A computing device, such as a server in a cloud computing system, can be configured to enable error mitigation actions to be performed when the computing device experiences a failure. The computing device includes firmware that can be configured to detect an error indication during a boot sequence of the server, determine at least one desired error mitigation action based at least in part on the error indication, and create a boot error record that identifies the at least one desired error mitigation action. The computing device also includes an operating system that can be configured to obtain the boot error record during the boot sequence and cause the at least one desired error mitigation action that is identified in the boot error record to be performed.

Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services over the internet. Some examples of computing services that can be provided by a cloud computing system include storage, databases, networking, software, and analytics. The use of cloud computing technology has grown rapidly in recent years, due at least in part to the development of high-capacity networks as well as relatively low-cost computers and storage devices.
Broadly speaking, a cloud computing system includes two sections, a front end and a back end, that are in communication with one another via the internet. The front end includes the interface that users encounter through a client device. The back end includes the resources that deliver cloud-computing services, including processors, memory, storage, and networking hardware. These resources are connected by one or more communication networks. Advantageously, the group of networked elements providing services does not have to be individually addressed or managed by users. Instead, the entire provider-managed suite of hardware and software can be thought of as a "cloud."
The back end of a cloud computing system typically includes one or more datacenters. A datacenter is a physical facility that is used to house computing systems and associated components. A datacenter typically includes a large number of computing systems (e.g., servers), which can be stacked in racks that are placed in rows. An entity that owns and/or operates a cloud computing system can be referred to as a cloud computing provider. A cloud computing provider can have a plurality of datacenters, and these datacenters can be located in different geographical areas.
A "private cloud" is cloud infrastructure operated solely for a single organization, whether managed internally or by a third party, and hosted either internally or externally. A cloud is called a "public cloud" when the services are rendered over a network that is open for public use. Generally, public cloud service providers own and operate the cloud infrastructure at their datacenters and access to users generally occurs via the internet.
There are many different types of services that cloud computing providers can offer to customers. One type of cloud computing service is referred to as Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). IaaS is a form of cloud computing that delivers compute, network, and storage resources to consumers on-demand, over the internet. IaaS enables end users to scale and shrink resources on an as-needed basis, reducing the need for large, up-front capital expenditures. This can be particularly beneficial for users who anticipate having variable workloads.
In a typical IaaS scenario, customers rent the use of virtual machines that run on servers maintained by the cloud computing provider. In this context, the term "server" refers to a physical computer system, while the term "virtual machine" refers to an emulation of a computer system on a server. In other words, a virtual machine is a program running on a server that acts like a virtual computer. Like a physical computer, a virtual machine runs an operating system and one or more applications.
In the scenario just described, virtual machines that are being rented by different customers can run on the same server. However, in another IaaS scenario, a cloud computing provider can rent entire servers to customers. A server that has a single tenant can be referred to as a "bare-metal server." In other words, a bare-metal server is dedicated entirely to a single customer who is renting the bare-metal server (instead of being shared between customers).
In another typical IaaS scenario, customers rent the use of containers that run on servers maintained by the cloud computing provider. Containerization is an approach to software development in which an application and everything that it needs, such as libraries and other dependencies, are packaged together as a standard unit that is referred to as a container image. When a container image is deployed, it is referred to as a container. The use of containers allows applications to run properly in a variety of different computing environments, regardless of any customized settings that a particular computing environment might have that could differ from the computing environment used for writing and testing the application. Containers also isolate applications from one another on a shared operating system. Containers provide most of the isolation of virtual machines at a small fraction of the computing power.

Overloading a boot error signaling mechanism to enable error mitigation actions to be performed


Provided are a system and method for managing unregistered devices with authentication information sharing. The method includes receiving an authentication information duplication request from the unregistered device by the registered device, obtaining authentication information from a Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) by the registered device when the registered device receives the authentication information duplication request, and transmitting the obtained authentication information to the unregistered device by the registered device.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a system and method for managing unregistered terminals with sharing authentication information, and more particularly, to a system and method for managing unregistered terminals sharing authentication information with a registered terminal.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (hereinafter OFDMA) or Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (hereinafter SC-FDMA) have been actively studied as methods available for high-speed wireless channel data transmission in a mobile communication system. As the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) being an asynchronous cellular mobile communication standard Institute, a Long Term Evolution (LTE) system based on a multiple access method is being developed as a next generation mobile communication system.
Practically, a user purchases a mobile communication portable phone together with a device for storing authentication information such as a Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) or a Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC) for a corresponding mobile terminal at the purchase time and inserts the storing device in a corresponding communication terminal. Through this, the corresponding communication terminal is recognized by a wireless broadband communication network as legal user and device, and communication service is possible. In particular, billing is charged for an authentication device such as a corresponding USIM/UICC card.
Accordingly, a user desiring to use a plurality of wireless broadband terminals should purchase an authentication device such as a USIM/UICC card each time a terminal providing a wireless broadband communication function is purchased, and mount the device in a corresponding wireless communication terminal.
Moreover, to access devices such as cameras, notebook computers, and Motion Pictures Experts Group (MPEG) Layer Audio 3 (MP3) players a wireless broadband communication network, and to receive services therefor, a mobile communication terminal mounting the foregoing authentication device therein should be used. This method refers to a relay mode.
FIG. 1 illustrates a communication method based on a relay mode of devices in accordance with the prior art.
Referring to FIG. 1, a portable phone 2 provides a wireless communication function and accesses a wireless broadband communication network 1. Application services through real communication are performed in an external device such as a notebook computer 3 that is connected by a wired or wireless line. A communication service fee is charged with respect to the portable phone 2.
Several problems are realized by such an arrangement on the user's side. First, a plurality of USIM cards should be mapped to self-billing. Namely, each time a user purchases a device providing a wireless broadband communication function, the device must be associated with self billing. Accordingly, when there are plural enterprisers or an enterpriser charges a separate billing with respect to respective USIM cards, the user inconveniently receives plural notices, which increases the likelihood that such notices are lost.
When a device providing a rarely used wireless broadband communication function is misplaced, a USIM card can be lost due to another person's malicious intent. In this case, it is difficult to solve billing problems when a user does not use services until a corresponding subscriber recognizes the problems.
Another important user issue concerns infrequently used wireless broadband communication functions. For example, a user always carries a portable phone, and turns-on power for 24 hours and calls frequently. However, with a camera, there is a significant difference between the photographing numbers according to persons, and a user does not transmit photographs anywhere through a wireless communication function. With a game machine, a wireless communication function is activated when playing an on-line game.
In particular, a communication function in an MP3 player may be only briefly used for downloading several sound sources. Accordingly, a wireless broadband communication technology has been gradually applied. However, compared with a portable phone, in a terminal without using a wireless communication function, a separate purchase and application of an authentication device such as a USIM is inconvenient for a user, and is cost-ineffective for a user and an enterpriser's management.
It is possible to separate a USIM card from a portable phone to insert it into a camera, a notebook computer, an MP3 player, or a game machine when necessary. However, a voice phone function is inconveniently stopped such that the most necessary service is disabled for a certain time.

System for managing unregistered terminals with shared authentication information and method thereof

Kyung Hee University Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation


A liquid supply controller includes a liquid circulation controller that includes supply and recovery units of a liquid droplet discharge unit, and that circulates liquid according to a differential pressure between the supply unit and the recovery unit, a back pressure setting unit that sets a back pressure that is a discharge pressure based on supply and recovery pressures set by the liquid circulation controller, a circulation amount obtaining unit that obtains a flow rate of the liquid circulated; a judging unit that judges whether or not the obtained flow rate is a proper value, and a differential pressure adjusting unit that adjusts the differential pressure while maintaining the back pressure within an allowable range when it is judged that the flow rate is not the proper value.

1. Technical Field
The invention relates to a liquid supply controller, a liquid droplet discharge device, a non-transitory computer readable medium storing liquid supply control program, and a liquid supply control method.
2. Related Art
A configuration is conventionally proposed in which two tanks are respectively connected to the supply side and the recovery side of the head module (liquid droplet discharge unit) of an ink jet printer, so that ink is circulated according to a differential pressure between the two tanks. A differential pressure for circulation is generated between a positive-pressure tank due to water head difference and a negative-pressure tank controlled by a circulating pump. The circulation between the head module and the two tanks is performed according to the differential pressure, thereby maintaining a back pressure for forming a meniscus in the nozzle.

Liquid supply controller, liquid droplet discharge device, non-transitory computer readable medium storing program, and liquid supply control method


A method for use with an aggregation operation (e.g., on a relational database table) includes a sorting pass and a merging pass. The sorting pass includes: (a) reading blocks of the table from a storage medium into a memory using an aggregation method until the memory is substantially full or until all the data have been read into the memory; (b) determining a number k of blocks to write back to the storage medium from the memory; (c) selecting k blocks from memory, sorting the k blocks, and then writing the k blocks back to the storage medium as a new sublist; and (d) repeating steps (a), (b), and (c) for any unprocessed tuples in the database table. The merging pass includes: merging all the sublists to form an aggregation result using a merge-sort algorithm.

The present invention relates generally to the field of relational database management systems and, more specifically, to improving the performance of grouping and duplicate elimination by avoiding unnecessary disk access.
Aggregation is one of the major database operations in current relational database management systems (RDBMS). In SQL (sequential query language), aggregation can be done through either the GROUP BY clause (i.e., to compute "have aggregate" functions over groups of tuples) or the DISTINCT clause (i.e., to eliminate the duplicates). With the proliferation of data warehouse and data mining applications, aggregation becomes increasingly important in today's relational database management systems. Yet such aggregation operations are typically expensive and lengthy due to a large amount of disk I/O (input/output) operations performed and the large size of many databases.
Prior art efforts to enhance aggregation performance include in-memory duplicate elimination, which assumed that the data can be completely brought into memory, and sorting and de-duplication can be done in memory as well. When the relation size (e.g., the size of the RDBMS table) is larger than the memory size, the external merge sort can be used to complete the aggregation in two passes. In the first pass, data are read into the memory in batches; in-memory sorting is done for each batch; and then the sorted results are written to disk as a sublist. In the second pass, the sorted sublists are merged to form the final aggregate result. Such algorithms are currently widely in use in relational database management systems.
In addition, other revisions on the external merge sort approach have been tried to improve aggregation performance using "early-aggregation" techniques. Under such an approach, instead of delaying all the aggregation computation to the second pass, some aggregation operations are computed in the first pass as the sorted sublists are generated. This reduces the number of total disk blocks required to hold the sorted sublists and hence reduces the number of disk I/O operations. For example, one method performs early-aggregation at the sorting time—as each batch is sorted, the aggregation result is computed as well. Another method computes aggregation before sorting using a hash technique until the memory is full. At that time, the data are sorted and written back to disk.
It may be observed that even with such early-aggregation techniques, the existing methods incur a significant number of unnecessary disk I/O operations. In particular, when generating a sublist in the first pass, the prior art methods typically sort all the blocks in the memory and write them back to disk, even though in many situations not all blocks need to be sorted or written to disk.

Adaptive aggregation: improving the performance of grouping and duplicate elimination by avoiding unnecessary disk access

International Business Machines Corporation


A bullet or slug for hunting a game animal is fitted with a capsule that contains an effective quantity of a blood trail enhancer. The latter is composed of fish oil and apple cider vinegar together with effective amounts of natural anti-coagulant agents, such as ginger, onion, and garlic. The fish oil and apple cider vinegar also serve as anti-coagulants. These agents including also are effective in promoting healing of a non-fatal wound in a game animal.

Hunting is widely enjoyed, especially hunting for game animals such as white-tail deer. A proficient hunter using a rifle, shotgun (with slug), or a muzzle-loading long gun, will aim so as to strike the deer (or other game animal) in a vital area, so that the shot fired creates a mortal wound and the deer dies quickly. However, the deer often escapes, even after a fatal wound, and can run for a considerable distance to seek cover somewhere in the underbrush. In that case, the hunter attempts to follow the blood trail left behind as the wounded animal moves, so the hunter can find the deer and harvest it properly.
In hunting, the results of a shot of a projectile (bullet, slug or arrow) at an animal can be classified in four basic types. (1) In a clean miss, where the shot misses the animal, the deer bounds away unwounded, and the hunt for that particular animal is at an end. (2) For a clean kill shot, i.e., where the shot is well placed in a vital organ, the wound results in an adequate blood trail which leads the hunter easily to the animal, which expires quickly from the wound. (3) A typical kill shot that is a less than a perfectly placed shot, will result in a wound with a blood trail that will eventually dry up before leading to the animal, which will eventually expire from the wound. Every year there are thousands of deer that are killed this way, and where the hunter has to abandon the search after having spent hours trying in vain to find the animal, because the blood trail has ended before the deer can be located. (4) A non-vital shot is one that misses any vital organs, but nonetheless wounds the animal, i.e., in the rump or shoulder, for example, and where the wound, while not fatal in itself, can become infected and/or fail to heal properly. This can cause undue stress or eventually death to the animal, but will not result in harvesting of the animal by any hunter. All or nearly all hunters have experienced, or eventually will experience, a shot on a game animal that they know is not fatal, leaving the hunter hoping that the wounded animal survives and recovers, although often the wounded animal does succumb to the infection.
Some previous attempts to increase the blood flow from the wound on a game animal have been proposed, but more particularly for archery or bowhunting. These have involved modifying arrows to increase the wound size or hold the wound open. However, these techniques involve having to use special, modified arrows or arrowheads, and cannot guarantee any success if the arrow penetrates too far or not far enough. They also have limited applicability to hunting with a gun. A previous attempt to provide a blood-clot-inhibiting formulation that was to be applied to blades of an arrow head is described in Jones U.S. Pat. No. 7,255,659. The Jones formulation was an aqueous mixture of gums and glycerine, with its active ingredient being trisodium citrate, with small inclusions of tumeric, white willow bark, ginger and fenugreek. While the formulation was intended to inhibit blood clotting, it is unknown just how much longer blood would continue to flow from any wound where the Jones formulation was present. Also, the Jones formulation was not intended to promote healing or prevent infection in the event of a non-mortal hit of an animal, nor is there any indication that the ingredients in that formulation would have sufficient effectiveness in healing a wounded animal that escapes with such a wound. Furthermore, there was no provision for applying an effective blood anti-clot preparation or blood-trail enhancer onto a bullet or slug or any other explosive-powered projectile used in hunting.

Bullet or slug with blood-trail enhancer


A device for producing a trabecular fiber within a ventricle of a heart. The device includes a substrate and a first tissue anchor connected to the substrate. The substrate is formed of a non-rigid material.

Millions of people suffer from a weakened or damaged heart resulting in impaired cardiac output. For example, some people may suffer from dilated cardiomyopathy resulting in a thinning, weakened ventricular heart wall. The weakened heart wall may not be able to pump blood efficiently. Other people may have gaps from a misalignment in the heart valve leaflets resulting in regurgitation. Regurgitation of the heart valve may also result in less efficient pumping of blood. Still other people may suffer damage to the ventricular heart wall from ischemia or a myocardial infarction. The damaged heart wall usually heals by fibrosis, with nonfunctional connective scar tissue replacing the lost cardiac cells (conductile or contractile). The loss of heart cells and replacement by scar tissue is a suboptimal repair. This typically results in a condition where the heart may not be able to pump blood efficiently. Any of these diseases may result in impaired cardiac output.
Current methods of treating heart diseases, such as those mentioned above, and others, can be highly invasive. Invasive treatments may include, for example, implanting an artificial heart pump, or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) requiring open-chest surgery. The treatments often require pharmacologic intervention with cardiac drugs. Ultimately, such treatments may lead to less than optimal clinical outcomes, achieving only minimal improvement in cardiac output for the patient. What is needed is a way to repair a heart in a minimally-invasive manner, leveraging and amplifying intrinsic repair mechanisms.

Methods and devices for producing trabecular fibers


A method and apparatus for distributing alternating electrical current to motors via a direct current bus is provided. The method and apparatus is directed towards a system wherein a plurality of motors may be controlled by individual motor drives. AC power is supplied to a single active rectifier circuit (as opposed to one per motor) which maintains unity power factor in the AC power and which develops DC power for a DC distribution system. The DC distribution system, which comprises a set of controllable contactors, is in turn coupled to a plurality of motor drive units which convert the DC power into properly conditioned AC power for operating associated motors. The system operates in response to commands issued by a programmable controller.. In the event of a fault in one of the drive units, fault isolation may be accomplished by individually turning off each motor drive in sequence via the associated contactor to determine the faulty drive unit. Alternatively, all of the motor drive units may be turned off and then individually turned back on until the fault reappears. Once the fault reappears, the faulty unit is identified and disabled and the remaining units are turned back on.

Motor drives are used in a wide variety of applications. Typically, industrial motor drives are designed to accept 60 Hz alternating current (AC) power distribution. Accordingly, each motor drive is connected to a 60 Hz AC bus by input power protection circuitry. The AC power is then rectified and inverted by more circuitry included in each motor drive. Further, power factor correction circuitry is required in each motor drive to maintain a unity power factor.
Prior art solutions have certain drawbacks. Including rectification circuitry, input power protection circuitry, and power factor correction circuitry in each motor drive (including a bulky filters and precharge circuitry), increases size, cost, complexity, and electromagnetic interference. Prior art systems attempt to reduce the electromagnetic interference using filters, but this further increases the system cost.

Method and apparatus for distributing alternating electrical current to motors via a direct current bus


A holographic recording medium includes a recording layer in which data are to be recorded as phase information of light by projecting a signal beam and a reference beam thereonto, a reflective surface disposed on the opposite side of the recording layer as viewed in the direction of signal beam and reference beam incidence on the holographic recording medium and formed with a convex pattern or a concave pattern having a trapezoidal cross-section, a minimum width of a convex surface of the convex pattern or a concave surface of the concave pattern being set equal to or larger than a beam spot diameter of the signal beam or the reference beam at a diffraction limit thereof. According to the thus constituted holographic recording medium, it is possible to easily remove noise light contained in a signal beam and a reference beam.

The present invention relates to a method for recording and reproducing holographic data and a holographic recording medium, and more particularly, to a method for recording and reproducing holographic data and a holographic recording medium which can easily remove noise light contained in a signal beam and a reference beam.

Method for recording and reproducing holographic data and holographic recording medium


Throttle control system for a vehicular internal combustion engine equipped with a stepper motor connected to a throttle valve provided at an engine air intake passage, wherein the position (the opening degree) of the throttle valve is controlled by the stepper motor in response to the vehicular engine operation. In one embodiment, various throttle positions are once determined including positions for engine idling and vehicle cruising and the largest of the positions is selected for optimally satisfying the whole operating condition. In another embodiment, when the engine is idling, the throttle valve is controlled such that engine speed converges toward a target speed. In the other embodiment, the stepper motor is varied its pulse rate and chopping duty for optimally control the throttle position according to the vehicular engine operation.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a throttle control system for vehicular internal combustion engine, more particularly to such a system wherein an actuator such as a stepper motor is connected with the throttle valve and the position of the throttle valve is controlled by the actuator in response to the engine operating condition.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In vehicular internal combustion engines it is well known to employ idle speed control techniques for maintaining a constant engine speed during idling. Cruise control technology for maintaining a constant speed during driving is also widely employed. While these two types of control were originally conducted separately using independent systems, technology for combining the control functions in a single system has been proposed as, for example, in Japanese Patent Publication 62(1987)-115749.
In the proposed system using a single apparatus for controlling the throttle valve opening during both idling and cruise driving as well as, in some cases, in response to other engine operation conditions, it has not been completely clarified how reconciliation should be obtained between the two or more throttle positions determined in cases where two or more pertinent engine conditions occur simultaneously.
It is therefore a first object of the invention to overcome the aforesaid shortcomings of the conventional control system by providing a throttle control system wherein the throttle position can be optimally controlled to satisfy both the idle speed control and the cruise control even under engine operating conditions in which the idle speed control region and the cruise control region overlap.
Where the stepper motor is used for opening and closing the throttle valve, however, the characteristics of this type of motor will cause stepwise changes in the throttle position which will in turn cause the amount of intake air to change stepwise, making it impossible to vary the amount of intake air smoothly as can be done when the position of the throttle valve is determined directly by the accelerator pedal. The stepwise changes in the amount of intake air are determined by the bore of the intake air passage (the area of the throttle valve) and the step angle of the stepper motor. The bore of the intake air passage is determined during engine design on the basis of various factors including the desired engine output and, therefore, cannot readily be changed solely for the purpose of eliminating stepwise change in intake air supply. While countermeasures can be taken on the side of the stepper motor such as by increasing the number of motor poles or by increasing the gear speed reduction ratio, there is a limit to the effect that can be obtained by these means.
Therefore, the second object of this invention is to overcome the aforesaid shortcomings of the prior art by providing a throttle control system wherein the position of the throttle valve can be finely controlled when driven by the stepper motor.
Furthermore, the vehicle battery is used as the power source for the stepper motor. This means that the battery voltage must be maintained at not less than a prescribed level for proper operation of the stepper motor. Thus the conventional practice has been to constantly detect the battery voltage and to correct the motor command value accordingly, as disclosed for example in Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication 61(1986)-19946. When this arrangement is used, however, it is necessary for monitoring the battery voltage to convert the voltage sensor output into a digital signal and to compare the converted signal with a reference value. The operation and structure thus become complex.
It is therefore a third object of the present invention to provide a throttle control system wherein decrease in the battery voltage can be easily detected and the command value supplied to the stepper motor corrected accordingly so that the stepper motor operates properly even when the battery voltage has dropped.
The fourth object of the invention is to provide a throttle control system wherein highly optimum throttle position control is realized by varying the pulse rate and the chopping duty of the command signal supplied to the stepper motor.
Further object of the invention is to provide a throttle control system wherein the throttle position is controlled using the stepper motor in such manner that ramping drive of the pulse motor is optimally controlled satisfying real-time operation requirements.
For realizing the aforesaid objects, the invention provides a system for controlling throttle position in a vehicular internal combustion engine including first means for detecting operating condition of the engine including the degree of depression of an accelerator pedal provided on the vehicle floor, second means for determining a target position of a throttle valve provided in an engine air intake passage in accordance with the detected degree of depression of the accelerator pedal, control means for determining a command value in accordance with the determined target position and actuator means connected to the throttle valve for moving the valve in response to the command value. The system is arranged such that the second means further determines an idle throttle position when the engine operation enters an idle region and a cruise throttle position when the engine operation enters a cruise region and the control means calculates the command value by selecting the largest value among the throttle positions determined by the second means.

Throttle control system for vehicular internal combustion engine


An example hand wrench is provided. The hand wrench may include a handle (15) having a handle opening (12), and an orbital member (24) received within the handle opening. The orbital member may be configured to move orbitally about a point axis. The hand ratchet wrench may further include a driver affixed to the orbital member. The driver may be configured to receive a socket that interfaces with a fastener to turn the fastener.

Wrenches, including ratcheting wrenches, have become a standard hand tool in almost any tool box. However, many conventional wrenches can be limited in their applicability, particularly when a target fastener is difficult to access. Some wrenches offer an ability to pivot a handle to accommodate problematic environments. However, a common drawback of such solutions is that in many situations, the pivot handle wrench may be able to rotate a fastener only a very limited amount, if at all, due to, for example, interference and may only be able to interface with fasteners that are located directly in front of the wrench.


A method and apparatus for prevention of user-level applications from initiating data connection establishment using signaling from radio code, the method including receiving a request from an application on a mobile device at a tunnel management module on the mobile device, the request being to establish a data connection with a network; checking a state of a tunnel for the data connection at the tunnel management module; blocking the connection request if the tunnel for the data connection is in a stalled state; and allowing the connection request to proceed to a networking access interface module if the tunnel for the data connection is not in a stalled state.

A mobile device requires the establishment of a radio access bearer in order to communicate with the wireless network infrastructure. Furthermore, some devices allow the establishment of multiple radio access bearers for communication. In one instance, multiple radio access bearers can be dependent on the device requiring multiple (PDP) contexts. Thus, for example, a device may have a propriety PDP context for the manufacturer of the device, a general wireless application protocol (WAP) context for browsing, a multi-media messaging service (MMS) PDP context for MMS applications, a streaming media PDP context for streaming media applications, among others. As will be appreciated, a PDP context is a term that is generally referred to in the third generation partnership project (3GPP) and more generally, the term "tunnel" is used herein to refer to a data connection to a particular network.
The establishment of a connection may fail for a variety of reasons. For example, the network may indicate that a particular data connection is not allowed in the current network area. However, user-level applications may not know how to interpret this information and have little knowledge of when a data connection can or cannot be established. An application or client may thus initiate a data connection process continually, even on data connections which are known to fail.

Method and system for prevention of applications from initiating data connection establishment


The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a reflective polarizing film for a liquid crystal display device in which cholesteric liquid crystal layers having different selective light-reflecting wavelengths are laminated in the laminated coating method, thus a forming liquid crystal film that covers a visible light region and ¼λ retardation film are attached to the liquid crystal film. In this case, two or more cholestric liquid crystal layers having different selective light-reflecting wavelengths are laminated in order from the shorter wavelength to the longer wavelength in the laminated coating method. Further, during the lamination, orientation layers are laminated between the liquid crystal layers to maximize the selective reflection characteristic of the cholesteric liquid crystal.

A liquid crystal display (LCD) device that has been used typically employs a polarizing film using linearly polarized light. The polarizing film is fabricated by adsorbing an iodine or dichroic dye on a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film to form a resulting adsorbed film and stretching the resulting adsorbed film in a certain direction.
The polarizing film fabricated thus cannot be used as a practical polarizing film since its mechanical strength is weak with respect to the direction of a transmission axis and a polarizing function is significantly degraded due to shrinkage by heat or moisture.
In order to solve the above problems, a polarizing film having a structure in which an adhesive is adhered between supports such as an acetic acid cellulose film, etc. has been developed.
The polarizing film using the above-described polyvinyl alcohol film produces linearly polarized light by absorbing light that progresses in one direction while passing only light that vibrates in the other direction. Thus, efficiency of the polarizing film does not exceed 50% theoretically, which acts as the most significant factor to reduce the efficiency and brightness of an LCD.
If a reflective polarizing film formed by using cholesteric liquid crystal is additionally used, the shortcomings of the conventional polarizing films can be improved greatly. Cholesteric liquid crystals have a selective reflection characteristic in which a twisted direction of a spiral liquid crystal structure and an oriented direction of a circularly polarized light are consistent with each other and only a circularly polarized light of which wavelength is the same as the spiral pitch of the liquid crystal is reflected. If the selective reflection characteristic is employed, it is possible to fabricate a polarizing film that converts non-polarized light of a constant wavelength band into a specific circularly polarized light.
That is, if non-polarized light in which a left circularly polarized light component and a right circularly polarized light component are mixed equally is incident to a cholestric liquid crystal film having a left-wind or right-wind spiral structure, a circularly polarized light of which direction is the same as the spiral direction is reflected and a circularly polarized light of which direction is in the opposite direction to the spiral direction is transmitted. At this time, the transmitted circularly polarized light is converted to a linearly polarized light after passing through a ¼λ retardation film. The circularly polarized light reflected thus has its polarization direction changed and transmitted if it is reflected again from a reflective plate. Thus, the whole circularly polarized light can transmit the liquid crystal film. Accordingly, if the polarizing film formed by using the cholesteric liquid crystal film is employed additionally, brightness can be improved significantly compared to the case in which only a conventional absorption type polarizing film that absorbs 50% light is used because there is no loss of light theoretically.
However, a backlight used in an LCD usually generates light of a visible band (400 to 700 nm) that is a region where colors are displayed. Therefore, the selective reflection wavelength region of the cholestric liquid crystal film has to cover the visible light region. If the selective reflection wavelength region of the cholestric liquid crystal film does not cover the visible light region, light of a certain wavelength which is not selectively reflected get into the polarizing film in a non-polarizing state. Accordingly, there is a problem that the picture quality of the LCD is degraded.

Broadband reflective polarizer for liquid crystal display using overcoating method


A self-adhered roof system includes a plurality of waterproof self-adhering base sheets that are self-adhered by watertight bonds to underlying and overlying layers of the roof system and, preferably, waterproof fire-retardant cap sheets that are adhered to an underlying layer formed of the self-adhering base sheets. Base sheet assemblies that each include a base sheet with release sheets overlying its bottom and top major surfaces and, preferably, fire-retardant cap sheet assemblies that each include a fire-retardant cap sheet with release sheets overlying its bottom major surface and a selvage edge portion of its top major surface are utilized to form the self-adhered roof system. The self-adhering base sheets may be used with cap sheets other than fire-retardant cap sheets and with other roof components.

The subject invention relates to roof system components and a roof system that utilizes those components. More specifically, the subject invention relates to waterproof self-adhering base sheet roof system components and a roof system that includes at least one inner layer of the waterproof self-adhering base sheets self-adhered by watertight bonds to underlying and overlying layers of the roof system. Preferably, the roof system components also include waterproof fire-retardant cap sheets and the roof system includes a layer of those cap sheets that are adhered to an underlying layer of the self-adhering base sheets by the self-adhering base sheets.
Current self-adhered modified bitumen roof systems typically include an uppermost layer of cap sheets and one or more underlying roof system layers. The underlying roof system layer or layers may be: one or more base sheet layers and a roof deck; one or more base sheet layers, one or more insulation layers, and a roof deck; one or more insulation layers and a roof deck; or a roof deck.
These current self-adhered roof systems include granule surfaced and smooth surfaced cap sheets that form the topmost layer of the roof systems. One type of current cap sheet includes a reinforcement substrate, such as a fiberglass mat, polyester fiber mat, or a fiberglass/polyester fiber mat, which is encapsulated within top and bottom layers of modified bitumen. The modified bitumen is modified to make the bitumen a self-adhering material. Another type of current cap sheet includes a reinforcement substrate, such as a fiberglass mat, polyester fiber mat, or a fiberglass/polyester fiber mat, which is encapsulated within top and bottom layers of conventionally modified bitumen that is not a self-adhering material. The bottom major surfaces of such cap sheets are coated with self-adhering materials. The self-adhering modified bitumen or the coatings of other self-adhering materials on the bottom major surfaces of these cap sheets are used to self-adhere the cap sheets to underlying roof system layers.
Where the current self-adhered roof systems include one or more inner base sheet layers, the base sheets forming those inner layers include reinforcement substrates, such as a fiberglass mat, polyester fiber mat, or a fiberglass/polyester fiber mat, which are encapsulated within top and bottom layers of modified bitumen that is modified to make the bitumen a self-adhering material. The bottom major surfaces of these base sheets are self-adhering surfaces that are used to bond the base sheets to underlying roof system layers. However, the top major surfaces of these base sheets are surfaced with non-adhering materials, such as but not limited to talc, sand, or polymeric film, which remain on the base sheets after installation so that the top major surfaces of these base sheets are not self-adhering surfaces.
The modification of bitumen to make the bitumen a self-adhering bitumen rather than a conventionally modified bitumen requires: the addition of polymers to the bitumen that are other than the polymers normally used to make a conventional modified bitumen; the addition of conventional polymers to the bitumen in concentrations very different from those normally used to make a conventional modified bitumen; and/or the addition of other vehicles and modifiers to render the bitumen softer and more tacky at application and service temperatures ranging from about 40° F. to about 120° F. Thus, when compared to the conventional Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) or Amorphous Polypropylene (APP) modified bitumen of conventional cap and base sheets, the modified self-adhering bitumen used in these cap and base sheets are softer and less resistant to flow (less viscous) when heated or subjected to compressive forces.
When tested in accordance with ASTM Test Designation E 108-00, approved Jan. 10, 2000, published April 2000, and entitled Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings (hereinafter "ASTM Test E 108"), roof systems made with conventional cap and base sheets typically meet the requirements of Factory Mutual for a Class A rated roof system. When tested in accordance with Underwriters Labortories, Inc. test designation UL 790 (hereinafter "UL Test 790"), roof systems made with conventional cap and base sheets typically meet the requirements of Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. for a Class A rated roof system. However, when tested in accordance with ASTM Test E 108 by Factory Mutual or in accordance with UL Test 790 by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., roof systems made with cap and base sheets utilizing the softer, less viscous, self-adhering bitumen are less fire resistant than the roof systems made with conventional cap and base sheets and typically do not achieve a Class A rating.
In addition to being less fire resistant than roof systems made with conventional cap and base sheets, current self-adhered roof systems present another problem. The surfacing of the top major surfaces of the base sheets (inner ply sheets) with talc, sand, polymeric films, or other non-adhesive surfacing materials that remain on the base sheets after installation inhibits the adhesive bonding of self-adhering or conventional cap sheets and other roof system components to the top major surfaces of these base sheets.


This invention relates to a new and useful method for manufacturing a catalyst composition comprising a crystalline molecular sieve having the structure of ZSM-5 and a matrix material, the new catalyst composition, and use of the new catalyst composition in accordance herewith as a catalyst component for organic compound, e.g., hydrocarbon compound, conversion.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a new and useful method for manufacturing a catalyst composition comprising a crystalline molecular sieve having the structure of ZSM-5 and a matrix material, the new catalyst composition, and use of the new catalyst composition in accordance herewith as a catalyst component for organic compound, e.g., hydrocarbon compound, conversion.
More particularly, this invention relates to a method for preparing a catalyst composition comprising ZSM-5 crystals, wherein the ZSM-5 is synthesized in a special way to impart certain valuable physical properties and handling characteristics to catalyst comprising same.
2. Discussion of the Prior Art
Crystalline ZSM-5 and its conventional preparation are taught by U.S. Pat. No. 3,702,886, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. It has a distinctive X-ray diffraction pattern which identifies it from other known crystalline materials. A crystalline material composition having the structure of ZSM-5 is taught in U.S. Pat. No. Re. 29,948, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
U.S. Pat, No. 4,139,600 teaches a method for synthesis of zeolite ZSM-5 from a reaction mixture comprising, as a directing agent, an alkyldiamine. U.S. Pat. No. 4,296,083 claims synthesizing zeolites characterized by a Constraint Index of 1 to 12 and an alumina/silica mole ratio of not greater than 0.083 from a specified reaction mixture containing an organic nitrogen-containing cation provided by an amine identified as being selected from the group consisting of triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, ethylenediamine, propanediamine, butanediamine, pentanediamine, hexanediamine, methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, dimethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, benzylamine, aniline, pyridine, piperidine and pyrrolidine.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,151,189 claims a method for synthesizing zeolites ZSM-5, ZSM-12, ZSM-35 and ZSM-38 containing an organic nitrogen cation from a specified reaction mixture containing a primary amine having 2 to 9 carbon atoms as a directing agent. U.S. Pat. No. 4,341,748 shows synthesis of ZSM-5 structure from reaction mixtures comprising ethanol, ZSM-5 seeds, ethanol and seeds, ethanol and ammonium hydroxide, and ethanol, ammonium hydroxide and ZSM-5 seeds. U.S. Pat. No. 4,100,262 teaches synthesis of ZSM-5 from a reaction mixture comprising a tetraalkylammonium source and a tetraureacobalt (II) complex.
Lok et al. (3 Zeolites, 282-291 (1983)) teach numerous organic compounds which act as directing agents for synthesis of various crystalline materials, such as, for example, ZSM-5, ZSM-11, ZSM-12, ZSM-20, ZSM-35, ZSM-48, AlPO.sub.4 -5, AlPO.sub.4 -8, AlPO.sub.4 -20 and others.
Other publications teaching various organic directing agents for synthesis of crystalline ZSM-5 include, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,592,902, teaching use of an alkyltropinium directing agent, alkyl being of 2 to 5 carbon atoms; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,585,638, teaching use of diquaternary (alkyl).sub.3 N.sup.+ (CH.sub.2).sub.6 N.sup.+ (alkyl).sub.3, alkyl being propyl or butyl.


A micromechanical ejection pump for extracting small fluid volumes from a flowing sample fluid is provided with a substrate, and a canal for pressurized working fluid. The micromechanical ejection pump also has a canal for ejecting a fluid volume from the sample fluid. The working fluid canal runs into the extension of the sample fluid canal discharging crosswise thereto. The ejection canal connected to the sample fluid canal branches off from the working fluid canal opposite to the sample fluid canal. The working fluid canal and the ejection canal have in particular a substantially similar cross-section of 0.01-0.12 mm.sup.2, wherein the ratio of the cross-section of the sample fluid canal to the cross-section of the working fluid canal or the ejection canal is preferably between 0.2 and 0.5, more particularly between 0.3 and 0.4 and most preferably 0.35.

The separation of small fluid volumes from a fluid flow poses relevant problems in many areas of chemical, biological and pharmaceutical analytics. It is frequently desirable to feed macromolecules, which have already been high-dissolution separated by a chromatographic process and are available as a fluid sample, directly to an analysis system, such as a gel electrophoresis. Devices have been described which allow such fluid dosing. According to Nilsson et al. (Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 27, 181-190 (1993)) such a device comprises a water-filled pumping chamber with attached piezoceramics. Upstream of the pumping chamber discharge a brass block is arranged through which a steel cannula is guided. This steel cannula carrying the sample flow possesses two openings arranged at right angles to the flow axis, one of which serves as connection for the pumping chamber and the other one for ejection of the microdroplets to be selected. To avoid mixing effects the fluid flow and the pumping chamber fluid are separated by a Teflon membrane of small thickness via which the pressure wave required for droplet formation can propagate. Coupling of the sample chamber to the pumping chamber is effected here by means of four bolts. The volume of the sample chamber proper is 5 .mu.l. The overall volume of the device is indicated as 34 .mu.l. This device is disadvantageous because of the complicated manufacturing technology and the relatively large volume.
Wallman et al. (Proc. Transducer 95, 303-304) describe a device in which the sample chamber is of sandwich configuration. Here two silicon wafers, into which 2 mm.times.15 mm.times.350 .mu.l large cavities have been etched, are interconnected thus building a flow duct. The upper wafer presents a hole at each end of the sample chamber, which allows inflow and outflow of the sample fluid. Between the holes a piezoceramics is arranged which allows sample ejection through an oppositely arranged 60 .mu.m diameter hole in the lower wafer. The dead volume of this device amounts to approximately 1 .mu.l.
The microfluid manipulator described in EP 0 672 834 is a device with two functional units, a microdroplet emitter and a microfluid diode. Dosing fluid droplets are injected by means of a microdroplet emitter into a droplet chamber where they wet the input surface of the microfluid diode which allows feeding the fluid medium into a target fluid. The overall volume of the microdroplet emitter and the supply duct amounts to approximately 1 .mu.l. Another disadvantage presented by this device is that thorough mixing of the fluid to be dosed in may occur in the microdroplet emitter.

Micromechanical ejection pump for separating small fluid volumes from a flowing sample fluid


A device for supporting eyelash extensions during the use thereof. The device includes an articulatable support having a first connector proximate a first end. The device includes a base coupled to a second end of the articulatable support. The base includes a coupling structure. The articulatable support is selectably coupled to the base. The device for supporting eyelash extensions includes a display platform selectably coupled to the base by operation of the coupling structure thereof. The display platform includes a recess and an array of arches each tilted with respect to the display platform shaped and sized to support eyelash extensions. The array of arches are differently sized. The array of arches have a smooth and hard outer surface.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to supporting structures, specifically a device for supporting eyelash extensions.
Description of the Related Art
Eyelash Extensions is a practice that enhances the length, thickness and fullness to natural eyelashes. The extensions may include silk, mink, and/or synthetic hair. Methods of applying the extensions include full strips, clusters, and individual, one-by-one extensions.
Eyelash extension services may range between $100 to $500 in the United States, depending on the type and number of lashes used, the skill of the cosmetician, and the venue where extensions are performed. It usually takes an hour to two hours to attach a full new set. An average person might have anywhere from thirty to eighty lashes per eye. The variance in the number of lashes accounts for the difference in how long it takes to apply them. Eyelash extensions usually last around 3-4 weeks, after which one will notice that the eyelash extensions have started falling out or thinning. Maintaining a full set of lashes will require refill service approximately every 3-4 weeks. Eyelash extensions come in various lengths, colors and thicknesses, from natural-looking, to glamorous, as well as dramatic.
Applying eyelash extensions to a person generally includes: washing the person's eyelashes to remove any makeup and/or dirt; allowing the eyelashes to dry; covering the bottom lashes with an adhesive pad or tape; combing the lashes to insure that they are smooth and separated; making a small amount of adhesive available, usually by squeezing out from an adhesive container a dime-sized drop of adhesive onto a surface; picking up an eyelash extension, generally with tweezers and from a container where it is stored; applying an adhesive to the base of the eyelash extension, usually by dragging the base through the drop of adhesive; applying the extension onto the natural lash, usually 1-2 mm from the eyelid, generally one lash at a time, making sure that the lashes are separated; and allowing the extension to dry.
The containers used to hold the lashes are generally the containers in which they are purchased. The containers are usually placed on a nearby flat surface (e.g. table, counter) so the lashes can be near where they will be applied. The adhesive is usually placed on a smooth flat surface near where the extensions will be applied.
Some improvements have been made in the field. Examples of references related to the present invention are described below in their own words, and the supporting teachings of each reference are incorporated by reference herein:
U.S. Pat. No. 8,881,744, issued to McKinstry, discloses a lash holder having a U-shaped sheet comprising of a curved top part and a bottom part fixed at a designated place; the curved top part is intended for setting at least one strip with numerous lashes for increasing, enlarging and separating the space between the top of the lashes, so that it is easy for the user to take off individual lashes.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,701,685, issued to Chipman, discloses an eyelash extension system includes an extension strip with a backing and a plurality of eyelash extensions. Each extension has a proximal end and a distal end. The proximal end of each extension is joined to the backing and distal end of each extension extends away from the backing. The system also includes an extension tray with at least one curved extension attachment surface to receive the extension strip such that adhering the extension strip to the curved extension attachment surface spreads the distal ends of the extensions farther apart than the proximal ends of the extensions joined to the backing.
The inventions heretofore known suffer from a number of disadvantages which include being difficult to use, being cumbersome to use, being limited in application, being limited in use, being limited in flexibility, being unable to support eyelashes, being expensive, being inefficient, being limited in support, making it difficult to see lashes during use (i.e. application on a person), failing to make it easy to pick up lashes, slowing down the application process, failing to make it easy to select between various lashes, being inconvenient, requiring a large workspace, requiring nearby tables/counters/etc., requiring too much effort to apply lashes, failing to reduce the time it takes to apply lashes, and/or failing to reduce appointment durations for eyelash extension application by professionals.
What is needed is a device for supporting eyelash extensions that solves one or more of the problems described herein and/or one or more problems that may come to the attention of one skilled in the art upon becoming familiar with this specification.

Device for supporting eyelash extensions


In a wireless communication system (10), a wireless subscriber unit (26) contains a function key (52) for performing an operation on a function value (50). The function value (50) is changed based on receipt of a message (38) sent from a transmission source (21).

Historically, wireless subscriber units have had the ability to receive a message, and perform standard functions in response to the message receipt such as storing the message, displaying the message, or alerting the user of receipt of the message.
Today's wireless subscriber units are no longer restricted to just these standard functions. Manufacturers of wireless subscriber units are now adding applications to provide value added services such as calculator functions, stock market analysis, financial analysis, and tax calculation. The wireless subscriber units perform calculations within these applications using function values accessed when a function key has been activated.
One drawback of today's wireless subscriber units is the inability to modify the function value based on a received message or a geographical relocation. As wireless applications become more prevalent in the industry, and become more critical as business tools, the requirement for such a capability increases.

Subscriber unit and method for updating a function value


It is an object to provide a liquid composition for ink jet which contains at least an organic acid having an acid dissociation constant pKa of 4.5 or less, a water-soluble solvent, and water, further including at least one of compounds selected from the following group, and this is utilized for an ink set for ink jet, an ink jet recording method and an ink jet recording apparatus,                (a): a polyvalent metallic salt having an amount of addition to the organic acid which is equal to or more than 0.01 and is less than 1 in a mole ratio (the polyvalent metallic salt/organic acid); and        (b): an organic amine compound having an amount of addition to the organic acid which is equal to or more than 0.1 and is equal to or less than 0.9 in a mole ratio (an organic amine compound/organic acid).

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid composition for ink jet printing, an ink set for ink jet printing, an ink jet recording method, and an ink jet recording apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
Ink jet systems for ejecting ink from an ink ejection port formed of a nozzle, a slit or a porous film have been used in many printers due to their being small-sized and inexpensive. Of these ink jet systems, a piezo ink jet system for ejecting ink by utilizing the deformation of a piezoelectric unit and a thermal ink jet system for ejecting ink by utilizing the boiling phenomenon of an ink by way of thermal energy are excellent in a high resolution and a high-speed printing property.
At present, increased speed and enhancement of picture quality on plain paper are taken as one of the important objective of an ink jet printer. In order to attaining this objectives, there has been proposed an image forming method of adhering a liquid containing a compound having a cationic group onto a recording medium and then adhering an ink containing an anion dye immediately after the liquid has permeated into the recording medium and is thus present in the medium, and has left the surface of the medium, thereby forming an amage (see U.S. Pat. No. 2,667,401, for example). In this method, in some cases in which the time required for drying of an ink is shortened, the density of an image is insufficient. In some cases in which printing is carried out with a small amount of drops, moreover, the long term ejecting property is insufficient.
In order to obtain a high-speed drying property, a high optical density and enhancement of picture quality, moreover, there has been proposed a color ink set characterized by a black ink containing water and a water-soluble solvent, a drying time on a piece of plain paper being equal to or less than five seconds, a color ink containing a coloring agent, water, a water-soluble solvent and a flocculant for flocculating the components of the black ink, and the time required for permeation in the plain paper being equal to or less than five seconds (for example, see JP-A No. 2001-294788). In some cases in which this system is used and a pigment is used for the coloring agent of a color ink, there is excellent optical density, blur and intercolor blur, but long-term storage stability is insufficient due to a flocculant. An electrolyte or a polyvalent metallic salt is usually used for the flocculant, and there is also a problem in that their effect as the flocculant are excessively great.
In order to improve jetting property of an inkjet sustem, moreover, there has been proposed an ink containing a nitrogen-containing five-membered ring keto acid such as pyrrolidone carboxylic acid or a salt thereof (see JP-A No. 63-265681; U.S. Pat. No. 2,711,888 and JP-A No. 2000-109735, for example). This system utilizes the effect of a moisturizing property provided by the nitrogen-containing five-membered ring keto acid salt and has an objective of improving the jetting property. In some cases in which a liquid containing the nitrogen-containing five-membered ring keto acid is used together with a liquid containing a coloring material as in the invention, however, it is impossible to achieve compatibility of picture quality and long-term storage stability.
As described above, with conventional methods, it is impossible to simultaneously have satisfactory optical density, blur, intercolor blur, drying time, and long-term storage stability.
Accordingly, the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances and provides an ink set for ink jet printing, an ink jet recording method and an ink jet recording apparatus which are excellent in optical density, blur, intercolor blur, drying time, and long-term storage stability.
Further, the invention provides a liquid composition for ink jet printing to be used therein.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Liquid composition for ink jet, ink set for ink jet, ink jet recording method and ink jet recording apparatus


An organic light emitting display device and a fabricating method thereof are disclosed, in which an organic light emitting diode or a cathode electrode may be prevented from being damaged by outgassing generated due to water remaining in a planarization film. The organic light emitting display device includes a substrate; a thin film transistor layer provided on the lower substrate; a planarization film provided on the thin film transistor layer to planarize the thin film transistor layer; an anode line provided on the planarization film to partially expose the planarization film in a non-display area corresponding to a periphery area of a display area; and a water absorption organic film provided on the exposed portion of the planarization film to at least partially absorb outgassing from the planarization film.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an organic light emitting display device and a fabricating method thereof.
Discussion of the Related Art
With the advancement of information society, a demand for a display device for displaying an image has increased in various forms. Recently, various flat panel display devices such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), a plasma display panel (PDP), and an organic light emitting display device have been used.
Of the display devices, the organic light emitting display device which is a self light emitting display device is more excellent for a viewing angle, a contrast ratio, etc. than the LCD, and may be fabricated at a lightweight and slim size and is favorable in view of power consumption as it does not need a separate backlight. Also, the organic light emitting display device is favorable in view of direct current low voltage driving, a fast response speed, and especially a low fabricating cost.
The organic light emitting display device is fabricated by several processes including, e.g., forming a thin film transistor layer on a substrate, forming a planarization film for planarization on the thin film transistor layer, forming an organic light emitting diode layer, which includes an organic light emitting diode, on the planarization film, wherein the organic light emitting diode includes an anode electrode, an organic light emitting layer and a cathode electrode. An encapsulation layer, which includes multilayered organic and inorganic films, is formed on the organic light emitting diode layer to protect the organic light emitting diode and the cathode electrode from oxygen and water.
The planarization film may be formed of a resin such as photo acryl and polyimide. If the planarization film is exposed to the atmosphere, since the planarization film absorbs water, water inside a vacuum deposition equipment is removed before the substrate provided with the thin film transistor layer is loaded into the vacuum deposition equipment during a process of depositing the planarization film. However, in spite of this effort, water may remain in the planarization film. For example, if water of a minute amount of 150 ppm exists in the planarization film, the organic light emitting diode or the cathode electrode may be damaged by outgassing generated in the planarization film. In this case, a problem may occur in that a pixel of the organic light emitting diode or the cathode electrode damaged due to water is displayed as a black spot.

Organic light emitting display device and fabricating method thereof


A method of locating a phase-to-ground fault in a radial distribution system with a tapped load. The method includes determining the positive-sequence impedance from the residual current, the residual current compensation factor and the phase-to-ground voltage of the faulted line. The positive-sequence impedance is then used to determine the distance to the fault.

Electronic methods for locating transmission line faults include: relating oscillographic readings to short-circuit study data; processing digital oscillograph readings in a fault locating program; and using two-end travelling-way fault locators, one-end travelling-way fault locators, one-end impedance-measuring fault locators, or two-end impedance-based fault locators. The one-end impedance-measuring fault locators calculate the fault location from the apparent impedance seen looking into the line from one end. They have been proven to be the most practical, since no communications channel (other than possibly one for remote reading of the fault location) is required, and they are generally easy to install and operate. Two-end impedance-based fault locators use the voltage and current information at both ends of the line to calculate the fault location. The advantage of this scheme is that ground faults can be located without knowing the zero-sequence impedance of the transmission line. The disadvantage is that data must be retrieved and then processed by a relatively skilled individual.
Locating faults requires many of the same signal processing steps as protecting transmission lines. To accurately locate all fault types in a three phase (A, B, C) system, the phase-to-ground voltages (VA, VB, VC) and the currents (IA, IB, IC) in each phase must be measured. However, when line-to-line voltages (VAB, VBC, VCA) only are available, it is possible to locate phase-to-phase faults accurately. Ground faults can also be located reasonably well in most cases, if the zero-sequence source impedance (ZS0) is known.
The phasor quantities must be extracted. This requires filtering to ensure that transients do not affect the measurement of phasor quantities. Analog and digital filters may be used. The analog filter removes all high frequency components, and the digital filter removes DC offset.
Knowledge of the fault type is essential for accurate single-end fault locating, as the fault type determines the measuring loop to be used. Different techniques may be used to determine fault type. One technique is to determine the fault type from the relay elements which operate. The other technique is to use a separate fault-type determination process exclusively for the fault locator. This latter technique tests and compares the phase and residual currents (IR). Another technique which has been used is to use the information from external starting elements such as the distance or overcurrent elements in a line protection terminal. Still another way, which has been used by programs which analyze digital oscillographic records, is manual specification of the fault type, relying on a skilled operator for fault-type determination.
As is known, various impedance calculations may be employed, depending on the fault type (ground faults, three phase faults, phase-to-phase faults, and phase-to-phase to ground faults) to calculate the apparent positive-sequence impedance (Z1) of the fault. One of the following impedance calculations may be employed, depending on the fault type, to calculate the impedance Z1 to the fault:
Ground (G) Faults:
______________________________________ AG: Z1 = VA/(IA + k .times. IR) BG: Z1 = VB/(IB + k .times. IR) CG: Zl = VC/(IC + k .times. IR) ______________________________________
where k (the residual current compensation factor)=(ZL0-ZL1)/3ZL1, IR=the residual current, ZL0=the zero-sequence impedance of the line, and ZL1=the positive-sequence impedance of the line.
Phase-to-Phase and Phase-to-Phase to Ground Faults:
______________________________________ AB or ABG: Z1 = VAB/IAB BC or BCG: Z1 = VBC/IBC CA or CAG: Z1 = VCA/ICA ______________________________________
Three-Phase Faults:
Any of the above equations.
The measured impedance unfortunately depends on many factors not represented in these equations. These include no or imperfect transposition between the fault and the measurement bus, mutual coupling to nearby circuits, load flow, and fault resistance. Other problems arise from taps, conductor configuration changes, instrument transformer errors, nonuniform or unknown soil resistivity, etc.
Once the apparent positive-sequence impedance Z1 to the fault is calculated, the distance to fault is determined by dividing the measured reactance by the total reactance for the line and multiplying by the line length. This approach, which is a straight reactance calculation, eliminates the effects of fault resistance under conditions of light loading. On more heavily-loaded lines, faults with considerable resistance are not accurately located by this method, since the voltage drop at the fault in the fault resistance has both a resistive and a reactive component, as seen from either end. The reactive component of this drop is an error term not eliminated by this simple calculation. A calculation which takes prefault load flow into account to reduce the effects of fault resistance and load flow on fault location calculations is disclosed in Takagi, et al., "Development of a New Type of Fault Locator Using the One-Terminal Voltage and Current Data", IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol PAS-101, No. 8, August, 1982.
Generally, on radial transmission and distribution lines, or any line where the infeed from the remote end is small compared to the total fault current, or when the load flow is small on an interconnection, the fault-locating errors due to fault resistance and load flow are negligible, even with the straight reactance calculation. This is useful to know, since a hand calculation of fault location used in the straight reactance calculation is easier than a hand calculation used in the above-discussed Takagi, et al. algorithm. Indeed, when pre-fault information is unavailable, the Takagi, et al. algorithm cannot be used.
Tapped loads seldom make any significant difference in fault location, since delta-wye transformer connections are usually used (no ground source), and since the impedances of the transformers are generally large compared to the line impedance. However, the tapped load currents do make a difference when the load current is near the short circuit current.
The method of the present invention provides a means for locating phase-to-ground faults in radial transmission and distribution lines with tapped loads. This method, however, will not locate three phase faults, phase-to-phase faults and phase-to-phase to ground faults. However, about 90% of all faults are phase-to-ground faults.
Thus, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for locating phase-to-ground faults on radial circuits with tapped loads where the load currents are significant.

Fault location method for radial transmission and distribution systems

Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc.


An infant seat covering system comprises a cover, two elastic side straps having hooks at the ends thereof, a plurality of ovoid clasps and cooperating eyelets for engaging an infant seat, two retraction hooks for engaging a series of retraction eyelets disposed longitudinally along a back portion of the cover, the retraction hooks being disposed near an upper portion of the cover on a front portion of the cover whereby the cover can be retracted to one or more retracted positions according to the refraction eyelets.

The present invention relates generally to infant seats (e.g. car seats & strollers), and specifically to covers for such seats. It is advantageous to provide a cover for such seats (e.g. protect infants from sunlight, wind or other weather conditions). The present invention can be made of water and/or wind proof materials in addition to ordinary fabrics and other materials having suitable strength and flexibility characteristics.
Prior art systems (FIG. 5) have laces 101 that engage the handle portions of infant seats and round clasps that fit through eyelets 102 to engage the seat. However, such systems are problematic because laces 101 can only engage handles (e.g. handle 16) of such seats and cannot engage the fabric inserts common to those seats. Additionally, the round clasps used cannot accommodate the handles of most car seats currently available. Additionally, prior art systems are also not designed to overlap the infant seat. This causes problematic exposure of the infant.
The present invention overcomes these disadvantages as well as provides other objects and advantages as discussed herein and as would be appreciated by those of skill in the art.
Elastic side straps (as opposed to laces) secure the cover to an infant seat. Each side strap has a hook at the end thereof and each is effective to connect the cover to the fabric interior insert of an infant seat (and stroller) as well as the handle and/or the structure (i.e. plastic body thereof).
Every car seat or stroller has some type of fabric interior insert. The hooks are secured to such covers. Doing so is advantageous because if an infant starts kicking, the cover still stays secure.
Prior art systems use Velcro (trademark) strips placed longitudinally along the cover (hook portion on one side and looped portion on the reverse side) to facilitate rolling it up. Such systems are problematic because the Velcro traps lint, etc and other debris upon being washed in a washing machine thereby losing its effectiveness. Velcro is also problematic because the Velcro is sewn inside the cover, which can cause scratching of the bare feet of infants. The present invention uses a series of retraction eyelets disposed longitudinally along the cover underside which are then engaged by retraction hooks near the upper portion of the cover on the front side thereof.
A plurality of ovoid clasps and cooperating eyelets is provided wherein each ovoid clasp is inserted through a cooperating eyelet and engages an upper portion of an infant seat (or stroller canopy) thus achieving another advantage of the present invention. Prior art systems utilize a round clasp which is ineffective to engage the upper portion of some infant seats. The ovoid shape allows greater flexibility.


Disclosed is an external magnetic field application device for use in an optical information recording and reproducing apparatus. The device has a winding wound on an outer periphery of a magnetic pole piece and a magnetic plate attached to the magnetic pole piece to form a magnetic circuit. The device includes a heat dissipation member arranged to contact an outer periphery of the winding for conducting heat generated in the winding, when the winding is energized, to the magnetic plate, and a metal plate arranged on top of the heat dissipation member for dissipating heat of the heat dissipation member.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an external magnetic field application device which is primarily used for a magneto-optical disk apparatus.
2. Related Background Art
In a prior art magneto-optical recording system which is a kind of erasable optical disk apparatus, information is recorded and erased by using a principle that a magnetic film is heated by a laser spot and a magnetic field of several hundreds of oersteads is applied, and then the heat is removed so that the magnetic film is magnetized in the direction of the external magnetic field. When a predetermined direction of magnetization is defined as recording, the opposite direction is defined as erasure.
FIG. 1 shows a structure of a prior art external magnetic field generator. As shown, the external magnetic field generator 40 primarily comprises a magnetic pole piece 45 and magnetic plates 46a and 46b. The magnetic pole piece 45 and the magnetic plates 46a and 46b are linked by a magnetic material at their one ends. The magnetic pole piece 45 and the magnetic plates 46a and 46b are of elongated shape and are arranged radially with respect to a recording magneto-optical disk 41. A winding coil 47 is wound around the magnetic pole piece 45 and a magnetic field is generated by supplying a current to the winding 47. The generated magnetic field goes into the opposite magnetic plates 46a and 46b from the end of the magnetic pole piece 45, and a component of the magnetic field which is perpendicular to the disk 41 serves as the external magnetic field to record or erase the information to and from the magnetic film. In this arrangement, since the reversal of the magnetic field is done by reversing the direction of the current, a speed of reversal of the magnetic field is high.
FIG. 2 shows a detailed sectional view of the external magnetic field application device shown in FIG. 1. In this type of external magnetic field application device, electrically insulated molded members or insulative tapes 32 and 35 are arranged between the winding 34 and the magnetic pole piece 31 or the magnetic plate 33 to prevent the electrical short-circuit of the winding.
However, in this arrangement, when a current is supplied to the winding for a long period, the temperature of the winding rises due to Joule heat generated in the winding, because the materials surrounding the winding prevent the heat dissipation.
Such heat generation by the external magnetic field application device raises the temperature of the apparatus and adversely affects the characteristics of other electrical components, and also heats the recording medium to adversely affect the stability of the recorded information.

External magnetic field application device including a heat dissipation member and a metal plate for dissipating heat


Disclosed are methods for mixing lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF.sub.6) salt into a solution suitable for use in preparing a solid electrolyte while inhibiting decomposition of this salt. Such solid electrolytes are useful in preparing solid electrolytic cells.

Field of the Invention
This invention is directed to a method for mixing lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF.sub.6) salt into an electrolyte solution suitable for use in preparing a solid electrolyte while inhibiting decomposition of this salt.
State of the Art
Batteries typically comprise a group of electrically connected electrolytic cells which cells individually comprise a cathode, an anode and interposed therebetween, an electrolyte. The electrolyte can be formulated as a conducting liquid solution or as a conducting solid composition each of which contains an electrolytic salt. When the electrolyte is a conducting liquid solution, the resulting battery containing such electrolytic cells is often referred to as a "liquid" battery; and when the electrolyte is a conducting solid composition, the resulting battery containing such electrolytic cells is often termed a "solid" battery.
The electrolytic cells of solid batteries typically employ an anode comprising lithium and, accordingly, the electrolytic salt employed in the electrolyte of such solid batteries is a typically a lithium salt. Suitable lithium salts for use in such solid batteries containing a lithium anode are well known in the art and include, by way of example, LiI, LiBr, LiSCN, LiClO.sub.4, LiBF.sub.4, LiPF.sub.6, LiAsF.sub.6, CF.sub.3 CO.sub.2 Li, CF.sub.3 SO.sub.3 Li, and the like, however, LiAsF.sub.6 is conventionally employed in such solid batteries.
The solid electrolyte is conventionally prepared by combining a prepolymer, the LiAsF.sub.6 salt and optionally, a film forming agent such as polyethylene oxide into an electrolyte solvent wherein the resulting solution is mixed until all of the components are dissolved. The resulting electrolyte solution is then coated onto the surface of a substrate (e.g., the cathode or anode) and then cured so as to polymerize the prepolymer which converts the composition from a liquid to a solid thereby forming a solid electrolyte.
While the solid electrolyte prepared by such conventional techniques provides for electrolytic cells useful in generating a solid battery, the use of LiAsF.sub.6 as the electrolytic salt in solid electrolytes is particularly disadvantageous because this salt is toxic and this toxicity raises environmental concerns regarding the safe disposal of spent solid batteries containing this salt.
Partly to avoid this problem, this invention employs LiPF.sub.6 as the electrolytic salt because this salt is less toxic than LiAsF.sub.6 and provides for improved capacity (improved cycle life) and approximately the same conductivity as compared to LiAsF.sub.6. See, for example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/049,212 filed concurrently herewith as Attorney Docket No. 1256 and entitled "Compositions and Methods for Improving the Cumulative Capacity of Solid, Secondary, Electrolytic Cells", which application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
However, in preparing solid electrolytes containing LiPF.sub.6, it was found that the addition of the LiPF.sub.6 into the electrolyte solvent was accompanied by a temperature increase in the solvent due to the heat of solvation of this salt which typically increased the temperature of the mixture. Moreover, it was further found that this temperature increase and/or the application of heat during mixing was sufficient, in some cases, to decompose a significant portion the LiPF.sub.6 salt which was evidenced by a change in the color of the clear solution through a straw yellow to a dark brown. Without being limited by any theory, it is believed that this decomposition reaction proceeds as follows: ##STR1##
It is further believed that the so generated PF.sub.5 can react with any ethers contained in the solution (e.g., the polyethylene oxide film forming agent and the electrolyte solvent if the solvent contains ether bonds) by breaking the ether bonds and causing further degradation of the electrolyte solution.
On the other hand, some heat is required in the process of combining the components used to prepare the solid electrolyte because the polyethylene oxide film forming agent typically softens (melts) at a temperature of about 55.degree. C. to 65.degree. C. and softening of the polyethylene oxide is required to initiate its dissolution into the electrolyte solvent.
In the past, liquid electrolyte solutions have avoided the thermal instability problems of LiPF.sub.6 by first complexing the LiPF.sub.6 with dimethoxyethane (DME), isolating the resulting adduct, and then using this adduct to form the liquid electrolyte solution. See, for example, Bowden, U.S. Pat. No. 4,880,714. Apparently, by first complexing with DME, the heat of solvation can be controlled. However, liquid electrolyte solutions do not employ polyethylene oxide film forming agents and this approach does not solve the problem of solubilizing the polyethylene oxide film forming agent without causing significant decomposition of the lithium hexafluorophosphate salt.
In view of the above, the inventors were confronted with a problem that formulating the solution used to prepare the solid electrolyte composition required heat to dissolve the polyethylene oxide film forming agent used in this solution and that this heat would, in some cases, also decompose the lithium hexafluorophosphate salt.

Method for mixing LiPF.sub.6 electrolytes at elevated temperatures


A method, computer program product, and computer system for storing, by a computing device, a data encryption key in a keystore. A plurality of stable system values may be generated, wherein a threshold number of the plurality of stable system values is required to access the data encryption key from the keystore. The plurality of stable system values may be stored in different locations. More stable system values of the plurality of stable system values than the threshold number of the plurality of stable system values required to access the data encryption key from the keystore may be deleted.

A typical shredding scheme, involves the use of a wrapping key or Key Encryption Key (KEK), and a Data Encryption Key (DEK), where generally for each drive in the system, there is a corresponding DEK. When the DEKs are stored, they are usually "wrapped" or encrypted using the KEK. When it is time to shred one or more DEKs, a new KEK is generated, all of the DEKs are rewrapped and stored with the new KEK, and the old KEK is erased. Presumably, the old KEK is stored in erasable memory/storage. From a redundancy standpoint, this may be problematic, since if that memory is lost for some reason (e.g., hardware issue), the DEKs cannot typically be unwrapped. Further, the process of re-wrapping the DEKs, when a new KEK is created, may temporarily expose all of the DEKs in plaintext in memory.

System and method for shredding a forum of secrets


The present invention relates to ventilation tubing comprising, from the inside to the outside, a bush (1), an insulating layer (2) and a cover sheet (3). Said ventilation tubing is characterized in that the insulating layer is a quartz fiber wool of which the specific surface weight illustratively is between 65 and 140 g/m2. The bush (1) and/or the cover sheet (3) may be a plastic sheet exhibiting a weave of interlacing filaments.

Ventilation tubings for aircraft airconditioning already are known which comprise a silicone fabric bush, a polyimide foam insulating layer and a cover sheet of chlorosulfonated polyethylene elastomer, or tubings that comprise a silicone fabric bush, a glass fiber insulating layer and a polyvinyl fluoride cover sheet. Again ventilation tubings are known which comprise a bush made of a resin composite, a polyimide foam insulation and a chlorosulfonated polyethylene cover sheet.
The above products entail the drawback of high weight, for instance being 1,200 g for a 2 m long tubing which is 205 mm in diameter, that is, more than 7 kg for a standard length of 12 m built up from six end-to-end tubings.
Moreover, as regards the above tubings, the two of them which are fitted with polyimide foam insulation clad with chlorosulfonated polyethylene elastomer do not meet the requirements of the ABD0007 standard regarding resistance to fluids.
On the other hand, the present standard, namely ABD0031, which applies to fire resistance in aeronautics, shall be complemented by a more stringent standard whereby the fire resistance test shall be run using a radiating panel.
Besides the drawback of their weight, the above cited tubings preclude this expansion of the standards.

Ventilation tubing in particular for an airconditioning system

Abstract: In particular the present invention applies to aircraft ventilation circuit tubings.