The principle function of the "short external rotator" muscle group is primarily as an abductor and extensor of the flexed hip and is better referred to as the "Quadriceps Coxa" (QC). The QC has a profound influenced on weight bearing rising and propulsive motions. The SPAIRE technique preserves Obturator Internus (OI) and Piriformis (P) resulting in improved stability of the hip and potentially improved recovery and function in patients undergoing hip arthroplasty. Short term outcomes of the first 42 consecutive SPAIRE cases are compared with 86 consecutive cases using the traditional posterior approach that immediately preceded introduction of the technique. The purpose was to document the learning curve and confirm the safety of introducing SPAIRE into routine clinical practice. The two groups were comparable and there was no statistically significant difference in length of stay, blood loss, intra-or post-operative complications nor radiological measurements relating to the femoral or acetabular compo...


The Rice University Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Sciences' Robotics Group designed and built an eight degree of freedom redundant manipulator. Fuzzy logic was proposed as a control scheme for tasks not directly controlled by a human operator. In preliminary work, fuzzy logic control was implemented for a camera tracking system and a six degree of freedom manipulator. Both preliminary systems use real time vision data as input to fuzzy controllers. Related projects include integration of tactile sensing and fuzzy control of a redundant snake-like arm that is under construction.


A purified rabbit IgG (antivenom) has been isolated from rabbits immunized with male Atrax robustus venom. This preparation has been shown to neutralize in vitro, male venom in a ratio of 97 μg of IgG to 1 μg of male venom. The venoms of a number of other members of the Atrax genus are also neutralized in vitro by this antivenom. Of particular importance is the fact that the venom of the extremely dangerous female. formidabilis is neutralized. A serum harvest of 55 mL from an immunized rabbit yielded a total of 1.1869 g of immune IgG using the Protein A‐Sepharose procedure. This quantity is sufficient antivenom to neutralize in vitro the average yield of 67 spiders. These findings suggest the preparation of an antivenom for human use is now feasible. The antivenom was shown to effectively neutralize venom in monkeys either when it was premixed with the venom before injection or when it was injected separately 10 minutes after injection of venom. This is the first time in‐vitro and in‐vivo neutralization of this venom has been demonstrated in the monkey. In other studies, a range of non‐immunized animal sera was shown to have no inherent ability to neutralize male A. robustus venom in vitro.


Through the comparing and analyzing the scanned pictures of electrical imaging and core,the texture and structure of igneous rock can be identified.There are 6 kinds of identified igneous rock texture and structure.And then combining with conventional well logging data,the fine division of reservoir lithology of igneous rock can be realized. With the help of the data of electrical imaging logging,reservoir fractures and pores can be recognized,and at the same time the quantitative calculation of fracture parameters can be done,so more and even accurate reservoir information can be provided for well logging interpretation and in the end the level and coincidence of logging interpretation can be enhanced greatly.


Background: The rate of onset for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is rising worldwide—most significantly in the pediatric population. The pathogenesis of the disease involves a complicated interaction between the environment and genetics. Recent findings suggest that there is a broad range of rare, single-gene mutations that correlate with the IBD phenotype in children. Some of these single-gene defects can disrupt the epithelial barrier, which alters intestinal immune homeostasis. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Kinase Substrate 8 (EPS8) is crucial for the stabilization of F-actin by capping and bundling the barbed end. Previous literature shows that loss of expression of EPS8 disrupts the polymerization of F-actin in intestinal microvilli resulting in shortened brush borders. We identified a pediatric IBD patient with a homozygous missense EPS8 mutation(c.2099C>T, I700T) in the actin-binding domain. The patient presented with pancolitis, colonic strictures and other IBD-like symptoms at 6 weeks of age. Currently, the functional role of EPS8 in the pathogenesis of very early-onset IBD remains elusive. Aims: Ultimately, we want to clarify how the mutation of EPS8 might contribute to the onset of pediatric IBD. Methods: rare, damaging mutation in EPS8 identified a very early-onset IBD patient-derived colon using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). EPS8 expression was measured using western blot. An F-actin polymerization assay was performed comparing purified WT and mutant EPS8 protein to assess the rate of polymerization from monomeric G-actin to F-actin. Results: IF microscopy of the colonic sections revealed lower co-localization of EPS8 and actin on the apical surfaces, compared to IBD and normal controls. Closer examination of the cell structure using TEM showed disruption of the microvilli in the EPS8 mutant, but not in IBD or normal controls. Western blots showed no differences in protein expression between wildtype and mutant EPS8 in HEK293T cells. F-actin polymerization assay revealed differences in the rate of G-actin to F-actin polymerization between wildtype and mutant EPS8. Conclusions: The patient with EPS8 mutation had microvilli disorganization. EPS8 localized differently in the patient colon tissues compared to normal and IBD control samples. The EPS8 mutation may affect F-actin polymerization, which may lead to disruption of the microvilli.


Details of the deposition and diffusion processes of soil dumped into water, such as the propagation of the water-surface wave, the behavior of the circulating flow cell and the complicated shape of the flow-sediment interface, are simulated by the Lagrangian gridless simulation of solid-liquid two-phase flow. All of the complicated characteristics of the deposition and diffusion processes of soil are reproduced well, at least qualitatively. The existence of twin peaks in the time series of the sediment concentration, which was difficult to be simulated by the ordinary Eulerian models, is clearly reproduced by the present model. Introduction The large-scale artificial islands are often reclaimed by dumping a large volume of soil from the split-hull barges with taking the efficiency of construction into account. The previous experimental and numerical approaches for the prediction of the deposition configuration of soil treated mainly a rubble stone and a coarse sediment (Oda et al., 1991; Matsumi and Kimura, 1992; Oda and Shigematsu, 1994). While the reduction of the turbidity caused by a fine sediment in dumped soil recently becomes to be significant from the viewpoint of the prevention of the coastal environment including ecosystem. Jiang et al.(1997) conducted experiment of the settling-dispersion process of fine sediment dumped into water, and compaired their experimental results with the 1 Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. 2 Professor, ISVA, Technical University of Denmark. 3906 COASTAL ENGINEERING 2000 3907 Fig. 1 Settling-dispersion process of sediment Eulerian numerical model. Although a general feature of the settling-dispersion process was simulated by their numerial model, some details, such as existence of twin peaks in the time series of the sediment concentration was not reproduced. The deposition and diffusion processes of soil dumped into water is a quite complicated phenomenon, hence there is no previous model capable to predict its full characteristics schematically shown in Fig. 1, such as the propagation of the water-surface wave, the behavior of the circulating flow cell and the complicated shape of the flow-sediment interface. The key of this phenomenon is how to track the solid-liquid interface and the liquid-gas interface, or a water surface. In this study, the newest gridless Lagrangian model of solid-liquid two-phase flow, which is free from numerical diffusion due to the advection terms in the momentum equation, is applied to reproduce all of the complicated characteristics mentioned above. Governing Equations of Solid-Liquid Two-Phase Flow In this study, the solid phase is constituted by a fine sediment, then the two-fluid model can be applied to describe a two-phase flow. The governing equations of solidand liquid-phases are the equations of continuity and the momentum equations as follows:


Headache is a common disease of the general population. But the main problem in any study of headache has been that of defining the disease entities. In 1988, the Headache Classification committee of the International Headache Society introduced operational diagnostic criteria for all headache disorders into 13 major group; migraine, tension-type headache, cluster headache and chronic paroxysmal hemicrania etc. Sjaastad was the first to describe "cervicogenic headache", one of various head pain syndromes that probably originate in the cervical spine. Between March 1995 and June 1995, we studied 78 out-patients of the Department of Neuro pain clinic, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje university. We divided the patients into three study group: Fifty-three patients with tension-type headache, 13 with cervicogenic headache, and 12 with migraine headache. The reponse of trigger point injection and -ganglion block in patients was investigated. We paid particular attention to the response of trigger point injection in patients of the three group. The effect of trigger point injection was more marked in tension-type headache group than in the other categories. The pain reduction after -ganglion block was more marked in cervicogenic headache group than in the others.


A short-term field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of plant cover removal on temporal trends of species richness and abundance of the macrobenthic community in a subtropical salt marsh in Paranaguá Bay (southeastern Brazil). Plant cover was removed to test the hypothesis that habitat complexity plays an important role in structuring infaunal and epifaunal assemblages. Habitat complexity for the macrofauna assemblages, above and below the sediment surface, was greatly influenced by Spartina alterniflora Loisel, 1807 leaves, culms, roots, and rhizomes. The response of infaunal or epifaunal species depended on their ability to discriminate between vegetated or unvegetated habitats. Habitat specialists from the epifauna —forms closely associated with plant structures, such as the gastropod Neritina virginea (Linnaeus, 1758), the isopod Sphaeromopsis mourei (Loyola and Silva, 1960), and an unidentified gammarid species— were clearly affected by plant removal, whereas the habitat generalist epifaunal Kalliapseudes schubarti MañéGarzon, 1969 (Tanaidacea) did not respond to it. Relative abundances of habitat specialist infauna, such as the polychaetes Isolda pulchella Müller, 1858 and Nereis oligohalina Rioja, 1946, and habitat generalist infauna, such as the polychaetes Laeonereis acuta Treadwell, 1923 and Capitella sp., did not change significantly after plant removal. Abundance of local macrobenthic species was significantly correlated to rainfall and tended to be reduced after intense freshwater inputs in the summer. Changes in local macrobenthic associations were the result of interactive effects of plant biomass and sediment changes on small spatial scales, and physical impacts of summer freshwater runoff on large spatial scales. Habitat complexity regulates plant and animal communities at different spatial and temporal scales. Plant cover is one of the main sources of spatial heterogeneity in tropical and subtropical tidal flats, since the distribution, density, and architecture of mangrove and saltmarsh plants can heavily influence the abundance and diversity of benthic invertebrates (Costa and Davis, 1992; Lana et al., 1997). Both grasses and shrubs from salt marshes or trees from mangrove stands are presumed to stabilize sediments and to provide food and shelter from predators for the benthic fauna (Micheli, 1996; Sardá et al., 1998; Schrijvers et al., 1998). Conversely, unvegetated tidal flats are presumed to sustain less diversified and abundant macrobenthic associations. However, even those apparently homogeneous intertidal areas are full of biogenic structures and microtopographical features, which can introduce spatial heterogeneity (Levin et al., 1998; Blanchard and Bourget, 1999). Wetlands are a source of coastal protection and are frequently advocated for practical environmental restoration. The potential value of salt marshes for conservation is generally recognized, at least in terms of the diversity of plants and animals associated with them (Boorman, 1999). However, both natural and manmade disturbances may lead to vegetation loss in salt marshes. Natural disturbance can result from wrack deposition, grazing, and storms; whereas cultivation, restoration, reclamation, landfill, embankment, earthwork, and clipping for fishing activities are the more evident human impacts on the salt marshes. The effects of aquatic vegetation BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 77, NO. 1, 2005 2 losses on invertebrates are better known in seagrass habitats but still poorly understood in salt marshes. There is an impressive literature on the fauna of salt marshes, mainly in the northern hemisphere. This is not the case, however, for the fauna of tropical or subtropical marshes associated with or out-competed by mangrove woodland. Studies on macrobenthic species from intertidal flats of Paranaguá Bay (southeastern Brazil) have indicated that plant architecture, detrital input, and predation pressure play a major role in structuring epifaunal communities (Lana and Guiss, 1992). Infaunal abundance is related to below-ground plant biomass, which provides refuge to organisms or physical support to tubes. Seasonal changes in Spartina alterniflora Louisel, 1807 biomass, with typical cycles of below-ground storage in late winter and spring followed by aerial translocation in summer, influence both the abundance (Lana and Guiss, 1991) and reproductive strategies (Pagliosa and Lana, 2000) of local macrofauna. The more exposed the tidal flats, the more faunal numbers differ between vegetated and unvegetated sediments (Netto and Lana, 1996, 1999; Lana et al., 1997). These complex plant-animal relationships are also affected by freshwater runoff during spring and summer months (Pagliosa, 1997). Experimental approaches are an useful tool to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the influence of environmental disturbance on benthic fauna. Field experiments are widely used to assess the role of habitat complexity in influencing the structure and function of soft-sediment communities. Experimental removal of plant cover, followed by the analysis of faunal trends, has provided insight on the putative importance of such regulating mechanisms. However, the effects of artifacts arising from experimental investigations in soft-sediments should not be minimized (Peterson and Black, 1994; Skilleter, 1996). This study was undertaken to analyze the effects of plant cover on short-term trends in species richness and abundance of macrobenthic associations in an intertidal flat of Paranaguá Bay. Plant cover was removed to test the hypothesis that habitat complexity plays an important role in structuring infaunal and epifaunal associations. MATERIAL AND METHODS EXPERIMENTAL SITE.—Paranaguá Bay (25o 30ʹS, 48o 25ʹW) is one of the least polluted estuarine systems in southeastern Brazil (Fig. 1). The bay has a well developed high energy euhaline sector (average salinity values close to or higher than 30), with extensive tidal flats, which can reach a width of up to 2 km. Water circulation in Paranaguá Bay is driven mainly by river runoff and tidal forcing, with semidiurnal tide and diurnal inequalities. Strong nonlinear interactions allow for the formation of up to six high and low tides per day during neap cycles, when tidal heights are around 80% of the height of spring tides. Wave action, mainly originating from the southeast, is only important at the bay mouth, but winds may produce locally generated surface waves when blowing in the east-west direction (Lana et al., 2000). Paranaguá Bay is surrounded by a diverse set of natural habitats, which include mangrove swamps, salt marshes, and extensive unvegetated flats. The region as a whole is a transitional zone for tropical mangroves, which begin to be replaced by temperate salt marshes. Pure stands of S. alterniflora colonize well-sorted sand sediments in the euhaline sector, as narrow discontinuous belts in front of mangrove woodland (Lana et al., 1991). The field experiment was conducted at an intertidal flat in Rasa da Cotinga Island (25°31.95ʹS, 48°23.99ʹW), near the outlet of Paranaguá Bay (Fig. 1). The local flat has a width of about 600 m from the salt marsh belt to the lower spring tide level. The upper region, colonized by Spartina, is steeper (0.45 m over 10 m), followed by a gentler slope (0.55 m over 590 m). Local PAGLIOSA AND LANA: IMPACT OF PLANT COVER REMOVAL ON BENTHIC FAUNA 3 sediments are mainly well-sorted fine sands, with low organic content in the upper region and well-developed aggregates of shell fragments in the lower region. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND DESIGN.—Experiments were conducted from January to April 1995. We established two experimental sites, made up of three treatments each, hereafter called unvegetated, vegetated, and cleared plots. Natural differences between sites were slightly related to site elevation, density, and height of shoots. Plots were 14 m2 (2 × 7 m) and were separated by ca. 5 m from each other. At each cleared plot, leaves and culms of S. alterniflora were clipped at ground level and removed from the experimental site together with attached epibenthic species. One additional plant cutting and removal was carried out 1 wk later; growth or regeneration of leaves and culms were not a problem thereafter. From January to April 1995 each plot was sampled every 2 wks (seven sampling dates, including the setup of the experiment when only vegetated and unvegetated habitats were sampled). At each plot, five random biological core samples were taken with a PVC core tube, 15 cm in height and 15 cm wide (0.02 m2 of area), and one sediment sample was taken with a PVC sampler, 5 cm in height and 10 cm wide. We estimated that the removal of biological and sedimentological samples did not affect more than 20% of total plot area throughout the experiment. The bulk samples were fixed in 10% formalin, dyed with Bengal red (0.0005 g ml−1), and sieved through a 500 μm mesh. Macrofauna were preserved in 70% alcohol. Below-ground material, identified as living plant biomass (whitish rhizomes and roots) and detritus (organic debris and shells), was estimated by drying to constant weight at 75 oC. The water content of the sediment was determined as weight loss after drying. Sediment organic content was calculated after burning subsamples at 550 oC for 1 hr, and carbonate content through acidification (HCl at 10%). Sediments were analyzed, using the pipette and dry sieve method (Carver, 1970). Salinity and temperature of the surface sediment layer were recorded in the field. Daily rain values for the period of the experiment were obtained from a meteorological station situated at the Paranaguá Harbour (Fig. 1). DATA ANALYSES.—Data analyses were applied to a frequency matrix of the 16 top taxa or species in terms of abundance (98% of total). Differences in the structure of assemblages Figure 1. Study site (l) in Paranaguá Bay, southeastern coast of Brazil


With the break-up of Fleet Street, national newspapermen and women now rarely meet and the memorial services, when "The Street" blazes briefly back to life, have become almost like reunions for many old hacks, believes veteran columnist and executive Knight. But now even the camaraderie resumed at memorial/thanksgiving services and over the bottomless glasses afterwards is under threat: "These events are usually to honour veterans who have spent a lifetime in Fleet Street and often died while still working. The congregations are primarily composed of professional friends who have served and drunk with them. Apart from a respectable and, as time goes by, diminishing gaggle of young admirers, it's a dying breed." After the recent memorial service for five-times editor Richard Stott, a friend said to the author: "That's the last great piss up we're going to see in Fleet Street." Comments Knight: "I hope he was wrong."


The integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) into cellular networks as aerial user equipment (aUE) has attracted increasing interest from both academia and industry in recent years. To ensure stable uplink (UL) service performance, the potential UL capacity must be determined for a variety of communication techniques to guide the system design or to obtain an optimized solution. Unlike traditional interferences from ground UEs, which contribute to only local and nearby cells, UAV systems involve strong LoS paths to even far side base stations (BSs) due to higher altitude. As a result, intercell interference becomes the dominating factor in the estimation of the potential capacity. In this article, we propose a theoretical model on the ergodic sum power of the interference arising from all UAVs maintaining LoS paths with the target BS. The solution to this model is difficult to obtain, and is essentially rooted in the dynamic trajectories of interfering UAVs within a vast geological range. To address this problem, we divide the model into noncorrelated parts, where each part contains the interfering UAVs that are independently and identically distributed (i.i.d.). Then we utilize the ergodic method to solve the interference power of each part. Based on this, the original nonanalytical expression for the ergodic sum interference power is transformed into a solvable integration problem, and the closed-form solution is successfully derived. Simulation based experiments are conducted on both rural macro (RMa) cell and urban macro (UMa) cell scenarios. The results validate the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed model, and confirm the severe influence of the intercell interference on the UL capacity.


Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a bacterium species and the causative agent of the infectious disease Tuberculosis. Between active and latent cases, it is estimated to infect up to a third of the world's population, resulting in the death of 2 million people per year. As with other bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis chemically senses its environment through signalling pathways, of which two-component signalling systems are one type. The two components in question are the Sensor Kinase and the Response Regulator, which respectively sense the external input and provoke the appropriate reply or lack thereof. Experimental data has shown that bacteria dynamically vary the relative concentrations of the two components. This could be an adaptive response to the cell's need for a more active or more dampened reply to input, according to the cell's condition. In this work, we explore this possibility using a computer model of a generalized two-component system and then applying to it a novel technique by the name of Signal Quantification, as well as applying an analysis of steady-states and Metabolic Control Analysis. Results point to different responses for different relative concentrations of each protein. An increase in Sensor Kinase protein production increases the reply ability, while an increase in Response Regulator production dampens the signal, most specially when there is competition between phosphorylated and unphosphorylated Response Regulators for binding spots. Hence, bacteria can save cellular resources by manipulating the relative concentrations of each protein.


Using a panel data of 30 Chinese provinces from 2000 to 2016, we investigate the linear and nonlinear effects of industrial energy structure on pollution emissions. We find that: (1) technological innovation can alleviate the restraining effect of coal-based energy structure on pollution emissions; and (2) industrial energy consumption significantly increases pollution emissions, while this increase has also occurred in parallel with an increase in the proportion of R&D input.


sometimes hostile land. The emergence of leaders, the building of churches, and the development of a parochial school system represented the flowering of a community, not merely declension from a golden age of native laborers in an industrial paradise. If the image of Lowell, and its fabled mill girls, has had a negative impact on the understanding of industrial America, and I would suggest most strongly that it has, Mitchell begins to redress the balance. The Irish who entered Lowell's factories to replace the mill girls were part of a much larger process. They were not only cheap labor, but individuals without effective alternatives to the conditions the factory offered. Further, Mitchell shows quite effectively, they were not accepted as part of American society. As the Irish increased in number, the Yankees who dominated Lowell and America before the Civil War, increasingly feared and despised them, seeing them as less than fully human. In the particular case of Lowell this meant that the elaborate social and community structure that had been established to make industrialism acceptable for the native women who were Lowell's initial work force was no longer needed. Much lower standards were set for the Irish workers who entered the factories. In looking at the development of the Irish community in Lowell, and how it interacted with the politically and economically dominant Yankees, a number of interesting parallels can be seen with the emergence of black ghettos in northern cities after World War I. Mitchell does not develop this explicitly. It is striking, however, that the Yankees and Irish were able to work out an accommodation in the area of schools, for example, when the Irish were not numerous. When the Irish population grew, accommodation became more difficult and tension between the groups increased markedly. Mitchell has written an interesting and important book that will remind those who have been taken in by the idealized "mill girl" image of an industrializing America of reality—the sweat and exploitation of immigrants, who were not seen as fully American or fully human.


This chapter is authored by Michael J. Camasso, Guillaume Moissonnier and Radha Jagannathan, and begins with a description of some of the policy measures that France has attempted in order to blunt the growth of youth unemployment, with specific reference to their VET system. It is argued that the nearly uniform disdain attached to VET by French parents, youth and employers can be explained by dirigisme or the primacy of the role of the state over that of industry, and Etatisme, or state control over the citizens. The chapter goes on to discuss the French preference for intellectual or symbolic capital over market generated profits, the former driven by academic qualifications and the latter, by routine labor market engagement. The foundations of this intellectual superiority and its maintenance are traced to the unique system of Grandes Écoles that spawns future "state nobility" equipped to wield enormous power and control over the economy and other affairs of the state. By interweaving historical and comparative information on the functioning of the French, American and German labor markets, the authors provide insight into the French reverence for the Grandes Écoles system and under-valuation of VET.


AIM: To establish the VP16 resistant gastric cell line and to explore its potential multi-drug resistant mechanism. METHODS: We used the drug concentration step-elevation method to establish VP16 resistant sub-line of gastric cell line OCUM-2M. Growth curves of cells were delineated and cell doubling times of cells were calculated using cell-counting methods. IC50 of chemotherapy drugs in two cell lines were determined by MTT methods. Cell cycle distributions were tested by FCM analysis. mRNA expression levels of caspase-3, P53, DAPK-1, DAPK-2, DAPK-3, Bcl-2, ERCC-1, MDR-1, and MRP were determined by RT-PCR. RESULTS: OCUM-2M was a successful drug-resistant cell line, and the resistance index to VP16 was 40.53. The cell doubling time of OCUM- 2M/VP16 was 30.29 ± 2.55 h, while that of parental cell line OCUM-2M was 22.96 ± 0.96 h (P<0.01). The cross-drug-resistance of Sn38, oxaliplatin, and gemcitabine in OCUM-2M/VP16 was observed, while chemo-sensitivity of 5-FU and paclitaxol in OCUM-2M/VP16 remained the same with OCUM-2M. In OCUM-2M/VP16, the mean expression levels of apoptosis related genes, DAPK-2, DAPK-3 and Bcl-2 were respectively 0.24, 0.45, and 0.44, which were lower than OCUM-2M (0.61, 0.79 and 0.81). The expression levels of drug-resistance related genes ERCC-1 and MDR-1 in OCUM-2M/VP16 were respectively 0.84 and 0.41, which were higher than OCUM-2M (0.53 and 0.20, P<0.01). The expression levels of caspase-3, P53, DAPK-1 and MRP had no significant change in the two cell lines. CONCLUSION: OCUM-2M/VP16 is a successful VP16-resistant gastric cell line with cross-resistance ability, and the expression level changes of apoptosis and drug resistance related genes might contribute to drug-resistance in OCUM-2M/VP16.


Resuspension of contaminated sediment can lead to the release of toxic compounds to surface waters where they are more bioavailable and mobile. Because the timeframe of particle resettling during such events is shorter than that needed to reach equilibrium, a kinetic approach is required for modeling the release process. Due to the current inability of common theoretical approaches to predict site‐specific release rates, empirical algorithms incorporating the phenomenological assumption of biphasic, or fast and slow, release dominate the descriptions of nonpolar organic chemical release in the literature. Two first‐order rate constants and one fraction are sufficient to characterize practically all of the data sets studied. These rate constants were compared to theoretical model parameters and functionalities, including chemical properties of the contaminants and physical properties of the sorbents, to determine if the trends incorporated into the hindered diffusion model are consistent with the parameters used in curve fitting. The results did not correspond to the parameter dependence of the hindered diffusion model. No trend in desorption rate constants, for either fast or slow release, was observed to be dependent on KOC or aqueous solubility for six and seven orders of magnitude, respectively. The same was observed for aqueous diffusivity and sediment fraction organic carbon. The distribution of kinetic rate constant values was approximately log‐normal, ranging from 0.1 to 50 d−1 for the fast release (average ∼5 d−1) and 0.0001 to 0.1 d−1 for the slow release (average ∼0.03 d−1). The implications of these findings with regard to laboratory studies, theoretical desorption process mechanisms, and water quality modeling needs are presented and discussed.


Trade-offs, or negative genetic correlations, in fitness on different hosts have been hypothesized to restrict evolutionary expansion of host range in phytophagous arthropods. I used a population of the polyphagous mite Tetranychus urticae that had been selected for adaptation to tomato plants to determine whether tradeoffs between fitness on tomato and fitness on lima bean occur in this species. Two lines established from the tomato-adapted population and reared on lima bean showed significant declines in ability to survive on tomato after more than 10 generations on bean. The most likely explanation for this result is that tomato-adapted genotypes were selected against on bean. The tomato-adapted population did not have detectably lower survival or fecundity on bean than a control population kept on bean, however, suggesting that tomato-adapted genotypes were at only a slight disadvantage on bean. This study and a similar previous experiment with T. urticae using cucumber and bean provide the only evidence for trade-offs in herbivore populations found to date. Theoretical considerations suggest that the selection techniques used in the studies of T. urticae may be more likely to detect trade-offs than the breeding designs and comparisons among clones used in studies of other herbivores. Thus, the failure of several studies of other herbivores to detect trade-offs may reflect the techniques used.


Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a promising noninvasive method for cancer treatment. In this study, we investigated the anti-tumor effect of sinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS) mediated sonodynamic therapy on nude mice bearing intracranial U87 MG-Red-Fluc human glioblastoma (GBM). We used focused ultrasound (FUS) in combination with microbubbles (MBs) to open the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in order to enhance the accumulation of DVDMS in the brain first and then applied SDT. 3D bioluminescence imaging (BLI) results illustrated that intracranial GBM progress was retarded effectively in two weeks after the treatment. The median survival time of the treated mice was prolonged to 33 days after SDT treatment while the one of the untreated mice was 21 days. The results of the study suggested that the DVDMS mediated SDT may provide a new promising therapeutic strategy against glioblastoma.


It is widely recognized that when classical optimal strategies are used with parameters estimated from data, the resulting portfolio weights are remarkably volatile and unstable over time. The predominant explanation for this is the di¢ culty to estimate expected returns accurately. We propose to parameterize an n stock Black-Scholes model as an n factor Arbitrage Pricing Theory model where each factor has the same expected return. Hence the non-unique volatility matrix determines both the covariance matrix and the expected returns. This enables the investor to impose views on the future performance of the assets in the model. We derive an explicit strategy which solves Markowitz' continuous time portfolio problem in our framework. The optimal strategy is to implicitly keep 1=n of the wealth invested in stocks in each of the n underlying factors. To illustrate the long-term performance of , we apply it outof-sample to a large data set. We …nd that it is stable over time and outperforms all the underlying market assets in terms of Sharpe ratios. Further, had a signi…cantly higher Sharpe ratio than the classical 1=n strategy.


Background : Hepatotoxicity is one of the most severe type of adverse drug reaction in patients with  short course tuberculosis chemotherapy especially isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R) and pyrazinamide (Z) when  use together, however, the prevalence of hepatotoxicity caused by each drug was unknown. Objective : To study the prevalence of hepatotoxicity caused by short course tuberculosis chemotherapy. Methodology : Total of 2,561 medical records of TB patients in Songkhla Hospital between October 2004  and September 2011 were reviewed. The data gathered from medical records including the medical  history and laboratory results of liver function test. The descriptive statistic was done to accomplish the  objective. Results : 115 of 2561 TB patients (4.5%) had hepatotoxicity during short course tuberculosis chemotherapy  (ranging from 1.5% to 8.7% each year). The prevalence tended to increase between 2009 and 2011  consistent with the increasing trend of HIV infection, female and elderly (age > 65 years) proportions in  TB patients. Conclusion : The trend of hepatotoxicity after short course tuberculosis chemotherapy was increasing.  However, we found that 85% of hepatotoxicity did not caused from anti-TB drug, therefore, in clinical  practice, every TB patient should be monitored adverse effects, hepatotoxicity and those patients  with hepatotoxicity should be checked whether it caused by anti-TB drugs or not. Future research should  focus on the related factors of hepatotoxicity. Keywords : Hepatotoxicity, short course tuberculosis chemotherapy, Prevalence, Case Management.


The collision between family life and work represents a perpetual conflict zone in Bulgarian society; it is also an object of scholarly interest for researchers in different fields, including sociology. The article emphasizes three thematic aspects of the problem: the impacts of work on personal and family life, the impacts of personal and family life on work, and the degree of satisfaction of Bulgarians with the time they devote to work and to their personal lives. In order to study the continuous two-way interaction between the family (as a personal, intimate environment) and work (work and professional life as a field of public interrelations and interactions), the author has conducted secondary analysis of data from the Fifth Wave of the European Social Survey (Bulgaria). General conclusions are drawn, and recommendations are made as to regulating conflictive interaction in the family-work relationship.


The influence of the laser beam size on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) in thin films and substrates is investigated. LIDT measurements realized with beam of different dimensions give information on laser damage precursors.


Introduction As the previous chapters have shown, parametric time series modeling offers a great wealth of modeling tools. Linear time series models are generally the starting point for modeling both univariate and multivariate time series data. Such data may also exhibit nonstationary behavior caused by the presence of unit roots, structural breaks, seasonal influences, and the like. If one is interested in nonlinear dynamics, it is no longer sufficient to consider linear models. This situation arises if, for example, the strength of economic relationships depends on the state of the business cycle or if the adjustment speed toward long-run equilibrium relationships is not proportional to the deviation from the long-run equilibrium. Chapter 6 discusses how to build nonlinear parametric models for various kinds of nonlinear dynamics, including those of business cycles. There it is also explained how the parameter estimates can be used to understand the underlying nonlinear dynamic behavior. However, nonlinear parametric modeling also has its drawbacks. Most importantly, it requires an a priori choice of parametric function classes for the function of interest. The framework of smooth transition regression models discussed in Chapter 6, for example, is widely used. Although it is an appropriate modeling framework for many empirical problems, it may not always capture features that are relevant to the investigator. In the latter case, one has to choose alternative nonlinear parametric models like neural networks or Markov-switching models to name a few. Thus, nonlinear parametric modeling implies the difficult choice of a model class. In contrast,when using the nonparametric modeling approach, one can avoid this choice.


One of the most important components for railway transport is the railway line and its components. Failures that can occur in the railway line and its components cause major accidents and financial losses. In this study, a new approach based on complex fuzzy automata is proposed to detect rail surface defects. The rail surface is detected using the thermal images taken from the rail line. Feature extraction is performed on the rail surface image and the obtained results are used as input values of the complex fuzzy automata system. With the inferences obtained at the output of Complex fuzzy automata, the condition monitoring is done on the rail surface. Recommended output of complex fuzzy automata; There are three different situations: solid rail, rail joint and defective rail. The proposed method shows that it is unique to study the difference between the rail joints and the defective rail surface. Moreover, the use of thermal images instead of normal images has increased the success of the method.


Environmental volunteering has proven to be a valuable tool for environmental conservation and students' self-development. However, to maximise the benefits of environmental volunteering programs, stakeholders should understand the factors that motivate school or university students to partici-pate in environmental volunteering. In addition, the perceived benefits gained, from the students' perspectives, will help to sustain and retain the level of volunteering among students. Therefore, this study examined the extrinsic motivation and benefits of environmental volunteering participation from the students' perspectives. There are three (3) subconstructs for extrinsic motivation: social influences, fulfilling school or university requirements and cultures. Meanwhile, the benefits have four (4) subconstructs: positive emotion, meaningfulness, relationship and achievements. Random sampling was used and a survey was conducted among 356 students who had experience of environmental volunteering (aged 15 - 30 years old). Descriptive analysis was employed to analyze the level of extrinsic motivation and perceived benefits of environmental volunteering. Meanwhile, the t-test was employed to analyze the differences in levels of extrinsic motivation and perceived benefits based on gender. The results indicate that extrinsic motivation and perceived benefits were at a high level. However, there was no significant difference in terms of extrinsic motivation and perceived benefits based on gender. This study used students' perspectives to highlight the role played by extrinsic motivation and environmental volunteering benefits in retaining participation in environmental volunteering. In addition, this study could help to strengthen environmental education through students' environmental volunteering to achieve sustainable development goals.


In this paper we present a simulation tool to determine the characterization of a Vehicle-to-Infrastructure radio channel at 60GHz in two scenarios: suburban and urban. A precise estimation considering the topology and the morphology of both areas is performed with the aid of in-house deterministic 3D ray launching algorithm. Estimations of received power as well as of delay parameters show the relevance of multipath propagation and hence, the impact of topology and morphology in the overall performance of a V2I system.


Automatic detection of abnormal anatomies or malformations of different structures of the human body is a challenging task that could provide support for clinicians in their daily practice. Compared to normative anatomies, there is a low presence of anatomical abnormalities in patients, and the great variation within malformations make it challenging to design deep learning frameworks for automatic detection. We propose a framework for anatomical abnormality detection, which benefits from using a deep reinforcement learning model for landmark detection trained in normative data. We detect the abnormalities using the variability between the predicted landmarks configurations in a subspace based on a point distribution model of landmarks using Procrustes shape alignment and principal component analysis projection from normative data. We demonstrate the performance of this implementation on clinical CT scans of the inner ear, and show how synthetically created abnormal cochlea anatomy can be detected using the prediction of five landmarks around the cochlea. Our approach shows a Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) Area Under The Curve (AUC) of 0.97, and 96% accuracy for the detection of abnormal anatomy on synthetic data.


The average feature of the geomagnetic diurnal-variation is conventionally described by the Fourier coefficients. Camparing these coeffs. of quite days and with those of all days, the characteristics of the Sq-variation are discussed. It is recognized that at the middle and the low latitudes the amount of variation on quite days is large during the day-time and negligible during the night. If we plot a scheme which varies during the day-time and not during the night, then the average feature of the Sq-variation bears a striking resemblance to this scheme. The feature of this scheme is derived from the Fourier coeffs. computed by the conventional method, and their latitudinal distributions are clarified by using a peculiar latidude. Moreover, this scheme is very satisfactory with the potential.


1. the art that the invention defined in the claims The present invention relates to a high-order modulation will soft-decision de-mapping method and the error correction apparatus using the same in a suitable manner for the iterative decoder. 2. SUMMARY trying to invention solve this The present invention is a soft decision bits distributed manner, reducing the burden on the hardware amount of computation without the degradation of BER performance, complex index computation and avoid the log operation of the Shannon limit, which can easily obtain a decision bit year using implementable comparison operation that aims to provide a suitable soft-decision de-mapping method and the error correction using the same apparatus in proximity of digital wireless communication system that requires the capability to. 3. Resolution gist of the invention, The present invention, 2 In the N-bit most significant bit of the received signal symbols (the first bit) to the soft decision tenderness, the first bit is 0, the distance values (P In the second bit of the N bits of received signal symbols to soft decision tenderness, two steps to obtain the difference between the maximum value and the maximum value of the second bit is 1, the distance value of the second bit is 0, the distance values (P And the N in the predetermined second bit of the received signal symbols in tenderness soft decision, the predetermined second bit is 0, the distance values (P 4. An important use of the invention, The invention yiyongdoem such digital wireless communications systems. The Shannon limit, higher order modulation, repetition codes, demapper, LDPC, LLR


Multiple studies have shown that albuminuria and low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) predict development of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Using data from two large studies — ONTARGET (JW Gen Med Sep 2 2008) and TRANSCEND (JW Cardiol Sep 17 2008 …


This paper presents the initial phase of the approach and implementation of a prototype of virtual infrastructure for teaching and lab development in the areas of Industrial Automation and Industrial Communications. The proposed prototype allows remote lab practice using: internet, VMware virtualization and management through Netlab. It allows easy and permanent access to the automation software and hardware necessary for an adequate student experience with real devices.


A 35-day trial was conducted to examine the influence of floor density on the behaviour of broiler chickens. Day-old male broilers (n=756) were randomly assigned to one of four stocking densities (6 replicates of n=13, 25, 38 and 50) in 24 identical 2.6 ㎡ pens. These stocking densities were coded very low (VL), low (L), medium (M) and high (H) and contained a floor space allowance per bird of 2,000 ㎠, 1,000 ㎠, 667 ㎠ and 500 ㎠, respectively. Scan sampling of all groups was carried out at 15-min intervals during two 1-h periods (10.00 h~11.00 h and 14.00 h~15.00 h) for five days each week. The numbers of birds engaged in different behavioural activities were recorded. It was found that the most common behaviour in all densities was lying. There was no clear effect of density during wks 1~4 of the trial, but in wk 5 birds in the L, M and H groups showed lower levels (P=0.07) of lying behaviour when compared to birds in the VL group suggesting that an increase in animal density results in decreased opportunities for undisturbed rest. This observation is supported by standing and walking behaviour, which was lower (P<0.05) in the VL group in wk 5. Foraging behaviour measured in the study by the numbers of birds pecking the ground declined as the trial progressed, but scratching increased in 2 wk then decreased. Birds in the VL group showed higher (P<0.05) level of pecking the ground behaviour compared to birds in the L, M and H groups, but scratching behaviour higher (P<0.05) and lower (P<0.05) in VL of 1 wk and 2 wk respectively. However, a peak in aggressive behaviour was observed in wk 2 and birds in the VL group showed less (P<0.05) agonistic behaviour than birds in the H and M groups. Other behaviours (dustbathing, preening, eating or drinking) were not influenced (P>0.05) by stocking density.


This paper proposes a scheduling algorithm, namely Wireless Timed Token Protocol (WTTP), for the Hybrid Coordination Function (HCF) Controlled Channel Access (HCCA) in IEEE 802.11e. WTTP provides traffic streams with a minimum reserved rate, as required by the standard, and it accounts for two types of traffic streams simultaneously, depending on the corresponding application: constant bit rate, which are served according to their rate, and variable bit rate traffic streams. The latter are guaranteed a minimum rate, but they are also allowed to exploit unused bandwidth, which preserves small access delays in case of bursty arrivals. Additionally, WTTP shares the capacity which is not reserved for QoS traffic streams transmissions among traffic flows with no specific QoS requirements. We also propose a strategy for the QoS Access Point to infer the idle/busy status of the uplink transmission buffers, based on cross layer information made available at the MAC by the application layer, which allows channel capacity to be saved. WTTP exhibits O(1) per packet computational complexity. We evaluate the performance of WTTP via simulation under different traffic conditions, and we investigate its resilience to variations of different system parameters.


State organisational units still compile their budget as incremental and as such it therefore disregards causes of the origination of costs and does not put a sufficient pressure on increase in efficiency of economy. This article aims to propose a budgetary setup for operating costs using the methods of ABC/ABM (Activity Based Costing/Activity Based Management) in state organisational units (SOU). Essence of the proposed procedure towards budgetary setup as well as cost management is specification of such cost drivers that reflect the causal link between activities of the given organisation and indirect operating costs. Through a system of linear equations there is in turn resolved parity between demands on budgetary funding of a specific activity and full costs of activities. Using a multiple regression analyses, for selected cost groups there was also tested their dependence upon criteria that may act as general cost drivers. Undertaken research has also uncovered that frequently used variable "number of workers" cannot explain the analysed cost groups. Benefit of proposed solutions is increase in efficiency of SOU economy. This way, the management receives a tool for budgeting and cost control not only within the process structure based on activities, but also within individual items of the budgetary classification.


Classification of very high-resolution (VHR) aerial remote sensing (RS) images is a well-established research area in the RS community as it provides valuable spatial information for decision-making. Existing works on VHR aerial RS image classification produce an excellent classification performance; nevertheless, they have a limited capability to well-represent VHR RS images having complex and small objects, thereby leading to performance instability. As such, we propose a novel plug-and-play multiscale attention feature extraction block (MSAFEB) based on multiscale (MS) convolution at two levels with skip connection, producing discriminative/salient information at a deeper/finer level. The experimental study on two benchmark VHR aerial RS image datasets (AID and NWPU) demonstrates that our proposal achieves a stable/consistent performance (minimum standard deviation (SD) of 0.002) and competent overall classification performance (AID: 95.85% and NWPU: 94.09%).


Because of its insensitive to existing radiotherapy, chemotherapy and targeted treatments, Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a great challenge to overcome. More and more evidence has indicated abnormal wnt/β-catenin pathway activation in TNBC but not luminal or her2+ breast cancer, and lncRNAs play a key role in a variety of cancers. Through lncRNA microarray profiling between Activated and inactivated Wnt/β-catenin pathway of TNBC tissues, lnc-WAL (Wnt/β-catenin associated lncRNA-WAL Promotes Breast Cancer Metastasis 2 lncRNA; WAL) was selected as the top up-regulated lncRNA in Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation compared with the inactivation group. RIP-seq was analyzed between β-catenin and IgG groups of, where lnc-WAL could interact with β-catenin. Clinically, increased lnc-WAL in the TNBC tumor tissue was associated with shorter survival. lnc-WAL promoted the EMT, the ability of breast cancer stem cells (BCSC), proliferation, migration and invasion of TNBC cells. Mechanistically, lnc-WAL inhibited β-catenin protein degradation via Axin-mediated phosphorylation at serine 45. Subsequently, β-catenin was accumulated in nuclear and activated the target genes. Importantly, Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation stimulated the transcription of lnc-WAL. These results pointed to a master regulatory role of lnc-WAL/Axin/β-catenin in the malignant progression of TNBC. Our findings provide important clinical translational evidence that lnc-WAL maybe as potential therapeutic target against TNBC. Introduction In all types of breast cancer, TNBC is a refractory molecular subtype(KL et al., 2020, RL et al., 2020). It is insensitive to current adjuvant therapy and survival rates are considerably hindered for this disease(WD et al., 2010), where the prognosis of TNBC is the poorest among breast cancer subtypes(Q et al., 2019). An effective therapeutic strategy is still lacking for TNBC, hence, screening for effective therapeutic targets for TNBC are urgently needed(X et al., 2019, C et al., 2017). Research has revealed that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was activated in TNBC(AI et al., 2010, P et al., 2013). In our study, we also found that the quantity of β-catenin in the nucleus was increased to 67% in TNBC patients. It is well known about the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway that β-catenin was not phosphorylated by destruction complexes, and subsequently β-catenin was translocated to the nucleus and target genes were transcripted(T et al., 2017, Cell, 2020, J et al., 2012, F et al., 2019, Wei et al., 2020). In many cancers, including colorectal cancer, activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is mainly caused by inactivating mutations of APC and β-catenin(Morin et al., 1997, Peignon et al., 2011). However, somatic mutations (mutations of APC and β-catenin) that activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway were rare in TNBC, hence there must be other mechanism that were closed to the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in TNBC(Raisch et al., 2019, Moumen et al., 2013). Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are an endogenous class of lncRNAs longer than 200-nucleotides that are not translated into proteins and are involved in diverse pathological processes including cancer, inflammation, and other human diseases(F and Cell, 2018, P et al., 2018, S et al., 2019, Li et al., 2020). lncRNA-WAL Promotes Breast Cancer Metastasis 3 In previous studies, lncRNAs could modulate various biological and pathological processes by targeting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway(H et al., 2019, BH et al., 2019, Lu et al., 2017). lnc-LALR1 inhibited AXIN1 expression by recruiting CTCF to the AXIN1 promoter region and activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway(Xu et al., 2013). lnc-00673-v4 activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling by augmenting the interaction between DDX3 and CK1 and consequently increased the aggressiveness of lung adenocarcinoma(Guan et al., 2019). In our previous study, lnc-NKILA could directly interact with functional domains of signaling protein NF-κB/IκB and prevented the activation of NF-κB to suppress breast cancer metastasis(Liu et al., 2015). Herein, we report a lnc-WAL that was aberrantly expressed and pivotal for the function of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in TNBC. Our study showed that lnc-WAL specifically bound β-catenin and AXIN, which resulted in dephosphorylation of β-catenin and nuclear translocation, sequentially enhancing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation. In turn, the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling promoted the production of lnc-WAL, demonstrating positive feedback between the lnc-WAL and Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Therefore, lnc-WAL promoted the aggressiveness of TNBC via activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. RESULTS Identification of Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation-associated lncRNAs in TNBC The Wnt/β-catenin pathway was abnormally activated and the reason remains unclear in TNBC(Clevers and Nusse, 2012). We detected the location and expression β-catenin by IHC in our cohort BC tissues samples, nuclear and cytoplasm β-catenin was most prominent in TNBC, membrane β-catenin was observed predominantly in luminal A, luminal B and HER2+ tumors (Fig. 1A and 1B). consistent with original reports. In order to detect the clinical significance of its activation in TNBC, the location of β-catenin was detected by IHC in 189 TNBC patients' samples. The location of β-catenin was used to divide these patients into activation (β-cateninCytoplasm+Nuclear) and inactivation (β-cateninMembrane) subgroups (Fig. S1A and S1B). Survival analysis revealed that patients with the activation subgroup had a poorer overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) than inactivation subgroup (Fig. S1C and S1D). These results indicated that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway maybe a key factor in TNBC progression. In the TNBC, to further identify Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation-associated lncRNAs, we carried out one lncRNA tissues microarray to compare the difference among activation group (n=5) and lncRNA-WAL Promotes Breast Cancer Metastasis 4 inactivation group (n=5) in TNBC tissues. We screened out fifty-six lncRNAs were up-regulated and twenty-eight were down-regulated by more than fourfold (Table S1) and we identified lnc-WAL as the first up-regulated lncRNA in Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation group by the microarray profiling (Fig. 1C). To screen the lncRNAs that bound to β-catenin, we also detected the β-catenin location in cell lines by IF. Location of β-catenin prominently was in nuclear in the TNBC cells, compared to those others (Fig. 1D and Fig. S1E). Next, we screened the lncRNAs that bound to β-catenin between Flag/β-catenin and IgG in MDA-MB-231 by RIP-sequencing, where we also discovered that lnc-WAL was the strongest combination of β-catenin compared to IgG (Fig. 1E). we further verified the RIP-sequencing by RIP-qRT/PCR in MDA-MB-231(Fig. S1F). In clinical samples of TNBC patients, we examined the expression and location of β-catenin by IHC and the expression of lnc-WAL by ISH (Fig. 1F), we also performed statistical analysis about correlation between the β-catenin location and the lnc-WAL expression in 189 clinical TNBC samples, and found that the expression of lnc-WAL is higher in the activation samples than inactivation samples (Fig. 1G), and there was a positive relationship between the expression of lnc-WAL and β-catenin (Fig. 1H). In MCF-7 and T47D (Wnt/β-catenin pathway inactivation cell lines), qRT-PCR and NB arrays confirmed that lnc-WAL was up-regulated when the cells were disposed by LICL(Wnt/β-catenin pathway agonist) (Fig. 1I and 1J), and the expression of lnc-WAL in response to LICL was timeand dose-dependent (Fig. S1G-J). All these data above indicated that lnc-WAL was a Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation-associated lncRNA, and the functional characteristic of lnc-WAL has not been reported in previous research. lnc-WAL is highly expressed and predicts poorer prognosis of TNBC patients Given that lnc-WAL was associated with Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activation in TNBC, we inspected the expression of lnc-WAL in different subtypes of breast cancer, where the level of lnc-WAL in TNBC was significantly elevated compared with Luminal and Her2+ breast cancer patients by qRT-PCR (Fig. 2A). Moreover, high levels of lnc-WAL were associated with Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation by qRT-PCR (Fig. 2B). Meanwhile, the lnc-WAL expression in TNBC cell lines was significantly elevated compared with the other subtypes breast cancer cell lines by qRT-PCR and NB (Fig. 2C and 2D). In this study, after the nuclear and cytoplasmic fractionations of cells, qRT-PCR and RT-PCR showed that lnc-WAL mainly localized in the cytoplasm (Fig. 2E and 2F), which we also verified by RNA FISH, 18S and U6 as cytoplasm and nuclear control (Fig. 2G). The amplification of the lnc-WAL in the lncRNA-WAL Promotes Breast Cancer Metastasis 5 UCSC Genome Browser, where we performed 5 and 3 RACE assay and found that the full length of lnc-WAL was 4300 nt (Fig. S2A). These results suggest that the expression of lnc-WAL is higher in TNBC compared with other subtypes, especially in the TNBC with Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation. We detected lnc-WAL using ISH in 189 TNBC tissue samples, and these patients were divided into lnc-WALHigh and lnc-WALLow subgroups by the staining intensity and positive percentage of lnc-WAL. We analyzed the relationship between lnc-WAL and the clinicopathological features of 189 TNBC tissue samples, and found that higher lnc-WAL expression was significantly relevant with tumor size, metastasis and local recurrence, Ki-67 level and Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation status, but was not associated with age, menopausal status, and histological grade (Table S2). Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that patients with high lnc-WAL had a poorer OS and DFS than those with low lnc-WAL expression (P < 0.001, Fig. 2H and 2I). Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses showed that lnc-WAL (P < 0.001) was a poor i


In a collaborative effort between Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the Tennessee Valley Authority, mass balance measurements for some 41 elements have been made around the Thomas A. Allen Steam Plant in Memphis, Tennessee. For one of the three independent cyclone boilers at the plant, the concentration and flow rates of each element were determined for: (1) the coal, (2) the slag tank effluent, (3) the fly ash in the precipitator inlet and outlet (collected isokinetically at a representative series of duct locations determined by the gas flow profiles), and (4) fly ash in the stack gases (collected isokinetically at the 268-ft level). Measurements by neutron activation analysis, spark source mass spectroscopy (with isotope dilution for some elements), and atomic adsorption spectroscopy yielded an approximate balance (closure to within 30 percent or less) for many elements. Exceptions were those elements forming volatile compounds such as Hg. For most elements in the fly ash the newly installed electrostatic precipitators were extremely efficient. An exception seems to be Se.


Automated news classification is the task of categorizing news into some predefined category based on their content with the confidence learned from the training news dataset. This research evaluates some most widely used machine learning techniques, mainly Naive Bayes, SVM and Neural Networks, for automatic Nepali news classification problem. To experiment the system, a self-created Nepali News Corpus with 20 different categories and total 4964 documents, collected by crawling different online national news portals, is used. TF-IDF based features are extracted from the preprocessed documents to train and test the models. The average empirical results show that the SVM with RBF kernel is outperforming the other three algorithms with the classification accuracy of 74.65%. Then follows the linear SVM with accuracy'74.62%, Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks with accuracy 72.99% and the Naive Bayes with accuracy 68.31%.


The paper introduces aims and objectives of the IFAC survey for a first course on control and discusses some its basic features.


A consideration of models of knowledge their aims, methodology, and views of how knowledge is developed or acquired leads to qualitative distinctions between models. The implications are considered concerning philosophy of education and the use of technology in education. What is referred to as accountability or efficiency, or evaluation, leads to a distinction between qualitative and quantitative evaluation.


A study of O(1/m 2 Q) corrections for f B with lattice NRQCD We investigate higher order effects in the nonrelativistic expansion of lattice QCD on the heavy-light meson decay constants and some other quantities in order to understand the truncation error of NRQCD. While our numerical results have large O(a) and O(αs) errors due to the use of Wilson light quark action and the tree-level matching, we find that the truncation error of higher order relativistic corrections are adequately small around the mass of the b quark. We also present a perturbatively matched results through 1-loop level without operator mixing effects. 1. Introduction It is indispensable for the verification of the Standard Model and the new physics search that weak matrix elements between hadrons involving b-quark are calculated with high accuracy. Here, we focus on the heavy-light meson decay con-stants[1], particularly f B , whose accurate value is needed for the determination of |V


The spinor strong interaction model recently proposed to account for the meson spectra is extended to include interaction with external gauge fields. An action integral is constructed and a restricted variational principle is employed to reproduce the earlier basic meson equations. In establishing U(1) gauge invariance, the so-called U(1) problem, the absence of pseudoscalar singlet mesons that do not decay strongly, is naturally resolved. SU(2)× U(1) or SO(3) gauge invariance leads to that pseudoscalar isodoublet or isotriplet mesons can generate masses of the gauge bosons without recourse to the unobserved Higgs bosons of the standard electroweak model. The gauge boson masses relate to the linear confinement potential constant of pseudoscalar mesons. The spinor strong interaction model is quantized in a macroscopic approximation due to the finite size of mesons. Commutation relations and the rest frame Hamiltonian are obtained. In this frame, the relative energy of the quark and antiquark is shown to vanish.


We report on Walraven photometry obtained during July/August 1988 of the cataclysmic variables V2051 Oph, HL Aqr, V603 Aql, VY Scl, WW Cet, V3885 Sgr, V426 Oph and BV Cen, and show a representative selection of light curves for them. We present the results of a search for periodicity in these light curves, and describe their colour behaviour. The eclipse times of V2051 Oph are consistent with the known eclipse ephemeris for this source. For V603 Aql we find two possible photometric periods close to the orbital (spectroscopic) period, the shortest of which is consistent with the results of Patterson and Richman. BV Cen shows a double-waved orbital light curve, whose amplitude is consistent with that expected for ellipsoidal variations at the known system parameters


A tabular compedium is presented consisting of a brief description of each satellite program that is currently being operated or planned for the near future by NASA, or launched by NASA and currently being operated by NOAA. Attention is given to NASA supported earth satellites for observation, experimentation, and communication/navigation, to weather satellite programs including TIROS, ESSA, and ITOS/NOAA, and to delta launch vehicle characteristics and history.


This chapter explores the world of high salt environments worldwide and the diversity of microorganisms that inhabit these environments. Highly saline environments can be encountered on all continents. Coastal solar salterns, found worldwide in dry tropical and subtropical climates, are man-made, thalassohaline hypersaline environments in which sea-water is evaporated for the production of salt. It is therefore not surprising that these saltern ecosystems have become popular objects for the study of microbial biodiversity and community dynamics at high salt concentrations, and much of one's understanding of the biology of halophilic microorganisms is based on studies of the saltern environment and in-depth studies of microorganisms isolated from such salterns. When soon afterward the organism, a rod-shaped red aerobic bacterium, was brought into culture, the organism appeared to be extremely interesting, and its study has deepened the understanding of phylogenetic as well as physiological and metabolic diversity in the world of halophiles. More extensive molecular ecological studies have been made in the Alicante salterns along the salt gradient, to obtain a more complete picture of the development of the microbial diversity as the salinity increases during the gradual evaporation of seawater.


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of a kefir-like product obtained in a fermentation process of skimmed milk with a complex mixture of microorganisms containing lactobacili, kefir and brewer yeasts. The product was monitorised during the shelf-life (storage at 4 °C from 1 to 21 days) by the cantitative determination (enumeration) of coliforms count, Escherichia coli, total staphylococcal count, mold count and the detection of Sallmonella ssp and Listeria monocytogenes. All the microbiological tests were performed according to Romanian official methods for microbiological investigation of foods. The results showned a good microbiological quality of this type of fermented dairy product; the microbiological parameters, except the molds count, recorded lower values than admissible levels according to the criteria used. The brewer's yeasts addition in the kefir-type product did not affect negatively his microbiological quality and by his presence contribute to the functional properties of the final product.


Authority files have played an important role in improving the quality of indexing and subject cataloging. Although authorities can significantly improve searching by increasing the number of access points, they are rarely an integral part of the information retrieval process, particularly end-users' searches. A retrieval prototype, searchFAST, was developed to test the feasibility of using an authority file as an index to bibliographic records. searchFAST uses Faceted Application of Subject Terminology (FAST) as an index to OCLC's WorldCat.org bibliographic database. The searchFAST prototype complements, rather than replaces, existing WorldCat.org access. The bibliographic file is searched indirectly; first the authority file is searched to identify appropriate subject headings, then the headings are used to retrieve the matching bibliographic records. The prototype demonstrates the effectiveness and practicality of using an authority file as an index. Searching the authority file leverages authority control work by increasing the number of access points while supporting a simple interface designed for end-users.


With the growing complexity of current designs and shrinking time-to-market, traditional ATPG methods fail to detect all electrical faults in the design. Debug teams have to spend considerable amount of time and effort to identify these faults during post silicon debug. This work proposes off-chip analysis to speed-up the effort of identifying hard-to-find electrical faults that are not detected using conventional test methods, but cause the chip to crash during functional testing or silicon-bring-up. With the goal of reducing the search space for reconstructing the failure trace path, formal methodology is used to analyze the reachable states along the path. Isolating the root cause of failure is also accelerated. Moreover, we propose a forward traversal technique on selected few possible faults to generate a complete failure trace starting from the initial state to the crash state. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can lead to a 44% reduction in actual silicon run with a commensurate reduction in off-chip debug time.


Kampung Keluarga Berkualitas (Kampung KB) is one of the development programs to create quality families in Indonesia. Kampung KB is a village-level regional unit with integration and convergence in implementing empowerment and strengthening of family institutions in all its dimensions to improve the quality of human resources, families, and communities. The growth of Kampung KB in Jambi Province shows the high government's attention to this program to improve the quality of life of its people. However, the Kampung KB's success in improving the community's quality of life is largely determined by the level of community participation itself. This study analyzes the factors that influence community participation in the Kampung KB Program in Jambi Province. This study uses primary data obtained through target group respondents in Kampung KB in Jambi Province. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a binary logit regression model. The study results found that the overall level of community participation in the Kampung KB Program was moderate. The level of community participation was significantly related to education, length of stay at the location, and distance from house to the place of activity.


Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at increased risk of contracting HBV infection from occupational exposure. In spite of this, many HCWs are often not keen on getting vaccinated. Studies have reported the perception of risk among other factors as frequent reasons against Vaccination. The aim of this study was to assess the perceived risk, willingness for vaccination and uptake of hepatitis B vaccine among HCWs of a specialist hospital in Nigeria. Methodology: The study was conducted among 209 HCWs of a specialist hospital, Ondo state, Nigeria. A hospital based cross-sectional design, with structured questionnaire used in data collection. Descriptive statistics were used to identify general characteristics of the sample. Bivariate analysis and binary logistic regression were also performed. Results: About 62.7% of HCWs perceived self to be at high risk of contracting HBV while 37.3% perceived self to be at low risk. Ninety-seven percent of the HCWs were willing to receive the vaccine although 31.1% had fears about the side effects of the vaccine. Knowledge of HBV, educational level, age, and duration of practice were significantly associated with perceived risk. Perceived risk of contracting HBV (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20-6.20), knowledge of HBV (AOR 1.50, 95% CI 1.31-5.84) and HCWs educational level (AOR 1.55, 95% CI 1.02-4.51) were identified as predictors of willingness for vaccination. Conclusions: Perception of risk for HBV among HCWs was relatively low although willingness for vaccination was high. Intervention to improve perception and correct fears are required.


The public space is currently the product of a simulation of democracy, the subject of the present investigation. In the phenomenon, social aspects intervene that gestate labor, religious and political activities. The observation of urban behavior in historic centers was handled through the deductive method observing permitted or prohibitive areas of commercialization in the Historic Center of Oaxaca; it shows that it was determined by the reproduction of the urban simulation. The purpose was focused on the exploration of spatial utility and the normative models of urban practices and practices. The results revealed the public space is the product of negotiations that exhibit multiple inequalities: social strata, division of labor, political interests, religious and cultural expressions. Spatial projections are of: expropriation, distribution, donation, and resignation; from a domestic to industrial scale. The democratic simulation and its complex human relations multiplied the creeds and collective rituals, the proliferation of non-legal business and the dispute of the public space. It is concluded that those who administer and enforce civic policies and urban rules should promote solutions for coexistence; as a formative and attitudinal issue in the space that belongs to all of us.


Abstract : A goal of the research funded by this grant was to exploit the known photochemical and photophysical properties of (d-pi6) transition metal complexes for the preparation and utilization of novel microstructures in electroactive polymeric films. Thin polymeric films containing polypyridyl complexes of Fe(II) , Ru(II), Os(II), and Zn(II) have been prepared on a variety of conducting substrates by well established electropolymerization techniques. A majority of the research involved films prepared by the reductive polymerization of vinyl substituted pyridyl ligands, such as 4-vinyl-4'methyl-2,2'-bipyridine and 4- vinylpyridine.... Thin polymeric films, Photochemistry, Polymeric films, Electropolymerization, Pyridyl ligands.


By using the paper-casting process, Al 2 O 3 filled paper was prepared, and sintered at 1500°C to 1600°C. The tensile strength of Al 2 O 3 filled paper had about 12MPa, which was almost the same as common cardboards. The Al 2 O 3 paper ceramics sintered 1600°C indicated the flexural strength of about 100MPa. The porosities were controlled by varying the amount of pulp fibers added during the papermaking process. The structure was characterized by bimodal pores.


We prove that if $P(X) \in \mathbb{Z}[X]$ is an integer polynomial of degree $n$ and having $P(0) = 1$, then either $P(X)$ is a product of cyclotomic polynomials, or else at least one of the complex roots of $P$ belongs to the disk $|z| \leq 2^{ - 1 / (4n) }$. We also obtain a relative version of this result over the compositum $\mathbb{Q}^{\mathrm{ab}} \cdot \mathbb{Q}^{\mathrm{t.}p}$ of all abelian and all totally $p$-adic extensions of $\mathbb{Q}$, for any fixed prime~$p$, and apply it to prove a $\mathbb{Q}^{\mathrm{ab}} \cdot \mathbb{Q}^{\mathrm{t.}p}$-relative canonical height lower bound on the multiplicative group. Another extension is given to a uniform positive height lower bound, inverse-proportional to the total number of singular points, on holonomic power series in $\mathbb{Q}[[X]]$ and not of the form $p(X) / (X^k-1)^m$, where $p(X) \in \mathbb{Q}[X]$, with a further application to existence of a small critical value for certain rational functions.


The invention discloses a flash memory and a manufacturing method thereof, belonging to the technology field of a semiconductor memory. The flash memory includes a buried oxide layer on which a source terminal, a channel and a drain terminal are arranged. The channel locates between the source terminal and the drain terminal. A tunnel oxide layer, a polysilicon floating gate, a barrier oxide layer and a polysilicon controlling gate are arranged on the channel in order. A thin silicon nitride layer is arranged between the source terminal and the channel. The manufacturing method comprises the following steps of: (1) providing an SOI silicon substrate with shallow trench isolation and forming an active area; (2) growing the tunnel oxide layer and a first polysilicon layer on the silicon substrate in order and preparing the polysilicon floating gate, and growing the barrier oxide layer and a second polysilicon layer and preparing the polysilicon controlling gate; (3) etching and forming a gate stacking structure; (4) preparing the drain terminal on one side of the gate stacking structure, etching a thin silicon film on the other side of the gate stacking structure, growing the thin silicon nitride layer, then backfilling a material of silicon, and preparing the source terminal. The flash memory and the method have the advantages of high programming efficiency, low power consumption, and capability of inhibiting a source-drain punch-through effect effectively.


With A higher vocational college in western region as an example,several effective countermeasures were put forward aiming at problems in teachers' human resource management in higher vocational education,which aimed to promote development and management of teachers human resource.


We show that for a pointed protomodular category C satisfying a cer-tain condition on those Huq commutators which exist, if X is a perfect object in C such that the split extension classifier J X K exists, then the centralizer of the conjugation morphism c X : X → J X K is trivial and hence J X K has trivial center.


The property relations of the amaHlubi customary marriages were studied among the women in the Maluti villages around Matatiele. These villages are situated along the border between KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape of South Africa. These relations were investigated through the use of in-depth interviews with 39 women' and six government officials. Of the 39, 26 were individually interviewed and 13 women were in three focus group discussions. The respondents were asked about their experiences and perceptions regarding the current practices in the division of property between the husband and wife. An analysis of these experiences, was carried out and were translated and transcribed into English. It was evident that during marriage there is an assumption among the women that property is equally owned between husband and wife during marriage. Secondly, on the death of the man, the women are allowed to inherit property from their husbands even in the absence of marriage certificates as long as there is enough evidence that the woman is the rightful heir. In addition, it was revealed that a significant proportion of marriages are dissolved informally, without using the traditional and legal structures of dissolution. As a result of this, women do not inherit property from their dissolved marriages. This study reveals infrastructure problems that woman in the area encounter when they need to visit the Home Affairs offices since the Maluti and Matatiele offices are not able to assist them with registration of customary marriages, Resulting in significant number of customary marriages not being registered. The evidence from the study supports the argument that women had equal access to property and its use in the traditional customary marriage. Currently, women's conditions have worsened due to the weakening of traditional structures. Results indicate that positive developments in law have not yet benefited women since property relations in rural areas are mediated by traditional tenure systems and customs. The lack of monitoring the proper implementation of the laws poses another challenge. That has resulted in little being achieved in terms of the provisions of the Customary Marriages Act due to implementation problems.


Abstract A growing area of mega event research focuses on the long-term social value of outcomes and the impact of their far-reaching benefits. This paper questions whether mega events present opportunities for interventions through an exploration of the social value of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in the community of Green Point, Cape Town. Drawing on Chalip's (2006) understanding of the liminal social value of events, the main considerations are whether the outcome of feel-good experiences were leveraged to enable community building in the long-term. Following the narrative inquiry approach, stories were collected from community members. The findings suggest community members from Green Point have a mixed perception of the event's lasting social value. These perceptions were influenced by the participants' wide-ranging experiences of the event and subsequent outcomes. The findings have a number of implications for future practice, affirming that the issues and challenges related to leveraging social impacts beyond the existence of a mega event can affect people's perceptions of the social value attached. Looking to future research, this paper calls for investigations that involve repeated exploration of participant experiences over a longer timeframe, suggesting the value of the longitudinal perspective.


This workshop aims at introducing some key issues in human information behavior, emphasizing the role of human behavior as a provider information for your design. The workshop addressed the following issues: 1. What are the information needs of the users? 2. How are these information needs presently satisfied? And how to consider context of information need (person in context) and information seeking behavior of users for designing the system. This workshop focuses on analysis of relationship between people and information, rather than with the technology. At the end of this workshop the participants will get the knowledge and practice about the information searching, seeking, and user behavior. The previous studied shows the empirical research studies related human information behavior in the several contexts and aspects [1-5].


Objective: to evaluate the efficiency of combination use of hyperbaric oxygenation, succinate-containing solutions, and anti-edematous agents in patients with acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Subjects and methods. The results of treatment were analyzed in 32 patients admitted in 2009—2011 for severe acute carbon monoxide poisoning and a Glasgow coma score of 6—8. The patients were divided into 2 groups: 1) patients whose combination therapy involved hyperbaric oxygenation, Succinasol infusions, and L-lysine-aescinate injections; 2) those who received traditional therapy. All the patients underwent complex clinical, laboratory, and neurophysiologic examinations. Results. Just 24 hours after the combination use of Succinasol and L-lysine-aescinate, Group I patients were observed to have substantially reduced lactate, the content of the latter approached the normal value following 48 hours, which was much below the values in the control group. The similar pattern was observed when endogenous intoxication parameters were examined. During the performed therapy, the level of consciousness and that of intellect according to the MMSE and FAB scales were restored more rapidly in the study group patients than in Group 2. Conclusion. The combination use of hyperbaric oxygenation, the succinate-containing solution Succinasol, and the anti-edematous agent L-lysine-aescinate considerably enhances the efficiency of intensive therapy for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Key words: carbon monoxide, toxic hypoxic encephalopathy, combination therapy, hyperbaric oxygenation, succinic acid, L-lysine-aescinate.


The fundamental objective of this paper is to produce a theoretical framework for understanding the relationship between the dualistic model of entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial performance. This framework draws upon the principles of the Self-Determination Theory and the Mood Maintenance Hypothesis. To gather information, a comprehensive review of existing conceptual and empirical literature on the subject was conducted, and the findings were synthesized. The results indicate that the association between dualistic model of entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial performance is distant. The proposed dualistic model of entrepreneurial passion directly influences entrepreneurial performance, while also exerting indirect effects that are sequentially mediated by factors such as entrepreneurial emotions, risk-taking, competitive aggressiveness, and escalation of commitment. The study presents a concise framework for regulating entrepreneurial passion and its impact on entrepreneurial performance. It expands the ontological understanding of the dualistic model of entrepreneurial passion, and there is a high likelihood that the framework will be validated through empirical research in the future. The practical implications of this study are significant, as it offers a comprehensive understanding of the link between entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial performance. This studycan be utilized to develop effective strategies and interventions in the field of entrepreneurship.


In order to improve the stability, sensitivity or efficiency of AlGaN/GaN based sensors employing high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs), Schottky diodes and/or resistors they should be integrated into micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS). The creation of appropriate diaphragms and/or cantilevers is necessary for the verification of sensing properties of such MEMS sensors. In this paper, we present possible approaches to improve the fabrication of micromechanic structures in bulk SiC substrates with epitaxial AlGaN/GaN heterostructures using femtosecond laser ablation to fabricate SiC diaphragms. The objective of this work is also to point at the backside damaging effects and to find an optimal method for its elimination or suppression.


This paper attempts to apply a neural network to classify pneumonia images. The classification model is built based on thousands of actual X-ray images that belong relatively to both pneumonia patients and normal people. Classification neural networks are a popular approach to machine learning that will serve as an aid to diagnose pneumonia and perform pre-screening. In this paper, we analyze and include the details of the algorithm we used. By analyzing the structure of the network, we propose several useful ways to improve the model, leading to a better model structure and application for classification. Our proposed new structure is demonstrated in this paper. The final training accuracy is more than 85%.


This is a wonderfully stimulating and powerful book. I continue to be impressed by how effectively Hodgson can draw material from the history of economic and social thought to raise issues and make points highly relevant to contemporary discussion and analysis. While I was reasonably familiar with much of the intellectual history that Hodgson considers in this book, I still learned a lot from his history of socialist thought, and his discussion of the various strands of ideological support for market capitalism. I have chosen here not to give a general review of Hodgson's book, but rather to focus on two (I would argue overlapping) issues raised by his exposition. The first is the question of how modern "mainstream" economic analysis became so narrow analytically, and so "market-oriented". The second is the issue of how to characterize and understand modern "mixed economies," which, of course, is what we have. This last year I had occasion to go back and reread many of the economic classics, from Smith, to Mill, to Marshall, Schumpeter, Frank Knight, Hayek. I was again struck by the breadth, sophistication, and in most cases the open-mindedness of our predecessors, and for the most part (Hayek here is an exception) the fact that they saw the warts on market organization, as well as the advantages. I propose that the intellectual, and ideological, narrowness of "mainstream" economics that is the subject of Hodgson's concern is a relatively recent phenomena, taking hold no earlier than the late 1960s or early 1970s. This is not to argue that prior to that time there were no prominent economists putting forth a dogmatic faith in market capitalism. There were; Hayek and Friedman are good examples. Hodgson's book gives many others. And there certainly were programs that were unified around that faith; for example the program at the University of Chicago, at least after 1950 But my argument is that these were far from the rule, and were balanced or more than balanced by economists and programs who were pragmatic and eclectic about the advantages and problems of market organization. My own graduate education in economics, which took place before that time, was not narrow, or strongly ideologically slanted in favor of market organization and capitalism. I, like I believe most American graduate students in economics at first-rate universities at that time, read a lot in the history of economic thought. Economic history was a required subject, and no weak sister to "theory" and econometrics. The courses on macroeconomics were very much oriented to an active Keynesianism. The problems of market power were taken seriously in courses in industrial organization, and considerable attention was paid to active government policies to prevent or break up monopolies, or to regulate them. The theory of market failure was taught along side the twin theorems of welfare economics, and provided what was regarded as a solid basis for public finance of public goods, and regulation of externalities. The issues of income inequalities and poverty were not glossed over either. And the term "mixed economy" for w hat we had in the U.S., in the U.K. and in Europe, was standard. What happened to cause, or to permit, the narrowing? I once thought fear of and ideological conflict with the Soviet Union was an important reason. However, that fear and conflict certainly was there in full strength by the mid-1950s, before the narrowing occurred. Rather, I now would focus on something else. One was the growing tendency within economics to think of mathematical modeling as not simply one useful way to theorize in economics, but as the only legitimate way. When I was a graduate student, some mathematics was used in the basic economic theory courses, but a lot of the discussion and reading was verbal and often associated with attempts to characterize real economic institutions. …


ESI Scheme of India is anunified social security scheme modified to provide social protection to workers and their family members, during the time of eventualities, such as, sickness, maternity and death or impairment due to an employment injury or job-related risk. The provisions of ESI Act have been extended by "appropriate, state or central government. Of establishments, industrial, commercial or agricultural or otherwise. The ESI Act have also extended to certain specific class of establishments, such as, shops, hotels, restaurants, cinemas, preview theatres, motors transport undertakings and newspaper establishments etc., employing 20 employees or more. The fund can be financed by employees and employers by a certain percentage from their wages. This study focus on the awareness and utilisation of ESI scheme and its utilisation by the employees.


Foundational Skills: These standards are directed toward fostering students' understanding and working knowledge of concepts of print, the alphabetic principle, and other basic conventions of the English writing system. These foundational skills are not an end in and of themselves; rather they are necessary and important components of an effective, comprehensive reading program designed to develop proficient readers with the capacity to comprehend texts across a range of types and disciplines. Instruction should be differentiated: good readers will need much less practice with these concepts than struggling readers will. The point is to teach students what they need to learn and not what they already know-to discern when particular children or activities warrant more or less attention. *MPCL – Maine Partnership in Comprehensive Literacy Common Core Standards RSU 54/MSAD 54 Objectives Framework/ Resources/Assessments Phonics and Word Recognition 3. Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.


The overview of spectral properties of the CO2 laser radiation in modern RF excited waveguide, multi-waveguide, and slab-waveguide laser structures is given. Spectral phenomena in lasers operated in a pulse regime are also demonstrated. The influence of specific spectral features of the CO2 laser on designing the high-brightness and spectrally pure laser devices is shown.


Salatiga is a city located in Central Java Province where the community consists of various tribes, different backgrounds, and beliefs. Salatiga has a tradition of Saparan, there are some areas that still adhere to the tradition of Saparan as a legacy of elderly. Saparan di Tegalrejo is held every once a year in a Sapar month that is identical with village Merti activities or maintaining the village. Each tradition procession has its own meaning and values that are used as a guideline for society. By using a qualitative approach and linear strategy, a documentary media is produced that can visualize the meaning and value in the existing Saparan tradition in Tegalrejo Salatiga village to the audience.


The underlying thread throughout the session on Teaching Analytical Chemistry in the New Century was how to provide more depth to the analytical chemistry curriculum. There was a strong consensus that students do not need to learn about every single analytical technique. Instead, they are better served by cutting back the curriculum to add more depth and to place analytical techniques in a relevant context.


Concurrent design and engineering in the supply chain are vital to the growing competitiveness of the US automotive industry. However, these innovative design and development processes are hampered if product data cannot be exchanged seamlessly across the supply chain. This paper estimates that imperfect interoperability costs the US automotive industry about $1 billion per year and delays the introduction of new models by at least two months. It also evaluates different methods for alleviating interoperability problems and concludes that emerging technologies and formats offer promising solutions that may lead to significant savings for the industry. Benefits from alleviating interoperability problems can also be realized in other product data exchange‐intensive supply chains like shipbuilding and aerospace.


Started in the late 1980s, Venture Capital (VC) industry in India is passing through a paradigm shift in the contemporary uncertain, but seemingly promising, economics landscape. The present study attempts to comprehend the changing trend of VC industry in the country, by analyzing the data regarding the proportion of sectoral deals, total volume, the number of deals and the growth in the number of VC firms during 2001 and 2007. Such trends during the economic crisis have also been reviewed. The study results could infer that the VC initiatives in the country outlived the crisis through diversification and innovation. The paradigm shift in VC initiative can be manifested by the shift from early stage financing to later stage, signifying the interest of venture capitalists to have stake in proven ventures due to their acquired precautionary nature of risk aversion.