedure has worked quite well up to the present time, it will be apparent from the following description of the apparatus and method of the present invention that the above described procedure is a time consuming, labor exhausting, and an energy and cost inefficient method, as compared to the apparatus and method of the present invention herein disclosed.

Apparatus and method for high pressure gas mixing


A wireless communication device can include an antenna array configured to receive a plurality of radio frequency (RF) signals, RF circuitry, and digital baseband receive circuitry. The RF circuitry is configured to process the plurality of RF signals received via the antenna array to generate a single RF signal. The digital baseband receive circuitry is coupled to the RF circuitry and is configured to generate a downconverted signal based on the single RF signal, amplify the downconverted signal to generate an amplified downconverted signal, and convert the amplified downconverted signal to generate a digital output signal for processing by a wireless modem. The digital baseband receive circuitry further includes at least a first filtering system configured to filter the downconverted signal prior to amplification.

The ubiquity of wireless communication has continued to raise a host of challenging issues. In particular, challenges have evolved with the advent of mobile communication systems, such as 5G communications systems due to both the wide variety of devices with different needs and the spectrum to be used. In particular, the ranges of frequency bands used in communications have increased, most recently due to the incorporation of carrier aggregation of licensed and unlicensed bands and the upcoming use of the mmWave bands.
MIMO communication devices are beginning to become practical consumer products. However, challenges remain with how to efficiently configure the devices while at the same time minimize cross-talk interference, reduce current drain, reduce mixer supply/ground noise, and further increase device performance.


A method of optimizing performance in a wireless communication system by transmitting a first parameter using a first channel before the optimization of one or more selected channels, wherein the first parameter comprises a modulation scheme used to optimize performance of one or more channels and a first schedule.

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication such as voice, data, and so on. These systems may be multiple-access systems capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., bandwidth and transmit power). Examples of such multiple-access systems include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, and orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems. Typically, a wireless communication system comprises several base stations, wherein each base station communicates with the mobile station using a forward link and each mobile station communicates with base station using a reverse link.
A wireless communication system may employ multi-carrier modulation for data transmission. Common examples of multi-carrier modulation include orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and discrete multi-tone (DMT). OFDM effectively partitions the overall system bandwidth into a number of orthogonal subbands. Each subband is associated with a respective carrier upon which data may be modulated. The carriers for the subbands may be independently modulated with data, and the modulated carriers are then added together to generate an output waveform.
OFDM transmissions have several fundamental parameters that must be known or must be detectable by user devices (terminals) to enable demodulation of the OFDM signals. Some of the parameters should be tuned to match the specific deployment characteristics of a network to enhance performance. While it may be possible to perform "blind detection" of the settings by terminals in the network, this is difficult or expensive (in terms of computation, power, delay, etc.) process for the terminal.
Thus, there is a need for a system and method to provide fundamental parameters of the OFDM modulation to terminals outside the OFDM modulation to enable such network flexibility, and to enable terminals to quickly and easily gain access to the OFDM modulated data transmissions.

Method of optimizing portions of a frame


A single layer dynamic loop is provided. A single layer dynamic loop includes a set of traces divided by a slit on the single layer dynamic loop, wherein the set of traces are divided into a first region and a second region; and wherein the single layer dynamic loop is folded along the slit to move at least part of the first region in relation to the second region.

1. Field
Apparatuses consistent with the exemplary embodiments relate to hard disk drive (HDD) technology, and more specifically, to an HDD actuator flexible circuit.
2. Related Art
FIG. 1 illustrates an HDD with a dynamic loop 110. HDDs in the related art may utilize a flexible circuit connecting the heads 107 on an actuator arm 104 to the printed circuit board (PCB) 103. The flexible circuit moves freely and dynamically as the actuator arm moves between inner and outer data cylinders on the disk platter. The flexible circuit serves to facilitate instructions and functions between the PCB and the actuator arm voice coil motor (VCM) 105, preamplifier 106, and heads 107. The dynamic loop 110 is the portion of the HDD actuator flexible circuit routed from the PCB fixed end 102, also called a connector, to the moving end 101 and the actuator arm 104. Traces are routed onto a flexible material so that when the actuator arm moves while performing functions with the hard disk drive platter (e.g. read, write, seek), the dynamic loop 110 may flexibly move along with the actuator arm while maintaining a connection between the PCB 103 and the actuator arm 104 and heads 107. The dynamic loop may be arranged as a single layer circuit or a dual layer circuit.
FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate cross sections of a single layer dynamic loop and a dual layer dynamic loop, respectively.
In the related art implementations of the single layer dynamic loop, the traces are routed on one side of a flexible material. The single layer circuit may contain a cover polyimide, a cover adhesive, a trace layer which may contain copper traces, and a base polyimide. However, as HDDs become progressively smaller, width and spacing limitations may cause the single layer dynamic loop to consume proportionally more space within the HDD than is desired. To ensure sufficient electrical connectivity between the actuator arm and the PCB, the single layer circuit may have trace width and spacing requirements depending on the design of the HDD. If extra traces are needed between the PCB and the actuator arm to accommodate added functionality, for example dual heaters, dual writers, and laser heat assist writing, the single layer dynamic loop may require more space within the HDD.
A dual layer dynamic loop could be employed to increase the number of traces routed through the dynamic zone while saving space within the HDD. In a dual layer circuit implementation, two layers of traces are routed on the top and the bottom of the flexible material of the dynamic loop. A dual layer dynamic loop may contain a base polyimide, a layer of traces on each side of the polyimide which may contain copper traces, a cover adhesive on each trace layer and a cover polyimide on each cover adhesive layer.
However, the dual layer dynamic loop suffers from additional copper trace stress in comparison to the single layer dynamic loop. As the actuator arm moves while performing functions of the hard disk drive, the dual layer dynamic loop undergoes stress on the top traces and the bottom traces, which may be about twice that of a single layer dynamic loop.
FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate a stress comparison chart between a single layer dynamic loop and dual layer dynamic loop, for the example configurations in FIGS. 2A and 2B. As shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, the dual layer dynamic loop configurations undergo roughly twice the amount of peak stresses as the single layer dynamic loop. From FIG. 2A (single layer), six traces have designated names for stress on the top and the bottom, for example, 3t is the maximum stress at the top side of trace number 3. FIG. 2B shows a similar naming convention for a dual layer configuration, and three added traces on the lower Cu level are shown for illustration purposes. FIG. 3A then illustrates the stresses at each position, and for both single and dual layer. FIG. 3B shows the averaged, maximum stresses for overall, top, and bottom trace locations. Due to the greater number of traces running through the dual layer dynamic loop and more so, their geometric distance from the neutral axis, the resulting stiffness of the dual layer dynamic loop configuration is on the order of five times that of the single layer dynamic loop. The table at upper right of FIG. 3B shows simulated values of this. Though the two trace layers of the dual layer dynamic loop can be routed as needed within the HDD, the aforementioned 2× the stress and 5× the stiffness are prohibitive.
Increased functionality of the HDD actuator flexible circuit requires a greater number of traces within the dynamic loop. The increased number of traces may widen the loop and increase stiffness. Therefore, there is a need to route a larger number of traces without sacrificing trace width and spacing while keeping stiffness low and addressing the above-noted stress penalty of dual layer dynamic loops.


A computing device to enable a feature thereof according to a current location and a control method thereof, the computing device including: a location unit to determine the current location of the computing device; and a licensing unit to determine whether the current location corresponds to a predetermined authorized location, and to enable the feature if the current location corresponds to the authorized location. Accordingly, a permission to use a software feature or a hardware feature of the computing device can be controlled according to the current location of the computing device.

1. Field of the Invention
Aspects of the present invention relate to a mobile terminal and a control method thereof, and more particularly, to a mobile terminal with location-based provisioning for license keys of software and/or hardware features and a control method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, computing devices can be thought of as falling into two classes: fixed and mobile. Fixed terminals are generally incorporated into stationary objects (such as point of sale systems and walls). Mobile terminals have similar electronic configurations as compared to fixed devices, but are mechanically designed to be carried around by a user or mounted on movable objects (such as cars, carts, and fork lifts). For example, the mobile terminal may be a navigation system, a phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), or a portable data terminal (PDT).
Recently, computing devices have been equipped with internal or external Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers. The GPS receiver dynamically provides location, direction, and/or speed information of the computing device at any given time. In particular, the location information takes the form of a coordinate pair (latitude and longitude). The location information is then displayed to a user, or otherwise used in the computing device. For example, the location information can be input to an executing software program to load nearby restaurants and attractions.
However, the location information does not control a licensing (i.e., a permission to use) of the computing device or hardware and software features thereof. Rather, license keys control a licensing of a software or hardware feature installed in a computing device. In particular, the software or hardware feature is installed in the terminal, and a permission to use the software or hardware feature is granted with a proper license key.
The license key may be transmitted to the computing device in a variety ways (for example, provisioned via a network from a license key server). However, after the license key is received by the computing device, using the license key to permit use of the corresponding hardware or software feature is generally unrestricted. For example, a software manufacturer is unable to control a use of its software according to the location of a computing device that executes the software. Accordingly, there is a need for a method of controlling a use of a software or hardware feature of a computing device according to a location of the software or hardware feature.

Location-based feature enablement for mobile terminals


A method of treatment of a patient includes administering to the patient stored red blood cells and a hemoglobin solution. The stored red blood cells and the hemoglobin solution can be administered to the patient simultaneously. Alternatively, the hemoglobin solution can be administered to the patient prior to administrating the stored red blood cells or the stored red blood cells can be administered to the patient prior to administering the hemoglobin solution. A composition of the invention includes stored red blood cells and a hemoglobin solution.

Stored blood undergoes a number of deleterious biochemical changes over time, known collectively as "storage lesion." These changes can include microaggregation of cells, hemolysis, vesicle formation, decreased membrane flexibility, decreased stability, and increased hemoglobin-oxygen affinity. The changes reduce the overall benefit of administering stored blood or red blood cell containing blood products to the patient and may even cause deleterious effects when transfused into a patient. For example, increased microaggregate formation and loss of membrane flexibility of the red blood cells may cause blockage of microcirculatory vessels resulting in local ischemia and pulmonary dysfunction.
Additionally, the loss of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) in red blood cells results in substantially increased hemoglobin-O2 affinity. Blood stored for greater than one week shows a significant decrease in 2,3-DPG levels. After two weeks, only about 40% of 2,3-DPG remains and by three weeks only about 10% remains. (S. P. Masouredis, Preservation and Clinical Use of Erythrocytes and Whole Blood, Chapter 164, In: Hemology, 3rd edition, Williams, Beutler, Erslev and Lichtman, (eds.) McGraw-Hill, NY, pp. 1529-1549 (1983)). The loss of 2,3-DPG produces a concomitant drop in P50. For example, after four weeks of storage in the preservative, citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD), the P50 of packed red cells drops to approximately 15 mm Hg (Wells et al., Transfusion 21:709-714 (1981)). Since release of oxygen from red blood cells usually is proportional to P50, the capacity of stored red blood cells to deliver oxygen also decreases over time.
Storage lesions can cause deleterious changes in oxygen transport by decreasing both convective and diffusive oxygen delivery. Microaggregates and inflexible cells may be caught in microvessels, blocking flow to downstream tissue. Additionally, red blood cells containing hemoglobin with relatively high oxygen affinity have reduced ability to release oxygen to tissue. Stored red blood cells having high affinity for oxygen can "rejuvenate" over time after transfusion into the body. Levels of 2,3-DPG return to 30% to 50% of normal by four hours and to normal levels with approximately twenty-four hours, though this rate can be variable. (Valeri and Hirsch, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 73:722-733 (1969); Beutler and Wood, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 74:300-304 (1969)). The rate of 2,3-DPG recovery may be dependent upon the metabolic state of the patient. (O'Brien and Watkins, J. Thor. & Cardiovas. Surg. 40:611 (1960)). Ironically, stored red blood cells are transfused to meet an acute need, but suffer from acute lesion.
While these cells "rejuvenate" in circulation, regaining flexibility and decreasing oxygen affinity over a period of hours, there is a window of reduced oxygen transport that could adversely affect patients, especially those patients that are critically ill. Furthermore, while young healthy patients may compensate for storage lesion; patients with reduced or absent ability to compensate are put at risk of further injury or reduced efficacy of treatment. Paradoxically, this compensatory response of transfusion of red blood cells having high affinity for oxygen in some cases may cause decreased local oxygenation. (Marik and Sibbald, JAMA 269:3024-30 (1993)). Production of microemboli is also part of the storage lesion. Microemboli are known to form in packed red cells during storage and on infusion obstruct the microcirculation, causing damage to pulmonary capillary endothelium and alveolar epithelium (Liu, et al., Ann. Thorac. Surg. 54:1196-1202 (1992); Gay, et al., Trauma 19:80-84 (1979)).
Fresh red blood cells have been recommended for massive transfusions, transfusions of infants, older patients, and patients with cardiovascular and pulmonary disease (Masouredis, S. P., Preservation and Clinical Use of Blood and Blood Components," In: Hemology, (Williams, W. J., Beutler, E., Erslev, A. J. and Lichtman, M. A. eds.) McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 1529-1549; Sugarman, H. J., et al. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 131:733-741 (1970); Valeri, G. R., et al., Transfusion 20:263-276 (1980); Hess, W., Anaesthetist., 36:455-467 (1987)). However, the availability of fresh blood cells often is limited.
Therefore, a need exists for products and methods that improve the oxygen transport and delivery efficiency of stored red blood cells.

Method for improving oxygen transport by stored red blood cells


Bombs lined with reactive liners that improve the blast and fragmentation of the bombs is disclosed. The effect is caused by the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability which is introduced at the explosive/reactive liner interface by introducing semi-cylindrical open linear cells between the reactive liner and the explosive that are void. This geometry produces a turbulent flow effect which readily mixes the reactive liner when accelerated by the grazing shock wave generated during detonation, which moves through the liner and case material. The geometry produces the added effect of creating faster and more plentiful fragments that are lighter in mass than those produced by typical bombs that are annularly lined with reactive liners, while maintaining insensitive munitions capability.

The invention is based on methods of controlling fragmentation by inserting plastic surrounds in the generic bomb or warhead. The invention is similar to the active surround. The bomb is composed of an Advanced Energetic Composite material and is also engineered for maximum energetic release upon detonation.
While reactive liners enhance the blast of high brisance explosives, the first problem is that they are inefficient. The chemical constituents mix behind the shocked air, which is known to have a low concentration of available oxygen. Therefore, the only mechanism with which the reactive liner can enhance blast is through shear induced mixing typically encountered by a reflecting surface.
The second problem with reactive liners is that they reduce the specific kinetic energy to the case wall due to impedance mismatch and additional mass. This subsequently increases the specific impulse. This causes large and slower moving fragments.
The present invention solves both problems. It has been shown to create shear induced mixing in the form of a Richtmyer-Meshkov instability which enhances blast without the need for ground reflections. It also creates a higher concentration of faster moving fragments than a typical annularly lined bomb by providing variations in the liner mass.
The additional benefit is that reactive liners are known to make munitions insensitive to sympathetic detonation, bullet impact, fragment impact, and shaped charge impact. This is again, due to the fact that the liner provides an impedance layer between the explosive and the warhead case, which reduces the shock imparted into the explosive from outside insults.

Sculpted reactive liner with semi-cylindrical linear open cells

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Air Force


An imaging device that is activated quickly and prevents deterioration of an image signal. The imaging device includes a boosting circuit for boosting an input voltage to generate a boosted voltage. A solid state imaging device receives the boosted voltage and generates the image signal. A clock signal generation unit is connected to the boosting circuit to determine a timing for generating the image signal in correspondence with a vertical synchronization signal and a horizontal synchronization signal and to generate a boosting clock signal for operating the boosting circuit. The clock signal generation unit continuously generates the boosting clock signal during a predetermined period in which the imaging operation starts and, after the predetermined period, generates the boosting clock signal during at least part of a blanking period of the vertical synchronization signal and the horizontal synchronization signal.

The present invention relates to an imaging device incorporating a boosting circuit for generating a boosted voltage.
Batteries are used as power supplies in imaging devices, such as digital cameras, that employ solid state imaging devices (CCD image sensors). A battery has a predetermined output voltage width. Thus, an imaging device is provided with a boosting circuit and a regulating circuit to drive the CCD image sensor.
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a prior art imaging device 50. The imaging device 50 includes a CCD image sensor 1, a boosting circuit 2, a regulating circuit 3, a vertical driver circuit 4, a horizontal driver circuit 5, and a timing control circuit 6. In the imaging device 50, the boosting circuit 2 is located at the input side of the vertical driver circuit 4. The boosting circuit 2 boosts a power supply voltage, which is supplied from a battery, to a predetermined voltage to generate a boosted voltage. The boosted voltage drives the CCD image sensor 1.
The CCD image sensor 1 has a light receiving section (plane), which includes a matrix of a plurality of light receiving pixels. Each light receiving pixel receives light at the light receiving plane and performs photoelectric conversion to generate information charges. The CCD image sensor 1 stores the information charges in the light receiving pixels and then sequentially transfers the information charges in accordance with clock signals from the vertical driver circuit 4 and the horizontal driver circuit 5. An output section 1d, which is located at the final stage of the transfer route, converts the information charges to a voltage having a certain value to generate an image signal Y(t). There are different types of CCD imaging devices that transfer the information charges in different ways. For example, the CCD image sensor 1 is a frame transfer type CCD image sensor, which includes an imaging section 1i, a storage section 1s, a horizontal transfer section 1h, and an output section 1d.
The boosting circuit 2, which is, for example a charge pump circuit, receives and boosts the power supply voltage VD, to generate a positive boosted voltage VOH (e.g., 5V) and a negative boosted voltage (e.g., −5V). The regulating circuit 3 receives the power supply voltage VD, generates a predetermined adjusted voltage (e.g., 2.0V to 2.5V) VK, and supplies the adjusted voltage VK to the horizontal driver circuit 5.
The vertical driver circuit 4 receives the boosted voltage VOL from the boosting circuit 2 and generates a frame transfer clock signal Øf and a vertical transfer clock signal Øv. The frame transfer clock signal Øf is provided to the imaging section 1i, and the vertical transfer clock signal Øv is provided to the storage section 1s. The frame transfer clock signal Øf and the vertical transfer clock signal Øv are generated in synchronism with a vertical synchronization signal VD and a horizontal synchronization signal HD, which are generated by the timing control circuit 6. This results in the information charges, which are stored in the imaging section 1i, simultaneously entering the storage section 1s. Further, the information charges in the storage section 1s are sequentially transferred to the horizontal transfer section 1h in units of single lines in synchronism with the horizontal synchronization signal HD.
The horizontal driver circuit 5 receives an adjusted voltage VK from the regulating circuit 3 and generates a horizontal transfer clock signal Øh and a reset clock signal Ør in accordance with the adjusted voltage VK. The horizontal transfer clock signal Øh is provided to the horizontal transfer section 1h, and the reset clock signal Ør is provided to the output section 1d. The horizontal transfer clock signal Øh and the reset clock signal Ør, which are generated in the horizontal driver circuit 5, are generated in synchronism with the horizontal synchronization signal HD. This results in a single line of information charges stored in the horizontal transfer section 1h being transferred to the output section 1d in units of single pixels during a single cycle (1H) of the horizontal synchronization signal HD.
The timing control circuit 6 includes a plurality of counters for counting a reference clock signal CK, which has a constant cycle. The timing control circuit 6 divides the reference clock signal CK by a predetermined ratio to generate the vertical and horizontal synchronization signals VD and HD. Further, the timing control circuit 6 receives a start trigger ST, which determines the timing for starting operation of the imaging device 50 (imaging mode). In, for example, an imaging device incorporated in electronic equipment, the start trigger signal ST is set because there is a standby mode. In the standby mode, the supply of power to the imaging device 50 is cut when a camera function of the electronic equipment is not in use. This reduces the power consumption of the electronic equipment.
The timing control circuit 6 generates a boosting clock signal CKV in response to the start trigger signal ST and provides the boosting clock signal CKV to the boosting circuit 2. Further, the timing control circuit 6 provides a boosting signal to the signal processing circuit (not shown), which performs a predetermined signal process on the output signal of the CCD image sensor 1. In other words, the timing control circuit 6 synchronizes the operation of each circuit in the imaging device 50 with the operation timing of the CCD image sensor 1.
FIG. 2 is a timing chart illustrating an operation of the boosting circuit 2 that prevents the boosting operation of the boosting circuit 2 from affecting the image signal Y(t). In FIG. 2, (H) represents a high level, and (L) represents a low level.
The start trigger signal ST is a signal for determining the timing for supplying power to the imaging device 50. For example, the supply of power to the imaging device 50 is enabled when the start trigger signal ST is high and stopped when the start trigger signal ST is low. Accordingly, at timing t0 in FIG. 2, the electronic equipment exits the standby mode and starts the imaging operation.
The image signal Y(t) is the output signal of the CCD image sensor 1. The image signal Y(t) is output when the horizontal synchronization signal HD is high. The output of the image signal Y(t) is stopped when the horizontal synchronization signal HD is low (blanking period). The image signal Y(t) corresponding to a single line is output during a single cycle of the horizontal synchronization signal HD. In FIG. 2, the image signal Y(t) corresponding to a single line is output in a single cycle of the horizontal synchronization signal HD at timings t1 to t2, t3 to t4, t5 to t6, and t7 to t9. The image signal Y(t) is output before the boosted voltage VOH reaches a predetermined voltage VH and invalidated by the signal processing circuit of the following stage during timings t1 to t2, t3 to t4, t5 to t6 and t7 to t9.
The boosting clock signal CKV, which is a clock signal for controlling the boosting operation of the boosting circuit 2, is generated during the blanking period of the horizontal synchronization signal HD, that is, during timings t1 to t2, t3 to t4, t5 to t6, and t7 to t9. Accordingly, the boosting circuit 2, which receives the boosting clock signal CKV, performs a boosting operation during the blanking period of the horizontal synchronization signal HD. The boosting operation is also performed during the blanking period of the horizontal synchronization signal HD for a negative output voltage VOL.
In, for example, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2001-218119, the applicant has disclosed the imaging device 50 that generates the boosting clock signal CKV during the blanking period of the horizontal synchronization signal HD or the vertical synchronization signal VD and prevents noise, which is produced by the boosting clock signal CKV, from mixing with the image signal Y(t).
However, the boosting operation of the boosting circuit 2 is performed intermittently in the imaging device 50. Thus, the boosted voltage VOH increases gradually. As a result, a certain amount of time is required for the voltage supplied to a drive circuit to reach the desired voltage value. This interferes with increasing the activating speed of the imaging device.


The present invention is a procedure for preparing cooked foods which involve the use of a gellan gum batter to coat a food substrate to impart qualities which are typically associated with fried foods, including crispness and juiciness. The coated food is then fried and frozen. Food products resulting from the procedure of the present invention contain low levels of fat and yet have the desirable qualities of fried foods.

The invention relates to a process for preparing low-fat fried food or low-fat fried type food.
It is well known to form a film around food products such as seafood, meat, poultry, vegetables, cheese and dough products for effective results with respect to shelf life and product integrity. Earle et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,255,021 and Earle U.S. Pat. No. 3,395,024 exemplify the prior art process of using two solutions to form an alginate film which will hold and bind products together and encapsulate same, thereby retarding oxidation, rancidity, dehydration and moisture migration.
Earle et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,504,502 describes a food product made by applying an aqueous dispersion containing water soluble algin to the surface of a food substrate, and applying a dry gelling mixture to the algin-coated food substrate for a period of time sufficient to form a substantially continuous edible film along the surface of the food product.
Gerrish et al., European Publication 487,340, describe a procedure for frying potatoes, chicken, egg rolls, and dough which requires precoating the food with low molecular weight pectin, methylcellulose, and alginate hydrocolloids.

Process for preparing low-fat fried food


An oven for thermal treating a web includes: an over chamber; a web transport for transporting a web through the oven chamber; a heater for heating the web in the oven chamber; an exhaust system connected to the oven chamber; a model-based controller for controlling the web temperature profile; and an air delivery system. The model-based controller includes: (i) a plurality of sensor inputs; (ii) a plurality of control signal outputs; (iii) a multi-variable controller with first principles guidelines and oven and process boundaries for a first specific oven; (iv) a desire process profile; and (v) a translator module for permitting the desire process profile to be transferred to at least a second specific oven.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to ovens for thermal treating a web and, more particularly, to an oven for thermally treating a textile fabric web having a model-based control system.
(2) Description of the Prior Art
Product quality is a primary concern of any manufacturing operation. In any process involving the application of heat, over exposure can be detrimental. For example, over exposure to heat of a textile web/fabric can cause yellowing, reduction in strength, harsh hand (feel of the product) and reduction in fastness properties. Likewise, under exposure can result in the purpose of the treatment not being accomplished for example, for a textile web, under exposure may result in a chemical reaction not going to completion, heat sitting not being accomplished, and/or fabric not being sufficiently dried. Heat treatment must also be uniform and consistent to have uniform and consistent quality.
In the textile industry, most ovens or other equipment used for the application of heat to a web utilize various proves, sensors and RTDs (remote temperature device) to sense temperature and to provide feedback information to a control system to maintain a desired temperature within the oven or other equipment. Manufacturing operations have used various devices to measure the temperature a product is exposed to in a particular process. In processing textiles, operators have typically used heat tapes (heat sensitive tape that can be attached to a web/product that changes color at a given temperature) to try to determent thermal exposure. Heat tapes are usually limited to identify a range of temperature, rather than a specific value, do not identify already processed materials.
IR measurement devices have also been used in the textile industry to both measure product exposure temperature and to provide sensor feedback information to a control system that interfaces with the speed of the process, so that speed can be modified and a desired product temperature can be maintained. However, practice has shown that the IR measurement devices have been difficult to maintain and keep in accurate calibration.
If conditions within the oven or heating equipment change, there is presently no equipment, mechanism or method to identify what has changed or what the effect may be on thermal exposure. There is no system of automation that can detect, identify the most likely cause for the changing conditions, and modify processing parameters to compensate for these changes, so that product thermal exposure and therefore quality can be maintained.
In addition to product quality, in the textile industry as well as other industries utilizing heat in the manufacturing process, the energy consumed has always been of concern, but in recent years, with a clearer realization of the finite resources available, there has been a greater effort to conserve energy. Generally, there are two major schools of thought regarding energy conservation in industry: (1) use less energy by operating, in the most energy efficient manner possible(theoretical analyses of process equipment, operating conditions and controls), and/or (2) recover effluent energy (energy leaving the process not consumed by the product).
The cost effectiveness of recovering effluent energy depends on the specific situation but, in many instances, the cost of the equipment to recover the energy involves a high capital investment and creates major maintenance difficulties. The energy that can be recovered is primarily low temperature, which has minimal usefulness, and some moderate temperature, which is more useful. Therefore, in practice, reducing consumption and optimizing processes to document energy consumption, developing instrumentation as necessary, to measure and then devise strategies for maximizing energy conservation for thermal finishing processes in use in the textile industry has proven to be the most fruitful approach.
One goal of a manufacturer is to operate using minimum resources to achieve maximum output, so that the unit cost is as low as possible and profit is maximized. Optimizing manufacturing processes has typically been done in a trial and error mode. Based on experience and laboratory testing, production variables have been identified and, if the desired quality of the end product has been achieved, then standards for production variables have been established. Improvements to a process have generally consisted of trials to refine the established parameters. Trials are costly in production machine time and in the materials consumed in running the trials, and whether or not true optimization has been achieved is not known. Typically, trials conducted on laboratory equipment cannot be directly transferred to production machines without additional production machine trials.
The interdependence and interconnectedness of the variables affecting thermal processing has not been accommodated by prior art control strategies devised thus far for equipment used in heat treating. Control systems typically focus on one variable, i.e., IR measurement of temperature and control of speed, measurement of moisture content in exhaust to control speed.
Thus, there remains a need for a new and improved oven for thermal treating a web, which provides model-based control while, at the same time, includes means for permitting a desired process profile to be transferred from one specific oven to another.
The present invention is directed to an oven for thermal treating a web. The oven includes: an oven chamber; a web transport for transporting a web through the oven chamber; heating means for heating the web in the oven chamber; an exhaust system connected to the oven chamber; and a model-based controller for controlling the web temperature profile. In the preferred embodiment, the model-based controller includes: (i) a plurality of sensor inputs; (ii) a plurality of control signal outputs; (iii) a multi-variable controller with first principles guidelines and oven and process boundaries for a first specific oven; (iv) a desired process profile; and (v) a translator module for permitting the desired process profile to be transferred to at least a second specific oven.
In the preferred embodiment, the oven further includes an air delivery system including at least one plenum having a plurality of air nozzles and a circulation fan. The air delivery system may include a pressure sensor system for determining thermal potential, such as a xcex94p sensor.
The oven chamber is generally conventional in design and includes an enclosed housing, a web entrance and a web exit. The web transport includes a web let-off means and a web take-up means for transporting the web through the oven. In addition, the web transport may further include a web mass monitor, such as a weight-speed monitor.
The heating means may be convection, radiant, or conduction heating. For example, in the preferred embodiment, the convection means is hot air heating. In addition, the radiant heating means may include infrared, radio frequency, or microwave heating and the conduction means may be a steam heat drum.
In the preferred embodiment, the model-based controller includes: a plurality of sensor inputs; a plurality of control signal outputs; a multi-variable controller with first principles guidelines and oven and process boundaries for a first specific oven; a desired process profile; and a translator module for permitting the desired process profile to be transferred to at least a second specific oven.
The sensor inputs receive measurements of web mass, heating temperature, exhaust rate, and web speed. In addition, the sensor inputs may further include a web mass sensor input. The plurality of control signal outputs may include a web speed control signal and/or a temperature control signal.
In the preferred embodiment, the multi-variable controller with first principles guidelines and oven and process boundaries for a specific oven further includes a model input for problem scenarios. In addition, it may further include a self-check module using a formula based lookup module.
Also, in the preferred embodiment, the translator module includes oven boundaries for at least a second specific oven and a boundary condition converter for producing new oven-specific boundaries for the second specific oven to attain the process profile.
Accordingly, one aspect of the present invention is to provide an oven for thermal treating a web. The oven includes: an oven chamber; a web transport for transporting a web through the oven chamber; heating means for heating the web in the oven chamber; an exhaust system connected to the oven chamber; and a model-based controller for controlling the web temperature profile.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a model-based controller for an oven for thermal treating a web, the oven including an oven chamber; a web transport for transporting a web through the oven chamber; heating means for heating the web in the oven chamber; and as exhaust system connected to the oven chamber. The model-based controller includes: a plurality of sensor inputs; a plurality of control signal outputs; a multi-variable controller with first principles guidelines and oven and process boundaries for a first specific oven; a desired process profile; and a translator module for permitting the desired process profile to be transferred to at least a second specific oven.
Still another aspect of the present invention is to provide an oven for thermal treating a web. The oven includes: an oven chamber; a web transport for transporting a web through the oven chamber; heating means for heating he web in the oven chamber; an exhaust system connected to the oven chamber; a model-based controller for controlling the web temperature profile, the model-based controller including: (i) a plurality of sensor inputs; (ii) a plurality of control signal outputs; (iii) a multi-variable controller with first principles guidelines and oven and process boundaries for a first specific oven; (iv) a desired process profile; and (v) a translator module for permitting the desired process profile to be transferred to at least a second specific oven; and an air delivery system.

Model-based control system for thermally treating webs


Example methods, apparatus, systems and articles of manufacture to implement down-mixing compensation for audio watermarking are disclosed. Example methods disclosed herein to compensate for audio channel down-mixing when embedding watermarks in a multichannel audio signal include obtaining a watermark to be embedded in respective ones of a plurality of audio channels of the multichannel audio signal. Such example methods also include embedding the watermark in a first one of the plurality of audio channels based on a compensation factor that is to reduce perceptibility of the watermark when the first one of the plurality of audio channels is down-mixed with a second one of the plurality of audio channels after the watermark has been applied to the first and second ones of the plurality of audio channels.

Audio watermarks are embedded into host audio signals to carry hidden data that can be used in a wide variety of practical applications. For example, to monitor the distribution of media content and/or advertisements, such as television broadcasts, radio broadcasts, streamed multimedia content, etc., audio watermarks carrying media identification information can be embedded in the audio portion(s) of the distributed media. During a media presentation, the audio watermark(s) embedded in the audio portion(s) of the media can be detected by a watermark detector and decoded to obtain the media identification information identifying the presented media. In some scenarios, the media provided to a media device includes a multichannel audio signal, and the media device may down-mix at least some of the audio channels in the multichannel audio signal to yield a media presentation having fewer than the original number of audio channels. In such examples, the audio watermarks embedded in the audio channels may also be down-mixed when the media device down-mixes the audio channels.
Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawing(s) and accompanying written description to refer to the same or like parts, elements, etc.

Down-mixing compensation for audio watermarking


A device and method for measuring a depth of interaction of an ionizing event and improving resolution of a co-planar grid sensor (CPG) are provided. A time-of-occurrence is measured using a comparator to time the leading edge of the event pulse from the non-collecting or collecting grid. A difference signal between the grid signals obtained with a differential amplifier includes a pulse with a leading edge occurring at the time-of-detection, measured with another comparator. A timing difference between comparator outputs corresponds to the depth of interaction, calculated using a processor, which in turn weights the difference grid signal to improve spectral resolution of a CPG sensor. The device, which includes channels for grid inputs, may be integrated into an Application Specific Integrated Circuit. The combination of the device and sensor is included. An improved high-resolution CPG is provided, e.g., a gamma-ray Cadmium Zinc Telluride CPG sensor operating at room temperature.

Compound semiconductor sensors, like the ones based on cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) material, for example, are being considered in an increasing number of room-temperature gamma-ray detection applications. Though more convenient and practical when used at room-temperature, these sensors suffer a loss of signal to noise compared to conventionally cooled sensors. Several solutions have been proposed and some successfully adopted in order to compensate for the resulting substantial collection deficiency.
The charges, both electrons and holes, generated by the ionizing gamma radiation are subject to substantial trapping effects. Typically, the holes are limited by a much shorter trapping length compared to the electrons; therefore, their contribution to the induction of charge on the electrodes is negligible and subsequently, the induction depends strongly on the electrons. This dependence on the electrons makes the signals induced on the electrodes strongly dependent on the depth of the ionizing interaction, leading to relevant degradation of spectral signal resolution. Therefore, there is a need for an electrode configuration that makes a device that is sensitive to one kind of charge only, but with a resolution that is independent of the depth of the interaction. Several devices have been proposed in the prior art with some success in an attempt to address this need.
Referring to FIG. 1, a co-planar grids sensor (CPG) 10 was introduced in 1994, as described in P. N. Luke, "Single-Polarity Charge Sensing in Ionization Detectors Using Coplanar Electrodes," Appl. Phys. Lett. 65:22 (Nov. 28, 1994), which is incorporated herein by reference. A CPG 10 includes a cathode 12, and an anode side 14. The anode side 14 includes two co-planar interdigitally connected grids in place of the conventional single electrode. One of the grids is a collecting grid 16 and the other is a non-collecting grid 18. A small bias voltage is applied across the collecting 16 and non-collecting grid 18 so that all the electrons in proximity of the grids are collected substantially only by the collecting grid 16. As in a conventional single planar electrode device, a high voltage supply supplies a high voltage to the cathode electrode 12, thus generating an electric field in the bulk of the compound semiconductor 23.
When charges (electrons and holes) are generated by an ionizing event 20 at a time of occurrence 22, the electrons move in the bulk 23 of the sensor 10 towards the grids 14, and the much slower holes move toward the cathode 12. An identical signal is initially induced, therefore, on each of the two grid electrodes 16 and 18, as well as on the cathode 12. Once the electrons are in a near vicinity of the grids, they are pulled toward and collected by the collecting grid 16, so that after a time of detection 24, the signals differ. A collecting grid signal 26 and a non-collecting grid signal 28 over a collecting time are compared and a difference signal 30 between the collecting grid 26 and non-collecting grid 28 signals is observed. Since the difference induction occurs only when the electrons are in proximity of the grids, the difference signal 30 is, in a first order, independent of the depth of interaction.
The depth of interaction as used herein refers to a distance of an event from the anode side 14. Therefore, a deep-interacting event 32 is characterized as an ionizing event occurring close to the cathode 12, while a non-deep-interacting event 34 is characterized as an ionizing event close to the grids 14.
By making the detector insensitive to the electrons and holes traveling in the bulk, the resolving capability of this type of CPG sensor is greatly enhanced. On the other hand, the conventional CPG sensor is still limited by the trapping of the electrons in the bulk. The longer the electrons travel in the bulk before they are collected by the grid, the higher is the amount of trapping. Consequently, the charge associated with an ionizing event still shows a residual dependence on the depth of interaction that can substantially limit the resolution of the detector. The effect of trapping is shown with solid lines 36 in the signals of FIG. 1, and can be compared to the ideal case of no trapping effects shown with dotted lines 38. As can be seen in FIG. 1, the conventional CPG sensor does not compensate for the residual deficit in pulse height due to the residual trapping effect on the electrons.
In the prior art, two techniques have been proposed to apply to CPG sensor technology to compensate for the electron trapping effect. One method, referred to as the relative gain compensation technique, includes lowering the gain of the non-collecting grid below unity relative to that of the collecting grid. The other method, referred to as a cathode amplitude signal technique includes keeping the gain at unity and weighting each event by measuring its depth of interaction through measurement of the amplitude of the cathode signals.
The relative gain compensation technique essentially re-introduces a small amount of induction from the electrons traveling in the bulk back into the sensor system. The amplitude of the deep-interacting events is increased, while the one of the non-deep-interacting events is reduced, resulting in a first order compensation of the trapping effects. The optimum value of the relative gain typically ranges between 0.6 and 0.9, depending on the quality of the sensor, on the bias voltage and on the temperature. The gain is normally set by modifying the value of a passive element in the differential amplifier, i.e., a resistor.
Though the relative gain compensation technique advantageously does not require complex electronics, the correction is roughly linear, providing only a first order compensation for the trapping effects. As a result, the method is limited to a small amount of achievable compensation and thus the sensor resolution is minimally improved. A second disadvantage is that, if the relative gain needs to be modified, for example, due to replacement of the sensor or a change in voltage and/or temperature, a hardware change is needed, which is impractical especially for commercial applications.
The cathode amplitude signals technique consists of measuring, along with the amplitude of the difference signal, the amplitude of the cathode signal. By calculating the ratio between the difference and the cathode amplitudes, it is possible to extract the depth of the interaction of the event. The difference signal of the event can be corrected (weighted) for the trapping effect according to the value of the associated depth of interaction. The optimum weighting parameters depend on the quality of the sensor, on the bias voltage and on the temperature.
This technique allows a higher order compensation of the trapping effects, thus achieving a better resolution when compared to the previous technique. A second advantage is that the optimization can be performed via software, with straightforward practical consequences. However, more complex electronics are disadvantageously required, including an additional front-end channel for processing the cathode signal, as well as large and bulky high voltage capacitors for coupling the high voltage cathode to the front-end electronics.
There is a need, therefore, for an efficient method and device for measuring the depth of interaction in co-planar grid sensors to increase resolution of detection without the addition of complex and bulky electronics.

Device and method for the measurement of depth of interaction using co-planar electrodes


Vehicle anti-lock brake control apparatus having wheel speed sensor for detecting actual speed of a vehicle wheel, solenoid-operated valve for regulating the wheel braking pressure, and controller for controlling the valve, on the basis of the detected actual speed, and vehicle ground-speed detected by ground-speed sensor. The controller controls the valve at a controlled duty cycle, which is determined on the basis of at least a wheel speed error and a time derivative of this error. The error is obtained as a deviation of the detected actual wheel speed from a target wheel speed obtained on the basis of the detected vehicle ground-speed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates in general to a control apparatus for controlling an anti-lock or anti-skid brake system for a vehicle, and more particularly to a technique for improving the accuracy of control of the control apparatus.
2. Discussion of the Prior Art
The anti-lock brake control system generally includes (a) a plurality of wheel speed sensors for detecting actual speeds of respective wheels of a motor vehicle, (b) an electrically controlled brake pressure regulating device having at least one solenoid-operated valve for regulating the braking pressure applied to each of the wheels, and (c) a controller for controlling the pressure regulating device so as to prevent locking or skidding of the wheel on a road surface, on the basis of a relationship between the actual speed of the wheel detected by the corresponding wheel speed sensor, and the running speed of the vehicle.
An example of the anti-lock brake control apparatus of the type indicated above is known, for example, as a multiple-mode type as disclosed in laid-open Publication No. 2-129960 of unexamined Japanese Utility Model Application. In the multiple-mode type control apparatus disclosed in this publication, the pressure regulating device having the solenoid-operated pressure regulating valve or valves is operable in different pressure control modes such as a rapid pressure-increase mode, a slow pressure-increase mode, a pressure-hold mode, a rapid pressure-decrease mode and a slow pressure-decrease mode, and the controller estimates the vehicle running speed on the basis of the detected actual speeds of the wheels, at a predetermined cycle time, so that the controller selects one of the pressure control modes that is most suitable for restoring the actual speed of each wheel to a target or desired speed, depending upon the relationship between the estimated vehicle speed and the detected speed of the wheel in question. The controller activates the pressure regulating device in the selected pressure control mode for regulating the braking pressure to be applied to the wheel.
In the known anti-lock brake control apparatus constructed as described above, the running speed of the vehicle is estimated based on the detected speeds of the plurality of wheels, on the assumption that the detected speed of at least one of the wheels is equal to the actual running speed of the vehicle. However, this arrangement does not assure a sufficiently high degree of accuracy in estimating the vehicle speed, since the above assumption is not always true.
The known anti-lock brake control apparatus is also adapted to select one of the plurality of different pressure control modes that permits to establish the most ideal braking pressure gradient, with high precision, for restoring the actual speed of each wheel to its desired or target speed. Since the number of the pressure control modes available is limited, the selected mode is not always most ideal for controlling the gradient along which the braking pressure is regulated. In this sense, too, the known control apparatus is not sufficiently satisfactory in the precision of regulation of the braking pressure for each wheel.
Thus, the known anti-lock brake control apparatus more or less has difficulty in assuring sufficiently high degrees of accuracy in the estimation of the vehicle running speed and in the selection of the pressure control mode. In other words, the known arrangement suffers from an undesirable deviation in the estimated vehicle speed with respect the actual vehicle speed (e.g., ground-speed of the vehicle relative to the road surface), as indicated in the graph of FIG. 24, whereby the braking pressure controlled on the basis of the estimated vehicle speed tends to overshoot, resulting in insufficient precision of control of the braking pressure. Accordingly, the known arrangement also suffers from relatively frequent operations of the solenoid-operated valves, which lead to high levels of operating noise and vibration due to the frequent operations of the valves and the related components.

Duty cycle controller for anti-lock brake pressure regulating valve, using wheel speed deviation from target value and time derivative thereof


An elevator speed and positioning device includes an elongated member and a rotating disk. The elongated member includes an apparatus for indicating position along the member and the disk includes an apparatus for communicating the indicating apparatus. A constant relationship exists between the elongated member and the disk such that relative positions between the two are repeatable. The relative motion between the elongated member and the disk may be quantified to determine the relative position of the elevator car.

Elevator control and safety requirements dictate that the speed and position of an elevator car must be monitored accurately. Knowing the speed of an elevator car is important for control purposes. For example, calculating the elevator car travel time or the travel distance necessary for proper deceleration or acceleration both require an accurate rate of speed value. Knowing the position of the elevator car is also important for control and safety purposes. Accurate positional data for the elevator car, for instance, is essential to ensure that the car aligns with each landing correctly. Moreover, knowing the position allows the control system to begin deceleration at the proper position, thereby allowing the car to stop smoothly at each landing.
Prior art teaches that elevator car speed may be monitored through a conventional governor rope assembly mainly comprising a governor rope, a governor sheave, a tension sheave, and mechanical linkages which operate safety brakes. The governor sheave typically employs a centrifugal device which engages a brake, producing a drag on the governor cable in an overspeed condition. If the overspeed condition persists, the a second independent safety brake system mechanically deploys and the elevator car is safely brought to a halt.
A disadvantage of this type speed control system is the frictional wear which naturally occurs in a governor rope assembly. The greatest problem with this type wear is that it is often visually undetectable. In addition, frictional wear also occurs during an overspeed braking condition. Eventually the frictional forces will wear the governor rope enough to necessitate replacement thereof.
A further disadvantage of a governor rope assembly is the required maintenance. The governor rope, the sheaves, and the linkages all must be periodically cleaned, lubricated, or replaced. All maintenance requirements are considered a burden to those skilled in the art, and therefore represent an undesirable feature in an elevator system.
Prior art discloses an elevator positioning system independent of the elevator speed control. Conventional positioning systems typically include a sheave located in the machine room of the elevator and a perforated tape running up from the elevator car, wrapping around the sheave, and back down to the counterweight. The perforated tape travels up and down with the elevator, rotating about the sheave. A disadvantage of this type positioning system is the fatigue created in the tape by the constant wrapping of the tape around the circumference of the sheave.
A disadvantage of the aforementioned prior art is that the speed and monitoring systems are independent from one another. Two independent systems create a redundancy in some of the required hardware as well as a greater demand of hoistway space.

Elevator speed and position indicating device


A shaving unit (16) is disclosed comprising a housing (12), a guard (20) stationary relative to the housing (12), a cutting edge (22) arranged at a distance from the guard (20) and stationary relative to the housing, a hair-entry opening bounded by the guard and the cutting edge, and a drum (24) arranged within the housing, the drum (24) being configured to be driven rotatingly about a longitudinal axis thereof. A plurality of counter cutting edges (28) is arranged on the drum (24), wherein the counter cutting edges (28) cooperate with the cutting edge (22) during rotation of the drum (24) about the longitudinal axis (26) for shearing or cutting hairs when the shaving unit (16) is moved over a skin (30). The shaving unit (16) further comprises a lubricating arrangement (36) with a liquid reservoir (38) filled with a lubricant and with a feed mechanism (41) for supplying the lubricant from the liquid reservoir (38) to at least one of the counter cutting edges (28) for providing a lubricating film (42) thereto. The feed mechanism (41) comprises a lubricating element (39) arranged adjacent to the drum (24) in a position such as to engage the at least one counter cutting edge (28) during rotation of the drum (24) about the longitudinal axis (26).

U.S. Pat. No. 2,600,880 A discloses a moisture pad in front of a blade edge on a manually operated razor.
Other razors including features for reducing friction are known from U.S. Pat. No. 2,600,880 A and from U.S. 4,170,821.
Razors with drum cutter are well known in the art, such as from U.S. Pat. No. 489,995 A or from U.S. Pat. No. 2,216,994 A. However, there is no lubrication provided.
According to WO 2015/128181 A1 a shaving unit with two drum cutters is known that are arranged parallel to each other. However, there is no lubrication provided.
According to WO 2014/191844 A2 a shaving unit comprises a rotary cutter having a lubricating element coupled thereto. The cutting unit comprises a rotary cutter configured as a drum with a plurality of cut-outs that cooperate with a fixed blade for cutting hair. At the outer surface of the drum a plurality of lubricating elements that may comprise fibrous material soaked with lubricant are arranged. The lubricating elements may be fluidly connected with a fluid reservoir for further fluid supply. Also a backfill solution may be provided to manually or automatically replace fluid lost by the lubricating elements from the fluid reservoir.
However, the known shaving unit is not effective. As the lubricant is placed in the same smooth drum surface that is used for the cutting, the lubricant is rapidly "shaved off" by the static cutting blade. Consequently, it will be rapidly exhausted or made ineffective. In addition, the lubricant is not very effective for skin comfort. When lubricant is applied to the lubricant elements in the drum, the static blade will shave off the lubricant. When the drum next touches the skin, it will be "dry". To allow the lubricant to leach out towards the skin, it will need contact with a pliant, wet skin. Since it needs lubricant before it touches the skin, which is not the case in this embodiment, the discomfort will already be caused. Also with the backfill solution that allows to further supply lubricant from the reservoir to the lubricating elements either manually or automatically, the effect of "shaving-off" the lubricant is not avoided. Still is makes things even more complicated.
From U.S. Pat. No. 9,156,175 B2 a fluid dispensing cartridge for a personal care appliance with a fluid applicator having a baffle with a rear wall and an opposing resilient front flap is known. The baffle defines at least one outlet port. The resilient front flap contacts the portion of the rear wall in a first position and is spaced apart from the portion in a second position. The fluid dispenser includes a plurality of elongated recesses extending parallel to the blade edge and supplies fluid onto the guard or skin in front of the blade. However, there is shown no application in connection with a rotary cutter.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,270,800 A discloses an electric razor with a rotary cutter. The razor includes an oiling wick with oil ducts leading to the rotor cutter, and further includes a felt seal and oil ducts leading to the motor shaft. A spiral drum-cutter is totally encased in an outer tubular stator guard. The oiling wick is used for oiling the journal bearing of the rotor cutter in the stator guard and other parts of the cutter as was common for electric shavers at this time.
Although in the known razor there is provided a lubricating arrangement, it is merely used for lubricating the cutter with oil. There is no provision to direct a lubricant to a skin-engaging surface or to a cutting element as such.
WO 98/08660 A1 discloses a razor with a rotary cutter that comprises a separate fluid reservoir from which a lubricant is supplied to the skin to a fluid outlet using a pump. The fluid outlet is separate from the cutter, and the lubricant needs to be dispersed by moving the razor across the skin.
The shaving units according to the prior art having a roller or drum providing the counter cutting edge cooperating with a fixed cutting edge have several significant drawbacks. One of these is the amount of motion applied by the roller on the skin. The skin experiences a relatively high amount of manipulation and sliding action from the roller elements, as it guides the hairs against the cutting edge. This causes a high risk of skin irritation when compared to a conventional cutting edge without such skin-contacting roller. This also causes the risk of not only pressing the hairs in a shearing action against the cutting edge, but also to include skin and cause nicking and pinching of skin.
In view of this there is a need for friction reduction in any active skin manipulating and active sliding system without adversely affecting the overall design of the shaving unit and concomitant skin stretching and skin-flow guiding.
In the prior art a lubricating strip can be applied to the outside of the roller as known from WO 2014/191844 A2 mentioned above. This has the drawback that it compromises the geometry of the skin sliding and engaging surface. Using a fluid supply instead of a lubricant infused matrix or to re-supply a lubricant infused matrix has the disadvantage that it adds complexity in fluid paths onto the rotating member. Either method will need an excess of lubricant to be applied during and after the moment that it is needed to reduce friction. Another problem is that the lubricant on the roller or drum will need to be spaced away from the effective surface, in order to be not removed by the cutting edge.

Shaving unit with lubricating arrangement