A mount for holding a tow-bar having pivotally attached arms, attachable to a vehicle such as a HMMWV 1114 (the up-armored HMMWV), for holding the tow-bar outside the vehicle. A kit is also provided including materials and hardware for making the mount and including hardware for attaching the mount to the front bumper of a vehicle, and in particular for attaching the mount to the front bumper of a HMMWV 1114.

While stationed in Iraq with the US Army at an assignment that required they use a High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) 1114 (the up-armored version of the HMMWV), the inventors experienced difficulty in trying to stow their gear and equipment in the hatch of the vehicle. The need for a spare tire, tow-bar, tools, and slave cable takes much of the hatch space. The tow-bar is a particularly large object and is irregular in shape. Because of this it is cumbersome, and so getting the tow-bar out of the hatch takes a lot of time and some concentrated effort, and so is dangerous in a hostile environment.
The inventors determined that what is needed is a way to carry the tow-bar outside the hatch of the vehicle to save space in the hatch, and ideally in a way that reduces the time and makes it easier to put the tow-bar in use.

Tow-bar mount for a HMMWV or other vehicle


An analysis apparatus according to an embodiment includes an extraction unit, a calculation unit, and an evaluation unit. The extraction unit extracts a detection value in a tumor region, a blood region, and a muscle region from a nuclear medicine image of a subject administered with a drug containing a radiolabeled anticancer drug that works by accumulating in a tumor. The calculation unit calculates a first comparison value that is a comparison result between the detection value in the blood region and the detection value in the tumor region, and a second comparison value that is a comparison result between the detection value in the muscle region and the detection value in the tumor region. The evaluation unit evaluates an accumulation of the drug in the tumor, based on the first comparison value and the second comparison value calculated by the calculation unit.

Conventionally, to select a suitable anticancer drug for the patient, a test is performed to detect a specific biological substance such as a gene and protein. In particular, to predict the pharmacological efficacy of 5-fluorouracil (FU), which is an antimetabolite, a relation between the expression level of thymidylate synthase (TS), which is an inhibitory target of 5-FU, and the sensitivity of 5-FU has been reported. Thus, it is assumed that the pharmacological efficacy of 5-FU can be predicted to some degree, by evaluating the expression level of TS in pathological tissues of patients.
However, to evaluate the expression level of TS, pathological tissues of patients are generally obtained by tissue biopsy, and the obtained pathological tissues are stained by a certain staining method. Thus, the evaluation of the expression level of TS is highly invasive, and a large load is placed on the patient. Moreover, in the tissue biopsy, only a part of tumor is removed. Thus, with the evaluation of the expression level of TS, it is difficult to evaluate the comprehensive kinetics of 5-FU in vivo and the pharmacological efficacy of 5-FU in heterogeneous tumors.

National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology

General Incorporated Association The Japan-Multinational Trial Organization


Variable compensation for part to part skew of components in a substrate-mounted circuit is described. The variability may be provided through a computer software program acting on a programmable delay buffer such that compensation for a skewed signal may be continuously checked against a reference signal or through other methods. The skewed signal may be delayed until the signal matches, within a predetermined margin of error, the reference.

An integrated circuit developer may mount electronic components on a substrate (e.g., a printed circuit board, printed wiring board, etc.) in a predetermined sequence such that the components, in combination, perform a particular function on or alter signals that are transmitted between the components. For example, the components may be used for synchronization of an asynchronous input signal with a system's clock. Of course, such synchronization may take the form of state elements implemented inside of a component (e.g., a chip), but such board-mounted synchronization may be used when the component does not include appropriate state elements.
In using substrate-mounted components to perform functions on or alter signals, problems associated with part to part skew in the circuit may be encountered. For example, if the purpose of a substrate-mounted circuit is to synchronize an asynchronous input signal with a system clock, taking into account setup and hold times and a period for synchronization associated with a particular component, a window for transitions on a signal may be on the order of one or two nanoseconds. Components used in the circuit to synchronize the input signal with a system clock, however, may inherently produce signal skew. In a worst case scenario, the maximum part to part signal skew of each component in such a circuit may be additive and may foreclose the reliable probability of meeting the window for transitions. Thus, such inherent signal skew of substrate-mounted components may prevent the reliable performance of functions on or alterations of signals in a circuit. Additionally, even if part to part skew is within tolerable ranges in a substrate-mounted circuit, incorporating the circuit into a product and associating skew of other components in the product with the substrate-mounted circuit may increase skew in the circuit and force the circuit to fail.
Therefore, there is a need for offsetting or minimizing part to part skew in circuits that include substrate-mounted components. Additionally, the offsetting of such skew should be operable when the circuit is incorporated into a product.

Systems and methods for overcoming part to part skew in a substrate-mounted circuit


A control system and method of controlling a multi-phase electric machine for controlling the flow of electrical current between a voltage source and the multi-phase electric machine or other application/load. The control system includes, between each phase of the multi-phase electric machine and the voltage source: a high side diode and a high side switch positioned in parallel between a positive terminal of the voltage source and the electric machine with the high side diode being reverse biased with regard to the positive terminal; and a low side diode and a low side switch positioned in parallel between a negative terminal of the voltage source and the electric machine with the low side diode being reverse biased with regard to the electric machine. The control system operates the high side and low side switches to provide efficient operation of the electric machine.

The use of pulse width modulated voltage source inverters with electrical motors is becoming increasingly popular.
When using such pulse width modulated voltage source inverters, a pair of switched power semiconductor devices (i.e., switches) are commonly used with each phase of the electric motor and are located between the electric motor and a direct current (DC) voltage source. The switches are controlled to open and close to thereby synthesize a desired voltage waveform and control the flow of electrical current within the phases of the electric motor. This technique of opening and closing the power semiconductor devices to synthesize a desired voltage waveform and/or current waveform is referred to as pulse-width modulation (PWM).
One drawback to this arrangement is that the operation of the switches to control the electrical current requires a measurable amount of time, commonly referred to as deadtime, in which both switches must be controlled to be open. This deadtime is required to prevent a short-circuit of the positive and negative terminals of the DC voltage source and has an impact on the maximum linear voltage that can be synthesized by the voltage source inverter (VSI) before requiring duty cycle clamping and/or overmodulation.
In addition to deadtime, a minimum amount of time exists in which the semiconductor switch can be transitioned from closed to open and back to closed, or from open to closed and back to open. This minimum amount of time is commonly referred to as the power semiconductor device minimum pulse width and is a physical characteristic of the device and its associated circuitry. This minimum pulse width also has an impact on the maximum linear voltage that can be synthesized by the voltage source inverter (VSI).
Although some methods of addressing such deadtime and minimum pulse width are known, further improvements remain desirable.

Method of duty cycle generation for extending the linear modulation range in a pulse width modulated voltage source inverter


Peroxide curable fluoroelastomer compositions and articles made therefrom are disclosed. The compositions contain 5 to 45 weight percent, based on total weight of all fluoroelastomers present in the composition, of a blend of dynamically cured fluoroelastomer particles in an uncured fluoroelastomer. The compositions are unfilled, but have tensile properties adequate for many end use applications and are particularly useful as seals in semiconductor manufacturing equipment.

Fluoroelastomers having excellent heat resistance, oil resistance, and chemical resistance have been used widely for sealing materials, containers and hoses. Examples of fluoroelastomers include copolymers comprising units of vinylidene fluoride (VF2) and units of at least one other copolymerizable fluorine-containing monomer such as hexafluoropropylene (HFP), tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), vinyl fluoride (VF), and a fluorovinyl ether such as a perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) (PAVE). Specific examples of PAVE include perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether), perfluoro(ethyl vinyl ether) and perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether).
In order to develop the physical properties necessary for most end use applications, fluoroelastomers must be crosslinked (i.e. cured). A preferred curing system for many end uses is the combination of an organic peroxide and a multifunctional unsaturated coagent. The coagent forms crosslinks by reacting with bromine or iodine atom cure sites on the fluoroelastomer polymer chain. A preferred cure site is an iodine atom bonded to a carbon atom on the fluoroelastomer chain.
Typical peroxide curable fluoroelastomer compositions also contain fillers such as carbon black, SiO2, TiO2, BaSO4, Al2O3, etc. Fillers generally improve the tensile properties of the cured fluoroelastomer. In the case of peroxide curable fluoroelastomer compositions, fillers also improve the processability of the compositions on rubber manufacturing equipment such as mills and extruders where slippage may occur in the absence of filler, and in compression molding where mold fouling can occur without filler present in the compositions. However, fillers may also be an undesirable source of contamination by metals or particles in some end use applications such as in semiconductor manufacturing equipment where elastomer articles contact harsh environments such as plasmas.
Unfilled peroxide curable fluoroelastomer compositions are known in the art, but they are typically difficult to manufacture and have low tensile properties, making them unsuitable for some end use applications.
Curable compositions of fluoroelastomers that contain particles of dynamically cured fluoroelastomer particles (also referred to as gel) and filler have been previously disclosed, e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 4,708,988. The presence of gel appears to decrease the tensile strength of the peroxide cured compositions.


A display control device comprises an image acquiring unit which acquires observation image data, an image recording unit which records recorded image data, an image synthesizing unit which generates synthesized image data based on the observation image data and the recorded image data, a first selector, a second selector, and a selector interlock controller. The first selector outputs one of the observation image data and the synthesized image data to a first display device as first selected data. The second selector outputs one of the first selected data and the recorded image data to a second display device as second selected data. The selector interlock controller interlocks and controls the first selector 122 and the second selector 124.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a display control device for an endoscope and an endoscope system.
2. Description of the Related Art
An electronic endoscope which displays an image imaged by an image sensor on a display device has been widely used in the medical field. An endoscope system which comprises a display device for displaying various images in addition to a display device that displays observation images of the endoscope is known. For example, Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 2005-111081 discloses a technique related to an endoscope system which displays a virtual image together with a live image.

Display control device and endoscope system


An improved process for dispersing filler particles in a resin composition is disclosed. The filler particles, for instance electrically conductive or metal particles, are mixed with a resin material or blend of materials including a resin material to form a mixture that is subjected to an acceleration force. The acceleration force can be generated by passing the mixture through a static nozzle having particular dimensions to generate an acceleration of the mixture in the nozzle in excess of 400,000 m/sec2. The treated particles become uniformly dispersed in the resin composition and a reduction in average particle size of the filler material can be achieved.

As the miniaturization of electric devices progresses, it is desirable to provide more compact electronic components, such as inductors, capacitors, and filters, for use in such electronic devices. To maintain electronic characteristics and to achieve further miniaturization of electronic components, a conductive filler is needed to have a smooth surface with no pinholes. And metal particles in the conductive composition are also advantageously reduced in size to result in higher dispersion. Aggregated metal particles and deformed metal particles in the conductive composition or paste that forms internal electrodes of ceramic multilayer components may cause electric defectives, such as short circuiting. Particularly, in thin-film, multilayer electronic components, it is beneficial for metal particles to be reduced in size for providing higher dispersion. When the particle size of the aggregated metal particles becomes larger than film thickness of the internal electrodes, ceramics between the internal electrodes are greatly stressed, resulting in a marked reduction in the reliability and a lower yield of the ceramic laminated component.
Conventionally, methods to disperse metal powders into a resin carrier and an organic solvent can include using equipment such as Laikai machine (a mixing and grinding machine), a triple roller or a ball mill, and a collision dispersion method which high pressure slurries collide among themselves. The collision dispersion method is disclosed in Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication 9-201521, Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication 9-299774, Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication 10-57789, PCT publication WO 00/04559, Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication 10-887457 and Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication 11-1460511.
However, the media used in the dispersion treating method, when the metal particles are submicron or less, or when the metal particles are firmly aggregated, suffers from a problem of not being able to make the metal particles ultra-fine and disperse the particles uniformly. A further drawback is excess action of media in deforming the metal particles.
Moreover, collision dispersion method, after a drying step, has its limit for firmly aggregated metal particles to be sufficiently crushed and to be uniformly dispersed. And to disperse the firmly aggregated metal particles to a certain extent, lengthy treatment is required along with an increase in required energy. Accordingly, poor efficiency and increased production costs result from such a method.

Process for dispersing particles in filled resin compositions


Systems and methods for distributing power in a power-to-the-edge system architecture are provided. In one embodiment, a system comprises an intelligent power switch configured to couple to a power supply, wherein the intelligent power switch outputs a first differential voltage output; and a plurality of intelligent remote nodes each comprising a management microcontroller (MCU) and a DC-to-DC converter. The intelligent remote nodes each receive the differential voltage output, and are communicatively coupled to a data network. The intelligent power switch comprises a processor executing an intelligent start-up control and switching function and an electrical fault detection function. The intelligent power switch outputs the differential voltage at a first voltage level while the electrical fault detection function monitors the differential voltage output. Based on results of monitoring at the first voltage level, the intelligent power switch switches the output to a second voltage level higher than the first voltage level.

An increasing number of devices connected to data networks are located in areas that lack access to readily accessible sources of electricity to provide power to the devices. Hybrid cables that can deliver both data connectivity and electric power have emerged as one solution to this problem. However, the increasing number of devices in use, for applications such as providing wireless access points, or security cameras and sensors for example, and the expected increasing density of devices in some locations needed to support emerging telecommunications technologies, such as 5G wireless, will increase the power demands on hybrid cables beyond what existing standards, such as Power-over-Ethernet (PoE) can support.
For the reasons stated above and for other reasons stated below which will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the specification, there is a need in the art for systems and methods for distributing power in a Power-to-the-Edge system architecture.

Systems and methods for distributing power in a Power-to-the-Edge system architecture


Embodiments of the present invention are directed to implementing high-radix switch topologies on relatively lower-radix physical networks. In one embodiment, the method comprises constructing the physical network (702) composed of one or more optical switches connected via one or more waveguides. A desired switch topology (704) is then designed for implementation on the physical network. The switch topology is then overlain on the switch network by configuring the optical switches and waveguides (706) to implement the switch topology on the physical network. The optical switches can be reconfigured following a transmission over the physical network and can be configured to implement circuit switching or packet switch.

In order for massively parallel systems to achieve their full performance potential, the processing power, memory capacity, and communication resources should be balanced. Communication performance can be measured by considering bisection bandwidth and average communication latency. Bisection bandwidth refers to the bandwidth between two substantially equal parts of a network. Average communication latency refers to the average time delay between the moment information is sent to the moment it is received. Latency can be measured as the sum of fall-through delay and payload transport time. The payload transport time is the number of bytes being transported divided by the aggregate bandwidth of the physical link which may consist of one or more wires in the case of electrical communication or waveguides in the case of optical communication. Fall-through delay is the time it takes 1 bit on any path to transit from a source to a destination for a particular source to destination route and can be determined as the sum of the time on the wire or waveguide plus any propagation delay through any intervening logic, plus any control delay incurred in the routing mechanism.
Two fundamentally different switching networks are possible: packet switched and circuit switched. Circuit switched networks consist of a set of circuit switches connected by communication links. A link may be a wire, an optical fiber, or any other suitable device for transmitting information in electrical or optical signals. The circuit switches can be configured to directly connect input links to output links to create a desired path from a sender to the desired receiver. Circuit switched networks must be configured prior to a communication event. Circuit switched networks therefore have a physical path topology which changes based on the configuration of the network. Packet switched networks have a fixed physical topology consisting of a set of routers which are interconnected with links. When routing a packet from a source to a destination in a packet switched network, a routing decision must be made at each router. When a packet arrives at a router, the router examines the destination address portion of the packet header. The router then places the packet on an appropriate link that leads to the next router on a path to the destination or on the link that actually reaches the destination.
High-radix switch networks reduce all fall-through delay components by reducing the average number of hops which a message must pass through, but suffer from a cost perspective due to the increased wiring complexity. In the subsequent description, the term "switch" will refer to either a circuit switch in circuit switched networks or a router in packet switched networks. For switches with an equal number of input and output links the term "radix" refers to the number of input or output links associated with each switch. Each link comprises 1 or more wires or waveguides. Each wire is capable of carrying 1 bit of information per clock cycle. A number of different wavelengths can be wave division multiplexed on a single waveguide. Thus, a waveguide capable of carrying n wavelengths is capable of carrying n bits of information per clock cycle. The term "link width" refers to the number of bits that can be transported on a link per clock cycle. The term "hop" refers to the number of paths traversed from a source to a destination. If a message or packet traverses m hops then m−1 switches will be involved in making routing decisions. Circuit switched networks reduce latency by removing the need to make a routing decision at each hop but incur configuration delays which are problematic if reconfiguration is done often.
The cost of a communication network is based on the number of switches, routers, repeaters, and the associated system level integration and fabrication effort, all of which are heavily influenced by wiring complexity. Wiring complexity refers to the number of links that must be connected to form the network. Due to pin bandwidth limitations, most high performance communication fabrics are built from high-radix topologies which employ many low bandwidth connections rather than fewer high bandwidth connections. The use of electrical high bandwidth connections is problematic in terms of excess power consumption and the difficulty in insuring that sufficient signal integrity is present to provide reliable communication.
Computer systems with very large numbers of nodes combined with high-radix switch networks present a significant wiring challenge at installation time and significant cost in terms of physical connectors and cables. Networks with a large number of nodes can also be problematic when adding resources to the network due to the need to reconfigure large numbers of cables and wires.
In recent years, a number of high-radix switch topologies have been proposed for implementation of massively parallel computing systems. For example, fat-trees are a high-radix switch topology that were used in Connection Machines, such as the CM-5, and are currently used in the Black Widow switch of systems produced by Cray, Inc. Numerous other contributions have been made which use high-radix switch topologies on physical switch networks, such as the flattened Butterfly by John Kim, James Balfour, William Daily "Flattened Butterfly Topology for On-chip Networks" In the proceedings of the 40th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Micro-architecture (MICRO), Chicago, Ill. December 2007, and dilated path multistage switches by Frederic Chong, Erin Egozy, and Andre DeHon "Fault Tolerance and Performance of Multipath Multistage Interconnection Networks" In the proceedings of Advanced Research in VLSI and Parallel Systems, MIT press, March 1992, and multistage Banyan networks by L. Rodney Goke and G. J. Lipovski "Banyan networks for partitioning multiprocessor systems" In the Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA), ACM, New York, 1973.
Accordingly, systems and methods for economically implementing high-radix switch topologies and efficiently utilizing low-radix switch physical networks and hybrid packet and circuit switched control approaches are desired.

Method and systems for implementing high-radix switch topologies on relatively lower-radix switch physical networks

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L. P.


A user equipment (UE) performs wireless communication by starting a scan of an absolute radio frequency channel number (ARFCN) configured for performing a narrowband communication. The UE determines, based on a spectral characteristic of a phase of a signal in the ARFCN, whether a cellular communication is deployed in the ARFCN. The UE may then terminate the scan of the ARFCN in response to the spectral characteristic of the phase of the signal in the ARFCN indicating that the cellular communication is deployed in the ARFCN. Alternatively, the UE may proceed with a synchronization signal search on the ARFCN in response to the spectral characteristic of the phase of the signal in the ARFCN indicating that the cellular communication is not deployed in the ARFCN.

The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems, and more particularly, to narrowband communications.
Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR). 5G NR is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with Internet of Things (IoT)), and other requirements. 5G NR includes services associated with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type communications (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC). Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. There exists a need for further improvements in 5G NR technology. These improvements may also be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.
Narrowband communications involve communicating with a smaller frequency bandwidth as compared to the frequency bandwidth used for LTE communications. Narrowband communications may reduce device complexity, enable multi-year battery life, and provide deeper coverage to reach challenging locations such as deep inside buildings. An example of narrowband communication is enhanced machine-type communication (eMTC), which in some cases may be limited to six resource blocks (RBs) of system bandwidth, e.g., 1.08 MHz. Another example of narrowband communication is narrowband (NB) IoT (NB-IoT) communication, which may be limited to a single RB of system bandwidth, e.g., 180 kHz.
NB-IoT is a technology standardized by the 3GPP standards body for narrowband radio technology specially designed for the IoT. Special focuses of this standard include indoor coverage, lower cost, longer battery life, and larger number of devices. The NB-IoT technology may be deployed "in-band," utilizing resource blocks within, for example, normal LTE spectrum or Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) spectrum. In addition, NB-IoT may be deployed in the unused RBs within a guard band of an LTE carrier, or "standalone" for deployments in dedicated spectrum. Since the narrow bandwidth of NB-IoT may overlap a wider bandwidth of another communication, such as GSM, there is a need for fast and efficient band scan for narrowband communication.


An internal breather for removing oil from blow-by in an internal combustion engine is disclosed. The breather includes a breather cover having a breather cover drainback hole. The breather further includes a breather cover seal in sealed engagement with the breather cover, and the breather cover seal includes a breather cover seal drainback hole that is aligned with the breather cover drainback hole to create a drainback passage. A breather chamber is bounded on at least one end by the breather cover and the breather seal. A breather media is positioned within the breather chamber, the breather media for removing an amount of oil from the blow-by. The amount of oil removed from the blow-by can, during operation of the engine, be drawn through the drainback passage so as to exit the breather chamber, at least partially due to gravity, and at least partially using a gearing mechanism that is in operative association with a camshaft of the engine. Advantageously, the gearing mechanism, for example a helical gear, can be strategically positioned in-line with the drainback passage.

In internal combustion engines, pistons are housed within corresponding cylinders for reciprocating movement therein. Fuel and air enter a combustion chamber in a cylinder on a first side of a piston. The fuel in the combustion chamber is ignited to cause linear motion of the piston inside the respective cylinder. The linear motion of the piston is then converted to rotary motion by the crankshaft.
Ideally, all of the gases in the combustion chamber(s) after ignition of the fuel would be exhausted via an engine exhaust pipe. However, a portion of the combustion gases typically passes between the piston rings and the cylinder walls of the cylinders housing the pistons. The combustion gases typically are routed through the crankcase and into the air intake system of the engine so as to prevent pressurizing the crankcase. During such routing of the combustion gases, the gases often become contaminated with oil mist as the high pressure gases are blown past the piston rings into the crankcase. The mixture of combustion gases and oil mist is known as crankcase blow-by, or simply blow-by.
A breather apparatus can be attached to, or incorporated into, an internal combustion engine so that the oil content in the blow-by gas is separated out. The oil can then be returned to inner components of the engine, such as an oil pan. Breathers typically fall into two classifications: external canister-type breathers that can be attached to the engine, and internal-type breathers that are integral to (or otherwise formed as part of) the engine crankcase. An external canister-type breather is typically attached to the crankcase and induction system via hoses. This utilizes multiple assembly joints that require assembly time and create a potential for oil leakage. Additionally, the canister is placed on the outside of the engine and takes up much desired space. Further, the path from the crankcase through the canister is not readily accessible.
In contrast, an internal breather is typically formed into the crankcase. While not requiring numerous hoses, or occupying large amounts of space outside the engine, an internal breather typically adds cost to both the casting tool and the casting piece price, as the casting is more complex. Moreover, there are additional costs to machine the casting itself.
For at least these reasons, therefore, an improved internal breather device for separating oil from blow-by in an internal combustion engine is desired.

Internal breather for an internal combustion engine


An ozone functions handset is to provide a sterilizer to a certain handset. Select a place inside the handset, best near the mouthpiece to install a small sized ozone gas producing unit, to start up the ozone gas producing unit by directly using the internal power supply of the phone, then the ozone gas emanates from the eyelets in the shell of the handset, as to sterilize and disinfect the nearby environment and the handset itself, and purify the atmosphere around.

The present invention relates to an ozone functions handset, more particularly to an ozone gas producing unit designed inside the handset to produce ozone gas. When the handset is on-hook, the ozone gas would emanate from the eyelets in the handset shell by starting up the ozone gas producing unit through connecting it with the power supply in the handset, to sterilize and disinfect the nearby environment and the handset itself, and purify the atmosphere around.
Telephone, a common communication tool, will be directly contacted or closed by the users' hands, ears, or mouths when it is used. As a result, telephones, especially those in offices, become a media for pathogen to spread out. Obviously, it is very important to keep telephones sanitary. Up to now, there are several inventions designed to keep telephones or their handsets sanitary, such as U.S. Pat. No. 4,613,928, U.S. Pat. No. 4,736,416, U.S. Pat. No. 6,301,359 B1 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,490,351 B1, however, the sterilizers of the patents mentioned above are too large to be installed inside the handsets, only to be installed into the handsets, like U.S. Pat. No. 4,736,416, or on the handsets, like U.S. Pat. No. 6,301,359 B1 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,490,351 B1. These designs not only spoil the appearance of the phones, but also decrease the purchase desire of customers. Consequently, they are inconvenient in daily use and difficult to be popular.


A mobile device tracks a relative pose between a camera and a target using Vision aided Inertial Navigation System (VINS), that includes a contribution from inertial sensor measurements and a contribution from vision based measurements. When the mobile device detects movement of the target, the contribution from the inertial sensor measurements to track the relative pose between the camera and the target is reduced or eliminated. Movement of the target may be detected by comparing vision only measurements from captured images and inertia based measurements to determine if a discrepancy exists indicating that the target has moved. Additionally or alternatively, movement of the target may be detected using projections of feature vectors extracted from captured images.

1. Background Field
Embodiments of the subject matter described herein are related pose determination, and more particularly, the use of vision based techniques for pose determination.
2. Relevant Background
In Augmented Reality (AR) type applications, the pose (translation and attitude) of the camera with respect to the imaged environment is determined and tracked. In a vision-only pose approach, the pose of the camera with respect to a feature rich target in the environment is determined and tracked using captured images, e.g., frames of video. The vision-only pose is estimated, e.g., at every frame and statistical models are used to predict the pose at the next frame, providing an initialization point for the pose refinement algorithm.
Modern devices, such as cellular telephones, are typically equipped with inertial sensors that are capable of measuring the rate of change in the pose of the device relative to the inertial frame, which is known as an Inertial Navigation System (INS). The information provided by INS can be used to improve vision only pose estimates of the camera relative to the target because the absolute pose, i.e., the pose of the device with respect to the inertial frame, and the relative poses, i.e., the pose of the camera with respect to a target, differ by a constant transformation. The combination of vision only pose and INS is typically referred to as Vision aided INS (VINS).
The VINS approach uses more information than either vision only pose or INS separately, and thus, in generally VINS performs better than either method alone. Nevertheless, under certain circumstances the VINS approach performs poorly compared to the vision-only approach. Moreover, the performance of the VINS approach may degrade based on conditions external to the mobile device, and thus, the degradation may be unpredictable.

Adaptive switching between vision aided INS and vision only pose


The invention relates to methods for obtaining a protein conjugate wherein a cysteine residue of the protein serves as attachment point for the chemical moiety conjugated to the protein.

Protein conjugates have multiple functionalities in particularly in the pharmaceutical industry where the ability to covalently link various moieties to a therapeutic protein of interest and thereby improve the properties of the molecule of particular interests.
Conjugation of peptides is usually obtained by solid state synthesis while this approach is less attractive for larger proteins. When conjugation of larger polypeptides/protein is desired the process is complicated by the need of obtaining site specific conjugation in order to obtain a homogeneous product. Various technics have been developed providing means for conjugating to N- and C-terminal residues as well as internal amino acid residues.
For growth hormone proteins Gln and Lys residues have been successfully targeted as described in such as WO2005/070468 and WO2009/027369 wherein enzyme specificity to particular internal amino acid residues ensured site specific conjugation.
Site specific conjugation of proteins, including growth hormone, has previously been described in for example WO 99/03887 where site directed conjugation is obtained via an added cysteine residue by reacting the protein with a cysteine-reactive polymer or moiety. Prior to this, the protein is partly reduced with dithiothreitol (DTT) to improve PEGylation with the PEG-maleimide (or PEG-vinylsulfone), taking care not to reduce also the disulfide bonds of the protein. The publication further describes the difficulties in obtaining a high proportion of mono-PEGylated protein in the final product composition.
Different means to obtain selective reduction of an added cysteine is described also in WO 2006/134173 dealing primarily with factor Vila, which also includes internal disulfide bonds. WO2010/089255 and WO2012/010516 disclose the use of an additional cysteine residue for conjugation of albumin binders and cholic acid residues, respectively.
Furthermore, cys conjugation may also be applied to proteins, antibodies or fragments hereof such as described in WO 2007/03898 and WO2012166622.
The reduction and conjugation steps are in themselves known chemical processes but the processes require a lot of handling rendering the processes time consuming and inefficient.
Therefore, in order to advance from research to development with cys conjugated compounds, there is an unmet need for providing methods that are efficient, economic and applicable in industry scale.

Method for thioether conjugation of proteins


Systems and methods for reconstructing heart sounds from heart sound samples taken under a sub-optimal condition, such as at a low sampling rate, are discussed. An exemplary system receives acceleration information from a patient sensed at a first sampling rate, and generate a heart sound ensemble of portions of acceleration information over multiple cardiac cycles. The system can reconstruct a heart sound segment to have a second sampling rate, higher than the first sampling rate, using the generated heart sound ensemble. A heart sound metric can be generated using the reconstructed heart sound segment, and used for detecting a cardiac event, such as a cardiac arrhythmia episode, or a worsening heart failure event.

Heart sounds are associated with mechanical vibration of a heart and blood flow through the heart. Heart sounds recur with each cardiac cycle and are separated and classified according to the activity associated with the vibration. Typically, heart sounds sensed from a subject may include several components within a cardiac cycle, including a first (S1), a second (S2), a third (S3), or a fourth (S4) heart sound. S1 is associated with the vibrational sound made by the heart during tensing of the mitral valve. S2 is produced by closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves, and marks the beginning of diastole. S3 is an early diastolic sound corresponding to passive ventricular filling during diastole, when the blood rushes into the ventricles. S4 is a late diastolic sound corresponding to active ventricular filling when the atria contract and push the blood into the ventricles. In a healthy subject. S3 is usually faint and S4 is rarely audible. However, a pathologic S3 or S4 may be higher pitched and louder.
Heart sounds have been used to assess cardiac systolic and diastolic functions. Systole is the contraction or a period of contraction of the heart that causes blood to be forced out of the heart such as the ventricles and into the aorta and pulmonary artery. Diastole is the relaxation or a period of relaxation of the heart during which the blood flows back into the heart such as the ventricles. Patients with cardiac diseases may have deteriorated systolic or diastolic functions. For example, congestive heart failure (CHF) occurs when the heart is unable to supply enough blood to maintain a healthy physiologic state.
Implantable medical devices (IMDs) have been used to monitor patients with cardiac disease, such as to detect cardiac events leading to worsening heart failure (WHF). An IMD may sense physiologic signals from a patient, and deliver electrostimulation therapy to improve cardiac performance in CHF patients. Frequent patient monitoring via an IMD may help identify patients having an elevated risk of developing future heart failure events, ensure timely treatment, reduce heart failure hospitalization, improve patient outcome, and reduce healthcare cost.


An ergonomic device with a “boat-like” three-dimensional geometry adapted to hold an interchangeable stylus so as to reduce the stresses on hand and finger muscles when the device is used. This device greatly reduces strain and fatigue due to prolonged writing or drawing. While the device is intended primarily to aid the writing process, it is an instrument that can be used to facilitate the use of tools for sculpting, carving, surgery, etc. It may also be used by manually handicapped persons for activities such as shaving or knitting.

Human beings are the dominant species on the planet because, unlike other potentially intelligent creatures, people are able to benefit not only from their own knowledge and experience but also from that of their contemporaries and those that lived before them. Written and printed records transmit history, ideas, and know-how from individuals to many that follow. Art also transmits concepts and emotions in the same way. Examination of early cave drawings and markings on buildings and monuments as well as ancient manuscripts allow us to trace the evolution of writing, marking, drawing, painting, carving, and engraving to what exists today. Man is uniquely able to engage in these activities because of his intelligence combined with the construction of his hands. The combination of four fingers and an opposable thumb has served him to great advantage in these activities. His specially constructed hands permit him to make and use tools. The specific tool that permits marks to be made on a writing surface is a stylus which could include (among others) a pencil, a pen, a brush, a computer stylus, etc.
Different people hold writing instruments in different ways. Most grasp a stylus between the thumb and first two fingers. However, other grasping techniques are often used. Generally, a stylus must be held so that it is immobile in a person's hand between his fingers. Gross movement of the entire hand along with fine movement of the fingers then produces the marks on the writing surface. Unfortunately, use of such an instrument for an extended period of time stresses the hand and finger muscles often producing fatigue and even pain. Writer's cramp or potentially worse physical conditions occur due to prolonged writing activity.
In addition, many people have various physical and medical problems with their hands that greatly impede their ability to write and draw. Although typewriters and computers, especially with speech-to-text software, allow these people to express their ideas on paper, their need for physical writing still exists.
Over the years, a large number of devices have been invented and sold to reduce stress in writing or to aid those who find writing difficult or even impossible. Most of these so-called ergonomic devices have not been successful in the marketplace. One notable exception is the recent inclusion of a thick, soft (elastomer based) region near the writing ends of pens or pencils. One example of this is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,062,753 issued to Hadtke, et. al. Another is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 1,971,681 issued to Hauton. A soft tool attachable to any writing implement that accomplishes the same purpose is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,463 issued to Pozil, et. al. Other devices include pens having large bulbous rear ends that conform to a person's palm. Some devices function as gloves with exposed writing tips while others are fastened or tied to a writer's hand or wrist. Clearly, a there is a long-felt need for some form of ergonomic device to ease the writing process.
The ability of such an ergonomic device to reduce writing stress depends entirely upon the three-dimensional geometry of the device. The teachings of all the prior art are geometry specific. To function properly, such a device would need to change the position of the fingers grasping the stylus in order to redistribute the mechanical forces on the hand and finger muscles in precisely the right way. The device would also need to fit comfortably in the hand. Ideally, when using such a device, a writer would only need his gross motor coordination, and the device would help to produce the necessary results ordinarily created from fine motor coordination. Furthermore, it should be graspable with many different hand and finger positions so as to accommodate the physical needs of multiple users.


A heat sink includes a base having a first surface thermally connected to a heat producing component and a plurality of fins supported by a second surface of the base and arranged in a predetermined direction, each fin having a plurality of through-holes. The base and the plurality of fins are integrally formed from a porous material, for example a lotus-shaped porous material. The heat sink is placed within a duct. The heat sink may have a width of about 10 mm or less.

Semiconductor devices which generate large amounts of heat during operations, as semiconductor power modules, employ heat sinks for releasing heat generated from heat producing components, such as IBGTs. In general, a heat sink is constituted by a plate-shaped base on which a heat producing component is placed and a plurality of fins mounted to the base. The fins are placed within a refrigerant flow path, so that heat generated from the heat producing component is transferred to the refrigerant through the base and the fins.
As an example of such a heat sink, Patent document 1 discloses a heat sink having fins made of a porous material so that a refrigerant is flowed through a plurality of holes penetrated through the fins.
Patent document 1: JP 2001-358270, A

Heat sink and fabricating method of the same


An optical workstation comprising an optical breadboard supported by a frame, the frame comprising a plurality of upstanding legs interconnected by laterally extending cross-beams, the cross-beams defining a space into which the optical breadboard is received and laterally enclosed. By laterally enclosing the optical breadboard with the cross-beam frame elements, side protection for the optical breadboard is provided, thus protecting it from lateral impacts against which conventional damping mounts are not effective. In addition, since the cross-beams are part of the frame structure, they provide a stable and rigid platform for mounting optical and other components at the very edge of the workstation outside the optical breadboard area. Anchor points in the cross-beams are provided for this purpose. Incorporation of the cross-beams into the frame structure also provides an enhanced level of structural rigidity which allows the frame to be made of aluminum rather than steel to provide a much lighter, more maneuverable product.

The present invention relates to optical workstations of the type having a work surface made of an optical breadboard which is held by a supporting frame.
A typical prior art workstation comprises an optical breadboard mounted on a steel frame, usually on vibration damped mounts. A typical optical breadboard has parallel upper and lower rectangular stainless steel plates separated by a laminar or cellular structure, sometimes including a honeycomb structure. An optical breadboard usually has steel or wooden sides and may incorporate damping devices within its interior. The upper plate has an array of threaded mounting holes for mounting optical and other components. Prior art workstations also sometimes incorporate mountings for shelves or other surfaces for writing support, storage or placement of items of equipment.
FIG. 1A of the accompanying drawings shows an example of a prior art optical workstation 100, trade name TMC 63-500 series, supplied by the Technical Manufacturing Corporation of Peabody, Mass., USA. The optical workstation 100 has a steel frame 102 with four legs 104 held together at near-floor level by bars 106 linking the four legs 104. Tie-bar gussets 108 are also provided to increase frame rigidity, thereby compensating for the lack of a front tie-bar which is omitted in order to provide a knee-well space. Diagonal strengthening elements 116 are also provided. An optical breadboard 110 is supported by the frame 102 on gimbal piston isolators 112 fixed above the top of the legs 104. The optical workstation top 114 extends laterally beyond the frame slightly when viewed in plan view.
FIG. 1B of the accompanying drawings shows another example of a prior art optical workstation, which is supplied by Newport Corporation of Irvine, Calif., USA. The basic components of the optical workstation are a frame 12, with four legs 6, and an optical breadboard 5. The optical breadboard 5 is held to the frame 12 by mounting points 10 situated at the upper ends of the legs 6. The frame 12 is held together by upper and lower reinforcement struts 7 and 8 linking the legs 6, and also by an additional diagonal reinforcement strut 9 at the rear of the frame 12. The front of the frame is left open for knee-well access of a person seated at the workstation. The frame 12 is made of steel to provide sufficient structural rigidity. The frame 12 also incorporates castors 11. An option available with this Newport workstation is a support ring 1, shown in the figure. The support ring 1 is removably mounted to the frame 12 by means of four elongate bracket mounts 4, each connected by bolts to a leg 6 and extending diagonally upward and outward to a corner of the support ring 1. The support ring 1 surrounds the optical breadboard 5 and supports armrests 2 and a removable component mount 3 for mounting equipment to the support ring 1.
According to the present invention there is provided an optical workstation comprising an optical breadboard supported by a frame, the frame comprising a plurality of upstanding legs interconnected by laterally extending cross-beams, the cross-beams laterally enclosing a space into which the optical breadboard is received.
By laterally enclosing the optical breadboard with the cross-beam frame elements, side protection for the optical breadboard is provided, thus protecting it from lateral impacts against which conventional damping mounts are not effective. In addition, since the cross-beams are part of the frame structure, they provide a stable and rigid platform for mounting optical and other components at the very edge of the workstation outside the optical breadboard area. By contrast, in the prior art Newport design of FIG. 1B, the work station edges have less stable mounting on the cantilevered support ring 1. In the prior art TMC design of FIG. 1A, the work station edges have mounting points provided by the overhanging edges of the workstation top 114, which are exposed to side impacts.
Incorporation of the cross-beams into the frame structure also provides a level of structural rigidity inherently superior to the above-described prior art optical workstations. For what is believed to be the first time, this permits the optical workstation frame to be made of aluminum rather than steel, since the enhanced inherent rigidity of the cross-beam design allows the lower strength material, aluminum, to be used while still retaining sufficient rigidity for usual optical workstation applications. The conventional prejudice against use of aluminum for optical workstations is thus overcome to provide a much lighter, more maneuverable product. For example, comparable aluminum and steel frames made according to the embodiment of the invention described below weighed 38 kg and 95 kg respectively. Other lightweight, lower strength materials, besides aluminum, could also be used to take advantage of the higher integrity structure, for example composite or compound materials.
The cross-beams can advantageously be provided with anchor points for mounting further optical components, thus taking advantage of the presence of stable peripheral frame elements. The anchor points may be arranged in a regularly spaced line or array for any of the cross-beams where a component mounting option is desired. In one example, the anchor points are spaced apart by a pitch of 100 mm (or 4xe2x80x3) to provide compatibility with the pitch of the optical breadboard which will typically have a 50 mm or 25 mm (2xe2x80x3 or 1xe2x80x3) pitch. The anchor points may be spigot holes, threaded holes or a mixture of both.
The optical breadboard is preferably isolation mounted to the frame via damping mounts that are attached to the frame and support damping units. The damping mounts may be formed so as to give additional structural rigidity to the frame. The damping mounts may be directly attached to the frame, indirectly attached to the frame by way of at least one support beam, or may be attached to the frame using any combination of direct and indirect attachment means. Any support beam(s) may be formed so as to give additional structural rigidity to the frame.
The frame may be formed using modular components. Many such modular frames may be envisaged. In one example, the frame is assembled from two end units linked by laterally extending cross-beams. In this case, each end unit is formed integrally from two legs combined with laterally extending upper and lower crossbeams. Each end unit may be formed as a single welded or molded piece. Alternatively, an end unit may be formed by joining two legs with laterally extending upper and lower cross-beams by means of releasable fasteners. Such modular frames are simple to assemble and disassemble, and can be packed flat for transportation.


A gamma prime nickel-based superalloy is provided, which can include a combination of Ti and Zr in a total weight amount sufficient to form cellular precipitates located at grain boundaries of the alloy, wherein the cellular precipitates define gamma prime arms that distort the grain boundaries at which they are located. The Hf-containing, gamma prime nickel-based superalloy and/or the gamma prime nickel-based superalloy can include cellular precipitates that are predominantly located at grain boundaries of the alloy such that the cellular precipitates define gamma prime arms that distort the grain boundaries at which they are located. The superalloys can further include finer gamma prime precipitates (e.g., cuboidal or spherical precipitates) than the cellular precipitates.

The turbine section of a gas turbine engine is located downstream of a combustor section and contains a rotor shaft and one or more turbine stages, each having a turbine disk (rotor) mounted or otherwise carried by the shaft and turbine blades mounted to and radially extending from the periphery of the disk. Components within the combustor and turbine sections are often formed of superalloy materials in order to achieve acceptable mechanical properties while at elevated temperatures resulting from the hot combustion gases. Higher compressor exit temperatures in modern high pressure ratio gas turbine engines can also necessitate the use of high performance nickel superalloys for compressor disks, blisks, and other components. Suitable alloy compositions and microstructures for a given component are dependent on the particular temperatures, stresses, and other conditions to which the component is subjected. For example, airfoil components such as blades and vanes are often formed of equiaxed, directionally solidified (DS), or single crystal (SX) superalloys, whereas turbine disks are typically formed of superalloys that must undergo carefully controlled forging, heat treatments, and surface treatments such as peening to produce a polycrystalline microstructure having a controlled grain structure and desirable mechanical properties.
Turbine disks are often formed of gamma prime (γ′) precipitation-strengthened nickel-base superalloys (hereinafter, gamma prime nickel-base superalloys) containing chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, rhenium and/or cobalt as principal elements that combine with nickel to form the gamma (γ) matrix, and contain aluminum, titanium, tantalum, niobium, and/or vanadium as principal elements that combine with nickel to form the desirable gamma prime precipitate strengthening phase, principally Ni3(Al,Ti). Gamma prime precipitates are typically spheroidal or cuboidal, though a cellular form may also occur. However, as reported in U.S. Pat. No. 7,740,724, cellular gamma prime is typically considered undesirable due to its detrimental effect on creep-rupture life. Particularly notable gamma prime nickel-base superalloys include Rene 88DT (R88DT; U.S. Pat. No. 4,957,567) and Rene 104 (R104; U.S. Pat. No. 6,521,175), as well as certain nickel-base superalloys commercially available under the trademarks Inconel®, Nimonic®, and Udimet®. R88DT has a composition of, by weight, about 15.0-17.0% chromium, about 12.0-14.0% cobalt, about 3.5-4.5% molybdenum, about 3.5-4.5% tungsten, about 1.5-2.5% aluminum, about 3.2-4.2% titanium, about 0.5.0-1.0% niobium, about 0.010-0.060% carbon, about 0.010-0.060% zirconium, about 0.010-0.040% boron, about 0.0-0.3% hafnium, about 0.0-0.01 vanadium, and about 0.0-0.01 yttrium, the balance nickel and incidental impurities. R104 has a composition of, by weight, about 16.0-22.4% cobalt, about 6.6-14.3% chromium, about 2.6-4.8% aluminum, about 2.4-4.6% titanium, about 1.4-3.5% tantalum, about 0.9-3.0% niobium, about 1.9-4.0% tungsten, about 1.9-3.9% molybdenum, about 0.0-2.5% rhenium, about 0.02-0.10% carbon, about 0.02-0.10% boron, about 0.03-0.10% zirconium, the balance nickel and incidental impurities.
Disks and other critical gas turbine engine components are often forged from billets produced by powder metallurgy (P/M), conventional cast and wrought processing, and spraycast or nucleated casting forming techniques. While any suitable method may be used, gamma prime nickel-base superalloys formed by powder metallurgy are particularly capable of providing a good balance of creep, tensile, and fatigue crack growth properties to meet the performance requirements of turbine disks and certain other gas turbine engine components. In a typical powder metallurgy process, a powder of the desired superalloy undergoes consolidation, such as by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and/or extrusion consolidation. The resulting billet is then isothermally forged at temperatures slightly below the gamma prime solvus temperature of the alloy to approach superplastic forming conditions, which allows the filling of the die cavity through the accumulation of high geometric strains without the accumulation of significant metallurgical strains. These processing steps are designed to retain the fine grain size originally within the billet (for example, ASTM 10 to 13 or finer), achieve high plasticity to fill near-net-shape forging dies, avoid fracture during forging, and maintain relatively low forging and die stresses. In order to improve fatigue crack growth resistance and mechanical properties at elevated temperatures, these alloys are then often heat treated above their gamma prime solvus temperature (generally referred to as a solution heat treatment or supersolvus heat treatment) to solution precipitates and cause significant, uniform coarsening of the grains.
In many gamma prime nickel-based superalloys, hafnium (Hf) is included within a specified range of the superalloy composition as a strengthening element. For example, the gamma prime nickel-based superalloy described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,613,810 of Mourer, et al. includes 0.05 wt % to 0.6 wt % hafnium. It is believed that higher Hf levels tend to promote fan gamma prime at grain boundaries creating a desirable interlocking grain structure. Even with these benefits of hafnium within the superalloy composition, the relatively high cost of hafnium restricts is use in many applications. Additionally, hafnium is reactive with certain crucible materials, which further limits its use.
Also in many gamma prime nickel-based superalloys, zirconium (Zr) is included within a specified range of the superalloy composition, as it is attributed the high temperature property variability. In particular, it is commonly believed that adding B and Zr together (at about 0.01% each) provides even better rupture, ductility and workability. However, the use of zirconium (Zr) in gamma prime nickel-based superalloys has been limited because Zr has earned the reputation as a "bad actor" in the field of gas turbine components. Primarily, Zr has been associated with increased porosity, especially in integral wheel castings, and hot tearing. Higher Zr is also believed to lower the incipient melting temperature and increase the eutectic constituent in castings or ingots. Use of powder metallurgy processing alleviates these porosity and eutectic concerns.

Enhanced superalloys by zirconium addition


An electric power steering device includes: a steering torque sensor that detects a steering torque; a current command value calculation unit that calculates a current command value based on the steering torque; an electric motor that generates a steering assist torque; a motor control unit that controls and drives the electric motor based on the current command value; a navigation controller and a GPS receiver that detects position information of a vehicle; and an operation assist unit that stores, in a map database, the steering torque detected by the steering torque sensor and the position information of the vehicle upon detection of the steering torque in association with each other and executes operation assist processing for assisting the driver in operating the steering wheel based on a past steering torque corresponding to current position information.

Conventionally, techniques disclosed in PTLs 1 and 2, for example, are available as techniques for performing steering assistance during vehicle traveling by controlling an electric power steering device. With these techniques, steering assist control is performed by controlling an electric power steering device on the basis of curve information from a navigation device.


A system and method for obtaining data during a multi-way call involving at least a vehicle telematics unit, call center, and third party such as a public safety answering point (PSAP). While connected together in at least a three-way voice call, the connection from the telematics unit is switched out of the call and connected to a data modem to receive vehicle data uploaded from the telematics unit. This can be used to provide vehicle location and other vehicle information such as current vehicle conditions and operational state. Thereafter, the telematics unit connection is switched back into the multi-way call to permit continued voice communications between the parties. The uploaded vehicle data can then be used by the call center or PSAP to provide emergency or other assistance.

The use of telematics units in vehicles today permit a telematics service provider to supply a variety of services to users of the vehicle. These telematics units can be interfaced to other vehicle systems so that a variety of vehicle data can be accessed by the telematics unit and provided remotely to a call center via a cellular or other wireless communication system. Vehicle data can include such things as vehicle location obtained from a global positioning system (GPS) receiver or other means, vehicle operational data (odometer readings, speed, oil life, diagnostic information, etc.), vehicle identification (VIN, electronic module serial numbers, etc.) and other data, including crash sensor data that can automatically initiate an emergency call to the call center in the event that a vehicle impact is detected. Whether the result of an automatic emergency call or from a manual (e.g., voice or pushbutton) input, an emergency call to the call center can be handled by an advisor at the call center who is able to contact an emergency dispatcher at a PSAP.
Currently, in these emergency situations, one system known to the inventor provides enhanced features that include (1) the ability of the advisor at the call center to obtain various vehicle data, such as location and other information that can be used to help assess the vehicle situation and severity of the emergency, and (2) the ability to connect the call between the vehicle and call center with the call to the PSAP to provide a three-way call that permits voice communication between persons at the vehicle and PSAP. In some such instances, it can be desirable to obtain additional vehicle data during this three-way call, in which case the advisor switches the call within the call center to a data modem that communicates electronically with the telematics unit over the three-way call to obtain the desired data from the vehicle. During this time, the advisor is not able to communicate over the three-way call with persons at either the vehicle or PSAP. Furthermore, the dispatcher or other PSAP personnel is forced to wait for the data transmission to complete which involves using modem signalling that is audible to the PSAP personnel.

Remote vehicle data access during a multi-way call with a vehicle telematics unit


Provided is a positive electrode material for a lithium battery with an atomic ratio expressed by the formula (I) Lia(MxMn2-x)(O4-yZy) for 0.8≤a≤1.2, 0≤x≤1 and 0≤y≤1 in which M is one or more of Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Ti, Sc, Ge, V, Cr, Zr, Co, Ni, Zn, Cu, La, Ce, Mn, Hf, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Ru, Ag, Sn, Pb and Si and Z is one or more of OH, halogens, N, P, S and O, and the primary particles of the positive electrode material have a spheroidal topography. The adjacent (111) family planes of the primary particles are connected by curved surfaces without obvious edges. A preparing method of a positive electrode material for a lithium battery and a lithium battery are also provided. The positive electrode material of the present invention provides a good high-temperature cycling performance and filling capability.

Lithium ion battery is a chargeable battery which mainly relies on movement of lithium ions between a positive electrode and a negative electrode to achieve charge/discharge. Lithium ion batteries have the advantages of high safety, high voltage and specific energy, long charge/discharge cycle life, etc., thus are widely used in portable electrical appliances such as mobile phone, notebook PC and camera.
Positive electrode material is a core part of a lithium ion battery. The prior art has disclosed a plurality of positive electrode materials for lithium ion battery, such as lithium cobalt oxide, lithium iron phosphate, and lithium manganese oxide, where lithium cobalt oxide has the advantages of high capacity, high voltage, ease of preparation and the like, but cobalt is expensive and harmful to the environment; lithium iron phosphate has the merits of high safety, long cycle life, etc., whereas the electrode made has poor processability and consistency; lithium manganese oxide is a material having three-dimensional lithium ion diffusion channels, and has the advantages of low price, high electric potential, environmental friendliness, high safety, etc., and lithium manganese oxide material is suitable for use in large-scale energy-storage batteries for electric vehicles and the like, thus has become one of the hot research topics. However, the lithium ion batteries using lithium manganese oxide as the positive electrode material has a drawback of poor high-temperature cycling performance which limits further application thereof.
In existing studies, it is generally believed that the specific surface area of lithium manganese oxide is one of the important factors that affect the high-temperature cycling performance of lithium ion batteries, and low specific surface area can reduce contact of lithium manganese oxide with electrolyte solution and thereby reduces dissolution of manganese and improves the high-temperature cycling performance of lithium ion batteries. Currently, lithium manganese oxide material is generally coated with oxide or fluoride or doped with other elements and then sintered at high temperature to obtain lithium manganese oxide having low specific surface area. For example, Chinese patent application publication No. CN1787254 discloses a positive electrode material for lithium ion battery, which is prepared by dissolving a soluble metal salt in a solvent, adding spinel lithium manganate or derivatives thereof to form a suspension, then spray drying the suspension, granulating and calcining to give spinel lithium manganate coated with a metal oxide. Although such coating can improve the high-temperature performance of lithium manganese oxide material to a certain extent, the coating increases steps for producing spinel lithium manganate, and it is difficult to guarantee consistency of the product.
Another Chinese patent application publication No. CN1455466 discloses a spinel lithium manganate with a stable structure which is prepared by calcination of electrolytic manganese dioxide, lithium carbonate, cobalt oxide and a multi-component dopant consisting of nickel, chromium, iron, manganese, selenium and fluorin at a high temperature. This method improves the cycling performance of lithium manganate, but the high-temperature cycling performance thereof is still relatively low. Another Chinese patent application publication No. CN101587950 discloses a lithium manganate consisting of micron-scaled single crystals of regular octahedral shape, which is obtained by ball milling and mixing a composite oxide of manganese and modified metal M and a lithium salt and then calcining. The lithium manganese oxide material obtained by the method has a small specific surface area and an improved high-temperature cycling performance, but poor filling capability.

Positive electrode material for lithium battery, preparing method thereof and lithium battery

NINGBO INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING, CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

HUBEI WANRUN NEW ENERGY TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT CO. LTD


A method for communicating half-rate encoded voice frames. The method includes receiving, by a digital signal processor, a half-rate encoded voice frame. The method further includes determining, by the digital signal processor, a network access code. The method further includes encoding, by the digital signal processor, a network identifier based on the network access code. The method further includes scrambling, by the digital signal processor, the network identifier to generate a scrambled network identifier. The method further includes generating, by the digital signal processor, an erasure pattern. The method further includes generating, by the digital signal processor, a half-rate embedded voice code word based on the erasure pattern and the half-rate encoded voice frame. The method further includes generating, by the digital signal processor, a half-rate embedded logical data unit based on the half-rate embedded voice code word and the scrambled network identifier.

Some communications networks, for example, Land mobile radio (LMR) networks operating according to the Association of Public Safety Communications Officials (APCO) "Project 25" (P25) standards, use both time division multiple access (TDMA) and frequency division multiple access (FDMA) protocols. Generally, time division multiple access protocols utilize half-rate encoded voice frames, and frequency division multiple access protocols utilize full-rate encoded voice frames. Full-rate encoded voice frames take up to twice as much radiofrequency bandwidth as the half-rate encoded voice frames.
Digital vehicular repeater systems, which are often configured to use a frequency division multiple access protocol, are sometimes used to extend fixed land mobile radio networks that are configured to use a time division multiple access protocol. To communicate with a digital vehicular repeater, a two-way radio would have to use the frequency division multiple access protocol. Because that protocol requires full-rate encoded audio, the two-way radio is unable to communicate with the portion of the land mobile radio network that uses half-rate encoded audio and a time division multiple access protocol.
Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the present invention.
The apparatus and method components have been represented where appropriate by conventional symbols in the drawings, showing only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the present invention so as not to obscure the disclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein.

Systems and methods for communicating half-rate encoded voice frames


An abutment is provided with a screw access hole and a slot in its sidewall adapted to allow a driver to access a screw in the screw access hole at an angle relative to a longitudinal axis of the screw. The abutment may include a screw seat and may be connected to an implant via a screw in the screw seat. A prosthesis, which may include a driver access channel that has a diameter less than the outer diameter of the drive portion of the screw, may be placed over the abutment. Methods of making a dental prosthesis and methods of attaching and removing the dental prosthesis from the implant are also disclosed.

Edentulism, the condition of being toothless to some extent, may be treated by the implantation of a dental assembly. These assemblies require certain components to rest comfortably and securely in the patient's oral cavity. The implant fixture, also known as the dental implant or simply the implant, is the part of the dental assembly that becomes fused with the patient's jaw bone. The implant is available in both cylinder and screw-type varieties and is typically made from titanium or a titanium alloy. Implant abutments are screwed onto the implant and are positioned at and above the patient's gum line. Finally, a dental prosthesis is placed over the abutment and is designed to look and function like a natural tooth.
Alternatively, the prosthesis may be formed over the abutment outside of the patient's mouth, and the combined prosthesis and abutment may then be affixed to the implant with a fixation screw. To install the abutment and prosthesis onto the implant and to access the fixation screw during repair and maintenance of the dental assembly, the prosthesis must contain a screw access channel. In known dental assemblies, this screw access channel can often reside at the labial side of the tooth or on the biting surface, which is not desired as a matter of strength and aesthetics. Additionally, in known dental assemblies, this screw access channel must be of large enough diameter to allow the screw to traverse the channel. However, as the diameter of the channel increases, the strength of the prosthesis becomes more compromised. Also, a fixation screw that may pass through the screw access channel of the prosthesis increases the risk that the screw may become dislodged and lead to swallowing the prosthesis and/or the fixation screw.
Solutions to the problem of labial access to the fixation screw have been proposed. In one such dental assembly, the screw access channel resides on the lingual side of the prosthesis and is angled relative to the longitudinal axis of the implant. However, the screw access channel still requires a large enough diameter to allow the fixation screw to pass through the prosthesis. Additionally, this dental assembly contains a ceramic abutment affixed to a titanium implant, increasing the likelihood of crack propagation in the ceramic abutment during tightening of the fixation screw, which seats against the ceramic abutment.
Therefore, there is a need for a dental assembly that addresses the present challenges and characteristics discussed above in regard to the screw access channel placement and the interface between the abutment and dental implant.

Screw retained abutment with off-axis feature and methods of making and using same


A silencer patch including a body having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; a set of hook-and-loop-type fasteners disposed on the first surface of the body, wherein the set of hook-and-loop-type fasteners includes either a plurality of hooks or a plurality of loops and is configured to releasably secure the first surface of the body to a corresponding set of hook-and-loop-type fasteners disposed on a first separate body; and an alternative fastener disposed on the body and configured to releasably secure the second surface of the body to a corresponding alternative fastener disposed on a second separate body, wherein the alternative fastener is not a hook-and-loop-type fastener.

Traditional messenger bags, such as bag 100 in FIG. 1A, feature a hook-and-loop flap closure (commonly referred to by the trade name "Velcro"). Hook-and-loop patches 130 and 140 are disposed on the main body 110 of the bag 100 and on the inside of the flap 120 of the bag 100. The hook-and-loop patches are often accompanied by plastic buckles 150, which are used to secure the flap 120 to the main body 110 for added security. Additionally, a strap 160 is often included to aid in carrying the bag 100.
As seen in FIGS. 1B-C, the hook-and-loop patch 130 comprises a plurality of hooks (such as a hook matrix) 135 disposed on its exposed surface, while the hook-and-loop patch 140 comprises a plurality of loops (such as a loop matrix) 145 disposed on its exposed surface. When the hooks 135 of the patch 130 and the loops 145 of the patch 140 are brought into contact with one another, such as by closing the flap 120 over the main body 110 of the bag 100, the hooks 135 and loops 145 releasably interlock, allowing the patches 130 and 140 (and thus main body 110 and flap 120) to be secured to one another, while still allowing them to be conveniently separated when desired.
While the hook-and-loop closure system is convenient and effective, it has a number of drawbacks which result in customer dissatisfaction and product quality issues.
One drawback of the traditional hook-and-loop closure system is noise. The "clip and rip" sound, especially the ripping noise from the hook-and-loop patches, can be distracting and disruptive when opening the bag in quiet classroom, library and meeting settings.
Another drawback is garment damage. The hook side of the hook-and-loop closure naturally grabs onto woven fabrics, especially Lycra, cashmere and wool, and damages the fabric (commonly referred to as "picking" at the fabric). This picking can cause permanent cosmetic damage to the garment. Users of these traditional hook-and-loop closure systems complain about exposed hook patches damaging their yoga and athletic workout outfits, and expensive professional suits.
Yet another drawback is bag fabric damage. As with garment damage, the hook side of the hook-and-loop closure an also "attack" the base fabric of the bag itself, strap webbing and key tether webbing, resulting in an unattractive "fuzzy" surface finish.
Yet another drawback is lint collection. The hook side of the hook-and-loop closure system is a magnet for lint, thread and hair, which catches in the hook matrix and is difficult to pick out with your fingers. The hook patches are cosmetically unattractive when clogged with this foreign material.
Yet another drawback is degradation of hold strength. The hold strength of the hook-and-loop patches degrades with extended use, as both the hooks and loops break.
Yet another drawback is the perceived quality and style. In general, the traditional hook-and-loop closure system is used on lower-priced soft goods and utilitarian outdoor products, rather than expensive, stylish luxury goods, which tend to feature more elegant metal closure systems.

Silencer patch for hook-and loop closure system


In some embodiments of the present invention the nature of an input signal is identified and the amplification of a pre-amplifier and a power amplifier in a transmitter system are modified responsive to whether the momentary content of the input signal is a preamble or data and to the modulation rate of the input signal. In some other embodiments sets of amplification factors are set to reduce in-band noise at the antenna of the transmitter system.

Power amplifiers working in a wide dynamic range or wide frequency span may produce a distorted amplified signal due to the non-linearity of their amplification attributes (also known as transfer function). This non-linearity may limit the output power of the power amplifier or distort the output signal, or both.
It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity. Further, where considered appropriate, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements.

Power amplifier pre-distortion device and method for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing


A composite metal/plastic patellar prosthesis for implantation in the human body to replace the articulating surface of the patella is provided. The prosthesis includes a polymeric articulating surface portion and a metal backing having an anterior surface adapted to be attached to the posterior surface of a resected patella, and a dome or conically shaped posterior surface to which the polymeric articulating surface portion is heat and pressure molded. The metal backing portion has at least one aperture extending therethrough which has a greater cross-sectional area on the anterior side than on the posterior side into which an anchoring peg integral with the antrior surface of the polymeric articulating surface portion is molded. The metal and plastic components of the composite are coextensive in size and shape.

The present invention relates to an improved patellar prosthesis and method of making the same.
Various prosthetic devices for replacement of the articulating surface of the patella or knee cap have been designed for implantation in cases where replacement of the natural articulating surface of the patella is indicated. Generally, the posterior surface of the patella is resected and replaced by an artificial articulating surface.
Various patellar prostheses are known in the art and available commercially to surgeons. Examples of such are the designs shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,240,162 issued to Devas on Dec. 23, 1980 in which a two-part snapped-together design is disclosed. Commercially available implants are shown, for example, in Publication No. 322-688T of Dow Corning Wright Corporation, 5677 Airline Road. Arlington. TN 38002 entitled "Whiteside Ortholoc II Patella Implants". Similar designs having a metal backing within a polymeric surface portion are shown, for example, in a publication by Howmedica, Inc., Orthopedics Division, 359 Veterans Boulevard, Rutherford, NJ 07070 identified as No. H2050, dated 3/83, entitled "The PCA Revision Total Knee System" at page 4. Such prostheses have been known to fail by virtue of separation of the polymeric articulating surface from the metal backing.
In light of these various designs, a need has existed for an improved patellar prosthesis having resistance to shear forces experienced during articulation of the patellar implant against an articulating surface of a femoral prosthesis. The present invention provides such increased resistance by a design in which shear forces imposed against the side of the patellar implant are, in part, converted to compression forces. The invention further provides a means and method of molding the polymeric articulating surface onto the metal backing in such fashion as to improve the mechanical locking, and thus resistance to wear, between the components of the prosthesis.
Briefly summarized, the present invention provides a composite patellar prosthesis for implantation in the human body to replace the articulating surface of the patella which includes a polymeric articulating surface portion, and a dome shaped metal backing which has an anterior surface adapted to be attached to the posterior surface of a resected patella, preferably by means of integral attachment pegs. The dome shaped, or otherwise centrally elevated posterior surface is adapted to engage the polymeric articulating surface portion which is molded under heat and pressure to conform to it. The metal backing portion is provided with at least one, and preferably several apertures extending therethrough which have a greater cross-sectional area on the anterior side than on the posterior side. These apertures are each adapted to fixedly receive an anchoring peg integral with the anterior surface of the polymeric articulating surface portion, the pegs being formed under heat and pressure to precisely fill the apertures. It is also preferred that the anterior surface of the polymeric articulating surface portion is coextensive in size and shape with the metal backing portion is molded to conform to the contour thereof. The articulating surface portion has a generally convex posterior articulating surface. The apertures through the metal backing are greater in area on the anterior side than on the posterior side so that the pegs firmly lock the two parts of the composite together. The anterior side may, for example, be counterbored or the apertures may be tapered or flared so as to be of greater size on the anterior side.

Patellar prosthesis and method of making the same


A method for integrated device testing can include the steps of: receiving wafer test data that identifies wafer test failures with the dice tested while part of a shared common substrate; receiving package test data that identifies test failures for at least a subset of the dice after the dice have been separated and assembled into different packages; identifying non-unique coverage test sets that include at least one wafer test or package test that generates failures that correlates with failures generated by another wafer test or package test for the same dice; and identifying unique coverage tests that include failures generated by wafer tests or package tests that do not correlate with failures generated by any other another wafer test or package test for the same dice.

The manufacturing of integrated circuit (IC) devices can be conceptualized as including a "front end" and a "back end". A typical front end of a process can include a "wafer sort". A wafer sort can be the testing of IC devices in wafer form. That is, devices can still be formed as part of the wafer, typically a silicon wafer, in which they have been fabricated. Subsequently, a wafer can be cut (e.g., sawn, laser cut) to separate the individual IC devices, each of which is referred to as a die (or "chip").
A typical back end of a manufacturing process can include packaging IC devices received in die form, into a predetermined type of IC package. Typically, packaged devices are placed into a tester and sorted according to failure and/or performance criteria.
Both front end (sort) and back end (package) sort can be very important in ensuring quality control for electronic device manufacturers. Such testing can also be used to gather data, which generates information to improve quality, yields, and costs.
Conventional data gathering and information analysis solutions used at sort or package test include downloading all test summaries and gathering test counters. Test counters include counts of how many failures a particular test-algorithm generates over a selected sample size. Test counters can be searched for tests that have a zero or very low (parts per million) ppm fail rate.
Conventionally, every test in a test program can have its associated fail test counter. For such a test counter, each time the associated test is failed, the test counter can be incremented by 1 and the tested die can be "binned out". For example, if there are 20 tests and a die fails the first test, the test counter for the test can be incremented, and the die can be tagged as a fail, and testing for that die will be discontinued. In this way, failing die can be identified and removed from any further testing.
Referring now to FIG. 12, a table is shown that illustrates an example of conventional fail test counters for a wafer sort operation. FIG. 12 shows test counters for five wafer sort tests: Tests 18, 28, 29, 63, and 77. Test 18 shows that the test associated to this counter has 252 failures in testing the whole wafer, test 18 shows 6 failures, etc. It is understood that FIG. 12 shows only those tests that have generated a failure. Test counters of other tests that have zero failures are not shown.
By accumulating all test summaries like those of FIG. 12, a user can find tests that are not listed (e.g. have zero failures), or that have a low ppm rate of failure. Such tests can then be considered candidates for removal from an overall test program.
Conventionally, prior to removing a test from a test program, it has been considered necessary to ensure that removal of the test does not allow failing devices to escape an overall test program. Thus, a candidate test or tests can be disabled, and then numerous wafers (e.g., thousands of die), can be retested to observe if any change in overall testing results has occurred. If no change occurs, the candidate test(s) can be removed from the test program. This can be costly to implement as increased testing time can translate into increase costs.
Conventionally, test counters can have a primary purpose of differentiating test failures that are grouped into a single "hard-bin" category. For example, a "Bin 7" may contain the sum of failures for multiple tests: Low-Corner1 (tn 130), Low-Corner2 (tn 131), Hi-Corner-1 (tn 230), and Hi-Corner-2 (tn 231), where each "Corner" can represent a limit in acceptable performance. Conventional test counters can thus be variables used to cumulatively count how many times each test fails, allowing differentiation between each test. The example of "Bin-7" above shows the sum of four preceding tests.
In a conventional solution, test counters are generated only from sort summaries. Every time a test fails it increments a counter. The conventional solution can perform a front end to back end correlation to ensure that tests removed from wafer sort with zero or low ppm fails rates do not end up missing failures appearing at a back end of the manufacturing process. Such a conventional approach can require considerable engineering work to gather the necessary data, which can expensive and slow. Further, such approaches may yield results for only a limited sample size.
It is noted that conventional approaches to correlating front end to back end test results do not provide information on whether a particular test is unique in its test coverage. Furthermore, when dealing with multiple family densities, the conventional solution may only compare defect density by device, as opposed to by family.
As understood from above, a goal of the conventional solution can be to disable tests at a front end (FE) or a back end (BE) that are non-value added (i.e., do not capture any defects). In such an approach, a test in a front-end flow can be removed, and tests can be executed with a resulting reduced test sequence. A "Qualification Test Plan (QTP)" can then be performed in a back-end to observe if quality has remained unchanged. If quality and yield is the same in the BE, the FE test can be disabled.
The above conventional solution can be inaccurate and inefficient because there can be no direct way of telling which die fails which particular tests. Furthermore, the benefit realized by such an approach can be limited, as only the zero failure tests can be removed (and such tests can be rare) and tests having a low ppm fail rate require a thorough correlation between front and backend before they can be removed.

Integrated circuit device test system and method


A liquid crystal display comprising: a receiver for receiving power and differential signal; a backlight power supply which supplies the power to a backlight unit; a power-off sensor which senses power-off of the backlight power supply and distorts one of the differential signals; and a controller which senses the distortion of the differential signal and generates an after-image removing gray-scale signal.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display that is capable of removing an after-image during a power-off operation, and a driving method therefor.
2. Description of Related Art
In general, a liquid crystal display includes a thin film transistor (TFT) substrate and a color filter substrate on which an electric field generating electrode is respectively formed and which face each other, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the two substrates. The liquid crystal is moved by an electric field generated by applying voltage to the electrodes, thereby varying light transmittance to form an image.
The liquid crystal display includes a liquid crystal panel including a plurality of liquid crystal cells which are connected to gate lines and data lines, a data driver which applies a gray-scale display voltage to the data lines, a gate driver which applies a gate driving signal to the gate lines, a controller which controls the data driver and the gate driver, and a power supply which supplies a driving voltage.
The liquid crystal cell includes a liquid crystal capacitor for charging a gray-scale display voltage, and a TFT for applying the gray-scale display voltage to the liquid crystal capacitor in response to a gate-on voltage. The driving voltage which is supplied by the power supply includes a power voltage, a ground voltage, a gate-on voltage, a gate-off voltage, a common voltage and an analog power voltage.
When power supplied to the power supply is cut off, the power supply outputs an overall output voltage including the power voltage, the gate-on voltage, the gate-off voltage, the common voltage and the analog power voltage into 0V of a ground voltage level. When the gate-on voltage of the ground voltage level is applied to a gate of the TFT, the gray-scale display voltage applied to the liquid crystal capacitor is discharged as a leakage current through a channel of the TFT.
In the conventional liquid crystal display, when the power supply is cut off and the backlight unit is powered off, a pattern which is displayed on the liquid crystal panel does not disappear with the cut off of power but remains for a certain time as an after-image.

Liquid crystal display and driving method thereof