There is provided an information terminal apparatus including a detecting unit that detects whether authentication information has been input within a given period of time or not, a determining unit that determines whether the authentication information agrees with given authentication information or not, a processing unit that performs processing in a first mode if the authentication information is not detected by the detecting unit within the given period of time or if the authentication information is detected by the detecting unit within the given period of time but the determining unit determines that it does not agree with the given authentication information, and a log processing unit that memorizes/stores operation history information operated while the processing in the first mode is being performed.

In recent years, the functions of a personal computer have been improved, and even a small personal computer has a large-capacity storage device, which allows high-speed processing. The small and higher-performance personal computer has greatly improved portability, and there are an increased number of opportunities to store a large amount of data therein for use. The easy portability may also increase the number of opportunities for personal computers to be stolen or lost. In order to address such situations, various methods have been developed whereby data memorized/stored within a personal computer is not allowed to be accessed easily by a third party and a stolen or lost personal computer itself can be located.
For example, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication 2006-14158 discloses a technology relating to a mobile terminal, which shows dummy data to a third party such that it cannot be apparent that the mobile terminal is operating in a security mode and whereby the operation histories by a third party can be tracked. Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication 2006-11959discloses an information terminal apparatus which implements user authentication with sufficiently high security, without using a password and without the addition of special hardware.

Information terminal apparatus for information leak monitoring


The invention relates to a device for holding a head of a pin of a component, said device having a receiving space which defines an opening via which the head of the pin can be inserted; a spring element disposed in the receiving space; and a path limiter which is disposed in the receiving space. The spring element has a receptacle for the head of the pin of the component, and the straight line which connects the geometric center point of the opening to the geometric center point of the receptacle forms a reference line. A curved or bent receiving section of a spring arm of the spring element is provided as part of the receptacle. The receiving section has at least one distance point which is arranged furthest from the reference line than other points along the extension of the curved or bent receiving section.

In vehicles, it is necessary to connect various components, some of which are mounted on the frame of the vehicle or on other supporting elements. The components can be cladding elements, elements of the drive unit or of the chassis, for example. The mounting of cladding elements, which detach in the event of excessive stress, for example in the event of an accident, is necessary, in particular in the front region. This can result in a reduction of injuries, in particular of pedestrians. At the same time, however, there is a need to optimize the driving characteristics of a vehicle with the aid of add-on parts, which must be held securely on the vehicle even under the pressures acting on the front of the vehicle when driving at high speeds.
JP 8128415 A2 discloses a holder for fastening components by way of an elongated cylindrical retaining element, in particular in the form of pipes and/or cables, on a vehicle body or a vehicle chassis, in which retaining elements are provided two sides which are bendably connected to one another and between which a connecting means acts so as to hold two opposing clamping sections, one of which can also be part of a body. The shape of the bendable element is designed in such a way that engagement or detachment of the cylindrical component is only made possible above a certain force.
LU 45727 A likewise discloses a holder for fastening cylindrical components, in particular cables, wherein the holder comprises two spring arms, which are circular in some sections and in which a component can engage. This holder also requires a certain force or limit force for engaging or detaching the cylindrical component. A cover for locking is provided so as to increase the retaining force and to prevent or impede detachment of the component from the spring arms. A disadvantage of the described holders is that they frequently do not allow permanently stable fastening with respect to vibrations and minor to moderate impact. In addition, the holding forces are relatively limited so that it is not possible to hold larger and/or heavier components. Typically, the force for releasing the fastening can only be increased by way of stronger spring arms, which, however, leads to an increased force for engagement. Furthermore, the aforementioned holders offer only inadequate options for guiding into an engaged position. LU 45727 A only allows an increase in the retaining force via a cover element, which has to be additionally mounted.


The rotary mechanism with articulating rotor may be adapted as a pump or compressor when external power is applied to its shaft, as a motor when differential pressure is applied to its inlet and outlet ports, or as an internal combustion engine when provided with fuel, air, and ignition source. The mechanism includes an internal chamber having major and minor diameters. An articulating rotor having four linked segments rotates therein. The segments allow the rotor to articulate between square and rhomboid shapes as it rotates within the chamber, the rotor segments forming variable volume chamber portions as they rotate. The rotor segments are linked to the central shaft either by a transverse arm rotationally affixed to the central shaft and to diametrically opposed rotor segments, or by telescoping rods connecting the linked ends of the rotor segments to the central shaft.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to pumps, compressors, motors, and internal combustion engines, and particularly to a rotary mechanism having a multiple-segment articulating rotor for defining a plurality of internal chamber volume portions and for varying the volume portions during operation.
2. Description of the Related Art
Rotary mechanisms, i.e., pumps, motors, and internal combustion engines, have been known for a considerable period of time. Perhaps the most widely used application of such devices is in the field of hydraulic pumps and motors. The Wankel engine incorporating a two-lobe, epitrochoidal chamber and a triangular rotor has also found some application as a powerplant in various automobiles and motorcycles.
One characteristic of this configuration, particularly in internal combustion engines, is that the rotary speed must be relatively high in order to produce power. The single rotor Wankel engine produces only one power pulse per revolution of the output shaft due to the multiplication of output shaft speed relative to the rotor. Appropriate external gear reduction is easily incorporated to reduce the RPM to the desired rotational speed at the driveshaft and wheels of a motor vehicle, but it still proves difficult to meet the desired fuel economy with such an engine that must operate at relatively high rotational speeds.
Thus, a rotary mechanism with articulating rotor solving the aforementioned problems is desired.

Rotary mechanism with articulating rotor


A key management apparatus receives a key request including a first device identification information and a second device identification information, encrypts a common key using the first device identification information to generate a first encrypted common key, encrypts the common key using the second device identification information to generate a second encrypted common key, and transmits a key response including the first encrypted common key and the second encrypted common key. A first device receives the key response, decrypts the first encrypted common key using the first device identification information to obtain the common key, and transmits the second encrypted common key. A second device receives the second encrypted common key and decrypts the second encrypted common key using the second device identification information to obtain the common key.

At present, in the automobile industry, various driving support functions such as an automatic braking function and a lane keeping function are being developed to realize autonomous driving in the 2020s. These developed driving support functions are realized in automobiles.
From now on, it is expected that more advanced driving support functions will be realized by communicating with various external things such as a cloud, a roadside device and another vehicle.
On the other hand, when the vehicle communicates with the outside, a possibility of the vehicle being subjected to malicious attack is increased, and it is important to establishing secure communication.
As a technology related to such communication security, a method for performing authentication has been proposed. (See Non-Patent Literature 1).
In this method, it is assumed that a common key used for authentication is shared in advance between the transmitting device and the receiving device.
However, since automobiles are manufactured by assembling in-vehicle devices made by various manufacturers, it is difficult for each manufacturer to grasp communication relationship of the in-vehicle devices in advance, and it is difficult to set a key to the in-vehicle device when manufacturing the in-vehicle device. In addition, since the in-vehicle device may be replaced during operation, it is not sufficient to set the key to the in-vehicle device at the time of manufacture.
In order to cope with this, a method for distributing keys using public key cryptography has been proposed. (See Patent Literature 1)
However, since there are cost and resource limitations in the in-vehicle device, it is inevitable that there is the in-vehicle device that does not support public key cryptography. Therefore, it is difficult to apply the method according to Patent Literature 1 to all the in-vehicle devices.
Therefore, in Patent Literature 2, a method is proposed in which devices using common key cryptography and not sharing in advance a common key used for authentication securely share the common key.
When the method of Patent Literature 2 is used, for example, when a gateway (hereinafter referred to as GW) interconnecting networks using different protocol technologies provided in a vehicle of an automobile wants to perform device authentication of the in-vehicle devices, it is possible to realize the authentication by performing as follows.
(1) The GW receives manufacturer identification information (hereinafter referred to as ID) and a device ID from the in-vehicle device.
(2) The GW passes the manufacturer ID and the device ID of the in-vehicle device to a management server.
(3) The management server regenerates a manufacturer authentication key from a master key and the manufacturer ID held by itself.
(4) The management server regenerates an authentication key of the in-vehicle device using the regenerated manufacturer authentication key and the device ID.
(5) The management server transmits the regenerated authentication key to the GW.
(6) The GW performs mutual authentication with the in-vehicle device using the received authentication key.
According to the above, in the vehicle on which the in-vehicle devices of various manufacturers are mounted, it is possible to realize the authentication between the GW and each in-vehicle device even if the GW does not share the authentication key of each in-vehicle device in advance. In addition, since this method uses only common key cryptography, it can be applied to all the in-vehicle devices.
As a timing at which the GW shares the common key with the in-vehicle device using the method of Patent Literature 2, there are roughly two cases.
One is the case of assembling the vehicle at a factory of a car manufacturer. At this time, since the GW does not share a common key with any of the in-vehicle devices, it performs a key sharing process with all the in-vehicle devices.
The other is the case of adding a new in-vehicle device to the vehicle or replacing an existing in-vehicle device at a dealer or the like. In this case, in the in-vehicle device originally present in the vehicle, since the GW already shares the common key, it is only necessary to perform the key sharing process with the newly added in-vehicle device.

Key management system, communication device and key sharing method


A signal analyzer provides frequency domain data at different time and frequency resolution. First type frequency domain data is derived from time domain data of a signal under test by first type frames and displayed as a spectrogram. A selecting box is displayed on the spectrogram for selecting the first type frames. The signal analyzer produces second type frequency domain data by treating the time domain data corresponding to the first type frequency domain data included in the selected first type frames with the selecting box as one frame by FFT calculation. The resultant second type frequency domain data are displayed as a spectrum that has different time and frequency resolution from the spectrogram.

Various systems, such as a wireless communication system including mobile phones, are sometimes required to test whether they work properly. A signal analyzer may be used for measuring signals of the system under test. The signal analyzer can analyze a signal from viewpoints of both time and frequency domains. It converts the signal under test into digital data of the time domain and generates digital data of the frequency domain from the time domain data by FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) calculation. The resultant data are displayed as a waveform and/or numeric values on the display of the signal analyzer. The signal analyzer shows the time domain data corresponding to the frequency domain data of the signal under test, which makes it possible to provide various analyses from viewpoints of both the time and frequency domains. U.S. Pat. No. 6,377,617 discloses how to produce the frequency domain data with keeping correspondence relationship with the time domain data.
FIG. 3 is a conventional view of the frequency domain data on the signal analyzer 10. A graph area 40 displays the frequency domain data as a spectrum graph of which horizontal axis is frequency and vertical axis is power (dBm). A graph area 42 displays the frequency domain data as a spectrogram graph of which horizontal axis is frequency, vertical axis is time in frame number and level of the power is shown in color. A new frame is displayed in order from the bottom. The colors may be subject to the order of rainbow colors wherein if the power is higher the color is closer to red and the power is lower the color is closer to violet.
A square marker 46 on the graph 42 is used for designating a desired frame 48 by dragging the marker with a mouse cursor 44 by the user. The frequency domain data of the frame 48 designated by the center point of the marker 46 is displayed as a spectrum on the graph area 40.

Signal analyzer and method for displaying frequency domain data


For a system having multiple sources of digital input data to be converted to analog by Digital to Analog Converters (DACs), pre-processing of the multiple sources of data is provided, such that differences in input sampling rates are accommodated. When multiple digital input sources are to be converted to analog signals in a single integrated circuit, these input signals are routed to a clock generator having Phase Locked Loop (PLL) circuitry and to respective Asynchronous Sample Rate Converters (ASRCs). Sample rate information relating to an input signal selected from among the multiple input signals is determined during a locking operation of the PLL. Based on the common clock output from the clock generator, the ASRCs convert the input signals to a single sampling rate. Once the multiple input sources are converted to a common sample rate by the ASRCs, the inputs are converted to analog signals by DACs using the common clock and are output by the single Integrated Circuit.

There has recently been tremendous growth in the area of digital electronics. The use of digital signals for transmitting and conveying data accurately for storage, reproduction or rendering has steadily increased with advances in digital technology. This growth has occurred in part because digital signals offer many advantages for certain types of design applications. However, since some systems additionally use analog counterparts to digital signals, some applications convert digital signals to analog signals, a continuous time-varying signal, for further processing, for playing of multimedia content, such as sound, or for other reasons. For the case of a single digital input signal, known to have been sampled at a fixed sample rate, conversion of the digital signal to an analog signal can be a relatively straightforward design task. Generally, the designer would implement a digital to analog converter (DAC), a design choice widely recognized by those skilled in the art of circuit design.
Often, however, a system designer, circuit designer or the like may wish for multiple digital input signals to be converted to analog signals. If all of the digital input signals were sampled at the same known sampling rate, the same DAC could be used to convert all of the signals to analog. However, oftentimes there are multiple inputs that have been sampled at different rates. Also, for multi-channel Digital to Analog Converters (DACs), input data to the DAC is currently handled differently depending on the type of DAC employed. For example, in the case of an I2S DAC, input data is applied to the DAC directly after extracting an N*Fs clock from the input signal. Fs is a generic reference understood to refer to sampling frequency by those of ordinary skill in the art. N is generally a positive integer greater than 1, and usually a power of 2, such as 2, 4, . . . 1024, etc. An N*Fs clock signal is thus a signal of higher frequency than the sampling rate of the input signal and is typically used to drive the digital logic of a DAC, other digital logic circuitry and/or the like. In the case of an AC97 DAC, the input is fixed and constrained to a predetermined input frequency, e.g., 48 KHz.
FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art integrated circuit having a multi-channel DAC design. In the case of multiple input sources, sampled at different sampling rates, being applied to a multi-channel I2S DAC chip 10', the I2S DAC chip 10' will have different N*Fs clocks, one for each input source. To clarify, both input i_1 (sampled at a frequency of Fs1) and an N1 *Fs1 clock are input into DAC 200a. Both input i_2 (sampled at a frequency of Fs2) and an N2*Fs2 clock are input into DAC 200b, and so on. The parameter N is a parameter that is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art of circuit design, and its choice depends upon the circuitry for which it will be used. In this regard, different DACs can each have a different N associated therewith. Basing conversion on the N1*Fs1 clock input, DAC 200a converts digital input i_1 to analog output o_1. In a similar manner, basing conversion on the N2*Fs2 clock input, DAC 200b converts digital input i_2 to analog output o_2, and so on. In this fashion, n different analog outputs are produced from n different digital inputs using n different N*Fs clocks.
The implementation of n different N*Fs clocks, however, can cause difficulties, particularly when all of the circuitry is implemented on a single chip or integrated circuit 10'. The use of multiple N*Fs clocks, for example, can degrade the overall performance of the DAC. For instance, due to ground bounce, cross-talk, interference and/or the like, a disturbance in the electrical integrity of a ground plane, input signal, output signal, or power source may result. If this occurs, performance can decrease and the probability that spurious noise will superpose or otherwise interfere with the output increases.
Traditional efforts at solving these problems relating to multiple channel DAC design have involved attempts at eliminating the effects of multiple clocks during the layout phase of the chip or device. Designers have attempted to implement guard rings or extra isolation circuitry to eliminate or reduce the effects of the above problems. The provision of independent ground planes can also be of help, but further adds to the difficulties and costs of design. Further, these solutions can not ensure that the electrical integrity of the output signals will be maintained. Also, even an experienced layout artist may not appreciate the extra constraints being placed on the design process. Every new design contraint places a burden on the overall design process, and thus it is desirable to place as few contraints on a design as possible.
The above prior art chip design employed n different N*Fs clocks, which creates a whole set of associated problems, as noted above. An alternative proposed solution has been to use the same clock input, or no clock input in the case of a DAC with an internal clock, and to regulate the input to meet certain input requirements. Namely, the inputs have to meet the requirement that they were all sampled at the same rate. In the case of an AC97 DAC, the inputs are fixed and constrained to an input frequency of 48 KHz. As a result, however, there is a clear loss in the area of design flexibility. Inputs generally do not conform to a fixed sampling rate, especially when the inputs come from different sections of a system and are used for different purposes. Additional components may be added to cause the inputs to conform to the requirements of such a DAC. However, these extra components only add to the cost of a design. Also, these components would inherently be positioned off chip, since a DAC chip manufacturer can not anticipate the sampling rates of various inputs of a system not yet designed.
Consequently, it would be advantageous to provide a multi-channel DAC integrated circuit capable of converting digital inputs sampled at different sampling rates to analog signals, without regard to input sampling rates, that solves the above problems. It would be further advantageous to provide on chip pre-processing of the input signals that addresses the differences in sampling rates, so that one clock can be used for multiple DACs.

Pre-processing of multiple sample rates sources to simplify and improve multi-channel DAC design


A menu user interface providing device and a method thereof are disclosed. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the method of providing a menu user interface by a portable apparatus, including determining whether a main menu icon displayed on a touch screen is selected; determining whether a menu mode is an activation mode or an inactivation mode if the main menu icon is selected; and changing the menu mode into the activation mode if the menu mode is determined as the inactivation mode and forming an expanded menu by radically arranging a submenu of n hierarchies, n being a natural number, corresponding to the main menu icon and displaying the formed expanded menu through a touch screen. Accordingly, with the present invention, a user interface capable of inputting various data with easy manipulation and minimized multi-points can be provided.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a portable apparatus, more specifically to a user interface providing device and a method thereof in a portable apparatus having a touch screen.
2. Background Art
The prompt development of information communication technologies and the acquirement of infrastructure have led to various small size types of computing devices. The developed electronic technologies with great delicacy make it possible for the electronic device, the size of which is small enough to be placed on the palm of the hand, to have the better performance than the conventional super computer. Now, the electronic device can access Internet without constraints of time and space through the developed technologies of wireless Internet and the diffusion of network infrastructure.
Accordingly, a user can use a variety of portable apparatuses such as MP3, PDA, smart phones, UMPC and PMP. However, adding high performance and various functions to the portable apparatuses has resulted in more complex user interface for controlling the pertinent functions. Further, the restriction of the hardware user interface due to the small size and mobility makes it difficult for users to use the apparatuses.
Particularly, the development of the wireless Internet technologies requires portable apparatuses to perform complex functions such as using e-mail and looking into or changing files. However, since the typical input interface device such as keyboards and mouses are too big and heavy to be applied to the mobile communication apparatuses.
Accordingly, this has aroused increasingly interests in touch screens and has allowed the mobile communication apparatuses having touch screens to be provided. However, the touch screens have less accurate pointing and no right-click as compared with mouses. Further, the current touch screens provided through the mobile communication apparatuses have no suitable graphic user interfaces (GUI).

Menu user interface providing device and method thereof

Sungkyunkwan University Foundation For Corporate Collaboration


According to at least one embodiment, a photographing device includes a camera interface and a processor. The camera interface supplies a control signal to a camera and acquires a photographed image photographed by the camera. The processor causes the camera to photograph a wide area image in a detection region of target objects set as a photographing range, detects the target objects present in the wide area image photographed by the camera, determines a photographing order of the target objects detected from the wide area image, and causes the camera to photograph a narrow area image of one target object selected according to the photographing order.

A photographing system for managing articles placed on a shelf corresponding to a shelf tag can recognize information described on the shelf tags set in the shelf from an image photographed by a camera. Such a photographing system needs to photograph the shelf at a resolution high enough for recognizing the information described on the shelf tags.
However, in a store, a warehouse, or the like, it is not easy to photograph a shelf at a resolution high enough for recognizing information described on shelf tags. For example, photographing an entire shelf at high resolution using a high-resolution camera is inefficient for the purpose of recognizing shelf tags. Moving a photographing direction of a camera to photograph regions of shelf tags has a problem in that control of the photographing direction, zooming, and the like is complicated and takes time.
Related art is described in, for example, WO 2015/140851.

Photographing device and photographing method


A vehicle soft impact detection system uses a piezo film mounted to a front vehicle bumper. The piezo film is selected and mounted to have a greater sensitivity to low-frequency shock waves as compared to high-frequency shock waves, the frequency and amplitude is then compared to a selected range of frequencies and amplitudes that are indicative of a crash with a soft tissue body. In a further embodiment the output of the piezo film is compared with the output of a second sensor which is more sensitive to high-frequency shock waves than to low-frequency shock waves such as a Terfenol-D based sensor.

The present invention relates to vehicle crash sensors in general and to sensors which detect a collision with a pedestrian in particular.
Improvements in the structural design of automobiles, combined with passive safety systems such as seat belts, and active safety systems such as air bags and seatbelt retractors, have greatly decreased death and injury to automobile occupants resulting from a car crash. The active safety systems respond to crash sensors that detect the onset of a vehicle crash, and activate or deploy devices to minimize vehicle occupant injury during the crash.
A vehicle collision is not only a hazard to the vehicle occupants, but in the case of a collision with a pedestrian, the pedestrian may be gravely injured or killed. Recently there have been efforts to develop deployable safety systems that are designed to benefit the pedestrian during a vehicle-pedestrian collision. These systems deploy actuators that raise the vehicle hood, or deploy an airbag to reduce injury to the pedestrian's head. Another type of collision that may be relatively benign is a collision with an animal such as a deer. The major hazard of this type of collision is that the animal may ride up over the hood of the vehicle and crash through the front windshield. Active safety systems that respond to the onset of a vehicle-animal collision are being considered.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,784,792 B2 discloses using piezoelectric film sensors to detect pressure and deformation caused by impact with a pedestrian, and comparing the sensor output signals to a reference quantity to derive a first decision criteria, and discloses deriving a second criteria due to the change in velocity or acceleration of the vehicle. Piezoelectric strips have been used to detect the onset of a crash, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,559,763 B2. Measurement of strain energy to detect a side impact using a piezoelectric sensor is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,797,623.
Using a piezoelectric film to detect accelerations produced by hydraulic percussion devices is known from U.S. Pat. No. 6,737,981 B2. The frequency and amplitude of a magnetorestrictive sensor have been analyzed to determine the position of the crash in the transverse direction along a stress conducting member, as in U.S. Pat. No. 6,329,910 B1.
Both a vehicle-pedestrian collision, and a vehicle-animal collision are similar in that the vehicle impacts with a relatively low mass soft tissue object. Sensors are needed which can differentiate this type of collision from collisions with large massive objects, or collisions with less massive but rigid objects, so that in each case the deployment or non-deployment of active safety systems can be optimized.


A dual-powered railroad vehicle is provided. The vehicle includes a combustion engine having a first cooling circuit; a traction transformer having a second cooling circuit; and at least one radiator for dissipating thermal energy to surrounding air. The first cooling circuit and the second cooling circuit are configured to dissipate thermal energy via the at least one radiator. Further, a method for operating a dual-powered railroad vehicle is provided.

On contrary to many other transformer types (distribution transformers, power transformers etc.) which are naturally cooled, traction transformers in railroad vehicles typically require a pump to ensure forced liquid cooling of the windings, and a cooling system composed of a heat exchanger and fans to ensure forced air cooling of the cooling liquid, typically oil. The produced amount of heat is typically significant, as traction transformers typically exhibit higher relative losses than other types of large power transformers. The reason behind this difference is that traction transformers are specified with much higher power densities than other types of transformers, since they are embedded in trains, with very limited available volume and with weight restrictions. As a consequence, smaller core sections and wire sections are used in order to downsize both core and windings. Reduced core section results in increased number of turns and thus wire length, which in combination with higher current density of the turns results in significantly higher transformer losses. An exemplary efficiency range of a traction transformer may be regarded to range from about 89% to about 97%.
Hence, a significant amount of heat has to be dissipated from such transformers, which at the same time have a very compact form factor. In view of the above, traction transformers cannot be cooled naturally, which is why an active cooling including a cooling liquid, a pump, heat exchangers and fans are typically necessary to enable efficient cooling. Similar problems arise with other electric power conversion devices used in railroad vehicles, such as e.g. semiconductor-based switching units for the electric motors, which also produce a significant amount of thermal energy whilst having a compact form factor, and thus also require active cooling. As a consequence, the cooling system for a traction transformer (and if present, a reactor) is typically relatively elaborate and costly.
On the other hand, in a dual powered railway vehicle, the combustion engine also produces an even significantly greater amount of thermal energy to be dissipated, as such large Diesel engines have an efficiency of about 40% at best, thus releasing significantly more heat or thermal power than the installed mechanical power. Therefore, typically, a water-based or oil-based cooling system (cooling circuit) with a radiator and at least one fan is installed.
In view of the above and for other reasons, there is a need for the present invention.

Cooling system and method for a dual-powered railroad vehicle


Systems and methods for producing a synthetic gas are provided. A feedstock can be gasified within a gasifier to produce a raw syngas. The raw syngas can be processed within a processing device to produce a processed syngas. The processed syngas can be separated into a vapor phase, an organic phase, and an aqueous phase within a separator. The organic phase can be introduced to the gasifier. The aqueous phase can be introduced to a stripper to provide steam and a condensate, and the steam can then be introduced to the gasifier.

1. Field
Embodiments described herein generally relate to the gasification process. More particularly, such embodiments relate to recycling organic compounds produced during the gasification process.
2. Description of the Related Art
Gasification is a high-temperature process that converts carbon-containing feedstocks into mostly gaseous mixtures, including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane. These gaseous mixtures are typically referred to as synthesis gas or, more succinctly, syngas. Syngas can be used as a source of hydrogen, for the production of other organic chemicals, and/or to generate steam and/or electricity.
In addition to carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane, the gasification process also produces undesirable organic compounds, such as alkanes, benzene, toluene, xylene, and naphthalenes. As the syngas is cooled, the organic compounds tend to condense out of the syngas into a water effluent, thereby creating a waste water. In many gasification processes, however, it is not commercially viable to recover the organic compounds in the waste water.
There is a need, therefore, for an improved system and method for recovering and recycling the organic compounds produced in the gasification process.

Recycling organic compounds from gasifier syngas condensate


A spinning solution composition which provides regenerated silk fiber that exhibits a strength and elongation close to those of natural silk fiber, is rapidly degradable in vivo, and can be caused to have ability to gradually release a drug to prevent inflammation; a process for producing such regenerated silk fiber by use of the composition; and regenerated silk fiber obtained through the process.

Silk fiber is a natural fiber having high biocompatibility. It is thin, strong, and has appropriate elasticity and softness. In addition, it exhibits a remarkable sliding property when spun into thread, and is easily manageable both in tying and untying. Therefore, silk fiber is often used as a surgical suture. Because silk is a protein in nature, silk suture is gradually decomposed and can be absorbed by the body even when stitches are left in the body. However, since the rate of degradation in vivo is slow, silk suture is usually categorized as a non-absorbable suture material, which is to be removed from the body. There are other types of sutures, such as regenerated collagen, which are degraded and absorbed in vivo, and stitches produced thereby do not have to be removed. However, since this type of suture has strength only one tenth that of silk suture, its resiliency is low and knot tying is not easy.
Production of regenerated silk thread from silk fiber of domesticated silkworms (hereinafter may be referred to simply as "domesticated silkworm silk fiber") typically involves use of a solvent for dissolving silk fibroin originating from domesticated silkworms (hereinafter this fibroin may be referred to simply as "domesticated silkworm silk fibroin"), including an aqueous solution of a neutral salt (such as lithium bromide) or an aqueous solution of a complex salt (such as copper ethylenediamine). Since these aqueous solutions act to rupture strong hydrogen bonds in the β-sheet structure of silk fibroin, the following problems have been noted. That is, if the silk fibroin is left in the solvent over a long period of time, even molecular chains are ruptured thereby decreasing the molecular weight; salts tend to remain; and the resultant regenerated silk fiber exhibits poor mechanical properties.
Incidentally, hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) has been known as a solvent which prevents a decrease in molecular weight of silk fibroin and is useful for obtaining regenerated silk fiber having excellent mechanical properties (Patent Document 1). Specifically, silk fiber originating from natural domesticated silkworm is first dissolved in an aqueous salt solution such as lithium bromide solution, followed by desalting through dialysis and cast-drying, to thereby yield a silk fibroin film, and this film is dissolved in HFIP.    Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication (Translation of PCT application) No. 7-503288
Also, since HFIP requires a prolonged time for completing dissolution, there has recently been reported use of hexafluoroacetone (HFA), which is a compound analogous to HFIP, to produce regenerated silk thread (Patent Document 2).    Patent Document 2: JP-A-2004-68161
However, since the objective of the development of those regenerated silk fibers was natural silk fiber, efforts had been exclusively directed to obtain such regenerated silk fiber that approximates the strength and elongation of natural silk fiber, and thus, no study has heretofore been performed regarding in vivo degrading ability of fiber.
Under the above circumstances, the present inventors have conducted studies on the in vivo degradation of regenerated silk fiber produced by use of a fluorine-containing solution, and have found that, in the presence of a poteolytic enzyme, the fiber is more easily degraded than natural silk fiber, and that when hexafluoroisopropanol is used as a spinning solution and hematin is added thereto, tensile strength of the resultant thread can be improved.
Incidentally, black sutures are favorably used by surgeons in United States of America, because they are easier to see against the background of body tissue. In recent years, also in Japan, use of back sutures has become more popular. However, since the dying steps in manufacture of black sutures are more intricate than white sutures, there exists demand for more convenient method to impart black color to sutures.

Spinning solution composition, process for producing regenerated silk fiber using the composition, and regenerated silk fiber produced by the process

National University Corporation Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology


A filter apparatus comprised of a multi-layer printed circuit board has a shielded filter with input and output terminals protruding from the circuit board, when the filter is mounted on the printed circuit board. Two insulating substrates form the printed circuit board, and a connective conductive pattern is formed on an inner surface of one of the substrates that faces the other substrate. Conductive layers are formed on respective outer surfaces of the substrate opposing the connection conductive pattern, wherein at least one of the input and output terminals of the filter is connected to the connective conductive pattern and the conductive layers are grounded, thereby shielding the connective conductive pattern.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to a filter apparatus and, more particularly, to bandpass filters mounted on a printed circuit board for use in a communication system, such as a mobile telephone system.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In a duplex-type communication system, such as a mobile telephone system, a directional coupler or antenna coupling device is generally utilized to transmit and/or receive radio waves via a single antenna.
As shown in FIG. 1, when a transmission signal Su of an up-channel is generated by a transmitting circuit 1, the signal Su is supplied to an antenna 3 through a transmission bandpass filter 4 whose pass band covers signals of all up-channels. Then, the signal supplied to the antenna 3 is suitably transmitted to a base station (not shown). A down-channel signal Sd is generated by the base station and is received by antenna 3. The received signal Sd is supplied to a receiving circuit 2 through a reception bandpass filter 5 whose pass band covers signals of all down-channels.
In the mobile telephone system, the frequencies of the transmitted and received signals Su and Sd are in the high frequency range, for example 800 to 900 MHz, so as might be expected leakage of the signals frequently occurs.
To solve the above-described signal leakage problem, as shown in FIG. 2, the bandpass filters 4 and 5 are accommodated in a common shield casing 6. The output terminal of bandpass filter 4 and the input terminal of bandpass filter 5 are connected to coaxial connector 63 and the input terminal of bandpass filter 4 is connected to coaxial connector 64 and the output terminal of bandpass filter 5 is connected to coaxial connector 65. Input and output coaxial connectors 63, 64 and 65 are provided on different side surfaces of the shield casing 6. It is desired that an isolation characteristic exist between the terminals connected to coaxial connectors 63, 64, and 65, so that a response outside of the pass band is less than -60 dB.
Thus, a directional coupler is formed of bandpass filters 4 and 5 that are accommodated within a unitary shield casing 6. Nevertheless, this directional coupler has an unavoidable defect in that the directional coupler formed as a single body requires three separate coaxial connectors 63, 64, and 65. Thus, the antenna apparatus is made expensive. Further, it is difficult to mount the antenna apparatus on a printed circuit board because the three coaxial connectors 63, 64, and 65 are located on different side surfaces of shield casing 6 as shown in FIG. 2.


To form, on a ceramic member or a metal member, a thermal spray ceramic coating film which achieves both the quality of a ceramic coating film and gas barrier property, and with which a composite oxide having a melting point lower than the ambient temperature will not form when used as a coating film on a ceramic member or a metal member constituting a glass article manufacturing apparatus.

In a glass article manufacturing apparatus by float process, for a portion to be in direct contact with molten glass, electrocast brick which is less likely to be corroded or some very dense sintered brick is used as an apparatus material (Non-Patent Document 1). On the other hand, for a portion not to be in direct contact with molten glass but to be influenced by volatile components or a corrosive gas formed from the molten glass and thus required to have mechanical properties at high temperature for a long period of time, sintered brick composed mainly of alumina and silica, such as sillimanite brick, is used as a ceramic member (Patent Document 1). Further, for such a portion, a steel material including stainless steel or a metal material having heat resistance of molybdenum may sometimes be used as a metal member.
The above ceramic member or metal member is used depending upon the resistance to volatile components or a corrosive gas formed from molten glass and the heat resistance required for the application site.
Formation of a ceramic coating film as a functional film for the purpose of gas barrier property, etc., on the surface of such a ceramic member or a metal member used in the glass article manufacturing apparatus, has been studied.
As a ceramic coating film formed for the above purpose, an alumina coating film containing alumina (Al2O3) as the main component and a zirconia coating film containing zirconia (ZrO2) as the main component have been widely used practically (Non-Patent Document 2). As an alumina coating film, a gray alumina coating film having titania added to white alumina may sometimes be used for the purpose of improving fracture toughness. Further, as a zirconia coating film, a stabilized zirconia coating film having yttria, magnesia, calcia or the like added may sometimes be used for the purpose of preventing phase transition at high temperature.
For formation of such a ceramic coating film, thermal spray coating method is commonly employed, which is capable of forming a thick coating film as compared with CVD, PVD, etc., which can achieve formation of a coating film remarkably quickly, and which is easily adapted to members with various sizes and shapes (Non-Patent Document 2).
However, in the alumina coating film or the zirconia coating film formed by thermal spray coating method, due to very high melting point of raw material, a large amount of pores remain, and the gas barrier property is insufficient in some cases.
In order to improve the gas barrier property, introduction of a metal foundation coat or formation of a composite material with a metal, so-called formation of a cermet, has been conducted. However, by such a method, the use conditions are limited by the properties of a metal to be a foundation coat used or a metal to be formed into a composite material, whereby the quality of the obtainable ceramic coating film, such as a high heat resistance temperature and corrosion resistance to various corrosive gases tends to be impaired.
Further, in a case where the glass composition to be produced in a production apparatus contains an alkali component such as Na or K, Na2O, K2O or the like volatilizes in a high temperature environment in which molten glass is produced from glass raw material, and as a result, in a case where a metal foundation coat is employed, in a case where a metal used for formation of a composite material is present, or in a case where SiO2 or Cr2O3 is contained in the ceramic coating film, a composite oxide having a melting point lower than the ambient temperature is formed at the surface of the ceramic coating film. By falling of such a composite oxide, glass products to be produced may be contaminated.
Na2O or K2O volatilized from molten glass will react with a chromium oxide coating film which is an oxidation resistant passive coating film of stainless steel if used as a metal member, whereby exhaustion of the stainless steel may be accelerated.

Ceramic coating film-provided member and glass article manufacturing apparatus using it

Abstract: A ceramic coating film-provided member comprising a ceramic member or a metal member and a thermal spray ceramic coating film formed on at least a part of the surface of the ceramic member or the metal member,                wherein the thermal spray ceramic coating film contains Al2O3 and 12CaO.7Al2O3, and the weight ratio of CaO to Al2O3 (CaO/Al2O3) is more than 0.11 to 0.50.


Described herein are methods and systems for data distribution over a network. A device can capture content. The device can be configured to publish the content so that other devices in a network can access the content. The publishing device can indicate to other devices on the network that the content is available for use. In response, the publishing device can receive requests for the content from the other devices. When sending a request, a requesting device can include viewing parameters that indicate capabilities of the requesting device. The publishing device can create a bit stream comprising one or more data layers that comprise the content based on the viewing parameters of requesting devices. The publishing device can also determine a transmission path to the various requesting devices and transmit the bit stream comprising one or more data layers along the transmission path.

In various situations, a user of a mobile device may want to capture content such as audio, video, pictures, sensor data, and the like for a given moment. Due to the location of the user, mobile device limitations, or other factors, the user's mobile device might only be able to capture low quality content, if at all. Other users might be able to capture the same content but at a higher quality. However, it is difficult or impossible for the user of the mobile device to access the content produced by other nearby devices. These and other shortcomings are addressed by the present disclosure.


A digital processing circuit and method includes a signal modulator connected to modulate a delta-modulated first input signal with a digital second input signal to produce a delta modulated output pulse stream. The digital output can be directly used for many purposes, or the digital output can be demodulated to produce an analog output signal using a low pass filter. Also, if desired, the delta modulated pulse first pulse stream can be generated from an analog signal input through use of a sigma-delta modulator. The signal modulator includes a plurality of switches, each operated by a respective bit of the digital second input signal to switch between the delta modulated first input signal and a known pulse sequence, such as an idle sequence, for delivery to a switch output. A plurality of adder circuits are connected in series to add the successive outputs of the plurality of switches to the delta modulated pulse first input signal to produce the delta modulated output pulse stream. Each of the adder circuits comprises a full binary adder and a D-type flip-flop, the full binary adder having two binary signal inputs and a carry input, and having a sum output and a carry output, the sum output being connected to the carry input through the D-type flip-flop. The known pulse sequence, such as the idle sequence is connected to the input of the first adder circuit. The circuit can be used for many purposes, for example, to provide a multiplying digital-to-analog signal converter, a precision attenuator, or the like, without a requirement for precision components, circuit matching or other special analog signal matching techniques.

1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to improvements in signal processing methods and circuits, and in one aspect to methods and circuits for mixed analog and digital processing of one or more delta modulated pulse streams; and still more particularly to improvements in digital-to-analog converters, and, more particularly, to improvements of digital-to-analog converters that can be easily integrated into integrated circuits or the like with reduced power consumption and circuit area requirements; and also to improvements in digital attenuators, and, more particularly, to attenuators that can be realized without precision resistors, precision parts, or complex characteristic matching among stages.
2. Technical Background
Processing circuits and techniques employing delta- and sigma-delta-modulated signals is receiving increasing interest in many applications. To date, however, ordinarily processing techniques normally are not performed purely on a digital level, but if properly performed, many circuits that heretofore required precision parts or critical circuit trimming or adjustment can be realized using purely digital processing techniques employing delta- and sigma-delta-modulation signals.
For example, the need for faster digital to analog converters (DACs) is much greater today than in the past. Today, a wide range of applications exist for DACs, in such diverse areas as instrumentation, CAD systems, image processing, direct digital waveform synthesis, and so on. However, in fast digital manipulation systems, the DAC is the bottleneck in the link to the analog world.
The usual deciding factors in choosing a DAC are its resolution and speed. In general, the faster the DAC, the higher the resolution that can be attained. Consequently, most of today's digital to analog converters include additional digital support functions. However, the performance of an analog signal can be degraded by such additional digital circuitry, and in mixed digital-analog systems there are inevitable compromises.
Conventional digital to analog conversion usually involves analog voltages division (by two) and summation. For this process, well matched passive components, such as linear nickel-chrome resistors, or double polysilicon capacitors, are generally used. The processing costs for such linear nickel-chrome resistors, double polysilicon capacitors are relatively high.
A commonly used digital-to-analog circuit 10 of the prior art is the voltage summing, or R-2R ladder network, as shown in FIG. 1. The ladder network includes a number of resistors 11-16 of value R. The junctions between the respective resistors 11-16 are connected by resistors 18-25, of value 2R, to respective switches 30-36. The digital signal to be converted is connected to the switches 30-36 to actuate them to one or the other switch pole, depending upon the state of the bit associated with each of the switches 30-36.
If, for example, the least significant bit that actuates switch 30 is a logical "1", the switch 30 is connected to the left node that is, in turn, connected to E.sub.ref. On the other hand, if the logic state of the least significant bit controlling switch 30 is a logic "0", the switch 30 is operated to connect to the right node that is, in turn, connected to ground, or other reference potential. The operation of the remaining switches 31-36 is similar, each corresponding to the bits of the digital input signal. As is well known, the analog output seen at the output terminal E.sub.o is the sum of the voltages produced through the action of the particular "l's"of switches 30-36 that are connected to E.sub.ref, in accordance with the voltage divider ratio represented by the resistances connected thereby.
Similarly, attenuator circuits can be fabricated in a manner similar to digital-to-analog converter circuits. However attenuator circuits typically used today require precision in their construction; for example, in the provision of special precision matched resistors, component trimming, stage matching, and the like.
What is needed is a circuit and method that can employ fast digital processing techniques to accomplish digital-to-analog signal conversion, signal attenuation, and similar functions, that does not require such precision parts and construction, but which will, nevertheless provide adequate performance at reasonable cost.
In the realization of the digital processing circuits of the invention described below, a delta adder circuit is employed. One known delta adder circuit 40 (herein denoted .DELTA.A) that can be used is shown in FIG. 2, and is constructed in accordance with known techniques, as explained, for example, by N. Kouvaras, "Operations on delta-modulated signals and their applications in the realization of digital filters," The Radio and Electronics Engineer,vol. 48, No. 9, September, 1978, pp. 431-438, incorporated herein by reference.
The delta adder 40 includes a conventional binary full-adder 41 with the SUM and CARRY outputs interchanged, and a conventional D-type flip flop 42 connected to the CARRY input. Thus, digital input signals X.sub.n and Y.sub.n are applied to the "a" and "b" input terminals. The CARRY output, C.sub.n, forms the sum "S" output and the SUM output, S.sub.n, forms the carry "C" output, the connections, as mentioned, being the reverse of the normal operation of the binary adder.
The output on the SUM, "S", output of the binary adder 41 is connected to the D input of a D-type flip-flop 42, the output of which is connected to the CARRY, "c", input of the binary adder 41. Therefore, the operation of the delta adder circuit 40 of FIG. 2 is to add the digital input signals X.sub.n and Y.sub.n applied to the "a" and "b" input terminals. Assuming {X.sub.n } and {Y.sub.n } to be binary sigma-delta sequences, then the output sequences {Sn} and {Cn} are also binary sigma-delta sequences. An equivalent circuit of the Delta adder of FIG. 2 is shown in FIG. 3.

Method and apparatus for mixed analog and digital processing of delta modulated pulse streams including digital-to-analog conversion of a digital input signal


A blank space is provided at an appropriate position on a recording paper as determined by either input image data to be recorded, or the size of the recording paper.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image processing apparatus capable of recording input image data on recording paper.
2. Description of the Related Art
An image processing apparatus is known, which is capable of providing a blank space for filing purposes when received image information, image information read by a reading apparatus or the like is recorded on recording paper. However, in such an image processing apparatus, although the operator is able to select the position of the blank space for filing purposes, once the selection is made, the position of the blank space is fixed unless changed by the operator.
For this reason, if, for example, the operator selects the left side of the recording paper as the position of the blank space for filing purposes, the blank space for filing purposes is always provided at the left side of the recording paper when image information shown in FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C and FIGS. 3A and 3B is recorded.
In a case where, for example, the portrait orientation of the image information with the long side of a manuscript of A4 size (210 mm.times.297 mm) input as data along the main scanning direction is converted to the landscape orientation (rotated 90.degree. to the right), as shown in FIG. 2B and recorded, if the blank space for filing purposes is located on the right side of the recording paper, filing would be easier. However, in the above example, the blank space is provided on the left side as shown in FIG. 2B.
In contrast with the case of FIG. 2B, in a case where the landscape orientation of image information with the short side input as data along the main scanning direction is converted to the portrait orientation and recorded, if the blank space for filing purposes is located on the top side of the recording paper, filing would be easier. However, in this example, the blank space is provided on the left side, as shown in FIG. 2C.
When two pages of image information are recorded on one page of recording paper as shown in FIG. 3A, for example, when two pages of an A4 size manuscript are recorded on A3 size (297 mm.times.420 mm) recording paper, if the blank space for filing purposes is located on the top side (short side) of the recording paper, filing would be easier, and when two pages of an A4 size manuscript are reduced and recorded on A4 size recording paper, if the blank space for filing purposes is located on the right side of the recording paper, filing would be easier. However, as shown in FIG. 3A, in both cases the blank space is provided on the left side.
Also, when, for example, two pages of image information with the long side of the A4 size manuscript input as data along the main scanning direction are recorded on one page of A3 size recording paper, if the blank space for filing purposes is located on the top side of the recording paper, filing would be easier. However, in this case, the blank space is provided on the left side, as shown in FIG. 3B.
As described above, in the prior art it is not possible to provide a blank space for filing purposes at an appropriate position when input image information is recorded on recording paper. Also, it is not possible to unify the length of the blank space in order to make filing easier.

Image processing apparatus that controls a blank to be a predetermined length in accordance with the size of the recording medium


A packaging for timepiece appliques with a foot and body, including at least one tray provided for the reception, holding, storage and transport of appliques of the same height, including bores for receiving the feet at a constant pitch, adjacent to housings for housing the applique bodies resting on an upper tray surface as opposed to a lower tray surface, each tray including position indexing device, and at least one vertically extending mounting spacer, arranged to cooperate in abutment with a lower surface of another such tray, or a lower spacer surface of a spacer of the packaging, each mounting spacer extending, from the upper tray surface, over a height greater than that of the applique bodies.

The manufacture of small timepiece display components, such as appliques, indices, hands, or suchlike, is always difficult, as these small-sized components which are difficult to handle without scratching, are visible components which determine, at first glance, the level of finish and quality of a watch or of a timepiece. When such components are made of precious metal, it is important not to lose them among chips or in a treatment or cleaning bath.
CH 702 688 B1 MONYCO discloses a working and handling support for dial index of watch in timepiece field, having fixation unit that fixes sheet to another sheet, and positioning and fixing components that are connected with index to allow positioning of index.
EP 2 455 824 A1 METALEM discloses a method for treating elements intended for being fixed to a watch dial, involving positioning blanks of elements on a support that is configured such that machining operations and surface treatment operations are performed on the blanks mounted on the support, where the support is in form of a disk. The machining operations are performed on surfaces of the blanks of the elements by units cooperating with the blanks mounted on the support. The surface treatment operations are performed on the blanks of the elements mounted on support by electroplating.
EP 2 799 940 A1 SWATCH GROUP MAN SERV AG discloses a packaging for the transport and handling of elongate elements such as watch hands comprising a support having a face known as receiving the elongate elements and means, for fixing said elongate elements, said the fixing means is at least one pad of adhesive material of sufficient height to hold the elongated element at a distance from the receiving face.


An improved album leaf and system for displaying, storing and retrieving images. The album leaf comprises a first side and a second side, the first side having a plurality of images formed thereon, and an icon for identifying the images on the first side and the source from which the images originated. A binder may include a plurality of the album leaves having a plurality of retaining means, for example, pockets for holding items containing the original source from which the images displayed in the album leaf originated. A separate source retaining leaf may be provided having holding means for retaining the original source from which the images displayed on the album leaf originated.

Typically, consumers receive individual photographic prints from photofinishers and the film negative from which the prints were made. The film negatives may be provided in cut strips loosely with the prints, or may be provided in a film cassette having a cartridge ID if the prints were obtained from APS film (Advanced Photographic System, recently introduced). The loosely provided prints tend to make it difficult for the owners to store or view the prints. When prints provided from APS film are returned to the customer, index prints are also provided. The index print allows the identifying and locating of particular images returned in the APS film cartridge. This, of course, provides an added print at added cost to the photofinisher.
In U.S. Ser. No. 08/455,770, filed May 31, 1995, entitled "Dual Sides Photographic Album Leaf and Method of Making," there is disclosed providing to the customer one or more album leaves containing the images on the roll of film. These leaves may be used to provide all of the service prints present on the negative filmstrip. However, it is difficult to relate the images on the album page to the individual negatives from the roll of film from which it originated. The customer must first sort through the separate index prints returned to the customer, which may not be conveniently located.
Applicants have invented an improved album page and system for displaying, storing and retrieving of images which overcomes many of the storing, displaying and retrieving problems of the prior art.

System for displaying, storing and retrieving images


The invention relates to a switching device for the alternate connection of at least one first test port or of a second test port to a measuring-device connection, where the measuring-device connection provides at least one test-signal input. The test-signal input is connected to a first signal path and to a second signal path, where the first signal path is connected alternately to the first or to the second test port, and the second signal path is connected at least to the respectively other test port.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a switching device for the alternate connection of a first or a second test port to a measuring device.
2. Discussion of the Background
In the production of mobile telephones, it is conventional to test the finished mobile-telephone devices with regard to their function. For this purpose, the mobile-telephone devices are connected to a measuring device, which emulates a base station. After the contacting of the measuring device, the mobile-telephone devices are first synchronized to the time raster of the measuring device, and a connection is then set up. The actual test procedure can be implemented when the connection has been set up. A procedure of this kind is disclosed in DE 103 24 745 A1. During the connection between the measuring device and the mobile-telephone device under test, test signals are transferred from the measuring device to the mobile-telephone device under test, and the signal transmitted back from the mobile-telephone device is evaluated.
In general, a measuring device comprises a bi-directional connection, across which the test signal is output and the measured signal, that is to say, the signal returning from the mobile-telephone device, is also read in. In the production of mobile-telephone devices, every device manufactured is tested with regard to its function or respectively with regard to the fulfillment of the relevant specifications. Accordingly, a considerable time is lost in changing the individual devices, which must be connected to the test port of the measuring device. The use of a switching device in order to save at least the amount of time, which is required for contacting the mobile-telephone devices, is therefore already known. This switching device provides a first and a second test port. The two test ports are structured in an identical manner, wherein each test port can be connected at the same time to a mobile-telephone device. The switching device contains switching means, with which respectively one of the two test ports can be connected to the bi-directional measuring-device connection of the measuring device. In this manner, a new mobile-telephone device to be tested can already be contacted, while the measurement on another is still running. After the completion of this measurement, the switching device is then activated without the need to separate the mobile-telephone device, for which the measurement has just been completed. Accordingly, while the measurement on the second mobile-telephone device is running, a change of device can be implemented at the other test port.
The disadvantage with a known test station of this kind is that a synchronization process between the mobile-telephone device now to be tested and the measuring device is implemented only after the activation of the single switching device because respectively one of the two test ports is completely separated from the measuring device dependent upon the switch position of the switching device.


A method of monitoring a processing system in real-time using low-pressure based modeling techniques that include processing one or more of wafers in a processing chamber; determining a measured dynamic process response for a rate of change for a process parameter; executing a real-time dynamic model to generate a predicted dynamic process response; determining a dynamic estimation error using a difference between the predicted dynamic process response and the expected process response; and comparing the dynamic estimation error to operational limits.

Several processes in semiconductor manufacturing involve processing wafers at low-pressure. In a typical such process, the process chamber is brought to a reduced pressure; subsequently certain process gases are introduced into the chamber to create desired process conditions.
For illustration purpose, we describe one such process in some detail. Several methods have been developed for creating thin films on wafers used in manufacturing semiconductor devices. Among the more established techniques is Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), a variant of CVD, is a relatively newer technology now emerging as a potentially superior method of achieving highly uniform, conformal film deposition.
ALD has demonstrated an outstanding ability to maintain ultra-uniform thin deposition layers over complex topology. This is at least partially true because ALD is not as flux dependent as is CVD. This flux-independent nature of ALD allows processing at lower temperatures than with conventional CVD methods.
The technique of ALD is based on the principle of the formation of a saturated monolayer of reactive precursor molecules by chemisorption. A typical ALD process consists of injecting a precursor RA for a period of time until a saturated monolayer is formed on the wafer. Then, the precursor RA is purged from the chamber using an inert gas, GI. This is followed by injecting precursor RB into the chamber, also for a period of time thus forming the layer AB on the wafer. Then, the precursor RB is purged from the chamber. This process of introducing RA, purging the reactor, introducing RB, and purging the reactor can be repeated a number of times to achieve an AB film of a desired thickness.
This process is also illustrative of the types of issue encountered in such low-pressure processing. For example:
1)Film quality and composition can be greatly impacted, such as when in case of the flow rates of the Reactants RA and RB fail to be as desired in the recipe. For example, if the mass flow controller (MFC) corresponding to the reactant fails to perform as desired to deliver the recipe setpoint flow rate value, the film quality can be affected.
2) In-situ measurements providing details of wafer condition, such as when saturation of a precursor monolayer is completed on the wafer(s), are not available; this hinders the ability to control and optimize processing conditions so as to achieve optimal performance and throughput.

Monitoring a monolayer deposition (MLD) system using a built-in self test (BIST) table


A seat for a vehicle has an upper panel provided integrally with a seat back which can be tilted forward and rearward by operating an operation lever for reclining use. At a first operation position of an operation lever for walk-in use, the operation lever for walk-in use is interlocked with the operation lever for reclining use through a linking arm to tilt the upper panel urged by a spring forward. A projected piece mounted on the upper panel contacts a slide-unlocking lever and operates the slide-unlocking lever to rotate in an unlocking direction. Thereby slide locking of the seat for the vehicle is released. At a second operation position of the operation lever for walk-in use, the slide-unlocking lever is operated directly by a linking plate. Thereby the slide locking of the seat for the vehicle is released.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a seat for a vehicle and more particularly to a seat for a vehicle having a walk-in mechanism provided for a person getting on a rear seat.
2. Description of the Related Art
As shown in FIG. 5, many types of walk-in mechanisms mounted on a seat of a vehicle have a walk-in lever 8 projected rearward from a lower end of a seat back S1. The walk-in lever 8 is interlocked with a reclining mechanism of the seat back S1. When the walk-in lever 8 is pressed down, the reclining mechanism is unlocked. Thereby the seat back S1 is tilted forward by an urging force as shown with a two-dot chain line of FIG. 5. When the seat back S1 is tilted forward, a part of the seat back S1 contacts a slide-unlocking lever (not shown in FIG. 5). Thereby the seat back S1 can be slid forward.
FIG. 6 shows a known tip-up type seat for sufficiently securing a baggage room in a rear part of a vehicle. The tip-up type seat can be moved forward, with a seat cushion S2 tipped up toward the seat back S1. Even though the conventional walk-in mechanism is used in the tip-up type seat, the seat back S1 cannot be tilted forward because the seat cushion S2 tipped up interferes with the seat back S1. Thereby a slide mechanism cannot be unlocked. Such being the case, as shown in FIG. 6, an operation lever 9 is projected rearward from a lower end of the seat back S1, with the operation lever 9 spaced at a certain interval from the walk-in lever 8. The slide mechanism can be unlocked by pressing down the operation lever 9. But it is necessary to mount the two levers 8, 9 on the lower end of the seat back S1. Thus this construction is disadvantageous in terms of the cost and the space required for mounting the two levers 8, 9.
In the walk-in mechanism is proposed and disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-4971 to solve the above-described problem, by using a wire, a reclining release lever and a slide-unlocking lever are connected to a pulling operation type single wire provide data lower portion of the seat back. Thereby the seat back can be reclined and the seat can be slid by the single operation lever.
In the above-described walk-in mechanism, the seat can be slid by operating the single operation lever regardless of whether or not the seat back cannot be tilted forward because the seat cushion of the tip-up seat is tipped up. But the walk-in mechanism has a problem that it is necessary to keep pulling the operation lever in a normal walk-in operation which is performed to tilt the seat back forward. Therefore the walk-in mechanism has a low degree of operability.


A piezoelectric ceramic and a piezoelectric device capable of being fired at a low temperature and improving piezoelectric properties are provided. The piezoelectric ceramic and the piezoelectric device includes Pba[(Znb/3Nb2/3)xTiyZrz]O3 (where 0.94≦a≦1.02, 1<b≦3, x+y+z=1, 0.05≦x<0.125, 0.275<y≦0.5, 0.375<z≦0.6) or (Pbe·fMef)[(Zng/3Nb2/3)uTivZrw]O3 (where 0.96≦e≦1.03, 0.01≦f≦0.1, 1<g≦3, u+v+w=1, 0.05≦u<0.125, 0.275<v≦0.5, 0.375<w≦0.6, and Me indicates Sr, Ba or Ca). When an excessive amount of Zn is included, the firing temperature can be lower, and the piezoelectric properties can be improved.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a piezoelectric ceramic and a piezoelectric device applicable to, for example, a piezoelectric vibrator such as an actuator, a piezoelectric buzzer, a sound component and a sensor, and specifically suitable for a multilayer piezoelectric vibrator.
2. Description of the Related Art
One of conventional devices using displacement generated by a piezoelectric effect as a mechanical driving source is an actuator. Specifically, compared to an electromagnetic actuator, a multilayer actuator in which a piezoelectric layer and an internal electrode are laminated has lower power consumption, a lower heating value and better responsivity, and the size and the weight of the multilayer actuator can be reduced. Therefore, in recent years, the multilayer actuator is used in various fields such as a needle selection control of a fabric-knitting machine.
Piezoelectric ceramics used for these actuators are required to have large piezoelectric properties, specifically a large piezoelectric constant d. As a piezoelectric ceramic capable of obtaining a large piezoelectric constant d, for example, a ternary system of lead titanate (PbTiO3; PT), lead zirconate (PbZrO3; PZ) and lead zinc niobate (Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3) (for example, refer to Japanese Examined Patent Application Publication No. Sho 44-17344 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2001-181035) and the ternary system to which bismuth (Bi) and zinc (Zn) are added (for example, refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. Hei 3-40965) are known. Further, the ternary system in which strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), calcium (Ca) or the like is substituted for a part of lead (Pb) has been proposed (for example, refer to Japanese Examined Patent Application Publication No. Sho 45-39977 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication Nos. Sho 61-129888 and 2001-181036).
However, in a conventional piezoelectric ceramic, the firing temperature is as high as approximtely 1200° C., so when a multilayer piezoelectric device is manufactured, it is necessary to use an expensive noble metal such as platinum (Pt) or palladium (Pd) for the internal electrode, which causes a high manufacturing cost. Therefore, in order to use a lower-cost material for the internal electrode, a reduction in the firing temperature is desired.
For example, in the case where a lower-cost silver-palladium (Ag—Pd) alloy is used for the internal electrode, a oxidation-reduction reaction on palladium occurs during firing, which may cause a crack or peeling, so the palladium content is required to be 30 mass % or less, and for that purpose, according to the phase diagram of the silver-palladium system, the firing temperature is required to be 1150° C. or less, preferably 1120° C. or less. Moreover, in order to further reduce the manufacturing cost, it is preferable to further reduce the palladium content. For example, in order to contain the 20 mass % or less of palladium, the firing temperature is required to be 1050° C. or less, and in order to contain 15% or less of palladium, the firing temperature is required to be 1000° C. or less.
Moreover, using a lower-cost copper (Cu) for the internal electrode has been considered recently. However, the melting point of copper is 1085° C., so the firing temperature is required to be 1050° C. or less. In addition, copper is a base metal, so copper is oxidized when copper is fired in an air atmosphere, thereby copper cannot be used as the electrode. Therefore, it is necessary to fire copper in a low oxygen reducing atmosphere.
Moreover, in general, a proportional relationship is established between the piezoelectric constant d, an electromechanical coupling factor kr and a relative dielectric constant ∈r, so in the conventional piezoelectric ceramic, in order to obtain a large piezoelectric constant d, the electromechanical coupling factor kr and the relative dielectric constant ∈r are increased. However, when the relative dielectric constant ∈r increases, the impedance declines, so when the piezoelectric device is driven, a large amount of current flows through the piezoelectric device, thereby an energy required for driving the piezoelectric device is increased.
In addition, recently, the piezoelectric actuator is used in an automobile engine, a hot-melt type ink jet printer or the like, so the operating temperature may reach approximately 150° C. Therefore, a temperature eliminating piezoelectric properties, that is, a so-called Curie temperature is desired to be 300° C. or more.

Piezoelectric ceramic and piezoelectric device


There is described a method of fabricating an optical fiber device, the method comprising: positioning longitudinal portions of a plurality of optical fibers alongside each other in a given geometrical relationship, depositing liquid coating material around the longitudinal portions of the plurality of optical fibers; and the liquid coating material setting up around the longitudinal portions of the plurality of optical fibers thereby maintaining said given geometrical relationship along the longitudinal portions.

Two- or three-dimensional shape sensors generally involve an optical fiber device having two or more optical fibers extending alongside each other in a given geometrical relationship, an interrogator optically coupled to the optical fibers, and a computing device communicatively coupled to the interrogator. As the optical fiber device experiences a curvature-induced strain along its length, a relative longitudinal tension or compression with respect to the center of the optical fiber device will cause the optical fibers to register positive- or negative-induced strain changes, respectively. To calculate a local curvature, the relative strains are measured in real-time by the interrogator and the measured strains are processed by the computing device according to known algorithms. Although optical fiber devices for shape sensing applications are satisfactory to a certain degree, there remains room for improvement, especially in providing fabrication methods and systems which can limit variations in the positioning of the optical fibers with respect to one another along the length of the optical fiber device.

Method and system for fabricating an optical fiber device for shape sensing


A method for network traffic scheduling includes determining a distribution of monitoring servers of an application server in one or more service network areas of the application server and in one or more network areas out of the one or more service network areas, in response to determining that the distribution satisfies a preset distribution condition, modifying a mapping relationship between the application server and the monitoring servers to obtain an updated mapping relationship according to the distribution, performing monitoring according to the updated mapping relationship, and modifying a service network area coverage scheme of the application server according to a result of the monitoring.

With the development of the Internet, users have higher and higher requirements for the quality of service of network access, and intelligent traffic scheduling functions are widely used to improve the quality of service and the availability. An intelligent traffic scheduling system functions to realize a traffic distribution between servers in different areas on a local area network (including the Internet) so as to ensure that the best server is used to service the nearest client, thus ensuring the access quality. Generally, the intelligent scheduling system will guide a user to access to the optimal server taking into consideration the network location of the user and the state of the application server, so as to achieve the optimal service effect. The server state is generally detected and acquired by a monitoring server.
The state of the application server acquired by the monitoring server is generally classified into two types. The first type is an operating state (including the utilization rate of a magnetic disk, a load, a memory, or the like). This state is generally detected by a detection agent in the application server. The second type is a network service state (network communication state, port communication state or the like). This state is generally detected by independent monitoring servers in different network areas to obtain the most accurate result of monitoring.
In the existing solutions, according to the network area where the application server of the monitoring target is located, different computer rooms in a same network area, a same region in different network areas, a same ISP or other rules are selected for selection of a monitoring server. In accordance with a certain voting algorithm, the network service state of the application server is determined to determine the availability of the server. It is finally reflected whether the application server will be used during the intelligent traffic scheduling.
In such existing methods, since the monitoring server is selected without reference to the intelligent scheduling coverage scheme configuration, the result of monitoring may not represent the capability of the application server to service a certain network area, so that a fault may not be discovered or a switch may be occurred without failure. Moreover, the result of monitoring is also determined for the application server. The scheduling system acquires the data of the network service state of a certain application server monitored by a monitoring server and then determines, according to all monitored data ad by voting, whether the application server is available, without using a finer granularity and considering that different network areas of the application server will have dimensions of different network characteristics. When the network from an individual network area to the application server is abnormal, the whole application server is directly considered as being unavailable, resulting in inaccurate scheduling results and resource waste.

Method and apparatus for realizing intelligent traffic scheduling, computer readable storage medium thereof and computer device

GUIZHOU BAISHANCLOUD TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.


A spin transfer torque memory random access memory (STTMRAM) element is capable of switching states when electrical current is applied thereto for storing data and includes the following layers. An anti-ferromagnetic layer, a fixed layer formed on top of the anti-ferromagnetic layer, a barrier layer formed on top of the second magnetic layer of the fixed layer, and a free layer including a first magnetic layer formed on top of the barrier layer, a second magnetic layer formed on top of the first magnetic layer, a nonmagnetic insulating layer formed on top of the second magnetic layer and a third magnetic layer formed on top of the non-magnetic insulating layer. A capping layer is formed on top of the non-magnetic insulating layer.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a spin transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STTMRAM) element, and, more particularly, to an STTMRAM element having a laminated synthetic graded free layer.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Spin transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STTMRAM) is one of the next generations of non-volatile memory currently under development. In STTMRAM, writing magnetic bits is achieved by using a spin polarized current through the magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ), instead of using a magnetic field. The STTMRAM write current scales down with smaller MTJ size in future technology nodes. STTMRAM has significant advantages over the recently-commercialized magnetic-field-switched MRAM, making it a viable candidate for replacing MRAM.
However, one of problems currently preventing use of STTMRAMs is reliable storage of data, which occurs by the free layer thereof switching magnetic orientation to save a logic state of '1' or '0'. Thermal stability plays a strong role in affecting switching of the free layer in that the higher thermal stability, the more reliable the switching of the free layer. Otherwise, STTMRAM offers fast read/write speed and has lower voltage requirement and as such is believed to be an ideal candidate for replacing SRAM as an embedded memory, among other foreseeable applications.
An example of a prior art STTMRAM element 1 is shown in FIG. 1. The element 1 is shown to include an underlayer 2 on top of which is shown formed an antiferromagnetic layer 3, on top of which is shown formed a magnetic layer 4, on top of which is shown formed an AF coupling layer 5, on top of which is shown formed a magnetic layer 6, on top of which is shown formed a barrier layer 7, on top of which is shown formed a magnetic layer 8, on top of which is shown formed a capping layer 9. The element 1, as do other prior art STTMRAM elements, suffers from low thermal stability, which adversely affects the switching behavior thereof.
What is needed is a STTMRAM element with improved thermal stability while maintaining ease of switching the magnetization state thereof with an electrical current.

Spin transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STTMRAM) having graded synthetic free layer


The present invention discloses a lighting emitting diode device with directivity and coherency and a manufacturing method for providing a light with directivity and coherency. The light emitting diode device comprises a substrate, a light emitting diode module and a masking layer. The light emitting diode module is disposed on the substrate, and is provided for emitting a light, and the masking layer is disposed on the light emitting diode module. The masking layer has an opening, and an aperture of the opening is matching with the wavelength of the light. The light with directivity and coherency is generated by the diffraction effect when the light passes through the opening.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to a light emitting diode device and a manufacturing method for providing a light source, more particularly to a light emitting diode device with directivity and coherency and a manufacturing method for providing a light source with directivity and coherency.
2. Description of Related Art
The laser light has the characteristics with high parallel, monochrome and high intensity. In the beginning, the laser light is applied to the remove control, the science search, the industry and the military affairs. Nowadays, they are applied in daily life extensively.
For example, when the laser light has high energy value and high intensity, the laser light may be applied to cut the metal material, the welding and the engraving imprint. When the laser light has lower energy power, the laser light may be applied to the surgical operation, stop bleeding, the stain removal and the vision correction.
The laser is almost consisted of an exciting system, a laser medium and an optical resonance cavity. The exciting system may be provided for generating a power of light, electricity or chemistry reaction. The laser medium is defined as a medium to generate a laser light. For example, the laser medium may be the red diamond, the glass, the helium, the semiconductor or the organic dyes. The optical resonance cavity is provided for enhancing the luminance of laser, regulating, and assisting the wavelength and direction of the laser.
Because of the structure of the laser is complex, the manufacturing method of the laser is not easy and the cost is high.

Lighting emitting diode device with directivity and coherency and manufacturing method for providing light with directivity and coherency


The object of the invention is the provision of methods and apparatuses for controlled direct printing of continuous films or discreet structures using a two-component liquid jet issuing from an orifice. The two liquids may be miscible or immiscible, and form an annularly propagating flow along the axis of a deposition head. The flow consists of an outer sheath liquid with a boiling point temperature that is approximately 10 to 40 degrees lower than that of an inner sample liquid. The exit channel of the head is heated so that the pressurized outer sheath liquid is raised to a temperature greater than the boiling point of the sheath liquid at the local atmospheric pressure. The outer liquid is evaporated as the jet exits the orifice and falls at atmospheric pressure. Deposited sample line widths are produced in the range from approximately 1 to 1000 microns.

General Discussion of Liquid Jetting
It is well-known that a stable liquid jet is formed by forcing a liquid of sufficient viscosity through an orifice—(Edmund, 2006) Macroscopic liquid jets are observed in nature when a pressurized vessel containing a liquid of sufficiently low viscosity is punctured. The flow from the orifice created by the puncture produces a liquid jet with a flow rate that is dependent on the orifice diameter and the pressure within the vessel. Common examples of moderate viscosity jets are honey or oil flowing from an opening. It is also commonly known that jets of medium to low-viscosity liquids, i.e. water, ethylene glycol, and isopropanol, have inherent instabilities and can break up into droplets at varying distances from the jet orifice. Many studies however have been performed to confirm the stable propagation of medium to low-viscosity jets before filament breakup—(Habibi, 2010), (Edmund, 2006). Habibi has performed experimental studies of buckling of stable filaments of silicon oil ejected from an orifice: The silicon oil filaments propagated along distances as great as 60 cm. Edmund has studied the stability of a jet of a viscoelastic liquid formed using hydrodynamic focusing. (Takahashi, 1969) has reported liquid jets of water in air propagating to distances as large as 20 cm before breakup.
The Microfluidic Liquid Jet printing concept was inspired by the observation of stable jets of liquid commonly seen in nature. Examples of microfluidic liquid transport and microfluidic liquid jets are prevalent in nature. Indeed, over 40,000 known species of spiders exist, most of which are classified as web-spinning. Spider silk fibers are spun from pressurized abdominal sacs containing a polymeric solution. The jet dries in-flight to diameters of approximately 2.5 to 4.0 microns, and is used to make intricate patterned webs. The present invention produces a stable co-axial liquid jet by maintaining a constant pressure within a microfluidic flow cell used to form the co-axial liquid distribution.
General Description of Hydrodynamic Focusing
In hydrodynamic focusing, an annular distribution of a core liquid and a sheath liquid is forced through a channel or nozzle, with the core liquid being stretched into a thin filament as the liquids accelerate through the constriction. The width of the core filament is a function of the ratio of the core and sheath flow rates. In hydrodynamic focusing, the diameter of the core liquid is proportional to the fractional volume occupied by the core liquid. As the ratio of the core liquid flow rate to the sheath liquid flow rate is decreased, the volume occupied by the core liquid decreases, and thus reduces the diameter of the core liquid filament. In hydrodynamic focusing applications, the core liquid is stretched into a filament with a width as small as 1 micron.
Hydrodynamic Focusing for Direct Printing Applications
In a Direct Printing technique, a liquid is deposited onto a substrate without the use of masks or lithographic techniques. The present invention uses hydrodynamic focusing to form a thin filament of ink surrounded by a sacrificial sheath liquid. In one application of hydrodynamic focusing to direct printing, two miscible liquids with limited diffusivity are used to obtain focusing of the core liquid. The radius of the core liquid is proportional to the ratio of the core and sheath flow rates, and in application of the present invention, can be varied from approximately 1 micron to 1000 microns.

Methods and apparatuses for direct deposition of features on a surface using a two-component microfluidic jet


A network component comprising at least one processor configured to implement a method comprising receiving a message comprising a node's data value from the node, determining whether a local data value has been assigned, and adopting the node's data value as the local data value when the local data value has not been assigned. Also disclosed is a network component comprising a plurality of ports each configured to couple to a node via a link, a memory configured to store a port data value associated with at least some of the ports, and a processor coupled to the memory and the ports, wherein the processor is configured to access a node's data value in a message and adopt the node's data value as the port data value.

Modern communication and data networks are comprised of nodes that transport data through a network. The nodes may include routers, switches, bridges, and other components that transport the individual data frames and/or packets through the network. Certain parameters related to data communication over a link must be provisioned consistently for the ports in the nodes bounding the link. For example, providing management connectivity, such as a Data Communication Network (DCN) management communication channel over a link is desirable. Furthermore, consistent provisioning of DCN parameters at the ports bounding the link is important to ensuring that management connectivity functions properly in such networks.

Value-adoption and value-translation for automatic provisioning of port parameters