Terahertz band communication is envisioned as a key technology to satisfy the increasing demand for ultra-highspeed wireless links. In this paper, a memory-assisted medium access control (MAC) protocol with angular-division-multiplexing (ADM) is proposed for the service discovery and communications in the THz network. In particular, the efficiency balance is achieved by equipping the nodes with (i) the omni-directional antennas at the service discovery phase, and (ii) directional antennas for message transmissions. Moreover, the memory is leveraged in the ADM scheme to assist the access point (AP) to skip the unregistered angular slots to improve the network performance. Based on the proposed MAC protocol, the analytical models of the interference, SINR, outage probability, throughput and the delay in the THz network are derived respectively. According to the simulation and numerical analysis, the results show that our proposed MAC protocol can effectively improve the throughput by over 15% and substantially reduce the delay, in comparison with the ADM scheme without the memory guidance.


Outdoorsman, teacher, and author Glenn Randall (The Outward Bound Map & Compass Handbook, Cold Comfort) brings backpacking up to date with a complete handbook of basics -- from understanding and appreciating the fragile beauty of the wilderness to getting the best gear for any trek.


Internet streaming systems consist of a media server, a streaming sewer, and terminals. The media server delivers multimedia contents such as video and/or audio to the streaming server, which distributes the contents to terminals as well. Existing Internet streaming systems have a bottleneck problem in the streaming server because of the limit of the processing capacity of the streaming server and therefore a streaming server can not accomodate more terminals than the limit. As a solution to this problem, P2P streaming systems have been lately proposed and investigated, using P2P distributed architectures. Actually, however, there exist many difficulties in the design and implementation of P2P streaming systems, because it needs many real computers and various network constructions. In this paper, we have proposed and defined a P2P streaming system model such as the architectural model, the timing model, the behavior model, and the performance metrics. And also we have implemented an NS2 based P2P streaming system simulator called P2PStreamSim. Finally, we have verified it through test simulations and analyzed the results.


Index tuning is considered as a powerful technique used to improve the database performance by ensuring the swift data access. Automating the index tuning by using Machine Learning (ML) algorithms will open up new research avenues to address the database performance challenges. ML also alleviates the performance tuning technique's dependency on the schema by adjusting the database to the changing business needs. The proposed research work presents a model to perform index selection by applying an ML classification algorithm on the dataset constructed by using the query's execution history. One of the proposed model's distinguishing characteristics is using the column's future usage rate as a feature in the Dataset, that makes the selectedindex to be adaptable for future query patterns.


A probe-corrected electromagnetic theory based on complex-point dipoles is presented for computing the field of an arbitrary source of finite extent (for example a test antenna) from measurements of its near field on a cylindrical or spherical scanning surface. By representing the probe with complex-point dipoles, probe correction is achieved by simple factors that involve Hankel functions evaluated at complex points. Only four complex-point dipoles are needed to represent a typical precision probe used in near-field measurements. The theory uses neither translation and rotation theorems nor differential operators. One disadvantage of the theory is that it employs nonlinear optimization to determine the parameters of the probe model. The complex-point dipole representation of the probe makes realistic simulations of near-field scanning systems straightforward. The cylindrical theory is validated through a numerical example. The spherical theory is validated by experimental data.


The present invention provides a method of laser processing a wafer, comprising the steps of: providing a wafer; wafer will be placed on wafer backside film laminator; a first annular member affixed to the white film; and wafer, a first annular member and an inverted white film; a second ring element attached to the tunica albuginea, the inner edge of the second annular member covering a front outer periphery of the wafer; a wafer and film bicyclic laser-like member positioned in the cutting apparatus, it is exposed to the outer annular element of the second laser scribe the wafer along the laser stealth dicing; albuginea and disassembly bicyclic element; the front side of the metallized wafer. Wafer laser processing method according to the present invention, the second annular member of the outer edge of the wafer is covered without being cut, so that after dicing the wafer to ensure the edge strength in subsequent processing, whole guarantees the integrity of the wafer, and operable strength, is not easily broken, greatly increases the yield of the process, reducing the breakage rate.


The essay introduces the designing principle of an intelligent amplitude modulation value measurement meter whid based on SCM,can automatically tune on receiving frequency and measure amplitude modulation modulus.The esspresents the hardware organization chart and the software program flow chart.


The Cattaneo equations with Caputo–Fabrizio fractional derivative are investigated. A compact finite difference scheme of Crank–Nicolson type is presented and analyzed, which is proved to have temporal accuracy of second order and spatial accuracy of fourth order. Since this derivative is defined with an integral over the whole passed time, conventional direct solvers generally take computational complexity of and require memory of , with M and N the number of space steps and time steps, respectively. We develop a fast evaluation procedure for the Caputo–Fabrizio fractional derivative, by which the computational cost is reduced to operations; meanwhile, only memory is required. In the end, several numerical experiments are carried out to verify the theoretical results and show the applicability of the fast compact difference procedure.


In this album juxtaposing poetry with portraits of San Franciscan poets, Cherkovski presents what constitutes the joy of living in that part of America. Biographical notes on contributors.


This article discusses the planning process in small municipalities from state of Sao Paulo. The current stage of planning was observed through an online survey on civil servants in charge of planning functions from a sample of 65 municipalities up to 50 thousands inhabitants. The results indicate for the analysed municipalities that the program-based budget, which would be an improvement as a driver to cost efficiency evaluation, it is not effectively implemented, and the programs and indicators seems to just comply with courts' requirements. In general, the budget is centrally proposed by the accountant, who runs the planning process as an operational routine (not strategically oriented), and does not count on the secretariats' and the remaining agencies' contributions. The legislative participation is also modest, and the city councils do not review or propose amendments to the budget offered by the local government. However, there are improvements in the process as the incipient use of performance indicators.


In September of 1987, a panic peaked in the Peruvian Andes town of Huamanga, region of Ayacucho, when a young travelling salesman from the town of Huancayo was lynched by a group of shantytown dwellers. They accused him of being a ?ak 'aq, the Quechua bogeyman who is said to extract fat from human beings in order to use it as an ingredient in the making of church bells or in medicines. His companions barely escaped the violence meted out to their fellow pilgrim. Though the man tried to convince his assailants that he was. at bottom, just like them, without much money, a Peruvian, an Andes dweller, his exhortations were disbelieved. As in a folk tale gone awTy, the hero in peril didn't possess the magic phrase, the secret password. When they took him prisoner, the young man tried to move his captors by saying to them, "I'm humble like you. my parents are humble people like yours." His protests met with the following reply: "If you're like us, let's see you speak in Quechua." "I don't know Quechua because F m from Huancayo, but I'm a worker, just like you." (Portocarrero Maisch 55) His linguistic mark of difference, his ethnic admixture, could not efface itself, and the traveler was beat to death with machetes and stones. Such is the fate of ?ak 'aqs, also known in Spanish as pishtacos, in innumerable Quechua folk tales, wherein the carnal but otherworldly being is seen not as a hero but as a villain and monster who. like the dangerous ancestor called gentil, must be destroyed at all costs. It made little difference that the physical appearance of the traveler was much closer to that of his assailants than to the monster he was supposed to be an incarna? tion of. When the social need for aliens is great enough, the metamorphosis will take place in the realm of the actual, the way it does in the oral traditions that delimit the extremes of what is possible. Belief in the ?ak'aqs existence is widespread. In the vivid distillation of tradition, his arms are powerful, his face purple, his eyeballs bloody, his violet beard and hair long and tangled, his robe flowing, his head wrapped in red cloth, and his long knife, used for purposes of swift decapitation, hangs from a stout leather belt. His terrific appearance is attenuated only by the fact that he is mortal, that he can, with an effort, be killed. If the gods of Quechua belief are fallible, all the more vulnerable are its supernatural beings, who forever wait to be dispatched into another form, either more or less animate. The ?ak 'aq propagates himself only through the single son he is able to have. The folklorist Efra?n Mor?te Best gives a succinct description of his habitual activities.


This article concerns the influence of a marital property regime on execution proceedings against spouses. In the first place, the legal character of a marital agreement was depicted, taking into consideration its statutory types. Then, the paper discusses the problems of financial liability of spouses, the situation of their creditors and the scope of execution against spouses bound by a contractual property regime.


With increasing global competition for manufacturers, interest has grown among researchers and practitioners in the role of advanced manufacturing technologies (AMT) in assisting firms to maintain their competitive edge. To contribute to the debate, this paper presents three case studies, one each from Australia, Britain and Canada, of companies investing in one type of AMT, computer numerical controlled (CNC) machines. The findings reported in this paper draw on the experiences of companies in developed economies but which are geographically dispersed and have different histories of industrialisation. Nevertheless when it comes to implementing AMT, there are far more similarities than differences in their experiences. The message is that for successful implementation of AMT, companies need to ensure that a broad, market driven perspective is taken to these investments, that attention is given to integration across systems and that people issues require as much attention as those directly relating to the actual technology.


The present invention relates to a light emitting device and a control method thereof, the light emitting apparatus, the plurality of first light emitting unit connected in series and; And a first current supply for supplying current to the plurality of first light emitting portion; It is connected in parallel to the plurality of first light-emitting portion, respectively, and a plurality of first switch unit for flowing a current or bypass part of the first light emission; A control unit for controlling parts of the plurality of first switch receives the brightness information corresponding to the plurality of first light-emitting portion, respectively, a predetermined total light emission time per unit time in the first light-emitting portion in so as to correspond to the brightness indicated by the brightness information It includes. In this way, a simple and can drive the circuit to emit light with different brightness and a plurality of first light-emitting portion configured to individually and high efficiency. LED, light emitting luminance


In the way of the pathogenesis environment,we have studied the key of the pathogenesis about the compatibility of Radix Puerariae and Rhizoma Coptidis is the state of Turbid Dampness abstructs in Zhongjiao and even the state of stagnation of Dampness-Heat.In the same time,we think the base of that pathogenesis is that Spleen-Qi fails to ascend.So the compatibility of Radix Puerariae and Rhizoma Coptidis often be used with some herbs that can restore balance health to Spleen and Stomach.And it often be used in persons who are weakness of Spleen and Stomach,or who have the possibility of the weakness of Spleen and Stomach.


Continuous intraoperative monitoring with electroencephalography (EEG) is routinely used in carotid endarterectomy (CEA) to detect cerebral ischemia [1]. Visually observed changes in EEG related to ischemia include an ipsilateral decrease in amplitude of faster frequencies or an ipsilateral increase in activity of slower frequencies. In the literature, significant EEG change has been defined as a decrease in the amplitude in the alpha frequency band by 50% or greater or an increase in activity in the theta or delta frequency band by 50% or greater [2], [3]. Compared to raw EEG, quantitative EEG (QEEG) parameters can enhance visual EEG review. QEEG parameters are derived by applying Fourier transformation to raw EEG signals to generate power spectra [4]. Examples of QEEG parameters include delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma power values, alpha power to delta power ratio (ADR), beta power to delta power ratio (BDR), alpha-plus-beta power to delta-plus-theta power ratio (ABDTR), spectral edge frequency 90% (SEF90) and amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG). QEEG parameters have been previously investigated in detecting ischemia in a relatively small number of patients undergoing CEA [5]. In this study, we report on the analyses of QEEG parameters in a large population of patients who underwent CEA with EEG monitoring.


Nurses, physicians and other healthcare professionals, as well as their student counterparts at all levels of training contend with enormous pressures that include a complicated healthcare system; ...


We test a methodology to predict the range of ground-motion hazard for a fixed magnitude earthquake along a specific fault or within a specific source volume, and we demonstrate how to incorporate this into probabilistic seismic hazard analyses (PSHA). We modeled ground motion with empirical Green's functions. We tested our methodology with the 7 September 1999, Mw=6.0 Athens earthquake, we: (1) developed constraints on rupture parameters based on prior knowledge of earthquake rupture processes and sources in the region; (2) generated impulsive point shear source empirical Green's functions by deconvolving out the source contribution of M < 4.0 aftershocks; (3) used aftershocks that occurred throughout the area and not necessarily along the fault to be modeled; (4) ran a sufficient number of scenario earthquakes to span the full variability of ground motion possible; (5) found that our distribution of synthesized ground motions span what actually occurred and their distribution is realistically narrow; (6) determined that one of our source models generates records that match observed time histories well; (7) found that certain combinations of rupture parameters produced ''extreme'' ground motions at some stations; (8) identified that the ''best fitting'' rupture models occurred in the vicinity of 38.05{sup o} N 23.60{sup more » o} W with center of rupture near 12 km, and near unilateral rupture towards the areas of high damage, and this is consistent with independent investigations; and (9) synthesized strong motion records in high damage areas for which records from the earthquake were not recorded. We then developed a demonstration PSHA for a source region near Athens utilizing synthesized ground motion rather that traditional attenuation. We synthesized 500 earthquakes distributed throughout the source zone likely to have Mw=6.0 earthquakes near Athens. We assumed an average return period of 1000 years for this magnitude earthquake in the particular source zone, thereby having simulated a catalog of ground motion for a period of 500,000 years. The distribution of traditional ground motion parameters of peak acceleration or spectral ordinates then becomes the synthesized record from which we develop hazard curves in the form of the annual probability of exceedance. This approach replaces the aleatory uncertainty that current PSHA studies estimate by regression of empirical parameters from the worldwide database with epistemic uncertainty on what specific sources actually do at specific sites. This is a fundamental change for PSHA and eliminates the need to extrapolate current empirical data that was gathered over about 50 years to represent values for 10{sup -3} annual probability of exceedance or less. This difference becomes especially significant for very sensitive structures that require estimates for 10{sup -5} or less exceedance. « less


Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental conditions that are associated with an astonishing combination of cognitive strengths and weaknesses with a substantial minority of individuals displaying some exceptional creative abilities, reaching genius pro‐ portions in some rare cases. Creativity is a multifactorial construct and neuroscience is only beginning to unravel some of the cognitive components involved in the creative process. In this chapter we contrast neuroscientific evidence from creativity research with models at‐ tempting to explain talent and creativity in ASD. Although there are no agreed definitions for creativity the formulation put forward by Griffiths [1] "Creativity is a mental journey be‐ tween ideas or concepts that involves either a novel route or a novel destination" (p.6) seems to fit the picture very well. Various explanations and theories have been put forward to account for creativity ranging from unconscious mechanisms, cognitive processes, special abilities and personal traits to links with genetic processes and psychopathology.


In this demo, a cross-media public sentiment analysis system is presented. The system presents and visualizes the sentiments of microblog data by organizing the results by region, topic, and content, respectively. Such sentiment is obtained by fusing of sentiment classification scores from both visual and textual channel. In such a way, social multimedia sentiment is shown in a multi-level and user-friendly form.


Article History: Received 2, February, 2015 Received in revised form 10, February, 2015 Accepted 4, March, 2015 Published online 28, March, 2015 The phenomenon of migration is known for its multidisciplinary nature and complexities. Here attempt is made to formulate migration model using the concept of physics like Newton's gravitational law and other laws, involving sophisticated mathematical and statistical tools which will be used later for studying the determinants of interstate migration in India during 1981-1991 and 1991-2001. National census data are the main data available for study of migration. Transition probabilities of interstate migration for fourteen major states in India during 1981-1991 and 19912001 have been estimated. According to probabilities highest inmigrants received states are Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka Rajasthan and U.P.


Fertilization management is one of the technologies studied to reduce nutritional imbalance in plants submitted to saline stress. In this context, we analyzed the effect of the combination of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on the morphology and production of West Indian cherry irrigated with saline waters in the first year of cultivation. The experiment was carried out in the CCTA/UFCG, in 60-L lysimeters installed in the field, in a randomized block design and 5 x 4 factorial scheme, referring to five levels of irrigation water salinity (ECw), i.e., 0.3, 1.3, 2.3, 3.3, and 4.3 dS m, and four combinations (C) of nitrogen-potassium fertilization, i.e., C1 = 70% N + 50% K2O; C2 = 100% N + 75% K2O; C3 = 130% N + 100% K2O, and C4 = 160% N + 125% K2O of the recommended dose for West Indian cherry, with three replicates and one plant per plot consisting of a lysimeter. The cv. 'Flor Branca', grafted on cv. Junco, was studied. The combination of fertilization with 70% N + 50% K2O promoted higher morphology and production values and mitigated the effect of salinity on fruit diameter up to an ECw of 1.3 dS m. Nitrogen-potassium fertilization in the combination of 130% N + 100% K2O impaired plant morphology and production. The ECw above 0.3 dS m -1 decreased the stem diameter, size, and average weight of fruits of West Indian cherry in the first year of cultivation.


Dry sliding Wear of titanium cast iron of eutectic graphite structure was studied.The wear resistance was found to increase as the eutectic cell number and hardness of matrix increase. Boron inoculation (0.1, 0.3, 0.5% B) with Fe-B (20% B) was found to increase eutectic cell number and hardness of matrix, and also to improve the sliding wear resistance.


The results of 750 questionnaires completed by medical students and doctors regarding their behavior towards sexuality and contraception are discussed. The investigation was undertaken to evaluate the attitudes and behaviors of subjects particularly involved in family planning choices. Although the number of questionnaires returned was small the analysis of the results offered many points for consideration; particularly it showed that neither medical students nor physicians have coherently and correctly settled their contraceptive choices. Those interviewed moreover indicated little knowledge of sexual and contraceptive practices either personally or professionally. (authors modified) (summary in ENG)


In response to a UK government drive to improve maths teaching in schools, the South West London Maths Enhancement Course (MEC) has been set up through collaboration between three higher education institutions (HEIs) to provide an efficient route for non‐maths graduates in employment to upgrade their subject knowledge and give a smooth transition into teacher training (PGCE). An evaluation of the scheme, measured against Teacher Development Agency (TDA) objectives and success criteria agreed by university staff, involved thematic analysis of focus‐group discussions and interviews with students and staff during both the MEC and PGCE courses. This has revealed a high level of satisfaction and success related to a number of underlying issues, particularly around student recruitment, curriculum design, peer support and staff collaboration. The model offers an example of practice transferable to a range of programmes aimed at supporting students in the transition between levels and institutions.


There was a consistent surplus in the State of Pará's fruit sector in 2005 of R$ 32.52 in terms of interstate trade. Production stabilized at 1.4 million tonnes and the price at R$ 160 per tonne between the years 2000 and 2005. The aim of this study was to analyze the quantity of fruit produced and price fluctuation for Pará's fruits between 1985 and 2005. The growth rate method, price indexes and quantities, and regression analysis were used to ascertain the increase, evolution and causal interaction between quantity and price. Results showed that fruit production increased until the year 2005, then presented a downward trend until the year 2000, and subsequently stabilized. Prices presented a downward trend over this period of time. The fruits showed a low priceelasticity coefficient (0.114), which is characteristic of a highly priceinelastic supply. It was concluded that the gross revenue for these fruits is highly sensitive to variations in production. ARTIGO www.ajaes.ufra.edu.br doi: 10.4322/rca.2011.010


Abstract Purpose The Danish Primary School Act stipulates that each school day must include an average of 45 minutes of physical activity (PA) for pupils. However, the law does not specify the recommended level of intensity or whether breaks must be included. This study aimed to investigate the amount and intensity of PA during school time among 4th grade pupils in Danish public schools. An additional aim was to investigate if differences between low-intensity PA and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) exist. Thereby, this study can contribute with new perspectives on statutory PA during school time. Methods The study was conducted in Syddjurs Municipality, Denmark, in the spring of 2021. All 10 schools in the municipality chose to participate. Pupils from 4th grade carried an accelerometer on the wrist of their non-dominant arm during school time. Following a familiarization period of 10 days, data was collected for another 10 school days (Monday to Friday in two consecutive weeks). Complete days were defined as days where the pupil wore the accelerometer during the entire school day. Results A total of 411 pupils were included in the study. The analysis comprised 381 pupils with 2055 complete days. Low intensity PA for at least 45 minutes during the entire school day (including breaks) was performed by 99.6% (95%CI:99.2%;99.8%) of the pupils. Correspondingly for MVPA, 33.6% (95%CI:31.5%;35.7%) of the pupils had at least 45 minutes of MVPA during the entire school day. During lessons only (excluding breaks), 97.9% (95%CI:97.2;98.4%) of the pupils had at least 45 minutes of low intensity PA. The corresponding proportion of pupils performing MVPA during lessons was 16.8% (95%CI:15.2%;18.5%). Conclusions Most pupils in 4th grade accomplished to perform PA of low intensity during school time, while one third of the pupils performed at least 45 minutes of MVPA during the entire school time, although MVPA is known to promote physical, mental and social health. If the law is intended to promote the health of school children, the recommended level of intensity need to be further specified. Support/Funding Source The project was funded by Nordic Innovation.


A simple caloric equation-of-state model is proposed to describe thermodynamic properties of solid materials without phase transitions with the minimum number of parameters as initial data. The thermal vibrations of the crystal lattice are described by the Debye approximation. The parameter values on the zero isotherm are calculated analytically from the generalized form of the Grüneisen function. Thermodynamic characteristics are calculated in the wide range of densities and pressures. The results of the theoretical calculations for these materials are exhaustively compared with the available experimental data for high energy densities.


In article explicit finite element model of orthogonal cutting is described. It is shown, that the greatest error of prediction with the aim of the given model is observed in cutting force projection Py and caused by an aprioristic choice of friction model parameters and the inexact account of force on a tool clearance face.


Ex Africa semper aliquid novi, the old Romans used to say, and so I thought until the Curator of the Hunterian Museum referred me to a specimen (Roy. Coll. Surg. Lond., 1830) demonstrating complications of prolonged labour almost identical to those seen in some ofmy own patients. This patient, Elizabeth Lawrence, had been in labour, her first, for more than three days. The membranes had ruptured early as a result of the " rude examinations of the midwife ", the head had moved into the pelvis, and the bladder was greatly distended as a result of drinking large quantities of "spirituous liquors in her gruel ", a technique which was apparently commonly used at that time to promote labour pains. Eventually, following craniotomy and the " repeated and violent efforts of three people for two hours" delivery was effected. Great suffering and sloughing followed. Elizabeth died nearly 41 years later and the pelvic contents were removed by Mr. Wilkinson, a surgeon from Sunderland. He found " a communication ... between the rectum and vagina, sufficient to allow my thumb to pass. The fore part of the vagina and posterior surface of the bladder just below the opening of the ureters, as also the whole of the urethra were gone; and the remaining part of the anterior surface of the vagina adhered across the os tincae to the posterior surface, so that the os tincae was wholly obliterated; and on introducing the finger into the vagina it was conducted forewards to the fundus of the bladder, which was pretty perfect " (Fig. 1). Mr. Wilkinson apparently presented this specimen to " that ingenious anatomist Mr. John Hunter " (Wilkinson, 1792).


Bulk photoconductivity produced by the absorption of picosecond optical pulses in silicon transmission-line structures has been used to switch and gate microwave signals. The technique permits the generation of microwave and millimeter-wave pulses as short as a single cycle, and requires only a few microjoules of optical energy. The basic features of the device are illustrated with switching experiments at 1 GHz and 10 GHz, and the results are discussed with reference to the physical properties of the high-density plasma responsible for the switching.


Geographical Information System (GIS), Remote Sensing and Global Positioning System (GPS) are well suited for Highway Maintenance and Management studies. Government of India has been investing huge amounts on road connectivity. Flexible Pavements form considerable part of the Highway's in India because of the low construction cost involved. Pavement Maintenance and Management System (PMMS) make use of the deterioration models to predict pavement condition at a future data, based on which the maintenance strategy can be formulated. This study is an effort to model the performance of urban roads using Geographical Information System (GIS). Detailed data collected including rutting, potholes and cracking. The database is inputed into GIS software which shows the information of all the attributes related to the road and it will be used for decision making and problem solving.


1. What Is an Argument? (And What Is Not?). 2. Pinning Down Argument Structure. 3. Looking at Language. 4. When Is an Argument a Good One? 5. Premises: What to Accept and Why. 6. Working on Relevance. 7. Deductive Arguments: Categorical Logic. 8. Deductive Arguments: Propositional Logic. 9. An Introduction to Inductive Arguments. 10. Causal Inductive Arguments. 11. Analogies: Reasoning from Case to Case. 12. Conductive Arguments and Counterconsiderations. Appendix A: A Summary of Fallacies. Appendix B: Selected Essays for Analysis. Answers to Selected Exercises. Index.


We investigate the Casimir effect in the systems that consist of parallel but misaligned finite-size plates from the point of view of zero-point energy. We elaborate that the zero-point energies of the radiation field in the perfect conductor systems would generate a tangential Casimir force, and explore the properties and consequences of this tangential force in various conductor systems. Thereafter, we generalize our discussion to dielectrics. After calculating the total zero-point energies of the surface modes in the multilayered systems, we show that the tangential force also exists in dielectrics. We obtain the finite-conductivity corrections to the tangential force for imperfectly conducting plates, and calculate the finite-temperature corrections to the force. The typical strength of the tangential force suggests it might be observable.


We introduce a deterministic, time-reversible version of the Ehrenfest urn model. The distribution of first-passage times from equilibrium to non-equilibrium states and vice versa is calculated. We find that average times for transition to non-equilibrium always scale exponentially with the system size, whereas the timescale for relaxation to equilibrium depends on microscopic dynamics. To illustrate this, we also look at deterministic and stochastic versions of the Ehrenfest model with a distribution of microscopic relaxation times.


The wire grid polarizer (WGP) consisting of parallel metal nanogratings is an attractive alternative to conventional polarizers because it offers thin layer thickness, easy integration capability, and outstanding chemical and thermal stability. In this report, a facile solution process is proposed for fabricating Al WGPs. High‐aspect‐ratio Al nanostructures are formed in a 1D nanoimprinted template by electroless plating. Because of the geometrically irreversible deposition and wet etching processes on the nanotemplate, only the embedded Al nanogratings are retained. The solution‐processed Al nanostructured WGP with a line width of 60 nm and a height of 150 nm exhibits an average extinction ratio of 104 and transmittance of 52.3% in the visible wavelengths.


Fungi were isolated from contaminated tissue cultures. They were initially characicriscdaccording to the colour and the texture of the colony and an identification number wasgiven to each. Pathogens were inoculated into seven different media in order to determinethe suitable medium for the rapid growth of the fungi and to obtain pure cultures. Theywere incubated at 27±1"C. Five different fungicides (diathanc. systhane, rovral, tumble blight and thiophenatemethyyl)were prepared at IOOppm concentration. Sterile filter paper circles (5mm) werewetted with 101 of each and were placed separately on the agar plates inoculated withfungal spores. They were in duplicates and were incubated for seven days. Using thediameter of the growth free area around the filter paper circles, the resistance or thesusceptibility of the fungi to each fungicide was determined. Most of the fungi were susceptible to dithane and thiophenate-methyl, thus these two werechosen for determination of the growth interference of fungicides on tissue cultures. Thesetwo fungicides were added to the tissue culture media after autoclaving the medium at ()(control), 20ppm and IOOOppmconcentrations. Twenty-five replicates per treatment wereused. After six weeks of incubation, the total numher of newly produced juvenile leaves,percentage or fungal contamination and the percentage number of surviving explants wereobserved. There was a significant difference between the two fungicides used and alsobetween the concentrations used. The interference of the fungicide to the growth of thetissue was minimal when thiophenate-methyl was added at IOppm concentration. Higherconcentrations retard the plant growth significantly.


What determines investors' risk-taking across macroeconomic cycles? Researchers have proposed rational expectations models that introduce countercyclical risk aversion to generate the empirically observed time variation in risk-taking. In this study, we test whether systematic deviations from rational expectations can cause the same observed investment pattern without assuming unstable risk preferences. We let subjects form beliefs in two different market environments which resemble key characteristics of boom and bust markets, followed by an independent investment task. Those subjects who learned in the negative domain form overly pessimistic beliefs and invest significantly less in an unrelated ambiguous investment option. However, similar investment patterns cannot be observed for an unrelated risky investment option, where expectations are fixed. The proposed mechanism presents an alternative explanation for time-varying risk-taking and provides new implications for both theory and policy makers.


The goal of this article is to outline the utility of both language and non-language testing in making a diagnosis of logopenic, nonfluent/agrammatic, and semantic variant primary progressive aphas...


PURPOSE:To observe and investigate the facial profiles and functional recovery in patients with CAD/CAM obturator prosthesis after total maxillectomy for malignant tumor. METHODS:Eighteen patients with T3-4a N0M0 maxillary malignant neoplasm were treated by total maxillectomy and immediate CAD/CAM obturator prostheses repair. The patients were followed up and underwent examinations at 1-,3- and 6-month after surgery. The facial features, pronunciation clarity, deglutition and mastication were evaluated in the patients with and without CAD/CAM prosthesis simultaneously or permanently. SPSS13.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS:Postoperative follow-up showed that there were significant differences in pronunciation clarity (t=29.38, 136.24, respectively, P0.05), mid -facial region collapse (t =2.73, 4.74, 5.92, respectively, P 0.05), and eyeball sagging (t =8.20, 15.17, 14.74, respectively, P 0.05) between patients with and without CAD/CAM prosthesis. Swallowing ability was significantly improved from Class IV to Class II. The average score was 23 in the questionnaires regarding to chewing ability, indicating patients could chew hard and ordinary food. Thirteen patients wore the permanent prothesis at 6-month after surgery with clearer pronunciation (t =102.34, P 0.05). CONCLUSION:Repair of maxillofacial defect with immediate CAD/CAM prosthesis after maxillectomy can preserve the facial features and improve the quality of life. The postoperative maxillary space can be directly observed during follow-up. This treatment modality is one of the preferred options in patients with maxillary malignant tumor after total maxillectomy.


Polyurethane-acrylic composite emulsion was synthesized by swelling polymerization with aqueous polyurethane dispersion as seed, and acrylic as monomers. The obtained polyurethane-acrylic (PUA) composite emulsion were characterized by means of IR spectra, and the results showed that the obtained emulsion was hybrid emulsion of polyurethane and acrylic, which had smaller particle size and higher viscosity and was more suitable for the preparation of ink. The obtained water-based PUA emulsion and alkyd resins were used as ink binder. The obtained water-based ink had good water resistance, color density, gloss and friction fastness.


Action research has been described as "designing the plane while flying it" (Herr & Anderson, 2005, p. 69). A black box documented the researcher's decisions while facilitating leadership development sessions with teacher leaders. Ten process folio steps informed the study through six iterations. Planning steps included a design frame, researcher's action research cycle, session agenda, facilitator's guide and researcher's checklist. Observation steps included videotape transcriptions and written participant and researcher reflections. Analytical steps included a logic model, session summary and cumulative themes. Secondary analysis across the data sets crystalized the research contributions. The black box effectively documented complex action research.


According to the principle of salt equilibrium in irrigation districts, the salt equilibrium of Weigan river irrigation district is analyzed with the perennial measured data. The factors affecting critical ratio of drainage to irrigation and the method determining critical ratio of drainage to irrigation are also discussed profoundly. The results show that: critical ratio of drainage to irrigation is related to the irrigation water volume, drainage water volume, salt content of irrigation water and drainage water and so on. The critical ratio of drainage to irrigation for Weigan river, Kuche county, Xinhe county, Shaya county are 9.4%, 15.1% 5.1%, 4.6%, respectively. If there is no special topography, the critical ratio of drainage to irrigation in oasis irrigation district in arid area is about 5%. It is necessary to maintain somewhat amount percolation to keep hydro-saline balance, when making irrigation schedule, implementing management of irrigation and drainage. Moreover, it is urgent to improve the drainage system in order to operate the irrigation system under the condition where actual ratio is larger than critical ratio of drainage to irrigation.


Government cotton classing offices and gins with state-of-the-art process-control systems conduct automated
cotton-color measurements. Calibration of the color instrumentation involves the use of five colored ceramic tiles as
references for input to a multiple-linear-regression model. In this study, two commercial color-measurement instruments
recorded color values of a set of 18 colored ceramic tiles at various time intervals. The effects of calibrating with fewer of
the calibration tiles, of using a simpler calibration algorithm, and of temperature fluctuation, were determined regarding
instrument accuracy. Both methods of simplifying calibration (reducing the number of tiles and using a simple-linear
model) had the same effect: better accuracy in the brightness measurement (Rd) and lower accuracy in the yellowness
measurement (+b). Whereas +b is the more critical measurement, the multiple-linear model with four or five tiles is
superior overall. However, the difference is not so great as to render the simple-linear model with only two tiles
inadequate in a process-control system that demands greater simplicity. Temperature changes were found to be correlated
with changes in measured color values. The measured value of Rd trended downward with increasing temperature, but
there was no predictable trend in measured +b. Use of similar color instrumentation in a cotton gin would require some
method of compensation for temperature effects.


In this paper, we study two tightly coupled issues: space-crossing community detection and its influence on data forwarding in Mobile Social Networks (MSNs) by taking the hybrid underlying networks with infrastructure support into consideration. The hybrid underlying network is composed of large numbers of mobile users and a small portion of Access Points (APs). Because APs can facilitate the communication among long-distance nodes, the concept of physical proximity community can be extended to be one across the geographical space. In this work, we first investigate a space-crossing community detection method for MSNs. Based on the detection results, we design a novel data forwarding algorithm SAAS (Social Attraction and AP Spreading), and show how to exploit the space-crossing communities to improve the data forwarding efficiency. We evaluate our SAAS algorithm on real-life data from MIT Reality Mining and University of Illinois Movement (UIM). Results show that space-crossing community plays a positive role in data forwarding in MSNs in terms of delivery ratio and delay. Based on this new type of community, SAAS achieves a better performance than existing social community-based data forwarding algorithms in practice, including Bubble Rap and Nguyen's Routing algorithms.


Foreiqn investment undertaken in the capital of business enterprises, in the acquisition of properties, and in all other operations to which this law refers, shall be subject .to its provisions. ARTICLE 3. Foreigners who acquire properties of any kind in the Mexican Republic agree, because of such action, to consider themselves as Mexican nationals with regard to these properties and not to invoke the protection of their governments with respect to such properties, under penalty, in case of violation, of forfeiting to the Nation the properties thus acquired.


This study analyzed the effect of firm characteristics on the leverage of industrial companies in Nigeria for a 16 years period covering 2007-2022. This study specifically ascertained the effect of firm characteristics on the debt-to-equity of industrial companies. Panel data was used in the study, obtained from Nigerian Exchange Group Fact Books and related companies' annual financial reports of sampled industrial goods listed companies. Ex-Post Facto research design was employed and analyzed using a panel regression analysis. Variance inflation factor, Multicollinearity test and heteroskedasticity were applied to test the study's hypothesis. The result revealed that growth opportunities positively affect the leverage of industrial companies by 135.77%. The study recommends among other things that industrial companies strive to increase sales so as to enhance the profitability of firms which increases their liquidity level, increasing the equity of firms and monitor that leverage acquired is channeled into viable investments.


In Whitehead (1992), I proposed a one-step method of estimating recreational use values. I appreciate the opportunity to clarify several points made in the original paper and correct some mathematical errors. The criticisms raise three major issues that should be addressed: the theoretical construct of use value, diminishing marginal utility, and empirical specification. Before I address the criticisms I would like to emphasize that the one-step, recreation-participation method is not viewed as superior to the two-step, travel-cost method or any of its extensions. The method is a means of obtaining order of magnitude use-value estimates if the travel-cost method can not be implemented. To re-state one of the conclusions: "The one-step method is a useful, low-cost substitute for two-step travel cost models when research budgets are limited (Whitehead, 1992 p. 118)." This notion was underemphasized in the original paper.


A total of 299 specimens of the freshwater crab Geothelphusa dehaani, sampled from seven localities of Honshu and Shikoku, Japan, was examined in order to identify intraspecific local populations by the use of some indicators such as allele frequencies of isozymes, body color varia tions, amount of hairs, and external morphometric traits. As the results, it became clear that this crab is composed of different local populations gene tically isolated from each other. Differences in body color, amount of hairs and relative growth of several parts of the body made it possible to group these populations into two categories: one group with bluish coloration from Chiba and Kanagawa and another with brownish coloration from Iwate, Shizuoka, Osaka, and Kochi. Homozygote excess at isozyme locus, commonly observed throughout different populations, strongly suggests that this species is inbreeding under natural conditions.


The fluid observation data of the northern part of Shanxi before Zhangbei,Hebei,6.2 earthquake on Jan.10,1998 is analysed in this paper.The results indicate that precursor anomalies of the water level of the Zhenchuan well of Datong,the Niangzisheng well of Jingle and the water radon of the Qiyanquan of Dingxiang and Jichechang of Datong existed with different shapes before the quake.


The purpose of this study was to develop a spectator factor scale in the professional baseball league. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, a total of 700 questionnaires were distributed and 683(97.6%) questionnaires were collected through a convenience sampling method from three professional baseball stadiums in the Seoul metropolitan area. After excluding the responses with excessive amount of missing data, 654 questionnaires were included in this study. Several statistical analyses including a descriptive, an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and a Cronbach's alpha test were conducted using SPSS 12.0 and AMOS 6.0 to achieve the purpose of this study. There were 4 spectator factors extracted including the stadium facility, game, fan service, and cost factors. It is believed that the spectator factor scale developed in the current study is supposed to provide professional baseball marketers with a valid and trustworthy spectator factor scale studying spectator consumption decision in professional baseball.


The paper begins by claiming that Europe as we know it today was formed in the Middle Ages in the wake of intense migration. In this context the territory of Yugoslavia was specific, since only here did a new ethnocultural superstratum prevail over the Romanised substratum so as to form a distinct amalgam that for centuries did not belong either to the West or the East. Furthermore, the authors show that the concept of Europe and Europeanism developed due to migration and comparison with foreign cultures, yet that it gradually came to be confined to the western part of the continent. The authors continue on to examine the development of concrete forms of (West) European integration in the 20th century – especially the EEC – and then give a review of migration trends in post-war Europe and in the European Community. From this review it can be deduced that – despite the creation of a common EEC labour market – the proportion of "internal" migrants in the EEC fell, while the number and proportion of migrants from so called "third" countries increased. This process began in the economically expansive years before 1973, but has since continued due to reunions of migrant families in host countries, natural growth of migrant populations, clandestine migration and refugee flows. The largest absolute and relative increase was registered in regard to the Turkish migrant population, but also among other groups of migrants from Africa and Asia. On the other hand, the Yugoslav migrant population in the EEC fell and then stagnated since the mid-1970s, so that at present it numbers a little over 700,000. The authors, however, estimate that today – at a time of serious economic and socio-political crisis in the country – Yugoslavia's migration potential could amount to as much as two million people. At the end of the paper the authors present three possible scenarios for Yugoslav migration, which they base on an evaluation of the future position of Yugoslavia (and its socio-economic system) in the process of European integration.


The rapid development of the garment sector, along with its mobilization of women workers, has made it a popular issue of concern among policy makers, activists and scholars. This paper intends to investigate the work environment, both physical and social, of the women workers in the ready-made garment (RMG) sector in Bangladesh. To that end, it attempts to identify the problems faced by the women workers, to explore the underlying reasons and to recommend appropriate measures in meeting the challenges. The study surveyed 180 workers from 30 garment factories situated in different locations of Dhaka and Gazipur area to determine the key influential factors that significantly influence on livelihood and environmental perspective of female garments workers in Bangladesh. These workers were surveyed through convenience sampling method with structured questionnaire from June to July 2016. After collection of primary data, hypotheses were formulated and one sample T-test was used to test the hypotheses with 0.05 level of statistical significance. For assuming the characteristics of data, demographic analysis, descriptive analysis and interpretations were drawn on the basis of percentage frequency, calculated mean, standard deviation (SD). In addition, empirical analyses were depicted by coefficient of variation (CV). The recommendations were provided based on the research findings and analysis.


Objectives: Arthroscopic Bankart repair with Hill-Sachs remplissage (BHSR) is suggested to treat anterior shoulder instability when there is an engaging humeral lesion. The objective of this study was to report the long-term clinical and radiological results of this procedure. Methods: This is a retrospective monocentric study including patients who underwent surgery for anterior shoulder instability by BHSR, seen again within a minimum of 5 years. 70% of the 51 patients (mean age 26 years; 16 - 49; ± 8.453 years) practiced sports. The mean ISIS score was 3.306 (0 - 7; ± 1.798). At the last follow-up, active range of motion, Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV), and Walch-Duplay and Rowe scores were measured. A radiographic assessment enabled the evaluation of arthrosis according to Samilson's classification. Results: At a mean clinical follow-up of 86.8 months (60.0 - 123.9 ± 17.0 months), 83% of the patients had resumed sports activities. The mean Rowe, Walch-Duplay and SSV scores were 88.8 points (51-100; ± 12.4), 82.6 points (50 - 100; ± 16.4) and 87.9% (50 - 100, ± 8.5), respectively. 8 patients (15.6%) had a recurrence of dislocation or incomplete dislocation. In univariate analysis, patients who were stable at the last follow-up had a significant mean decrease in external rotation in adduction of 7° (p = 0.02) and in abduction of 6° RE2 (p = 0.006), a shallower Hill-Sachs (18% vs 25% of the humeral head diameter; p = 0.04), and were older (27 vs 19 years, p = 0.04). Radiographically, 84% of the patients had no osteoarthritis progression, while 13% had grade I osteoarthritis progression. Conclusion: BHSR allows resumption of sports activity in the majority of cases, with minor limitation of external rotation. However, the high failure rate in more than 5 years suggests that this procedure should be proposed with caution in case of a deep Hill-Sachs in young subjects.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the deformation and stability of rectangular tunnel excavated in the soft rock ground. In order to simulate the excavation of a rectangular tunnel below the underground water level, a series of the soil-water coupled finite element analyses using a strain softening type elasto-plastic constitutive model is carried out. The generally expected negative excess pore water pressure hardly occurs around the rectangular tunnel in the given soft rock ground due to the unloading by the excavation. The unstable behavior caused by the dissipation of the negative pore water pressure cannot be observed. Furthermore, it can be confirmed that the additional settlement of ground surface due to the drainage does not occur.


At present, high temperature profile control technology has become the key technology to improving recovery efficiency, management of steam channeling in thermal recovery. The particle of regular application is dosage big, poor injection and easy to cause the rigid block, Gel and foam profile control agent is poor stability, low intensity and short validity period. For the above problems, Developed a new type of high temperature resistance particle-gel complex profile control system through the theoretical analysis and the ratio optimization of indoor experiment and evaluate its performance. The formula of the system: 0.03%Coagulant + 2.2% cross-linking agent I + 1.8%cross-linking agent II + 6% modified high temperature resistance main agent + 0.7% new type inorganic particles + 0.5% suspending agent. At least 280 ℃ of heat-resistant, two-fluid process injection, injection performance is good, the plugging rate is more than 99.05%, scouring resistance and it has good thermal stability. This study provides a new direction for the thermal profile and theoretical basis for profile control construction. Key words : Thermal recovery; Steam channeling; Compound; Profile control agent; Two-fluid process


Anthroponomy and Toponimy are branches of Linguistics that seal with the study of the etymology of the names of persons or geographical places. This paper presents Romanian anthroponyms derived from the name of flowers, their etymological meaning, their multiple connotations, the symbol of colours and the metaphorical language of flowers in Ikebana. The source of statistical data was the Civil Registry of the Cluj-Napoca City House, Person Registration Department. The number of anthroponym and patronym occurrences underwent analysis for the 2005- 2013 period. At the beginning, "Floare (flower)" was a metaphor, but nowadays it has become the name of a person. The current research is therefore a linguistic study on the connections established between the names of flowers and Romanian anthoponims. Based on our research we reached the conclusion that the Romanian patronyms derived from names of flowers are significantly less numerous than the anthroponyms. The most frequent anthroponyms are: Crina, Camelia, Florina, Florin, Iris, Laura, Lăcrămioara and Veronica. Certain names like Florica, considered to be a peasant name, disappears little by little, being replaced by modern names. The conclusion we reached is that plants choose the person, while the significance of the name exerts a determining influence on the person carrying it.


What is the central question of this study? What is the impact of obesity‐independent hyperlipidaemia on skeletal muscle stem cell function of ApoE‐deficient (ApoE–/–) mice? What is the main finding and its importance? Compromised muscle stem cell function accounts for the impaired muscle regeneration in hyperlipidaemic ApoE–/– mice. Importantly, impaired muscle regeneration is normalised by administration of platelet releasate.


Nondenaturing or "native" electrophoresis—i.e., electrophoresis in the absence of denaturants such as detergents and urea—is an often‐overlooked technique for determining the native size, subunit structure, and optimal separation of a protein. Two protocols are presented in this unit: continuous PAGE, which is highly flexible, permitting cationic and anionic electrophoresis over a full range of pH, and discontinuous PAGE, which is limited to proteins negatively charged at neutral pH but provides high resolution for accurate size calibration.


The Interreg Va Pth4GR2ID project ("Power to Heat For the Greater Region' Renewables Integration and Development") focuses on the determination of an optimal solution at a technical, economic and ecological point of view for the use of heat pumps in Greater Region (Wallonia BE, Luxembourg LU, Grand-Est FR, Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland DE) as storage solution to absorb the part of local renewable electrical production that could not be injected into the grid (because of grid generation congestion risks). The decision to work with this kind of solution is justified because of the important part of total energy consumed in the residential sector for buildings heating. The present paper focuses on the flexibility potential evaluation of two residential buildings in order to evaluate their contribution to the electrical grid management in the Greater Region. The work is based upon simulations which are run with TRNSYS software. The capacity of buildings to deal with a heating system cut-off strategy during winter is assessed by means of comfort and energy performance indicators. The goal of this study is to assess in which way the selected buildings will respond to a heating cut-off (in case of grid congestion, the heat pumps will be switched off) and to analyse their "flexibility" as a function of design parameters series. The flexibility takes into account the comfort and the energy aspect of buildings performance. The first part of this paper presents the method used to select the reference buildings in Wallonia and the second part is dedicated to the evaluation their flexibility according to several heating management scenarios. This evaluation is realized by means of specific performance indicators which were developed the project.


Working positively with personality disorder in secure settings: A practitioner's perspective, edited by Phil Willmot and Neil Gordon, Chichester, John Wiley & Sons, 2011, 267 pp., £34.99 (paperbac...


It never fails to amaze me how many dentists have purchased "stuff" for their practice, only to have an important piece of "must-have" technology gathering dust several weeks (or months) later for lack of use. Even in this challenging economy technology purchases are still being made, although many dentists and teams appear much more cynical when it comes to silver bullet promises or fairy tale hopes for results.


The incidence and prevalence of chronic and diabetic wounds are increasing and clinical treatments to tackle these epidemics are still insufficient. In this study, we tested the ability of freeze‐dried platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) and an allogenic micronized acellular dermal matrix alone and in combination to modulate diabetic wound healing. Therapeutic materials were applied to 1.0 cm2 excisional wounds on genetically diabetic (db/db) mice. Wound‐healing kinetics and new tissue formation were studied at 9 and 21 days posttreatment. Quantitative immunohistochemistry was used to study vascularity and cellular proliferation (days 9 and 21), and collagen deposition was evaluated 21 days postwounding. In vitro, micronized allogenic dermis, when combined with PRP, absorbed nearly 50% of original platelet‐derived growth factor, transforming growth factor‐β, vascular endothelial growth factor, and epidermal growth factor from platelets and stimulated fibroblast proliferation. In vivo, micronized dermis increased the formation of vascularized wound tissue by day 9. Freeze‐dried PRP alone or in combination with micronized dermis increased wound tissue revascularization and proliferation compared with spontaneous healing. The increase in cell proliferation persisted until day 21 only when freeze‐dried PRP was used in combination with micronized dermis. These results indicate that micronized allogenic dermis may be used to provide a dermal matrix to stimulate tissue formation and the combination with PRP may confer additional beneficial growth factors to chronic or diabetic wounds.


Electric power distribution systems are often configured to operate radially and without islands. Radiance is important for the sake of improving system protection. Also, for legal reasons, distribution systems should not operate with islands. In this work, we present a procedure for generating radial configurations. In addition, the methodology proposed in this paper is able, through switches, to detect and remove configurations with islands. Tests were carried out in several systems and, after analysis, we can verify the efficiency and robustness of the proposed methodology even for large systems.


Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute febrile viral disease of sheep and goats characterized by mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharge, necrotizing and erosive stomatitis, enteritis and pneumonia. The disease is endemic in Pakistan and causes huge economic losses due to high rates of mortality and morbidity in infected sheep and goats. In the present study, 660 serum samples of sheep and goat were collected from 24 districts of Punjab Province of Pakistan. Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (cELISA) was used to detect the presence of antibodies in the serum against PPRV. Findings suggested that the sero-positive cases were significantly higher in sheep than in goats (51.29 versus 39.02%; P=0.002). The overall sero-prevalence of PPRV in small ruminants was 43.33%. Highest prevalence (35.71-100%) was observed in Southern districts, while no antibodies were found in serum from some of Northern and Eastern districts of the Punjab Province.


This case study describes an initiative to change a long-standing performance management process at a large manufacturing facility within General Mills that emphasized the attainment of objective performance measures (the "what" of performance) to one that also included the "how" of goal achievement. The organization embarked on a 3-year pilot evaluation of the use of 360 Feedback as a possible solution to replace or supplement their traditional single-source (supervisor) performance appraisal process. The two systems ran in parallel using 140 randomly selected employees. Results showed little correlation between the what measures of performance from the traditional appraisals and the how data collected using the 360 Feedback, supporting the view that job performance should be viewed as requiring both aspects of evaluation, using different methods of assessment. Ultimately, the organization maintained both systems but integrated 360 Feedback into the traditional appraisals as well, creating complementary processes that looked "forward" (development) and "past" (performance).


Voltammetry of microparticles using a paraffin-impregnated graphite electrode (VMP/PIGE) was applied as a very local and non-invasive analytical technique in order to investigate the presence of remains of metallic plating on two ferrous and one cuprous artefact from the medieval period. The analyses have been performed locally and selectively on regions presenting particular features, such as texture, cohesion and colour differences. The results confirm local differences in chemical composition, leading to conclusions about the presence of metallic plating on these artefacts.


Summer high temperature in Guangzhou is mainly caused by the dominance of the subtropical high and the peripheral subsidence airflow of typhoon systems.This paper uses a BDA(Bogus Data Assimilation) scheme to investigate the ability of the BDA scheme to improve the summer high temperature forecasting during the typhoon period.A high temperature event in Guangzhou in middle July 2005 is selected as a typical case of summer high temperature caused by both the subtropical high and typhoon(Haitang).We found from comparative analyses of the initial fields of a sensitivity experiment with and a control experiment without the BDA scheme that the scheme is able to adjust the location and intensity of the typhoon center and to make the model initial field more consistent with observations.It is also found that once better forecasts of typhoon track and its intensity change are obtained,the BDA scheme is able to improve the forecasts of summer high temperature and its distribution and the daily mean temperature of Guangzhou.Further,the mechanism leading to this difference is discussed.The strengthening of subsidence is the main reason that contributes to the improvement of temperature forecast.In the sensitivity experiment, the amount of moisture in the mid to lower troposphere above Guangzhou is reduced,and the air subsidence is strengthened. Therefore,the cloud amount in the sky is reduced and more shortwave radiation reaches the ground surface,which results in the rising of surface temperature.Consequently more sensible heat fluxes are transferred to the surface layer and the surface air temperature rises.It is concluded that using the BDA scheme is able to improve the summer high temperature forecast in Guangzhou during the period of typhoon Haitang.


Abstract The present study was undertaken to investigate whether the Nelson Denny Reading Test's time restrictions may bias the performances of marginal students. A total of 171 subjects including honors students, international students and students with low SAT scores participated in the study. Subjects were randomly assigned to either the regular time treatment group or the extended time treatment group. The results indicated that the standard Nelson‐Denny scores alone may provide biased measures of reading ability. The authors recommend that test makers develop extended time norms.


The main objective of the aviation safety principle is to ensure the safety of international civil aviation against any illegal interference. This means ensuring that all aviation operations within airports, especially international ones, are a safe environment for its passengers, passengers, luggage, goods, ground personnel, Freight forwarding companies.
The international civil aviation bodies emphasize that the standards and requirements to be observed must be applied to all airports, airlines and all agencies involved in civil aviation operations to ensure this objective. Therefore, the international community regularly reviews compliance with these standards and ensures that quality control regulations.


The purpose of this paper is to put on the scale of history the recommendations of what is commonly, though unofficially, referred to as the Ashby Commission and to weigh the importance of the Commission in the light of educational developments in Nigeria since September 1960 when the Commission submitted its report to the Nigerian Government. The end of 1971 made proposals in the report more than ten years old; and it is perhaps time for the historian to hazard an evaluation. An initial problem is how to ascertain the specific role which the Commission's recommendations have played or failed to play in the developments which have taken place in Nigeria's educational scene within the last decade. Obviously it cannot be argued that the Commission's recommendations were the only determinants for the features of Nigeria's educational growth since the past ten years even when such features bear resemblances to the recommendations. The very fact that the report of the Commission was accepted and acted upon by the Nigerian Government is evidence enough that ideas contained in it were shared in Nigeria at that time by a larger number of people than the nine members on the Commission. That a considerable number of the proposals in the report have been adopted as part of the basis for educational planning in the country, in my thinking, owes more to this popularity than to any assumption of extraordinary wisdom on the part of the Ashby Commissioners, whose recommendations have in certain respects been anticipated by actual developments.


A field experiment was conducted in a phosphorus (P)–deficient acidic Alfisol in northwestern Himalayas to study the effect of three vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) cultures [VAML, local VAM culture (Glomus mosseae) developed by CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, India; VAMT, VAM culture (Glomus intraradices) developed by Centre for Mycorrhizal Research, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi, India; and VAMI, VAM culture (Glomus mosseae) developed by Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India] on growth, productivity, and nutrient dynamics in rainfed soybean. Plant height, aboveground dry matter, root dry matter, total dry matter, root length, root weight density, Rhizobium root nodule count, root colonization, yield attributes, yield, and nutrient uptake of soybean increased consistently and significantly with increase in inorganic P levels from 25 to 75% of recommended P2O5 dose based on targeted yield precision model coupled with various VAM cultures. VAMT (Glomus intraradices) at each P level showed its superiority over VAMI and VAML. Sole application of any of the three VAM cultures produced similar growth and development parameters as well as grain yield (18.68 to 19.08 q ha−1) as produced through farmers' practice (nitrogen at 20 kg ha−1), indicating that VAM has a vital role in root morphology and nutrient dynamics in a soil–plant system, though significantly greater productivity was obtained with 100% of the recommended P2O5 dose based on soil-test crop response (STCR) precision model without VAM inoculation. Targeted grain yield of soybean (25 q ha−1) was achievable with 75% of the recommended P2O5 dose applied with any of the three VAM fungi cultures without impairing soil fertility, thereby indicating that VAM fungi can save about 25% P fertilizer in soybean in P-deficient acidic Alfisols of northwestern Himalayas.


Automata theory is an important branch of theoretical computer science. ω-automaton is an important part of automata theory. The judgment standard for the equivalence of two automata is the equivalence of their acceptance language. Acceptance conditions for automata are expressed with state set. This paper tries to use path to express acceptance conditions for ω-automaton that is convenient for judging the automatons equivalence property and transforming between different types of automata. With the help of Path ω-automaton, Muller automaton is transformed into Büchi automaton. Compared with the existing algorithm, the state scale of Büchi automaton has been reduced and the problem of state space explosion has been relieved. The research findings in this paper contribute to enrich the existing ω-automaton theory and provide a new idea for ω-automaton theory and application research.


ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to study the environmental protection activities of states in atmospheric air protection. An emphasis is placed on the fact that this vital component of the human environment is still insufficiently protected from the negative influences on methodological and legal level. An important conclusion was also made that the quality of atmospheric air directly affects the state of transboundary pollution over long distances, climate change, and the ozone layer of the Earth. The authors focus on the need for proper and well-thought-out organization of legal protection of the atmospheric air by states.


In order to learn about the opportunities and challenges involved in implementing integrated black currant production in Poland, a structured questionnaire was designed to assess the current state of black currant production. The questionnaire was submitted to randomly selected growers in black currant producing regions of the country. The questionnaire was designed to collect the following information: (a) general characteristics of farms and producers; (b) the extent of black currant cultivation and its frequency distribution between farms; (c) knowledge of proper management and production practices, with special attention to Good Plant Protection Practices. Pests, diseases and other factors, which reduce yield and fruit quality, were also identified. Recent European Union laws, decrees and funding pertaining to IFP training and certification should promote ecologically friendly black currant production in Poland. This study should serve as a reference point for the future evaluation of nationwide IFP training starting in 2005.


This report provides a brief overview of mobile agents at its current state. Definition of mobile agents, their potential applications, current issues and challenges, the current state of the art and future directions will be discussed. 1. Definition of Mobile Agent Succinctly put, mobile agents are software programs that move between computers, while autonomously trying to fulfill some specific goals given by users. Broadly speaking, agents are different from other applications in that they are goal-oriented: they represent users and act on their behalf to achieve some set goals in an autonomous manner i.e. they control themselves, as in the decision where and when they will move to the next computer for example. Mobile agents are different from mobile processes (such as Java applets) in that agents carry both their code, their current state (i.e. data), and possibly even their current control threads so they can resume their current process at the next host. A mobile agent system consists of the agents themselves, and "docking stations" on the hosting computers that accept the agents. 2. Applications of Mobile Agent Advocates have long proposed mobile agents for electronic commerce, software distribution, information retrieval, system administration and network management. The main benefits of mobile agents are: 2.1 Performance Benefits Since mobile agents can move from place to place, they can improve performance by locality of preference: Running a process locally on a machine is much faster than making remote calls; therefore, it makes sense to ship the process to the machine (i.e. mobile agent.) In particular, locality of preference can greatly benefit: • Low-resource clients. Some clients (such as PDA, cell phones, etc) do not have a lot of computing resources. It then makes sense to ship agents to machines with rich resources to perform resource-intensive routines, and then the agents return to the devices with the results only, saving precious client resources. This can greatly benefit pervasive computing, since in pervasive computing many devices are expected to be small and do not have a lot of resources. • Disconnected clients. Some clients such as lab tops, mobile devices are not always connected to the network. Hence, it may be a good idea to ship agents to some machines to perform some works, and then when the devices reconnect to the network, they can retrieve the results from the agents. • Low-bandwidth network. Client-server applications may require continuous messages passing. In low-bandwidth network such as cell-phone network, this can create significant strains to the network. It might be better to ship agents to some servers to perform the computations and then retrieve the results. This is particular true in information-retrieval applications. Instead of creating a permanent link between servers and clients to continuously monitor the searchengine servers for new information, which creates a lot of traffic back and fro, they can attach the agents to the servers, and when new information is available, the agents will notify the clients, saving bandwidth. Note that agents carry data with them, so while they save continuous bandwidth, they may require large busts of bandwidth when travelling from clients to servers and back. • Move computation closer to resources. Some servers have special resources/capabilities, and by moving the computation closer to those resources, we can improve the performance. Two examples have been mentioned in research papers. One is an example of a NASA server of 5 tera-bytes of space data. Browsing through this data remotely is clearly not as efficient as attaching an agent to the server and let the agent performs the searching locally. Another example is a specialized graphics server. Mobile agents can be used to ship the jobs to the server to perform the rendering and then send the end result back. • Network latency. In case where there is a great network latency, traditional client-server conversations will take a long time to complete. Hence, it is desirable to save the latency by sending agents to remote servers to perform the computations and save the network trips. • Fault tolerance. Since mobile agents do not require continuous network connections, they are not susceptible to network unavailability. • Fault isolation. Faults at one server are isolated to the server, and do not affect a mobile agent application on a whole. • Scalability. A mobile agent system can be easily scalable by adding additional servers. 2.2 Flexibility benefits Some proponents of mobile agents have advocated the notion of server extensibility. The basic idea is servers will be equipped with basic operations, and the agents will contain more complicated code, and complete applications will be realized when the agents "dock" at the servers. This is also called server customization. The gained benefit is the server simplicity will help reduce maintenance (including software upgrades) costs. Along this line of argument, the following areas of mobile agent applications are proposed: • Software management. In complex software upgrades, the upgrade might require extensive rules and computation (along with the "normal" package of new files). Such upgrades can be accomplished through mobile agents. • Network management. In a network with many nodes, maintenance can be achieved by sending mobile agents around the network to perform the work. This is particularly useful for the Internet, for example, where the actual nodes might not be known. 2.3 A Unified Framework At this point, some keen readers have perhaps noticed that all the potential aforementioned applications can be done without mobile agents. Mobile-agent advocates have, however, argued that mobile agents will provide a unified framework to do so, rather than each application uses its own techniques (Milojicic-2). Other proponents also argue that although individual benefits can be achieved with traditional client-server system, mobile agents uniquely offer the aggregate benefits (i.e. the "sum" of all the individual benefits) that are difficult to match for a traditional client-server system (Harrison). 3. Issues and Challenges 3.1 Non-technical issues • "Solution in search of a problem". As mentioned in 2.3, all the individual benefits of mobile agents can be realized with proven existing client-server technology. It is hence difficult to push mobile agents to wide deployment in businesses. Many (not all, however) researchers have gone so far as stating that mobile agents need a "killer application" to become mainstream technology. • Lack of applications. Related to the "solution in search of a problem", there are not many mobile agents applications today. Mobile agents researchers tend to focus on the framework (i.e. how to make the code move, etc.) and not on the actual applications. • Revenue and image. Current Internet service providers (e.g. Yahoo, Google, etc.) make money through advertise charges. However, agents obviously do not "watch" banner ads. Hence, there is little incentive for those service providers to adapt mobile-agent frameworks. Framework is thus needed to allow service providers and users agree on some service charges. This is not simple like ewallet, since it is hard for the agent to decide whether the service it receives warrants the cost (e.g. the users won't know that the search engine returns the correct matches). Another problem is business image. With mobile agent computing, the agents work behind users' back. When a problem happens, it is hard to know what actually caused the failure. Naturally, most users will blame the service providers where it might not be their faults. For example, we often blame the web sites themselves when we cannot reach their web sites. However, this might not be their fault, but the faults of some network routers. 3.2 Technical challenges • Security: the biggest technical challenge for mobile agent system is security. There are many components in security: o Authentication for both agents and hosts. o Authorization for both agents and hosts. o Denial of service attack: it is harder to prevent then denial-of-service attacks in traditional networks, since with mobile agents, the agents can be programmed to use up all the resources of the host, and it would be very hard to tell if that is an attack or if it is a legitimate computation. o Repudiation: since servers deal with a "representation" of users, the service providers might have problems proving that the transactions actually take place: users can deny that they have never "ordered" the agents to perform the transactions in first place. o Copy and repay: servers can make a copy of an agent, and rerun the agents, and charge the users for multiple runs. The servers can also copy the agents and effectively "steal" them. o Resource allocation: the servers have to limit the type of resources and/or the amount of resources that an agent is able to access (according to security credentials, and/or to the payment amount). However, once loading a process into the machine, it is not easy to control what resources the process can access or how much of the resources can be used. o Host protection: agents can be virus, and yet they need to access resources such as database to carry out their tasks. Hence it is important to protect the servers while still allowing the agents to run (i.e. concepts such as Java "sandbox" will not work). o Agent protection: we not only need to protect the servers, but we also need to protect the agents from being modified by the servers! • Versioning: Distributed systems have to worry about versioning of individual components to ensure that all the components work with each other. However, there has been little research in this area with mobile agents. • Standardizations. Many mobile-agent frameworks exist today; however, they do not interoperate with each other. Yet, in order to make mobile agents wi


This article highlights an approach based on authentic data, by focusing on recent research related to collection, processing and analysis of a large French text-message corpus, enti- tled 88milSMS (http://88milsms.huma-num. fr/, Panckhurst, Detrie, Lopez, Moise, Roche, Verine, 2014), including a sociolinguistic questionnaire submitted to donors (with their answers). The authors, using a pluridisci- plinary approach (linguistics/language sci- ences, computer science, Natural Language Processing), explain why they chose to give the scienti c community and the general pub- lic access to the SMS corpus.


Data from Thai, Japanese and English in the metonymic/metaphoric uses of heart (cf. Gibbs, 1994; Johnson, 1987; Lakoff, 1987; Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) as well as "head" and "belly/stomach" are analyzed for underlying conceptual metaphoric patterns and their expression of various aspects of interpersonal relationships, emotions, and modes of rationality in the Thai, Japanese and English languages. This cross-cultural study reveals significant conceptual differences about the culturally specific communicative goals represented in "heart" expressions in these three languages. In Thai there is a particularly rich vocabulary centered on jai (heart). The Thai data reveal a monistic cultural construct in which the emotive aspects of relationships are conjoined with senses of rational discourse. Japanese data similarly tends to fuse the mode of rational discourse with the emotive but primarily uses hara (belly) expressions in doing so. English in contrast maintains a sharp dichotomy between rationalities (head/mind) and emotions (heart), reflecting the dualism of Western cultural tradition. This study focuses on how the functional use of the "heart" and related expressions reveal cultural constructs of communication style through an analysis of the underlying conceptual metaphors.


Affected by traditional teaching mode,there are a lot of problems in college English extensive reading course teaching.The article analyzes the problems and puts forward corresponding countermeasures:teachers should make clear teaching purposes and stimulate students' interest;make full use of multimedia teaching methods;add interactive content in class;extensive use of a variety of reading material.


Abstract The technological advantages of ultrasonic welding: (no requirement for filler metal; use of small electrical transient resistance contacts; ability to weld thin materials to thick materials) results in a helium-solid weld seam; the computer configuration of the welding parameters can easily be solved; clean and safe workflow (no sparks, flame or smoke); can be integrated into the production line. This article deals with some of the additional application features of this welding process.


The Anthropology of education is a cross-disciplinary study for anthropology and education.China's researches on anthropology of education began with the study of the education of ethnic minorities in the early 1980s.It has made fruitful research results.Based on the analysis of China's researches on anthropology of education in the past three decades,the paper combs the status quo of China's researches on anthropology of education,and reflects the discipline setting,teaching and academic research.For the progress of localization in China's anthropology of educational studies,the research paradigm and methods must be broken through the barriers of traditional reseach mode of the education of national minority.Following the norms of research and teaching is a future trend.


Although a positive relation between dietary intake and milk secretion of vitamin C has been generally reported and confirmed by studies in this laboratory (Deodhar & Ramakrishnan), the data of these studies suggested a gross discrepancy between dietary intake and milk secretion of the vitamin in lactating women as pointed out in a later communication [S]. To elaborate, subjects ingesting less than 10 mg of vitamin C per day on the basis of analysis of whole day diets were found to secrete 15-30 mg of the vitamin in milk. Further, longitudinal studies on vitamin levels of milk in poor class Indian women showed that the subjects were able t o maintain milk levels of ascorbic acid a t 2.4 mg per 100 ml with yield a t 500-600 ml per day for well over a period of eight months. The unexpected and baffling nature of these findings prompted further investigation. We argued that if the excess secretion in milk is a result of tissue depletion, we should expect progressively decreasing serum levels of ascorbic acid and the manifestation of ascorbic symptoms with the progress of lactation. We therefore decided to investigate dietary intake, milk secretion, urinary excretion and serum level of the vitamin in three groups of subjects of comparable economic status at different stages of lactation. 25* 652878 Subjects


A corrosion inhibitor,JSA-05 was prepared by organic synthetic method,and the corrosion behavior of N80 steel in the alkaline completion fluid used in Wenchang Oilfield was studied.By using static weight-loss method,the inhibition performance of the inhibitor JSA-05 and other two inhibitors was compared at different temperatures and pH values.The result shows that the performance of inhibitor JSA-05 is stable and effective,and it also has good ability to resist temperature and salt.JSA-05 can inhibit the corrosion of N80 steel in alkaline completion fluid.When the concentration is up to 200mg/L,the corrosion rate of N80 steel can be controlled bellow 0.0760mm/a,and the inhibition efficiency is above 80%.Thus the inhibitor can meet the needs of anti-corrosion in Wenchang Oilfield.


We have mapped the [C II] 158 μm line and observed several rotational lines of CO, 13 CO and CS toward selected positions in the Horsehead extinction region in IC 434. The observations show that the region has a gas density of about 10 4 cm −3 and an external UV flux 20-100 times the average interstellar UV field. Although this is a regime where the C + emission varies rapidly with UV intensity, fine-structure line emission from gas with this range of physical conditions has not been investigated previously. Comparisons of our results with models of photodissociation regions show that existing plane-parallel photodissociation region models are in general agreement with the observed intensity


A minimax formula for the principal eigenvalue of a nonselfadjoint Dirichlet problem was established in (8, 18). In this paper we generalize this formula to the case where an indefinite weight is present. Our proof requires less regularity and, unlike that in (8, 18), does not rely on semigroups theory nor on stochastic dierential equations. It makes use of weighted Sobolev spaces. An application is given to the study of the uniformity of the antimaximum principle.


ABSTRACT Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been used to propose solutions and develop better quality products that can be applied to areas such as electronics, materials, chemistry, physics and power generation. However, the tendency of CNTs to agglomerate due to their nanometer size and low interaction with other molecules caused by their structural stability has been problematic. For this reason, the present work presents surface modification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) through heating at reflux using 1,4-diaminobutane dihydrochloride. The modification of MWCNT was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Termogravimetry (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The most significant change on MWCNTs was obtained after a 24-hour treatment with a maximum percentage of nitrogen content of 2.72%.


Although full-field digital mammography (FFDM) systems are currently being used to acquire mammograms in digital format, the digital displays being used to display these images are less than ideal compared to traditional film-screen display. The resolution of softcopy displays is less than film and certain properties of the softcopy displays themselves (e.g., MTF) are less than optimal compared to film. We developed methods to compensate for some of these softcopy display efficiencies, based on careful physical characterization of the displays and image processing software to correct the deficiencies. An observer study was done to test the effectiveness of these techniques. A series of FFDM images acquired from different manufacturer devices was shown to six radiologists. Images were displayed at reduced resolution but they could be magnified to show full size. A window could be activated that 1) brought the image detail within the window to full resolution, 2) autoranged the displayed gray levels, and 3) corrected for the non-isotropic MTF of the CRT display. This study examined the way the observers utilized the viewing tools and their overall performance.


The present of research and application on crumb rubber modified asphalt at home and abroad was introduced.The characteristic,mechanism,preparation method of the crumb rubber modified asphalt were analyzed.It was pointed out that the application of crumb rubber in asphalt modification could not only improve the performances of bitumen and reduce the cost of production,but also promoted the reuse of used rubber and decrease environment pollution as well.So it was of great value in environmental protection and economic benefit.


A documentary film exploring how community planning partners from two What Works Scotland case sites learnt about implementing participatory budgeting on a study trip to Paris, a European leader in mainstreaming PB.


Understanding students' participation in collaborative classroom settings is important in a variety of educational contexts, with implications for teaching, research, and equity. Using data from a group-centered developmental mathematics class, this research brief illustrates novel quantitative representations of students' group participation and their instructor's classroom activity. Presenting an overview of classroom activities based on audio data, the diagrams show a variety of patterns, including each group's progression through assigned tasks, some students' exclusion from discussions of those tasks, and the teacher's patterns of interaction with groups. The representations provide new ways that researchers might approach and present multilayered classroom data.


The relations between Church and State in nineteenth-century Chile remained relatively calm when compared with the tumultuous events occurring in Mexico during the same era. While the question of the role of the Church in a secular society divided both nations, it was resolved in Chile without violence or bloodshed. Although President Manuel Montt's assertion of civil authority in the 'affair of the sacristan' in 1856 angered the clerical hierarchy, there was little that could be done by a church of less wealth, power and influence than in Mexico. Yet, the slow erosion of colonial fueros was not accepted without clerical resistance, which delayed the constitutional reforms limiting the Church's powers in Chile until the 1880s.


The present invention relates to impact modifier, the impact modifier is isocyanate-terminated polymer, and its isocyanate groups with sealer by reacting and by partly or completely totally-enclosed, wherein isocyanate-terminated polymer is the reaction product of following material:A) one or more polyalcohols, it includes the polytetramethylene ether diol of at least 95 weight % shares of the gross weight meter based on polyalcohol, and b) two or more polyisocyanates, it includes at least one diisocyanate and at least one average isocyanate functionality is 2.5 or bigger polyisocyanates, and the isocyanate groups and average isocyanate functionality of one or more of which diisocyanate are the molar ratio of the isocyanate groups of 2.5 or bigger one or more polyisocyanates in the range of 2 to 1 to 20 to 1.The impact modifier is especially suitable for single component epoxy preparation (particularly single component epoxy adhesive) and bicomponent epoxy resin preparation.Extraordinary low temperature impact performance can be realized by the impact modifier.


The effect of applied axial and radial thermal gradients and an axial static magnetic field on the macrosegregation profiles of Bridgman-grown GeSi alloy crystals has been assessed. The axial thermal gradients were adjusted by changing the control setpoints of a seven-zone vertical Bridgman furnace. The radial thermal gradients were affected by growing samples in ampoules with different thermal conductivities, namely graphite, hot-pressed boron nitride (BN), and pyrolytic boron nitride (PBN). Axial macrosegregation profiles of these samples fell between the predictions for a completely mixed melt and one where solute transport is dominated by diffusion. All of the samples were grown on Ge seeds. This resulted in a period of free grown until the Si concentration in the solid was in equilibrium with the Si concentration in the liquid. The length of crystal gown during this period was inversely proportional to the applied axial thermal gradient. Several samples were grown in an axial 5 Tesla magnetic field. Measured macroscopic segregation profiles on these samples indicate that the magnetic field did not, in general, reduce the melt flow velocities to below the growth velocities.