Objective:To investigate the expression of TA in PBMNC from the patients with lung cancer,benign lung diseases and healthy volunteers,and then to study the clinical significance for the diagnosis of lung cancer.Methods: PBMNC were isolated from peripheral blood of 77 persons.TA was detected using the polym-erase chain reaction enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(PCRELISA) based on the telomerase repeat amp-lification protocol(TRAP).Results: 69.05% of the lung cancer patients were higher OD(0.45±0.37),while only 10% of the benign lung diseases(2/20)showed higher OD(0.11±0.06),and all the healthy people were negative OD(0.08±0.03).TA in the lung cancer group was significantly higher than that in the benign lung diseases group and the healthy people(P0.005).The specificity and sensitivity of TA in the lung cancer group were 90% and 69.05% respectively,which were more valuable than that of CEA (P0.01).25% of the lung cancers in stage I were positive for TA,whereas all of 8 patients in stage IV were positive,which showed positive correlation between TA and clinical stage(r=0.585,P=0.001).Conclusion: The positive rate of TA is significantly higher in the lung cancer group than that of CEA,then PCR-TRAP-ELISA can be used in the diagnosis of lung cancer.The expression of telomerase may be a crucial marker,it′s a minimally invasive and specific approach for monitoring lung cancer prognosis and directing therapy.


The article deals with the fundamental bases of fiscal regulation of land-use management. The peculiarities of fiscal regulation of using different land categories have been revealed. The income of nominal and actual amount of land fee to the Consolidated budget of Ukraine during 1994-2014 has been analysed. The territorial asymmetry of the amount of land fee income into the local budgets has been defined. The changes in the structure of the land fee income into the Consolidated budget of Ukraine in terms of its main components have been revealed. The promising directions to expand the actual base of land taxation in terms of exacerbation of institutional transformations within the natural and resource field of the national economy have been suggested.


1 Smith A, Denham I, Keogh L, et al. Psychosocial impact of type-speci® c herpes simplex serological testing on asymptomatic sexual health clinic attendees. Int J STD AIDS 1999;11:15± 20 2 Wilkinson D, Barton S, Chard S, et al. The psychological consequences in patients undergoing a POCKit HSV-2 test (Poster presentation 47). 77th Spring Meeting MSSVD, May 1999 3 Zigmond S, Snaith R. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scand 1983;67:361± 70


.............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. iii List of Tables .......................................................................................................................v List of Figures .................................................................................................................... vi List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................1 Chapter 2: Literature Survey ...............................................................................................3 Chapter 3: Methods and Equipment Used ..........................................................................9 3.1 Software ............................................................................................................9 3.2 Hardware .........................................................................................................10 Chapter 4: Simulation ........................................................................................................12 4.1 Assumptions .....................................................................................................12 4.2 Behaviors .........................................................................................................13 Chapter 5: Results ..............................................................................................................26 5.1 Number of Robots ............................................................................................29 5.2 Acceptance Percentage (AP)............................................................................33 Chapter 6: Conclusion........................................................................................................36 References .........................................................................................................................38


Abstract : Ventilatory response to 'isocapnic' hypoxia was measured in awake beagle dogs prior to and following administration of intravenous morphine sulfate, 0.6 mg/kg. Hypoxic ventilation was depressed within 30 minutes, was maximally depressed at one to two hours, and remained depressed for at least six to seven hours following the administration of morphine. Naloxone, 0.4 mg IV, completely reversed the morphine depression of the ventilatory response to hypoxia, but only transiently; 30 to 45 minutes after naloxone reversal, the ventilatory respone to hypoxia was again significantly depressed. Naloxone alone demonstrated mild agonist properties on the ventilatory response to hypoxia, but the effect varied among the dogs. (Author)


The technology of spectral inclusion analysis by a PDA spectroscope is introduced.The Al2O3 inclusion contents in the qualified heats as well as inclusion caused rejected heats of liquid steel used for cold rolled IF steel sheets purposes are analyzed at the RH end point in the process of refining and at the intermediate phase of tundish casting by means of this technology.Preliminary inclusion control tech index for IF steel sheet in the process of refining are put forward as follows: RH end-point inclusion quality fraction be controlled within the limit of less than 0.004 5 % and inclusion quality fraction in the tundish,in less than 0.003 0 %.Since application of the technology in the actual production practice of IF steel sheet in 2009 in combination of the other processes the rejected rate of the cold rolled IF steel sheets arising from inclusions have been dramatically reduced.


Sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains a global public health problem, despite the recent development of effective anti-arrhythmic agents and population-based risk prediction algorithms. High blood pressure or hypertension is an established risk factor for SCD. Furthermore, disproportionate increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP) in response to acute physical and/or psychological stressors are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. SBP during exercise testing provides an index of blood pressure reactivity during daily physical activities. An exaggerated SBP response to exercise testing is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in healthy individuals, with a more favourable prognosis in hypertensive patients and those with known or suspected coronary artery disease. However, it remains unclear whether an exaggerated SBP response to maximal exercise testing is directly or inversely related to the risk of SCD in men with and without a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We tested the hypothesis that an exaggerated SBP response to maximal exercise testing may be associated with contrasting rates of SCD in men with and without a history of CVD. The sample included participants from an ongoing prospective population-based cohort study in eastern Finland (the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease (KIHD) study), designed to investigate risk factors for CVD and related, long-term health outcomes. The present analysis evaluated 2410 men (aged 42–61 years) who had undergone baseline medical examinations between 1984 and 1989, including participants with (n1⁄4 884) and without (n1⁄4 1526) CVD. Exercise blood pressure was manually determined using a standard cuff/stethoscope during progressive exercise testing to volitional fatigue on an electrically braked cycle ergometer. The peak SBP, expressed as millimeters of mercury (mmHg), was the highest value achieved during the exercise test. Although many studies have employed arbitrary thresholds to designate an exaggerated SBP at peak exercise, we used the criteria of the American Heart Association, that is SBP of 210mmHg or greater. SCD was defined as a fatal event that occurred within one hour after the onset of symptoms or within 24 hours when autopsy data did not reveal a non-cardiac cause of SCD, or after a fatal cardiac arrest following successful resuscitation from ventricular tachycardia and/or ventricular fibrillation. Data on SCDs were obtained from interviews with family members, hospital records, death certificates, autopsy reports and medico-legal documents. We used Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for age, body mass index, resting SBP, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol, family history of heart disease, diabetes and directly measured maximal oxygen uptake (cardiorespiratory fitness) to determine the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of exaggerated SBP (SBP 210mmHg) for SCD. Statistical significance was set at P< 0.05 and analyses were conducted using SPSS version 21.0 (SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA). During a median 25-year follow-up, 226 SCDs occurred. In an analysis adjusted for several potential confounders, compared with men who had a normal SBP response to exercise testing, men with an exaggerated


The safe disposal of liquid wastes associated with oil and gas production in the United States is a major challenge given their large volumes and typically high levels of contaminants. In Pennsylvania, oil and gas wastewater is sometimes treated at brine treatment facilities and discharged to local streams. This study examined the water quality and isotopic compositions of discharged effluents, surface waters, and stream sediments associated with a treatment facility site in western Pennsylvania. The elevated levels of chloride and bromide, combined with the strontium, radium, oxygen, and hydrogen isotopic compositions of the effluents reflect the composition of Marcellus Shale produced waters. The discharge of the effluent from the treatment facility increased downstream concentrations of chloride and bromide above background levels. Barium and radium were substantially (>90%) reduced in the treated effluents compared to concentrations in Marcellus Shale produced waters. Nonetheless, 226 Ra levels in stream sediments (544−8759 Bq/kg) at the point of discharge were ∼200 times greater than upstream and background sediments (22−44 Bq/kg) and above radioactive waste disposal threshold regulations, posing potential environmental risks of radium bioaccumulation in localized areas of shale gas wastewater disposal. ■ INTRODUCTION The safe disposal of large volumes of liquid waste associated with natural gas and oil production is a major challenge because the waste fluids often contain high levels of salinity, toxic metals, and radioactivity. 1−6 In the United States, oil and gas wastewater is managed through recycling of the wastewater for shale gas operations, injection into deep disposal wells, treatment in publicly owned treatment works (POTWs), wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), or commercially operated industrial wastewater treatment plants, and spreading on roads for dust suppression and deicing. Many of these disposal options are sometimes associated with environmental risks and are not available or allowed in some areas (e.g., lack of appropriate geology for deep-well injection sites or regulations that do not allow wastewater to be sprayed on roads or lands in most states). Oil and gas wastewater is composed of drilling fluids, hydraulic fracturing flowback fluids, and produced waters. Here we collectively define all of these fluids as residual wastewater. In Pennsylvania, the overall estimated volume of oil and gas wastewater (3.1 × 10 6 to 3.8 × 10 6 cubic meters per year) has increased during recent years, 7,8 yet an increasing fraction of the wastewater is also reused. 7 In 2011, an estimated 70% of flowback and produced fluids were …


The present invention relates to a wiper blade assembly including a wiper connector which is located in a predetermined region in the longitudinal direction, the wiper connector portion wiper arm is fastened a connector member and a parts receiving connector which accepts the connector member, the connector housing part is on the wiper blade assembly comprising the widthwise direction of the first protrusion shape having a predetermined thickness on an inner wall of the first hinge axis and the width direction of the second axis, the second hinge of the protrusion shape having a predetermined thickness on the inner wall that the wiper fastening the arm and the connector member first and then, after the connector member to since it engages in the connector receiving portion, U-Hook shape of the wiper arm is able to exclude the unnecessary space, moving forward or backward to be coupled to the connector member have.


We investigate some radius results for various geometric properties con- cerning some subclasses of theclassSof univalentfunctions. X n=2 anz n ,


According to the particularity of Independent Colleges,based on constructivist theory of cognition,an innovative specialist training model that integrating professional courses in professional practices is proposed.This model is perfectly embodies the constructivist view of learning and teaching concept.The possible difficulties of implementing this model are analyzed and the recommended route map is presented.


THE FOOD and Drug Administration (FDA) recently convened a conference of experts to review the question of cardiotoxicity of tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) drugs. 1 The main impetus for this meeting was concern over reports of changes detected in the electrocardiograms (ECGs) of children receiving imipramine hydrochloride at a dosage of 5 mg/kg 2,3 and of the sudden death of a child receiving a single bedtime dose of imipramine hydrochloride, 14.7 mg/ kg, for school phobia. 4 There is also evidence that TCAs given in therapeutic dosages alter myocardial function in adult patients 5 and occasionally produce heart block and tachyrhythmias in patients with a normal cardiovascular history. 6-11 The present concern stems from an increasing tendency of some physicians to employ higher-than-recommended dosages. Although arrhythmias do occur at standard dosages, the evidence suggests that the likelihood of producing substantial alteration in the ECG and cardiac arrhythmia is dose-related. 6,8,10 Thus,


To the Editor: Nutmeg is a common household spice that is toxic in large amounts, causing neurological, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal symptoms.1,2 Nutmeg-induced seizures in non-predisposed ...


One of the most important objectives of the International Inhalation Symposium series is fostering a multidisciplinary approach to solving problems both in the toxicology of inhaled air contaminants and in the pre-clinical and clinical research areas of inhaled pharmaceutical drugs. Besides risk assessment approaches and the derivation of threshold limit values, subjects addressed in these symposia include mechanisms of action, species differences, delivery, safety and efficacy, and individual susceptibilities. The 11th International Inhalation Symposium focused not only on the potential health risks of engineered nanosize particles in the size range of 1–100 nm, but also on the potential benefits in diagnostic and therapeutic use of this material. The physico-chemical properties of nanosize material are quite different compared to their bulk counterparts. This knowledge is the basis for new materials and products in various technological and medical areas. However, unintentional inhalation exposure to these nanoparticles can occur when this material is produced and further treated for the manufacturing of new products. The size-dependent physico-chemical reactivity and kinetic behavior of these nanoparticles in biological surroundings (cells, tissues, body fluids), in addition to the small size and the large specific surface area, may lead to hitherto unseen effects. These effects, if seen at all, are observed only at a far higher mass dose with micrometer-size particles of the same material. As always with new technology, there are two sides to the coin: on the one side, innovative nanomaterials and nanotherapeutics, and on the other, nanotoxics. The potential health risks have to be identified and reduced, if necessary, for the sake of the benefits of nanomaterials. The presentations of this symposium cover both sides of the coin, and the selection of papers from the symposium chosen for publication addresses exposure, potential hazard, and also potential benefits of engineered nanoparticles.


Purpose: To assess the feasibility of visualizing the fetal face by two-dimensional and free-hand three-dimensional sonography. Patients and Methods: Thirty fetuses at 18 to 21 weeks' gestation were studied prospectively. Three-dimensional data sets were obtained with a positional sensor system connected to a two-dimensional transducer (5-8 MHz). Results: Complete facial morphology including the lips was visualized in 12 of 30 fetuses. In 18 fetuses fetal movements, overlying fetal limbs (7 cases), too little amniotic fluid in front of the face (5 cases) or fetal position (6 cases) prevented three-dimensional visualization. In 12 fetuses facial morphology was visualized better with the three-dimensional than with the two-dimensional technique. Conclusion: Three-dimensional evaluation of the fetal face with a freehand technique provides additional information in selected cases but does not appear suitable for routine prenatal sonography. Visualization problems due to fetal movements, interposed fetal limbs or oligohydramnios should be reduced with improved equipment and image processing.


Jolliffe's comments raise some interesting and important points concerning both unrotated principal component analysis and rotated principal component analysis that deserve further consideration. These are examined herein, with particular attention to my original review of rotation.


e19005Background: The clinical course of CLL is variable but can be predicted in part by recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities. BCL6 functions as a transcriptional repressor during germinal center fo...


vtokenize and vgettoken do for variables what tokenize and gettoken do for strings in Stata. The main use of this is for dealing with nasty datasets. vtokenize splits every observation into its tokens, creating as many variables as needed to hold the tokens. vgettoken pulls the first token off every observation of a variable, placing the result in a variable of the user's choice, optionally placing the remainder into yet another variable. Both commands allow user-specified delimiter lists and both allow either treating the delimiters as tokens or ignoring them completely.


weapons, promotes and governs the nuclear industry, develops new technologies, and does substantially all of this through contracts with "private" industry, universities, and non-profits. This study documents the erosion of that distinction between public and private which Don Price has discussed in more general terms. As Orlans states it, "The contract is, of course, legally necessary to define the conditions under which public funds may be paid to private persons for a designated purpose, but the document itself is more useful in the event of litigation than in the practical course of day-to-day relations between contractor and government personnel. In a 'hands off' buyer-seller relationship, all of the terms that are necessary to the satisfactory completion of a contractual obligation may, perhaps, be put down on paper . . . But the most significant aspects of research, development, and managerial contracts are precisely those that cannot be satisfactorily reduced to writing. For they involve the quality of effort made to reach not a precise target but goals that must be continually readjusted by mutual agreement; and—beyond gross and obvious limits—the balance of initiative and responsibility, of freedom and control, that should lie in public and private hands is also a shifting one that must be worked out individually for each major contract." (p. 128)


Foreword IIIvory and Ivory Workers in Medieval Paris IIISymbiosis across Scale: Gothic Ivories and Sculpture in Stone and Wood in the Thirteenth Century IVThe Polychrome Decoration of Gothic Ivories VPopular Romances Carved in Ivory VIGothic Ivory Carving in Germany VIINarrative Structure and Content in Some Gothic Ivories of the Life of Christ Catalogue of the Exhibition Paris and Other Centers: Devotional Objects (nos. 18-50) Secular Objects and the Romance Tradition (nos. 51-64) New Developments in Ivory and Bone Carving (nos. 65-79) Epilogue: Pastiches, Revivals, Forgeries, and Open Questions (nos. 80-93) Bibliography Index


Abstract Sulfur dioxide was detected and determined in air by a piezoelectric quartz crystal sensor coated with 4-aminoantipyrine 1-hydroxyetil-2-heptadecenyl imidazol (amine 220) solution (1:1 v/v in chloroform). The analytical response curve is linear over the concentration range from 0.70 to 5.0 ppm of SO2. Good linearities (r = 0.9990, 0.9995 and 0.9968) and sensitivities (18.0, 33.4 and 50.7 Hz/ppm) were found, respectively for exposure times of 30, 60 and 90 seconds. The sensor can be used for more than six months without loss in sensitivity and presented good reversibility and reproducibility. Among some possible interferents tested, only nitrogen dioxide and moisture caused major frequency changes.


Film mulch can effectively meliorate the root entironment of crop and decrease ground roughness and evaporation.Based on the conditions of rainfall,evaporation and crop cultivation in different regions,this paper put forward that the suitable irrigation method in north region of the Great Wall wind and sand line,which is high evaporation and little rainfall region,included drip irrigation under film and film hole irrigation with flat film mulch et al,while the film irrigation method suitable to strip cultivation crops in south region of the Great Wall wind and sand line,which is middling evaporation and rainfall region,and suitable for planting wheat,included film slot irrigation with film mulch on the ridge,film hole irrigation and film hole irrigation with flat film mulch et al.


Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (EVOH) was used as a compatibilizer to make blends of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and plasticized starch (TS). The tensile properties and impact strength were measured and compared with those of neat LDPE. The morphology of the blend specimens, both fractured and unfractured, was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Comparison of the properties showed that the impact strength of the blend improves significantly by the addition of a compatibilizer even with a high TS loading of 40 and 50% (by weight). A high elongation at break almost matching that of neat polyethylene was also obtained. The blend morphology of the etched specimens revealed fine dispersion of the starch in the polyethylene matrix, while the fracture surface morphology clearly indicate that the failure of compatibilized blends occurs mainly by the ductile mode.


Presented at the "Bridging the Gap: Collaborative Conservation from the Ground Up" Conference, September 8-11, 2009, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, sponsored by the Center for Collaborative Conservation, "http://www.collaborativeconservation.org/". This conference brought together people with experience working collaboratively to achieve both conservation and livelihood goals in tribal nations, rangelands, forests, watersheds, agricultural lands, and urban areas. Ted Toombs is affiliated with Environmental Defense Fund, Center for Conservation Incentives. Ralph Heimlich is affiliated with Agricultural Conservation Economics (ACE).


A new Schiff base C 33 H 31 N 4 O 5(L) was synthesized from 1-(3-pyridyl)-1,3-butanedione and 1,3-bis(2-aminophenoxyl)-2-propanol.The structure of the Schiff base was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis.Furthermore,the coordination reaction of the Schiff base with Cu(Ⅱ) or Fe(Ⅲ) was investigated via UV-Vis spectroscopy,the stability constants of the two complexes were determined respectively.


The inference of transmission networks from genetic sequence data is an important problem in epidemiology. One approach for building transmission networks is to first reconstruct a phylogenetic tree on the sampled sequences and to then infer transmissions based on this tree. This approach depends crucially on the accuracy of the reconstructed phylogeny and of the transmission inference procedure. However, there is often considerable uncertainty and error in reconstructed phylogenies and significant ambiguity in transmission inference. In this talk, we will introduce a new phylogenetic approach to inferring transmission networks, discuss some of the challenges to the successful implementation of such an approach, and consider some ideas for overcoming these challenges inspired by the literature on phylogenetic reconciliation.


The development of Doppler-free laser techniques has allowed substantial improvement of the resolution observed in optical spectroscopy. In recent years these techniques have been applied to atomic hydrogen in order to increase the precision on the Rydberg constant R∞. Up to 1986, the most precise determination of R∞ has been obtained in studying the Balmer a line. The measurement was limited to a precision of 10-9 because of the natural width of the 3P level (30 MHz) |1|.


This article considers the impact of the New Public Management culture on Irish education and calls for a debate in relation to the prevailing bureaucratic model of accountability. The influence of the Lisbon Agenda (2000) on education planning is identified and the 2005/7 Education Strategy Statement is analysed using the relevant OECD framework. This analysis reveals the preponderance of macro policy objectives over individual learning objectives. The implications of this finding are considered in the case of two of the five goals of this Strategy Statement, those dealing with the personal and social goals of education and education quality. The paper calls for alternative indicators that will achieve balance between process and product, between responsive and contractual accountability and between individual and system outcomes. Some hopeful developments are identified.


In this article, we reflected on how the lack and failure of the State intervenes in the process of individuation underscoring that the individuation of the subject by the State, according to Orlandi (2012), is a political issue because of the relationship of the individual with society. For this reason, we observed the configuration of the militia in the space of slum and in relation to the State. At the same time, we explicate some discursivities, which set out the way in which the militia is identified in discourses about it, especially in an interview conducted with residents of Rio de Janeiro.


Permission Email Marketing (PEM), a permitted electronic network marketing, is the main marketing form of one-to-one in the information age. How to sort the obtained electronic resources is the key of maximizing the profit of PEM. PEM is at the first stage in our country that most firms adapt the Opt-out mode to get the clients' permission. It has the disadvantages of much time, slow speed and bad explanatory. With the decision tree, we can get the potential clients' permission maximally to digging the clients' consumed potential.


The objective of the article is to make the reader acquainted with the quality of life in persons with behavioural impairment in professional institutes in the Czech Republic. The first part of the text aims at describing individual institutes, and the second part presents the research conducted in facilities of subsequent care for people with behavioural problems. The system of facilities for the monitored target group is rather extensive. Such facilities are regarded from various perspectives and points of view. The monitored institutes are divided in terms of the age of their clients, the scale of the problems, the services provided, etc. Also, the knowledge of valid legislation plays an important role. The following text intends to divide the target facilities based on specific criteria – which will improve orientation (at first sight) in the complicated and disorganised portfolio of institutes. It is beyond the capacity of this paper to enumerate all institutes dealing in the prevention, intervention, therapy and resocialization of persons with problems relating to behaviour, thinking, emotions, etc. The text adverts to the most significant institutes and introduces their activities in the form of practical examples (casuistry). The paper follows, above all, the current legislation and practice. The presented research focuses on describing the quality of life in persons under the programmes of subsequent care. The reason for selecting this type of institute is the fact that the participants of subsequent care programmes have experience with stays even in other types of monitored facilities.


The purpose of this work is to develop a computer‐aided diagnosis (CAD) system to assist radiologists in the classification of mammogram images. The CAD system is composed of three main steps. The first step is image preprocessing and segmentation with the seeded region growing algorithm applied on a localized triangular region to remove only the muscle. In the second step of the CAD system, we proposed a novel features extraction method, which consists of three stages. In the first, the discrete cosine transform (DCT) is applied on all obtained regions of interest and then only the upper left corner (ULC) of DCT coefficients is retained. Second, we have applied the energy probability to the ULCs that is used as a criterion for selecting discriminant information. At the last stage, a new Most Discriminative power coefficient algorithm has been proposed to select the most significant features. In the final step of the CAD, the support vector machines, Naive Bayes, and artificial neural network (ANN) classifiers are used to make an effective classification. The evaluation of the proposed algorithm on the mini‐Mammographic Image Analysis Society database shows its efficiency over other recently proposed CAD systems in the literature, whereas an accuracy of 100% can be achieved using ANN with a small number of features.


Convergent expansions are constructed for water waves trapped by an underwater ridge of small night and resonances (anti‐bound states) induced by an underwater trough of small depth.


Abstract: In the following text, we say that the character Giosue, in the movie "Life is beautiful", tells the story of his family, refreshing his childish perception. Refresh here means to go back to his childhood and bring it next to himself and to spectators, as a remembrance, from a narrative perspective that enhances the memory and its choices. This narrative strategy shows the development experience that the character Guido – the father – wanted to pass on to Giosue: the delicate task of not lying to his son and not achieving, as he wished, to hide from the boy the tough reality they find themselves trapped in. That is the dramatical and lyrical experience the film presents us.

Keywords: Experience; cinema


This paper explores key characteristics of spatial narratives, which are called narrative environments here. Narrative environments can take the form of exhibitions, brand experiences and certain city quarters where stories are deliberately being told in, and through, the space. It is argued that narrative environments can be conceived as being located on a spectrum of narrative practice between media-based narratives and personal life narratives. While watching a screen or reading a book, you are, although often deeply emotionally immersed in a story, always physically 'outside' the story. By contrast, you can walk right into a narrative environment, becoming emotionally, intellectually and bodily surrounded by, and implicated in, the narrative. An experience in a narrative environment is, nonetheless, different from everyday experience, where the world, although designed, is not deliberately constituted by others intentionally to imbed and communicate specific stories. The paper proposes a theoretical framework for space as a narrative medium and offers a critical analysis of two case studies of exhibitions, one in a museum and one in the public realm, to support the positioning of narrative environments in the centre of the spectrum of narrative practice.


A one-dimensional tight-binding Hamiltonian describes the evolution of a single impurity interacting locally with $N$ electrons. The impurity spectral function has a power-law singularity $A(\ensuremath{\omega})\ensuremath{\propto}{|\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}|}^{\ensuremath{-}1+\ensuremath{\beta}}$ with the same exponent $\ensuremath{\beta}$ that characterizes the logarithmic decay of the quasiparticle weight $Z$ with the number of electrons $N$, $Z\ensuremath{\propto}{N}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\beta}}$. The exponent $\ensuremath{\beta}$ is computed by (1) perturbation theory in the interaction strength and (2) numerical evaluations with exact results for small systems and variational results for larger systems. A nonanalytical behavior of $\ensuremath{\beta}$ is observed in the limit of infinite impurity mass. For large interaction strength, the exponent depends strongly on the mass of the impurity in contrast to the perturbative result.


Virginia Woolf and Ding Ling,British and Chinese feminist writers respectively,create characters,which reflect the the process of female-consciousness awakening.The article compares the characters in Virginia Woolf's works with the characters reflected in Ding Ling's works to show the reflection of the female fates.They are based on the pursuit of freedom.They make due efforts to grope for a way of women goals,which is the unique features in British and Chinese novels.


Zooplankton samples were collected over a one-year period by net haul and light trap at four locations in Port Hacking Estuary. Copepods accounted for approximately three quarters of the total Zooplankton numbers taken on a yearly basis and 94% of this fraction was composed of eleven copepod species. The seasonal abundance and geographical distribution of these eleven species were recorded and their gut and faecal pellet contents examined. Acartia tranteri, Bestiola similis, Gladioferens pectinatus, Oithona brevicornis, O. plumifera, O. simplex, Paracalanus crassirostris, P. indicus and Temora turbinata were classified as herbivores, Acartia bispinosa and Tortanus barbatus as omnivores.


This chapter discusses a diverse range of social, cultural and economic aspects of the Ottoman Middle East. It mainly summarizes the events occurred in the Canpulad campaign, and describes the story of one of the powerful Arab leaders Gelibolulu Mustafa Ali. He gathered a number of malicious Arabs galloping in the desert and quarrelsome and began to engage in the region to sedition and mischief. It provides the overall view of how the province accounted for the Ottomans and what was the position of representative of the door there. Population reported that all Cezâ'ir consists of 360 streams. Each first inhabited an island with his clan and its customers and is personally appropriate the income of date palms that were there and rice fields they cultivated it, and they did not think it was better to pay tithes and product to anyone. Keywords: Canpulad campaign; Ottoman; Gelibolulu Mustafa Ali; Middle East


Dr. GRAHAM LITTLE (in reply): The history of the three cases I have had has been consistently the same: a bubo had burst and ulcerated, and the ulceration was very chronic, shading insensibly into the more superficial ulcers which you see. An initial and fairly extensive ulceration directly spreading from a bubo is almost essential. In answer to Dr. Pringle, I think the condition spread upwards to the abdomen and downwards to the thigh from the bubo in the groin.


This study aims to understand the difficulties and the problems which are shown up in usage of evaluation in persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We focused on the Pedagogical Evaluation of all sectors of Kindergarten's Curriculum by preschool early intervention programmes. The method used and the data collected are referred to a case study. The data were classified by multifactorial analysis. In results, we found that the pupil has presented significant progress in coexistence level with his classmates by setting more limits in his behaviour. He has been able to form sentences and to transfer information. In conclusion, we confirmed the usage of different basis for evaluation and intervention. We also combined the content of the Curriculum with the Check Lists of Basic Skills (CLBS) because CLBS help us to plan and apply a Targeted Personal Integrated Programme of Special Education in the Kindergarten.


– This paper discusses the development of an algorithm to extend "Natural Steganography" (NS) to JPEG images, this method could allow an insertion of a large size message with high empirical security. This schema uses the principle of cover source switching: starting from a cover image captured at ISO 1 the steganographic signal is generated to imitate an image captured at ISO 2 > ISO 1 . At the sensor level, this change in sensitivity can be modelled by adding an independent photonic noise according to a Normal distribution. The problem of this method lies here in the modeling of this signal in the DCT domain. Starting from a RAW image, the processing steps considered are demosaicking (bi-linear), luminance averaging and quantification related to JPEG compression. They are modeled using a covariance matrix. The simplicity of this development scheme justifies the interest of this scheme which offers superior embedding rates compared to the state of the art ( > 1 bit per non-zero coefficient) while preserving high practical security ( P E (cid:39) 40% ).


In this paper, we discuss the interactive visualization project "How Does 'Hamilton,' the Non Stop, Hip-hop Broadway Sensation Tap Rap's Master Rhymes to Blur Musical Lines?" and the rhyme-pattern analysis algorithm that made the piece possible. This interactive extracts and describes the rhyme patterns interlaced throughout Lin-Manuel Miranda's Broadway hit "Hamilton," analyzing their higher-order structure to produce a genealogy of rap influence in the popular musical. The final section of the interactive allows readers to input their own lyrics and view the algorithmic categorization of their submission's rhymes. The project was created for the Wall Street Journal and published online at http://graphics.wsj.com/hamilton/. An adapted portion of the project also appeared in the print edition. This paper explains the motivations behind the project, and the research and development of the user-interaction models, a unique visual language for rhyme patterns and the algorithm that produces them. We then use this process to suggest methods for getting news readers to play with pop-cultural analysis as a tactic to create strong feedback loops of engagement with news interactives that are not specifically games.


Adolescence can be a time of both disorientation and discovery. The transitional period can raise questions of independence and identity; as adolescents cultivate their sense of self, they may face difficult choices about academics, friendship, sexuality, gender identity, drugs, and alcohol. Many contemporary personality psychologists believe that there are five basic dimensions of personality such as extraversion, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness and neuroticism. The main objectives of the present study are to find out the differences in Big Five Personality Traits (extraversion, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness and neuroticism.) among Kashmiri and North East Adolescents. The five null hypotheses were formulated to test the sample. A sample of 60 adolescents was taken of the students of two cultures as Kashmiri and North East from Mewar University, Chittorgarh (Rajasthan). The Purposive Sampling Technique has been used as per the nature of subjects included in research. The Big Five Personality Inventory designed by Dr. Arun Kumar Singh and Dr. Ashok Kumar from Patna University (Bihar) which is published by National Psychological Corporation, Agra was used to collect the data on five dimensions. The mean, standard deviation and "t" test were used to analyse the collected data. In conclusion, it can be said that there is significant difference between North East Adolescents and Kashmiri Adolescents in relation to Big Five Personality Traits. The results of the present study indicate that there is no significant difference between North East Adolescents and Kashmiri Adolescents in relation to the dimension of Extraversion. There is significant difference among North East Adolescents and Kashmiri Adolescents in relation to Openness, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness and Neuroticism.


This chapter will endeavor to present the uses of the group concept as they are displayed by some scholars who have become distinguished as writers of sociology in America. The sociological field is too wide for any pretense of giving attention to all to whom reference might be made. The selection is purely arbitrary and personal, but the reviews presented are fairly representative of different s andpoints. The rule has been adhered to of selecting for extended discussion only those who have become known as sociologists, and who have definitely been aligned with that division of labor.' This does violence, in particular, to one group of social scientists which has been particularly prominent in developing the view which is set forth throughout the paper. That group is the social psychologists, uch as Baldwin, Mead, and others who have performed an indispensable work in changing the whole bent of thought in social science. In this case also the selection is arbitrary, and has no justification except the limitations of space and the recognition of a division of labor. No effort will be made to review the whole system of sociology that might be found in all the writings of a given author, but only those selections will be made which seem to be appropriate for the purpose in hand. A steady effort will be made to adopt a policy of liberal rather than strict construction in all cases. The order in which the reviews come is partly chronological and partly that of the importance which is given to the use of the group concept.


Narrowband imaging (NBI) has proven ineffective for improved detection of conventional colorectal adenomas using the Olympus 180 series colonoscopes. An initial study using the Olympus 190 series showed better detection of adenomas (NEJM JW Gastroenterol Jul 1 2014), and the effect of NBI on detection of serrated lesions remains largely unstudied.

Investigators from four tertiary referral institutions in the Netherlands performed a …


An underground structure has been in a state of static equilibrium under the combined effect of gravity and the surrounding soils confining pressure before internal explosion occurred, and the blast wave can experience multiple reflections and diffractions in closed space, so the overpressure on the surface of structural members was more complex than that when explosion happened in the open space. In this paper, a finite element model of a closed underground frame structure was established by using the finite element software ANSYS/LS-DYNA. Based on the model, numerical simulation by stages was done to study the overpressure distribution on the surface of the retaining wall. This paper main analyzed the effect of the initial balance stress on the blast overpressure distribution rule and the retaining walls dynamic response.


This thesis presents an observational study of the relationship between flares and filament eruptions, and associated waves and oscillations in flare loops and ambient corona. A detailed analysis of the oscillations seen in flare loops and the ambient corona in spectra is shown. We argue, that although the flares are associated with slowly rising extreme-ultraviolet loop and prominence eruptions, the oscillations were significant in a wide region along the spectrometer slit far beyond the edge of the rising loops. We suggest an interpretation in terms of heating and acceleration of plasma in the wake of a flare blast wave.


In view of the current and urgent environmental protection needs, the use of industrial solid waste in China's Ningdong is becoming more and more important. In this paper, NaP zeolite with good physical properties is synthesized by using coal gasification coarse slag (CGCS) as the raw material, without the addition of a silicon and aluminum source, without the addition of a template agent, and without high-temperature calcination. Add a small amount of NaOH and deionized water to the CGCS to adjust the molar ratio to SiO2:Al2O3:Na2O:H2O = 5.2:1.0:5.0:100. The effects of aging time, crystallization temperature, and crystallization time parameters on synthetic zeolite were studied. The raw materials and the obtained zeolite were tested by XRF, XRD, SEM, FT-IR, TG-DSC, BET, and other technologies. The results show that the specific surface area of the synthesized NaP zeolite can reach 161.06 m2/g, which has the characteristics of large specific surface area, regular morphology, and high crystallinity. We obtained NaP zeolite through a simple and low-cost synthesis method. The synthesized NaP zeolite was used to simulate the removal of ammonia nitrogen in wastewater, and the optimal removal rate was 92.67%. Among them, Na+ plays an important role in the synthesis of NaP zeolite and ion exchange with NH4+. Our research provides new ideas for solving the large-scale accumulation of CGCS and treating ammonia nitrogen in industrial wastewater. Thus, it is a promising green environmental protection and "treating waste by waste" route.


This study investigated which factors influence mutual fund and stock ownership of households in the 2001 Survey of Consumer Finances. Outside of their retirement accounts, only 17.9% and 21.75% of households own mutual funds and stocks, respectively. The results of logistic regression showed that risk tolerance, education, age, race, income, and homeownership were influential for the likelihood of owning both mutual funds and stocks, but there were some differences in regard to age and education. Those who own stock were likely to be older and to have more education. Also, being self-employed influence owning stock, but not mutual funds. The results provide implications for educators and financial advisors. References


This paper aims to identify the main parameters that influence the mechanical properties of long-glass-fibre-reinforced poly(ethylene terephtalate) parts in order to optimise the potential of these composites. A Taguchi design of experiments (DOE) was used for this purpose. The shape of the injection-moulded specimen was representative of the complexity of industrial parts (presence of sharp frontal and tangential steps). The mechanical properties (bending and Charpy impact tests) were measured at different locations in the part in order to highlight anisotropy. Variance analysis has shown that holding pressure, injection speed, and mould temperature are the most effective processing parameters. It has also shown that the optimised parameter sets that lead to the highest flexural strength on the one hand and the highest impact strength on the other hand are different, the polymer melt and mould temperatures being opposite. Finally, microstructure analysis has shown a fibre content gradient along the flow axis, which is greatly amplified by the presence of geometrical accidents (frontal and tangential steps) including the reorientation of fibres in the flow direction at the end of the parts.


Detecting moving objects is the first step of many video surveillance applications. Most existing simple background subtraction methods such as frame difference, running average (RA), and median filter, have the low computational cost, but they can't perform well in the complex scenes. Although some ordinary methods can do well in the complex scenes, they can't satisfy the real-time requirement because of its high computational cost. So in this paper, we propose an efficient approach for detecting moving objects, which has the low computational cost and high performance in the complex scenes. The proposed method first uses the running average algorithm and contour information to obtain moving regions roughly. Then an improved GMM algorithm is used to update the background model and detect foreground precisely. The experiment results show that our method has a lower computational cost and performs better both in the outdoor and indoor scenes than GMM.


The last three decades have witnessed substantial research efforts on the development and application of fast multipole method (FMM)-accelerated integral equation (IE) simulators. These simulators including their multilevel and fast Fourier transform (FFT) variants have been parallelized and applied to many large-scale electromagnetic (EM) problems in various applications ranging from remote sensing and wireless channel characterization to bioelectromagnetics. These simulators' applicability to the large-scale problems are often limited by their memory requirements, which primarily stem from the data structures storing the (i) nearfield interactions of basis functions, (ii) translation operator samples, and (ii) far-field signatures of the FMM groups. In the past, the matrix decomposition techniques have been used to reduce the memory requirement of (i) (Kapur and Long, IEEE Comp. Sci. Eng., 5(4), 60–67, 1998), while the tensor decomposition and interpolation-based techniques have been proposed to lessen the memory requirement of (ii) (Yucel et.al., IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., 16, 2667– 2670, 2017) (Song and Chew, Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., 30(2), 109-114, 2001). Moreover, a truncated singular value decomposition (tSVD)-based technique has been proposed to reduce the memory requirements of (iii) (Rodriguez et. al., IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., 56(8), 23252334, 2008). In this technique, the far-field signatures of the basis functions in FMM groups are stored in a matrix format and compressed by tSVD, which yielded substantial memory reduction. The compressed representations are then used to perform aggregation and disaggregation stages of FMM and reduce the computational costs of these stages significantly.


The author reviews Max Sutherland's "Feather Effect" which is brought to consumers through advertisement communication and discusses consumers' advertisement accepted micro-psychology.The author points out some enlightenment of "Feather Effect" on advertisement transmitting,such as advertisement reorientation,originality restatement,elaborate combination of media,ceaseless arousing of memory and instant trigger of behaviour.


The calculated values of the relative intensities of the lines of the K- LL group of Auger electrons differ by 30 to 50% from the experimental results for elements with an average atomic number, and by a factor of 3 to 4 for heavy elements with a large atomic number (Z) 80). This divergence was due to the fact that relativistic effects were not taken into account in the calculations. On applying quantum relativistic theory of the slowing down interaction of two charges, equations were derived from which the probabilities of the Auger transitions could be calculated on a computer. The calculated probabilities are compared with other calculated probabilities where relativistic effects were not taken into account, and with experimental values. The results show that tbe total probability of the K-LL-transitions calculated by means of relativistic wave functions exceed the corresponding nonrelativistic values by more than a factor of two. The K-L/sub 1/L/sub 1/ and the K/sub 1/-L/sub 1/L/sub 2/ Auger transitions are increased by the greatest amounts. This result is completely in accord with the experimental results. The K-fluorescence yield for an element with Z = 81 was calculated as 0.962, while the average experimental value of the K-fluorescencemore » yield is 0.955. Calculations for the probabilities of Auger transitions are being continued at Z> 90, and also at Z approximately 60. (TTT)« less


Abstract : It is common knowledge in the detonation community that streak camera velocity traces should be near 45 degrees for best results. Yet, there seems to be no systematic explanation for that belief. In this report some derivations are presented to show that such belief is indeed grounded in fact. The Naval Weapons Center is particularly interested in the Los Alamos Wedge Test. This test has in fact shown itself to be important in understanding the complex phenomenon of sensitivity. The derivations presented are applicable to that test to record the time at which a building detonation wave undergoes the transition to its steady-state velocity.


A high-resolution inelastic neutron-scattering experiment has been carried out on a saturated solution of lithium in deuterated ammonia to investigate the vibrational dynamics at low wave-vector transfer. The response function of the system, dominated by the deuterium dynamics, showed clear coherent contributions arising from collective excitations. Density-fluctuation modes were visible up to the highest measured wavevector transfer, 0.8 A 21 , with an associated dispersion relation characterized by a remarkably anomalous behavior around twice the Fermi momentum. The nature of the anomaly is ascribed to electron correlation effects and closely resembles the Kohn anomaly as observed in the phonon spectrum of solid metals.


The medical profession has never been a haven for social and political activism. In the twentieth century, the intensely scientific nature of medicine and especially the high earnings of the private practitioner have proven powerful incentives for the physician not to rock the boat. Nor was this basically conservative role of the physician in society much different in the nineteenth century. Doctors were respected and politically quiescent members of the communities in which


The Center for Immigration Research at the University of Houston has been conducting an ongoing study of deaths of undocumented migrants along the southwestern border since 1995 through fieldwork and quanti tative research (Eschbach et al., 1999; Eschbach, Hagan and Rodriguez 2001). The fieldwork has involved interviews with Border Patrol agents, medical examiners, funeral directors, local law enforcement agents,


530 Background: The current Japanese Classification of Colorectal Carcinoma defines inferior mesenteric lymph nodes (IMLN) and lateral lymph nodes (LLN) as regional lymph nodes in rectal cancer. It states that these lymph nodes should be dissected when performing D3 dissection for rectal cancer. However, there is currently no consensus on the significance of Japanese D3 lymph node dissection in low rectal cancer. A retrospective study involving a large number of patients was conducted. Methods: The subjects were 2,743 patients registered in the multi-institutional registry of the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum. The data were analyzed for outcomes in R0 cases with IMLN and/or LLN metastasis (IMLN(+)LLN(-) or IMLN(-)LLN(+) or IMLN(+)LLN(+)). Results: In the control group, 67 patients (2.7%) were considered positive for IMLN metastasis, 181 patients (7.4%) for LLN metastasis, and 34 patients (1.4%) for IMLN + LLN metastasis. The outcomes in the R0 cases with IMLN and/or LLN metastasis we...


The fossil record from the Quaternary deposits of the Northern European Plain shows palaeobotanical as well as palaeozoological associations that differ in various degrees from the extant flora and fauna. The record is interpreted and translated into palaeoenvironmenta] as well as palaeoclimatological pictures, which are mainly based on a comparison with the extant flora and fauna The interpretation of Middle and Late Pleistocene mammal assemblages is. however, hampered by taphonomic biases and the fact that mammals have the capacity to adapt to environments and tolerate circumstances other than those under which they live today. Despite these restrictions it is obvious that the accuracy of the reconstruction of a palaeoenvironment increases if mammalian data are incorporated. A lack of mammalian data may result in a local instead of a regional reconstruction. Furthermore, it appears to be problematic to use terms such as interglacial and glacial sensu stricto to characterize fossil faunal associations. We should avoid these terms as much as possible and define, in the near future, faunal units that are characteristic of a particular palaeoenvironment in a restricted area. This would increase the applicability of fossil mammals to the reconstruction of the palaeoenvironment.


This chapter positions commercial dispute resolution as a major enabler of economic development. Going one step further, it argues that commercial dispute resolution also makes for good 'lighthouse' judicial reform projects, due to its focused scope and the quick impact potential in an area where competition between countries requires urgent action. Success requires a comprehensive approach around five building blocks: the legal basis; organisational and physical setup; people excellence; communications; and overall strategy and change management. In its second half, the chapter moves from today to setting out four hypotheses for the future: Firstly, courts of the future will be a service rather than a location, with courtrooms of the future being virtual and customer centric providers capturing the market. Second, commercial dispute resolution will become far more differentiated, as well as competitive on the international stage. Third, private sector solutions will complement and compete with state-offered or endorsed solutions. Fourth, artificial intelligence is about to change the face and nature of dispute resolution fundamentally. Each of those trends offers ample opportunities to unlock economic potential. The chapter concludes by pointing out how international organizations can contribute. 1 Setting the Stage: The Case for Commercial Dispute Resolution as a Major Enabler of Economic Development As countries are competing ever more vigorously for economic develop ment,1 market size and potential, institutional and regulatory quality, openness to trade, infrastructure quality, economic and political stability and labour 1 Barros and Cabral 2000, 360–71; Vuksic 2015; Gonzalez, 26 October 2017. * Andreas Baumgartner, co-founder and the current ceo of The Metis Institute,  email@example.com. Andreas Baumgartner 9789004407411 Downloaded from Brill.com03/09/2020 11:03:19AM via free access 189 Commercial Dispute Resolution <UN> quality as well as cost are still paramount.2 However, there is another key factor of economic (but also social and political) development which is often overlooked, even though it features, for example, in the 'Ease of Doing Business' index of The World Bank: 'The enforcing contracts indicator measures the time and cost for resolving a commercial dispute through a local first-instance court, and the quality of judicial processes index, evaluating whether each economy has adopted a series of good practices that promote quality and efficiency in the court system'.3 The argument runs that better dispute resolution contributes to a better business climate and, as a consequence, to the attractiveness as a destination for foreign direct investment.4 As has been noted, "economic development requires not only that there be predictable and fair rules to govern business activities but that these rules are actually enforced",5 for which commercial dispute resolution is an important factor. Or, "Simply emphasizing the significance of property rights is not sufficient. [...] Property rights must be readily enforceable and credible to have the desired effect".6 Some literature even goes so far to claim that "judicial efficiency explains more of the pattern of [Foreign Direct Investment] fdi than the combined skilled labour and capital endowment",7 or puts institutions, explicitly including courts, at the same level of importance as the three major factors in classical economic theory, money, people, and resources.8 Others are more cautious, emphasizing the difficulties of operationalizing the impact of rule of law on the economy for empirical research.9 However, even the more cautious authors concede a statistically significant effect of the quality of trading parties' domestic legal institutions on trade.10 And—even though with a number of caveats regarding the sample size and the need to resort to proxies to measure reform efforts—econometric analysis appears to support the hypothesis that judicial reforms may enhance entrepreneurial activity and foreign direct investment.11 2 Hornberger 2011, 2. 3 World Bank, 'Enforcing Contracts Methodology'. 4 McConnaughy 2013, 14; in the article with respect to dispute resolution by arbitration. 5 Fry 2011, 390. 6 Cross 2002, 1743. 7 Bellani 2014, with further literature references. 8 Weisbrot 2003, 252. 9 Cross 2002, 1768. 10 For example Fry 2011, 391. 11 Lorenzani and Lucidi 2014, 35. Andreas Baumgartner 9789004407411 Downloaded from Brill.com03/09/2020 11:03:19AM via free access


We determine the mass functions and mass ratios for three close white dwarf plus red dwarf binaries (EUVE J0720-317, 1016-053, and 2013+400). Hubble Space Telescope Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph spectra of the He II λ1640 and C IV λ1550 spectral lines trace the white dwarf orbital motion, and Hamilton Spectrograph echelle spectra (Lick Observatory) and lower dispersion spectra trace the red dwarf orbital motion. The data sets allow us to measure orbital periods and velocities, as well as the white dwarf gravitational redshifts. The red dwarf and white dwarf mass estimates obtained from a combination of independent mass measurements for the white dwarf stars and our new orbital elements help constrain probable evolutionary outcomes. We find that EUVE J0720-317 will probably come into contact within a Hubble time and that the mass transfer will be unstable on a dynamical time. We also conclude that the much lower secondary masses in EUVE J1016-053 and EUVE J2013+400 exclude the possibility of significant interaction in these systems. We also present new helium and carbon photospheric abundance measurements in the three white dwarfs. The white dwarf atmospheric composition may show the effects of accretion of red dwarf mass-loss material onto its surface. Finally, we study the kinematics of the systems, and we also show that the white dwarf in EUVE J1016-053 is part of a quadruple system.


The centrosome - associated kinase aurora A (AURKA) is involved in genetic instability and is over - expressed in several human carciomas including colorectal cancer (CRC) It plays a critical role in cancer cell development proliferation motility and survival . It is suggested that the aurora kinase A expression in colorectal cancer significantly increase which may play an important role in development of colorectal cancer


ABSTRACT Southern African countries are increasingly dependent on natural beauty and wildlife for tourism. Conservation is essential for sustainable tourism, and is expensive, especially for threatened and endangered species. The current price of a species only takes into account its current usefulness, often leading to an underestimation of the value of wildlife. This paper contributes to debates on the value of endangered species by estimating current use and non-use values for the rhino, a species under extreme threat. Internationally, literature that values scarce and endangered species uses willingness-to-pay (WTP) to derive a value of the species. This paper uses WTP to determine the non-consumptive use value of the rhino based on three surveys, n = 1291, conducted in South Africa's Kruger National Park (KNP) and compare it to consumptive use values. Non-use and inter-temporal values are also estimated to provide a comprehensive valuation of the rhino. Non-consumptive use values per rhino in KNP are shown to exceed consumptive use values by a minimum of 50%. The threat of extinction is shown to be linked to institutional, market and policy failures. Policy implications include raising poaching fines, raising wildlife value awareness and incentivising the community benefits of wildlife conservation.


Heat transfer inside a moving bed heat exchanger (M
BHX) is closely investigat
ed. For this purpose a novel
simulation model has been developed whose results are comp
ared to experimental data and theoretical predictions
('penetration theory'). While the penetration theory clea
rly underestimates heat transfer inside the MBHX, the
simulation model shows good agreem
ent with the experimental da
ta, especially at low flow
speeds. This result indicates
that areas which are supposed to have negligible contribution to
 heat transfer have in fact
to be taken into account and
that a precise modelling of the flow field
is necessary. Furthermore, it is found th
at the range of operating velocities of
the MBHX lie in an intermediate flow regime where neither the thermal contact resistance from the wall to the first layer
of particles nor the thermal penetration re
sistance of the bulk can be neglected.


Yokkaichi plant of Mitsubishi Materials Corporation was established in 1968. The products are high purity polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) for use in semiconductors. The productivity expanded from 1.5t/M up to 1800t/Y in 40 years. Hydrogen reduction of trichlorosilane on heated silicon rod, commonly called "Siemens' process", had progressed at Yokkaichi plant. The outline of the process is described.


In the course of the reform of state-owned enterprises,some argue that the reform of property rights is the most important. While others think that to create free competition market environment is the key issue. This paper maintains that although these two ideas seem to be superficially contradictory, it is possible to integrate them for the formation of competitive enterprises with optimum governance structures. The reform of property rights and the creation of free competition market environment are complementary, which takes the precedence according to the different market environment and industrial environment confronting the enterprises.


E-learning methods are increasingly used in organizations today for teaching, learning and training purposes. Identifying the effectiveness of e-learning methods is critical for any organization. Evaluation models and processes can be used to determine the impact of e-learning on organizations. This study reviews the major existing e-learning evaluation models and develops a checklist model for e-learning evaluation based on the findings. A two-stage validity study is conducted, including an expert panel review for model refinement and a web survey to ensure the reliability and usefulness of the instrument. The proposed E-Learning Evaluation Checklist has proven to be a useful and effective tool that can help guide professional evaluators as well as non-evaluators when conducting an e-learning evaluation.


When the chip and the structure of dewar are determined,the research of the self-adjusting J-T cooler is the most important work for the quick-start IR FPA.The influence of the heat exchange tube,the pressure and the flow on the J-T cooler starting time is studied.The effect of back flow drag and self-adjusting mechanism force on the working process are described.The understanding on working process is deepened by analyzing the experimental results.The study is helpful for the development of quick-start J-T cooler.


The expectation value of the complex phase factor of the fermion determinant is computed to leading order in the p expansion of the chiral Lagrangian. The computation is valid for {mu}<m{sub {pi}}/2 and determines the dependence of the sign problem on the volume and on the geometric shape of the volume. In the thermodynamic limit with L{sub i}{yields}{infinity} at fixed temperature 1/L{sub 0}, the average phase factor vanishes. In the low temperature limit where L{sub i}/L{sub 0} is fixed as L{sub i} becomes large, the average phase factor approaches 1 for {mu}<m{sub {pi}}/2. The results for a finite volume compare well with lattice results obtained by Allton et al. After taking appropriate limits, we reproduce previously derived results for the {epsilon} regime and for one-dimensional QCD. The distribution of the phase itself is also computed.


Entrepreneurship is the ability to imply measures aimed at a company profit. The concept of entrepreneurship is generally believed to refer to the development of new ideas and opportunities, directly leading to the improvement of organizational profitability and an enhancement of competitive position or the strategic renewal of business. The main entrepreneurship aspects include the ability to use resources effectively, to make custom logic solutions, to predict the market development, to practice new technical and economic achievements. Entrepreneurship encompasses acts of organizational creation, renewal, or innovation that occurs within or outside an existing organization [1]. One of the most modern and advanced development tools, which use the most successful companies is benchmarking. Commonly, entrepreneurship and benchmarking are adduced as very associated concepts. Benchmarking is a method of using experience and cutting-edge research from the best companies to improve the company. It is associated with the production goals and is a component of the planning process. Benchmarking is the process of comparing and measuring organization against others, anywhere in the world, to gain information or practices, and measures that will help organization to improve its performance [2]. Benchmarking is particular value for companies as it enables the company to put the complex and at the same time realistic goals, provides the scientific basis for predicting development trends; enables companies to adopt best practices and to become more competitive; allows to search for weaknesses in the operation and determine potential. The authors empirically examine the potential business performance benefits available from benchmarking the capabilities of top-performing firms. The results suggest that benchmarking has the potential to become a key learning mechanism for identifying, building, and enhancing capabilities to deliver sustainable competitive advantage. Benchmarking can be a very effective tool trying to improve business and create innovations. It helps to avoid the waste of time creating the improvements, which have already been made–up by other enterprises.However, the advantages of the benchmarking can be achieved not by all enterprises, because the special features are necessary in this process. The organization, which endeavours to apply benchmarking, has to be very perceptive, flexible, venturesome and creative. This tool does not come up with expectations, if benchmarking is employed by organization, which is stick to conservatism, formalism and avoidance of risk. А special culture, stimulating changes, proactiveness is necessary for the successful results of the benchmarking use. In other words in an organization using benchmarking, entrepreneurial contemplation is necessary [3, p.69]. However, not only benchmarking requires entrepreneurial culture in the company, so the entrepreneur activity requires benchmarking activity. The Japanese are believed to be the founders of benchmarking, because they have learned to perfectly copy achievements: relatively quickly and cost-effectively improve business processes, and in a broader sense, just to improve activities.In fact, any business activity involves benchmarking. The Japanese are not the pioneers in copying best practices. Perhaps not every company creates a special base of benchmarks that can be used as a reference object in-depth study. But the long-term existence of the company provides to collect information one way or another on the business leaders in the competitive environment and the factors of their success, which should be compiled and used in own model of effective business. As noticed, the connection between the entrepreneurship and benchmarking is tight enough. Benchmarking allows to use the achievements of others saving time and work in obtaining enterprise profits. At the same time the substantial discernible and latent differences, existing among enterprises, demand culture of entrepreneurshipto use attainments of others for own organization's improvement and innovations. References: 1. Sharma, P., Chrisman, S.J.J. // Toward reconciliation of the definition issues in the field of corporate entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship-concepts, theory and perspective. - 2007. -p. 83-105. 2.Coers, M., Gardner, C., Higgins, L., Raybourn. C. // Benchmarking – A Guide for Your Journey to Best Practice Processes. - 2002. - p. 86. 3. Petuskiene E., Glinskiene R. // Entrepreneurship as the Basic Element for the Successful Employment of Benchmarking and Business Innovations. - 2011. - №22 (1). - p. 69-77.


Summary The annual cycles of gametogenesis, spawning and fertilization biology were investigated in the South African polychaete Arenicola loveni loveni (Kinberg, 1866). Sexes are strictly separate (gonochoric) with a 1:1 ratio and gametogenesis takes place in the coelomic cavity. Reproduction is iteroparous and occurs during a synchronized annual epidemic spawning event during the summer months of February or March, which lasts no longer than 2 weeks at around the time of highest annual seawater temperatures. A slight inter-annual variation in spawning time was observed between 2003 and 2004. Annual fecundity was estimated as 311,200 (± 82,040 standard deviations) oocytes per female per year. Oocytes are arrested at prophase I of the first meiotic division and require a maturation step prior to spawning and subsequent fertilization. Mean spawned oocyte diameter was 141.16 μm ± 0.43 SE. Sperm develop as morulae in the coelomic cavity and also require a maturation step prior to spawning. Spawning can be achieved by injection of prostomial homogenate in both males and females and by injection with 8,11,14- e cosatrienoic acid for males and can be delayed by temperature manipulation. Oocyte maturation and sperm maturation can be induced in vitro by incubating in prostomial homogenate.


Here, we report the genome sequence of hyperthermophilic and halophilic Parageobacillus toebii PW12, isolated from the Tattapani hot spring in the northwest Himalayas. The genome size of Parageobacillus toebii PW12 is 3,210,377 bp. ABSTRACT Here, we report the genome sequence of hyperthermophilic and halophilic Parageobacillus toebii PW12, isolated from the Tattapani hot spring in the northwest Himalayas. The genome size of Parageobacillus toebii PW12 is 3,210,377 bp. The G+C content is 42.05%, and 3,382 coding sequences (CDS), 80 tRNAs, 5 noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), and 4 CRISPR arrays were predicted.


For patients with diabetes or high blood cholesterol, greater medication adherence is associated with a greater likelihood that the patient will achieve target biometric A1c and low-density lipoprotein levels, respectively, according to a poster session presented at the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy meeting.


We calculate the anomalous divergency of the QCD4 Abelian axial current by performing canonical transformations in the field antifield space. PACS: 03.70.+k, 11.10.Ef, 11.15.-q e-mail: amorim @ if.ufrj.br e-mail: braga @ if.ufrj.br


Author(s): Wagner, N; Sitar, N | Abstract: © ASCE. Experimental and numerical studies of the seismic response of a deep, stiff basement structure were motivated by the fact that the current seismic design methodologies based on previous works predict very large dynamic forces in areas of high seismicity. The experimental program consisted of a geotechnical centrifuge model with a basement structure embedded in cohesionless backfill. The numerical analyses sought to replicate the results of the centrifuge experiment and to validate the use of numerical analyses for the prediction of expected behavior. Overall, the results of this study show that the Mononobe-Okabe method of analysis provides a reasonable estimate of the expected response of stiff basement structures provided depth-Averaged design accelerations are considered.


Terrain-induced vibration of a moving vehicle adversely affects the ability to quickly and accurately perform in-vehicle pointing tasks by altering the planned fingertip trajectory. The relationship between movement speed and accuracy is a result of the combined use of visual and somatosensory feedbacks which are used to discern movement deviations and make necessary compensatory movements. Participants (N=20) performed three-dimensional rapid pointing tasks under stationary and ride motion conditions to three touchpanel displays. Ride motion contributed to increased reaction and movement times and increased endpoint variability. Trajectory deviations were correlated to the principal direction of vehicle acceleration. Reaches orthogonal to the dominant vehicle acceleration exhibited larger endpoint variability, and reaches to the elevated touchpanel resulted in the largest variability across all motion conditions. Principal axes of endpoint ellipses were along the on-axis and off-axis directions of fingertip movement.


PSR J1819-1458 is a rotating radio transient (RRAT) source with an inferred surface dipole magnetic field strength of 5 × 1013 G and a 4.26 s spin period. We present XMM-Newton observations of the X-ray counterpart of this source, CXOU J181939.1-145804, in which we identify pulsations and a possible spectral feature. The X-ray pulsations are at the period predicted by the radio ephemeris, providing an unambiguous identification with the radio source and confirmation of its neutron star nature. The X-ray pulse has a 0.3-5 keV pulsed fraction of 34% and is aligned with the expected phase of the radio pulse. The X-ray spectrum is fit well by an absorbed blackbody with kT = 0.14 keV with the addition of an absorption feature at 1 keV, with total absorbed flux of 1.5 × 10-13 ergs cm-2 s-1 (0.3-5 keV). This absorption feature is well modeled by a Gaussian or resonant cyclotron scattering model, but its significance is dependent on the choice of continuum model. We find no evidence for any X-ray bursts or aperiodic variability on timescales of 6 ms to the duration of the observation and can place the most stringent limit to date of ≤3 × 10-9 ergs cm-2 s-1 on the absorbed 0.3-5 keV flux of any bursts.


A spherical drop of one liquid suspended in another is subjected to an instantaneous initial shear. We simulate the retraction of the drop to its spherical equilibrium and compare the results with recent experiments. In agreement with the experiments, we observe a two-step relaxation process.


In this study, a series of totally amorphous PEO/LiClO4/mesoporous silica nanocomposite polymer electrolytes were prepared with high molecule weight polyethylene oxide, high concentration lithium perchlorate and low content of a homemade mesoporous silica. The SEM/EDS images of the nanocomposite polymer electrolytes indicated that 2wt.% of the mesoporous silica was well dispersed in the PEO polymer electrolyte matrix. The interactions in the system and possible conduction mechanism were studied by DSC, XRD, FT-IR, and 7Li-NMR analysis. It was found that conductivity was significantly improved by the addition of the as-prepared mesoporous silica. A maximum ambient conductivity value of 7.09×10-5 S/cm was obtained for the nanocomposite polymer electrolyte O6A2. The AC-DC polarization results showed that the lithium ion transference number(t+) of O6A2 was about 0.67, which is the highest value reported in PEO/LiClO4/SiO2 system up to now. The high ionic conductivity and lithium ion transference number suggested that it can be used as a potential candidate of the electrolyte material for lithium polymer batteries.


There is a saying in Puerto Rico, "gota a gota, se llena el vaso" (drop by drop, you fill the glass). In other words, one day at a time, little by little, things can be changed. In the United States, the "one drop rule" declared that a person with as little as 1/32 of African blood qualified as Black. It was how African Americans were socially othered and legally excluded. Along with the history of racial phenomena in twentieth-century Puerto Rico, you will find stories that are "drops of inclusivity." These stories are some of the rare instances in which Afro-Puerto Ricans were included in the dialogue about race and the creation of the Puerto Rican national identity. Many of the stories have been left from history books. By documenting the instances where Black Puerto Ricans broke through racial hierarchies, where they were acknowledged as part of the national identity and history, we piece together the larger story of Afro-Puerto Rican perseverance but also acknowledge the slow march of incremental change. Collecting these "drops" gives us a fuller understanding of how far Afro-Puerto Ricans have come and inspires us to continue to work for racial inclusivity.


(57) Abstract: transgene inserted replication defective adenovirus vector effectively be used for in vivo gene therapy of heart disease including peripheral vascular disease and myocardial ischemia, which is one or both of the femoral artery or coronary artery by direct deep performed once the femoral artery or coronary artery injection into the lumen, carried out in an amount sufficient to transfect cells in the desired region.


Objective To investigate the inhibitory effects of mediated PTEN gene in combina- tion with L-OHP on human cholangiocarcinoma cell line.Methods A eukaryotic expression vector containing PTEN gene was transfected into human cholangiocarcinoma cell line QBC-939 under media- tion of lipofectamine,and the positive cell clones were selected and amplified.The expression of PTEN gene was determined with immunohistochemistry.Cell growth curve was illustrated and MTT performed to test cell invasion.Electron microscopy was conducted to determine the effects of PTEN on cell cycle,uhrastructure and cell growth of the transfected QBC-939 cells and on tumorgenicity in nude mice.Results PTEN was significantly expressed in the transfected QBC-939 cells(P0.05). The cell growth was slower than in other groups(P0.05).The size of transfected cells changed. The growth of the transfeeted cells was inhibited at phase G1 to S and its apoptotic rate markedly in- creased(P0.05).The cell growth in nude mice was inhibited after addition of L-OHP.Conclusions The inhibitory effects of PTEN on eholangiocarcinoma cell line can be strengthened by L-OHP.


Although the volcanic rocks of Iceland have been the subject of numerous geochemical investigations, none has included both Pb isotopes and precisely determined trace-element ratios. This combination, when used together with existing petrological and geochemical data, has the potential to provide strong constraints on the composition and origin of the Iceland plume, the manner in which it interacted with surrounding mantle, and the way in which it melted. We report here measurements on well documented (H6mond et al. 1988, 1993) mafic volcanic rocks from all parts of the island. Compositions range from picrite to alkali basalt and include the most common olivine and quartz tholeiites. Extended trace-element patterns show a wide range, from strong depletion of incompatible elements ((La/Sm)y=0.5) in the picrites, to moderate enrichment ((La/Sm)N=2.7) in 206 204 the alkali basalts. Pb/ Pb ratios vary from 18.0 in picrites to 19.2 in alkali basalts. These ratios correlate with both 2~176 and 2~176 and with Ce/Pb which is as low as 10.7 in picrites and as high as 46.8 in alkali basalts. In addition, Ce/ Pb correlates both with Sm/Hf and with the size of positive Sr and Ba anomalies which are large and conspicuous in the picrites. In contrast with the strong correlation beween chemical composition and rock type, there is no systematic relationship between isotopic or trace-element ratios and the geographic position of the samples. Correlations are also observed between Ce/Pb, Sr/Nd, Sm/Hf and 8~So which ranges from +3%o in the alkali basalts to +6%0 in the picrites. Even though some of the trace-element characteristics can be attributed to extreme fractionation during melting (Elliott et al., 1991), most of the variations that we report here cannot. The mantle-like 61SO of the picrites argue against an hydrothermal origin for the positive Sr and Ba anomalies and rules out an important role for interaction of magmas with the present Icelandic crust. Correlations between isotopic compositions and ratios such as Sr/Nd, Sin/ G6osciences Rennes, UPR 4661-CNRS, Universit6 de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France


Long-range electronic order descending from a metallic parent state constitutes a rich playground to study the intricate interplay of structural and electronic degrees of freedom. With dispersive and correlation features as multifold as topological Dirac-like itinerant states, van-Hove singularities, correlated flat bands, and magnetic transitions at low temperature, kagome metals are located in the most interesting regime where both phonon and electronically mediated couplings are significant. Several of these systems undergo a charge density wave (CDW) transition, and the van-Hove singularities, which are intrinsic to the kagome tiling, have been conjectured to play a key role in mediating such an instability. However, to date, the origin and the main driving force behind this charge order is elusive. Here, we use the topological bilayer kagome metal ScV6Sn6 as a platform to investigate this puzzling problem, since it features both kagome-derived nested Fermi surface and van-Hove singularities near the Fermi level, and a CDW phase that affects the susceptibility, the neutron scattering, and the specific heat, similarly to the siblings AV3Sb5 (A = K, Rb, Cs) and FeGe. We report on our findings from high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission, density functional theory, and time-resolved optical spectroscopy to unveil the dynamics of its CDW phase. We identify the structural degrees of freedom to play a fundamental role in the stabilization of charge order. Along with a comprehensive analysis of the subdominant impact from electronic correlations, we find ScV6Sn6 to feature an instance of charge density wave order that predominantly originates from phonons. As we shed light on the emergent phonon profile in the low-temperature ordered regime, our findings pave the way for a deeper understanding of ordering phenomena in all CDW kagome metals.


Instances of collective action are often treated as independent events that can be understood outside of their spatial and historical contexts, and irrespective of other instances of political action. For instance, a whole sub-field of analysis asks whether repression increases or decreases collective action. Some studies investigate large numbers of (usually country-byyear) measures of repression and mobilization and correlate them as if collective actionrepression sequences were interchangeable and equivalent and their properties analyzable irrespective of their insertion in time and space. Other studies analyze single events or movements in a case study approach, which is only seemingly more sensitive to spatial and temporal insertion. For all their descriptive detail, they, too, often treat instances of collective action as independent events, and for the quantitative analysts' assumption of interchangeability they substitute an equally a-historical uniqueness. The perspective presented in this chapter holds that instances of collective action are not independent. They are neither understandable in their own, unique terms, nor are they merely interchangeable instances of general classes of events. The most fundamental fact about collective action is its connectedness, both historically and spatially, and both with other instances of collective action of a similar kind, and with the actions of different claim-makers such as authorities and countermovements.


A simple new method of characterization of porous materials is developed in this paper. In this method, we combine the traditional Kelvin equation with an improved statistical adsorbed film thickness to account for the finite dimension of pores. The adsorption process in a pore is viewed as a molecular layering process followed by a filling mechanism. Here, we argue that this mechanism is valid not just for mesopores but also micropores because of our allowance for the statistical film thickness to be a function of not only pressure but pore size as well. The model is tested against the data of nitrogen adsorption onto activated carbon samples: the fitting is found to be excellent, and the results are comparable with those obtained by other methods such as the DFT method. The much shorter computation time required by this method compared to that by DFT makes this method a very attractive alternative in the PSD characterization.


The article gives the analysis of testing in general physics in the Buryat State University, students of major «Chemistry». The role of students independent work is considered at training for the Internet examination.


It is necessary that we should control the traffic to not only efficiently use the rich bandwidth of ATM network but also satisfy the users' various requirements for service quality. However, it is very difficult to decide which control mechanism would be applied in real network because there are various types of ATM traffic and traffic control mechanisms. In this paper, a smart simulator is developed to analyze the performance of a UPC(Usage Parameter Control) mechanism which is a typical traffic control mechanism. The simulator consists of a user interface that supports a menu-driven input form and a simulation program that is executed with the user's input parameters. Especially, the simulator establishes more powerful and flexible simulation environment since it supports a more complex simulation applying various source traffic to several different UPC mechanisms at the same time and allows an arbitrary user-defined traffic in addition to some well-known traffic.


Harmonization of fire resistance furnaces is a major challenge facing the standard writing organizations. Efforts are being considered by the ASTM E05 committee to investigate the factors that affect such harmonization among test furnaces. The factors under consideration by ASTM include furnace specifications, the method used to control furnace temperature and structural load. This paper is a contribution to the efforts being made for identifying a method that can be used to control the fire resistance furnaces. This paper presents and discusses the results of 12 heat exposure full-scale tests: 6 using a floor furnace and the other 6 using a wall furnace. These tests were conducted to investigate the use of two methods for controlling furnace temperature: one by use of the shielded thermocouples and the other by use of the so-called Plate Thermometers. Also, tests were conducted to investigate the heat exposure received by the specimen in fire resistance furnaces controlled by either the Plate Thermometers or by shielded thermocouples. INTRODUCTION In North America, the fire resistance rating of building elements such as walls, floors, beams and columns is determined by a full-scale fire resistance test conducted in accordance to either the CAN/ULC-S101or ASTM E119 standards. These standards assume that different test furnaces will provide the same heat exposure to test specimens. Heat exposure in the fire resistance test furnaces depends on the type of fuel used, furnace wall materials and furnace depth. Different attempts were made to provide tools for harmonization of the heat exposure in standard fire resistance test furnaces. One attempt by the author suggests that if the full-scale fire resistance test furnaces are lined with very low thermal conductivity materials, such as ceramic fibre insulation, the heat exposure to a test specimen in different furnaces heated with either liquid or gaseous fuels or furnaces with different depths would be comparable. Other attempts were made at the Swedish National Testing Institute by Wickstrom and by Olsson suggesting that by changing to controlling fire resistance test furnaces with the so-called Plate Thermometers (PT), the heat exposure in the furnaces would be hamonized. Wickstrom provided information on the theory and practical use of the PT. Currently, the ISO 834-1 and European EN 1363-1 standards require use of the PT to control the heat exposure in fire resistance test furnaces while the North American standards, CAN/ULC-S101 and ASTM E119, require use of the shielded thermocouples to control the heat exposure in fire resistance test furnaces. Efforts are being considered by the ASTM E05.11 Subcommittee to investigate the harmonization of fire resistance test furnaces. In an attempt to harmonise fire resistance test furnaces, three Task Groups have been formed: one to investigate the effect of furnace specification, the second, to investigate the potential use of the so-called Plate thermometers for controlling furnace and the third to provide guidance on the load calculation and methodology of applying the load on a test specimen. In contribution to these efforts, The National Research Council of Canada (NRC) conducted an experimental study to measure the heat exposure to a specimen and to measure the furnace temperature using both the shielded thermocouples and the Plate Thermometers in full-scale wall and floor furnaces when controlled by either the Plate Thermometer or by shielded thermocouples. The study includes 12 heat exposure experiments: 6 experiments using a full-scale wall furnace and the other 6 using a full-scale floor furnace. To provide data on the potential use of the Plate Thermometers in the North American fire resistance standards, comparisons are presented for floor and wall furnace temperatures measured by both the shielded thermocouples, current standard, and by the Plate Thermometers, proposed, for furnaces controlled by either the shielded or by the Plate Thermometers. Also, comparisons of heat exposure in both floor and wall furnaces of different depths for furnaces controlled by either the Plate Thermometer or by shielded thermocouples are presented. In addition, comparisons of a heat exposure in wall and floor furnaces controlled by either the Plate Thermometers or by shield thermocouples are also presented.


Regarded for decades as a fallacy, intentionalist interpretation is beginning to attract a following among philosophers of art. Broadly speaking, intentionalism is the doctrine that the actual intentions of artists are relevant to the interpretation of the artworks they create. For intentionalists, interpretation is a matter of explaining why artworks have the features, including meanings, that they possess. Since artworks possess these features as a result of the actions of artists, it seems natural to explain them, as we explain the results of actions in general, with an eye to the intentions of the pertinent agents, who are, in this case, artists. Actual intentionalism holds to the conviction that interpretation with respect to artworks is on a continuum with interpretation of intentional action in daily life. Just as in ordinary affairs we interpret with the goal of identifying the actual intentions of the words and deeds of others, so with respect to art the actual intentions of artists are relevant to our interpretations of their productions. Actual intentionalism, however, comes in different forms. The most extreme form maintains that the meaning of an artwork is fully determined by the actual intentions of the artist (or artists) who created it. It is this extreme form of actual intentionalism that one suspects has encouraged the view that actual intentionalism is a fallacy. For this view leads to the unpalatable conclusion that the meaning of an artwork is whatever the author intends it to mean, irrespective, if we are talking about literary texts, of the word-sequence meaning of the text (the meaning of the text derivable solely by consulting dictionaries, the rules of grammar, and the conventions of literature).


We report the absolute conversion efficiency ξx from the incident laser light energy to x‐ray photons for laser‐produced plasmas. Potential x‐ray backlighting (radiography) line sources having photon energies from 1.4 to 8.6 keV are studied as a function of laser wavelength, pulsewidth, and intensity. The laser intensity and pulsewidth range from 1014 to 1016 W/cm2, 100 ps to 2 ns and include incident wavelengths of 1.06, 0.53, and 0.35 μm. We found that K‐shell x‐ray line emission ξx : (1) decreases with increasing x‐ray energy, (2) decreases with increasing laser intensity, (3) decreases rapidly with pulselength, and (4) moderately increases with decreasing laser wavelength. On the contrary, for Au M band emission, at a fixed laser intensity and pulsewidth, ξx significantly increases (∼25×) upon decreasing the laser wavelength from 1.06 to 0.35 μm.