The fossil genus Naiadita Brodie (1845: 93) was originally described by Brodie based on a leafy plant species from the Late Triassic England, Naiadita lanceolata Brodie (1845: 93). The taxonomic position of the species has long fluctuated and it had been supposed to be a monocotyledon allied to Najas Linnaeus (1753: 1015), a water moss allied to Fontinalis Hedwig (1801: 298), or an aquatic Lycopod until Harris (1938, 1939) discovered its reproductive organs and made a comprehensive study on the species. On Harris's (1938, 1939) closer examinations of the species, it turned out to be a liverwort allied to Riella Montagne (1852: 11) (Riellaceae, Sphaerocarpales, Marchantiopsida). However, its unusual combination of characteristics, makes it impossible to assign to an order/family of extant liverworts. Schuster (1953, 1966) proposed a monogeneric order Naiaditales and a family Naiaditaceae, placed in Marchantiidae of Marchantiopsida. These ordinal and family names are in common use in systematics of liverworts, (e.g. Grolle 1972; Schuster 1979; Krassilov & Schuster 1984; Schofield 1985; Brown 2003). However, each of these names lacked a description/diagnosis when proposed and has never been validly published (ICN Art. 38.1, McNeill et al. 2012). In order to be able to use these names, the ordinal and family names are validated here.


Objective To investigate the causes and treatment of perioperative jaundice(appearance within a week) following laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC). Methods The clinical data of 893 patients underwent the laparoscopic cholecystectomy treated in our hospital from December 1997 to December 2005 were retrospectively analyzed. Results Of 895 patients,21 patients were perioperative jaundice, accounted to 2.3%. In the 21 patients ,11 patients were caused by residual extrahepatic bile duct stones and 4 patients were caused by titanium clamp injuries.Seventeen patients were cured with non-surgical treatment while 4 patients were cured with surgical treatment. Conclusion There are lots of causes of perioperative jaundice following LC,the most common cause is residual stones and then bile duct injuries by technical factor of LC. Most patients can be cured with non-surgical treatment.


1. The terminal device which transmits, as feedback control information, comprising: generating unit configured to generate acknowledgment information (ACK) for the error detection result of downlink data and channel quality information (CQI) of the downlink channel communication placement unit operable to place information acknowledgment in a plurality of transport blocks to be transmitted at the same time using the same frequency band, and to place the channel quality information only for one transport block from this set transport blocks; transmitting unit configured to transmit the plurality of transport blocks which are placed in the acknowledgment information and quality information kanala.2. Terminal device according to claim 1, in kotoromdannye downlink transmitted using N (where N - natural number of 2 or more) component carriers in the downlink channel of the downlink, and transmission of control information as feedback is performed using component uplink carrier in uplink, wherein the component carrier of the uplink includes the plurality of transport blocks to be transmitted at the same time using the same frequency band, the placement unit places the acknowledgment information receiving component corresponding N downlink carriers in the plurality of vehicles


In this paper we address the topic of generating automatically accurate, meaning preserving and syntactically correct paraphrases of natural language sentences. The design of methods and tools for paraphrasing natural language text is a core task of natural language processing and is quite useful in many applications and procedures. We present a methodology and a tool developed that performs deep analysis of natural language sentences and generate paraphrases of them. The tool performs deep analysis of the natural language sentence and utilizes sets of paraphrasing techniques that can be used to transform structural parts of the dependency tree of a sentence to an equivalent form and also change sentence words with their synonyms and antonyms. In the evaluation study the performance of the method is examined and the accuracy of the techniques is assessed in terms of syntactic correctness and meaning preserving. The results collected are very promising and show the method to be accurate and able to generate quality paraphrases.


The present study is a general multivariate analysis of the spatial association between small pelagic fishes and their predators (seabirds, marine mammals and fisheries), using 6 yr (18000 km) of transects surveyed in spring in the Bay of Biscay, France. We describe 4 groups of prey-predator association, with explicit distinction of prey size: (1) terns and anchovies (10 to 15 cm), (2) common dolphins, common murres, sprat and sardine ( 20 cm), (3) gannets, horse mackerel and mackerel (15 to 25 cm) and (4) bottlenose dolphin, horse mackerel and mackerel (25 to 40 cm). Our analysis also illustrates the great variability in these associations, with years of strong prey-predator associations followed by years of weak relationships. The analysis allows us to formulate predictions about the structure of the upper-pelagic food web in the Bay of Biscay in spring, and constitutes a good starting point for the analysis of data collected during ecosystem-based surveys in the Bay of Biscay.


Intramolecular cyclization of 2-acylated amine, carbamoyl and 3aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carbonitrile allows access to pyrido[1,2-e]purines. Aminodipyrido[1,2-a:31,2'-d]imidazoles (Glu-P-1 and Glu-P-2 la.b). isosteric compounds of 2-aminofluorene, were recently identified as highly mutagenic compounds (1). These molecules modify DNA by intercalation between base pairs or covalent binding to C-8 of guanine (2). They also induce transformation of embryonic hamster cells (3). Recently it was demonstrated that N-acetyl derivative of Glu-P-1 is the major active metabolite in rat bile (4) . In a series of studies on the heterocyclization of the novel compounds having the Imidazopyridine skeleton, we have studied the structural conversion of azaindolizine derivatives to the pyridopurine skeleton 2..


Histamine is produced by the decarboxylation of histidine in fish muscle tissue. When histamine is ingested in excessive amount, Scombroid poisoning occurs. Scombroid poisoning is a type of allergy with symptom such as headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, facial swelling and low blood pressure. Existing methods to detect histamine include HPLC and TLC. However, they are expensive; in need of well trained technician and are laborious and time consuming. In contrast, ISFET is robust, cheap, miniaturization enabling and simple. This is the first attempt to apply ISFET technology on detection of histamine. Our previous work has shown histamine can be detected by depositing a PVC-based liquid membrane, plasticized with DOP added with ionophore Mn(TPP)Cl and polyHEMA layer on the insulator gate of ISFET. In order to increase the sensitivity of ISFET towards histamine, the effect from duration to condition the ISFET in 0.05 molar of histamine, is examined here. It is found that ISFET A and C, which show good sensitivity near Nernstian response towards pH, are showing good sensitivity towards histamine also. It is also observed that the longer the conditioning time, the lower the sensitivity. ISFET A is found to display a more stable and repeatable performance, at a sensitivity of about 7mV/dec. The sensitivity is found higher with 1 hour conditioning in 0.05 molar of histamine.


With the advancement of the crime rate security is having its alarming significance for school children's. The safety mechanism to the transportation bus and to the children travelling from home to the school and resume back to home is a standalone component to the parents and to the school management. This paper aims to provide the total security for school children. Range and Obstacle detection and accident detected sensors are implanted on the front surface of the bus in order to avoid collision with another vehicle on the Road. Each student is tagged with unique code. Two counters used at the entrance and exit location of the bus. Wireless communication technology (IEEE 802.4.15) is used to inform the status of the bus to the school principal. The absentee record of the student will be send to the concerned parent before leaving the children entry point. The return information is also informed to the parent using GSM technology. The results are favorably good to meet the challenges of the security issues.


An evaluation method of scheme based on entropy weight is presented.This method can be applied in scheme evaluation problems that contain multiple index schemes.There are only judging matrix and specialist′s weight can′t be got.According to entropy weight of rating matrix,many schemes are estimated and best choice is selected.At last,the method was applied to a benefit evaluation problem in aeronautic materiel maintenance cost.


Transcriptional factors of the NF- κ B family and STAT3 are ubiquitously expressed and control numerous physiological processes including development, differentiation, immunity, metabolism and cancer. Both NF- κ B and STAT3 are rapidly activated in response to various stimuli including stresses and cytokines, although they are regulated by entirely different signaling mechanisms. Once activated, NF- κ B and STAT3 control the expression of anti-apoptotic, pro-proliferative and immune response genes. Some of these genes overlap and require transcriptional cooperation between the two factors. The activation of and interaction between STAT3 and NF- κ B plays a key role in controlling the dialog between the malignant cell and its microenvironment, especially with inflammatory/immune cells that infiltrate tumors. Quite often, cytokines whose expression is induced in response to NF- κ B in immune cells of the tumor microenvironment lead to STAT3 activation in both malignant and immune cells. While within malignant and pre-malignant cells STAT3 exerts important oncogenic functions, within inflammatory cells it may also suppress tumor promotion through its anti-inflammatory effects. Other interactions and forms of crosstalk between NF- κ B and STAT3 include physical interaction between the two, cooperation of these factors at gene promoters/ enhancers, the NF- κ B dependent expression of inhibitors of STAT3 activation and the participation of STAT3 in inflammatory cells in the negative regulation NF- κ B. Despite these versatile and occasionally antagonistic interactions, NF- κ B and STAT3 cooperate to promote the development and progression of colon, gastric and liver cancers. In addition to explaining the molecular pathogenesis of cancer, these interactions also offer opportunities for the design of new therapeutic interventions. the effect of NF- κ B on perpetuation of inflammation and production of tumor-promoting cytokines.


The Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) has become a popular implementation medium for digital circuits due to its ability to be configured to realize a variety of different circuits. Although the configurable nature of FPGAs is very attractive, circuits implemented in FPGAs are almost an order of magnitude slower than their ASIC counterparts. Thus it has become increasingly difficult for users to realize realistic timing constraints for FPGA implementations. This is usually referred to as the "timing closure" problem.
This thesis investigates methods for achieving timing closure for FPGA based designs. Two main techniques are studied in this dissertation. The first studies the effects of creating arbitrary mappings between the logical and physical hierarchy of a design. This method has shown an average of 12% speed improvement when used to map critical sections of logic to fast physical regions on the target device. The second technique tightly integrates netlist optimizations with the placement and routing steps of the FPGA CAD flow. The circuit is restructured with a suite of timing-driven optimizations to better cope with the routing delays inherent in FPGAs. The suite of optimizations includes sequential retiming, Shannon's decomposition theorem, and clock skew optimization. Each technique is applicable, depending on circuit characteristics, or they may all be used in concert. These restructuring techniques have shown an average speedup of up to 25%.


The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate empirically that corruption causes significant and sizeable macroeconomic costs to countries in terms of economic activity and economic growth. The authors modeled corruption building on the endogenous growth literature and finally estimated the baseline (bribes paid to public officials) macroeconomic cost of corruption using Argentina 2004-2015 as a case study.,The authors laid the foundations of a new methodology to account corruption losses using data from the national accounts and judiciary investigations within the framework of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) non-observed economy (NOE) instead of subjective indicators as in the earlier literature. They also suggested a new method to compute public expenditures overruns, including but not limited to public works.,The authors found the costs stand at a minimum accumulated rate of 8 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) or 0.8 per cent yearly. These findings provided a corruption cost floor and were consistent with earlier research on world corruption losses estimated at 5 per cent by the World Economic Forum and with the losses estimated at between a yearly rate of 1.3 and 4 per cent and 2 per cent of GDP by Brazil and Peru's corruption, respectively.,The authors would need to extend the application of their new suggested methodology to further countries. They are working on this. They would need to develop the methodology in full to compute the public works overruns input to future econometric work.,In this paper, the authors make a threefold contribution to the literature on corruption and growth: first, they laid the foundations toward a new methodology to make an accounting of the corruption costs in terms of GDP consistent with the national accounts and executed budgets; on the one hand, and the OECD NOE framework, on the other. The authors named those corruption costs as percentage of GDP the "corruption wedge." Second, they developed an example taking corruption events and a component of their total costs, namely, the bribes paid to public officials, taking Argentina 2004-2015 as a case study. Finally, they plugged the estimated wedge back into an endogenous growth model and calibrated the growth–corruption path simulating two economies where the total factor productivity was different, at different levels of the corruption wedge.


Liver biopsy is the most reliable procedure to determine the nature of any liver mass, with a high sensitivity and specificity. Liver samples for a pathologic study may be obtained by means of four techniques: percutaneous biopsy, transjugular biopsy, laparoscopic biopsy, and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) (1). Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), either ultrasoundor computerized tomography (CT)-guided, is a reliable and useful procedure for diagnostic purposes regarding liver masses, with a low rate of complications and a high diagnostic reliability. Nevertheless, some authors have reported sporadic cases of implantation and proliferation of neoplastic cells on the way of the puncture of malignant tumors. It is a very uncommon complication, and only a few cases have been reported, so the description of a new case could be useful.


In order to solve the problem on arc stability of pulsed MIG welding,wire melting dynamic arc model based on the theory of cutting-edge droplet transfer instability is established,and welding arc voltage,arc length and droplet size in the process of welding are simulated.Arc voltage waveform obtained by simulation is similar to actual welding.Droplet transfer frequency under the pulse current and the factors affecting arc stability are analyzed.Then simulation of arc length stability control is conducted.On this basis,control system for pulsed MIG welding of aluminum alloy is built with rapid prototyping technology,and then arc length control test is carried out by adopting arc voltage feedback.The results show that wire melting dynamic arc model of pulsed MIG welding reflects the actual welding process well.The uncertainty of metal transfer intervals and the instability of arc length can be improved significantly through the control.


It describes a method of using a fluid circulation leveling system and the system. Fluid circulation system comprises a fluid mixing chamber, and an open type fluid chamber in fluid communication to the fluid mixing chamber. Each open fluid chamber includes a microfluidic fluid leveling conduit having a minimal amount of fluid and an orifice disposed in the open fluid chamber in the associated minimum fluid level corresponding. Controller, during the first period, the first pump, to generate a first direction of the fluid flow between an open fluid chamber, during a second period, the first pump, the first and second between the open fluid chamber for generating a second fluid flow direction. The controller also during the third period, the second pump, to generate a fluid flow into the fluid mixing chamber from one of the first and second open fluid chamber.


Formative assessment refers to dynamic evaluation and timely feedback of the student performances done by teachers during teaching.This paper argues for its positive role in helping the students and improving the teaching.Used properly,formative assessment is expected to effectively improve the sense of autonomy and efficiency of the students.


The following is an excerpt of a longer interview taken in July 10, 2013, in Bucharest. Monica Filimon (MF): 'Reality' is an elusive term. How do you see our relationship with whatever we call 'reality'? What is 'reality'? That is the question, in fact . . . Cristi Puiu (CP): We do not know what 'reality' is; it is, indeed, a question and it will remain as such. I do not think you can reach reality by means of words; I believe that any statement using words is approximate and very far away from what reality could be. I think that images, and all other non-verbal expressions of thought, related to anything, including reality, are as impotent as verbal discourse in making any valid claim about reality. I believe that, if there is anything we can call 'reality', it cannot be expressed, but only lived. When I was studying painting, I was not fond at all of the 'realist' painting of the nineteenth century (Courbet, Corot) or of Romanticism. To me, that period is a 'black hole' in the history of art. (I am speaking especially about French painting). All the painters from Delacroix to Courbet do not interest me, do not move me, do not produce any kind of reaction in me. Much more moving, and metaphysical, is, to me, the 196


X-ray crystallography is approaching the time when it will be able to image single small objects without the need to aggregate multiple copies into a crystal. The emerging technique is quite close to that of x-ray crystallography, but replaces the crystal's large amplification of the diffracted signal by the use of high-intensity x-ray sources and techniques for minimizing the effects of radiation damage. The subject will be illustrated by describing progress in our project aiming at 3D 10nm-resolution imaging of a single quick-frozen yeast cell. The talk will serve as an introduction to Microsymposium MS22, which will describe additional ongoing work, including projects aimed at atomic-resolution imaging of single macromolecules and macromolecular assemblies by the use of femtosecond-length pulsed x-ray sources.


ABSTRACT Decline curves (production vs.time) were drawn and evaluated in an effort to determine the results of restimulation work performed in the Silurian Clinton Sand Formation, east central Ohio area. A total of seventy-one oil wells were hydraulically fractured between 1972 and 1975. Of these wells, seven had to be plugged and abandoned due to problems resulting from the restimulation work. The average increase production due to restimulation was 4,000 bbls. per well.


Apparent molal volumes and adiabatic compressibilities of aqueous solutions of block copolymers E45S10, S15E63, S17E65, and S20E67 (E = oxyethylene, S = oxyphenylethylene, and the subscripts denote block lengths) have been determined by density and ultrasound velocity measurements. Values of the critical micelle concentrations (cmc's) were impossible to evaluate by ultrasound velocity because of their low concentration motivated by the hydrophobicity of the oxyphenylethylene block. Copolymer E45S10 was studied in the temperature range of 20−50 °C. Its cmc and the enthalpy of demicellization have been also determined by isothermal titration calorimetry at 30 °C. The low enthalpy values that are obtained are attributed to the hydrophobicity of the S block being tightly coiled in the molecular state in water. The thermodynamic aggregate properties of copolymers S15E63, S17E65, and S20E67 were determined from density and calorimetry at 30 °C.


This paper introduces a mathematical model and an optimizer to optimize dynamic variables of construction operations in multi-project environment. Vulnerable nature of construction schedules, resource limitations, multiple objectives, project uncertainties, business priorities and other inevitable constraints make the operations very challenging. The ultimate outcome of the model is to improve construction business efficiency and productivity in terms of profitability and resource management. The model consists of two main components; theoretical model and an optimizer. The first part is the formulation of the theoretical model considering all the multi-objective variables using mathematical descriptions, assumptions and equations. The second part is the solution using special purpose discrete-event simulation and genetic algorithms (GA) . An example with real life project data is presented to demonstrate the application of the proposed model. The results offer the best solution for conflicting objectives of minimizing multi-project schedules, maximizing resource utilization and maximizing the profit while satisfying all the imposed constraints.


The paper presents the results of the stepwise selection of highly productive by cellulase activity colonies of the fungus Trichoderma viride ARCIM 13/10 (F-120). To obtain and select T. viride 13/10 colonies, dense nutrient media were used, in which the carbon sources were soluble substrates (2 % sucrose, 2 % sodium carboxy-methyl cellulose) and in-soluble, hardly hydrolyzeble substrates (Whatman No. 1 filter paper and cellulose produced by JSC «Mondi Syktyvkar Timber Industry Complex»). Cellulase activity of T. viride 13/10 col¬onies was assessed by saccharification of filter paper. As a result of the selection of the T. viride 13/10 strain carried out according to the scheme developed by us, it was possible to in¬crease the cellulase activity of the strain in comparison with its initial activity by 6,2–7,0 times. Further selection, especially with the use of mutagenic factors, can further increase the level of cellulase synthesis by the culture of the fungus T. viride.


The basic rule of metal magnetic memory(MMM) technique is that under the influence of stress,there will be magnetic leakage field on the surface of ferromagnetic materials in stress concentration(SC) and distortion zones.It is possible to determine SC zones according to measuring changes of normal component of magnetic leakage field.By applying MMM and ultrasonic to fourteen jointing armor plats,the validity of MMM technique is validated and a lot of availability experience is achieved.


The work of several thinkers of the Salamanca University was crucial in the passage of medieval political thought, dominated by St. Thomas Aquinas, to modern political thought, the main referent of which is Hobbes. In this direction, in the works of Francisco Suarez, a theologian of this University, we can see this transition insofar as he rooted his proposal in the Scholastics' lineaments, which recovered the Aristotelian conception of political nature, while at the same time, through the concept of community, he began to give consistency to the action of men as the decisive element of their life together.


The present invention relates to a device for a vehicle engine (1) by means of the electronic key Start (3). The device (1) comprises a receiving means (2) into the key (3) is used in a vehicle. The key is inserted into said receiving means (2), (3) against rotation when it is moved longitudinally to at least one defined raised position. Such a device has a locking device, which ensures that the electronic key (3) in the receiving chamber during operation of the vehicle can not be removed. The locking means is controlled by means of the electric drive (10). For when the drive (10) can be taken out of the failure or power failure in the vehicle key job (3), it is provided to allow the key (3) an emergency device mechanically removed.


Many aspects of transportation infrastructure have benefited from the use of full-scale management systems in order to quantify the system's condition and useful life. While culvert management models have been tested in the past, none have proven functional. This project will develop a Rating System for Rural Culvert Crossing and Repair. The aspects of the overall project that this paper covers are the acquisition of the sample set data and the subsequent formation of the conditions rankings model. An initial list of culvert parameters, corresponding to specific failure mechanisms, was reduced due to the importance (as deemed by a multitude of experts in the field) and also the ease of field measurement. After a set of 33 parameters was established, data was collected throughout the state of Montana. The use of an ordered probit statistical model analyzed this sample set of data and further reduced the parameters to 9 final items. Measurement of these 9 parameters classifies the culvert into a I to 5 conditions ranking (5 being best condition and I worst). Merits of the project's results are two fold: first the explorations of the specific parameters that contribute to culvert condition are very valuable and secondly the numerical model should be applicable in a wide range of situations.


With the emergence of aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopes [1] equipped with field emitters, a point resolution of about 1.2 Å can be achieved within a single image [2]. This is also the theoretical limit of what can be achieved with the given energy width of a Schottky emitter at an acceleration voltage of 200 kV. A further improvement of the point resolution can only be achieved by an improvement of the information limit, which is set by the relative energy width ∆E/E and the chromatic aberration coefficient Cc, assuming that there are no other additional incoherent aberrations as, for example, stray-fields or mechanical vibrations. ∆E describes the FWHM of the energy width at the object plane, and E the relativistic corrected primary energy. The information limit itself describes the highest spatial frequency at which a certain contrast (e.g. 20%) of the contrast transfer function can be achieved. Therefore, the spherical aberration corrected TEM is mainly limited by the chromatic aberration Cc and the relative primary energy width ∆E/E.


Abstract The birefringence decay following the application of an electric pulse to a sol or solution is analysed. By considering the response to pulses of variable duration, size distributions can be evaluated for rigid particles of various shapes without presupposing the form of the distribution function. The method is able to deal with multimodal distributions. Generalized expressions are given that are applicable whatever the dipolar characteristics of the particles, and systems which experience surface-induced polarization, as is commonly encountered in aqueous and conducting media, are described in detail.


This article introduces a special section of manifestos on Revolting Media by graduate students at the Annenberg School, University of Pennsylvania.


The invention discloses thickened red jujube ginger pulp and a manufacturing technology thereof. Raw materials such as gingers, menthol, Prebiotics, honey, high fructose syrup and the like are handpicked and/or are matched with the raw materials such as donkey-hide gelatin, spina date seeds, medlar, hawthorns, vitamin, minerals and the like, concentrated jujube juice that is the homology of medicine and food is taken as a carrier, prescriptions are matched reasonably, and mutual coordination and synergistic effect between the raw materials can be achieved, so that new products of thickened red jujube donkey-hide gelatin pulp are researched and developed, wherein, the thickened red jujube donkey-hide gelatin pulp achieves comprehensive nutrition, function coordination and well palatability, and is helpful to achieve the effects of invigorating spleen-stomach and replenishing qi, dispelling cold and stopping vomit, maintaining beauty and keeping young, nourishing qi to generate fluid, clearing away heat and toxic materials, replenishing spleen and invigorating stomach, recuperating intestines and stomach, astringing lung and nourishing yin, improving the organism immunity, resisting tumors, protecting livers and the like. The thickened red jujube ginger pulp is convenient to take, and carry about, and is good for absorption. The thickened red jujube ginger pulp is beneficial to improving the nutritional level of organisms and is beneficial to improving the quality of population when being taken for a long time.


We propose a sound-timbre control technique that uses estimates of the resonance modes in a room. The key concept introduced here is that the resonance modes in a room where a musical instrument is played can be treated as controllable parameters of that musical instrument. By making full use of these additional parameters, a wide variety of desired sounds can be realized. Simulation results show that rich and expressive effects are achieved by using the proposed system. In particular, each frequency component of a sound can be independently and minutely modified, which leads to an impressive timbre change.


The changing nature of careers suggests that mentors and proteges may work in different employment settings. Little research has examined whether mentoring relationships that are interorganizational are as enriched, in terms of mentoring functions provided and received, as those that are intraorganizational. The present study examines the effect of the mentor's employment setting on both protege and mentor reports of career support, psychosocial support, and role modeling received or provided. Data were collected via questionnaire from mentors and proteges in 2 computer technology firms. Results from a MANCOVA controlling for protege gender and duration of relationship indicate that proteges whose mentors work in the same employment setting as themselves reported more career and psychosocial support than did proteges whose mentors work in a different setting. Results are discussed in view of current career structures.


Background Flow Cytometry (FCM) is still considered to be the method of choice for accurate CD4 enumeration. However, the use of FCM in developing countries is problematic due to their cost and complexity. Lower-cost technologies have been introduced. We evaluated CyFlow Counter together with its lyophilized reagents, and Pima CD4 in high-temperature area, using FACSCount as reference. Materials and Methods Whole blood samples were consecutively collected by venipuncture from 111 HIV+ patients and 17 HIV-negative donors. CD4 T-cell enumeration was performed on CyFlow Counter, Pima CD4 and FACSCount. Results CyFlow Counter and Pima CD4 systems showed good correlation with FACSCount (slope of 0.82 and 0.90, and concordance ρc of 0.94 and 0.98, respectively). CyFlow Counter showed absolute or relative biases (LOA) of −63 cells/mm3 (−245 to 120) or −9.8% (−38.1 to 18.4) respectively, and Pima CD4 showed biases (LOA) of −30 cells/mm3 (−160 to 101) or −3.5% (−41.0 to 33.9%). CyFlow Counter and Pima CD4 showed respectively 106.7% and 105.9% of similarity with FACSCount. According to WHO-2010 ART initiation threshold of 350 cells/mm3, CyFlow Counter and Pima CD4 showed respectively sensibility of 100% and 97%, and specificity of 91% and 93%. CyFlow Counter and Pima CD4 were strongly correlated (slope of 1.09 and ρc of 0.95). These alternative systems showed good agreement with bias of 33 cells/mm3 (−132 to 203) or 6.3% (−31.2 to 43.8), and similarity of 104.3%. Conclusion CyFlow Counter using CD4 easy count kit-dry and Pima CD4 systems can accurately provide CD4 T-cell counts with acceptable agreement to those of FACSCount.


Six goats randomly divided into three groups were used in a 4 X 3 Youden Square design, using four distinct diets [control (C), citric pulp (CP), wheat meal (WM) and rice meal (RM)] in order to evaluate which diet will predispose the formation of uroliths. Serum calcium and phosphorous were determined, as well as urinary pH, density, calcium and phosphorous. The goats fed RM had the highest serum and urinary phosphorous values (5.34±1.71 and 156.9±85.5 mmol/L, respectively), while the animals that received CP had the lowest values for blood and urine phosphorous (2.29±0.36 and 2.02±1.24 mmol/L, respectively). The results of urine pH showed that CP diet caused alkaline urine (8.44±0.33), with higher values than WM and RM (6.27±0.29 and 6.37±0.54, respectively). The urine from one animal that received WM diet and from another that received RM diet presented triple phosphate crystals, while the urine from the goats receiving CP did not present any of these crystals. A determinant factor for crystal formation is the high phosphorous concentration in the urine. Acidic urine pH does not prevent the formation of crystals if urinary phosphorous concentrations are high. KEYWORDS: citrus pulp; goats; rice meal; urinary calculi; wheat meal.


Endoscopic resection (ER) for non-ampullary superficial duodenal tumors is a technically challenging procedure because of patient-specific anatomical differences. Recently, the performance of ER for non-ampullary superficial duodenal tumors has become widely accepted owing to improvements in the ER technique. However, ER performed for duodenal lesions causes more frequent severe complications, such as delayed perforation and bleeding, when compared to ER performed for other digestive-tract pathologies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


The development of Islamic songs based on video-based themes for children ages (5-6) years at TK IT (Islamic Kinderdarten) Izzuddin Palembang has been conducted with the aim of producing Islamic songs based on valid and practical video-based themes for children ages (5-6) . Techniques of collecting data using interview methods, questionnaires, observation. The development is done by using ADDIE model including analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. In the evaluation phase, formative evaluation was proposed by Tessmer, which is self evaluation stage, expert review obtained by average score from experts of 3.93 categories is very valid because the material of Islamic songs based on video based theme has been appropriate and in accordance with the level of development children ages (5-6) years. Material validation with indicator of song content, material conformity with learning curriculum and suitability of religious learning for children ages (5-6) years. Media validation with readability indicators and language conformity used, song melody, product quality and duration of time. One-to-one evaluation and small group evaluation aim to see practicality is practical if experts and practitioners claim that the developed product can be applied. The results of the one-to-one evaluation and small group evaluation with indicators saying short prayers, thanking God's creation and singing were rated an average of 83% very practical because Islamic songs based on video-based themes appealed to children short prayers through the method of singing. Islamic songs based on this video-based theme have been valid and practical for use in children when learning activities take place. The weakness of this product is the video media displayed teacher also included early childhood so that children are more motivated.


Inspired by binary tree,based on T-Man protocol and fast algorithm for building Kademlia,this paper proposed a fast algorithm for building CAN over unstructured P2P network.Kademlia is binary tree structure,and CAN bases on virtual multi-dimensional Cartesian coordinate space partition.Because the fast algorithm for building Kademlia has benn proposed,by defining CAN space partition as tree map,the key problem came to convert Kademlia binary tree structure to CAN tree map and built the routing table.Experiments demonstrate that algorithm builds CAN in a logarithmic number of steps.


The invention discloses a method for planting high-yield cherry tomatoes. The method includes the following steps of land arrangement, tomato seedling cultivation, tomato seedling watering, tomato seedling transplanting, tomato planting, tomato management and tomato maturing. The tomatoes planted through the method are free of pollution and high in yield.


Sentiment analysis is a field of study that analyzes one's opinions, sentiments, evaluations, attitudes and emotions that are conveyed in written text. There are several factors that cause low accuracy results from sentiment analysis. These factors such as less optimal stemming process, word negation process that does not produce maximum results, writing errors in the dataset


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Supposing <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> is square free,
we explicitly determine the structure of the
<jats:inline-formula id="j_forum-2018-0141_ineq_9997">
                  <jats:alternatives>

                     <jats:inline-graphic xlink:href="graphic/j_forum-2018-0141_eq_0257.png" />
                     <jats:tex-math>{\mathbb{Q}}</jats:tex-math>
                  </jats:alternatives>
               </jats:inline-formula>-rational torsion points on <jats:inline-formula id="j_forum-2018-0141_ineq_9996">
                  <jats:alternatives>

                     <jats:inline-graphic xlink:href="graphic/j_forum-2018-0141_eq_0319.png" />
                     <jats:tex-math>{\widetilde{J}}</jats:tex-math>
                  </jats:alternatives>
               </jats:inline-formula>
up to 6-primary torsion.
The result depicts a fuller picture than [18]
where the case of prime power level was studied.
We also obtain an analogous result for Drinfeld modular curves.
Our proof relies on similar results for classical Jacobians
due to Ohta, Papikian and the first author.
We also discuss the Hecke action on <jats:inline-formula id="j_forum-2018-0141_ineq_9995">
                  <jats:alternatives>

                     <jats:inline-graphic xlink:href="graphic/j_forum-2018-0141_eq_0319.png" />
                     <jats:tex-math>{\widetilde{J}}</jats:tex-math>
                  </jats:alternatives>
               </jats:inline-formula>
and its Eisenstein property.</jats:p>


This chapter begins a critical examination of the distinction between hard and soft paternalism. As the hard/soft distinction is typically drawn, hard paternalism involves intervention in voluntary self-regarding choices, while soft paternalism involves intervention in nonvoluntary self-regarding choices. This chapter focuses on the ignorance exception, according to which it is easier to justify intervention in ill-informed choices than in otherwise comparable but informed choices. The central argument is that the ignorance exception faces serious difficulties when applied to decision-makers who are responsible for their own ignorance. It is also argued that this problem may have its source in anti-paternalists' failure to distinguish the claim that one has voluntarily assumed a risk from the claim that one has voluntarily brought about a certain outcome. If the ignorance exception cannot be adequately defended, the chapter concludes, most anti-paternalist views will have unsettling implications.


Taking some double-limb and dumbbell-shaped steel pipe concrete as the calculation model,the paper simulates the stress of arch costal and displacement under three grouting schemes for the steel pipe arch costal concrete grouting scheme by adopting the finite elementary software,and identifies the optimized scheme for the arch bridge's grouting of the steel pipe concrete and some unfavorable situation,so as to have the optimized research on the construction scheme for the steel pipe concrete arch bridge based on the quantitative basement.


Why should US sociologists learn to speak or read other languages, when English is the world language? Aren't the sociologies of non-English language communities transposed seamlessly into English? How does the path from French (post-)structuralism lead forward to American-style pragmatism? And if it does, why is it so difficult for US and French sociologists to collaborate in studying "culture"? Why do Brazilians read Gramsci differently than Europeans tend to? Why in Japan do sociologists have less purchase on the study of culture than scholars from other disciplines and from outside the academy altogether? More generally, how do scholarly conceptions of culture differ, intersect, and travel (or not) across national and regional borders? These questions and others arise from an invited session at last year's ASA meetings on "Global Differences in Conceptualizing Culture" that I coorganized with Paul Lichterman and Ann Mische. The session was co-sponsored by the Culture and Theory sections, with modest financial support from a "Fund for the Advancement of the Discipline" grant from the National Science Foundation and the ASA. We were honored by the participation of Daniel Cefai; Evelina Dagnino; Thomas Eberle; and Eiko Ikegami. Paul Lichterman introduced the session, and Michele Lamont served as discussant. The papers from this session will also appear in the inaugural issue of the newsletter of the Research Network on Culture of the European Sociological Association, and possibly in other venues. (There is only space, in the print edition of Culture, for extracts of these papers. Full versions of the papers are readily available on the Section's website: http://www.ibiblio.org/culture/) The global differences that the session was intended to explore were never imagined to be "essentialistic" ones, although in decades past they might have been imagined that way. Up until the period of the world wars, it was (as Don Levine [1995] has demonstrated) fruitful to conceive national sociological traditions in essentialistic terms, since those traditions developed in relative isolation from each other, within distinguishing frameworks of characteristically different sets of basic methodological, Feature Article Creating an Inclusive Venue for Sociological Studies of Language Celine-Marie Pascale, John Mohr, and Corinne Kirchner Language, broadly construed as systems of representation, is arguably the foundation of shared culture—it is the premier symbolic system. While language is central to social interaction and social structures, it remains at the margins of sociological research and theory. Given the profoundly interpretative nature of language, studies of language often have been regarded as being more humanistic than scientific. Within Sociology, studies of language have tended to focus on highly technical aspects of conversation analysis, perhaps reflecting an effort to reconcile the importance of language and the demands of science. However, with changing and contested notions of what constitutes a social science and deeper appreciation for the inseparability of symbolic practices and material realities, more sociologists are turning to a broad range of theories and methods for apprehending the sociological importance of language. Moving away from the highly technical focus associated with conversation analysis, sociologists are increasingly concerned about the ability of studies of language to effectively apprehend routine relations of power and privilege—to get at the reproduction of power in the dailiness of ordinary life. For example, a superficial review of literature might include Steinberg's (1999) analysis of how material and discursive forces conjoin in shaping inequalities; Williams' (1999) exploration of the relevance of French Discourse Analysis for a language-based empirical research; Bourdieu's (2003) argument for the potency of symbolic power in strengthening relations of oppression and exploitation; Osha's (2005) argument for the usefulness of poststructural discourse analysis for African scholars seeking to develop Afrocentric scholarship; and


Santanghu Basin consists of double layer structures,which include the lower crystal basementand the upper folded basement.Due to the existence of crystal basement in the eastern basin,the upperMeso-Cenozoic cover deforms more weakly than that in the western basin.This means the cover in theeastern part is of less deformation during compression period,thinner dispositional thickness,and shal-lower in depth.All these conditions make the prospecting target horizon in the eastern basin be favorablefor the ISL sandstone-type uranium deposits.


The study examines the factors influencing youth participation in agricultural business in the western agricultural zone of Bauchi state. The data were collected using structured questionnaire and were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Multi stage random sampling technique was used in selecting 384 respondents. The results revealed that 36.4% and 34.5% of the respondents were within the age bracket of 25-29 and almost all (97.3%) of the respondents were males and most (63.6%) were married. The result also showed that more than half (59.1%) of the respondents had primary education while 24.5%, and 16.4% of the respondents had secondary, and higher education, respectively. The results further reveal that 41.8% of the respondents had 1-2 persons as their households. The occupational distribution of respondents showed that most (86.4%) of the respondents were business people (traders) and 13.6% were civil servants and had been in agribusiness for 1-5 years (10.0%), 39.1% for 5-9 years with majority (61.6%) not having agribusiness background while only 38.4% indicated to have agribusiness background. Different types of agribusiness youths participated in the study area were identified in which almost all (97.6%), (94.3%) and (86,5%) of the youths participated in livestock business, agro-marketing and crop production, respectively with majority (62.4%). The results further depicted educational level, access to extension and access to credit were found to be positively significant at 5% levels of significance. The constraints to youths' participation in agribusiness were poor infrastructure such as roads, electricity, derailed support for local industries and negative impacts of climate change were ranked 1st, 2nd and 3rd. it was concluded that youth's participation in agribusiness in the study area is low with more participation in crop and livestock production,level of education, access to extension service and credit facilities were significantly influencing youth participation in agribusiness (P = 0.045, P = 0,043 and P = 0.037 respectively).  A lot of challenges constrained youth's participation in agribusiness but they are mostly institutional. The study recommended that; extension and advisory services be improved to enable access to timely and relevant agricultural information, capacity building programmes should be organized to boost the skills of the youth in agricultural businesses, robust agricultural policies should be formulated and implemented. There should be efforts to improve youth attitudes by promoting the willingness and ability to engage in agribusiness, innovative ideas, and positive perceptions and access to credit facilities should be increased through loans from commercial banks cooperative savings.


Because of the different background of demarcation and the impersonally fuzzy transition of nature boundary,there are divarications about the location of the north boundary of tropical in china.Basing upon the matterelement model,this paper presents a preliminary study on the demarcation of the south subtropical and tropical belt in Guangdong province.The output,which is given by the model,reflects the transition and the differences in nature between the south subtropical and tropical belt.It therefore,can be taken as reference for the sustainable development of agricultural production in Guangdong province.


Abstract A hybrid cumulus parameterization was developed to study the effects of cumulus heat and moisture transports on climate simulations. This parameterization consists of a cumulus mass flux representation of the convective fluxes of heat and moisture, and moist adiabatic adjustment representation of the release of latent heat and the removal of moisture by precipitation processes. This hybrid scheme was implemented and tested in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model. Averages over the last 90 days of 210-day simulations made for January and July with the standard moist-convective adjustment scheme were compared with those obtained with the hybrid scheme. The simulations made with the hybrid parameterization resulted in upper-tropospheric temperatures (p ∼ 300 mb) that were as much as 8°C higher than the standard scheme in the tropics. In addition, the tropospheric water content simulated with the hybrid parameterization was considerably greater than that of the standar...


In this paper, a design method using AT89C51 and TMS320C548 to implement a low bit rate speech coder decoder digital signal processor system is simply presented, and the parallel communication interface design method between the host processor AT89C51 and the subordinate TMS320C548 is especially described while the microcontroller AT89C51 and the DSP chip TMS320C548 are used with one being a host processor and the other a subordinate processor.


The suicide rates in the world have been growing in the past century [1] and the rates in the United States have rapidly increased by about 33%, from 10.5 per 100,000 population in 1999 to 14.0 in 2017 [2], regardless of prevention efforts with affluent funding [3].


Objective:To analyze the impact of body mass index on sick leave days and related costs in Germany. Methods:Cross-sectional analysis of German Socio-Economic Panel data (n = 7990). The relationship between body mass index class and sick leave days was analyzed via analyses of variance (ANOVA) (bivariate) and zero-inflated negative binomial regression models (multivariate). Results:Body mass index was positively associated with annual sick leave days in the bivariate analysis (P < 0.001). In the fully adjusted zero-inflated negative binomial, overweight women had 3.64, obese women 5.19, and obese men 3.48 excess sick leave days in 2009 (vs normal weight), while excess sick leave days of overweight men were not statistically significant. The extrapolated excess costs in the German working population amount to &OV0556;2.18 billion (base case). Conclusions:The absenteeism-related lost productivity costs associated with excess weight are formidable and emphasize the persistent need for health promotion efforts in Germany.


Various acquisition, analysis, visualization, and compression approaches sample surfaces of 3D shapes in a uniform fashion without any attempt to align the samples with sharp edges or to adapt the sampling density to the surface curvature. Consequently, triangle meshes that interpolate these samples usually chamfer sharp features and exhibit a relatively large error in their vicinity. We present two new filters that improve the quality of these resampled models. EdgeSharpener restores the sharp edges by splitting the chamfer edges and forcing the new vertices to lie on intersections of planes extending the smooth surfaces incident upon these chamfers. Bender refines the resulting triangle mesh using an interpolating subdivision scheme that preserves the sharpness of the recovered sharp edges while bending their polyline approximations into smooth curves. A combined Sharpen&Bend postprocessing significantly reduces the error produced by feature-insensitive sampling processes. For example, we have observed that the mean-squared distortion introduced by the SwingWrapper remeshing-based compressor can often be reduced by 80 percent executing EdgeSherpener alone after decompression. For models with curved regions, this error may be further reduced by an additional 60 percent if we follow the EdgeSharpening phase by Bender. Index Terms — Computer graphics, computational geometry and object modeling, boundary representations, geometric algorithms, languages and systems. Manuscript received 23 Mar. 2004; revised 7 Oct. 2004; accepted 12 Oct. 1004; published online 13 Jan. 2005. For information on obtaining reprints of this article, please send e-mail to. firstname.lastname@example.com, and reference IEEECS Log Nnmber TVCG-0031-0304. S H A R P E N & B E N D : R E C O V E R I N G C U R V E D S H A R P E D G E S I N T R I A N G L E M E S H E S I E E E T R A N S A C T I O N S O N V I S U A L I Z AT I O N A N D C O M P U T E R G R A P H I C S et al. [29], the associated aliasing problem will not be solved by oversampling since the surface normals in the reconstructed model will not converge to the normal field of the original object. Similar aliasing artifacts can be observed on models produced by surface remeshing, which is the basis of three of the most effective compression techniques published recently [5], [20], [1]. All three methods create a new mesh that approximates the original one. Vertices of the new mesh are placed on the original surface or at quantized locations near the surface so that their position can be predicted more accurately and encoded with fewer bits. To reduce the encoding of each vertex to a single parameter, the vertices of the resampled mesh are restricted to each lie on a specific curve, which is completely defined by previously processed neighboring vertices. Unfortunately, almost none of the new vertices fall on sharp edges or corners. As a consequence, the sharp features are not captured in the new mesh and a significant error between the original surface and its approximating triangle mesh occurs near these sharp features. To reduce this error, one may choose to use a feature-sensitive remeshing process [30], which attempts to place the samples on the sharp edges and comers of the original model. Unfortunately, this solution requires a more verbose representation of the samples, which are no longer restricted to each lie on a specific curve and, hence, must be encoded using three coordinates each. In order to retain the compactness of a feature-insensitive retiling while reducing the approximation error, we have developed the EdgeSharpener approach. It automatically identifies the chamfers and replaces them with refined portions of the mesh that more accurately approximate the original shape, restoring a piecewise linear approximation of the sharp edges. After the sharp edges have been restored by EdgeSharpener, the error between the triangle mesh and the original model is distributed more uniformly and accounts for the difference between the original curved surface and its piecewise-linear approximation. When the original surface is smooth everywhere, the error may be further reduced by subdividing the approximating triangle mesh. An interpolating subdivision process [14], [44] may be used to refine the triangle mesh globally, bending the triangles to smooth the surface at the edges and vertices. Unfortunately, when the original model contains sharp edges, such a bending process would round or blend the sharp edges restored by EdgeSharpener and, hence, would increase the error, annihilating the benefits achieved by EdgeSharpener. Considering sharp edges as if they were boundaries, as suggested in [44], is not sufficient for retaining corners and sharp edges with dead-ends. Thus, we introduce here a new approach, called Bender, which preserves the sharpness of the features restored by EdgeSharpener, while bending them so that they form smooth curves between sharp corners. For edges that are not sharp and not adjacent to a sharp edge, Bender performs a modified Butterfly subdivision [43], [44]. For other edges, we introduce new subdivision rules, which make it possible to properly refine sharp corners, sharp edges, and also smooth edges that connect to sharp features. The benefits of combining Edge-Sharpener and Bender (into a filter that we call Sharpen&Bend) are illustrated in Fig. 1. A significant number of publications have been focused on identifying sharp features in a 3D model [24], [251, even in the presence of noise. More recently, solutions were proposed for maintaining sharp features during remeshing [29], [41]. In both Fig. 1. An original model (a) was remeshed through a feature-insensitive algorithm (b). The sharp edges and corners were restored by EdgeSharpener (c). Then, Bender faired the smooth regions without rounding off the sharp features reconstructed by EdgeSharpener (d). For each model, the maximum distance from the original surface (Emar) and the mean-squared distortion (L2) are reported. All the values are percent of the bounding-box diagonal.


Abstract This article examines the life and grassroots activism of Bob Witzeman on behalf of indigenous peoples and the environment in the Southwestern United States during the last 45 years. Witzeman's actions, formula for success, and victories are detailed here to provide time-tested strategies and inspiration. This article is both a tribute to Witzeman's environmental justice work and an invitation to continue the work that he began.


• The CHOReOS Enactment Engine provides an easy and automated way to deploy large-scale choreographies in the Cloud. By using the CHOReOS software, the underlying infrastructure is kept transparent both to the choreography developer and to the end-user. Deploying tens of choreographies, each of them with hundreds of services running on hundreds of Cloud machines becomes much easier when using the CHOReOS process and its Enactment Engine.


The liquid crystalline behaviour and the electro-optical properties of mixtures of two pure ferroelectric enantiomers are studied as a function of the enantiomeric excess and compared with those of the corresponding racemate. It appears clearly that, depending upon the value of the enantiomeric excess, distinct thermotropic sequences are observed. The transition temperatures change significantly, and an additional SmB phase is observed for the racemate and for the mixtures of neighbouring concentrations. Moreover, the variation of the spontaneous polarization as a function of the enantiomeric excess is found to be strongly nonlinear. All these experimental observations show unambiguously that the thermotropic behaviour, the polar order, and consequently all the related electro-optical properties of the ferroelectric liquid crystal materials studied in the present work depend significantly upon the optical purity of the materials.


No doubt the drone journalism is a new tool for the press: its zenith images allow a perspective of today hitherto unpublished and stealth with which it approaches the place of the news unmanned aerial vehicle has revealed some facts that marked citizen journalism of denunciation. The studies made so far are very absorbed by the technicality of the device, neglecting the narrative and aesthetic implant. The drone journalism produces a complex beautification of reality that is consistent with the tactile relationship predisposed by the new interfaces: impenetrable, intuitive, but never deep. We excavate remaining on the surface. The political significance of this new way of seeing «playing» will be approached from visual studies.


We present the first results of a database containing plant functional traits in sub-Mediterranean oak forests of Greece. Data collected so far concern deciduous oak forests of NW Greece (Bourazani, Epirus), subjected to overgrazing by ruminants and non-ruminants for the last 30 years. To associate seedling recruitment capacity with certain functional traits, fruit and seed mass of 19 plants (14 woody and 5 herbaceous taxa) were measured. Preliminary germination results of these plants are furnished. Specific Leaf Area (SLA) values for 16 plants were determined and correlated with the prevailing Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR) under canopy and open-light conditions. The perspectives of developing a predictive tool of functional traits on the resistance and resilience of deciduous oak woodlands towards overgrazing are discussed.


Foliar spray of 3 per cent urea gave highest nut yield (5.987 kg tree−l), as well as total Ca and Mg content in cashew kernel. The foliar application of urea and KNO3 significant affected available N, P, Kand S in the soil.


Abstract A vital topic regarding the optimum and economical design of rigid boundary open channels such as sewers and drainage systems is determining the movement of sediment particles. In this study, the incipient motion of sediment is estimated using three datasets from literature, including a wide range of hydraulic parameters. Because existing equations do not consider the effect of sediment bed thickness on incipient motion estimation, this parameter is applied in this study along with the multilayer perceptron (MLP), a hybrid method based on decision trees (DT) (MLP-DT), to estimate incipient motion. According to a comparison with the observed experimental outcome, the proposed method performs well (MARE = 0.048, RMSE = 0.134, SI = 0.06, BIAS = -0.036). The performance of MLP and MLP-DT is compared with that of existing regression-based equations, and significantly higher performance over existing models is observed. Finally, an explicit expression for practical engineering is also provided.


A method is presented which calculates the optimum channel separation considering adjacent channel interference and cochannel interference simultaneously. The method is applicable to idealized cellular systems employing any modulation type. It is easy to use and an investigation of the optimum channel separations in ADC and GSM is demonstrated.


Currently, conventional teaching materials and learning media have not met the learning demands in the 4.0 evolutionary era. It results in many students who do not understand the subject matter, so that the learning objectives have not been achieved optimally. This study aims to produce an inquiry-based interactive electronic module to support learning. This type of research is development research using the ADDIE model, which includes the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation stages. The techniques used in collecting data are observation, interviews, and questionnaires. The instrument used to collect data is a questionnaire. The analysis used is qualitative descriptive analysis technique and quantitative descriptive analysis. The research results review subject matter experts who get very good qualifications (100%). The results of the learning design expert review are very good (90%). The results of the learning media expert review are good (86.7%). The individual test results are very good (97,3%). The small group test results are very good (95.7%). It can be concluded that the inquiry-based interactive e-module is very valid and feasible to use in learning. This research implies that teachers can use the developed media to help students learn.


The whole circuit model of grid-connected PV system was built based on two-stage structure that boost convertors link Single-phase full bridge inverter. The three-terminal switching modeling method was adopted to set up Period Average Model of Boost convertors, which used the switching function model and Fourier series to study the DC-side input resistance of inverter by multiple-frequency pulse width modulation mode. The qualitative relation to the circuit parameter and calculation formula of impedance was deduced and the influence of different modulator mode to impedance was analyzed. The validity of the model and its theory was confirmed by numerical simulating.


ALTHOUGH NURSING THEORISTS have incorporated some concepts from Asian wisdom traditions (Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism) into their works, the ways that these traditions might inform Western nursing philosophies, praxis, and ethics is underdeveloped in the professional literature. These differences have been more extensively explored in disciplines other than nursing (psychology, philosophy, and education).1–3 In the scholarly nursing literature, areas of crosscultural fertilization do exist. This literature has focused on explaining Chinese values4,5 and exploring a Chinese understanding of the Western nursing metaparadigm concepts.6–8 Chinese nursing scholars, many of whom have received graduate education in the West, have begun a dialogue in the professional literature that incorporates modifications to Western nursing theories reflecting their Asian contexts and traditions.


The invention provides a method of manufacturing nano-silica polished wafers by using a hydrolytic sol-gel method. The preparing process comprises the following steps: (1) adding ethyl silicate into a solvent for hydrolyzing of gel; (2) preparing a resin adhesive solution and adding the resin adhesive solution into the solution obtained in the first step; stirring the mixture; adding an additive into the mixture; continuously stirring the mixture for 30-90 minutes; pouring the mixture into a sealed container; allowing the mixture to age naturally on the condition of 15-28 DEG C until the mixture reaches a coating viscosity; adding a curing agent and continuously stirring the mixture for 100-150 minutes; (3) performing surface modification treatment on the surface of a film; (4) applying the coating solution obtained in the second step to the surface of the film obtained in the third step; (5) curing the obtained semi-finished products for 6-20 hours in a vacuum oven at the temperature of 80-130 DEG C to obtain nano-silica polished wafers. The nano-silica polished wafers have the characteristics of high solid content of silica particles on the polished film and dense and uniform distribution and have a favorable polishing effect.


We consider opportunistic communication in multiservice wireless data networks using centralized controllers. Opportunistic scheduling (OS) is an emerging cross-layer media access control design approach to multiuser communication over fading wireless channels. OS exploits channel variations to maximize wireless throughput. We present a general background of OS schemes and then propose an OS scheme making an optimum trade-off between throughput and fairness, while maintaining stability in different channel environments and guaranteeing minimum service to multiple queues active concurrently at a given user


An effective and reliable method for Pd-catalyzed highly regio- and stereocontrolled direct alkenylation of electron-deficient polyfluoroarenes with alkenyl iodides has been developed. The advantages of this reaction are its high regio- and stereoselectivity, mild reaction temperature (70 degrees C), and the use of readily available Pd(PPh(3))(4). This approach provides a useful access to polyfluoroarylated derivatives of interest in both life and materials science.


To clarify the effect of heat shock on tissue browning of Phalaenopsis,the post-subculture changes in browning index,total phenolic content and PAL activity in tissues recovered under 25℃for differ- ent time after heat shock treatment at 45℃for 10 min were determined and analysed.The results suggested that the browning of cultured Phalaenopsis tissue could be significantly inhibited by heat treatment when the treated tissue was covered for 48 h under 25℃.


In this paper, we propose an efficient matrix-free algorithm to reconstruct locations and size of flaws in a specimen from volumetric ultrasound data by means of a native 3D Sparse Signal Recovery scheme using Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP). The efficiency of the proposed approach is achieved in two ways. First, we formulate the dictionary matrix as a block multilevel Toeplitz matrix to minimize redundancy and thus memory consumption. Second, we exploit this specific structure in the dictionary to speed up the correlation step in OMP, which is implemented matrix-free. We compare our method to state-of-the-art, namely 3D Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique, and show that it delivers a visually comparable performance, while it gains the additional freedom to use further methods such as Compressed Sensing.


For making an organization more efficiently and profitably, Six sigma can be introduced. Six Sigma is a reference to the level of quality and the methods in six sigma can avoid the problems permanently and with the help of some statistical approach, we can able to make a precise result for small scale business .Also these methods and process can be implement in large scale business . A drastic change can be made in an industry due to the six sigma implementation and it results in a good profit in all aspects.


The invention relates to a rotatable machinability tool (10), in particular tool head (10), such as milling, grinding or boring head which is defining along an axial direction of the tool axis extends (W), the machinability-tool (10) in a first axial longitudinal end region (12) has a machinability formation (13), which is designed for removal of material from a workpiece, wherein the machinability tool (10) comprises a plastic screw-formation in an opposite to the first second axial longitudinal end region (18) which is capable of screw connection having a coupling component such as shaft member, tool holder (24) and / or chuck, and wherein the machinability-tool (10) to each other with respect to the tool axis (W) diametrically opposed wrench engagement surfaces formations (30, 36) having that transferred to the torque abutting engagement with key surfaces are formed of a torque wrench. According to the invention it is provided that at least one wrench engagement surface formation (30, 36) at least one Axialsicherungsformation (31, 33) which comprises at least one to the tool axis (W) parallel non-contact surface.


As process mining has been actively studying, various process mining techniques are emerging. Accordingly, we analyzed the loan process from a bank in Netherlands, focusing on three challenges in BPIC 2017 and further analyses using diverse process mining techniques. The process consists of 561,671 events and 31,509 cases. Before analyzing the process, understanding data and process is conducted in advance. Then, we proceed to 3 questions and further analyses. In order to answer three challenges provided and for further analyses, many analysis techniques such as dotted chart analysis, decision point analysis, user analysis using trace clustering techniques and self organizing map were used. Moreover, various tools were used such as ProM, Disco, excel, python, and R. The results can be utilized in three viewpoints: understanding the process, identifying problems of process, and improving processes. Therefore, the insights from the analyses can provide process managers an opportunity to create more values for their applicants. Also, procedures and techniques used in this paper can be as a reference for other similar processes.


Male circumcision, or removal of the foreskin, is a rite of passage in many communities, and one that is entangled and steeped in tradition and culturally (constructed) normatives and deeply embedded expectations. Male medical circumcision is a much more recently initiated medical procedure that is promoted in sub-Saharan Africa as part of the arsenal of HIV / AIDS preventative strategies meant to aid in combating the rampant spread of the pandemic. Many scholars point to the Higher Education context as (already) being a space for experimental and risky sexual behaviours. Male university students in turn comprise an important communitt; in interventions against HIV /AIDS and medical male circumcision is seen as one such intervention. This study proceeds through the lens of social constructionism and the qualitative narratives shared by young Black African (circumcised) university students, to shed light on male students' understanding of the 'benefits' of medical male circumcision or MMC. The findings reveal that while some students see the benefits of medical circumcision in the context of reducing susceptibility to sexually transmitted diseases and HIV I AIDS, other students believe that they are rendered insusceptible and 'immune' and cannot contract the disease due to being medically circumcised, additionally compounding and placing the male students and their partners at serious risk. The study shows how densely knitted constructions of African masculinity and manhood circulating within the campus may potentially retard the health benefit effects of medical circumcision by throwing light on male students' sexual practices at the University ofKwaZulu-Natal.


The outbreak of Covld-19 has put tremendous pressure on medical systems around the world. The highly infectious nature of this respiratory disease challenges advanced diagnostic technology to achieve rapid, scalable, affordable, and high-precision testing. In previous studies, Tsiknakis used Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and transfer learning to achieved high accuracy in distinguishing the lung X-ray images of Covid-19 infectors and healthy people. However, its accuracy is not so high in quaternary classification (Bacterial Pneumonia, Covidl9, Normal, and Viral Pneumonia). It can hardly distinguish between bacterial pneumonia and viral pneumonia. Based on CNN, transfer learning, and interpretable machine learning methods, this work precisely implements data processing and augmentation and adds a second binary classifier following a confidence level. In this way, the accuracy and recall rate of the quaternary classification are significantly improved, especially for bacterial pneumonia and viral pneumonia, and the model also becomes more interpretable.


The paper studies the history and the modern situation in the field of division into natural districts in the Udmurt Republic and adjacent territories. The aim of this work was the need to analyze the particularities of the distribution of plant species in the Udmurt Republic and on the analysis of the thickening stripes of the areals' boundaries to draw floral borders, highlighting the borders of the individual floristic areas. As a result of establishing the northern, north-eastern, southern, and western limits of distribution of more than 200 species of plants, the stripes of thickening of borders were identified. On the basis of the received data the 4 floristic regions were allocated: Chepetsk, Kilmez-Zakamye, Izh-Valinsk and Kama, located in two districts: the North- Pre-Urals and South Pre-Urals. Differential species for each floristic region were identified; the highest number of differential species was identified in the floristic area of Kama region-110.


Gouging is a damage pattern that occurs on the surface of rail under the hypervelocity sliding condition.The harm of gouging includes lowering efficiency of railgun system,decreasing service life of rails,reducing projectile accuracy of direction.The comprehensive summary of hypervelocity gouging is presented,in which production law of gouging,appearance characterization,onset and formation mechanism of gouging are involved.And some views on its prospects are further suggested in consideration of its unique properties of hypervelocity and high current in railgun.


Pragmatic presupposition is the precondition of all successful communication.English teaching itself is a process of communication,so it's very necessary to attach importance to pragmatic presupposition as well as its felicity and common ground in English teaching.\;


Background: Maltogenic amylases that are known to date form dimers to perform hydrolysis. Results: The structure of maltogenic amylase from Staphylothermus showed a novel domain at the N terminus associated with the active site. Conclusion: Staphylothermus amylase has all of its substrate-binding structural components in a single monomer. Significance: This is the first report of the newly observed domain arrangement adopted by hyperthermophilic archaic maltogenic amylase. Staphylothermus marinus maltogenic amylase (SMMA) is a novel extreme thermophile maltogenic amylase with an optimal temperature of 100 °C, which hydrolyzes α-(1–4)-glycosyl linkages in cyclodextrins and in linear malto-oligosaccharides. This enzyme has a long N-terminal extension that is conserved among archaic hyperthermophilic amylases but is not found in other hydrolyzing enzymes from the glycoside hydrolase 13 family. The SMMA crystal structure revealed that the N-terminal extension forms an N′ domain that is similar to carbohydrate-binding module 48, with the strand-loop-strand region forming a part of the substrate binding pocket with several aromatic residues, including Phe-95, Phe-96, and Tyr-99. A structural comparison with conventional cyclodextrin-hydrolyzing enzymes revealed a striking resemblance between the SMMA N′ domain position and the dimeric N domain position in bacterial enzymes. This result suggests that extremophilic archaea that live at high temperatures may have adopted a novel domain arrangement that combines all of the substrate binding components within a monomeric subunit. The SMMA structure provides a molecular basis for the functional properties that are unique to hyperthermophile maltogenic amylases from archaea and that distinguish SMMA from moderate thermophilic or mesophilic bacterial enzymes.


Stellar feedback from high-mass stars (e.g., H ii regions) can strongly influence the surrounding interstellar medium and regulate star formation. Our new ALMA observations reveal sequential high-mass star formation taking place within one subvirial filamentary clump (the G9.62 clump) in the G9.62+0.19 complex. The 12 dense cores (MM1–MM12) detected by ALMA are at very different evolutionary stages, from the starless core phase to the UC H ii region phase. Three dense cores (MM6, MM7/G, MM8/F) are associated with outflows. The mass–velocity diagrams of the outflows associated with MM7/G and MM8/F can be well-fit by broken power laws. The mass–velocity diagram of the SiO outflow associated with MM8/F breaks much earlier than other outflow tracers (e.g., CO, SO, CS, HCN), suggesting that SiO traces newly shocked gas, while the other molecular lines (e.g., CO, SO, CS, HCN) mainly trace the ambient gas continuously entrained by outflow jets. Five cores (MM1, MM3, MM5, MM9, MM10) are massive starless core candidates whose masses are estimated to be larger than 25 M☉, assuming a dust temperature of ≤20 K. The shocks from the expanding H ii regions ("B" and "C") to the west may have a great impact on the G9.62 clump by compressing it into a filament and inducing core collapse successively, leading to sequential star formation. Our findings suggest that stellar feedback from H ii regions may enhance the star formation efficiency and suppress low-mass star formation in adjacent pre-existing massive clumps.


Marrow stromal cells (MSC) are increasingly employed for human cellular therapy protocols. In some cases, it may be advantageous to use autologous MSC, but the feasibility of quickly generating sufficient MSC for autologous therapy has not been established. We investigated the feasibility of rapidly generating large numbers of autologous, early passage, MSC as a prerequisite for the clinical investigation of MSC in human ischemic stroke. Bone marrow (25–35 mL) was collected from 8 healthy volunteers under an IRB-approved protocol; a mononuclear cell (mnc) fraction prepared by ficol density gradient, a portion of the mnc fraction was suspended in low glucose DMEM with 20% pre-screened FBS and plated in T175 culture flasks at 0.2–0.4 × 10 6 mnc/cm 2 ; maintained at 37 C in a 5% CO 2 incubator; non-adherent cells were removed at 48 h and a portion of the cells were passaged when 80% confluent into additional flasks (12–14 days) at 5700 cells/cm 2 and MSC were harvested with trypsin at 21 days. The MSC were washed x3 and resuspended in sterile saline for enumeration and suitability testing. MSC were identified according to ISCT criteria (Dominici M, Cytotherapy2006;8(4):315), including plastic adherence, morphology, growth characteristics, and phenotype by flow cytometry (CD73, CD90, CD105 positive; CD14, CD34, CD45, HLA-DR negative) and differentiation into adipocytes. The expected total cell yield was calculated based upon actual cell yields minus the volume of cells required for testing based upon a 70 kg patient. Results: In 8 experiments using different donors, a median of 40 (range 20–225) × 10 6 mnc were available for plating from the original marrow. The median mnc recovery after ficol density gradient was 37% (range 23–130), but the median CFU-F recovery after ficol from the original marrow was 96% (94–96). The calculated MSC yield after primary culture was a median of 25 (10–53) × 10 6 cells. The calculated yield of MSC after 1st passage at 21 days was a median of 2.1 (0.9–4.4) × 10 6 MSC/kg (70 kg patient weight), and the median cell viability was 98.5% (92–97.9). At the end of 1st passage all samples yielded negative gram stains and cultures for mycoplasma, bacteria, fungal growth and the median endotoxin level was 0.027 EU/mL (0.02 – 0.10). The viability of the harvested MSC was well maintained in saline at 1 × 10 6 MSC/mL for 24 h at 4 C (85% +/− 9%) but not after 48 h (37% +/− 9%) or if stored at room temperature. The effects of supplementation with 5% human serum albumin on MSC storage for 24 h at 4 C were variable, ranging from 27% to 95% viability, depending on the albumin manufacturer (3 mfrs; n=4 each). Conclusion: These studies suggest that sufficient MSC that are suitable for autologous human cellular therapy can be rapidly and reliably generated under GTP conditions, that the resultant MSC may be preserved for up to 24 h if stored at 4 C in either saline or pre-screened human serum albumin.


Mn and Fe are two
important micronutrients of paddy soils derived from red earths. Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
or-anging physiological disease in newly reclaimed red earths is related to Fe toxicity. There
have been considerable stud-ies on Mn and Fe counteraction, but influence of Mn and Fe
counteraction on rice oranging physiological disease stillremains unknown.This paper is to
study, using two soils from USA and China respectively, the relationship between Mn and
Fecounteraction and the physiological disease. Analysis for water soluble and extractable Fe
and Mn showed thatMn/ Fe ratios of the red earths were lower than those of the paddy soils.
Fertilizing with Mn raised Mn/ Fe and re-duced oranging leaves, improved growth and
increased yields. Analysis with electron probe showed that Mn treat-ment had less Fe deposit
in root epidermis and more Ca and Si in roots.The results indicated that fertilizing with Mn
could correct Fe toxicity. How to apply Mn and Fe counteractionin practice is worth further
studying .


Pb and Cd adsorption of the natural surface coating developed in the different depths of the same water for different periods were investigated.The results showed that there was a significant correlation between the main components of the surface coating and those in the natural water,and the maximum adsorption of Pb and Cd of the surface coating was in direct proportion to the contents of Mn oxides and Fe oxides on the surface coating.In other words,the growth environment of the natural surface coating played an important role in its adsorption of Pb and Cd.


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Meta-analytic estimates of the absolute efficacy of psychotherapy indicate an effect size of approximately 0.80. However, various biases in primary and meta-analytic studies may have influenced this estimate. This study examines 4 nonsystematic biases that increase error variance (i.e., nonrandomized designs, methodological deficiencies, failure to use the study as the unit of analysis, and violations of homogeneity), 4 underestimation biases that primarily concern psychometric issues (i.e., unreliability of outcome measures, failure to report nonsignificant effect sizes, nonoptimal composite outcome measures, and nonstandardized outcome measures), and 8 overestimation biases (i.e., excluding nonsignificant effects from calculations of effect size estimates, failure to adjust for small sample bias, failure to separate studies using single-group pre–post designs vs. control group designs, using unweighted average effect sizes, analyzing biased partial samples that reflect treatment dropout and research attrition, researcher allegiance bias, publication bias, and wait-list control group bias). Wherever possible, evidence regarding the magnitude of these biases is presented, and methods for addressing these biases separately and collectively are discussed. Implications of the meta-analytic evidence on psychotherapy for the effect sizes of other psychological interventions are also considered.


This paper shows that,improvement the operation of U.S.A Hach COD detector.And improvement to reagent used in analyzing,substitutes the expensive imported reagent,it can reduce the cost of analyzing.Through of the improving,COD detector made by HACH Company is characterized by simple operation and reliable data,and has advantages as safety,less reagent used and less cost.


Organotypic brain slice culture was used to study the direct actions of relaxin on neural cells under ischemic stress. Cortical brain slices from neonatal rats were cultured for 14 days. Experimental slices were placed in a deoxygenated, glucose‐free balanced salt solution (BSS) for 1 h, one group with 10−7 M H2 relaxin in the medium and the other without. Control slices were transferred to oxygenated BSS with glucose. Slices were returned to normal culture conditions and analyzed 1, 4, 8, and 24 h post‐treatment using propidium iodide (PI) fluorescence to highlight cellular damage or death. The percentages of dead and dying cells in a slice were compared between groups. Relaxin treatment attenuated PI staining at 4 and 8 h postischemia, suggesting a direct action(s) on cells that improves their chance of survival during ischemia.


coherent wholes. But the choices all this leaves open are not only infinite, but highly varied" (p. 177). But that diversity appears to be severely limited within the kind of ethics F. proposes. In the spirit of the Kantian tradition, F. implies that, for the reasonable human being, morality entails certain fixed obligations. In addition, in the case of beneficence, e.g., he refers to "the directly intuitable nature of the obligation..." (p. 203). First, I have serious doubts as to whether anything is directly intuitable. Second, the apparent fixity of moral norms tends to militate against the diversity of outlook which is so valuable an aspect of F.'s notion of a life plan. Such diversity would be more substantial in the context of a theory of morality which recognizes the need for continued growth in our interpretation of moral norms.


The traditional view is that religion is one of the most important elements in the acquisition and preservation of identity by different nations. In the modern world, this pairing is changing connection with the formation of a civilized nation and a civil religion. Recently appears a concept according to which both religion and nationality are ideologies, which also causes their interaction and interpenetration, but on a different level. The question of whether religion is a defining, distinctive feature of a nation worries not only theorists. It finds its refraction in the practical plane and in the life of different nations and especially people who live in an alien confessional environment. It is also important to understand the influence of nationality on the choice and preservation of religious affiliation. Will examine these questions of the issue of religious-national mutual influence on the example of the East Slavic peoples (Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians) who lived and live on the territory of Poland. We will try to understand whether it is possible to put an equal sign between the concepts of "Orthodox" and "Russian" in the studied historical contexts, and to call the Orthodox faith and the Church in these territories "Russian". The article examines the ethnoreligious dimension of the political context, in particular, the influence of state acts on the Orthodox Church and believers who lived in Poland in various historical periods. An attempt is made to identify the features of the relationship between the Orthodox religion and the Church as an institution with the process of preserving and modernizing the national identity of the East Slavic (Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians) peoples of Poland. The analysis of its evolution during the XV-XXI centuries is carried out in changing geopolitical conditions (including the changes of borders).


This trend is moving quickly towards linking control systems with information systems, especially the most important means used in internal control, which is internal auditing, and that one of the most important factors affecting the development of internal control is the information environment integrated with equipment and systems. Among its advantages is the ability to store data in a large amount and process it at a record speed on the one hand, and the other hand, qualified cadres with field experience in harnessing technology to its fullest potential in the field of control, provided that there are good integrity and The ethics of those responsible for the control process. This development imposes on the regulatory bodies to harness their various requirements and mechanisms in conducting their business, especially administrative and financial operations, in the best possible way. It can be said that there has been a fundamental contribution to modern tools and technologies such as exchanging electronic data over the Internet and other modern technological issues. In putting an end to the traditional scrutiny, on the other hand. Hand technology has made the process of entering information for transactions easier as well as evaluating results more important (Zabihollah Rezaee & Alan Reinstein, 1998), which Developments in computer systems cast a shadow over accounting operations, as most of them became invisible, which Article Publication


Recently, the rapid development of automotive industries has given rise to large multidimensional datasets both in the production sites and after-sale services. Fault diagnostic systems are one of the services that the automotive industries provide. As a consequence of the rapid development of cars features, traditional rule-based diagnostic systems became very limited. Therefore, more sophisticated AI approaches need to be investigated towards more efficient solutions. In this paper, we focus on utilising deep learning so as to build a diagnostic system that is able to estimate the required services in an efficient and effective way. We propose a new model, called Deep Symptoms-Based Model Deep-SBM, as an approach to predict a wide range of faults by relying on the deep learning technique. The new proposed model is validated through a set of experiments in order to demonstrate how the underlying model runs and its impact on improving the overall performance metrics. We have applied the Deep-SBM on a real historical diagnostic data provided by Cognitran Ltd. The performance of the Deep-SBM was compared against the state-of-the-art approaches and better result has been reported in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F-Score. Based on the obtained results, some further directions are suggested in this context. The final goal is having fault prediction data collected online relying on IoT.


In this article we discuss why media literacies are being acknowledged as a key competence across a range of life functions and policy domains, and we propose that, in order to understand and help develop these literacies, researchers from media studies and education studies need to identify common theoretical and empirical grounds and systematically harness synergies where they may be found. As an inroad to such a process of identification, the article explores key trajectories within the two fields since the 1980s by considering the intensified interest in the people who are at the core of the activities under study (learners, audiences), their practices of meaning-making, and the scientific approaches employed. We argue that the trajectories toward studying meaning-making across contexts that have developed largely without interaction between the two fields of study now need to be acknowledged and aligned in order to strengthen the research base from which media literacies may be advanced. We present r...


Renewable energy sources may be applied to drive refrigeration and air-conditioning systems, e.g. solar radiation, geothermal resources, heat derived from biomass or waste heat rejected form various thermal processes. In this case absorption refrigeration systems and ejection systems may be used for cooling applications. In both these systems the crucial problem is the development of a suitable liquid pump. Paper deals with experimental investigation of two-phase vapour-liquid injector as a liquid pump in refrigeration systems. The selected experiment results for the injector are presented for the case of isobutane as working fluid. Investigations covers the operation characteristics of the injector as well as heat transfer coefficient.


Halal food and pharmaceuticals were taken into account as food and pharmaceutical products permitted to be consumed by Muslim according to Sharia law. Due to the devel opment of science and technology, especially in food and pharmaceutical industry, some industries use non-halal components such as pig derivatives in food and pharmaceuti cal products to reduce the production cost. Non-halal components added in food and pharmaceutical products are difficult to detect visually due to close similarity between non-halal and halal components present in food and pharmaceutical products. Some of the methods already developed in the laboratory include spectroscopic methods using infrared radiation, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, chromatography-based methods, electronic nose, DNA-based and differential scanning calorimetric for pig component analysis. Food and pharma - ceutical matrix is very complex to be analyzed; therefore, the signals obtained during chemical and biological analyses are very complex and are difficult to interpret. Even though the spectroscopy- and chromatography-based methods are able to determine the pig derivative component, there are some difficulties for the application in the field of blind samples, caused by the complex matrix of food or pharmaceutical. Among ana lytical methods, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the molecular genetic analysis was believed to be highly sensitive, valid and judgable as well as reliable for the analytical instrument. Therefore, this chapter describes some methodologies based on DNA technology such as conventional PCR using universal primer through restriction fragment length polymorphism or specific primer. This chapter also gives detailed infor - mation on the application of the real-time PCR using species-specific primer for porcine determination as well as for halal authentication. be confirmed by PCR-based methods. Many experiments showed the detection limit of less than 0.1% porcine material level. This data showed that some samples could be considered contaminants of porcine materials. Reviews of these findings showed the value of such an analytical approach to guarantee the commercial products in world free trade. PCR-based method is proposed to be a reliable and sensitive protocol for routine analysis.