It is shown how simple, nonidentical transistor stages can be cascaded to give flat wideband responses and moderate gain while minimizing interstage interraction by purposely mismatching the impedance between stages. The interrelationship between gain and mismatch is discussed. Use of a grounded base amplifier with the conventional series feedback amplifier is considered. Experimental results are presented.


The vegetable oil based lubricant as lubricant in various applications were intensified and eyed by the industry due to its superior tribological properties, and has potential to replace petroleum based lubricants. Palm olein could be suitable and attractive candidate as the lubricant to be studied due to its good advantages and large production in country. Thus, in the study the behavior of RBD palm olein characteristic was investigated by pin on disk experiment in which the hemispherical pin was loaded against the rotating grooved disk. The experiments by sliding were performed in pin on disk tester using titanium as material for both hemispherical pin and grooved disk. The test was implemented by dropping 5 ml of RBD palm olein as lubricating oil on sliding surface at different loads applied which were 5N, 20N, 40N and 80N. The wear rate of the pin and friction coefficient was also investigated. The weight loss and surface roughness before and after experiment were analyzed. All the results obtained were compared to hydraulic oil and paraffinic mineral oil. From the analysis, friction coefficient acquired lubricated with RBD palm olein was the lowest for both conditions. Wear rate obtained for three lubricants increased from 5N to 20N load, then decreased after 40N load and increased again after 80N load exerted. Wear obtained lubricated with hydraulic oil shows the lowest value compared to paraffinic mineral oil and RBD palm olein.


Impact craters are the most prominent topographic feature on the lunar surface, which will play a very important role in the construction of lunar bases and lunar surface activities in the future. Due to the large number of meteorite craters, different diameters and shapes, and the superposition of their morphologies, the artificial identification of meteorite craters is not only inaccurate but also inefficient. This paper first summarizes the significance of lunar impact crater research, then analyzes and summarizes the method of crater extraction, research status and the resulting data set, and finally summarizes the difficult problems and directions of future lunar impact crater identification research. Current crater-detection approaches fall into three categories, such as artificial detection, traditional automatic recognition and machine learning dtetection. With the development of computer, the convolutional neural network has become the trend of crater identification. Developing new images or data and training different network models is the key content of future research.


This series of readers offers young readers illustrated editions of well-loved tales. The language is carefully graded for individual reading, or for reading aloud. The Beginners level is simpler than the Elementary titles and uses present tense narrative and a minimal vocabulary load.


This book is the first book to be published in Australia on business logistics management. Logistics is distribution expanded to include procurement, supply and production planning. Practical expansion of distribution management is possible in the second half of the 1980s because of the availability of better decision-making information (via more powerful and vastly less expensive computers) and more competent managers. Effective logistics management is vital for Australia in the current environment of maturing markets, a non-competitive secondary industry, highly priced competitive world primary products markets and generally flattened demand. Managing the corporate logistics function well can provide the cost reductions and customer service levels needed to generate a competitive advantage in both domestic and overseas markets.


While titanium has long been of interest for use in creating low resistivity metal contacts on silicon, the commonly resulting epitaxial silicide (TiSi2) is often of C49 phase and is, unfortunately, metastable - transforming to the stable C54 phase at higher temperatures. Zirconium, however, only exhibits a C49 phase disilicide and, being in the same periodic group, is chemically similar to Ti, affording the possibility of alloying small quantities of Zr with Ti in order to stabilize the epitaxial C49 structure. Both Ti and Zr have been reported to show a strongly disordered interface region at low temperatures, but little quantitative structural work has been performed on the Zr:Si system. To this end, an initial structural study of the Zr on Si (111) system has been undertaken. Thin films (100Å) of Zr were deposited in UHV conditions onto atomically clean Si(111) wafers and annealed in situ at fine temperature intervals between 300 and 425°C, over which range Auger spectroscopy indicated Si diffusion to the surface. A comparison will be made with the Ti:Si system for samples of 100Å Ti prepared under the same conditions.


Objective To investigate dynamic change and the pathological meanings of androgen receptor(AR) expression in hepatocarcinogenesis.Methods 60 male SD rats were divided into two groups:cancer-induced group(3′-Me-DAB),control group(rice only),to establish rat model of chemically-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.The quantity of AR in liver was detected with Radio-ligand Binding Assay at various experimental stages.Results The ratio of liver to body weight rised rapidly at the 4th and 5th month in cancer-induced group.The level of AR in cancer-induced group was the highest at early stage of cancer induction(the first month)and occuring-tumor stage(the 5th month),(56.28±9.48) fmol/mg·protein and (59.49±4.42) fmol/mg·protein,respectively,the lowest at the 2th month(33.52±3.24) fmol/mg.protein.The physiological expression of AR in control group was in accordance with age-dependent sex hormone activity.Of different histological type of induced tumor,AR concentration of hepatocellular carcinoma was the highest(P0.05),the level of AR in tumor tissue was sigificantly higher than that in surrounding tumor tissue(P0.05).Conclusion Expression of AR in special stage of hepatocarcinogenesis is active,AR may have a liver cell proliferation-promotion effect.


PT. Bank Syariah Mandiri is a nancial institution do- ing business based on Syariah. Duties and functions of Islamic banks which collect and distribute funds to com- munity based on the principles of Syariah principles. PT. Bank Syariah Mandiri, which is characterized by Islam re- quires that all transactions under the contract. In contrast to Conventional Commercial Bank, a transaction which is done only based on deposit agreements that do not use any principle. Calculation system for saving the results of the Bank Syariah Mandiri Mudaraba is using the principle of pro t sharing, while the conventional banks use inter- est rates set by the bank concerned. Comparison of the system for saving the results of PT Bank Syariah Mandiri with conventional interest in PT Bank Mandiri, there are dierences in the amount of payments for services received by customers of Islamic banks from conventional banks, the results of the calculation system for customers who received PT. Bank Syariah Mandiri is greater than the interest in- come received by the customer on Conventional Banks Pe- namaan File: 20204671


Adaptive algorithm (e.g. Subbard NLMS, RLS) feedback in a listening device and to the use of a listening device. The object of the present invention is to provide an alternative scheme for feedback estimation in a listening device. The problem is solved in that the listening device comprises an input transducer for converting an input Sound to an electric input signal, and an output transducer for con Verting a processed electric output signal to an output sound, a forward path being defined between the input transducer and the output transducer and comprising a signal processing unit adapted for processing an SPU-input signal originating from the electric input signal in a time-frequency representa tion comprising Successive time frames each comprising a frequency spectrum of the signal in the time frame in ques tion, the signal processing unit defining an input side and an output side of the forward path and comprising a spectral content modification unit adapted for modifying values of the signal of one or more regions of the frequency spectrum of a given time frame to provide that the modified values are less correlated to the corresponding time-frequency regions of the input signal than the unmodified output signal thereby pro viding an improved processed output signal, and a feedback loop from the output side to the input side comprising a feedback path estimation unit for estimating the effect of acoustic feedback from the output transducer to the input transducer, wherein the feedback path estimation unit is adapted to use the improved processed output signal in the estimation. This has the advantage of providing a better accu racy vs. tracking speed trade-off of the feedback path esti mate. The invention may e.g. be used for listening devices prone to acoustic feedback, e.g. hearing aids, headsets or active earplugs.


Broadband noise represents a severe limitation toward the implementation of a solid-state quantum information processor. Considering common spectral forms, we propose a classification of noise sources based on the effects produced instead of their microscopic origin. We illustrate a multi-stage approach to broadband noise, which systematically includes only the relevant information on the environment, out of the huge parameterization needed for a microscopic description. We apply this technique to a solid-state two-qubit gate in a fixed coupling implementation scheme.


Professor Samuelson once pointed out that everyone is an economist. Some are 'natural economists'; others are more sophisticated. It is the function of the sophisticated to teach the 'natural economists' so that understanding is disseminated. Raymond Heung's book is dedicated to this kind of educational mission. Housing problems in British Columbia appear to be much the same as those elsewhere in Canada. They can certainly be treated with the standard tools of economic analysis. Heung calls his book a response to two earlier publications, '... one released by the British Columbia government and the other by some of the staff of the Study Team who undertook the research' (p. I). Those two reports advocate government intervention on a massive scale so as to provide housing for those citizens of British Columbia who are deemed to be underhoused. Heung's contribution is to apply economic analysis to the problems and to point to ways in which the proposed measures, or alternatives, can be evaluated as to costs as well as benefits. In particular, the author emphasizes the use of the price mechanism as a resource allocator, in addition to its role as an income distributor. The difficulty with Heung's book is that it reads like a treatise in Economics, which it is. The book illustrates the conundrum of Samuelson's trickling down theory of knowledge: how can the messages of Economics be transmitted in a way that will attract and keep the attention of the 'natural economists'?


Despite a great success of the time-dependent Skyrme Hartree-Fock (TDSHF) approach in exploration of nuclear dynamics, it is still poorly applied to magnetic excitations, in particular to spin-flip M1 and scissors M1 giant resonances (GR). At the same time the spin-flip M1 GR can be an important source of knowledge on spin correlations in the Skyrme functional. The resonance strongly depends on the spin-orbit splitting and so can serve as a robust test of the spin-orbit interaction. Besides, the spin-flip M1 GR is closely related to the Gamow-Teller (GT) resonance and its satisfactory treatment is relevant for the description of GT mode as well. The scissors M1 resonance is also of a great importance as a useful source of information on the nuclear deformation and orbital magnetism. Our recent studies have shown that TDSHF has serious troubles in description of the spin-flip M1 giant resonance [1,2]. The results for different Skyrme parameterizations are contradictory and poorly agree with the experiment. In particular, it is quite difficult to describe simultaneously the one-peak gross structure of M1 strength in doubly magic nuclei and two-peak structure in heavy deformed nuclei. The reason of this mismatch could lie in an unsatisfactory treatment of spin correlations and spin-orbit interaction. We review the present status of the problem and possible ways of its solution [1,2]. In particular, we inspect i) the interplay of the collective shift and spin-orbit splitting, ii) the isovector M1 response versus isospin-mixed responses, and iii) the role of tensor and isovector spin-orbit interaction. The analysis is done within the self-consistent separable Skyrme-RPA (SRPA) method which, being proved as a reliable theoretical tool for investigation of electric giant resonances [3], was recently specified for the magnetic excitations [1,2]. The exploration involves 8 Skyrme forces and various (light/heavy, spherical/deformed) nuclei. The results for the orbital scissors M1 mode are also presented [4]. General perspectives of TDSHF description of magnetic modes are discussed with the emphasis to the role of the tensor interaction.


The desired test performance parameters influence the design of a Flight Motion Simulator (FMS) and affect its size, weight, power, electro-magnetic interference, noise, and vibration. A common desire is to specify requirements beyond the immediate need for future test programs. This may directly affect cost and schedule. Critical parameters that affect the FMS design are larger payload sizes, higher accuracies, and higher dynamic requirements. This paper provides a checklist of parameters and specification tradeoffs to be considered for the overall system performance requirements.


The Fuzzy Model for Management of Participation in Organizations (FMPO), pretends to be an evolution of the Normative Vroom-Yetton Model (NVYM). It adopts the same decision processes for group problems (AI, AII, CI, CII and GII), and several of the problem attributes defined by Vroom and Jago in the NVYM. However, there are important differences between NVYM and FMPO philosophies. While the former relies exclusively on linear mathematical equations to evaluate the different decision processes, the later is a fuzzy knowledge based system, with which is possible to express the principles announced by Vroom and Jago ́s leadership theory of participation to a greater extent. FMPO ́s philosophy also allows us to spread the model towards more complex fields, which the NVYM ignores or only slightly mentions. The FMPO evaluates the different processes using time and duration criteria, estimates the probability of consulting the subordinates and the probability of convening and conducting a meeting according to possible time constraints, and extends the cost criteria to a level not reached by the NVYM. Finally, a mention to the fact that unlike the NVYM, FMPO ́s output differentiates the decision processes' effectiveness on a qualitative and quantitative basis that can be used to compare different situations.


The first part of the article reconstructs the ambiguityof the modern science from the work of Pierre Bourdieu. Thesecond part reconstructs the ambiguity of the modern State toBourdieu, as well as the function and the ambiguity of the schoolsystem, as a relatively autonomous field of the State. In general,the articulation between the two understandings suggests waysto clarify a modern "circuit of legitimation", composed mainly, butnot only, by the national science and the State, with its schoolsystem. This understanding presents itself as one of the ways forthe denaturalization of the legitimation of the contemporary socialinequalities and their inherent class domination.


An electron optical study ofa disordered 2H wurtzitefrom Pribram, Czechoslovakia, reveals an even and dense distribution ofstackingfaults and indicates the presence of long-period polytypes. The polytype crystal structures appear quite distinctfrom those of synthetic equivalents, and this difference may be attributable to different enviFig. 2. (a) Bright-hield micrograph of stacking faults in Pribram wurtzite. (b) Diffraction pattern of an area similar to that shown in (a); x is a diffuse maximum not related to a 2H reciprocal lattice point. (c) Enlargement of part of a 20/row of another diffraction pattern showing diffraction maxima characteristic of a long-period polytype. shown in Fig. 2b: such diffraction patterns are invariablv eccentric since wurtzite does not cleave very readily on I 10". The reciprocal lattice rows with h + k . 3n (10/, 201, and so on) show continuous streaks, with diffuse maxima about 2H lattice points with I = 2n + 1, apparently consistent with the presence of random stacking faults. Other diffuse maxima on these rows (for example, x in Fig. 2b) are due to maximum diffraction contrast since they are displaced as the grains are tilted and correspond with bend contours in dark-field images. Bright-field images of grains parallel and subparallel to the a*,c plane are crowded with diffraction fringes (Fig. 2a) which are normal to the diffraction streaks. One may image these fringes in dark field, using the ditTraction streaks on reciprocal lattice rows with h + k . 3n but not with reflections on other rows and they branch at thickness contours (5). Thus the fringes are clearly associated with stacking faults in the basal planes (6). The smallest fringe spacing observed is 20 A, approximately equal to a 6H period, but the structural interpretation of this correlation may not be direct. The stacking fault density is particularly high, at least comparable to that of the so-called microtwins in inverted ZnS films (7), and its distribution is relatively even. The stacking faults are not terminated by partial dislocations, forming stacking faults in prism planes (6) or some other type of structural discontinuity, but appear to be continuous across the grains. Continuity is even maintained across embayments in crenulate grain boundaries, a clear indication that the stacking faults predate sample preparation. On more detailed examination (Fig. 2c) the continuous diffraction streaks are sometimes seen to contain closely spaced diffraction maxima, the resolution of 886 which varies markedly both between areas of a single diffraction pattern and between different diffraction patterns. Measurements on the diffraction pattern illustrated (Fig. 2c) indicate a periodicity relative to a IH layer of 65, and measurements on five other patterns, all from difTerent grains, give approximate periodicities of 100, 105, 130, 130, and 130, respectively. However, the accuracv of these latter data may be suspect because of poor contrast and limited continuity. It was clearly impossible to discriminate between hexagonal and rhom-


AbstractFauna and flora depend on water of hydrological river basins to remain alive, where a conjunctive use of surface and ground water should take place. Also, water is a human right and must be treated as such to meeting other human rights such as civil and political. Except for drinking purposes, activities such as agriculture, industry, transportation, electricity and amenities make use of water. The last decade there is a growing concern that water is at scarcity and far exceeds the potential for its natural recharge. Degraded water quality deteriorates further the situation. Such worrisome concerns about water quality can be attributed to both natural processes and human activities. Significant environmental health issues and desalination processes at Greek hydrological river basins cannot be ignored. Over 20 countries worldwide are depending on water that is flowing from other nations, and more than 300 of the world hydrological river basins are considered transboundary. The tropics and mid-level...


This study sought to determine whether clinical clusters exist in takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) is a heterogeneous disorder with a complex, poorly understood pathogenesis. To better understand the heterogeneity of TCM, we identified different clinical phenotypes in a large sample of TCM patients by using latent class analysis (LCA).


The nutritional status of red sea bream Pagrus major (30-day-old) cultured under three different feeding regimes: 1) rotifer, Artemia and artificial diet (RAA), 2) rotifer and artificial diet (RA) and 3) artificial diet (A) only were evaluated depending on RNA/DNA ratios. The duration of the experiment was four weeks. The final average weight of fish was significantly ( P < 0.05) higher in RAA (1555 ± 119 mg) than RA (1010 ± 145 mg) and A (927 ± 170 mg). Specific growth rate was significantly ( P < 0.05) higher in RAA (7.376) and RA (5.617) at the end of the first week of culture compared to the other weeks. In artificial diet fed fish, SGR was significantly ( P < 0.05) higher at the end of the second week (4.542) compared to the other weeks. The DNA concentration was significantly ( P < 0.05) higher at the end of the second week of feeding than in the remaining culture period regardless of feeding conditions. The RNA concentration increased from ∗ Corresponding author.


The main object of the present work aims to equip students and teachers for the understanding and the solution of problems that can be solved by using the Diophantine equations with two or more unknowns. Techniques of factoring and using of inequalities were used as contents studied by teachers in elementary and high school. For this study, it was used the presentation of several issues solved to serve as an object of study for teachers and students. It also presents an introduction to the Theory of Numbers, for a better understanding of the resolution of linear Diophantine equations using it for ludic and educational examples that stimulate the pleasant in mathematics studies. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the importance of algebraic and geometric interpretation of linear Diophantine equations. It also highlights that the introduction of solving problems in this area does not need advanced knowledge, which can be done in high school, allowing students to develop their reasoning skills. Key-words: Theory of Numbers. Diophantine equations. Factoring. Inequalities. Solution of problems. Lista de ilustracoes Figura 1 – Capa do Livro Aritmetica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16


• Argue that Yablo is probably wrong about (b); and show that the account of causal relevance that he uses to motivate (a) is not satisfactory. • Motivate and defend an account of causal relevance that does a better job than Yablo's of explaining the phenomena. • Show how this account provides a better answer to one version of the exclusion problem. • Show that this account yields a very surprising answer to a more recalcitrant version of the exclusion problem.


This paper presents a comprehensive review of existing techniques of k-means clustering algorithms made at various times. The kmeans algorithm is aimed at partitioning objects or points to be analyzed into well-separated clusters. There are different algorithms for k-means clustering of objects such as traditional k-means algorithm, standard k-means algorithm, basic k-means algorithm, and the conventional k-means algorithm, this is perhaps the most widely used version of the k-means algorithms. These algorithms use the Euclidean distance as their metric and minimum distance rule approach by assigning each data point (objects) to its closest centroids.


In this study, we investigated the effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on wound healing both in vitro and in vivo with and without infection. EGCG has antimicrobial properties and could be useful as a topical agent to prevent and/or treat wound infections. Normal fibroblasts were isolated from the dermis of C57BL/6 mice and cultured with 0, 0.001 to 0.400 mg/ml of EGCG. In vitro assays demonstrated that migration, proliferation, and apop- tosis were inhibited at EGCG concentrations of 0.100-0.400 mg/ml. Expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was also reduced. In vivo experiments measured closure/contraction of full-thickness dorsal wounds that were treated with 0, 0.3, 3.0, and 30.0 mg/ml of EGCG every 24 hours. Macrophages (F4/80), neutrophils (Ly-6G) and myofibroblasts (α-SMA) were assessed at 48 and 168 hours. By 168 hours there was a significant reduction in presence with the 30 mg/ml dose vs. 0.3 and 3.0 mg/ml (P<0.009, P<0.006, respectively). The percentage of wound closure at one week in EGCG treated wounds was 87.87% (0.03 mg), 85.23% (0.3 mg) and 40.06% (30 mg/ml) compared to controls. Reduced quantities of α-SMA myofibroblasts were observed in the 3 mg EGCG treatment group compared to controls at 168 hours. We previously demonstrated that EGCG has antimicrobial properties (MIC 50 ~0.3 mg/ml). This data suggests that EGCG could potentially be applied to the wound surface as an antimicrobial without negatively influencing healing. To this end we applied EGCG (10 mg/ml) to a model of an infected traumatic wound. EGCG treatment significantly reduced bacterial load after one and two dose regimens.


Introduction: The spontaneous tolerance of liver allografts is one of the most compelling phenomena in transplantation immunology, yet its underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Understanding how a liver interacts with host immunity and confers allospecific tolerance to subsequent transplants may reveal new approaches to inducing tolerance. We have previously described a powerful TCR-transgenic (TCR-tg) system to simultaneously track the three major pathways of T cell alloreactivity in the BALB/càB6 (host) strain combination. Here we report our findings in the liver transplant (ltx) model, along with confirmatory experiments examining endogenous alloreactive T cell responses. Methods: Ltx were performed using a non-arterialized cuff technique. For the adoptive transfer experiments, TCR-tg cells (4C (CD4-direct), TEA (CD4-indirect), and 2C (CD8-direct)) bearing congenic markers were co-transferred into normal hosts 1-3 days pre-tx. Endogenous alloreactive T cells were analyzed by a CFSE-based in vitro MLR assay. Results: Ltx induced rapid and complete proliferation of all three TCR-tg lines. Adoptive transfer of up to 0.5 million to 2 million of each TCR-tg T cells did not abrogate tolerance. Despite the observed tolerance, the TCR-tg T cells exhibited a fully activated TH1 effector phenotype, with robust induction of IFN-Υ by 3 days and migration to the allograft. Notably, alloreactive CD4+ TCR-tg cells were observed to persist after liver transplant, in numbers comparable to controls. Persisting CD4+ TCRtg cells did not express Foxp3 or IL-10. Quantification of endogenous alloreactive T cells by a CFSE-based MLR assay confirmed the TCR-tg findings, demonstrating normal numbers of alloreactive CD4+ T cells >100 days post-ltx. In contrast, CD8+ TCR-tg T cells were difficult to detect by 7 days post-ltx. Endogenous alloreactive CD8+ T cells were also found to be specifically depleted, although not as completely as the TCR-tg cells. Closer analysis of the remaining CD8+ alloreactive T cells revealed that they proliferated less and made less IFN-γ, suggesting that lower avidity alloreactive T cells preferentially survived. The importance of the CD8+ alloreactive T cell depletion was demonstrated in two ways. First, the adoptive transfer of non-transgenic, purified CD8+ T cells into tolerant animals (>30 days post-ltx) resulted in severe allograft damage by histology, although the liver graft survived. Second, adoptive transfer of CD8+ T cells abrogated the tolerance to skin grafts conferred by ltx. The persisting CD4+ T cells (endogenous) were fully capable of rejecting skin grafts after adoptive transfer into RAG KO mice. Array analysis of persisting CD4+ TCR-tg T cells did not reveal an anergic or deviated signature, and were similar in profile to TCR-tg T cells persisting after heart tx rejection. Histologic analysis of donor-type skin transplants onto ltx animals revealed a massive infiltration of Foxp3+ T cells. Conclusions: The robust tolerance induced by LTx is characterized by the depletion of alloreactive CD8+ T cells and persistence of alloreactive CD4+ T cells. Our data suggest that the persisting alloreactive T cells are functional but controlled by Treg. 1325


Introduction: According to Brazilian legislation, the sale of alcoholic beverages to people under 18 years of age is not allowed. However, the consumption of alcohol at home, festivals and public environments is common. Alcohol consumption is one of the most important risk factors for the occurrence of several diseases, among them, neoplasms of the upper aerodigestive tract. objective: To identify the factors related to alcohol consumption among adolescents. method: A cross-sectional descriptive study of quantitative nature, including 295 students between 14 and 21 years old was performed in two local public high schools in the state of Sao Paulo. A self-administered, anonymous questionnaire was applied in the classroom. Results: The prevalence of alcohol use was of 75.9% and it was higher among students who already failed at school (83.5%) and that had a family member that consumed alcoholic beverages. Conclusion: School failure and, alcohol consumption among relatives may be important risk factors for alcohol use among adolescents. This knowledge is important for health professionals who work in the promotion and prevention of alcohol-related diseases.


To reduce the volume of alarms generated by intrusion detection systems,which seemed unrelated with each other,and discover the strategies taken by attackers,the alarm processing was divided into such two inter-relative steps as transverse correlation and vertical correlation.Through clustering and fusing similar alarms,transverse correlation was implemented which resulted in a tremendous decrease in the volume of alarms.Taking the results of first step as the input,it was feasible to apply vertical relation.As a result,most of false alarms were removed as well as the attack strategies was revealed.The experimental results show that the proposed method has high detection rate and low false alarm rate.Meanwhile,the alarm relations could be described.Moreover,the result would be applied to the forecast of network security situation awareness.


Modeling and control of dynamics of three-dimensional object grasping by using a pair or triplet of multijoints robot fingers are investigated under rolling contact constraints and arbitrary shapes of the object and fingertips. It is assumed that a rolling contact between two rigid bodies with smooth surfaces is governed by the condition that the two surfaces coincide at the common contact point and share the same tangent plane. The contact constraint expressing the contact of the two surfaces at a single point in the 3-dimensional Euclidean space is reinterpreted by a set of three Pfaffian constraints, one of which is a velocity equivalence in the normal to the tangent plane at the contact point and the other two are velocity equivalence relations on the tangent plane. The Euler-Lagrange equation of motion of the overall fingers/object system is derived by introducing Lagrange multipliers corresponding to those Pfaffian constraints together with update laws of length parameters of loci of each contact point on the fingertips and object surfaces. It is shown that the Euler-Lagrange equation is parameterized by the length parameters through quantities of the first fundamental form of the surfaces, but the update laws of length parameters are governed by quantities of the second fundamental form. Furthermore, it is shown that the rolling constraints are directionally integrable. In accordance with this result, a control signal for maintaining contacts with the object is suggested from the standpoint of fingers-thumb opposability.


In Cuba, Gambusia punctata species group is represented by two species: G. punctata Poey, 1854 endemic from Cuba and G. rhizophorae Rivas, 1969, which has been reported from the Florida Keys and northwestern Cuba. In this paper new distribution localities are reported for this species along the Cuban archipelago in both the north and south shoreline. The levels of water salinity in their habitats are reported too.


The 4.1 meter Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) Telescope is now entering the operations phase, after a period of construction and system commissioning. The SOAR TCS implemented in the LabVIEW software package, has kept pace throughout development with the installation of the other telescope subsystems, and has proven to be a key component for the successful deployment of SOAR. In this third article of the SOAR TCS series, we present the results achieved when operating the SOAR telescope under control of the SOAR TCS software. A review is made of the design considerations and the implementations details, followed by a presentation of the software extensions that allows a seamless integration of instruments into the system, as well as the programming techniques that permit the execution of remote observing procedures.


Some work in progress is announced, on the use of algebraic geometry, mostly concerning elliptic curve theory, to model turbulence. Attention is given to flows across the scales, on some convenient model space, and some current trials are exposed, where one seeks for an ordinal correlation between the escape rates of some L functions and a proper observable on these mentioned flows across the scales.


This article analyzes the differences between three automated translation scoring systems,the online instant scoring system,the automated scoring system in Machine Translation and that of English-Chinese Translation in standardized English exams. The focus is placed on the principles and criteria of the online instant scoring system of English-Chinese Translation.


The importance of employee performance has been extensively researched by past researchers who found that among the many factors affecting employee performance, among which are prominent factors of education, training and motivation. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the role of education, training, in motivation in improving the performance of employees in the office of the unity of forest management of muna island production. This research was conducted using survey approach with questionnaires spread on 101 KPHP employees of Muna Island. The analytical tool used is multiple linear regresei, and the results of this study found that education, training and motivation, partially or simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on employee performance.


By establishing a cost-income model,the paper analyzes the relation between population scale of small cites and towns and economic development level.It concludes that the economic income is most superior and the scale net income is the biggest when the population scale of small cites and towns reaches 50000.Based on the fact of small scale of cites and towns and low economic income in most regions of China,the paper proposes policy suggestion about developing small cites and towns rapidly and making them more competitive in order to enlarge population scale of small cites and towns and improve their scale economic income.


The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of entrepreneur orientation and government support on Padang Pariaman SMEs performance.  This research belongs to the type of causative descriptive research. The population in this study were all SMEs in Padang Pariaman. The sampling technique in this study used a representative technique which amounted to 140 people. The analysis technique used is SEM analysis using PLS3 smart. The results of this study indicate that: (1) Innovation hasn't significant effect on firm performance. (2) proactiveness hasn't significant effect on firm performance. (3) Risk taking has a significant effect on Padang Pariaman SMEs performance. (4) Aggressiveness has a significant effect on Padang Pariaman SMEs performance. (5) Otonomi has a significant effect on Padang Pariaman SMEs performance. (6) Government support has a significant effect on Padang Pariaman SMEs performance.Keywords: Innovation, pro-active, risk taking, aggressive, autonomi, government support, SMES performance


Background: Sex differences in psychiatric disorders are common and could involve sex steroids. Aromatase, the product of the CYP19A1 gene, is the key enzyme in the conversion of androgen to estrogen. Whether CYP19A1 variants could be associated with depression differently in men and women has not been examined.


Murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were exposed to simulated microgravity using the principle of a fast 2D clinostat and hypergravity (1.8 g) to investigate the effects of (altered) gravity on cell differentiation. In this context, gravity-induced changes in the cell cycle distribution, the gene expression, the cytoskeleton, the embryoid body morphology and the differentiation potential have been investigated. Changes in the gene expression and embryoid body morphology as well as reduced beating patterns (correlated with a lower expression of Myh 7) of ESCs after exposure demonstrated the impact of simulated microgravity. The analysis showed changes in the actin framework of the cytoskeleton on day 6 of clinorotation as compared with the corresponding 1 g controls; the actin framework was less pronounced under simulated microgravity conditions. Cell cycle analysis of clinorotated ESCs revealed significant changes in the G1-phase: the number of cells in the 1 g control group was significant higher as compared with the clinostat group. ESCs exposed to hypergravity revealed changes in the actin framework after 24 hours; the microfilaments were denser and tightly arranged than under 1 g conditions. Furthermore, hypergravity induced significant differences in the morphology of embryoid bodies regarding area and diameter and resulted in an increased size compared with the 1 g control, whereas the cell cycle seemed to be unaffected by hypergravity. Location of the 1 g control near to the centrifuge versus location of the 1 g control on the bottom of a clinostat revealed different numbers of cells in the SubG1-phase. This result indicates a potential device-specific side effect of vibration and in turn a combined effect of hypergravity and vibration on the running centrifuge.
As a result of the insufficient RNA quality and the fluctuating expression values of the investigated genes (Oct 4, Nanog, CDH 1, Myh 6, cardiac Troponin and Klf 4), there were no consistent results obtained in this study. However, increased beating activities in EBs may indicate changes in the expression of differentiation markers and in genes, which are involved in the process of cardiomyogenesis. The handling procedures of embryonic stem cells used in this study, have to be revised for further studies since standard laboratory procedures include e.g. centrifugation steps in order to concentrate cells, which might interfere with the gravity-related experimental set-up. Overall, the results of this study suggest that embryonic stem cells are sensitive to altered gravity conditions and respond to gravity changes by e.g. forming a more/less powerful actin framework. Further investigations are necessary for understanding the effects of gravity and its effects on the actin cytoskeleton for the differentiation of ESCs and for understanding the development under altered gravity conditions.


Practicum is a central component of initial teacher education programs. Most teacher education studies focus on practicum in primary and secondary school, while the practicum in kindergartens has received less attention in international literature. The goal of this study is to explore student teachers' perceptions of practicum experience in kindergarten, within the context of an initial teacher education program. A total of 42 final year student teachers enrolled in the Pedagogy of Primary and Preschool Education program at a Romanian university participated in the study. They completed a questionnaire about their final practicum experience in kindergarten, concerning the benefits of the practicum, the difficulties encountered, and the ways of coping with them. The main benefits reported by the participants were: professional relationships, planning and practicing teaching, professional and personal skill development, and insights into the preschool education system. Difficulties included: implementing instruction, class management and self-concerns issues. The student teachers relied on internal resources, but also on external resources (the preschool mentor teachers, the student teacher supervisor and the colleagues) for overcoming the difficulties encountered during practicum. Based on their testimonies, we suggest possible improvements to the teacher education program.


This paper shows the debugging facilities provided by the SLAM system. The SLAM system includes i) a speciication language that integrates algebraic speciications and model-based speciications using the object oriented model. Class operations are deened by using rules each of them with logical pre and post-conditions but with a functional avour. ii) A development environment that, among other features, is able to generate readable code in a high level object oriented language. iii) The generated code includes (part of) the pre and post-conditions as assertions, that can be automatically checked in the debug mode execution of programs. We focus on this last aspect. The SLAM language is expressive enough to describe many useful properties and these properties are translated into a Prolog program that is linked (via an adequate interface) with the user program. The debugging execution of the program interacts with the Prolog engine which is responsible for checking properties.


This chapter provides a concise overview dealing with the theory and practice in Library and Information Science (LIS) research development in Asia-Oceania. It also provides the reader with an introduction to the sections and the individual chapters of the book. The field of LIS has experienced significant growth, both in the number of LIS schools and research outputs, in recent years in the region. As a professional field, both theory and practice are viewed as equally important for the development of the LIS discipline. In this book, both theoretical as well as practical work in LIS research in Asia-Oceania region is presented. © 2014 by IGI Global. All rights reserved.


Snake bite is a serious problem in tropical and subtropical countries like India with 5 mil lion human fatalities annually. The present study aimed on the shade grown Andrographis p aniculata L under organic condition. 6 month old plants were collected at dawn; shade dried and extracted with methanol, followed by fractionation to isolate the activ e compound and characterization of the active compound was done using FT - IR study which was found to be identified as andrographolide. Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro studies confirm the anti - venom property of the plant and the cytotoxic levels determin ed by the use of cell lines has its major start tow ards the cellular level study. These studies and investigations confirms the presence of cobra venom inhibiting factor whose bite pose a huge threat to the life of people. Commercializing the drug again st envenomation would prove successful in rural areas and the areas where the health centre is out of reach. Under economic circumstances, this study has the advantage of being very niggardly charged for the anti - venom preparation unlike the present day anti - venom that involves in rearing a horse and collecting the horse plasma that possess the raised anti - bodies which by further purification process would result in ASVS. Thus prepared ASVS holds the main disadvantage of bringing cross reactions like anaphyl axis and many more of the same sort. So, the plant as a drug would prove more effective, with high degree of safety and cost effective.


In this study, the present bioclimatic conditions and the estimated changes of the bioclimate over natural and agricultural areas of the Adriatic territory (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, Montenegro, and Slovenia) are analysed and presented. For this purpose, a survey on De Martonne's bioclimate categories' spatial distribution over the entire examined area and individual countries is conducted for the reference period (1981–2010) and for three more future time periods (2011–2040; 2041–2070; 2071–2100) under two emissions scenarios (ssp370/RCP7 and ssp585/RCP8.5). The very high spatial resolution (~300 m) results demonstrate that the potential future alterations of the Adriatic territory's bioclimate indicate the probable acceleration of the trend towards warmer and dryer conditions by 2100 under the RCP8.5 scenario, with the Italian region's agricultural areas mainly being influenced. Moreover, as the studied scenarios project, the bioclimatic impact will affect natural and agricultural areas. For the agricultural areas, the semi-dry class (the most xerothermic in the study area) will expand from 4.9% (reference period) to 17.7% according to the RCP8.5 scenario for the period 2071–2100. When over the natural areas, the related variation of the same class is from 0.9% to 5.6%. In general, the western part of the Adriatic coastline is more vulnerable to climate results than the eastern one.


Parenthetic constructions is an important syntactic mechanism of creation the language game in Sergei Dovlatov's works. The purpose of the analysis is to determine the specific features of parenthetic constructions, used in creation the comic effect in Sergei Dovlatov's literary works in terms of the formal, structural and functional aspects. In terms of the formal and structural features of parenthetic constructions, the dominating ones in the writer's works are the parenthetic constructions, expressed by the sentence, and the interphrasal parenthetic constructions, respectively. In terms of the functional aspect of using this mechanism, the typical functions of the parenthetic constructions in Sergei Dovlatov's works are the ironic function, the function of destroying the reality, characterizing, attitudinal-comparative and punning ones.


A detailed mechanism, based on density functional theory calculations and simulation, is presented outlining the formation of the secondary building unit (SBU) of MIL-101, a chromium terephthalate metal organic framework (MOF). Formation of the metal core and of the SBU is key to MOF nucleation, the rate-limiting step in the synthesis process of many MOFs. A series of reactions that lead to the formation of the SBU of MIL-101 is proposed in this work. The highest barrier (∼35 kcal/mol) involves the formation of a dimetal-linker intermediate and high to low spin transition as a third Cr-linker moiety joins to form a three metal-linker group joined by a central oxygen. The terephthalate linkers play an important, key mechanistic role with the carboxylates first joining chromium atoms prior to the formation of bridging oxygens. Subsequent to metal core formation, stepwise linker addition reactions generate different assembly pathways due to structural isomers that are limited by the removal of water molecule...


One of the problems which may be encountered in the operation of NPR, or of any similar pressurized-water reactor, is the deposition of crud in the reactor core, particularly on the surfaces of the fuel elements. This crud consists primarily of iron oxides resulting from the corrosion of the piping. It has generally been found to deposit preferentially in a radiation field such as is present in the reactor core. Such deposition is undesirable for two reasons. First, the crud will become activated, and on subsequent release may create radioactivity levels in the ex-reactor components of the primary loop high enough to be a hazard to maintenance and operating personnel. Secondly, the crud deposit is a poor conductor of heat, and even a rather thin film can raise the cladding temperature by 100 -- 200{degree}C and result in accelerated corrosion of the cladding.


Advances in genomics have significantly expanded our ability to examine human microbes. These studies on the human microbiome are elucidating the integral relationships that hosts have with their microbial communities. Many microbiome studies including large-scale microbiome efforts of the National Institutes of Health's Common Fund Human Microbiome Project and MetaHIT have most often focused on bacteria, with fewer efforts focused on examining human fungi. Fungi comprise a smaller proportion of human microbial sequences as compared with bacteria, but remain an important component of the human microbiome. Fungi have been studied for well over a century with research ranging from the role of fungi in human diseases to the influence of fungi on bacterial growth, and from the interactions between fungi and host immunity to the biologic activities of fungal metabolic products. The emergence of genomic methods to study fungi has the potential to expand our understanding of the contributions of human fungi to health and disease. This issue of Virulence reviews literature on the human mycobiome, focusing on distinct body sites. Studies of the bacterial microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract have formed the foundation of next-generation sequencing investigations of the human microbiome. Far fewer studies have examined the mycobiome of the gut in health and disease or investigated its functional impact on the host. While bacteria outnumber fungi in the gut, there are a significant number of fungal taxa in the gut and the majority of them can only be detected with non-culture-based techniques. Although establishment of the mycobiome of the gut is not as well-studied as the bacterial microbiome, it appears that the first fungi are transmitted by the mother. Dietary intake then becomes the main driver of the gut mycobiome. Diet shapes the bacterial microbiome primarily by providing nutrients. In contrast, fungi primarily enter the gut via food colonization. Fungal species that enter the gut through the diet may become resident or be eliminated. Vegetarians appear to have different mycobiomes than those consuming a Western diet, but few studies of the influence of dietary interventions on gut fungal communities have been performed. The interactions of gut fungal communities with bacteria and viruses are increasingly being explored, and the potential implications for understanding and treating disease remain an important unanswered question. Recent data support a role of the gut mycobiome in altering the immune response and affecting both local and systemic disease, and we expect that future work will continue to elucidate the contribution of the gut mycobiome to various diseases. Studies of the lung microbiome have lagged behind those in the gut in large part because the lung was thought to be sterile. A growing body of literature now highlights the bacterial communities in the lung in the healthy host and in individuals with lung disease, but as with the gut, the fungal composition of the lung is not as well-understood. The lung comes into contact with environmental fungi routinely during respiration, and oral fungi may be aspirated into the lungs. The most common fungi in the normal lung are the family Davidiellaceae, and the genera Cladosporium, Eurotium, Penicillium, and Aspergillus, but composition is highly variable between individuals. Because fungi can trigger both the innate and adaptive immune systems, it is hypothesized that fungal dysbiosis may be a component of chronic lung diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Use of immunosuppression such as that during transplantation may also alter the lung mycobiome and further contribute to underlying disease. In general, lung disease is associated with lower fungal diversity; however, the relative paucity of current literature makes it premature to


Automatic robotic drawing is a fantastic demo to show the combination of intelligence and robot technique. It requires automatic feature extraction, complex robot path planning and optimization, which can make many contributions in industrial manufacturing. In this paper, we propose a hybrid method by combining local binarization with global binarization to extract features. The extracted features which will be drawn by a robot refer to some cells with complex shapes. The path of drawing should be optimized because the drawing process is time consuming. Therefore, these cells need to be partitioned into multiple cells due to its complexity. The path of drawing each cell can be generated separately, and the trajectories of drawing all cells need to be connected to form a complete trajectory. Here we propose a new solution to optimize the connection while considering the acceleration and deceleration of the robot tool. All these algorithms have been implemented and attractive result is achieved by experiment. The proposed method can be used in many industrial applications such as painting and grinding.


ABSTRACT Biofilm formation in bacteria is considered to be one strategy to avoid protozoan grazing. However, this assumption is largely based on experiments with suspension‐feeding protozoans. Here we test the hypothesis that grazing resistance depends on both the grazers' feeding trait and the bacterial phenotype, rather than being a general characteristic of bacterial biofilms. We combined batch experiments with mathematical modelling, considering the bacterium Pseudomonas putida and either a suspension‐feeding (i.e. the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia) or a surface‐feeding grazer (i.e. the amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii). We find that both plankton and biofilm phenotypes were consumed, when exposed to their specialised grazer, whereas the other phenotype remained grazing‐resistant. This was consistently shown in two experiments (starting with either only planktonic bacteria or with additional pre‐grown biofilms) and matches model predictions. In the experiments, the plankton feeder strongly stimulated the biofilm biomass. This stimulation of the resistant prey phenotype was not predicted by the model and it was not observed for the biofilm feeders, suggesting the existence of additional mechanisms that stimulate biofilm formation besides selective feeding. Overall, our results confirm our hypothesis that grazing resistance is a matter of the grazers' trait (i.e. feeding type) rather than a biofilm‐specific property. &NA; Graphical Abstract Figure. Grazing resistance in bacterial phenotypes (plankton versus biofilm) depends on the feeding trait of the grazer rather than being an intrinsic attribute of biofilms.


The subject of the present study is Cosimo Rosselli's The Adoration of the Child Jesus (c. 1485), today in the collection of the Barber Institute of Fine Arts, University of Birmingham. It takes as its starting point two factors noted from the Barber Institute guide - the 'complex subject matter' and the painting's unknown original location. The paper thus falls into two sections. Part 1 consists of a fresh iconographical analysis of the altarpiece grounded in accepted historical and contextual scholarship. This section underscores Rosselli's indebtedness to his contemporaries, showing however that he was immediately responsive to the latest conceptual innovations taking place around him and that he was himself capable of a degree of novelty. Part 2 addresses the question of the site for which Rosselli's altarpiece may have been made. As is the case with the overwhelming majority of extant works of art, an extensive search notwithstanding, no contractual document or early description of the altarpiece in situ has so far come to light. A detailed hypothesis is, nonetheless, put forward, which proposes the identity of the patronal family and the chapel for which the painting may have been commissioned. Thorough research into family history, topographical information and circumstantial particulars renders the hypothesis entirely plausible. It should be reiterated that no documentary evidence directly supporting the patron and position put forward here has been uncovered to date. By the same token, nothing has so far been found that negates the possibility. The findings of this research are therefore set before the scholarly community for their value, and/or potential, as contributions to knowledge about the iconography, date and context of the altarpiece. The paper shows, in short, that Cosimo Rosselli's Adoration of the Child Jesus is to be understood as a contemplation on the mystery of the incarnation and that it was probably painted in, or very shortly after, 1485. It makes a case for the altarpiece having been commissioned by the Gianfigliazzi clan of Florence for its family chapel in the abbey church of Santa Trinita.


Environmental degradation is bound to increase as long as human population increases and new technologies are invented. In order to arrest the problems of environmental degradation, a number of approaches have been adopted. Among such approaches are the integration of environmental protection policies into development programmes, enactment of comprehensive legislation on all segments of environment and the inclusion of environmental provisions in the constitutions of most countries. Unfortunately, while some countries make their constitutional provisions on environment enforceable, others do not. In Nigeria, indirect environmental provisions were first made part of the constitution in the 1979 Constitution. In 1999, direct environmental provision was entrenched in the 1999 Constitution. Unfortunately, Chapter II of the 1999 Constitution, which contains the environmental provisions, is unenforceable. While the Nigerian courts have done nothing tangible to enforce the provisions of the constitution on environment, on the other hand, the Indian courts have taken positive steps to enforce provisions of the Indian Constitution on environment. In conclusion, apart from other suggestions made, it is strongly recommended that Nigerian courts should emulate the efforts made by Indian courts to enforce provisions of the Indian Constitution on environment. The world has moved far away from the era when it was believed that the only rights which a government is called upon to guarantee and protect are the natural rights of man. By living in nation-states and in organised communities, man has acquired new rights, which are now regarded by many civilised countries as just as inalienable as those rights with which nature endows him at birth. The right to education and work are among such rights. Increasingly important in some countries is the addition of the right to a decent and healthy environment to these newly acquired rights.1


Community education is one of the most important forms for the construction of a learning society.Participating community education is an inevitable choice for the development of local RTVUs in the future.RTVU networks have the unique advantage in the course of developing community education and promoting the construction of a learning society.Taking the advantage of RTVU,building network platforms of community education,and realizing its optimal integration with distance education,will certainly further ameliorate community education.


The power density in the vicinity of a tapered fiber is calculated, with the vectorial model of step-index circular waveguides. For the fundamental HE11 mode carrying a power of 1 Watt, we show that it is possible to obtain theoretical densities in the range of 108 W/cm2 at the fiber surface. The promising use of such intense evanescent fields as "atomic mirrors" is considered, and the feasibility of these guides is investigated.


Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) uses electrodes to measure an electrical activity of heart. These heart signal allows comprehensive analysis of the heart condition. Acquisition of ECG signal from the human body is a non-invasive process that opens the door to new possibilities for the application of advanced signal processing and data analysis techniques in the diagnosis of heart diseases. With the availability and help of large database of ECG signal, a computationally intelligent system can be built and can take place of a cardiologist. The various abnormalities in the patient heart can be detected to identify various cardiac disease by use of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) preprocessed by subtractive clustering. In this paper, six types of heartbeats are classified: Normal sinus rhythm, premature ventricular contraction (PVC), Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB), Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB), Atrial Premature Contraction (APC) and paced beats. The research aimed at detecting important characteristics (features of an ECG signal to determine whether the patient heartbeat is normal or irregular. The results from three different trials indicate an average accuracy of 98.43 %, average sensitivity of 95.3% and average specificity of 98.6%. These results are comparable to two artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms: gradient descent and Lavenberg Marquardt, as well as ANFIS preprocessed by grid partitioning. Keywords— ECG, Clustering, ANFIS, ANN, Grid Partitioning.


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Transportation activities have caused a large amount of energy consumption and environmental pollution. With increasing emphasis on environmental protection, transportation companies have to pay more attention to social benefits. At the same time, scorching competition has put forward a higher demand for customer satisfaction. This paper studies a pollution-routing problem (PRP) to minimize several pollutants emissions and find maximum improvements in delay time at customers based on soft time windows. The routing model focuses on a mixed-energy fleet, which introduces electric vehicles into a homogeneous combustion engine fleet. A Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) is adopted to find the Pareto-frontier of the PRP model. We investigate the effect of the electric vehicle's mileage on two objectives by sensitivity analysis to understand the problem better.


Abstract Findings from a review of recent research on dropout prevention were sent to school administrators and other practitioners, who were invited to describe prevention programs they were using to increase the number of at-risk students who graduate from high school or receive an equivalent credential. Interventions described in the literature and recommended by practitioners included offering alternative types of service delivery, enhancing preparation for postschool employment, improving interpersonal relationships between school and family members and among individuals at school, increasing respect and consideration shown by school staff members to students, and individualizing positive and function-based support for students with behavior or attendance problems. Suggestions for developing action plans based on the information gathered are given.


Since the 1990's, the world has witnessed the growing importance and visibility of a range of initiatives led by businesses, social organization, and governments, with the stated aim of pressuring companies to behave in more socially responsible and accountable ways. This is a new development for many parties of the business world. Previously, the government was assumed to lead standard setting and behavioral norms for business in relation to most categories of stakeholders. When community organizations and interest groups wanted to change business behavior, they focused on changing the law. From 1990's, the emergence of new alliance and regimes of influence over business norms linking together consumers, communities, workers and producers. This paper investigates how, why and when community based strategies are effective in promoting corporate accountability (CA) to the poor. It argues that mainstream approaches to corporate social responsibility (CSR) underestimate the importance of power in the relationship between corporation and the communities in which they invest, which limits their applicability to many developing country context in particular. In addressing this neglect, the article draws on literature on power, accountability and citizen participation in order to analyze cases where communities have attempted to hold corporations to account for their social and environmental responsibilities. The paper suggests that more attention should be paid to a number of state, corporation and community related factors, which are found to be key to the effectiveness of strategies aimed at enhancing corporate accountability to the poor.


The field of flame retardancy for polymeric materials (i.e. plastics, foams and in particular textiles) is currently facing several changes and challenges because some of the current halogenated or phosphorus-based flame retardants (FRs) have proven to be persistent, bioaccumulative, carcinogenic and/or toxic for animals and humans. Thus, the search for highly efficient green flame retardant products, which are exploitable by using simple and environmentally-friendly techniques (i.e. impregnation/exhaustion, layer-by-layer), is driving the researchers towards the development of worthy alternatives. In this context, very recently, biomacromolecules (in particular proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid) have been thoroughly investigated because they exhibit significant potentials as novel green FRs for selected fabrics (cotton, polyester and their blends), as well as for bulk polymers (ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymers) and foamed polyurethane substrates. This work aims to review our recent results related to the "unconventional" use of these biomacromolecules as FRs with low-environmental impact for fabric substrates, as well as the challenges and the perspectives that these products may offer in the forthcoming years in the field of flame retardancy for textiles. To provide the basic knowledge necessary for understanding the role of biomacromolecules as FRs for textiles to the readers, first of all the description of the structure, main properties and conventional applications of proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid is provided; the thermal and thermo-oxidative stability, the reaction to a flame exposure or to an irradiative heat source of the selected fabrics – cotton, polyester and their blends – will be discussed, as well.


The title compound is triclinic, P, a= 9.80(2), b= 10.61(2), c= 7.89(2)A, α= 90.0(1), β= 108.0(1), γ= 92.5(1)°, Z= 2. Both (+)- and (–)-forms of the optically active complex anion occur in the unit cell. The anions have almost exact two fold axes parallel to b, and these pseudo-two fold axes are common to the structure as a whole. There is also a pseudo-n-glide plane, and the whole arrangement is very nearly P2/n. The values of α and γ reflect this pseudo-symmetry. The conformation of the ethylenediamine ligands is such that their carbon–carbon bonds are nearly perpendicular to the pseudo-threefold axes of the complex anions (Λλ and Δδ) no evidence was found for partial adoption of the other possible conformation. The conformation appears to be determined by electrostatic interaction between the hydrogen atoms and the adjacent iodide ions.


Abstract The ground vibrations during pile driving operation have a drastic potential to undermine the surrounding structures both in land and reclaimed land. Particularly, reclaimed land necessitates ample application of pile driving due to the weak land condition. To prevent the structural damage, attenuation of the ground vibrations to an allowable level through active isolation of circular open trench is the scope of this study. In this research, finite element simulations of continuous impact pile driving process from the ground surface was executed with particular attention to the pile-soil interaction, and thereby, the efficiency of open trench application in attenuation of the unsafe distance of different structures was surveyed using the vibration sensitivity degree. Regarding the crucial parameters of an open trench (depth, width, and location), it was concluded that a sufficient high depth can attenuate the unsafe distance up to 68%, the trench width variations are less effective, and an average pile-trench distance is the most efficient option. The excavation volume was also concluded as another crucial parameter in open trench design which takes all three parameters into account. The trench depth equal to the pile's maximum critical depth of vibration was inferred for an optimum design.


Objective To analyze the CT and MRI features of cerebral alveolar echinococcosis,and to investigate image classification with pathologic sample.Methods Combining the clinical manifestations and pathological characteristics,the CT and MRI features of twelve patients with cerebral alveolar echinococcosis were analyzed retrospectively with emphasis on the location,shape,size of vesica.Results There were 49 lesions in twelve patients.The size of lesions varied from 0.5 cm to 4.4 cm with average size of 1.7 cm.Two cases had single lession and 10 cases had multiple lesions.12 lesions located in frontal lobes,16 lesions located in parietal lobes,9 lesions located in temporal lobes,4 lesions located in occipital lobes,5 lesions located in basal ganglion,2 lesions located in cerebellar hemispheres,1 lesion located in brain stem.The lesions were solid masses with mixed cystic area or cyst,vesicas were distributed in lesions or around lesions with round or similar round shape,diameter of vesicas were lesser than 20 mm.There were 6 types of cerebral alveolar echinococcosis: solid mass without cyst,small cyst with a solid mass,large cyst with solid mass,muliple cysts,single cyst and nodules.Alveolar echinococcosis was eventually diagnosed.CT and MRI examinations were performed on 12 patients who had cerebral alveolar echinococcosis.Conclusion There are certain CT and MRI features of cerebral alveolar echinococcosis.


Sequences are often not received in their entirety at once, but instead, received incrementally over time, element by element. Early predictions yielding a higher benefit, one aims to classify a sequence as accurately as possible, as soon as possible, without having to wait for the last element. For this early sequence classification, we introduce our novel classifier-induced stopping. While previous methods depend on exploration during training to learn when to stop and classify, ours is a more direct, supervised approach. Our classifier-induced stopping achieves an average Pareto frontier AUC increase of 11.8% over multiple experiments.


As a direct result of magnetic reconnection, plasma sheet fast flows act as primary transporter of mass, flux, and energy in the Earth's magnetotail. During the last decades, these flows were mainly studied within XGSM>−60RE, as observations near or beyond lunar orbit were limited. By using 5 years (2011–2015) of ARTEMIS (Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moons Interaction with the Sun) data, we statistically investigate earthward and tailward flows at around 60 RE downtail. A significant fraction of fast flows is directed earthward, comprising 43% (vx>400 km/s) to 56% (vx>100 km/s) of all observed flows. This suggests that near‐Earth and midtail reconnection are equally probable of occurring on either side of the ARTEMIS downtail distance. For fast convective flows (v⊥x>400 km/s), this fraction of earthward flows is reduced to about 29%, which is in line with reconnection as source of these flows and a downtail decreasing Alfvén velocity. More than 60% of tailward convective flows occur in the dusk sector (as opposed to the dawn sector), while earthward convective flows are nearly symmetrically distributed between the two sectors for low AL (>−400 nT) and asymmetrically distributed toward the dusk sector for high AL (<−400 nT). This indicates that the dawn‐dusk asymmetry is more pronounced closer to Earth and moves farther downtail during high geomagnetic activity. This is consistent with similar observations pointing to the asymmetric nature of tail reconnection as the origin of the dawn‐dusk asymmetry of flows and other related observables. We infer that near‐Earth reconnection is preferentially located at dusk, whereas midtail reconnection (X >− 60RE) is likely symmetric across the tail during weak substorms and asymmetric toward the dusk sector for strong substorms, as the dawn‐dusk asymmetric nature of reconnection onset in the near‐Earth region progresses downtail.


Purpose: To implement real‐time adaptive temporal filtering based on amount of motion detected for an object of interest during fluoroscopy. For a stationary object, higher‐weight temporal filtering is used and during movement the weight is reduced in real‐time. Methods: A phantom consisting of two stents (stainless steel and nitinol) mounted on a linear stage, and a stationary third stent (nitinol stent with platinum markers) was assembled. The stent strut sizes ranged between 80 to 100 micron. Fluoroscopy was done using the custom high resolution Micro Angiographic Fluoroscope (MAF) with an x‐ray spectrum hardened by a head equivalent phantom. The stainless steel stent was selected as the object of interest and was localized using a pattern matching algorithm available as a part of LabVIEW IMAQ Vision software. A real time adaptive temporal filter was developed. When the stent was found to be stationary, the temporal filtering weight was increased. Depending on the amount of motion the weight was reduced; more the motion, lesser the weight. Results: Without temporal filtering, the nitinol stent could not be seen. When the stents were stationary, and the temporal filter weight was increased, the nitinol stent could be clearly visualized due to the quantum noise reduction. When the same temporal filter was used while the stents were in motion, then motion blur reduced the visibility of the nitinol stent and the struts of stainless steel stent also could not be distinguished from each other. In this case when the temporal filtering weight was reduced the stainless steel stent struts were visualized better. Conclusions: Motion based adaptive temporal filtering can be implemented to aid during interventional procedures by tracking the motion of the high contrast interventional device to improve the visualization of lower contrast neurovascular objects. Support: NIH Grants R01‐EB008425, R01‐EB002873


This research aims to investigate the effect of Spent Bleach Earth (SBE) wt % on the physical and mechanical properties of sintered glass composite. Soda lime silicate glass (SLSG) is used as main raw material and spent bleach earth (SBE) act as filler for the glass composite fabrication. Firstly, the recycle glass bottles were crushed by using hammer until it passed through a sieve of less than 75μm. The glass powder is then mixed with spent bleach earth (SBE) with a batch composition of SLSG wt % to SBE wt% which is 70:30, 60:40, 40:60, and 30:70. Then, green composite pallet is formed using uniaxial dry pressing method. Green composite is referred to the unfired composite. In this study, the sintering temperature used was 850°C. The microstructure, phase and element present in glass composite are analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). Through the material characterization analysis, the glass composite become harder as the phase more crystalline. The physical properties are determined using porosity, density measurement and water absorption test. The mixture of SLSG to SBE 70:30 wt% has lowest value of porosity with average 0.12%, lowest water absorption average of 0.03%, yet has the highest density with 3.85 g/cm3. As the porosity and water absorption decreases, the density increases and thus improves the physical properties. Mechanical analysis is carried out using microhardness test to determine its mechanical properties. The obtained glass composite with batch mixture of 70:30 wt % of glass to SBE has high value Vickers hardness of 676.3 HV and proposed for tiles application.


Luis E. Rohde, Anique Ducharme, Luis H. Arroyo, Masanori Aikawa, Galina H. Sukhova, Experimental Myocardial Infarction in Mice Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition Attenuates Early Left Ventricular Enlargement After Print ISSN: 0009-7322. Online ISSN: 1524-4539 Copyright © 1999 American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. is published by the American Heart Association, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231 Circulation doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.99.23.3063 1999;99:3063-3070 Circulation. http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/99/23/3063 World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the


The problem in this research was is still lack of speed T kick on students silat walet puti pekanbaru. It is suspected lack of leg muscle explosive power at the time of the T kick. The purpose of this study to determine the correlation of leg muscle explosive power with the speed of a T kick. This is correlational study that aimed to know corelation between independent and dependent variabels. After that, conducted data normality test by Liliefors test with significant level α = 0.05, and the result for normality test of variable X, L0maks ((0,121) rtable so it was have significant correlation. The result of this research showed: it was significant correlation between leg muscle explosive power with the speed of a T kick, rresult ((0,703) > rtable (0,666). The conclusion was have significant correlation between leg musle explosive power with speed T kick in pencak silat athletes sons walet puti Pekanbaru.


(A) a Mannich reaction product having a tertiary amino group, the Mannich reaction product, a hydrocarbyl-substituted phenol, an aldehyde, is prepared from the reaction of an amine, a Mannich reaction product; and (b ) the tertiary amino group to a quaternary ammonium salt detergents made from the reaction product of the reaction of the appropriate quaternizing agent to convert the quaternary nitrogen, and for reducing intake valve deposits use in the fuel composition of the quaternary ammonium salt detergents.


Today's World is changing in the direction of renewable power for a given time resources because of, in relation to an increase in carbon footprints. The first World countries are too troubled about carbon emission so the earth is putting forward, into use new tax policies like carbon border tax. To evade from policies such as carbon border tax the best way is to go green. Group up and use our time and work in the direction of renewable power. Solar Energy. One of the most reliable, abundant and free of cost. The amount of solar energy we receive on earth in just one hour can fulfill the energy consumption required for a year. In a single hour, the amount of power from the sun that strikes the earth is more than the entire world consumes in a year. As India is one of world leaders, as India took an initiative to launch the One Sun One World One Grid Project.


Scintillation detectors must tolerate a wide range of ambient temperatures and strong temperature slopes when used in outdoor applications. Such demanding conditions are typical for all homeland security applications. An effective and efficient detector stabilization compensating for temperature dependent gain shifts is essential to maintain energy calibration and resolution. Reliable, well established solutions are based on radioactive reference sources; however, alternatives are much asked for. The gain shift correction for the temperature dependence of the scintillation light output requires elaborate hard and software means without a reference source. Strong and rapid temperature changes further complicate the situation as there is no thermal equilibrium in the detector but rather a temperature field. Our paper demonstrates the measurement of an effective scintillator temperature by analyzing the pulse shape of detector signals. The pulse shape is correlated with the scintillation light decay time which can be extracted online from the digitized signals. The decay time data are used to eliminate all the temperature determined system gain shifts without radioactive reference source. This new stabilization procedure has been verified in extensive climate chamber measurements. The results are discussed.


OBJECTIVE To investigate the continuous expression of keratinocyte growth factor(KGF)and keratinocyte growth factor receptor(KGFR)in external auditory canal skin adjacent to tympanic membrane perforation and analyze the role of KGF and KGFR in the different turnover of chronic otitis media.METHODS The external auditory canal skin adjacent to tympanic membrane perforation from 20 cases with cholesteatoma otitis media and the corresponding cholesteatoma tissue and normal external ear skin were examined by immunohistochemical S-P method and quantitative analysis.The positive rate was compared with 20 cases of non-cholesteatom otitis media's external auditory canal skin adjacent to tympanic membrane perforation.RESULTS The staining for KGF and KGFR in cholesteatoma otitis media's external auditory canal skin adjacent to tympanic membrane perforation was consistently stronger than that in non-cholesteatoma otitis media.The positive rates of the two tissue was(33.135±6.364)% and(19.965±10.570)%,(19.380±2.827)% and(13.145±7.935)% respectively,revealing a significant difference.CONCLUSION The activity of hyperproliferation of the external auditory canal skin adjacent to tympanic membrane perforation in cholesteatoma otitis media is stronger than that of non-cholesteatoma otitis media.KGF and KGFR may play a more important role for hyperproliferation of cholesteatoma.


This paper concerns the dynamical behavior of weakly reversible, deterministically modeled population processes near the facets (codimension-one faces) of their invariant manifolds and proves that the facets of such systems are "repelling." It has been conjectured that any population process whose network graph is weakly reversible (has strongly connected components) is persistent. We prove this conjecture to be true for the subclass of weakly reversible systems for which only facets of the invariant manifold are associated with semilocking sets, or siphons. An important application of this work pertains to chemical reaction systems that are complex-balancing. For these systems it is known that within the interior of each invariant manifold there is a unique equilibrium. The global attractor conjecture states that each of these equilibria is globally asymptotically stable relative to the interior of the invariant manifold in which it lies. Our results pertaining to weakly reversible systems imply that thi...


The default aquatic life criteria for Cu in all 50 states of the USA are based on site-specific water hardness. However, other water quality parameters [e.g., pH, alkalinity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration] can have equal or greater effects on Cu toxicity than hardness alone, as a result of two principal types of geochemical/biogeochemical interactions: 1) complexation of Cu by ligands in the water (e.g., HCO3, CO3, DOC) and 2) competition between Cu and other cations (e.g., H, Na) for binding to DOC and to sites of toxic action on organisms (Meyer et al. 2007). These water chemistry parameters should be incorporated into the development of site-specific criteria for Cu, thereby reflecting mechanisms by which Cu toxicity is modified and providing a more appropriate level of protectiveness than the default hardness-based criteria. In this presentation, we demonstrate how nonhardness water chemistry parameters can be incorporated into derivation of sitespecific criteria at a site in the southwestern USA, where several non-traditional challenges related to an arid environment, nonpoint sources of Cu, multiple watersheds across a large geographic scale, and a remote and rugged landscape had to be overcome.


Many industrial processes have now been demonstrated using high power diode lasers. The ease of use and the high wallplug efficiencies associated with diode lasers are balanced against the current limit on the brightness available; this also compromises their cutting and welding efficiency. For welding with diode lasers, enhanced absorption due to keyholing has only so far been achieved in the laboratory and this has been achieved at the cost of very short working distances. Similarly, the capital cost of current systems are too high to compensate for the shortcomings in brightness. In this work a novel, cost effective high power laser has been developed and some initial characterization and processing is described. This laser is aimed at achieving incremental increases in brightness and reducing system costs to the point at which these new sources may effectively compete with conventional lasers.Many industrial processes have now been demonstrated using high power diode lasers. The ease of use and the high wallplug efficiencies associated with diode lasers are balanced against the current limit on the brightness available; this also compromises their cutting and welding efficiency. For welding with diode lasers, enhanced absorption due to keyholing has only so far been achieved in the laboratory and this has been achieved at the cost of very short working distances. Similarly, the capital cost of current systems are too high to compensate for the shortcomings in brightness. In this work a novel, cost effective high power laser has been developed and some initial characterization and processing is described. This laser is aimed at achieving incremental increases in brightness and reducing system costs to the point at which these new sources may effectively compete with conventional lasers.


15.45 MB Free download Chemistry and Technology of Wines and Liquors book PDF, FB2, EPUB and MOBI. Read online Chemistry and Technology of Wines and Liquors which classified as Other that has 374 pages that contain constructive material with lovely reading experience. Reading online Chemistry and Technology of Wines and Liquors book will be provide using wonderful book reader and it's might gives you some access to identifying the book content before you download the book.


In this article, the design of automatic measurement system for the spectrum of the channel of DWDM is demonstrated. The structure of the system and the design of its control software are analyzed. And the property of DWDM is analyzed on the base of the experiment result. The properties of GPIB interface and the method of use of GPIB card are also introduced. There is comparison between IEEE488.2 and IEEE488, it makes the code more easy to understand.


Multiple sclerosis (MS) is dened as one chronic disease of central nervous system with
neurodegenerative and inammatory components, where most of the patients shown a relapsingremitting course dened by the acute inception of focal neurologic decits and consistent focal inammatory changes visible
on MRI. The causal factor of this complicated autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease is still unknown. Mitochondrial
dysfunction is the key contributor to the neurodegenerative process of this disease. The current review signies the possible
potential role of mitochondria in MS and the different dietary approach as a disease modier with the special emphasis on
mitochondrial function and neurodegenerations.Research regarding therapeutic implementation of different diet in MS is
advancing day by day; but currently remains with limited data. Few studies have been intended with meticulously collected
observations, and the very few clinical trials that have been executed with insufcient sample size or length to adequately
assess efcacy. More epidemiological and observational studies on dietary implementations were required


Interoperability of Internet-of-Things(IoT) applications, being characterized by massive heterogeneity of "things", has become a key challenge in IoT research due to the omnipresence of smart devices. In order to achieve adequate interoperability levels, semantic technologies in terms of ontologies are a promising paradigm. Due to the plethora of IoT ontologies available, one gets, however, easily lost in the ontology jungle due to the lack of an overall and up-to-date view on the IoT ontology landscape. In this respect, the aim of this paper is to act as an umbrella across several up-to-date IoT ontology survey papers in terms of a meta-survey comprising a threefold contribution: Firstly, addressing the survey landscape, we provide insight into commonalities and differences regarding the scope of eight survey papers and their rationale behind. Secondly, addressing the IoT ontology landscape, we analyze the IoT ontologies discussed in the survey papers on basis of quantitative and qualitative aspects. Thirdly, addressing the state-of-research of ontologies for IoT, we identify commonalities and differences regarding conclusions and lessons learned of the survey papers.


The dynamics of a water soluble spiropyran is investigated by means of femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy in the visible and infrared spectral range revealing an ultrafast reversible switching behavior under aqueous conditions with a high fatigue resistance.


We modify the differential energy watermarking. After JPEG compression on the image embedded watermark, the energy difference which have been created while watermark was embedded could be erased. In order to prevent this disappearance, under the condition of ensuring good quality of the image, the energy of A or B subregion is properly increased to ensure that the bit errors can drop a lot after the JPEG compression of the image embedded watermark as n is comparatively small. The experimental result proves that the modified method is robust as n is comparatively small.


A high incorporation of radioactivity is obaerved into the protein fraotion of rat pancreas pieoee and isolated mioroeomea, when incubated with 14 C-algal protein hydrolysate. With isotope dilution of the amino acids, it can be shown that the incorporation found must be aaoribed partly (pancreas pieoea) or completely (isolated mioroaomee) to the labeled impurities, indiosting that commercially available 14 C-algal protein hydrolyaate as such ia unfit as a aouroe of protein preuursors. Thie explains the unusual behaviour of the incorporation into microsomea, viz. independency of energy and heat denaturation and RNAaae insensitivity. The significance of similar observation8 reported by other authors with in vitro experiments with "C-algal protein hydrolyaate is diecueaed.


The purpose of this study was to determine whether the reduction of reaction time is an adequate estimate of the effect of practice. Since the biceps brachii muscle performs in two different movement patterns, elbow flexion and forearm supination, EMG-RTs of these movement patterns were examined after forehand-stroke practice by the preferred hand. Moreover, for the purpose of analysis of the return of practice effect, the EMG-RTs of the same subjects were measured 3 or 4 mo. after the initial sessions. No significant differences in EMG-RTs of elbow flexion and forearm supination of both hands were recognized before and after practice. The EMG-RT differences for the nonpracticed hand were nonsignificant, but those for the practiced hand were significant. These results suggest that the reduction in reaction time alone is an inadequate parameter for estimating the effect of practice. Further, it is of critical importance to find a potentially more reliable and valuable parameter such as the EMG-RT difference between the two different movement patterns.


Rare earths are classified as most important and critical material for US economy and defense by Congress and a mandate has been set to increase their in-house production, domestic resource utilization and decrease reliance on foreign resources and reserves. They are widely available in earth crust as ore (bastnaesite (La, Ce)FCO3, monazite, (Ce, La, Y, Th)PO4, and xenotime, YPO4), but their so-called economic reserves are sparsely located geographically. They may be produced by various means such as beneficiation (physical, chemical, mechanical, or electrical), reduction (direct or indirect), electrolysis (of aqueous or molten / fused single or mixed salt systems) at high temperature or hydrometallurgy. Out of these, direct reduction also known as metallothermic reduction (La and Ca reduction) is mostly utilized. Its variant, high temperature electrowinning of fused salts is also practiced widely. These processes are material and application specific. In this study, author will employ thermodynamics (Ellingham diagrams, free energy of formation, reduction potential, Nernst equation, Pourbaix (Eh-pH) diagrams, E-pO-2 diagrams), kinetics and energetic of a chemical reaction (chemical metallurgy) to reduce rare earth oxide / salt to rare earth metals (REO/RES – REM). It is shown that materials and energy requirement vary greatly depending on type of mineral ore, production facility, and beneficiation / mineral processing method selected. Aim is to reduce dependence on coal deposits. It is anticipated this route will be able to produce rare earths with > 35% yield and > 98% purity which be described in subsequent studies and patents.


1.Introduction I review the huge collapse in non-volcano regions similar to "mountain collapse rockslide avalanche occurrence" occurred in many volcanoes. The survey area is the northeastern part of the Sekita Mountains located in the Niigata Nagano prefecture border, and the northern side of the ridgeline has a maximum height of 400 m and a steep cliff extending over about 6 km extension. The huge collapse formed the small undulation flat surface such as the Shoubu Plateau, the upper stream area of the Shibumi River, the Daigonji Plateau, and so on. At present, traces of huge collapse are confirmed in 5 places. According to Takeuchi et al.(2000), the Uonuma Formation of the late Pliocene to Late Pleistocene is distributed around these areas. 2.Huge collapsed terrain In this paper, I call the huge collapse that formed the Shoubu Plateau and so on as Nonomi collapse, call the collapse that formed a small undulation flat surface in the upper stream area of the Shibumi River as Tensui collapse, and call the huge collapse that formed the Daigonji Plateau as Daigonji collapse, and discuss these collapse cases. The Nonomi collapse has a sliding cliff of 150 m in height and a sliding width of 950 m in width as a cliff top. The horizontal flow distance of sediment is estimated to be 2,700 m and the layer thickness is estimated to be 50 m at the maximum and 15 to 20 m on average. The Tensui collapse has a sliding cliff with a maximum relative height of 400 m and a sliding width reaching 3,000 m. The horizontal flow distance of the sediment is estimated to be 4,500 m, the layer thickness is estimated to be 15 to 30 m on average, and 3 sites of hummocky mass can be confirmed. The Daigonji collapse is estimated as the top of the cliff in the vicinity of Tensuiyama Mountain. The horizontal flow distance of the sediment is estimated to be 3,300 m and the layer thickness is estimated to be 10 to 35 m on average. 3.Properties and composition of collapsed deposits Collapsed sediments consist of sedimentary layer(sis) consisting of siltstones and sedimentary layer(tfb) mainly composed of andesitic volcanic rocks. Both strata are consolidated to such a degree that they can't easily penetrate with a hammer. The sedimentary layer composed of siltstone is densely packed in angular clast with a diameter of about several cm, and it may include andesite angular clast. Features of the sedimentary layer composed mainly of andesitic volcanic rocks are 1)clast-supported ~ matrix-supported sediment containing a large number of angular to subangular clast (φ 3 m, mostly φ 10 50 cm) of andesite, 2)sedimentary structure with water during deposition can't be seen, 3)besides andesite, siltstone, sandstone, tuff, etc. are present in the clast, and it contains Kusare clast, 4)matrix part is tuffaceous sand mixed silty and fresh part is blueish gray to blue-greenish gray. The sedimentary layer due to Nonomi and Tensui collapse was formed from basement strata, tfb-1(maximum layer thickness 20 m), sis-1(same 5 m), sis-2(15 m), tfb-2(10 m), tfb-3(20 m), topsoil. Paleosol ·organic matter of several cm thickness is sandwiched between sis-1 sis-2 and sis-2 tfb-2. On the other hand, the sedimentary layer due to the Daigonji collapse is layered from the base to the upper tfb (maximum layer thickness 20 m), sis(15 m), tfb(10 m), topsoil. 4.Origin of collapse and collapse sediment Sediments generated by the huge collapse originate from the Uonuma Formation. With reference to HCG30-P01 JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2017