The subject invention relates to a laser system where the length stability of the resonant cavity is important. Three unique mounting assemblies are disclosed to improve the stability of the cavity. The first assembly relates to a kinematic support for mounting an Invar bar. The second assembly defines a once-piece gimbal pivot ring designed to mount laser mirrors. The final aspect of the invention includes a mounting assembly designed to automatically compensate for changes in length of an Invar support bar due to temperature variations which could alter the cavity length of the laser.

The need to provide a resonate cavity of stable optical length for certain laser applications is well known. For example, stable resonator configurations have been used to enhance single frequency operation and mode-locking. In this context, a stable resonator is intended to mean that the length of the resonant cavity (measured along the laser beam between the end mirrors) is held constant.
A number of approaches have been taken in the prior art to improve the stability of the resonator. For example, it is well known that the stability of the cavity can be improved if all optical components are mounted on a bar having a relatively low thermal coefficient of expansion. One suitable material is Invar. In use, the bar is connected to the frame or laser housing through some form of kinematic mounting. A good kinematic mounting will minimize the number of contact points with the bar while removing any degrees of freedom of motion of the bar with respect to the frame. In this manner, any force placed on the frame, which could misalign the optical elements, will not be transferred to the bar. In accordance with one aspect of the subject invention, an improved kinematic mounting for an Invar bar is disclosed.
Although materials such as Invar have a relatively low coefficient of thermal expansion, the length of the Invar bar will change to some degree in response to variations in temperature. Various electromechanical servo mechanisms have been developed to compensate for gross deviations in length due to temperature. Another aspect of the subject invention is to provide a new and improved means for automatically compensating for small variations in the change in length of a support bar such that the total length of the resonant cavity can be maintained constant despite small environmental temperature changes.
The mirrors at the end of a resonant cavity are typically mounted in an adjustable support. A standard support consists of two plates which can be rotated with respect to each other about two pivot lines. The adjustments comprise a pair of screws for making this adjustment. The problem with this standard mirror mount is that as the mirror is rotated, the mirror face moves with respect to the beam path, changing the length of the resonant cavity. In the final aspect of the subject invention, an improved gimbal mirror mount is disclosed which overcomes this difficulty.
Accordingly, it is an object of the subject invention to provide a new and improved laser having enhanced stability.
It is another object of the subject invention to provide an improved kinematic mounting assembly for a laser.
It is still another object of the subject invention to provide a new and improved kinematic mounting assembly for connecting a mirror support structure or bar to a frame of a laser.
It is still a further object of the subject invention to provide improved mirror mounting assemblies.
It is still another object of the subject invention to provide improved mirror mounting assemblies which are designed to maintain the length of the resonant cavity in the laser.
It is another object of the subject invention to provide a gimbal assembly for pivotally mounting a laser mirror.
It is still a further object of the subject invention to provide a mounting assembly for a mirror which automatically compensates for changes in the length of a support bar due to temperature.


A method for verifying a design through symbolic simulation is disclosed. The method comprises creating one or more binary decision diagram variables for one or more inputs in a design containing one or more state variables and building a binary decision diagram for a first node of one or more nodes of the design. A binary decision diagram for the initial state function of one or more state variables of the design is generated and the design is subsequently initialized. Binary decisions diagrams for one or more constraints are synthesized. A set of constraint values is accumulated over time by combining the binary decision diagrams for the one or more constraints with a set of previously generated binary decision diagrams for a set of constraints previously used in one or more previous time-steps. A binary decision diagram for the next state function of the one or more state variables in the design is constructed in the presence of the constraints. The one or more state variables in the design are updated by propagating the binary decision diagram for the next state function to the one or more state variables and a set of binary decision diagrams for the one or more targets in the presence of the one or more constraints is calculated. The set of binary decision diagrams for one or more targets is constrained and the design is verified by determining whether the one or more targets were hit.

This application is co-related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/926,587, filed on Aug. 26, 2004, and entitled, "Method and System for Building Binary Decision Diagrams Efficiently in a Structural Network Representation of a Digital Circuit," the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates in general to verifying designs and in particular to representing a logic function in a decision diagram. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to a system, method and computer program product for handling constraints during symbolic simulation of a design.
2. Description of the Related Art
Formal and semiformal verification techniques provide powerful tools for discovering errors in verifying the correctness of logic designs. Formal and semiformal verification techniques frequently expose probabilistically uncommon scenarios that may result in a functional design failure. Frequently, formal and semiformal verification techniques provide the opportunity to prove that a design is correct (i.e., that no failing scenario exists).
One commonly-used approach to formal and semiformal analysis for applications operating on representations of circuit structures is to represent the underlying logical problem structurally (as a circuit graph), and then use Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs) to convert the structural representation into a functionally canonical form.
In such an approach, in which a logical problem is represented structurally and binary decision diagrams are used to convert the structural representation into a functionally canonical form, a set of nodes for which binary decision diagrams are required to be built, called "sink" nodes, are identified. Examples of sink nodes include the output node or nodes in an equivalence checking or a false-paths analysis context. Examples of sink nodes also include targets in a property-checking or model-checking context.
Unfortunately, formal verification techniques require computational resources which are exponential with respect to the size of the design under test. In particular, many formal analysis techniques require exponential resources with respect to the number of state elements in the design under test. Semi-formal verification techniques leverage formal algorithms on larger designs by applying them only in a resource-bounded manner, though at the expense of incomplete verification coverage; generally, coverage decreases as design size increases.
Constraints are often used in verification to prune the possible input stimulus in certain states of the design. For example, a constraint may state "if the design's buffer is full, then constrain the input stimulus to prevent new transfers into the design". Semantically, the verification tool will typically discard any states for which a constraint evaluates to a 0 (i.e., the verification tool may never produce a failing scenario showing a violation of some property of the design, if that scenario does not adhere to all the constraints for all time-steps prior to the failure). In this previous example, it would be illegal for the verification tool to produce a trace of length "i" showing a violation of some property, if that trace illustrated the scenario that the buffer was full and a new transfer was initiated into the design between time 0 and i (inclusive).
Symbolic simulation is a symbolic exploration approach that has been used to exhaustively check designs for a bounded number of steps, starting at the initial states. This method verifies a set of scalar tests with a single symbolic vector. Symbolic inputs (represented as BDDs) are assigned to the inputs and propagated through the circuit to the outputs. This technique has the advantage that large input spaces are covered in parallel with a single symbolic sweep of the circuit. The bottleneck of the approach lies in the explosion of the BDD representations.
What is needed is a technique to handle constraints optimally in a sound and complete manner in a symbolic simulation setting, and thereby ensure that the sizes of intermediate BDDs are minimized with an optimal schedule for building BDDs for nodes in a netlist representation of a circuit.

Method and system for optimized handling of constraints during symbolic simulation

International Business Machines Corporation


Automatic generation of a document template based on recognized composition element patterns in documents associated with a user is provided. Composition elements used in documents are typically unique to a particular user or to a group of users. An automated template generation system detects composition element patterns in documents associated with the user, and generates and provides one or more useful and relevant templates comprising composition elements consistent with subsets of composition elements used in previously created documents. Generating a document template based on composition element patterns in documents associated with the user improves the user experience, reduces the use of bandwidth, memory, and processing power to reuse composition elements between documents. Additionally, providing user-relevant templates helps to ensure consistency across documents created by the user.

Users oftentimes create documents that have a similar general structure, such as documents with recurring content and/or like formatting. Generally, the structure is unique to a particular user or to a group of users. For example, a user may be a college student whose professors have requirements around the formatting of work for their classes. For each new assignment, the user may start out by fine tuning the formatting to match the particular class's requirements. The user may either start with a blank document and set up the formatting, or use a previous assignment as a template in an attempt to have consistent formatting.
Or, as another example, a user may produce legal documents that have a specific structure and may include boilerplate language that is shared between documents. When creating a new document, the user may cut and paste portions of an existing document into the new document. As can be appreciated, setting up each new document with individual attributes or manually assembling documents from existing documents can be tedious, time consuming, and can be prone to human error. Additionally, additional processing steps are required by a computing device to format each new document according to a user's input.
A template is pre-constructed document type that includes various composition elements, such as a collection of styles, formatting settings, and content. When opened in an application, a template creates a copy of itself, into which users can input their own information in lieu of repeatedly creating a new document with the various composition elements. An assortment of pre-constructed templates may be preinstalled with an application, or may be available for download. In some applications, users are enabled to create and save custom templates, which can be used for authoring future documents.

Automatic template generation based on previous documents


The pharmaceutical injection device of the present invention comprises a cartridge holder, a main case, a piston, a motor, an opening component, an open/closed detection switch, and a controller. The motor drives the piston in either an insertion direction in which the piston is inserted into a pharmaceutical cartridge, or a pull-out direction in which the piston is pulled out of the pharmaceutical cartridge. The opening component opens the cartridge holder in conjunction with the movement of the piston in the pull-out direction. The open/closed detection switch detects whether the cartridge holder is open or closed. When the open/closed detection switch detects that the cartridge holder is open, the controller controls the motor so as to stop the piston.

A conventional pharmaceutical injection device of this type comprised a main case, a cartridge holder provided openably and closeably to this main case, a piston that is provided inside this main case so as to be able to protrude from a pharmaceutical cartridge held in the cartridge holder, a piston drive mechanism that can make this piston protrude from the pharmaceutical cartridge, and a controller that is connected to this drive mechanism (see Patent Literature 1 below, for example).
Patent Literature 1: Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application 2012-50847


One embodiment sets forth an interface circuit configured to manage refresh command sequences that includes a system interface adapted to receive a refresh command from a memory controller, clock frequency detection circuitry configured to determine the timing for issuing staggered refresh commands to two or more memory devices coupled to the interface circuit based on the refresh command received from the memory controller, and at least two refresh command sequence outputs configured to generate the staggered refresh commands for the two or more memory devices.

1. Field of the Invention
Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to memory modules and, more specifically, to methods and apparatus for refresh management of memory modules.
2. Description of the Related Art
The storage capacity of memory systems is increasing rapidly due to various trends in computing, such as the introduction of 64-bit processors, multi-core processors, and advanced operating systems. Such memory systems may include one or more memory devices, such as, for example, dynamic random access memory (DRAM) devices. The cells of a typical DRAM device can retain data for a time period ranging from several seconds to tens of seconds, but to ensure that the data is properly retained and not lost, DRAM manufacturers usually specify a very low threshold for instituting a refresh operation. The specification for most modern memory systems containing DRAM devices is that the cells of the DRAM devices are refreshed once every 64 milliseconds. This means that each cell in a given DRAM device must be read out to the sense amplifier and then written back into the DRAM device at full signal strength once every 64 milliseconds. Furthermore, for some DRAM devices, to account for the effect of higher signal loss rate at higher temperature, the refresh rate is doubled when the device is operating above a standard temperature, typically above 85° C.
To simplify the task of ensuring that all DRAM cells are properly refreshed, most DRAM devices, including double data rate (DDR) and DDR2 synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) devices, have an internal refresh row address register that keeps track of the row identification (ID) of the last refreshed row. Typically, a memory controller sends a single refresh command to the DRAM device. Subsequently, the DRAM device increments the row ID in the refresh row address register and executes a sequence of standard steps (typically referred to a "row cycle") to refresh the data contained in DRAM cells of all rows with the appropriate row ID's in all of the banks in the DRAM device.
With the advent of higher capacity DRAM devices, there are more cells to refresh. Thus, to properly refresh all DRAM cells in a higher capacity DRAM device, either the refresh operations need to be performed more frequently or more cells need to be refreshed with each refresh command. To simplify memory controller design, the choice made by DRAM device manufacturers and memory controller designers is to keep the frequency of refresh operations the same, but refresh more DRAM cells for each refresh operation for the higher capacity DRAM devices. However, one issue associated with the action of refreshing more DRAM devices for each refresh operation in the higher capacity DRAM devices is that larger electrical currents may be drawn by the higher capacity DRAM devices for each refresh operation.
As the foregoing illustrates, what is needed in the art are new techniques for refreshing multiple memory devices in a memory system. In particular, higher capacity DRAM devices that must refresh a large number of DRAM cells for each refresh command.


A stackable recycling system for trash segregation comprises a garbage bin for non-recyclable trash, a stackable recycling subsystem. The stackable recycling subsystem has a base recycling bin, a stackable recycling bin and a top recycling bin. All three recycling bins have the same base specifications such that they can be stacked and secured via a plural of joining clips connecting grooves disposed on the side surfaces of those recycling bins. The base recycling bin and stackable recycling bin have a front door which can be pivotably opened for the convenience of trash receiving. Both the stackable recycling subsystem and garbage bins have rollers such that they can function independently or joined together as a single unit.

The trash disposal is a common issue in modern society. Trash segregation is widely adopted to enhance recycling procedures. In public places such as shopping mall, trashing receiving spot are not always designed for trash segregation. Moreover, those trashing receiving sports are not moveable and the trash bag are becoming heavy thus increases the burden for the cleaning staff. Hence, there is a need for a moveable recycling bin, which can take segregated recycling trash and easy for the cleaning staff to dump the trash to the larger trash receiving spot.
The present invention features a moveable stackable recycling bin system. The system comprises a garbage bin for non-recyclable trash, a stackable recycling subsystem. The stackable recycling subsystem has a base recycling bin, a stackable recycling bin and a top recycling bin. All three recycling bins have the same base specifications such that they can be stacked and secured via a plural of joining clips connecting grooves disposed on the side surfaces of those recycling bins. The base recycling bin and stackable recycling bin have a front door which can be pivotably opened for the convenience of trash receiving. Both the stackable recycling subsystem and garbage bins have rollers such that they can function independently or joined together as a single unit.
Any feature or combination of features described herein are included within the scope of the present invention provided that the features included in any such combination are not mutually inconsistent as will be apparent from the context, this specification, and the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art. Additional advantages and aspects of the present invention are apparent in the following detailed description and claims.


A modified polypropylene-based polymer obtained by graft modification of a propylene/α-olefin copolymer with a xylene-soluble portion of at least 40 mass % and no greater than 85 mass %, a xylene-soluble portion (XS) intrinsic viscosity (XSIV) of at least 2.5 dl/g, and an MFR value of no greater than 3.0 g/10 min at 230° C. under a load of 2.16 kg, using an unsaturated carboxylic acid or its derivative, and a flame retardant polyolefin-based resin composition having prescribed contents of a polyolefin-based resin component comprising 60-95 mass % of a polyolefin-based resin and 40-5 mass % of a modified polypropylene-based polymer, and an inorganic flame retardant component comprising an inorganic filler.

Polypropylene (PP)-based resins are generally inexpensive and have excellent mechanical strength, thermostability, chemical resistance, molding workability and recycling properties, and are therefore used in a wide range of fields including industrial materials, automobile parts, household electrical appliances and packaging materials. In recent years it has become a goal to provide products exhibiting a high level of performance in terms of flame retardance, gas barrier properties, thermostability and rigidity that cannot be realized by PP alone, by using combinations thereof with other materials. However, since PP does not have polar groups in the molecule, it exhibits very low adhesive strength for other materials such as other types of resins or metal, wood and the like, and in some cases it fails to adhere at all. One well-known means for solving this problem is a technique of blending crystalline polypropylene with maleic acid and a radical initiator for graft modification, as described in Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 42-10757, for example. However, the molecular chains of crystalline polypropylene are easily cleaved by the radical initiator, such that the flow property is notably increased while the adhesion interface becomes rigid, and therefore this technique is poorly applicable for uses that require flexibility. Flexible adhesives or compatibilizers have also been proposed which are resin materials obtained by modifying ethylene/α-olefin copolymer rubber with unsaturated carboxylic acids, as disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 52-49289, but because such materials are composed primarily of ethylene, they have insufficient heat resistance and compatibility with PP. In addition, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 55-50040, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication SHO No. 56-159239 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 09-235319 propose materials obtained by modifying PP and rubber blends with maleic acid, but these materials are still problematic because of inadequate tensile strength or adhesive force with the filler due to a lack of dispersibility of the rubber.

Modified polypropylene-based polymer and composition comprising it


A contact electrode assembly for delivering at least one therapeutic agent into ocular tissue of a subject includes a flexible dielectric layer, a first electrode portion, and a second electrode portion. The flexible dielectric includes oppositely disposed first and second surfaces. The first electrode portion is disposed on the first surface of the dielectric layer. The second electrode portion is disposed on a portion of the second surface of the dielectric layer. The second electrode portion includes an interdigitated electrode having a first comb-shaped portion defining a first plurality of fingers and a second comb-shaped portion defining a second plurality of fingers. Each of the first electrode portion, the first comb-shaped portion, and the second comb-shaped portion is electrically connectable to a signal source.

The treatment of ocular diseases in mammals, including humans and non-humans alike often requires that drugs or other agents be delivered to the eye in a therapeutic dose. Such diseases may occur in the choroid, the retina, the crystalline lens, and the optic nerve, as well as other ocular structures. One treatment methodology is to deliver an ocular agent to these structures via local drug administration, as opposed to systemic drug administration. This permits agents to be delivered directly to a site requiring evaluation and/or therapy. Because of drug localization, there is less of a concern for release or dissemination of the drug beyond the site of delivery. Such is also the case for other body sites where it is desirable to limit drug dissemination or systemic administration, yet still provide drugs in various formulations.
In many instances, however, local drug administration to the eye is not easily accomplished. Thus, localized drug administration often requires rather invasive procedures to gain access to the various ocular structures being treated. This may entail inserting a conduit, such as a fine gauge needle into the eye, or forming an incision for positioning of a device, such as a drug depot. Consequently, such treatment typically requires a visit to a hospital or doctor's office where trained health care professionals can perform the necessary, relatively more invasive procedures to achieve local drug administration.

Electrode assembly for delivering a therapeutic agent into ocular tissue


Substituted thiazolidinone carboxylic acid amides and substituted thiazolidine carboxylic acid amides according to formulae (I) and (II) are disclosed

Prostate cancer accounts for 33% of all newly diagnosed malignancies among men in the United States (American Cancer Society: Cancer Facts and Figures (2003)). According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 230,110 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2004, and 29,900 men will die of it (American Cancer Society: Cancer Facts and Figures (2004)). The incidence of prostate cancer varies worldwide, with the highest rates found in the United States, Canada, and Scandinavia, and the lowest rates found in China and other parts of Asia (Quinn and Babb, "Patterns and Trends in Prostate Cancer Incidence, Survival, Prevalence and Mortality. Part: International Comparisons," BJU Int. 90:162-173 (2002); Gronberg, "Prostate Cancer Epidemiology," Lancet 361:859-864 (2003)). These differences are caused by genetic susceptibility, exposure to unknown external risk factors, differences in health care and cancer registration, or a combination of these factors.
Cancer of the prostate is multifocal and it is commonly observed that the cancerous gland contains multiple independent lesions, suggesting the heterogeneity of the disease (Foster et al., "Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Prostate Cancer Precursors," Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 205:19-43 (2000)). Determinants responsible for the pathologic growth of the prostate remain poorly understood, although steroidal androgens and peptide growth factors have been implicated (Agus et al., "Prostate Cancer Cell Cycle Regulators: Response to Androgen Withdrawal and Development of Androgen Independence," J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. 91:1869-1876 (1999); Djakiew, "Dysregulated Expression of Growth Factors and Their Receptors in the Development of Prostate Cancer," Prostate 42:150-160 (2000)). As long as the cancer is confined to the prostate, it can be successfully controlled by surgery or radiation, but in metastatic disease, few options are available beyond androgen ablation (Frydenberg et al., "Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Management," Lancet 349:1681-1687 (1997)), the mainstay of treatment in the case of lymph node involvement or disseminated loci. Once tumor cells have become hormone refractory, the standard cytotoxic agents are marginally effective in slowing disease progression, although they do provide some degree of palliative relief. Current chemotherapeutic regimens, typically two or more agents, afford response rates in the range of only 20-30% (Beedassy et al., "Chemotherapy in Advanced Prostate Cancer," Sem. Oncol. 26:428-438 (1999); Raghavan et al., "Evolving Strategies of Cytotoxic Chemotherapy for Advanced Prostate Cancer," Eur. J. Cancer 33:566-574 (1997)).
One promising drug development strategy for prostate cancer involves identifying and testing agents that interfere with growth factors and other molecules involved in the cancer cell's signaling pathways. G-protein coupled receptors ("GPCRs") are a family of membrane-bound proteins that are involved in the proliferation and survival of prostate cancer cells initiated by binding of lysophospholipids ("LPLs") (Raj et al., "Guanosine Phosphate Binding Protein Coupled Receptors in Prostate Cancer: A Review," J. Urol. 167:1458-1463 (2002); Kue et al., "Essential Role for G Proteins in Prostate Cancer Cell Growth and Signaling," J. Urol. 164:2162-2167 (2000); Guo et al., "Mitogenic Signaling in Androgen Sensitive and Insensitive Prostate Cancer Cell Lines," J. Urol. 163:1027-1032 (2000); Barki-Harrington et al., "Bradykinin Induced Mitogenesis of Androgen Independent Prostate Cancer Cells," J. Urol. 165:2121-2125 (2001)). The importance of G protein-dependent pathways in the regulation of growth and metastasis in vivo is corroborated by the observation that the growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells in mice is attenuated by treatment with pertussis toxin, an inhibitor of Gi/o proteins (Bex et al., "Influence of Pertussis Toxin on Local Progression and Metastasis After Orthotopic hnplantation of the Human Prostate Cancer Cell Line PC3 in Nude Mice," Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2:36-40 (1999)). Lysophosphatidic acid ("LPA") and sphingosine 1-phosphate ("S1P") are lipid mediators generated via the regulated breakdown of membrane phospholipids that are known to stimulate GPCR-signaling.
LPL binds to GPCRs encoded by the Edg gene family, collectively referred to as LPL receptors, to exert diverse biological effects. LPA stimulates phospholipase D activity and PC-3 prostate cell proliferation (Qi et al., "Lysophosphatidic Acid Stimulates Phospholipase D Activity and Cell Proliferation in PC-3 Human Prostate Cancer Cells," J. Cell. Physiol. 174:261-272 (1998)). Further, prior studies have shown that LPA is mitogenic in prostate cancer cells and that PC-3 and DU-145 express LPA1, LPA2, and LPA3 receptors (Daaka, "Mitogenic Action of LPA in Prostate," Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1582:265-269 (2002)). Advanced prostate cancers express LPL receptors and depend on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase ("PI3K") signaling for growth and progression to androgen independence (Kue and Daaka, "Essential Role for G Proteins in Prostate Cancer Cell Growth and Signaling," J. Urol. 164:2162-2167 (2000)). Thus, these pathways are widely viewed as one of the most promising new approaches to cancer therapy (Vivanco et al., "The Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase AKT Pathway in Human Cancer," Nat. Rev. Cancer 2:489-501 (2002)) and provide an especially novel approach to the treatment of advanced, androgen-refractory prostate cancer. Despite the promise of this approach, there are no clinically available therapies that selectively exploit or inhibit LPA or PI3K signaling.
The present invention is directed to overcoming these and other deficiencies in the prior art.

Thiazolidinone amides, thiazolidine carboxylic acid amides, methods of making, and uses thereof

Abstract: where the various substituent groups are as defined in the specification. Methods of making these compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds, and their use, particularly for treating or preventing cancer, are also disclosed.

The University of Tennessee Research Foundation

Ohio State University Research Foundation


A method of monitoring catalyst performance may comprise applying a set of parameter readings for a given sample to a support vector machine to generate a classification output, clustering the set of parameter readings to reduce a number of support vectors, computing a total fuel mass following a deceleration fuel shut-off event and an exhaust gas oxygen sensor switch and indicating catalyst degradation based on the total fuel mass.

Emission control devices, such as a three-way catalyst, coupled to the exhaust of a combustion engine reduce combustion by-products such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen. To reduce emissions, catalyst monitoring methods are used to detect when an emission control device has reached its threshold use and is to be replaced. Reliable catalyst monitoring may reduce costs by decreasing erroneous characterization of useful catalyst as expended catalyst, or may reduce emissions by decreasing erroneous characterization of degraded catalyst as useful catalyst.
Various approaches for catalyst monitoring have been developed including methods provided for monitoring an emission control device comprising following a deceleration fuel shut-off duration, indicating degradation of the emission control device based on an integrated air-fuel and steady-state based index ratio diagnostic method. Support vector machine algorithms have further been applied to catalyst monitoring systems for classifying integrated air-fuel parameters to provide the degradation indication.
The inventors herein have recognized issues with the above approaches. Namely, the index ratio method has been proven to work only with partial volume systems. Furthermore, existing integrated air-fuel methods do not perform well in vehicles such as a limousine, in which an after-treatment system may be located farther away from a universal exhaust gas oxygen upstream sensor as compared to that in a more regularly sized vehicle. Thus, the capability and robustness of traditional catalyst monitoring methods may be reduced owing to large transport delays between the upstream universal exhaust-gas oxygen sensor and the air-fuel sensor downstream from the catalyst. Further still, support vector machine algorithms may use large amounts of memory, arising from a number of support vectors needed to define the classification plane.
One approach that at least partially addresses the above issues comprises a method of monitoring catalyst performance comprising computing a total fuel mass following a deceleration fuel shut-off event until a heated exhaust gas oxygen sensor switch. In particular, the method may include computing a transport delay to account for vehicles in which the after-treatment system is located farther away from an upstream exhaust gas oxygen sensor. Furthermore, catalyst degradation may be indicated based on the total fuel mass by applying a set of parameter readings to a support vector machine, wherein the support vector machine may employ clustering algorithms and/or a buffer region to reduce the number of support vectors. By computing a total fuel mass, the catalyst monitoring method can be made robust for both partial and full volume systems. In this manner, a catalyst monitoring method is described, providing increased robustness for partial and full volume systems and those with large transport delays, and having reduced memory usage as compared with traditional catalyst monitoring methods.
It should be understood that the summary above is provided to introduce in simplified form a selection of concepts that are further described in the detailed description. It is not meant to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, the scope of which is defined uniquely by the claims that follow the detailed description. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any disadvantages noted above or in any part of this disclosure.


A battery comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, a separator interposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, and an electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity. The first electrode and the second electrode are wound with the separator interposed therebetween to form an electrode assembly. The first electrode includes a current collector and an active material layer carried on one face of the current collector. The active material layer includes columnar particles having a bottom and a head, the bottom of the columnar particles being adhered to the current collector. The head of the columnar particles is positioned at an outer round side of the electrode assembly than the bottom.

In recent years, as an electrode material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries, a material containing a high capacity element has been attracting interest. For example, a material containing silicon (Si) or tin (Sn) has been attracting interest as a negative electrode active material with high capacity. The theoretical discharge capacity of Si is approximately 4199 mAh/g, which corresponds to an amount approximately 11 times as large as the theoretical discharge capacity of graphite.
However, these active materials, during the absorption of lithium ions, undergo a great change in their structures and expand. As a result, the active material particles break or the active material is peeled off from the current collector. This results in a reduction in electron conductivity between the active material and the current collector, which may degrade battery characteristics (in particular, cycle characteristics).
Under these circumstances, there has been proposed to use an oxide, a nitride, an oxynitride, etc. containing Si or Sn. In active materials including these, although the discharge capacity is slightly reduced, the degrees of expansion and contraction are reduced. Further, there has been proposed to provide an active material layer with a space for relieving the expansion during the absorption of lithium ions (Patent Documents 1 to 3).
Patent document 1 proposes forming an active material layer including columnar particles in a predetermined pattern on a current collector. A photo resist method and plating techniques are employed in forming a negative electrode active material layer. By forming an active material in a columnar state, gaps are created in the active material layer. This relieves the stress due to the expansion and the contraction of the active material, and prevents the destruction of the active material.
Patent Document 2 discloses an electrode including active material particles slanting with respect to a direction normal to a current collector. By slanting the active material particles with respect to a direction normal to the current collector, the stress due to the expansion and the contraction of the active material is relieved, and the destruction and the peeling-off from the current collector of the active material layer can be suppressed. This results in an improvement in battery characteristics such as cycle characteristics.
Patent Document 3 discloses a method for growing active material particles slanting with respect to a direction normal to a current collector of continuous length. The current collector of continuous length is transferred from a feeding roller to a film-forming roller. An element (an active material source) capable of absorbing and desorbing lithium is emitted from a target so as to be incident on the current collector on the film-forming roller. Between the current collector and the target, a mask for shielding the active material source is disposed so that the active material source cannot be incident on the surface of the current collector from a direction perpendicular thereto.    Patent Document 1: Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2004-127561    Patent Document 2: Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2006-155958    Patent Document 3: Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2005-196970

Lithium secondary battery with wound electrodes


In a method and apparatus for testing a head-gimbal assembly (HGA), a HGA is placed in contact with force transducers mounted on a rotational stage. The force transducers are adjusted to position the transducers around a rotational center of the rotational stage. The rotational stage is rotated, and the torque and variations in torque exerted by the HGA on the force transducers during rotation are measured.

The present invention relates to a measurement device for a head gimbal assembly. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method of and an apparatus for measuring torque and stiffness in the range of one micro-Newton meter and below for a head-gimbal assembly.
FIG. 1 illustrates a hard disk drive design typical in the art. Magnetic recording hard disk drives 100 use a read/write transducer or head mounted on an air-bearing slider for reading and/or writing data to a disk. The slider is attached to an actuator arm by a suspension. The combination of the slider and suspension is called a head-gimbal assembly (HGA) 102. The HGA uses the suspension for manipulating the read/write transducers throughout the disk. Typically, suspensions are miniature sheet metal springs that are very flexible. The sheet metal springs are in part rotational springs with stiffness values below one micro-Newton-meter per degree. Measuring these springs has become a challenge when trying to evaluate this parameter exactly as it operates in the disk drive. In addition, measuring torque in the range of one micro-Newton meter and below is difficult. For accurate measurement of this range of torques, the minimum resolution needed is below 0.05 micro-Newton meters. However, the most sensitive torque transducers in the market today cannot measure below 35 micro-Newton meters.
Several problems also exist with the methods used today to measure torque and stiffness of HGA suspensions. Most of the methods used today, including those known as "static" or "dynamic," introduce extra parts such as relatively large bars that must be bonded to sliders. Adding these extra parts tends to introduce inaccuracies in the results due to the geometric variations in manufacturing these extra parts. Another problem with existing methods is that the parts being tested do not experience the exact boundary conditions as they do in their final state in the disk drive. One missing boundary condition is Z-height. Both "static" and "dynamic" measurement methods mount the HGAs on the testers in a state different from their natural state in the disk drive. Similarly, "static" and "dynamic" methods do not exert the correct load onto the air bearing of the slider. As a result, both of these methods produce results that are often questionable as to their accuracy and/or validity.
Thus, what is needed is an improved method and apparatus for measuring the stiffness and torque of a HGA in the range of one micro-Newton meter and below.

Micro torque and micro stiffness measurement device


In accordance with an embodiment, described herein is a system and method for providing sandboxing support in a multidimensional database environment. A plurality of sandboxes and a baseline data can be provided in a multidimensional database server, with each sandbox created for a particular “what-if” analysis, and configured to store one or more changes to the baseline data. When a request is received for a report on a particular “what-if” analysis from a client/user, the multidimensional database server can split the request into a first query and the second query, with the first query directed to a sandbox associated with the client/user, and the second query directed to the baseline data. The multidimensional database server can merge results from the first query and the second query, and perform aggregations and calculations on the merged data, before sending the merged data to a client.

Scenario management can help enterprises stay competitive by identifying upcoming opportunities and threats early and integrating them into strategic planning on time. Scenario management requires the use of what-if analyses. In a what-if analysis, one or more data values in a set of data stored in a multidimensional database can be changed to see how the changes will affect the outcome of a formula or a forecasting model that is based on the set of data. Scenario management requires that the underlying multidimensional database stores a different set of data for each what-if analysis in an isolated space so that the data set does not impact a baseline data

System and method for sandboxing support in a multidimensional database environment


An extendible leg adapted for mounting to a vehicle includes an outer member and an inner member. The inner member is telescoped slidably into the outer member, and has a first end extending axially beyond said outer member. A nut is fixed relative to the inner member. A rotatable screw is axially fixed relative to the outer member and threadably engaging the nut, wherein rotation of the screw axially drives the nut to axially move the inner member relative to the outer member.

Vehicles, such as a recreational vehicle or semi-trailers, incorporate extendible legs to support, level, or raise the vehicle. Semi-truck trailers utilize extendible legs as landing gear legs in a landing gear assembly to raise and support the front of the trailer when disengaged from a semi-truck tractor.
Recreational vehicles, such as motor homes, trailers, and the like, often include one or more extendible legs proximal each end of the recreational vehicle. The legs can be extended individually, or as part of a vehicle leveling system, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,176,391, to level the recreational vehicle.
A typical semi-truck tractor and trailer are attached utilizing a "fifth wheel" type connection. A fifth wheel connection has a lubricated flat swivel plate and catch assembly mounted on the semi-truck tractor to engage a corresponding lubricated flat swivel plate and downwardly protruding "king pin" mounted on the underside of the forward portion of the trailer. The trailer king pin is received in a slot in the tractor swivel plate where it engages the tractor catch assembly locking the tractor and trailer together.
In order to disengage the tractor from the trailer, landing gear legs mounted on a forward section of the trailer are extended to the ground raising the king pin upwardly disengaging it from the catch assembly. Upon disengagement, the tractor pulls away from the trailer which is now supported by trailer rear wheels and the landing gear.
Known extendible legs, suitable for use as a landing gear leg and leveling leg, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,307,896, are formed with interfitting box-section supporting members. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,307,896, the interfitting box-sections have a axially driven ground engaging member telescopically interfitted with a box-like fixed member which is mounted to the vehicle. The ground engaging member telescopes between a retracted position and an extended position.
Typically the axially driven ground engaging member is manually or electrically driven in the telescoping direction. The driven member can be damaged when the driven member abruptly reaches the end limit of travel at either the extended or retracted position. In electrically driven landing gear, when the driven member abruptly reaches the end limit, the motor forming part of the drive mechanism remains energized until the operator turns the motor off, or the motor amperage exceeds a predetermined level which signals a control system controlling the motor to deenergize the motor. The sudden stop at the end limit can damage the drive mechanism and/or the members, and continued energization of the motor can cause the motor to overheat.
In recreational vehicle leveling legs, in order to withstand the forces exerted on the legs, the leg members are typically formed from tubes formed to tight tolerances to minimize gaps between the fixed leg member and the driven leg member. Providing tubes built to tight tolerances increases the cost of the leg. The tubes then form part of welded assemblies that provide a rigid structure to further strengthen the leg. Unfortunately, the welded assemblies are practically impossible to disassemble. As a result, if an internal component, such as a bearing, nut, thread screw, and the like fail, the entire landing gear is replaced.
Legs having a ground engaging member axially driven by a thread screw engaging a nut have additional problems. Radial and axial forces exerted on the thread screw are transferred to a drive shaft extending from the landing gear drive mechanism and rotatably driving the thread screw. These forces can cause the drive mechanism to bind and/or prematurely fail. In addition, side loads exerted on the ground engaging member of the landing gear can misalign the screw with the nut causing the screw and nut to bind or completely fail. Accordingly, a need exists for an improved extendible leg that overcomes one or more of the above problems.


A clamping device for positioning longitudinal fixation elements includes (a) a first clamp having a substantially S-shape and including three clamping arms defining first and second clamp openings for receiving longitudinal fixation elements therein, the first and second clamping openings extending along channel axes corresponding to longitudinal axes of the longitudinal fixation elements to be received therein and being open to an exterior of the clamp body via insertion slots through which the longitudinal bone fixation elements are insertable into the first and second clamp openings laterally relative to the channel axes; (b) a second clamp including first and second clamping arms defining a third clamp opening therebetween for receiving a longitudinal fixation element; (c) a first borehole extending through the three arms of the first clamp and the first and second arms of the second clamp along a first axis; (d) a shaft extending through the first borehole; and (e) a locking member engagable with the shaft to lock the locking elements within the first and second clamps and prevent rotation of the first and second clamps relative to one another about the first axis.

Such devices are suitable, in particular, as fastening means for racks, stands, rod constructions, three-dimensional frame constructions, as well as for surgical fixation devices.
The EP-Patent No. B 0 700 664 discloses a device, for which four separate jaws, mounted on a shaft, define two openings, into which fastening rods or bone pins can be introduced against the force of a spiral spring positioned between the pair of jaws. The large number of individual parts and their slight flexibility or adaptability to the geometry of the building components, which are to be introduced into the openings, is a disadvantage of this known device.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,727,899 of DOBROVOLNY discloses a device with two clamps, which, however, are not intended for an external fixator. Admittedly, this known device enables a longitudinal carrier to be snapped in latterly, however, only into one of the two clamps. However, this snapping in does not take place due to the elastic deformation of the clamp, nor does it take place against the pressure of a spring, which is disposed between the two clamps. Instead, this snapping in requires a separate spring, which is disposed in the opening of the clamp. The transitions (fulcri), which act as pivot joints, are mounted between the openings of the clamps and the fastening ends, so that, when the fastening ends are expanded by means of the lever 90, the clamp openings close, clamping the longitudinal carrier located therein. For this purpose, the clamps have an H shape. The fulcri are between the openings of the clamp and the fastening ends. The following are further disadvantages of this known device:
a large number of individual parts
a complicated and expensive installation
complicated and difficult cleaning
and only rods of a certain diameter can be accommodated.
U.S. Publ. Appln. No. 2002/0151892 of WALULIK ET AL. discloses a generic device. A first embodiment relates to two-piece clamps and a second embodiment relates to elastically deformable clamps, which are constructed in one piece and in such a manner, that they can be pressed together completely coaxially with the central shaft. For this purpose, the clamps are positioned without clearance on the central shaft.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Device for mutual positioning of longitudinal building components


A data transmission method and a smart household control device are provided. The smart household control device sends or receives WiFi data within a first preset period in each preset timing cycle if a smart household control device needs to send or receive WiFi data and ZigBee data; and when the first preset period ends, it stops sending or receiving WiFi data, and sends a first control instruction to a wireless access point device, where the first control instruction is used to instruct the wireless access point device to stop sending WiFi data to the smart household control device; and then it sends or receives ZigBee data within a second preset period in each preset timing cycle, where the first preset period and the second preset period do not overlap. So interference can be avoided between WiFi communication and ZigBee communication.

With development of science and technology, a wireless network has developed rapidly, and wireless network communications technologies such as Wireless Fidelity (English: Wireless Fidelity, WiFi) and ZigBee have been increasingly applied in daily life.
WiFi is a wireless network communications technology based on the IEEE802.11 standard, and is one of the most popular network protocols deployed in common application scenarios, such as an office, a home, an entertainment venue, and an urban outdoor area. ZigBee is a wireless network communications technology based on the IEEE802.15.4 protocol. Characterized by low power consumption, low costs, and low complexity, ZigBee is widely applied to the field of an Internet of Things technology. With continuous growth of low-rate application market demands, an increasing quantity of application scenarios require both WiFi and ZigBee. However, WiFi and ZigBee both operate on an industrial scientific medical (English: Industrial Scientific Medical, ISM) frequency band of 2.4 GHz, as a result, mutual interference is inevitably generated between WiFi and ZigBee.
WiFi divides the ISM frequency band of 2.4 GHz into 13 direct sequence spread spectrum channels, and a channel bandwidth is 22 MHz. ZigBee divides the ISM frequency band into 16 channels, and a bandwidth of each channel is 2 MHz. Most of the 13 WiFi channels overlap with the ZigBee channels, and a maximum of three channels do not overlap with the ZigBee channels. Apparently, if a WiFi system operates on any channel, a probability that a channel frequency of a ZigBee system overlaps with a channel frequency of the WiFi system is ¼. When WiFi and ZigBee use a same frequency band for communication, mutual interference is generated. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop a method for reducing mutual interference between WiFi and ZigBee in a device.

Data transmission method and smart household control device


Apparatus and methods are disclosed for controlling atmospheric characteristics inside a chamber. An apparatus comprises a mechanism for diffusively introducing pressurized gas into the apparatus, an outlet element in fluid communication with the mechanism, and a chamber in fluid communication with the outlet element. The outlet element and the chamber are disposed such that gas flow therethrough is substantially uniform. The chamber comprises a gas outlet and the outlet element comprises a plurality of openings. The apparatus may be employed in the manufacture of biopolymers on the surface of a support such as an array of biopolymer features on the support.

This invention relates to chambers for carrying out procedures wherein internal atmospheric conditions, such as, e.g., humidity, of the chamber are controlled. More particularly, the invention relates to devices for carrying out steps in the synthesis of a chemical compound. The invention has particular application in the manufacture of supports having bound to the surfaces thereof a plurality of chemical compounds, such as biopolymers, which are prepared on the surface in a series of steps.
In the field of diagnostics and therapeutics, it is often useful to attach species to a surface. One important application is in solid phase chemical synthesis wherein initial derivatization of a substrate surface enables synthesis of polymers such as oligonucleotides and peptides on the substrate itself. Support bound oligomer arrays, particularly oligonucleotide arrays, may be used in screening studies for determination of binding affinity. Modification of surfaces for use in chemical synthesis has been described. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,624,711 (Sundberg), U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,222 (Willis) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,137,765 (Farnsworth).
Determining the nucleotide sequences and expression levels of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) is critical to understanding the function and control of genes and their relationship to, for example, disease discovery and disease management. Analysis of genetic information plays a crucial role in biological experimentation. This has become especially true with regard to studies directed at understanding the fundamental genetic and environmental factors associated with disease and the effects of potential therapeutic agents on the cell. Such a determination permits the early detection of infectious organisms such as bacteria, viruses, etc.; genetic diseases such as sickle cell anemia; and various cancers. This paradigm shift has lead to an increasing need within the life science industries for more sensitive, more accurate and higher-throughput technologies for performing analysis on genetic material obtained from a variety of biological sources.
Unique or misexpressed nucleotide sequences in a polynucleotide can be detected by hybridization with a nucleotide multimer, e.g., oligonucleotide, probe. Hybridization is based on complementary base pairing. When complementary single stranded nucleic acids are incubated together, the complementary base sequences pair to form double stranded hybrid molecules. These techniques rely upon the inherent ability of nucleic acids to form duplexes via hydrogen bonding according to Watson-Crick base-pairing rules. The ability of single stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) to form a hydrogen bonded structure with a complementary nucleic acid sequence has been employed as an analytical tool in molecular biology research. An oligonucleotide probe employed in the detection is selected with a nucleotide sequence complementary, usually exactly complementary, to the nucleotide sequence in the target nucleic acid. Following hybridization of the probe with the target nucleic acid, any oligonucleotide probe/nucleic acid hybrids that have formed are typically separated from unhybridized probe. The amount of oligonucleotide probe in either of the two separated media is then tested to provide a qualitative or quantitative measurement of the amount of target nucleic acid originally present.
Direct detection of labeled target nucleic acid hybridized to surface-bound polynucleotide probes is particularly advantageous if the surface contains a mosaic of different probes that are individually localized to discrete, known areas or sites of the surface. Such ordered arrays containing a large number of oligonucleotide probes have been developed as tools for high throughput analyses of genotype and gene expression. Oligonucleotides synthesized on a solid support recognize uniquely complementary nucleic acids by hybridization, and arrays can be designed to define specific target sequences, analyze gene expression patterns or identify specific allelic variations. The arrays may be used for conducting cell study, for diagnosing disease, identifying gene expression, monitoring drug response, determination of viral load, identifying genetic polymorphisms, analyze gene expression patterns or identify specific allelic variations, and the like.
In one approach, cell matter is lysed, to release its DNA as fragments, which are then separated out by electrophoresis or other means, and then tagged with a fluorescent or other label. The resulting DNA mix is exposed to an array of oligonucleotide probes, whereupon selective binding to matching probe sites takes place. The array is then washed and interrogated to determine the extent of hybridization reactions. In one approach the array is imaged so as to reveal for analysis and interpretation the sites where binding has occurred. Arrays of different chemical probe species provide methods of highly parallel detection, and hence improved speed and efficiency, in assays. Assuming that the different sequence polynucleotides were correctly deposited in accordance with the predetermined configuration, then the observed binding will be indicative of the presence and/or concentration of one or more polynucleotide components of the sample.
The arrays may be microarrays created by in-situ synthesis of biopolymers such as polynucleotides, including oligonucleotides, and polypeptides or by deposition of molecules such as oligonucleotides, cDNA and so forth. In general, arrays are synthesized on a surface of a substrate by one of any number of synthetic techniques that are known in the art. In one approach to the synthesis of microarrays, an apparatus is employed that comprises a reaction chamber and a device for dispensing reagents to the surface of a substrate at discrete sites. A positioning system, which may be a robotic manipulator, moves the substrate to the chamber, in which at least a portion of the device for dispensing reagents is housed. Alternatively, the device for dispensing reagents may be moved in and out of the chamber. A controller controls the application of the reagents to the substrate according to predetermined procedures. The positioning system may comprise one or more stages for moving the substrate to various positions for the dispensing of reagents thereon. Positioning stages are typically comprised of x,y linear stages mated with theta rotational stages to provided the necessary degrees of freedom to undertake the required motions.
To produce arrays it is important to reproducibly perform reactions at a particular site without affecting adjacent sites. The reaction should approximate stoichiometry in producing the desired product. Since many of the reactions are performed stepwise, any failure during the synthesis results in the wrong product. The site for each reaction must be defined so that the reaction occurs in a rapid and efficient manner. Each step in the process should provide for a reproducible result and not interfere with the next stage or the reaction at a different site.
Since the arrays provide for a large number of different compounds, the process requires many steps. With oligonucleotides, an in situ synthesis is employed wherein each monomer addition involves a plurality of steps, so that the synthesis at each site involves the number of steps for each addition multiplied by the number of monomers in the oligonucleotide. In order to be able to produce arrays of oligonucleotides efficiently, automated systems are preferred to provide for the accurate placement of reagents, efficient reaction, close packing of different compounds and the indexing of individual oligonucleotides with a particular site in the array.
In situ syntheses generally require a controlled environment in the reaction chamber. For example, many syntheses require an anhydrous environment to avoid the destructive effects of exposing chemical reagents to humidity present in the ambient atmosphere. Typically, an anhydrous chamber is created by enclosing the device for dispensing reagents in a reaction chamber through which dry gas is purged. The gas is delivered into the reaction chamber by means of an inlet, usually a single inlet. Such techniques fail because of the generally unpredictable flow field that develops after introducing a point source of momentum into a large volume.
There is a need, therefore, for a chamber for carrying out reactions where a controlled environment may be maintained within the reaction chamber especially during the insertion and removal of devices into and out of the reaction chamber.

Atmospheric control in reaction chambers


The present invention provides a simple and efficient method for synthesis of 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)-amino]-L-phenylalanine hydrochloride. The process involves the treatment of 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)-amino]-L-phenylalanine free base with hydrochloric acid in water followed by isolation of 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)-amino]-L-phenylalanine hydrochloride of desired purity.

Melphalan, chemically known as 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-L-phenylalanine and also by other names like L-phenylalanine mustard, L-sarcolysine or L-PAM is a bi-functional alkylating agent that acts against selected human neoplastic diseases and is the L-isomer of 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-phenylalanine, which exhibits superior anti-tumor activity than medphalan (D-isomer) and sarcolysine (DL-isomer). Melphalan is marketed as its hydrochloride salt, under the brand name 'Alkeran®' by The Wellcome Foundation.
Various researchers have attempted to synthesize the active hydrochloride salt of the L-form of 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-phenylalanine. The synthesis of melphalan was first disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,032,584 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,032,585 wherein melphalan free base is prepared by a synthetic route which employs a phthalimide functional group for protecting the glycine amino functional group. However, these and the subsequent patents GB 1,377,336 and EP 233 733, do not disclose a method for isolating the acid addition salts of the L-form of 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)-amino]-phenylalanine, specifically the hydrochloride salt.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,997,651 discloses a method for preparing melphalan hydrochloride comprising addition of hydrochloric acid to a slurry of melphalan free base in an alcohol, preferably ethanol and refluxing the mixture for minimum duration to reduce the level of impurities. The present inventors have noted that complete conversion of the free base to the hydrochloride salt in a short time on a commercial scale is not practically feasible because it results in large amounts of unreacted material. Further, an extended duration of heating in alcohols was found to result in associated impurities, which required successive purifications for obtaining a product of the desired purity. Also, an additional purification step reduces the yield considerably, thereby limiting the suitability of the method to laboratory scale preparation only.
Similarly, GB 1,064,972, FR 1 360 836 and DE 1 292660 also describe the use of an alcohol for preparing the hydrochloride salt with the same disadvantages. RO 57195 describes a method for purification of melphalan free base through formation of the hydrochloride salt followed by treatment with a suitable base such as sodium bicarbonate or sodium acetate. The document is silent about isolation of hydrochloride salt. However, if one carries out the isolation, one would face the problem of associated impurities, which eventually requires extensive purification.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,997,651 and DE 1 292660 also utilize an alcoholic solution of hydrochloric acid with the same result. A replication of these prior art methods by the present inventors revealed that associated impurities were formed, thus requiring subsequent purifications. Regulatory guidelines necessitate the removal of associated impurities by purification to obtain melphalan hydrochloride of desired purity, which eventually reduces the yield.
It is clearly evident from the above prior art that the product obtained by prior art methods generate associated impurities of up to 5-8% and requires extensive purification resulting in high production cost and thereby making such process commercially unsuitable. Moreover, health authorities all over the world have very stringent norms for permissible limits of associated impurities in the final dosage formulation.
Therefore, to overcome the problems associated with prior art, there was a need to develop                i) a simple, efficient, high yielding process which does not result in unreacted starting material remaining after treatment with hydrochloric acid and        ii) a process which yields a product of desired purity with minimal impurities, thereby obviating the need for extensive purification.

Process for the preparation of melphalan hydrochloride


The disclosed technology for preparing digital samples for synthesis of RF to simulate channels and GNSS satellites using GPUs includes receiving simulated position and velocity of an antenna, dividing the cycle into points to be converted into the synthesized signal, and computing the points. A first LUT includes pseudo random sequences combinable to produce a code that varies over time for encoding the channel, and a second LUT specifies linear combinations of the pseudo random sequences in the first LUT that produce channel codes to produce the digital sample points. Also included is using GPUs to generate the channel code for a point by mapping the channel code and time position, combining the code with data to be encoded, repeatedly applying the using and combining to produce points, using multiple GPU cores to encode sample points concurrently in the cycle, and sending an ordered sequence of points to a converter.

The subject matter discussed in this section should not be assumed to be prior art merely as a result of its mention in this section. Similarly, a problem mentioned in this section or associated with the subject matter provided as background should not be assumed to have been previously recognized in the prior art. The subject matter in this section merely represents different approaches, which in and of themselves may also correspond to implementations of the claimed technology.
Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is used in this discussion to refer collectively to global and regional satellite systems that broadcast signals used to fix locations, both on the surface of the Earth and in the atmosphere. The familiar US GPS satellite system uses one set of signals/codes, some available for general use and others for restricted, government or military use. Russia has GLONAS. Europe and China also have satellite constellations that are or soon will be global. Regional satellites over Japan and India, for instance, also are available. There is enough similarity among this range of GNSS systems that a single test apparatus can simulate signals from which ever satellites a receiver can process. The more sophisticated the receiver, the more constellations it handles and the more elaborate the test apparatus must be, both because more signal sources (satellites) are visible at one time and because multiple encoding systems are used by the various constellations.
Encoding and decoding positioning signals from GNSS satellites is a precise, demanding task, especially when coupled to a vehicle motion simulator. Both relativistic and Doppler effects of satellite motion need to be taken into account in order for our location-enabled devices to triangulate terrestrial positions within three or six feet accuracy, based on signals originating tens of thousands of miles away. A vehicle motion simulator delivers current vehicle trajectory as the simulation proceeds, which reduces pre-calculation options.
Some of the GNSS signals have a bandwidth of more than 90 MHz and require sample rates of up to 120 Msps in the signal generation. This complex encoding is handled on satellites by special purpose application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). In simulators, signals are digitally synthesized by deep pipelines on field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). However, FPGAs are expensive and relatively difficult to program.
One use of test apparatus that simulates GNSS signals is pairing with a flight or autonomous drive simulator (closed loop system) that updates the path and velocity of a vehicle in response to the GNSS signals that its receiver decodes. For instance, a pilot exercises a flight simulator allows under simulated instrument flight conditions. As the pilot controls the flight, the GNSS simulator updates the signals being generated to take into account the vessel's position and velocity. The same updating takes place when the GNSS simulator interacts with an algorithm that pilots an autonomous vehicle, whether a drone, truck or car. The test apparatus may be called on to simulate GNSS signals responsive to an unpredicted and constantly updated course of a vessel.
An opportunity arises to harness GPUs for GNSS encoded signal synthesis. The use of GPUs instead of FPGAs will result in more flexibility in the signal generation, and other types of signals can be generated, and used with software receivers, and in the cloud.

Highly scalable, low latency, GPU based GNSS simulation


An organic light emitting diode (OLED) display panel is provided. The OLED display panel includes a substrate, a conductive layer, an active matrix pixel array and several thin film transistors (TFTs). The conductive layer having several openings is disposed above the substrate. The active matrix pixel array having several pixels is disposed above the conductive layer. Each pixel has a display region and a non-display region. The display regions correspond to the openings. The TFTs are correspondingly disposed inside the pixels and correspondingly positioned inside the non-display regions. Each TFT includes a channel layer, a source, a drain and a gate. The channel layer is disposed above the conductive layer. The source and the drain are disposed above channel layer and respectively contact with the two opposite sides of the channel layer. The gate is disposed above the channel layer and positioned between the source and the drain.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates in general to an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display panel, and more particularly to an OLED display panel having a continual-piece conductive layer corresponding to an opening of the display region disposed between the thin film transistor (TFT) and the substrate.
2. Description of the Related Art
OLED display panel can be driven to emit via current driven or voltage driven without using a backlight source as ordinary liquid crystal display (LCD) panel would require. Thus, the OLED display panel has the advantages of self-luminance, wide view-angle, and full colors. Moreover, the OLED display panel can further be applied to portable electronic devices, such as mobile phone and personal digital assistant (PDA) for instance, and has become a display panel with great potentials.
Conventional OLED display panel includes an upper substrate, a lower substrate, an active matrix pixel array, several first thin film transistors (TFTs), several second TFTs and several organic electroluminescent devices (OELDs). The upper substrate and the lower substrate are assembled in parallel via the sealant. The active matrix pixel array is disposed above the upper substrate and positioned between the upper substrate and the lower substrate. The active matrix pixel array includes several pixels. Each pixel is defined by a first scan line and its adjacent second scan line as well as a first data line and its adjacent second data line both of which are disposed on the lower substrate. The first TFTs and the second TFTs are disposed inside the non-display regions of the pixels. Each second TFT is electrically connected to the corresponding first scan line, the first data line and the first TFT The organic electroluminescent devices are disposed inside the display regions of the pixels. Each organic electroluminescent device is electrically connected to the corresponding first TFT, a first voltage and a second voltage.
Each first TFT includes a channel layer, a gate, a source and a drain. The channel layer is disposed above the lower substrate. The source and the drain are disposed above the channel layer and respectively contact with the two opposite sides of the channel layer. The gate is disposed above the channel layer and positioned between the source and the drain. The above organic electroluminescent device is electrically connected to the drain for receiving the current outputted from the source via the channel layer and emitting according to the magnitude of the current.
However, when static charges are attached to the outer surface of the lower substrate or an external electric field is generated to the lower substrate, the static charges or the external electric field would result in extra vertical electric field interference to the channel layer of the second TFT, severely affecting the operation of the second TFT and further changing the current flowing through the channel layer. Especially, when the lower substrate becomes thinner, the unexpected and undesired interference of the electric field to the channel layer would be further intensified. Therefore, undesired luminance change would occur to partial pixels of the display region of the OLED display panel, largely reducing the display quality of OLED display panel.


Herein discussed is an electrode comprising a copper or copper oxide phase and a ceramic phase, wherein the copper or copper oxide phase and the ceramic phase are sintered and are inter-dispersed with one another. Further discussed herein is a method of making a copper-containing electrode comprising: (a) forming a dispersion comprising ceramic particles and copper or copper oxide particles; (b) depositing the dispersion onto a substrate to form a slice; and (c) sintering the slice using electromagnetic radiation.

A fuel cell is an electrochemical apparatus or reactor that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through an electrochemical reaction. Sometimes, the heat generated by a fuel cell is also usable. There are many types of fuel cells. For example, proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are built out of membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) which include the electrodes, electrolyte, catalyst, and gas diffusion layers. An ink of catalyst, carbon, and electrode are sprayed or painted onto the solid electrolyte and carbon paper is hot pressed on either side to protect the inside of the cell and also act as electrodes. The most important part of the cell is the triple phase boundary where the electrolyte, catalyst, and reactants mix and thus where the cell reactions actually occur. The membrane must not be electrically conductive so that the half reactions do not mix.
PEMFCs are good candidates for vehicle and other mobile applications of all sizes (e.g., mobile phones) because they are compact. However, water management is crucial to performance. Too much water will flood the membrane and too little will dry it. In both cases, power output will drop. Water management is a difficult problem in PEM fuel cell systems, mainly because water in the membrane is attracted toward the cathode of the cell through polarization. Furthermore, the platinum catalyst on the membrane is easily poisoned by carbon monoxide (CO level needs to be no more than one part per million). The membrane is also sensitive to things like metal ions which can be introduced by corrosion of metallic bipolar plates, metallic components in the fuel cell system or from contaminants in the fuel and/or oxidant.
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are a different class of fuel cells that use a solid oxide material as the electrolyte. SOFCs use a solid oxide electrolyte to conduct negative oxygen ions from the cathode to the anode. The electrochemical oxidation of the oxygen ions with fuel (e.g., hydrogen, carbon monoxide) occurs on the anode side. Some SOFCs use proton-conducting electrolytes (PC-SOFCs) which transport protons instead of oxygen ions through the electrolyte. Typically, SOFCs using oxygen ion conducting electrolytes have higher operating temperatures than PC-SOFCs. In addition, SOFCs do not typically require expensive platinum catalyst materials which are typically necessary for lower temperature fuel cells (i.e., PEMFCs), and are not vulnerable to carbon monoxide catalyst poisoning. Solid oxide fuel cells have a wide variety of applications, such as auxiliary power units for homes and vehicles as well as stationary power generation units for data centers. SOFCs comprise interconnects, which are placed between each individual cell so that the cells are connected in series and that the electricity generated by each cell is combined. One category of SOFCs are segmented-in-series (SIS) type SOFCs. The electrical current flow in SIS type SOFCs is parallel to the electrolyte in the lateral direction. Contrary to the SIS type SOFC, a different category of SOFC has electrical current flow perpendicular to the electrolyte in the lateral direction. These two categories of SOFCs are connected differently and assembled differently.
Copper-containing anodes in SOFC have excellent anti-coking properties, tolerance to sulfur, and enable the direct utilization of hydrocarbons. However, the making of such copper-containing anodes can be expensive, time consuming and labor intensive. In one method, the copper has to be introduced as a salt solution via infiltration. For at least this reason, copper-containing anodes in SOFC have not been generally adopted.
As such, there is continuing need and interest to develop copper electrodes and methods of making that are commercially meaningful and industrially useful. Fuel cells are simply examples of electrochemical reactors. The copper electrodes are applicable, not only for solid oxide fuel cells, but also for other kinds of electrochemical reactors, such as electrochemical gas producers and electrolysers.


Removal of the small amount of lower molecular weight olefins produced by certain isomerization catalysts during the catalytic isomerization of xylene results in reduced xylene loss. Such removal can be conveniently effected by use of a mild hydrogenation catalyst separate from the isomerization catalyst in the process.

This invention relates to reducing xylene loss in a continuous process for isomerizing a xylene-containing feed to a mixture rich in p-xylene in the presence of hydrogen over an isomerization catalyst which does not effectively reduce olefins produced during the isomerization process and, more particularly, relates to reducing xylene loss in a continuous process for isomerizing a xylene-containing feed to a mixture rich in p-xylene in the presence of hydrogen over a transalkylation-type of isomerization catalyst in which the small amount of low molecular weight olefinic hydrocarbons produced during isomerization are removed with a hydrogenation catalyst separate from the isomerization catalyst.
Typically, p-xylene is derived from mixtures of C.sub.8 aromatics separated from such raw materials as petroleum naphthas, particularly reformates, usually by isomerization followed by, for example, lower-temperature crystallization of the paraxylene with recycle of the crystallizer liquid phase to the isomerizer. Principal raw materials are catalytically reformed naphthas and petroleum distillates. The fractions from these sources that contain the C.sub.8 aromatics vary quite widely in composition but will usually contain 10 to 35 wt. % ethylbenzene and up to about 10 wt. % primarily C.sub.9 paraffins and naphthenes with the remainder being primarily xylenes divided approximately 50 wt. % meta, and 25 wt. % each of the ortho and para isomers. The primarily C.sub.9 paraffins and naphthenes can be removed substantially by extraction to produce what are termed "extracted" xylene feeds. Feeds that do not have the primarily C.sub.9 paraffins and naphthenes removed by extraction are termed "unextracted" xylene feeds.
In the typical commercial process, isomerization of the xylene-containing feed takes place in the presence of hydrogen, and since little hydrogen is consumed in a once-through operation, a separation of the hydrogen and "light ends" is made after isomerization and returned to the isomerizer feed in the gas recycle stream.
Xylene isomerization catalysts can be classified into three types based upon the manner in which they convert ethylbenzene: (1) naphthene pool catalysts, (2) transalkylation catalysts, and (3) hydrodeethylation catalysts.
Naphthene pool catalysts are capable of converting a portion of the ethylbenzene to xylenes via naphthene intermediates. These catalysts contain a strong hydrogenation function, such as platinum, and an acid function, such as chlorided alumina, amorphous silica-alumina, or a molecular sieve. The role of the hydrogenation function in these catalysts is to hydrogenate the C.sub.8 aromatics to establish essentially equilibrium between the C.sub.8 aromatics and the C.sub.8 cyclohexanes. The acid function interconverts ethylcyclohexane and the dimethylcyclohexanes via cyclopentane intermediates. These C.sub.8 cycloparaffins form the so-called naphthene pool.
It is necessary to operate naphthene pool catalysts at conditions that allow the formation of a sizable naphthene pool to allow efficient conversion of ethylbenzene to xylenes. Unfortunately, naphthenes can crack on the acid function of the catalyst, and the rate of cracking increases with the size of the naphthene pool. Naphthene cracking leads to high xylene loss, and the byproducts produced by naphthene cracking are low-valued paraffins. Thus, naphthene pool catalysts are generally less economic than the transalkylation-type and hydrode-ethylation-type catalysts. Because of the strong hydrogenation character of this type of catalyst, any alkenes produced during isomerization would be reduced to alkanes.
The transalkylation catalysts generally contain a shape-selective molecular sieve. A shape-selective catalyst is one that prevents some reactions from occurring based on the size of the reactants, products, or intermediates involved. In the case of common transalkylation catalysts, the molecular sieve contains pores that are apparently large enough to allow ethyl transfer to occur via a dealkylation/realkylation mechanism, but small enough to substantially suppress methyl transfer which requires the formation of a bulky biphenylalkane intermediate. The ability of transalkylation catalyst to catalyze ethyl transfer while suppressing methyl transfer allows these catalysts to convert ethylbenzene while minimizing xylene loss via xylene disproportionation. The small amounts of lower alkenes such as ethylene, propylene, etc., produced during isomerization are not hydrogenated to alkanes and, they buildup in the system because they are recycled with the hydrogen in the recycle gas stream.
When ethyl transfer occurs primarily by dealkylation/realkylation, it is possible to intercept and hydrogenate the ethylene intermediate involved with this mechanism of ethyl transfer by adding a hydrogenation function to the catalyst. The primary route for converting ethylbenzene then becomes hydrodeethylation, which is the conversion of ethylbenzene to benzene and ethane. It is desirable to selectively hydrogenate the ethylene intermediate without hydrogenating aromatics (without establishing a naphthene pool) to prevent the cracking of the naphthenes that occurs over the acid function of the catalyst. Commercial hydrodeethylation catalysts selectively hydrogenate ethylene without substantial hydrogenation of aromatics at reported commercial conditions. At these same conditions, a small amount of certain impregnated metal compounds causes substantial hydrogenation of aromatics reducing the amount of p-xylene produced by the process.
In order to form a hydrodeethylation catalyst, it is essential to use an acidic component that behaves as a shape selective catalyst, i.e., one that suppresses the formation of the bulky biphenylalkane intermediate required for transmethylation, because transethylation can occur via a similar intermediate. For catalysts with pores large enough to allow the formation of these biphenylalkane intermediates, transethylation appears to occur primarily via these intermediates. In this case, ethylene is not an intermediate for transethylation, and the addition of a hydrogenation component cannot produce a hydrodeethylation catalyst.
When using a transalkylation-type isomerization catalyst in the typical commercial process, lower molecular weight olefins are produced in the isomerization and are returned to the isomerization reactor, after removal from the isomerization product, in the gas recycle stream where they can build up in the process. These lower molecular weight olefinic compounds, such as ethylene, propylene, and the like, can react with the xylene reducing the overall yield of p-xylene in the process. They can also lead to coke buildup on the isomerization catalyst which increases pressure drop in the reactor, decreases catalyst lifetime, and means the process temperature must be increased to maintain constant catalyst activity.
Now it has been found for xylene isomerization using a catalyst unable to substantially reduce the lower molecular weight olefins produced during isomerization, that use of a hydrogenation catalyst in the process to convert such olefins can substantially reduce the xylene loss leading to a greater overall p-xylene yield, and can also lead to lessen catalyst coking and longer catalyst lifetime.

Reducing xylene loss in the catalytic isomerization of a xylene-containing feed


A Secure, Reliable, and Decentralized Communication (“SRDC”) system may initialize primary and auxiliary processes associated with a mobile application, including creation of an Obfuscated Symmetric Primary Key (“OSPK”) and an Obfuscated Symmetric Auxiliary Key (“OSAK”). A cipher key manager may apply a two-way function f( ) to generate two subkeys: SPAK1 (designated (SPAK)primary) and SPAK2 (designated (SPAK)auxiliary). (SPAK)auxiliary may be encrypted using (SPAK)primary to obtain (E-SPAK)auxiliary. OSAK may be de-obfuscated to obtain Symmetric Auxiliary Key (“SAK”) and (E-SPAK)auxiliary may be encrypted using SAK to obtain (EE-SPAK)auxiliary. A key obfuscator may be called to de-obfuscate OSPK to obtain Symmetric Primary Key (“SPK”). (SPAK)primary may then be encrypted using SPK to obtain (E-SPAK)primary. The SRDC system may communicate with a CP mobile service and store (E-SPAK)primary in a storage service. Data Encryption Key (“DEK”) may be generated, encrypted with SPAK and stored in the keychain persistent store of the primary process.

An enterprise may utilize mobile applications or services executing in a cloud computing environment. For example, a business might utilize mobile applications that process purchase orders, human resources tasks, payroll functions, etc. These applications and associated services may be developed using a Software Development Kit ("SDK"). In some cases, application "extensions" (or widgets) may be provided to give users access to an applications functionality and content throughout an OS. Such extensions, however, have limitations (e.g., they may be unable to receive user input such as a code entered via a keyboard or biometric information). Similarly, an extension process may be unable to access in memory code or data sections of a containing application process. As a result, challenges may arise when attempting to establish secure communication between a mobile containing application process and an extension application process.
It would be desirable to provide secure, reliable, and decentralized communication between a mobile application process and extended mobile application processes in an automatic and accurate manner.

Secure, reliable, and decentralized communication in cloud platform


A frame of a reciprocating compressor includes a main frame having a cylindrical insertion hole to receive a cylinder of a compression unit along a center axis thereof and a flange that supports an outer stator of a reciprocating motor at the outer circumference of the flange. A sub frame is engaged to the main frame by an engaging device and positioned to cover an outer circumferential surface of the cylinder to form an oil flow path in a space between the main frame and the cylinder.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a frame of a reciprocating compressor, and more particularly, to a frame of a reciprocating compressor composed of two components and having an oil flow path provided therein when the two frame components are assembled.
2. Description of the Background Art
Generally, a compressor is an apparatus for compressing a refrigerant gas under the condition of low temperature and pressure, which is introduced from an evaporator, and discharging the gas by changing the condition to high temperature and pressure.
Compressors can be classified as rotary compressors, reciprocating compressors and scroll compressors according to the method of compressing the fluid.
Particularly, the reciprocating compressor takes in by suction and compresses the fluid while a piston moves linearly. The operational method of the reciprocating compressor is divided into a method which compresses fluid by converting the rotary movement of a driving motor into a reciprocating movement of the piston, and a method which takes in a fluid by suction and compresses the fluid by having the piston perform a reciprocating movement as the driving motor performs a linear reciprocating movement.
FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view showing a conventional reciprocating compressor, FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing a frame of the conventional reciprocating compressor, and FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional view of a portion of FIG. 1.
As shown in FIG. 1, the conventional reciprocating compressor includes a case 10 having a gas suction pipe SP, gas discharge pipe DP, and a supporting member 20 installed inside the case 10. A reciprocating motor 30 is fixed to the supporting member 20 for reciprocating a movable element 33, a compression unit 40 for taking-in, compressing and discharging gas by the movable element 33 of the reciprocating motor 30 are provided. A resonance spring unit 50 elastically supports the movable element 33 of the reciprocating motor 30 in the movement direction, and a supply unit 60, mounted at the supporting member 20, supplies oil to the compression unit 40.
The supporting member 20 comprises a frame 21 for supporting the reciprocating motor 30 and the compression unit 40, a middle cover 22 for supporting an outer stator 31 of the reciprocating motor 30, and a back cover 23 for supporting the resonance spring unit 50.
A boss 21B having an insertion hole 21a is formed at the center portion of the frame 21 and a flange 21A is formed at the outer circumference thereof (FIG. 2).
A cylinder 41 which will be explained later is inserted into the insertion hole 21a, and an inner stator 32 is installed at the outer circumference of the flange 21A.
The reciprocating motor 30 comprises an outer stator 31 installed between the frame 21 and the middle cover 22, an inner stator 32 which is spaced from the outer stator 31 by a predetermined interval and fixed to the frame 21, a movable element 33 installed between the outer stator 31 and the inner stator 32 for performing a linear reciprocating movement, and a coil 34 to which electric current flows.
The compression unit 40 comprises: a cylinder 41 integrally formed in the frame 21, a piston 42 engaged to the movable element 33 of the reciprocating motor 30 for performing a reciprocating movement in a compression space P of the cylinder 41, a suction valve 43 mounted at the front end of the piston 42 for controlling suction of refrigerant gas by opening and closing a suction path F (FIG. 3) of the piston 42 and a discharging valve assembly 44 mounted at a discharge side of the cylinder 41 for controlling discharge of compression gas by opening and closing the compression space P.
The oil supply unit 60 comprises an oil pumping portion 61 for pumping oil in the case 10, and an oil supply path 62 formed at the supporting member 20 to connect an outlet of the oil pumping portion 61 and the compression unit 40.
As shown in FIG. 3, the oil supply unit 62 comprises a suction hole 62a extending from the frame 21 to an inner circumference surface of the cylinder 41, a first oil pocket 62b formed at the inner circumference surface of the boss 21B of the frame 21 by being connected to the oil suction hole 62a, an oil opening 62c formed to penetrate the cylinder 41 for connecting the first oil pocket 62b to the outer circumference surface of the piston 42 and a second oil pocket 62d in contact with the oil opening 62c and formed concavely with a ring shape at the outer circumference surface of the piston 42. An oil discharge hole 62e is formed to extend from the upper front side of the first oil pocket 62b to the outer side of the flange 21A and an oil recollecting path 62f in contact with the oil discharge hole 62a for recollecting oil.
The conventional reciprocating compressor operates as follows.
When a flux is formed between the outer stator 31 and the inner stator 32 by applying current from a power source to the reciprocating motor 30, the movable element 33 elastically performs a reciprocating movement by the resonance spring unit 50. At this time, as the piston 42 performs a reciprocating movement inside the cylinder 41, the volume of the compression space P is changed, and the gas is taken-in, compressed, and discharged, which processes are sequentially repeated.
At the same time, the oil pumping portion 61 pumps oil in the case 10. The oil passes through an oil discharge valve to pass into the oil suction hole 62a, the first oil pocket 62b, and the oil opening 62c and flows into the second oil pocket 62d, thereby cooling parts near the compression unit and provides lubrication between the piston 42 and the cylinder 41.
Then, oil of the second oil pocket 62d is recollected by returning to the case 10 through the oil discharge hole 62c and along the oil recollecting path 62f.
In the conventional reciprocating compressor, the frame 21 in which the flange 21A and the boss 21B are provided, is formed as a unitary member (FIG. 2).
However, in the conventional reciprocating compressor, the frame has to be formed as a three dimensional shape in order to receive the outer stator of the motor, the inner stator, the cylinder, and the discharging valve assembly therein. Accordingly, many sophisticated manufacturing processes are required, the fabricating process becomes difficult, the fabricating cost is increased, and a reliability of the compressor is degraded when wrong processing is performed.
Also, in case of expanding an area of the oil path so as to increase the oil inflow amount for effective lubrication and cooling of the compression unit, it is difficult to process (i.e., fabricate) the oil supply path. Accordingly, there is a restriction in properly controlling the inflow amount of the oil.