Optical radar techniques using heterodyne detection require coherent frequency-controlled laser operation. In laser oscillators, frequency drift is caused by change in the index of refraction within the resonator. Pulsed CO2 lasers can have significant intrapulse chirp due to three time varying sources of refractive index: thermally induced gas density variations, electron plasma density, and anomalous dispersion when operating off line center. Previous work has focused on the first two of these effects.1,2 Since the anomalous dispersion effect is dependent on the frequency shift off line center, this source of chirp can be controlled somewhat by judicious use of off-line-center operation, which can partially compensate for the effect of the other chirp sources. Using a computer simulation of the fields within both stable and unstable resonators, a quantification of the frequency drift dependent on an appropriate average of the index of refraction within the resonator has been accomplished.


Nearly five years ago, Representative Vernon Ehlers, in his report to Congress on a House of Representatives study entitled "Unlocking Our Future: Toward a New National Science Policy," noted that the American public does not understand science and its practice. A major recommendation that emerged trom this study was the need to "make scientists socially responsible." This sentiment was echoed in a National Research Council's report, "Materials in a New Era,", where Neal Lane, former Director of the National Science Foundation, was quoted as saying, "It is necessary to involve material scientists in a new role, undoubtedly an awkward one for many, that might be called the 'civic scientist'." Why the concern? The answer is clear. "Our prosperity, security, and health depend directly on the educational achievement of all students, not only those who will become scientists and engineers, but all workers, voters, parents, and consumers."


Parts of Speech (POS) tagging is one of the most well-studied problems in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP). In this paper, a Neural Network Language Models (NNLM) such as Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) and Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) have been trained and assessed to address the POS tagging problem for the Turkish Language. The performance is compared to the state-of-art methods. The results show that LSTM outperforms RNN with 88.7% Fl-score. This study is the first study that contributes to the literature utilizing word embedding and NNLM for the Turkish language.


Abstract We present illustrations which show the usefulness of algebraic QFT (quantum field theory). In particular, in low-dimensional QFT, when Lagrangian quantization does not exist or is useless (e.g. in chiral conformal theories), the algebraic method is beginning to reveal its strength.


This manuscript shows the observed concentration of the air pollutions in Beijing before/after the air quality control by the government for the 2014 APEC summit. The manuscript is generally well written, but several points should be clarified. First, although the WTM-observed results are evaluated using other instruments, i.e., moving low percentile method (MLPM), the evaluation of the MLPM itself is unclear. Second, the quantification to evaluate the results is inadequate in some parts like Figures 7 and 8. Third, O3 is the secondary component, so its discussion should be separated


Professional identity, for many, is a substantial component of their career choices and development. In this study, we utilized data from an online survey completed by 1,867 participants living across the United States to consider the extent to which an individual working in science, technology, engineering, and/or mathematics (STEM) field identifies with each discipline, and how this may be associated with recognition, competence, and sense of belonging. Results from structural equation modeling indicated that participants' STEM field had a positive, direct impact on their discipline-specific identity but a negative, direct impact on other discipline identities. Furthermore, recognition and competence had significant direct and indirect effects on participants' STEM identity, which was not consistent by STEM field. Alternatively, sense of belonging and self-identifying as a woman had limited effects in our model. Our findings raise questions as to the possibility (or not) of STEM as an interdisciplinary identity for professionals with a career in STEM.


A theoretical model to value gross revenue assurance under one of the popular proposals facing U.S. policy makers is developed. The approach makes use of a fundamental paradigm of asset valuation and stochastic calculus. Because farm-level gross revenue is not a traded asset, equilibrium arguments must be made to specify the partial differential equation characterizing the value of the assurance. An example solution is presented under the assumption of lognormally distributed gross revenue. County-level data for a variety of crops are used to examine empirically the pricing ability of the model. Copyright 1997, Oxford University Press.


The present status of the nominal LHC beam in the LHC injector complex and the limitations towards the achievement of the ultimate brightness are outlined.


Administration of carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-hystidine) at 5 mg/100 g body weight per os was defined as normalising the acid erythrogram parameters in the experiments on rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes.


The best-selling book in foodservice history, printed in multiple languages. English, Spanish, French, German and Korean versions available. The bible of profitable hospitality for An excerpt that sells book for more than a number of this industry. The tips tricks and techniques in, images is what. This book ever written as running, a hands on demand kept printing. Book in food service business and, sales potential of your operation click. The bible of many other publications are as big custom service business and based on.


An electrophoretic method of coating ionization gauge cathodes with lanthanum hexaboride is described, which can be applied in situ without removal of the filament. This method is suitable for use with tungsten filaments and gives a coating having a lifetime of 500-1000 hours under normal operating conditions.


The objective was to describe the conditions in which the classes were held once the confinement for non-essential activities was declared. A descriptive, cross-sectional methodology was used with a hermeneutic approach. A questionnaire was applied to a sample of 357 members of the Health Sciences student body of the Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Mexico, in May 2020. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted. In the results, it was identified that the student body had an Internet connection (87.1%), smartphones (82.5%), and a laptop (75.8%). The student body's activities were elaborating slides for presentations in class (78.8%) and reading in their textbooks (67.5%). The activities of the teaching staff were to comment at the end of the presentations (58.9%), and they requested the search for information for the elaboration of texts (61.8%). The student body mentioned that their stress levels increased (52.7%), and the tasks became more challenging to do (45.2%). The migration to virtual environments was not accompanied by changes in the structure of school activities, so it is most likely that when returning to face-to-face learning, the traditional class will be maintained.


: In order to improve the usability of DBSCAN in the field of high-resolution image segmentation, according to the characteristics of digital images, an efficient DBSCAN based on three-dimensional convolution is proposed, and on this basis, a color image segmentation method is implemented. First, convolution is introduced into DBSCAN, three-dimensional convolution is used to obtain the core object, avoiding dis-tance calculation and region retrieval, and reducing the time complexity of this step from the second order to a constant level. Then, the three-dimensional convolution is optimized based on dynamic programming, so that the convolution time is independent of the size of the convolution kernel. Finally, the neighborhood search range of the sample points is simplified according to the ordered core object set. Compared with the existing algorithms, the experimental results on the Berkeley BSD300 show that the algorithm is effective, the CH index and the time


Abstract : On 2 August 1990, the world watched in disbelief as the Iraqi Army forcefully invaded and occupied Kuwait. Saddam Hussein's goal was to dominate the Persian Gulf region and use its vast wealth to become the greatest Arab hero of modern times and the leader of a new Arab Superpower. The United Nations immediately criticized this abhorrent behavior and called for the immediate withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait; the restoration of the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Kuwait; and the restoration of the legitimate government of Kuwait. After continued noncompliance with United Nations demands, it was decided that the use of force was the only way to reestablish the stability to this oil rich region. Thus came a massive buildup of coalition military might and the birth of Operation DESERT STORM. In the ground offensive that lasted 100 hours, the coalition was successful in ejecting the Iraqi forces from Kuwait, restoring the legitimate government and sovereignty of Kuwait, and weakened the offensive capability of Saddam's forces enough to restore some stability back to the Persian Gulf region. But, the debate rages on, both in civilian and military circles, whether President Bush made the correct decision by stopping Operation DESERT STORM when he did or should he have allowed General H. Norman Schwarzkopf and the coalition forces to advance into Baghdad. This paper examines this dilemma by focusing on the objectives established by the United Nations and how they were translated from President Bush down to the troops in the sand. It shows that the execution of Operation DESERT STORM fulfilled all objectives levied by the United Nations and any further action by the coalition to eliminate the Iraqi regime or Saddam Hussein would not have been in the best interests of the international community and our coalition partnership.


Our experiments have shown that cell mediated immunity of psoriatic patients is reduced especially when psoriasis began at an early age and/or when it is "intermittent".


Points out the symbol tracking algorithm of linear programming in fact is a variant of the first stage simplex algorithm,the obtained basis has four possibilities,and illustrates with counter-examples. Beginning with the initial basis,for the normal running of symbol tracking algorithm,verifies and complements the steps of the algorithm. To further test the computational performance of symbol tracking algorithm,carries on big scale numerical test with MATLAB programming on computer. The results show that the symbol tracking algorithm averagely spends more executive time for each iteration and the computing efficiency is lower compared to the classical simplex algorithm.


Cyanourea in an aqueous or organic solution which was allowed to stand at room temperature gave 1-carbamoyl-3-cyanoguanidine and 1-cyanobiuret. The reaction was promoted by a mixture of cyanourea and its alkali salt. 1-Cyanobiuret was also obtained quantitatively by the reaction of cyanourea with alkali cyanate.


At present, shallow characteristics are usually utilized to represent the distributed features of text for Chinese spam classification, causing the problem of inexact text vector representation and low classification performance. A novel Chinese spam classification method based on weighted distributed feature is proposed by combining the features of TF-IDF weighted algorithm with the distributed text-based features deeply represented by Word2vec model. First, TF-IDF is utilized to calculate the weight of characteristic words in text so that the distributed text-based feature representation can be effectively enhanced. Then on the base of these, support vector machine (SVM) algorithm is applied to establish the classification model. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can not only better represent the text vector, but also significantly improve the recognition accuracy of Chinese spam.


A57-year-old Caucasian, smoker, and diabetic woman with a history of basal cell carcinoma presented for treatment of 2 perialar basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) (Figure 1A). A nodular BCC was located partially on her right nasal sill and partially on her right upper cutaneous lip, and a nodular and infiltrative BCC was located on her left upper cutaneous lip. Both tumors were cleared with Mohs micrographic surgery after 2 and3 stages, respectively. The resulting defects measured 0.4 · 0.8 cm with extension down to deep subcutis (Defect 1) and 1.5 · 1.8 cmwith extension down to orbicularis oris muscle (Defect 2) (Figure 1B). How would you reconstruct these defects?


Discussion can lead to learning. Through discussion people can learn about other viewpoints and arguments, or construct new ideas together. However, discussion can also be difficult, due to problems with argumentation and collaboration. This dissertation investigates how argumentative diagrams can support collaborative argumentation-based learning. Argumentative diagrams are two-dimensional diagrams in which arguments are placed in boxes, and arrows are used to relate these arguments. In four studies secondary school students collaboratively discussed a problem in dyads using chat and diagram in an electronic environment. Students' interaction processes in chat and diagram were analysed to address how they contribute to broadening and deepening the discussion. The task, the goal of discussion, and the type of tool all influence students' collaborative argumentation-based learning. A more important factor proved to be how students used the diagram in their discussion. Students used the diagram for example to copy information, to structure their argument, or to communicate new ideas. In general, students were not very apt at diagram construction and inspection. A diagram's affordances, such as structure and overview, were not used to their full potential. Schools should pay more attention to using diagrams. This would not only improve discussions, but also more general skills of structure and analysis.


The ability to retain and lock in customers in the face of competition is a major concern for online businesses, especially those that invest heavily in advertising and customer acquisition. In this paper, we develop and implement an approach for measuring the magnitudes of switching costs and brand loyalty for online service providers based on the random utility modeling framework. We then examine how systems usage, service design, and other firm and individual-level factors affect switching and retention. Using data on the online brokerage industry, we find significant variation (as much as a factor of two) in measured switching costs. We find that customer demographic characteristics have little effect on switching, but that systems usage measures and systems quality are associated with reduced switching. We also find that firm characteristics such as product line breadth and quality reduce switching and may also reduce customer attrition. Overall, we conclude that online brokerage firms appear to have different abilities in retaining customers and have considerable control over their switching costs.


Currently, in the financing educational work to students with financial difficulties in university there exist such problems as the difficulty identifying the students with financial difficulties in university, insufficient social desire and financial aid, drawbacks of existing gratuitous funding and excessive emphasis on material aid instead of spiritual alleviation. Universities should establish a unified and standardized identification system for poor students;strengthen communication with community and establish an integrated social financing system; convert the gratuitous funding into a hematopoietic-type funding; and strive to get rid of psychological burden of the students from economically disadvantaged families.


To study the time course of drug effects in biological systems requires appreciation of drug disposition within the organism; the science of pharmacokinetics. We need also to appreciate how drug effects relate to their concentration in plasma and at the site of action; this is pharmacodynamics. For the specialty of anaesthesia, these two related disciplines have made it possible to understand how anaesthetic drugs can have rapid, profound effects which dissipate rapidly and predictably. Typically, in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, an empirical mathematical model is defined that describes dr ug effect time cour se after administr ation. That model can then be used mechanistically to predict the action of other doses. Thus, doses and treatment re gimens can be manipulated to optimize the safe and effective use of dr ugs. This is the tr ue use of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics; determination of appropriate dosing regimens. 1 If the mechanistic extrapolation of an empirical pharmacokinetic model developed from data collected in a subject or subjects is reasonable, then we can attempt to predict what will happen in a further subject. In truth, the next subject often does not match our prediction. Of course, we do not expect that all patients respond in a similar manner; there is something missing fr om the


The author outlines recent evidence of the presence of medicinal drugs among drivers involved in road accidents. A study is then described which assessed the level of knowledge on alcohol and driving impairment, and the relative impairment properties of various common medicinal drugs, among fourth year medical students in one of Canada's medical schools. With an average score of 40% it was concluded that students have a very limited knowledge of the effects of medicinal drugs and underestimated their potency. For the covering abstract see IRRD 893732.


Wilson's disease is an autosomal recessive disease which result in defective copper metabolism, usually seen in young adults, predominantly affecting liver and brain. Although it is common in India, variation in epidemiology, clinical presentation and course are reported. However, community-based incidence and prevalence rates are not available in India and incidences are limited to hospital based reports. Most often, the diagnosis is delayed. We present a clinical autopsy case in a 12 year-old male who had presented with clinical symptoms at 10 years of age. Patient's parent had non-consanguineous marriage and patient is 3 by birth order.


RAPD 1inkage maps of Fenneropenaeus chinensis were constructed using one pair of parent and the F2 progeny(full sib family) as segregating population.109 primers produced 284 bands yielding Mendelian segregation,in which 234 bands segregated in 1∶1 model and 50 in 3∶1 mode1.The 1∶1 ratio markers from female and male were used to construct their linkage maps respectively based on the pseudo-testcross strategy.The female linkage maps of F.chinensis containing 107 segregating markers consisted of 31 linkage groups(including linkage couples) covering 1406.1cM with the average interval of 18.5cM,and the male linkage maps containing 91 segregating markers linked in 25 linkage groups covering 1187.7cM with the average interval of 18.27cM.The 36 markers in 3∶1 model were used to construct the common linkage maps of F.chinensis based on F2 intercross model strategy.The common linkage maps consist of 10 1inkage groups with 36 markers,covering 432.9cM of F.chinensis genome with the average interva1 of 17.3cM.


A comparative analysis of the level of intellectual development in children of 6-8 years with hyperkinetic disorder (HD) was performed. A group of children with HD was divided into subgroups depending on the directions of the activity of catecholaminergic systems. The obtained data allowed revealing the peculiarities of psycho-physiological structure of intelligence of children in the selected subgroups. It was found that deficit of the organization and functions of attention and voluntary activities, as well as the safety and stability of the operational systems of the various activities is associated with the imbalance of monoaminergic systems, where dopamine system plays a key role.


A first contribution regarding the phytoponimy of the Sulcis area is presented here. 394 vegetal place names have been counted in a census, referred to 89 taxa. Most of these are written in Campidanese dialet and is referred to frequently entities found in the territory. The most recurrent species are shrubs (37,6%) and trees (35,9%) spontaneus and cultivated, most of them calcifuge. Only in the far western areas is possible to find taxa calcicole linked to sedimentary substrata of carbonated nature. From researches carried out it appears that the IGM plans 1:25.000 with the greater number of phytotoponimy are those in Capoterra (68), Narcao (52), Santadi and Carbonia areas both with 39. It is finally underlined that almost all the censed names are linked to morphological elements of the landscape, particularly the peak areas (21,8%) and the mountains (11,9%).


Nenad Blau*, Nan Shen and Carla Carducci Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Division of Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland Laboratory of Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Division of Experimental Medicine, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy *Author for correspondence: firstname.lastname@example.com Detection of individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU), an autosomal recessively inherited disorder in phenylalanine degradation, is straightforward and efficient due to newborn screening programs. A recent introduction of the pharmacological treatment option emerged rapid development of molecular testing. However, variants responsible for PKU do not all suppress enzyme activity to the same extent. A spectrum of over 850 variants, gives rise to a continuum of hyperphenylalaninemia from very mild, requiring no intervention, to severe classical PKU, requiring urgent intervention. Locus-specific and genotypes database are today an invaluable resource of information for more efficient classification and management of patients. The high-tech molecular methods allow patients' genotype to be obtained in a few days, especially if each laboratory develops a panel for the most frequent variants in the corresponding population.


This note describes a number of techniques that can be used to detect low level optical signals. It starts by considering the problems inherent in the use of DC techniques and how these may be reduced by using AC methods instead. It then discusses a range of different experimental approaches using lock-in amplifiers, pointing out the advantages as well as any disadvantages of each method. Finally, it outlines the important specifications of the mechanical light choppers that are often used as part of such systems.


Solar energy is energy that the Sun radiates into space and towards the Earth. The sun is the largest and most powerful source of energy. Solar energy can be used for heating, lighting and cooling of houses and other buildings, generating electricity, heating water, and in various industrial processes. Most forms of renewable energy come directly or indirectly from the Sun. The total solar energy that is sent to the Earth annually is greater than the energy that can be obtained from the total reserves of coal and oil. Most of this energy is converted indirectly into energy production processes, and a smaller part serves as a direct source of energy.


This study aims to examine teachers' and students' views of learning-teaching on Turkish Language and Literature course. Also, this study aims to determine the prior learningteaching strategies of teachers and students. It was designed by qualitative research approach, phenomenology design. In the study, there are two participant groups; teachers and students. In sampling for both teachers and students, convenient sampling of purposive sampling type was used. Semi-structured interview questions were used as a data collection tool. Accordingly, content analysis was deemed proper to analyze the data. As a result, teachers' and students' views on learning and teaching are compatible with each other in a general framework such as selfstudy, students' involvement, active lesson process, teaching the lesson as art and especially the importance of reading habit. However; in the learning-teaching process, teachers' most strong emphasis was on individual differences, different/active methods implementations during the lesson and; whereas students' emphasis was on learning strategies such as memorizing, coding, doing research, observing and teachers' interest in them. It can be seen in the findings that teachers tend to teach the course by enabling learners to participate and students would like to have an active lesson process. Teachers and students share a similar idea on the fact that the Turkish Language and Literature course is an art; so, the learning-teaching process should be formed accordingly. According to the findings teachers' and students check the understanding by productivity and test results. Conclusively, teachers and students are keen on an active teaching environment; reading habit is one of the most important skill as the course's attainment, however exam pressure can limit their actions.


Review of Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr., The Poetics of Mind: Figurative Thought, Language, and Understanding, Cambridge: University Press, 1994. ix 527 pages


The present paper gives the catalogue and distribution of 84 species of the genus Fannia in China,of which 2 are new species: Fannia antilocera sp.nov.(Xue et Wang),Fannia tauricornis sp. nov.(Xue et Wang),and 1 new record in China: Fannia imperatoria Nishida,2002.


The fast progress of urbanization and the accompanying dominance of concrete spaces over natural spaces are fundamental to current debates on urban planning and sustainable development in Nigeria and the world at large. It is worth noting that natural landscapes and greenery are critical to man's quality of life; yet, the majority of the population are going to reside in urban areas, to the detriment of urban green spaces, known as the "lungs of the city." A detailed account urban green spaces in Akure. Using Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing techniques needs to be done. This study examines the status of urban green spaces in Akure, Nigeria to determine the rate of depletion and encroachment green spaces. The spatio-temporal analysis of green spaces in Akure was carried out between 1984 and 2022 using Supervised maximum likelihood classification procedure on Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS, Landsat 7 EMT+ and Landsat 4-5 TM Imageries. It took cognizance of attributes of vegetative cover at varying degrees such as Grasses and Shrubs, Light Vegetation, Secondary Vegetation, and Dense Vegetation. The rate of depletion of green areas, change statistic, socio-economic implication as well as planning implications were addressed. It is believed that assessing and analyzing its social, economic, and environmental impacts on urban inhabitants and their livelihoods would serve as a tool to educate and enlighten urban citizens about the need of including green space scheme into urban designs and planning in Akure.


Following a brief introduction the second section of this paper analyzes Brazil's policy of import‐substituting industrialization (ISI), as it relates to a number of variables suggested by economic theory. The third part investigates the inter‐industry structure of Brazil's protection as it relates to the country's comparative advantage in manufactured goods. Finally, the concluding section takes up certain policy implications suggested by the previous analysis.


Ungga Village is a village located in Praya Barat Daya District, Central Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province. Ungga village is also famous for its silver work, and many art shops in tourist areas partner with the village's artisans. The problem with silversmiths in Ungga village is the lack of product promotion and marketing, which is still limited. University of Mataram real work lecture program in 2023 has empowered silversmiths. The participatory approach method has been carried out with the following stages: 1) Data collection on the number of silversmiths in Ungga village, 2) Making promotional media for silver handicrafts, 3) Creating an e-commerce website for marketing silver handicraft products, 4) Training operators who will manage the e-commerce website. After passing through these stages, the implementation team approached the artisans to identify superior silver products that would be uploaded on the website. From this process, the e-commerce website with .Link; (https://desaunggaofficial.wordpress.com/) can be accessed. Craftsmen who have entered their products into e-commerce are: Jaelani (Jean's Creative), Tamrin's Silver (Tamrin Creative), Abdul kahar (Dul's Silver), Farid, (DHIMAS SILVER) (https://unggcreative.mygostore.com). The implementation team also conducted a survey of the Ungga village community to seek residents' responses to the existence of an e-commerce website by distributing questionnaires. the. From the survey results, it was found that 90% of the Ungga village community strongly agreed with the existence of the website and 10% did not agree. So it can be said that the website creation program has succeeded in promoting silver handicraft products in Ungga Village.


Motherhood is a social reality; the very social intuition existed in society since time immemorial. It is associated with women's reproductivity and their socio-cultural life. It determines the woman's status and their identity in the family and outer world. This paper attempts to understand motherhood as both a concept and a social institution by locating how motherhood is being constructed in the society as a social reality. Further, it discusses how feminists respond to the idea of motherhood. Finally, this paper examines the impact of reproductive technology on motherhood and how it is changing the structure and meaning, and idea of motherhood.


The behaviour of iron electrodes immersed in pH 8.9‐11.0 Na2HPO4 solutions was studied by potentiodynamic measurements (cyclic voltammetry) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The influence of proton and phosphate content, scan rate, anodic switching potential and other devised potential/time perturbation regimes were evaluated in order to obtain an understanding of the reactions involved during the passivation process. The oxidation‐reduction peaks were analysed using a thermodynamic approach. It was possible to reveal the most important reactions coming about on the electrode surface, which comprise, initially, the formation of Fe3(PO4)2 and Fe(OH)2 at ca. −0.8 V/SCE. Subsequently, these ferrous species are further oxidized to γ‐FeOOH at ca. −0.36 V/SCE, the latter being transformed into Fe2O3 in the passive region. Depending on the pH value (11.0) and scan rate (slow), Fe3O4 is clearly present as an intermediate oxide structure between the ferrous and ferric species mentioned earlier. In addition, ...


Quality function deployment (QFD) is a cross-functional planning tool that ensures that the "voice of the customer" is systematically incorporated into the product planning and designstages. Impediments to the adoption of QFD as a product desi..


Spanning two centuries of artistic and journalistic mediations of war, War at a Distance demonstrates how late eighteenth-century reactions to distant state-sponsored carnage have shaped our present-day imaginative engagements with international violence. Mary Favret sees the collective response to war fought at a distance in this period as having a lasting legacy, arguing that a new relationship with military action overseas 'unsettled basic temporal experiences of the British population' (11). War at a Distance considers how individuals understand or experience the violence of war when such violence remains beyond the direct sensory experiences of touch, smell, or hearing, out of sight and yet eerily present in the minds and daily lives of those at home.


: In recent years, the damage to bridge foundations caused by heavy rainfall and scouring has increased. In some cases, the entire bridge is carried away, whereas, in others, damage mainly occurs in the foundation, such as settlement and inclination. In the latter cases, it is expected that the damaged bridge is shortly reused after minor repairs are performed only on the superstructure while retaining the residual displacement of the foundation. However, it is difficult to predict whether a foundation with residual displacement possesses the bearing capacity needed to resume emergency use of the damaged bridge. This study focuses on the residual bearing capacity of a shallow foundation after scouring. We performed vertical loading tests on scoured shallow foundations on an aluminum rod ground model to clarify the mechanism. The scouring of the ground was simulated by manually pulling out the aluminum rods. The residual displacement induced by the dead load was measured, and the loading was continued until the residual bearing capacity became clear. We systematically evaluated the effects of scouring volume and shape on the behavior of the foundation. It was found that the residual displacement increased with scouring, but the residual bearing capacity did not necessarily decrease. These findings suggest the possibility of expanding the conditions for the early resumption of damaged foundations and will be helpful for future emergency disaster operations of damaged river bridges.


Objective: It was investigated the haemodynamic effect of low molecular dextran(LMD) in left heart dysfunction in due to certificate it's efficiency of haemodilution and improvement microcirculation to left heart dysfunction. Methods: There were 20 cases of left heart dysfunction of Ⅲ or Ⅳ heart function, there were 10 cases cororary heart disease, 6 cases of hypertensive heart disease, 4 cases of dilated car-diomyopathy in it. LMD 200 ml and urapidil 25 mg be maintained to 2 hours intravenous infusion. In all patients, the haemodynamic record was performed before and after 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours LMD infusion. Results: Pulmonary artery wedge pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, mean pulmonary artery pressure were decreased. Cardiac output cardiac index, left ventricular stroke work index were increased after LMD infusion. There were no significant statistical difference in heart rate, systonic blood pressure and diastolic pressure, in before and after LMD infusion. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that intravenous LMD and low dose urapidil produced acute and significant haemodynamic benefit in patients with left heart dysfunction.


One of the leaders of the Hungarian democratic opposition, Ferenc Kőszeg, talks about the creation of the samizdat magazine "Beszélő", recalls some particularly acute moments of its history.


In this study, PBI-based block copolymers were developed and their performance as membranes in high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells was evaluated. This type of block copolymer consists of "phosphophilic" PBI and "phosphophobic" non-PBI segments. The final properties of such block copolymers strongly depended on the length of the individual blocks and their chemical structures. In a systematic approach, a series of various block copolymers was synthesized and characterized both in terms of ex situ properties (e.g., proton conductivity, phosphoric acid uptake, swelling behavior) and in situ fuel cell tests. A very poor membraneelectrode interface limited the performance of the membrane electrode assemblies, but was remarkably improved in power output, stability, and long-term durability by treating the electrode interface with a fluorinated PBI derivative. VC 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55,


Green and aqueous-based dehydrative glycosylation of thiofuranosides in micellar media was developed. The thiofuranosides are useful as precursors for carbohydrate synthesis, biological active molecules, and bio-surfactants. Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA), a commercially available Br?nsted acid-surfactant, was employed to increase solubility of substrates and enhance rate of the glycosylation. Herein, we report the dehydrative glycosylation of furanosides and pyranosides with aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic thiols in aqueous media to afford the thiofuranosides. Microwave irradiation led to improved yields and shorter reaction times. Other reaction parameters such as temperature and the amount of acid used were also optimized. Aliphatic and aromatic thiofuranosides were prepared from lactol precursors in moderate yields (24?72%) when using 100 mol% DBSA. Noteworthy, the open-chain dithioacetal which is a common by-product from the dehydrative glycosylation was not detected under these reaction conditions. Moreover, the methodology was simple and convenient to set up without the requirement for anhydrous conditions.


Zhi Qian,a well-known Buddhist scriptures translator in Three Kingdoms,left in the history of Buddhist literature several biographies,which are detailed or brief,sometimes contradictory,resulting in many questions in his life.The paper,trying to sort out early Buddhist literature and related official history literature,makes corrections or provides some new views on his family,the time to flee to Wu,the name of Prince assisted by him,and the year of his birth,reclusion and death,etc.


A compact, dual-mode bandpass filter based on a stripline ring resonator is presented. This 2-pole filter was implemented using a one-dimensional periodic structure, such that the physical length of the ring resonator was decreased due to the slow wave effect. At a center frequency of 2 GHz, the length of the ring was reduced by 41.8%, and the overall footprint of the filter was reduced by 51.9%. With the periodic structure, this filter achieved 0.6 dB of loss centered in a 310 MHz bandwidth, compared to 1 dB of loss centered in a 230 MHz bandwidth achieved without the slow wave structure.


Table of Standards and Tasks Content Standards The student will be able to: 1).....apply formulas involving angle and distance. 2).....use trig functions to model situations. 3).....identify, describe, and classify relationships within and among geometric figures. 4).....analyze and solve problems involving triangles using trigonometric ratios. 5).....use inductive and deductive reasoning. Process Standards The student will be able to:


Part 1 Imperative pressures for success: the emergence of the postmodern Presidency - from the traditional to the postmodern President learning to live with other elephants the imperatives of the Presidency - going Washington going public going international juggling imperatives assessing the Presidency - conflicting standards for the modern President the postmodern President between world leadership and global failure widening the view from the Oval office - an alternative to the Presidency subgovernments and government the responsibility gap. Part 2 Tangible and intangible resources of leadership: resources and constraints of government - how much does government do? government as a constraint sizing up resources means cutting the President down to size learning to campaign or learning to govern? - coming in from the outside another way - going government comings and goings of leaders perpetually campaigning for support - leading a no-party system courting mass popularity through the media, courting Congress taking over the White House - hitting the ground running - energy in search of direction keeping control within the White House political strategies for organizing the White House the President - a chief but not an executive - coming to terms with the executive branch the President as a policy taster keeping out of trouble influencing organized anarchy. Part 3 Problems of leadership without hegemony: the economy - an open market for policy - trying to manage a bucking-bronco economy adding up numbers that don't add up living with your banker national security - one country but many voices - allies and enemies within Washington pursuing security from the White House the international system is stronger than the President - keeping the military balance the end of American hegemony toward American-Japanese bigemony the White House in an open market. Part 4 Evaluation: how popular should a President be? - how much approval? when a President should be unpopular no long-term decline as the world closes in - after Reagan, the great asymmetry the future of the postmodern President George Bush as a postmodern President guardianship - the idea of the Bush presidency the budget inheritance foreigners with alien policies the test of war in the Persian Gulf vulnerability of a postmodern president. Appendices: Presidents of the United States the President in the constitution inaugural address of President John F.Kennedy nomination acceptance speech of George Bush inaugural address of President George Bush.


A neuroprosthesis can restore movement functions of persons with spinal cord injury. It benefits from a brain-computer interface (BCI) with a high number of control classes. However, classical sensorimotor rhythm-based BCIs can often only provide less than 3 classes, and new types of BCIs need to be developed. We investigated whether low-frequency timedomain signals (i.e. movement-related cortical potentials [1]) can be used to classify hand/arm movements of the same limb. A BCI based on attempted movements may be used to control a neuroprosthesis more naturally and provide a higher number of control classes.


The dynamics of systems of two and three planets, initially placed on circular and nearly coplanar orbits, is explored in the proximity of their stability limit. The evolution of a large number of systems is numerically computed and their dynamical behaviour is investigated with the frequency map analysis as chaos indicator. Following the guidance of this analysis, it is found that for two-planet systems the dependence of the Hill limit on the planet mass, usually made explicit through the Hill's radius parametrization, does not appear to be fully adequate. In addition, frequent cases of stable chaos are found in the proximity of the Hill limit. For three-planet systems, the usual approach adopted in numerical explorations of their stability, where the planets are initially separated by multiples of the mutual Hill radius, appears too reducing. A detailed sampling of the parameter space reveals that systems with more packed inner planets are stable well within previous estimates of the stability limit. This suggests that a two-dimensional approach is needed to outline when three-planet systems are dynamically stable.


Multiple-effect membrane distillation(MEMD) was used to concentrate fruit juices such as watermelon juice,pear juice,grapefruit juice and apple juice,which possessed characteristics of mild operation conditions,high enrichment ratio,low capital cost and high thermal efficiency.The influences of various experimental conditions such as feed-in concentration,feed-in flow rate,and heating temperature on the trans-membrane flux and gained output ratio(GOR) were studied.In the initial stage of concentrating fresh juices by MEMD process,both GOR and trans-membrane flux were less influenced by the concentration of sugars in the juice and,the average water permeate flux achieved 3 L/(m2·L),the GOR achieved 7.5 when the temperature of heating resource was 75 ℃.In a long-term stability test lasting for 60 days,the MEMD module and operation kept in good condition through the whole experiment.


There is controversy about the frequency of nephropathy in pancreatogenic diabetes. Many reports have appeared on diabetic nephropathy in humans with chronic pancreatitis or hemochromatosis. To our knowledge, however, only two reports have been made on nephropathy after total pancreatectomy (1,2), one of which is devoid of histological documentation (2). We describe a case of histologically proved nodular glomerulosclerosis in a totally pancreatectomized patient. In 1972, a Japanese man, 50 yr of age, underwent total pancreatectomy after diagnosis of gastric cancer invading the pancreas. There was no family history of diabetes or any past history of obesity. His fasting blood glucose was 94 mg/dl, and glycosuria had not been found before the operation. After total pancreatectomy, ketosis-prone insulin-dependent diabetes developed. Despite daily insulin injections of 12—18 U, his fasting blood glucose ranged from 43 to 714 mg/dl. Between 1976 and 1979, paresthesia of the lower extremities, intermittent proteinuria, pedal edema, and high blood pressure (170/96 mmHg) emerged one after another. He died of pulmonary edema in November 1982. One month before his death, his urine protein was 2.8-11.4 g/day, blood urea nitrogen was 45.2 mg/dl, serum creatinine was 1.8 mg/dl, serum growth hormone was 1.6 ng/ml, and no serum or urine C-peptide immunoreactivity was detected. The kidneys weighed 170 and 220 g. On microscopic examination, nodular and diffuse glomerulosclerosis, microaneurysms, hyalinization of arterioles, and capsular drops were noted (Fig. 1). A diligent search of a trypsin-digested specimen of the retina failed to show any microaneurysms. Thus, despite the nephropathy, there was no evidence of retinopathy.


In order to ask for physicians requests, some neutrinos facilities are under studies to produce pure, intense, well collimated neutrinos beams with a well determined energy spectrum. One of them, the Beta-Beam project, is based on neutrinos production by radioactive ion beams decay after acceleration. The paper is focused on one step of the complex, namely the low energy ring required for accumulation and injection of ion beams between the post-acceleration linac of the EURISOL complex (dedicated complex for radioactive ion beam production) and the CERN PS. Studies on the definition and the optimisation of the ring are given, starting by optical structure then differents simulations concerning beam dynamics, ie multiturn injection, synchronous acceleration with beam losses localization and intensity, fast extraction, chromaticity with eddy currents correction and space charge effects.


The experiment was carried out to study the growth characteristics and regular of cadmium(Cd) accumulation in roots and shoots by using tissue-cultured grapevine rootstocks(5BB and 99R) under Cd spiked at 0,1,3,5 mg/L.The results showed that biomass,plant height,root length and surface area of two grapevine rootstocks decreased with the increase of Cd concentration in culture medium,and their effect on 99R was more significant than on 5BB.The Cd concent in grapevine seedling increased significantly with the increase of Cd concentration in culture medium,and its concent in roots and shoots of 5BB was lower than in 99R.The decreased ranges of biomass,plant height and root morphological parameters of 5BB under Cd treatments were much smaller than those of 99R,indicating that 5BB had a higher ability to tolerate Cd stress than 99R.


This paper proposes a study on the linearization of a four wheeled mobile robot with wheel arms, its behavior with a variable structure control for both linearized system and nonlinear system when it transform to two wheeled inverted pendulum state from four wheeled state. It also proposes a control technique to stabilize the system in inverted pendulum mode after the system transforms. Since the system have to reach the target stable state from initial state a nonlinear sliding mode controller is used for transformation mean while taking the velocity of the system into consideration and sub-optimal methods are used to minimize switching-function chattering. To stabilize the system in the inverted pendulum mode, an LQR controller has been implemented. Also the position tracking and behavior of the system using a ramp signal is studied. The transformation and movement of the robot could be achieved by two DC motors on each side of the robot. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of International Conference on Processing of Materials, Minerals and Energy (July 29th – 30th) 2016, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh, India.


Life level along with people raises and all the people do exercise to keep fit to open the exhibition athletically.Mass volleyball also had certain of advance,but we also see the universal depth that mass volleyball exercise with wide and degree is not enough.This circumstance,affected directly on one hand the tournament volleyball exercise of open the exhibition;On the other hand all the people do exercise to keep fit to open the exhibition athletically.Therefore,whether is based on tournament sport or based on people doing exercise to keep fit,it has an important meaning.Affecting the universality of the mass volleyball sport in China has following several aspects: sport characteristics factor,culture factor,participant's factor,policy factor,medium factor,etc.It put forward some suggestions based on it.


This contribution focuses on the fascinating RNA molecule, its sequence-dependent folding driven by base-pairing interactions, the interplay between these interactions and natural evolution, and its multiple regulatory roles. The four of us have dug into these topics using the tools and the spirit of the statistical physics of disordered systems, and in particular the concept of a disordered (energy/fitness) landscape. After an introduction to RNA molecules and the perspectives they open not only in evolutionary and synthetic biology but also in medicine, we will introduce the important notions of energy and fitness landscapes for these molecules. In Section III we will review some models and algorithms for RNA sequence-to-secondary-structure mapping. Section IV discusses how the secondary-structure energy landscape can be derived from unzipping data. Section V deals with the inference of RNA structure from evolutionary sequence data sampled in different organisms. This will shift the focus from the `sequence-to-structure' mapping described in Section III to a `sequence-to-function' landscape that can be inferred from laboratory evolutionary data on DNA aptamers. Finally, in Section VI, we shall discuss the rich theoretical picture linking networks of interacting RNA molecules to the organization of robust, systemic regulatory programs. Along this path, we will therefore explore phenomena across multiple scales in space, number of molecules and time, showing how the biological complexity of the RNA world can be captured by the unifying concepts of statistical physics.


AbstractThis article proposes a metaphorical approach combining play, movement and storymaking in art therapy, to address trauma reactions in sexually abused children. Post-traumatic reactions in young children can involve a particular type of play called post-traumatic, where trauma is re-experienced through compulsive repetitions in play.This paper examines the evolution of the play processes of a sexually abused girl in art therapy sessions. It suggests a treatment approach to facilitate a creative development of post-traumatic play patterns through various forms of art expression, in view of supporting the externalization and integration of trauma. Traumatic experiences of loss and separation following sexual abuse are addressed through the symbolic development of ritualized play behaviours.


Frenchman Flat is one of several areas of the Nevada Test Site (NTS) used for underground nuclear testing (Figure 1-1). These nuclear tests resulted in groundwater contamination in the vicinity of the underground test areas. As a result, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Site Office (NNSA/NSO) is currently conducting a corrective action investigation (CAI) of the Frenchman Flat underground test areas. Since 1996, the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection (NDEP) has regulated NNSA/NSO corrective actions through the ''Federal Facility Agreement and Consent Order'' ([FFACO], 1996). Appendix VI of the FFACO agreement, ''Corrective Action Strategy'', was revised on December 7, 2000, and describes the processes that will be used to complete corrective actions, including those in the Underground Test Area (UGTA) Project. The individual locations covered by the agreement are known as corrective action sites (CASs), which are grouped into corrective action units (CAUs). The UGTA CASs are grouped geographically into five CAUs: Frenchman Flat, Central Pahute Mesa, Western Pahute Mesa, Yucca Flat/Climax Mine, and Rainier Mesa/Shoshone Mountain (Figure 1-1). These CAUs have distinctly different contaminant source, geologic, and hydrogeologic characteristics related to their location (FFACO, 1996). The Frenchman Flat CAU consists of 10 CASs more » located in the northern part of Area 5 and the southern part of Area 11 (Figure 1-1). This report documents the evaluation of the information and data available on the unclassified source term and radionuclide contamination for Frenchman Flat, CAU 98. The methodology used to estimate hydrologic source terms (HSTs) for the Frenchman Flat CAU is also documented. The HST of an underground nuclear test is the portion of the total inventory of radionuclides that is released over time into the groundwater following the test. The total residual inventory of radionuclides associated with one or more tests is known as the radiologic source term (RST). The RST is comprised of radionuclides in water, glass, or other phases or mineralogic forms. This evaluation was conducted in support of the development of a CAU contaminant transport model for the Frenchman Flat CAU. « less


The n.m.r. spectra of the methylene protons in aziridine and [N-2H]aziridine have been obtained in the gas phase at 35 °C by means of Fourier transform spectroscopy at 100 MHz, and it is found that as the temperature is raised, a 'coalescence point' is observed at 68 °C, corresponding to a free energy of activation (ΔGc‡) of 17·3 kcal/mol (72·4 kJ/mol); the coalescence temperature in the case of [N-2H]aziridine is 79 °C, corresponding to a ΔGc‡ value of 17·9 kcal/mol (74·9 kJ/mol).


This paper will discuss about the current examination and efficiency improvement measures of the building water supply network specifically terrace looping and its impact identification based on GIS mapping. The efficiency improvement is in terms of supplying unit rate of water by keeping desired parameters e.g. velocity, pressure at constant rate another the other aspect of efficiency improvement is to cater more taps based on current network by improving it. GIS, as a tool to be utilized to identify and analyze the impact of efficiency improvement to a vicinity covering specific number of buildings. The GIS tool found helpful in terms of identifying the impact assessment on building water distribution network.


As the largest visible organ of the body, the skin serves many important functions that are sometimes undervalued. There are many threats to the skin's integrity including aging, wounds, skin tears, and moisture-associated skin damage (MASD) with an aetiology of incontinence associated dermatitis (IAD), or wound exudate leading to periwound maceration. Water and moisture balance are both vital to maintaining the skin's normal acid mantle and integrity. Skin that is too wet or too dry is in danger of breakdown and bacterial invasion. Clinicians need to identify the aetiology of the skin problem and then follow a corrective plan of skin protection. This can include the selection of dressings that match the level of exudate from the wound as well as changing the dressing at the right frequency, use of physical skin barriers such as ®


In this paper, a robust iterative block decision feedback equalization (DFE) algorithm is developed for uplink single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems. Three important problems that can adversely affect the performance of the DFE in SC-FDMA systems are to be addressed here, i.e., the feedback symbols reliability, the feedback correlation metric, and the phase noise due to inaccuracies in the fabrication process of the crystal oscillator. Instead of using all the detected symbols in the feedback loop of the DFE, only the highly reliable symbols are selected to be fed back. This results in the improvement of the error propagation, one of the common problems in a DFE. Also, the feedback correlation is an important metric in the design of the DFE, and hence an elegant method is proposed in this design and found to perform better than the available existing designs in the literature. Finally, the transmitter and receiver phase noise is iteratively compensated using its corresponding time- and frequency-domain properties. Simulation results demonstrate the robustness of our designed iterative block DFE.


A wireless local loop (WLL) system has many inherent advantages over traditional cellular system, such as bigger coverage area, low power, reduced interference, higher capacity, no fast fading, no hand-off, etc. In this paper ideal multiple-tier hexagonal cells are used to derive the capacity of a CDMA WLL system. First, the reverse link interference from each tier to the center cell is calculated separately, Then, interference ratio of reverse links in a WLL system is analytically derived as a function of total tier number. The result shows that interference from other cells is proportional to the beam width of the house antenna. We also found that tier number plays a vital role in system capacity in a free-space propagation (20 dB/dec) environment. A WLL simulator is also built to verify our analytical solution.


From 1982 to 1983, General Efraín Ríos Montt presided over an especially bloody period of the Guatemalan civil war. Under Ríos Montt's watch, the state killed approximately 75,000 of its own citizens. Yet less than a decade later, the former dictator emerged as one of the most popular politicians in newly democratic Guatemala. How did a gross human rights violator stage such an improbable comeback? Using process tracing, I argue that Ríos Montt's trajectory is best explained by his embrace of populism as his core political strategy. This analysis deepens our knowledge of an important case, while shedding light on broader questions about how and when actors with profoundly undemocratic values can hijack democracy for their own ends.


Background: The interaction between the offender and the victim produces visible or latent prints on objects and utensils. The study of lip prints has reportedly stayed away from the basic cinematic concept of the lip-to-surface relationship. Materials and Methods: Three regular powders were used to reveal the latent lip prints on a typical metallic straw called bombilla, and the revealed prints were photographed, preserved, and analyzed. Results: Better definition was observed in the lower lip print, and nine anatomical patterns were identified, but a higher definition of wrinkles was observed with indestructible white powder. Conclusion: Knowledge of labial dynamics, the real value of the processed surfaces, and the need for testing in field conditions are discussed.


ABSTRACT: This experiment was purposed to study the effect of mulch and fruit position on yield of melon ( Cucumis melo L.), there done at Kalipucangwetan, Welahan, Jepara. The soil type was latosol and 7 meters above sea level elevation.
The experimental design was Split Plot Design based on Randomized Complete
Block Design (RCBD) involving two factors (three levels of mulch as main plot and three levels of fruit position as subplot)
The highest yield was reached at black silver synthetic mulch and 11th internodes from base stem combination treatment (2,22 kg of fruit weight and 12,61 Brix of kadar gula), the lowest yield reached at without mulch and 7th internodes from base stem combination treatment (1,33 kg of fruit weight and 9,93 Brix of kadar gula).


Harmonic tests to harmonic source users are launched by Tangshan power supply company in a planned and systematic way based on the principle of "the one Who interfere or pollute,who will manage and control".Meanwhile,the rectification notice is issued to the units whose harmonic exceeds the specified level,which has a distinctive effect and plays a certain role in the safety,stability and the economic operation of Tangshan Power Grid.


Chromatin is more than just the eucaryotic DNA packaging system; it is the substrate of all reactions involving DNA in eukaryotic cells and actively regulates RNA Polymerase II (RNAPolII) access to DNA. Responsible for all mRNA transcription in eucaryotes, the RNAPolII must, following its recruitment to the preinitiation complex, overcome the chromatin barrier in order to transcribe genes. The RNAPolII CTD allows for the co-transcriptional coordination of mRNA maturation and chromatin modifications. The work covered in this thesis addresses two aspects of transcription: the chromatin substrate, with the localization of H2A variant, H2A.Z, and the transcription complex with the phosphorylation cycle of the RNAPolII CTD. Following the introduction, chapter 2 constitutes a detailed and annotated Saccharomyces cerevisiae ChIP-chip protocol, from the culture to the hybridization of the array, with an emphasis on the proper controls required for chromatin study. This technique, extremely powerful for the in vivo study of all DNA transactions, leads to a better understanding of chromatin function in nuclear phenomena, thanks to the localization of histone variants and modifications. The third chapter maps the H2A.Z variant across the yeast genome at ~300 base pairs resolution using ChIP-chip. Our data shows that H2A.Z is incorporated into one or two promoter-bound nucleosomes at the majority of genes. H2A.Z enrichment is anticorrelated with transcription, and the results suggest that it configures chromatin structure to poise genes for transcriptional activation. Furthermore, we have shown that H2A.Z can regulate nucleosome positioning. The next chapter focuses on the transcription machinery and, more precisely, on the phosphorylation cycle of RNAPolII. The CTD contains repetitions of a heptapeptide (Y1S2P3T4S5P6S7) on which all serines are differentially phosphorylated along genes in a prescribed pattern during the transcription cycle. Here, we systematically profiled the location of the RNAPII phospho-isoforms in wild-type cells and mutants for most CTD modifying enzymes. The results provide evidence for


The educational institutions of today are witnessing transformation in myriad ways. For, example, the traditional courses are being replaced by MOOC (Massive open online courses) or the conventional examination system being replaced by open book system of examination. However, in spite of these rampant changes brought about the invasion of Information Technology and the changing business world, another growing concern which is observed is the question of Psychological contract, which essentially means that there is an implied understanding in the form of unwritten contract between the management of these educational intuitions and the students pursuing varied programs from these institutions. The has necessitated the need to develop a feasibility index for the psychological contract which exists between the institutions and the students. For, knowing the index quotient, will immensely contribute to various functions of the management institutions such as estimating the possible number of students who will attend alumni interaction program or other events wherein the students participation will make a difference. This paper is an attempt to develop the feasibility quotient by an extensive focus on the literature review process to identify the components that will go into the conception and formulation of the same. The development of the paper follows a structured approach, starting with basics, gradually moving to the core components before arriving at the index.


This research was conducted to determine the effects of grazing on botanical composition of artificial pastures in Isparta between 2010 and 2012. For this purpose, two different artificial pastures were established, each covering 1.5 ha area during the first year of the research. The mixtures of the pastures used were as follows: First pasture: Medicago sativa L. (%20) + Bromus inermis L. (%40) + Agropyron cristatum L. (%30) + Poterium sanguisorba (%10), second pasture: Medicago sativa L. (%15) + Onobrychis sativa Lam. (%15) + Agropyron cristatum L. (%35) + Bromus inermis L. (%35). The grazing applications were conducted in the second and the third years of research. Twenty Holstein male animals with 6 months old were appointed to experimental area randomly, each pasture containing 10 calves. Non-grazing areas were established in artificial pastures. Forage samples were collected from grazing and non-grazing areas once every 15 days during grazing season. According to results, in the first pasture, alfalfa and crested wheatgrass in grazing areas decreased at discrete rates while the proportion of burnet and smooth brome grass increased. In the grazing parts of the second pasture, while alfalfa, sainfoin and crested wheatgrass rate decreased, smooth brome grass rate increased. In general, burnet was the least preferred species by animals while smooth brome grass was grazed well during the first period it was not preferred by animals after drying.


In the search for effective environmental policy instruments (EPIs), the interest in combining environmental policy instruments – such as taxes and charges, tradable permit schemes, voluntary agreements, information measures, and traditional command-and-control regulation – in synergistic policy mixes has intensified recently (OECD, 2001a). However, there is also a need to analyse the longer term pattern in the choice of instruments for a cumulative policy mix. The aim of this paper is to examine two aspects of this pattern – diversity and coerciveness – in the field of municipal waste management in Sweden and England. Based on an inventory of instruments adopted at the national level in 1995–2005, it is concluded that the diversity has increased in both countries, although the national instrument preferences differ. Two contrasting hypotheses on coerciveness in the sequencing of instruments are then tested; the 'minimal-coercion' hypothesis by Doern and Wilson (1974) and van der Doelen's (1998) 'give-and-take' strategy. It is found that Sweden has made relatively consistent choices of more coercive instruments, while a pattern of 'give-and-take' of positive and negative instruments can be discerned in the instrument mix in England. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.


The axillary artery usually passes between the medial and lateral roots of the median nerve. A unique anatomical variant of this artery that runs inferior and posterior to the medial cord of the brachial plexus is recognised (Adachi, 1928). We encountered this variant bilaterally during the course of a routine anatomical dissection in the cadaver of an 87-y-old Japanese woman. The right and left subclavian arteries originated normally from the brachiocephalic trunk and the aortic arch, respectively, passed ventrally to the inferior trunks of the brachial plexuses and over the 1st ribs, and then continued as the axillary arteries. In the left arm, without crossing over the medial cord or passing between the medial and lateral roots of the median nerve, the axillary artery suddenly passed inferior and then posterior to the medial cord of the brachial plexus and the branches of this cord, including the medial root of the median nerve, and then extended posterior to the median nerve (Fig. 1 a, b). No arteries passed between the lateral and medial roots of the median nerve. After the axillary artery gave off a common trunk that split into the posterior humeral circumflex and subscapular arteries, it became the brachial artery. Since the brachial artery took the unusual path of crossing the ventral surface of the median nerve in the distal part of the left arm, dividing into the radial and ulnar arteries in the cubital fossa which passed down into the forearm along their normal course, it was equivalent to the superficial brachial artery. The profunda brachii artery originated unusually from the posterior humeral circumflex artery, crossed over the dorsal surface of the teres major and then accompanied the radial nerve (Fig. 1 a, inset). In the right arm, the aberrant passage of the axillary and brachial arteries was exactly the same as in the left arm (Fig. 1 c, d). Minor anomalies of the brachial plexus were observed. Distal parts of the middle and inferior trunks of the left brachial plexus fused with each other to form a single unit which then split into the medial cord, the anterior division to the lateral cord, and the posterior division to the posterior cord. The inferior trunk of the right brachial plexus split into the posterior division which fused with a distal part of the middle trunk and the very short medial cord, which divided immediately and proximally into its branches including the medial cord of the median nerve. The reported frequency of this variant, in which the axillary artery does not pass between the lateral and medial roots of the median nerve, is 2% (2 of 100 arms) by Muller (1903), 4.9% (20 of 410 arms) by Adachi (1928), 0.6% (3 of 480 arms) by Miller (1939), 2.8 % (13 of 471 arms) by Chiba (1983), and 2% (2 of 101 arms) by the authors. Although the variant is occasionally observed among cadavers, no clinical reports concerning it have been found, so far as we are aware. Since, however, the axillary artery suddenly ran inferior and then dorsal to the medial cord, this erratic course may have resulted in a reduced blood supply to the arms. It is frequently observed that when the axillary artery does not pass between the medial and lateral roots of the median nerve, these roots and the lateral, medial, and posterior cords fuse to form a single cord (Adachi, 1928; Singer, 1933). In some cases (Chiba, 1983), the usual medial and lateral roots of the median nerve are present, as observed in the present case. Although Singer (1933) stated that the rudimentary state of the embryonic artery piercing the nerve plate of the median nerve caused the formation of a fusion of the lateral and medial roots of the median nerve, we did not observe any arteries passing between the lateral and medial cord of the median nerve in this cadaver. It is therefore unclear whether the formation of the medial and lateral roots of the median nerve always requires the presence of the artery piercing the nerve plate of the median nerve. Since the axillary artery is derived from the 7th segmental artery (Moore, 1988), it normally passes through the medial and lateral roots of the median nerve. However, if it is derived from the 9th segmental artery, it can pass inferior to the medial cord, and the present variant can thus be formed (Muller, 1905; Hollinshead, 1958). Moreover, based on the development of arm arteries as described by Muller (1903), it is possible that the present unusual course of the axillary artery is derived from the following arteries (Fig. 2): the axillary, superior superficial brachial, inferior superficial brachial, and brachial arteries. The superficial brachial artery and the profunda brachii artery originating from the posterior humeral circumflex artery are well-known anatomical variants (Agur, 1991).


David Glynne Price was the pioneer of intensive care in Reading from his appointment in 1968, and for two decades was a constant presence in the three …


Professor Max Badin writes that the iudidum quinquevirale (a tribunal of late Roman times, coiisisting of the prefect of the City and five Senators chosen by lot, which was formed under some circumstances to determine whether Senators were guilty of capital offences) may have "thrown ... a prognostic shadow on the developing iudidum parium of the Feudal law".) He adds, however, that if this was so the connection "must" have been through Constantinople, since 'In Rome, äs the well-known lament of Gregory shows, the Senate had practically disappeared by 600". The chief evidence of a connection, it seems to me, is the inclusion of Cod. Theod. II l, 12 (a Statute of Honorius dealing with the iudidum quinquevirale) in the Breviary of Alaric, and the addition to it of an interpretatio which points in the direction of the medieval practice.) The Breviary was promulgated in 506 and was law for the Roman subjects of the Visigothic kiag, that is, — it was not law in the Empire but in parts of western Europe outside the Empire.) And this at a time when the iudidum quinquevirale was still a living Institution in Italy.) In view of the text in the Breviary and its repetition in various forms in the epitomes), it seems difficult to agree that the iudidum quinquevirale "must" have influenced western law solely through Constantinople. But the iudidum, if it ever existed in Constantinople, may have influenced later western institutions from the East äs well äs from the West. Professor Radin believes, of course, that it did exist there. He argues that the use of the word licebit in Cod. Theod. IX l, 13 (the


First, the guidance counselor profession in the province of Quebec will be described: the professional association to which it belongs, the required instruction, the counselors' tasks and the institutions for which they work. There follows the description of the main current tendencies in career guidance development in this French-speaking area of Canada with about 7.2 million inhabitants, approximately one fourth of the total country population. Finally, a brief description of the Center for Research on Education and Labor of the University of Shebrooke as well as of some instruments that one of the teams is constructing will be provided. The guidance counselor profession Although there are different people having various degrees who carry out activities related to guidance, professional insertion and adaptation in varied institutions, the degree of guidance counselor is reserved to those who are members of the "Ordre professionnel des conseillers et conseilleres d'orientation du Quebec" (OPCCOQ, 1997). This association is governed by the Code of Professionals of Quebec. Its mission is to protect the public by ensuring both the quality of the professional services rendered by its members and access to the resources provided for in the professional laws. ln order to become a member of the Association it is necessary to have finished the university studies of the second cycle (18 years of study) with specialization in guidance and counseling. Instruction focuses mainly on psychology and particular guidance methods and it comprises both theoretical and practical knowledge about individual dynamics, human labor and the relationships between the individual and labor. The Corporation demands the following specific credits (each credit corresponds to a 15-hour course): 9 credits in individual counseling; 3 credits in group counseling; 6 credits in individual testing (theory and practice); 3 credits in group testing (theory and practice); 3 credits in measurement and statistics; 3 credits in research theory; 3 credits in vocational development theory; 3 credits in personal psychology; 6 credits in school and professional information; 3 credits in psychopathology ; 9 credits of supervised practical stage of at least 400 hours. The Association has about 1900 members who work in different sectors and over 250 students of guidance who have the associate student degree. The education sector comprises 51.4% of the members distributed in the different levels as follows: elementary (1.3%), secondary (27.3%), college or career preparation (8.5%), university (5.3%) and adult education (9.0%). The sector of labor and human resources comprises 11.4% of the


Projections of brain stem catecholamine cell groups are difficult to document since their projection fields overlap. Recently we developed a novel approach for anterograde tracing of catecholamine neurons and used it to map the efferent projections of C1 RVLM neurons. This was achieved using a lentivirus vector that expresses green fluorescent protein under the control of a synthetic dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase promoter. The reporter protein fills the axonal arbor of catecholamine neurons, including intervaricose segments. We used this approach to map the efferent projections of A1 and A5 catecholamine neurons. Differential projections of A1 and A5 were demonstrated. A5 gave rise to a dense spinal projection and also projected to brain stem and diencephalon. A1 preferentially gave rise to ascending projections but did not project to spinal cord. These data reiterate the functional heterogeneity of the catecholamine cell groups and provide further insight into the role of the A1 and A5 neurons in autonomic and endocrine regulation. (RRO18604, HL55786, HL76312, Neurogenic Cardiovascular Disease Consortium)


Development of an expert system to teach qualitative mineralogy is presented. The system is designed to help a user learn the subject and not rely on the program as a "black-box". A consultation session attempts to mimic the dialogue that might occur between an expert mineralogist and a novice examining a mineral specimen. Inputs such as unique properties, crystal characteristics, luster, color, streak, hardness, S.G. and cleavage are used to decide if the mineral is indeed, the one the pupil has suggested. The paper describes the method used to accumulate heuristic observations even when data are extremely uncertain.


The search for neutrinoless double-beta (0νββ) decay is currently a key topic in physics, due to its possible wide implications for nuclear physics, particle physics, and cosmology. The NUMEN project aims to provide experimental information on the nuclear matrix elements (NMEs) that are involved in the expression of 0νββ decay half-life by measuring the cross section of nuclear double-charge exchange (DCE) reactions. NUMEN has already demonstrated the feasibility of measuring these tiny cross sections for some nuclei of interest for the 0νββ using the superconducting cyclotron (CS) and the MAGNEX spectrometer at the Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (LNS.) Catania, Italy. However, since the DCE cross sections are very small and need to be measured with high sensitivity, the systematic exploration of all nuclei of interest requires major upgrade of the facility. R&D for technological tools has been completed. The realization of new radiation-tolerant detectors capable of sustaining high rates while preserving the requested resolution and sensitivity is underway, as well as the upgrade of the CS to deliver beams of higher intensity. Strategies to carry out DCE cross-section measurements with high-intensity beams were developed in order to achieve the challenging sensitivity requested to provide experimental constraints to 0νββ NMEs.


Objective To investigate the relationship between changes in liver function and those in serum nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in patients with liver cirrhosis complicated with portal hypertension. Methods According to the liver function grading results, the patients were divided into groups A (grade I, n=13), B (grade II, n=21) and C (grade III, n=21). The levels of serum NO and ET-1 and index of liver function were determined. Then a comparison between the changes in liver function and those in serum NO and ET-1 was made by Nmenyi test. Results The serum level of NO was significantly lower in group A than in groups B and C (P 0.05). Conclusions The serum NO, not ET-1, is of great significance in preoperative evaluation of the liver function of reservation in patients with liver cirrhosis complicated with portal hypertension.


BACKGROUND
The dropping out of university students is a serious problem faced by higher education all over the world. Studies have shown that academic hardiness is a positive psychological variable to prevent students from dropping out of university and academic burnout. Psychological hardiness can reduce the dropping out by increasing university students' academic engagement and academic achievement.

OBJECTIVE
This study aims to discover the influence of psychological hardiness on university student's academic achievement and the mediating role of academic engagement in the relationship between psychological hardiness and academic achievement. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 615 participants.

METHODS
Pearson correlation coefficients were conducted to analyze the relationships between psychological hardiness, academic engagement and academic achievement. Mediation analysis was used to evaluate the mediating role of academic engagement in the relationship between psychological hardiness and academic achievement.

RESULTS
The research indicated a closely significant association between psychological hardiness, academic engagement and academic achievement. Psychological hardiness can directly predict academic achievement and can also indirectly predict academic achievement through the intermediary effect of academic engagement.

CONCLUSION
This study could have important implications for research by linking psychological hardiness and academic achievement. The results suggest that universities should pay attention to the positive role psychological hardiness plays in improving university students' academic achievement. This study also benefits the university administrators, especially, those dealing with university students at the risk of dropping out and high academic stress.


Tree species were assembled into forest communities by various processes, and it was found that trees are spatially arranged in a community by the abiotic and biotic conditions within that community. Here, we explore the abiotic processes and biotic interactions in the spatial patterning of tree species across six old-growth forest types in a tropical nature reserve. Four spatial point process models (the homogeneous Poisson process, inhomogeneous Poisson process, homogeneous Thomas process, and inhomogeneous Thomas process) were used to evaluate the potential contribution of the random processes, habitat heterogeneity, dispersal limitation, and the joint effects of dispersal and habitat heterogeneity to the formation of the spatial patterns of tree species. A combination of the null model and size–distance regression analysis was applied to assess the effect of competition and facilitation on the tree species assembly. We found that the homogeneous and inhomogeneous Thomas processes were the best models for describing the spatial patterns of more than 85% tree species across the six tropical forests. The combination of the null model and size–distance regression analysis showed that 37–44% of tree species were affected by competition and 9–24% of tree species were affected by facilitation across the six tropical forest types. Competition was the dominant form of species interactions in forests with mild abiotic conditions such as the tropical montane rain forest and tropical lowland rain forest. Meanwhile, facilitation was the most important biotic interaction in the abiotically harsh tropical montane dwarf forest on mountaintops. Our study suggests that dispersal limitation and the joint effects of dispersal and habitat heterogeneity were the dominant abiotic processes in controlling the spatial patterning of trees in tropical forests. Moreover, the relative importance of competition and facilitation in the assembly of the tree species varied among the forest types with different abiotic conditions.


Chinese aeroengine industry has serious challenges of high product complexity, long development lifecycle and interlaced develop mission, which push aeroengine industry to take comprehensive business collaboration. The uniform collaborative product development platform across the aeroengine industry was a very important IT supporting for the challenge. The background of aeroengine industry was illustrated. It is necessary to construct and extend the uniform collaborative platform in this field. The essential condition of constructing the collaborative platform was presented by the aspects of unifying the collaborative idea, creating the collaborative organization and defining the collaborative business rules. The building approach and contents for the collaboration platform were mainly introduced. The key processes and knowledge were shared, and the promotion of the collaborative platform in the future was previewed.


One would think that the headaches caused by CSF leakage would be easy to understand, diagnose, and treat. A similar aetiology and a final common pathway of pain generation should result in a similar phenotype among sufferers of this headache type. Instead, we have a baffling complexity of clinical presentations (see below) and treatment that is not always successful, even when a diagnosis is established. Mokri's article in this issue of Cephalalgia expands the number of clinical presentations of low-pressure headache by one. The concept that descent of the hindbrain due to CSF hypovolaemia and intracranial venous volume expansion results in secondary Chiari malformations and exertional or cough headaches is interesting but not surprising. The concept that low-pressure headache can present in many ways, and that cough/exertional headache is one of them, is valuable to the practising clinician. The expanded list of headache presentations of CSF hypovolaemia now looks like this (largely paraphrased from Mokri's article):


A first set of shock propagation, laser-plasma interaction, hohlraum energetics and hydrodynamic experiments have been performed using the first 4 beams of the National Ignition Facility (NIF), in support of indirect drive Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) and High Energy Density Physics.


Illegal, artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) often occurs in remote highly biodiverse areas, such as the Madre de Dios region of Peru. Mercury used in gold mining bioaccumulates in the environment and poses developmental, hormonal, and neurological threats to wildlife. The impact of ASGM on biodiversity remains largely unknown. We used geographic information science to create a spatial model of pollution risk from mining sites, in order to predict locations and species assemblages at risk. Multicriteria evaluation was used to determine how flow accumulation, distance from mining areas, total suspended sediment load, and soil porosity influenced the vulnerability of regions to mercury pollution. Results suggest that there is considerable opportunity for protection of areas with high biodiversity and vulnerability north of the Madre de Dios River where much of the land is not protected. Our study highlights the need for future ASGM research to consider more than deforestation risk alone while protecting the areas' unmatched biodiversity.


Skin injuries in ornamental fishes can compromise their overall health and quality. A fluorescein test coupled with computer-aided color analysis was used to quantify the extent of skin injuries on the ornamental silver dollar fish (Metynnis orinocensis) monitored at several points during transportation from collection in the wild in Colombia, to post import at a wholesale facility in Miami, USA, to fish cultured and handled on a farm. After capture and handling, all the fish had minor skin wounds and the extent of injuries covered 3.5-4.6% of their body surface, regardless of fish size. Fifteen percent (15%) of the silver dollars captured in the wild showed skin injury immediately after collection. The incidence of skin injures was significantly lower in the group from the aquaculture pond (5%) and was observed to be greatest in fish after import (57%). Farmed ornamental fish may be preferred as fewer of them exhibit skin lesions after handling.


Overview We have looked at symbolic inversion from several perspectives. First, we looked at a number of symbolic algebra and mathematical tool packages in order to evaluate their capabilities and methods, specifically with respect to symbolic inversion. Second, we ported the KATE system (without hardware interface)


Transition-metal-catalyzed homo and hetero coupling is a rapidly growing area of research. This work refers to the nickel-catalyzed photoinduced amination study of β-bromotetraarylporphyrin and its...


We reported previously that long-chain fatty acids are potent inhibitors of mammalian DNA polymerase β. At present, based on information available from the NMR structure of the N-terminal 8-kDa domain, we examined the structural interaction with the 8-kDa domain using two species, C18-linoleic acid (LA) or C24-nervonic acid (NA). In the 8-kDa domain with LA or NA, the structure that forms the interaction interface included helix-1, helix-2, helix-4, the three turns (residues 1–13, 48–51, and 79–87) and residues adjacent to an Ω-type loop connecting helix-1 and helix-2 of the same face. No significant shifts were observed for any of the residues on the opposite side of the 8-kDa domain. The NA interaction interface on the amino acid residues of the 8-kDa domain fragment was mostly the same as that of LA, except that the shifted cross-peaks of Leu-11 and Thr-79 were significantly changed between LA and NA. The 8-kDa domain bound to LA or NA as a 1:1 complex with a dissociation constant (K D ) of 1.02 or 2.64 mm, respectively.


Piaget & Education provides readers with a comprehensive introduction to the work of Jean Piaget. This valuable classroom work roots Piaget's work in its historical context, and then provides dozens of classroom-based examples of how that work helps teachers understand the lives of children. It is an excellent resource for practicing teachers and student teachers, as well as undergraduate and graduate courses in teacher education, curriculum, and philosophy of education.


An overlapping fifth toe is rarely seen in all foot deformities. In this deformity, the position of the fifth toe is adducted, supinated and hyperextended. Patients usually apply to hospital for cosmetic reasons. We report fifth finger deformity of foot, which was treated with modified lapidus method.


The University of Westminster thought it would be a good idea to invite a number of chief interpreters to an open and interactive discussion on visions of tomorrow during the Future of Conference Inte


PURPOSE
To assess the role of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) after rituximab and anthracycline-containing chemoimmunotherapy in patients with primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMLBCL).

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Among 125 patients prospectively enrolled, 115 were eligible for central review of PET/CT scans at the completion of standard chemoimmunotherapy, by using a five-point scale. Consolidation radiotherapy (RT) was permitted and given to 102 patients.

RESULTS
Fifty-four patients (47%) achieved a complete metabolic response (CMR), defined as a completely negative scan or with residual [18F]FDG activity below the mediastinal blood pool (MBP) uptake. In the remaining 61 patients (53%), the residual uptake was higher than MBP uptake but below the liver uptake in 27 (23%), slightly higher than the liver uptake in 24 (21%), and markedly higher in 10 (9%). CMR after chemoimmunotherapy predicted higher 5-year progression-free survival (PFS; 98% v 82%; P=.0044) and overall survival (OS; 100% v 91%; P=.0298). Patients with residual uptake higher than MBP uptake but below liver uptake had equally good outcomes without any recurrence. Using the liver uptake as cutoff for PET positivity (boundary of score, 3 to 4) discriminated most effectively between high or low risk of failure, with 5-year PFS of 99% versus 68% (P<.001) and 5-year OS of 100% versus 83% (P<.001).

CONCLUSION
More than 90% of patients are projected to be alive and progression-free at 5 years, despite a low CMR rate (47%) after chemoimmunotherapy. This study provides a basis for using PET/CT to define the role of RT in PMLBCL.


The adsorption property of Cu2+ in aqueous solution by carbonaceous adsorbent made by sludge was studied. Under static conditions, the influences to the adsorption properties by the dosage of adsorbent, adsorption time, concentration of Cu2+, adsorption temperature, pH value, and other factors were systematically studied. The adsorption kinetics of the carbonaceous adsorbent was analyzed, and its adsorption properties were primarily discussed. The research results show that the carbonaceous adsorbent made by sludge has strong removal efficiency of Cu2+; the adsorption process complies with the Fruendlich adsorption isotherm; and the adsorption process can be represented by first-order kinetic model.


The invention belongs to the technical field of photoelectronics, and particularly relates to an AlGaN base deep ultraviolet LED device. A substrate is made of a sapphire or silicon carbide or AlN. The epitaxy of the device structurally comprises an AlN intrinsic layer, an n-type AlGaN subbing layer, an AlGaN multi-quantum-well active region and a p-type layer, wherein wurtzite boron nitride (WBN) is used as a p-type layer material. The invention further provides a manufacturing method of the AlGaN base deep ultraviolet LED device. According to the AlGaN base deep ultraviolet LED device, BN is used as the p-type layer, so that the p-type layer has the advantages of high conductivity and transparency to ultraviolet rays and is superior to a traditional p-type AlGaN layer.


3.3.1. Outline of the method The QCD factorization approach [41,98] puts the well-known factorization ansatz [99] for hadronic two-body B decay matrix elements on a firm theoretical basis. It replaces the factorization ansatz by a factorization formula that includes radiative corrections and spectator scattering effects. Where it can be justified, the factorization ansatz emerges in the simultaneous limit, when mb becomes large and when radiative corrections are neglected. The QCD factorization approach uses heavy quark expansion methods (mb ≫ ΛQCD) and softcollinear factorization (particle energies≫ ΛQCD) to compute the matrix elements ⟨f |Oi|B̄⟩ relevant to hadronic B decays in an expansion in 1/mb and αs. Only the leading term in 1/mb assumes a simple form. The basic formula is


Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a single-stranded positive RNA virus that belongs to the genus Alphavirus and is transmitted to humans by infected Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus bites. In humans, CHIKV usually causes painful symptoms during acute and chronic stages of infection. Conversely, virus–vector interaction does not disturb the mosquito's fitness, allowing a persistent infection. Herein, we studied CHIKV infection of Ae. aegypti Aag-2 cells (multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1) for 48 h through label-free quantitative proteomic analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM images showed a high load of intracellular viral cargo at 48 h postinfection (hpi), as well as an unusual elongated mitochondria morphology that might indicate a mitochondrial imbalance. Proteome analysis revealed 196 regulated protein groups upon infection, which are related to protein synthesis, energy metabolism, signaling pathways, and apoptosis. These Aag-2 proteins regulated during CHIKV infection might have roles in antiviral and/or proviral mechanisms and the balance between viral propagation and the survival of host cells, possibly leading to the persistent infection.


We report on an unusual liquid-liquid miscibility gap with an upper consolute point at 315.2 K in the ionic system ethylammonium nitrate+n-octanol at a mole fraction x1 = 0.773 of the salt. Similar phase separations of 1:1-electrolytes in solvents of low dielectric constant were only found in the solvent-rich regime at low ion densities, as predicted for charged hard spheres in a dielectric continuum. In analogy to other low-dielectric constant systems the equivalent conductance exhibits a minimum at low salt concentrations due to the specific features of the ion distribution under these conditions. The pair association constant is however one to two orders of magnitude larger than predicted theoretically and expected by comparison with data for similar systems. This additional stability of the ion pair may be due to hydrogen-bonds between C2H5NH+3 and NO−3. Possible mechanisms for phase separation are discussed.


As New York moves through a period of turmoil in the Governor's office, it is appropriate to consider the New York Constitution's requirements for Gubernatorial succession. Under Article IV, section 5 of the New York Constitution, the Lieutenant Governor assumes power upon the death or resignation of the Governor. However, the Lieutenant Governor also assumes power when the Governor is "absent from the state" and remains in power until the Governor's return. Since 1982, there have been studies performed by the New York state Law Revision Commission to address concerns over the meaning of this phrase among many other issues, such as inability to govern, or filling the vacancy of the Office of Lieutenant Governor.This article provides proposals to remedy the possible confusion that could arise from gubernatorial succession and would promote stability in uncertain times.


This paper investigates the development of the youth informal economy in Lithuania in 2004–2020. Specific youth-tailored multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) model has been derived in order to estimate the level of the youth informal economy. In total, 173 direct phone interviews with company managers were conducted in order to acquire information for the MIMIC model calibration. It was revealed that during the investigated period, the youth informal economy fluctuated between 38.7% and 46.1% and was significantly higher compared with the overall informal economy in Lithuania. Although showing a strong correlation level (0.742) the overall informal economy within the country and the youth informal economy show slightly different developmental paths, the latter being more prone to higher increases during a crisis period.