To be presented as an overview paper on 'Fracture Surface Ana1ysis Techniques' at the Specialists Meeting on 'Fatigue Crack Topography', AGARD SMP, Siena, Ita1y 1-6 April 1984.

The fractographic derivation of fatigue crack growth information is entirely dependent on the fractographer's ability to correlate accurately the striated fracture surface topography with the applied test or service loads. This paper will review some of the techniques that have been developed to acquire this type of quantitative information through the application of optical and electron microscopy. Fractographic analyses of fatigue specimens and components that have failed during laboratory and full-scale aircraft fatigue tests will be presented. These analyses will show how the identification and correlation of various fatigue load application formats, i.e. constant amplitude, programmed block, flight-by-flight and random loading, can be utilized to derive this type of experimental crack growth data.


Abstract : Because little is known about properties of lines fitted by eye, we designed and carried out an empirical investigation. Inexperienced graduate and post-doctoral students instructed to locate a line for estimating y from x for four sets of points tended to choose slopes near that of the first principal component (major axis) of the data and their lines passed close to the centroids. Students had a slight tendency to choose consistently either steeper or shallower slopes for all sets of data. (Author)


Epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) disappear during photochemotherapy (PUVA) with 8‐meth‐oxypsoralen (8‐MOP) and long wavelength ultraviolet (UV‐A) radiation. The time course of their disappearance during treatment and their reappearance after its completion was followed. Langerhans cells lost ATPase activity before they disappeared by ultrastructural criteria: thus 90% of ATPase‐stained cells had disappeared after seven treatments (2 weeks) whereas it was only after fifteen treatments (5 weeks) that they were seen to be reduced on electron microscopy. Their numbers remained low throughout the course of treatment but they had returned to normal by 3 weeks after cessation of therapy.


The influence of operating variables on the separation of labeled oligosaccharide molecules in capillary electrophoresis with polymer networks is presented. In this study, an equation was derived that relates the effects of electrophoresis variables such as field strength, temperature, molecular weight and gel concentration to the migration velocity. As a model system, 8‐aminonaphthalene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonate ANTS‐labeled wheat starch digest was examined to show the validity of the equation. As an illustration of the high resolving power achievable with capillary electrophoresis, oligosaccharide molecules up to the degree of polymerization of 25 were separated with the very high efficiency of N>106 and efficiency generation rate of 3500 plates/m/s for maltose. Separation based on the size of the oligosaccharides was not obtained with either entangled or unentangled polymer solutions.


Most embedded systems contain a number of software vulnerabilities, such as program buffer overflow. The physical attacks in embedded systems are also becoming more and more common. This paper presents a fast, effective and reliable algorithm for tagging and validating what can be used in embedded systems. The compiler automatically collects the secure tags for each main memory segment at compile time. At run-time, the designed hardware observes the dynamic execution trace, and checks whether the trace conforms to the permissible behavior and triggers the appropriate response mechanisms according to the check result. This design does not change the compiler or the existing instruction set, with no restriction on the software developer. The design is implemented on an actual SOPC platform. Experimental analysis shows that the proposed techniques can eliminate a wide range of common software and physical attacks, with low performance penalties and minimal overheads.


In this work, a new polystyrene-bound single-onium phase-transfer catalyst was synthesized, and their catalytic activities were investigated in the synthesis of diethyl-2,2'-thio diacetate derivatives of thioether. The new insoluble polymer anchored mono-site phase-transfer catalyst showed significant high catalytic activity as compared to soluble single site phase-transfer catalysts. The comparative kinetic investigation reveals that the diethyl-2,2'-thio diacetate of ethyl-2-bromoacetate is faster than sodium sulfide in the presence of the new catalyst. This catalyst can be used several times with consistent catalytic activity. Experimental observations support an interfacial-type mechanism.


This study aims to find out the perception of learners about learning English online classes at Puspita Senior High School. The subject of this study consists of two classes namely X IPA 1 consisting of 30 learners and X IPS 1 consisting of 31 learners. This research method uses descriptive qualitative through three data collection techniques, namely 1) observations made during the learning process; 2) questionnaire, given to students to find out the perception of students who have previously been validated by experts; and 3) Interviews, conducted to teachers and principals who are used to support other data. From the data obtained then data analysis was conducted consisting of 1) reduction of data that chooses the core of the data obtained through observation, questionnaire, and interview. After that 2) the presentation of data presented through tables, graphs, and brief descriptions. Then 3) drawing conclusions that answer the formulation of the problem. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the majority of learners have a positive perception of online classes. But there are still some learners who experience frustration when online classes are implemented.
Keywords:Analysis, learning difficulties, student perception


FULL PAPER Kay Severin et al. Sensing of peptide hormones with dynamic combinatorial libraries of metal–dye complexes: the advantage of time-resolved measurements ChemSpider is a free online, structure centric community for chemists, providing fast access to millions of unique chemical entities, resources and information and the opportunity to collaborate with a world wide community of scientists. Rapidly becoming the richest single source of structure based chemistry information online, ChemSpider is a ground breaking initiative now supported by the RSC, the most innovative of chemical societies.


Oliver points to the moral, ethical, and professional guidance for blowing the whistle on systematic problems in the NHS.1 This is all well and good if you want to be investigated by the NHS and the General Medical Council (GMC). But if you want to keep your job and registration and to avoid years of …


The artical is about the research and development of a software packsge for control system computer aided analysis and design based on MATLAB and describes its characteristics, functions and effects with several examples. In practice, this software package presents friendly interface, convenient operateration, stable value and good effect.


Abstract : The testing of Soviet historical data for consistency is examined in this report via a sequential set of hypotheses by first testing to determine whether or not the apparent seismic variance based on this new data has been reduced. If it cannot be determined that the apparent variance has been reduced, we test to determine whether or not the intercept term in the basic magnitude log yield linear relationship has been inflated on the basis of the historical data. We provide techniques for testing this second hypothesis under the assumption that the variances are known and under the assumption that these variances are unknown but equal. If either of the two sequential hypotheses is rejected, then we reject the consistency of the Soviet data. An extensive set of tables is given for determining the number of CORRTEX events which would be necessary in order to have a sufficiently high probability of rejecting consistency where the historical data is sufficiently inconsistent to produce unsatisfactorily high F-numbers.


Left atrial (LA) function has been associated to right chambers hemodynamics in the context of mitral valve regurgitation (MR). However, this physiological interplay between left atrial function, mitral regurgitation and right ventricular (RV) parameters has not yet been clarified in patients with aortic valve stenosis (AS).

 To assess the combination of LA function and different MR grades with right chambers performance and pulmonary non-invasive hemodynamics status in patients with severe AS using an advanced automated echocardiographic approach.

 Consecutive patients with severe AS referred to our institution were analyzed. Mitral regurgitation was classified according to integrative guideline-based criteria. 2D advanced speckle tracking echocardiography analysis was conducted to measure the LA peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS) and right ventricular free wall strain, (RVFWS) using Tomtec Arena, version TTA2 41.00, with dedicated LV/LA/RV analysis option (Tomtec, Unterschlei heim, Germany). All conventional right chambers performance indexes were also measured: TAPSE, S'- TDI, fractional area change, systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP). We featured 3 patients groups based on MR grade and LA function: (a) no/mild MR and preserved PALS (above the median); (c) >mild MR and reduced PALS; (b) the remaining patients with >mild MR and low PALS or >mild MR and high PALS.

 A total of 102 patients with severe aortic stenosis formed the study cohort: age was 82±9, 47% were female, mean left-ventricular-ejection-fraction 56%±12, more than mild MR was present in 24% of patients, mean PALS was 19±10%, sPAP 38±12 mmHg, RVFW strain 21±6%, and RVFW/sPAP 0.62±0.25. The 3 subgroups presented similar age and sex distribution. Right ventricular function significantly worsened moving from group (a) to (c); RVFW strain decreased from 25±5 (a) to 19±7 (b) and 17±5% (c), p<0.001; sPAP increased from 34±9 (a) to 39±12 (b) and 47±13 mmhg (c), p<0.001; and RVFW/sPAP decreased from 0.76±0.21 (a) to 0.54±0.23 (b) and 0.39±0.11 (c), p<0.001. Patients in the group (c) were more symptomatic (NYHA class III/IV increase from 40% in group a and 63% in group (b) to 80% in group c, p=0.006). When added to MR grade, in a logistic regression analysis, PALS provided incremental prediction of all right ventricular parameters (p<0.01).

 This study highlights that the combination of MR and reduced LA function is associated with symptoms and RV impairment in patients with severe AS. These preliminary results suggest that preserved LA function may modulate the adverse effects of the AS-MR combination by preventing/delaying the development of pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction.

 Type of funding sources: None.


The basic idea of Software Defined Radio is to structure a general hardware platform to make the most of the software to complete variety of communication functions.As one of the key technology of Software Defined Radio,Digital Upconverter modulated the input data in kinds of modes and converted it to intermediate frequency.It is difficult to(implement) it on Digital Signal Processor,so we should use special IC to achieve DUC.AD9857 is a Quadrature Digital Upconverter chip manufactured by ADI corporation with features such as programmable,small package,high speed and high performance.First,the authors introduce the principle,architecture and application of AD9857,and then analyse the characteristic of Software Defined Radio modulation,at last they give an instance in which they design a plat of(general) digital modulation system integrated FPGA and AD9857.


Abstract Oil was found in the late 30's in the Bintuni basin located in western Irian Jaya and limited production obtained from the New Guinea limestones in the Wasian and Mogoi fields. Since then, although many wells were drilled in the Bintuni basin, only a modest discovery was made in 1981 at Wiriagar. A geochemical review, including recent laboratory studies, has been carried out on rock samples from wells, or collected in the field on the northern edge of the Bintuni basin. This geochemical review led to the questioning of previous models of Tertiary source rocks sourcing the New Guinea limestones. It was found that the source potential of the late Tertiary Steenkool and Klasafet formations was marginal (low T.O.C., humic type of Kerogen). Moreover, sufficient maturity is not reached, except maybe in the deeper part of the basin, implying unlikely long distance horizontal mirgration. In contrast the oils of Wasian, Mogoi and Wiriagar fields are thermally mature and therefore have already undergone high temperatures during their geological history, a fact inconsistent with a Tertiary source. Sediments having good source rock potential were recorded in middle Jurassic upper Tipuma shales and paralic uppermost Permian Ainim formation within numerous coal seams and carbonaceous shales rich in plant debris. These sediments are thought to lie in the oil window and to have reached maturity. An attempt at oil to source rock correlation suggests that the Mogoi and Wasian oils could have been sourced by the Permian Aifat formation while the Wiriagar oil is of a different origin, tentatively correlated with the upper Tipuma source rock. The existence of such pre-Tertiary source rocks is of interest for hydrocarbon exploration in the Bintuni basin. This underlines the role of geochemistry in exploration.


A prototype system to aid analog design engineers in the synthesis and analysis of CMOS analog circuits has been developed. ACAD (Analog Computer Aided Design), differs from other tools by its extensive use of hierarchy and two-port network theory to subdivide the process of solving the small signal network functions. This allows larger circuits to be analyzed.


Under the new situation, the construction of "curriculum thinking and politics" in animal science major is an important measure to thoroughly implement Xi Jinping's new China's socialist ideology with Chinese characteristics, to implement the fundamental task of moral education, to promote all-round development of moral, intellectual, physical and aesthetic work, and to do a good job in Ideological and political education for college students. A good move for the goal. In this paper, the animal sciencestudents are taken as the research object, and the ideological and political construction of the course is carried out based on the animal genetic course. The purpose is to enhance the students' sense of dedication and service, form a good professional ethics, cultivate positive psychological quality, promote the spirit of craftsman, and spread the excellent traditional Chinese culture.


In waveguide photodetectors the bandwidth and the quantum efficiency may be specified almost independently because the absorption of light is in the longitudinal direction whereas the current flows in the transversal direction. Then, these devices may combine high bandwidth with high quantum efficiency. In this paper a detailed numerical analysis of the frequency response of waveguide photodetectors is presented. The calculations show that the capacitive effects limit the bandwidth but that by an appropriate choice of a series inductance the maximum bandwidth almost doubles.


NEREUS is a Network of Regions Using Space Technologies established in Brussels in 2007. The need of this network emerged out of conviction that the regions are the key users and procurers of space-based applications, products and services. Since more than decade, the mission of the Network has been to raise awareness of the benefits that space technologies can offer to the citizens, especially in a regional context, for public services and public policies. Within this framework, and with support by the European Commission and European Space Agency, NEREUS has developed several publications that have promoted different Earth Observation applications such as "The growing uses of Copernicus across Europe's Regions" (2012) and the latest one "The Ever Growing Use of Copernicus across Europe's Regions" (2018). Politecnico di Milano was in charge of Publication management of this last use-cases collection. The paper here presented illustrates and discusses the result of the Publication with a specific focus on applications regarding use of Earth Observation and Copernicus Programme for Cultural Heritage.


A generic dialogue manager, previously used in real-world spoken language applications for databases and call-routing, was redeployed in an existing spoken language interface to a 2D game system, which required spatial reasoning, absent in previous applications. This was accomplished by separating general, domain, and application specific knowledge from the machinery, reusing the machinery and the general knowledge, and exploiting ergonomic specification languages for the remaining knowledge. The clear-cut agent-based architecture also contributed strongly to the success of the undertaking.


This letter reports on the pressure dependence of the optical absorption edge of ZnO in the rock-salt phase, up to 20 GPa. Both vapor-phase monocrystals and pulsed-laser-deposition thin films on mica have been investigated. Rock-salt ZnO is shown to be an indirect semiconductor with a band gap of 2.45±0.15 eV, whose pressure coefficient is very small. At higher photon energies, a direct transition is observed (4.6 eV at 10 GPa), with a positive pressure coefficient (around 40±3 meV/GPa between 5 and 19 GPa). These results are interpreted on the basis of first-principles electronic band structure calculations.


IS-IS is an interior gateway routing protocol which can support both the ISO connectionless network protocol and IP protocol.In this paper,in two aspects,studies and promotes routing protocols IS-IS in order to improve the performances and the stability of router.


Twenty five years after the Out of Africa model was proposed, Africa remains at the heart of most theories for modern human origins. For all the ardour of its proponents, multiregional evolution continues to lack evidence from genetics and morphology. The question today is whether the African origin of Homo sapiens was in fact recent, or even a single event. The most likely scenario predicts a deep population sub-structure in the middle Pleistocene of Africa c. 200,000 years ago coupled with a complex emergence of the modern human genetic lineage. Sweeps of population interbreeding can explain the preserved traces of archaic genes that survive today in Homo sapiens. Anatomical modernity it seems was the product of a long-term accretion or piecemeal coalescence of morphological traits. Multiple dispersals and bottlenecks, rather than a single Out of Africa event, account for the observed distribution in the genetics, morphology and behaviour of modern humans today. Encounters with archaic populations such as Neanderthals in the Levant were likely exemplified by interbreeding events that have contributed to the present day genetic make-up of modern humans. Thus fundamental assumptions underpinning the Out of Africa model have been violated. Looking forward, only a redefinition of the origins of modern humans can accommodate the conclusions of 21 st century research and ultimately reunite all scholars.


Partial discharge is one of the main reasons leading to premature failure of high-frequency power equipment insulation. However, there is still a lack of complete understanding on the development rules of partial discharge process. In order to inquiry the evolution of partial discharge, a set of simplified but effective reactions was used to describe all reactions of air discharge. On this basis, a non-equilibrium plasma model of air-polyimide partial discharge under the sphere-plate electrode structure was presented with fluid dynamic theory. This model solved the continuity equations for charged species and the electron energy balance equation, coupled with Poisson's equation. Then, the temporal and spatial evolution laws of the charged particle density, surface charge density and discharge current during the discharge process were obtained. Accordingly, the influence of voltage amplitude and frequency on partial discharge was also studied and revealed. The results indicate that the process of partial discharge is mainly controlled by the change of air gap voltage, and the superposition effect of electric field and external electric field caused by charge accumulation on the dielectric surface is significant. At the moment of discharge, electrons, positive and negative ions are mainly concentrated near the cathode sheath which leads to serious distortion of the air gap electric field. The number of discharges in a single cycle is positively correlated with the voltage amplitude and negatively correlated with the voltage frequency.


ABSTRACT In this study researchers wanted tc discover school principals' attitudes about reported increases in the proportion of men teaching very 7oung children. Elementary school 1.rincipals in southern Manitoba were interviewed about their attitudes toward beginning teachers it early childhood (nursery-kindergarten) education., At the time of writing, about 50 principals had been intereviewed concerning their opinions and.attitudes aLcut new teachers, generally, and men in earlT childhood eduCation, specifically. Principals eeemed less concerned with teachers° specific skills or training and more concerned with teachers' personal qualities, such as warmth, kindness, love Of children, and ability to create a happy creative atmosphere im the classroom. Most incipals seemed to feel isolated from their peers and different fzom or more raezcal than them in their practices and educational philosopby. Almost all expressed a wish that more men could be found who were yuCified and willing tc teach very young children. None stated that he gender of a person directly determined whether or not he/she was 111;ed. Principals were quick to point out, however, that a man had to be unusual to work in early childhood education, since he would be contradicting social expectations about what men do for livelihood. (Author/RH)


A Case Report of Complicated Multiple Facial Basal Cell Carcinoma Treatment in a Young Woman A 36-year-old woman was consulted in Riga Eastern Clinical University Hospital Latvian Oncology centre Outpatient Department with multiple histology-proven basal cell carcinomas. The patient was treated with diode laser 980 nm and immunotherapy and had 5 years disease free survival.


Asphondylia gochnatiae Maia, a new species of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) that induces leaf galls on Gochnatia polymorpha (Less.) Cabrera (Asteraceae) is described and illustrated (larva, pupa, male, female and gall) based on material from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data on the gall biology is also provided.


ABSTRACT In this article, the possible use of sets of basis functions alternative with respect to the usual atom-centred orbitals sets is considered. The orbitals describing the inner part of the wavefunction (i.e. the region close to each nucleus) are still atomic Gaussian functions: tight Gaussian orbitals having different angular momenta and large exponential coefficients, centred on each nucleus. On the other hand, the outer part of the wavefunction is described through a set of s-type distributed Gaussian orbitals: s-type Gaussians having a unique fixed exponent, and whose fixed centres are placed on a uniform mesh of points evenly distributed in the region surrounding all the atoms of the molecule. The resulting basis sets are applied to various one-electron systems in order to assess the capability to describe different types of one-electron wavefunctions. Moreover, the hydrogen atom and the dihydrogen cation, for which accurate solutions exist, are also considered for comparison, to assess the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Preliminary results concerning the treatment of electron correlation, necessary for a quantitatively correct description of many-electron atoms and molecules, are also presented. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


If the Union Budget 2014 is anything to go by , the fiscal policy of the new government shows no change. In fact, there is an amazing continuity with the previous few Budgets. Significantly however, there are signs that the Union government appears to be abdicating its responsibility towards the social sectors and shifting the onus on the states by sharply reducing allocations in the social sector and rural development and hiking grants in aid to states.


Inkjet‐printed gold nanoparticle pillars are investigated as a high‐performance alternative to conventional flip‐chip interconnects for electronic packages, with significant advantages in terms of mechanical/chemical robustness and conductivity. The process parameters critical to pillar fabrication are described and highly uniform pillar arrays are demonstrated. More generally, this work underscores the impact of sintering on the electrical, mechanical, structural, and compositional properties of three‐dimensional nanoparticle‐based structures. Using heat treatments as low as 200 °C, electrical and mechanical performance that outcompetes conventional lead‐tin eutectic solder materials is achieved. With sintering conditions reaching 300 °C it is possible to achieve pillars with properties comparable to bulk gold. This work demonstrates the immense potential for both inkjet printing and metal nanoparticles to become a viable and cost‐saving alternative to both conventional electronic packaging processes and application‐specific integration schemes.


The informations of ground thermal water well in the area showing that Karst fracture aquifer in dolomite of Wumishan formation, Jixian system, Sinian suberathem is main reservoir of ground thermal water in this area, and the huge thick (1200m) red clay of Tianzhu formation of Neogene system and muddy sediments of Quaternary system formed good geothermal covering strata in this area. The masses of rock formed by the tectonization and company with magmatic activity ever since Archaeozoic Era are the carrier of thermal source of ground water, and the faults and structure related with it are the favourable position of ground thermal water search.


To upgrade the textile industry, increase efficiency, guarantee quality and improve the international competition, the owners of the Chinese textile mills realized that intelligent technology might help them achieve their goals ten years ago. To the owners of the spinning mill, it seems to be more urgent since they face the shortage of workers, increment of wages and high employee turnover rate due to bad workshop environment and strenuous manual labor. From 2012 to 2016, the labor force population has decreased almost 3.65M each year in China [1]. The decrease might get to balance 10 years later. The worse thing is that the younger generation workers would rather not endure the hard work and the bad environment as the elder generation did. The owners of the textile mills have to seek the replacement by intelligent yarn spinning technology.


In this paper we present a new modeling for belief revision that is what we term irrevocable. This modeling is of philosophical interest since it captures some features of suppositional reasoning, and of formal interest since it is closely connected with AGM, yet provides for iterated belief revision. The analysis is couched in terms of dynamic doxastic logic.


A survey is presented of the pre‐history, discovery, development, and applications of the Lie transform in classical dynamics, with particular attention to its utility in plasma physics.


PURPOSE
Perform an integrative literature review on ways to improve somatic care access for people with autistic spectrum disorders (PASD).

DESIGN AND METHODS
Integrative review as described by Whittemore and Kanfl methodology has been chosen by the author to concatenate knowledge about somatic care situation and existing processes that could improve its access for PASD. The PRISMA diagram was applied for its synthetic and visual modeling of the research process.

FINDINGS
Barriers that reduce somatic care access were discussed by five of the six selected articles, which suggest fields of improvement by using bio-psycho-sensorial profiling tools for PASD, healthcare preparation protocols, or visual pathway tools to prevent behavioral disorders.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS
Somatic care access for people with autism is improved by the tools presented in this review.


In this work, we discuss the realisability problem for ranking-based semantics in the area of abstract argumentation. So, for a given ranking and ranking-based semantics, we want to find an AF s.t. the selected ranking-based semantics induces our ranking when applied to the AF. We show that this question can be answered trivially with yes for a number of ranking-based semantics, i.e. for every ranking we can find such an AF. In addition to the discussion about the realisability problem, we also introduce a new equivalence notion for argumentation frameworks. We call two AFs ranking equivalent if they have the same ranking for a ranking-based semantics.


From a nationwide perspective,rural insurance still gets restricted by many factors.As to the regional conditions,these factors fall into four categories: economic development level,rural aging level,rural income per capita and education level.By sampling the data in Heilongjiang,Liaoning,Shandong,Zhejiang,Jiangsu,the paper sets up the matter-element model for rural insurance evaluation.With the analysissitus theory,it introduces the methods of comparatively studying the conditions of implementing rural insurance in these provinces.


A method for an access device to access an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) network, and an access gateway control function (AGCF) entity and a serving call session control function (S-CSCF) entity. The method comprises: during the process of the access device accessing the IMS network through the AGCF, and after the AGCF establishes a connection to the access device, decide to construct a registration request carrying an authentication success indication, and sending the registration request to the S-CSCF entity via an interrogating call session control function (I-CSCF) entity, and the authentication success indication is used for the S-CSCF to decide whether to authenticate the access device. The above technical solution simplifies the traditional user registration process of a fixed network access device accessing the IMS network via the AGCF.


Prototype of FCC catalyst were formulated by mixing the stabilised Y zeolites (68wt%) with polyvinal alcohol (PVA) (7%) as a solution binder and bentonite (25%). The Y zeolite including the original HY with Si/Al of 2.6 (cat.-2.6) and dealuminated HY with Si/Al of 30 (cat.-30) were used and tested for catalytic cracking of Iraqi vacuum gas oil (VGO) obtained from Al-Dura refinery using a pilot plant. The cracking process was carried out at a temperature of 520 °C and atmospheric pressure, The weight ratio of catalyst / oil ratio was 3 and 5. The results show that higher conversion of 77 wt. % and better product distribution (gasoline, kerosene and gas oil) could be obtained over cat.30 resulting to a good liquid product yield. The catalytic activity, in terms of VGO conversion was not affected over cat.-30 in spite of its lower acidity, suggesting the determinate of mesoporosity in the Y zeolite (cat.-30) catalysed cracking reactions. A higher yield of ~ 67 wt% to mid-distillates (i.e.Naphtha and kerosene) was as a result of the improvements in the diffusion to and from catalyst structure.


CHEST I 86 I 2 I AUGUST, 1984 251 T he patient was a 14-year-old girl admitted for evaluation of recurrent congestive heart failure. She had limited exercise tolerance and, although able to participate in sports, was fatigued easily. She also reported that her right leg was longer than her left and that her right shoe size was one halfsize larger than the left. On physical examination, the above findings were confirmed, and an increased girth to the right thigh was noted as well. The admission frontal roentgenogram (Fig 1) shows a right-sided aortic arch and increased vascularity, while the lateral view (Fig 2) demonstrates some focal encroachment on the postenor tracheal wall.


Accurate prediction of the fluctuations of wall quantities – wall pressure and wall shear stress – is important for many applications including acoustics, and is strongly influenced by the spatial resolution of the grid in the near-wall region. For large industrial flows at very high Reynolds number, computing a solution on a grid with enough resolution to adequately resolve the small-scale fluctuations that contribute to high-frequency sound is infeasible. As such, a solution with lower spatial resolution is computed and other methods such as reconstruction may be used to estimate the small-scale structures that were not resolved by the grid. Recently proposed reconstruction methods such as super-resolution use deep learning to estimate missing detail and have shown promising results. In this work, super-resolution is applied to reconstruct wall pressure and wall shear stress fluctuations learnt from snapshots of a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent channel flow at friction Reynolds number Re τ = 395 that were filtered and down-sampled by a factor of four. Mechanisms are identified that allow more generalised application of the method, including dataset preparation and training parameters. With these mechanisms, the super-resolution method is shown to reconstruct instantaneous fields and time-averaged statistics such as energy spectra that are in very good agreement with the DNS.


Preface Introduction: Vigilantism and the State: A Look South and North Mob Lynching, Popular Violence, and Justiceiros Lynchings--Life by a Thread: Street Justice in Brazil Popular Responses and Urban Violence: Lynching in Brazil Police, People, and Preemption in Argentina Authoritarian Society: Breeding Ground for Justiceiros Paramilitary and Parapolice Death Squads Guatemala: The Recourse of Fear All the Minister's Men: Paramilitary Activity in Peru Institutional Crisis, Parainstitutionality, and Regime Flexibility in Colombia: The Place of Narcotraffic and Counterinsurgency The Discourse about Violence How Not to Think about Torture: Violence, Theory, and the Problems of Explanation Legislation and National Security in Latin America Extralegal Police Violence "Extraordinary" Police Operations in Venezuela Police and Political Crisis: The Case of the Military Police Police Deadly Force as Social Control: Jamaica, Brazil, and Argentina U.S.-Supported State Terror: A History of Police Training in Latin America Select Bibliography Index


Zinc adsorption by two alkaline solids, Mormon clay loam and Willows clay, both deficient in zinc for rice culture, was examined over a wide range of zinc solution concentrations. At zinc equilibrium concentrations (0.1 ppm zinc for Willows clay and 0.23 ppm for Mormon clay loam), zinc adsorption at 25°C can be described by either the Langmuir or the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The exponent of concentration of the Freundlich equation is about 1.0. At higher zinc concentrations, however, zinc adsorption can be described only by the Freundlich equation, with the exponent of concentration being 0.31. Zinc adsorption by Mormon clay loam and Willows clay is an endothermic reaction. The rate of zinc adsorption can be described by multiple-order kinetic equation. The activation energy of adsorption is 43.1 kilocalories per mole for Mormon clay loam and 31.4 kilocalories per mole for Willws clay. Because of the high activation energy, the adsorption is considered to be chemisorption rather than due to the electrostatic attraction forces between zinc ions and the surfaces of colloidal particles. The greater stability of adsorbed zinc may result from dehydration during the aging of zinc on the surface of clay minerals.


Aggressive interactions between city-dwelling great tits could be more frequent due to higher population densities compared with forest habitats. However, urban great tits had lower levels of corticosterone ("stress hormones") in feathers suggesting that competing for the top spots in a flock is less stressful in the city.


The invention relates to a processing method of a beggar's chicken. The processing method comprises nine steps of: preparing flavoring liquid; preparing fillers; preparing paste; preparing auxiliary materials; preparing main materials; pickling; charging; wrapping paste and baking. The processing method of the beggar's chicken has the beneficial effects that the auxiliary materials are decocted; then chicken meals are pickled; and finally kaolin is used as the paste; and therefore, the delicious taste permeates into the inside of the beggar's chicken meat, the inside and outside of the beggar's chicken meat are ensured to be the same, the beggar's chicken meat is crisp and spicy and is purplish red and bright in color and fragrant.


Endophytes are microorganisms, usually fungi or bacteria less commonly algae and viruses, that live in plant tissues without causing disease symptoms in their host. It is estimated that there are over one million endophytic fungal species, but because of their habitat, they have been discovered relatively recently and therefore poorly studied. (Gupta, Chaturvedi, Kulkarni, & Van Staden, 2019) It is estimated that less than 1 % of all endophytic species are currently known. When observing the mutual relationships of plants with endophytes, most researchers take the view that such associations are commensal (Ayswaria, Vasu, & Krishna, 2020). Nowadays, endophytic microorganisms are considered to be a potential source of compounds - secondary metabolites. Endophyte bioactive compounds can be used in the pharmaceutical industry. Endophytes are mainly used in the production of antibiotics, antioxidants, various enzymes, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiparasitics and antifungal drugs, immunosuppressors, and also as anticancer agents. The interest in biotechnology is great, as the application of secondary metabolites of endophytes is possible in the cosmetic industry, agricultural complex, textile production, and food industry besides pharmaceuticals. The relevance of this topic and its further research on the use of already available and the discovery of new bioactive components of endophytic microorganisms can help scientists in resolving the problems of resistance of some pathogenic strains to modern approaches in antibiotic therapy. The potential uses are great, as endophytes can be extracted from numerous plants worldwide. The properties and characteristics of extracted endophytes will vary due to their geographical location and environmental conditions. Besides the wide variety of endophytic microorganisms for production, an important factor is the ability to use the same fungus, bacterium, or algae to synthesize a significant number of different active compounds. These compounds are interesting because they can manifest their action in several directions. In this article we considered several options for classifying endophytic microorganisms, listed the possible applications in the pharmaceutical industry, also considered the most used bioactive compounds from the Streptomyces genus actinobacteria, in addition, we reviewed substances with anti-tumor activity, which are now used to treat cancer of various human organs and are available as drugs for preparing injection solutions, metabolites of endophytes equally found their application. The aim of this work was to describe the modern classification of endophytes and show their potential use in antibiotic drugs as active agents in cancer treatment and their use as sedative drugs.


In an 8-week feeding trial, four broiler starter and finisher diets that contained 0, 10, 20 and 30% roasted fluted pumpkin pod husk waste meal were randomly assigned to a total of 144 broilers in a completely randomized design to assess their performance and carcass traits. The results showed that only the average liveweight and daily weight gain were significantly (P<0.05) highest in broilers fed 20% fluted pumpkin pod husk waste than those on other dietary treatments. Similarly, the carcass traits revealed that only the average liveweight, plucked and eviscerated weights, gizzard and lungs relative weights were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the dietary treatments. It therefore infers that 20% level of inclusion of roasted pumpkin pod husk waste meal is adequate in broiler diets for enhanced growth performance and carcass yield.


Hotels have recently started to implement enterprise information systems to measure and report sustainability indicators in a smart manner. However, a complex ownership structure in a hotel chain prevents full smart systems adoption at the individual property level. This study explores how a smart sustainability performance measurement system (SPMS) for waste management adoption correlates with customer ratings, customer reviews, operational efficiency scores, and between franchised and corporate-managed properties. We derive insights from the secondary data constructed from multiple sources for a large multinational hotel chain hotel. The findings suggest that hotels that adopt SPMS have better operational efficiency scores and more customer reviews. Within the hotels that adopted SPMS, corporate-managed hotels have a lower level of ratings than franchised hotels, but they have higher operational efficiency scores and more reviews. We discuss research implications for the concept of smart tourism and hotel management literature and managerial implications.


S 75 : a bill to authorize the construction, operation and maintenance of the Lower Colorado River Basin Project, and for other purposes, January 6, 1965.


Extended Abstract
While music discipline systematized in Europe in the 20th century was developing its own methods and techniques through research in the main fields such as historical, systematic and comparative musicology, it developed as an open field for interdisciplinary research by utilizing methods in social sciences, especially anthropology, history and philology. With the emphasis on the ethnographic method in the post-1950 period and with the emerging of concepts of nationalism, ethnicity, diaspora and gender after 1960, comparative musicology, which explored the music of cultures based on non-European and / or oral traditions in the early 1900s, was defined as a discipline (ethnomusicology) within a large perspective which researched the music and dance elements of any given society. After the second half of the century, the musical elements which were analyzed as a part of the culture were brought into the literature by the researches conducted in various regions, and the Ottoman / Turkish music studies conducted by European and American music scientists seem to have started in this process.
As in various centers of the world, the study field of ethnology/folklore has accelerated the transition to the term of ethnomusicology with the departments founded in universities, associations and academic journals. As of 1930s, oral tradition researches including the processes of appearing in the field, recording and then transferring into notes and the studies of compiling folk songs initiated institutionally have constituted the first ethnology/ethnomusicology activities in Turkey. The fields of study have been extended with the inclusion of concepts such as theory and culture, communities and their music, ethnicity, nationalism, diaspora and globalization, race, social gender, hegemony and immigration, which were developed in social sciences in the second half of the century, in the researches. This conceptual view adopted by the latest generation of ethnomusicologists such as Martin Stokes is the postmodern ethnomusicology research including the analysis of popular music and popular music performers within the cultural structure. The British ethnomusicologist Martin Stokes, who is known for his activities enabling the Turkish popular music genres and musicians to be approached in the cultural sense after 1980, became one of the significant names recognized in the field of Turkish music science with his books The Arabesk Debate: Music and Musicians in Modern Turkey  written in 1992 and The Republic of Love written in 2010 following his field studies in Turkey.
Stokes is the first European ethnomusicologist focusing his studies in the field of social anthropology and ethnomusicology on the Middle Eastern popular music, explaining the musical expressions of the arabesque concept through its cultural roots and examining the reflections of socio-cultural and musical elements on Turkish popular music. The book titled  The Arabesk Debate: Music and Musicians in Modern Turkey (Arabesque Case in Turkey, 1992) he wrote as a result of his field studies in various parts of Turkey and especially in Istanbul after 1980 is considered among the first evaluations which examine the status of the arabesque music in Turkey in terms of social anthropology and musicology and have been conducted on this music genre that has become popular. Examining the arabesque music, which is accepted as "music born from a degenerative process affecting the Turkish classical and Turkish folk music" as a cultural phenomenon, Stokes conducted studies on arabesque music composers and performers and made different observations. As in Arabesque Case in Turkey of Stokes, it is important to understand the purpose of his studies which investigate the history of the Turkish music on the basis of the ethnographic method and include political, economic and cultural evaluations and the way he used the ethnographic method. As opposed to the view associating the arabesque music with the life style (dressing, eating and more) of the immigrants in Turkey and considering it as an authenticity based on the melancholy, requiem and sorrow in the rural culture, he stated that the similar music genres were observed in the Middle Eastern and Balkans in 1940-50s and in the cities of the Northwestern Europe in 1960-70s, and when discussions emerged regarding the lives of those left out of nationalism, Southeastern problems and the hyper-liberalization of the Turkish State in recent years, he considered the formalization of the arabesque as the beginning of this process. In another book titled TheRepublic of Love: Cultural Intimacy in Turkish Popular Music and released in 2010, he mentioned about three important soloist musicians who had been keeping the media busy since the beginning of 1950s in Turkey. One of them was Zeki Muren, the star of the queer night club, another musician was Orhan Gencebay, who constituted the topic of his field study in Turkey and he defined as the inventor of the arabesque music, and the third one was Sezen Aksu he addressed as the diva of the pop music. He correlated these names, who he examined over their music careers and musical work analyses together with their fame and presence almost everywhere, although representatively, with the cultural intimacy to represent the periodic changes in the popular music, and discussed the political and cultural changes after 1950 by referring to modern Turkey.
This study, which seeks to answer such questions, examined the historical process of the term ethnomusicology in Europe, the first studies conducted on folklore/ ethnomusicology in Turkey and, with his ethnomusicologist identity, Martin Stokes' research on the Turkish popular music. The historical development of music folklore and ethnomusicology in Turkey was evaluated under the light of the information regarding the fields of musicology discipline that was systematized in the center of Europe at the end of the 19th century, its development process and preliminary research done,  some pioneering folklorists/ethnomusicologists who did research on oral works and folk music were mentioned, and the books The Arabesque Incident in Turkey and Love Republic which were written by Martin Stokes known with his studies in Turkey after 1980 and which occupy a significant place in the musicology literature in Turkey were examined.
Keywordsethnomusicology, martin stokes, turkey, popular music, musicology


A new family of low‐energy emitting organic phosphors (OPs) based on [Pt2M4(CC‐1‐Np)8] clusters, in which M is either Ag(I) (1) or Cu(I) (2) and CC‐1‐Np is the strongly delocalized 1‐naphthylacetylide ligand, are presented. The inclusion of the 1‐naphthylacetylide moiety is crucial to achieve very emissive and stable OPs that do not experience photoinduced heat generation and oxidation in both white and NIR hybrid light‐emitting diodes (HLEDs) operating under ambient conditions. In short, the first use of these novel OPs leads to i) HLEDs with NIR emission centered at 730 nm, color purity close to 0.99, and remarkable luminous efficacies of ≈1.5 lm W−1 that is comparable to commercial NIR‐LEDs and ii) daylight white LEDs with luminous efficacies of 75 lm W−1 and stabilities of >500 h. Thus, this work provides relevant information for the synthesis, design, and application of a new family of low‐energy emitting OPs toward efficient and stable white and NIR hybrid LEDs.


John Child is affiliated with the Birmingham Business School at the University of Birmingham, in the United Kingdom. Sek Hong Ng and Christine Wong are affiliated with the School of Business at the University of Hong Kong, in China. The authors are grateful for comments received on this article from the editors and reviewers for this special issue, and from participants at the November 2000 annual meeting of the Academy of International Business in Phoenix, Arizona, at which it was presented. This research was funded by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council, whose support is gratefully acknowledged.


Parish nursing is a community health nursing role developed in 1983 by Lutheran chaplain Granger Westberg. Operating in churches, parish nurses promote wellness by holistically addressing the physical, emotional, and spiritual needs of congregational community members (Beal, 1994; Solari-Twadell & Westberg, 1991; Westberg, 1990). Parish nurses provide education, advocacy, counseling, and screening. Hands-on care is not a focus. Specific activities include volunteer training and coordination, support-group development and facilitation, liaison within the formal health care system, referral to community resources, health education, role modeling of holistic wellness, and health counseling (via individual or group health screening and home or institutional visitation; Solari-Twadell & Westberg, 1991). Although broad functional categories are similar from church to church, four different support models for parish nursing have been described (Solari-Twadell & Westberg, 1991; Striepe, 1989; Westberg, 1990). In the institutional/paid model, the parish nurse is employed by a hospital, community agency, or long-term care facility, which contracts with one or more churches and provides salary, benefits, institutional support, and supervision. In the institutional/volunteer model the nurse volunteers his or her time, but a relationship exists between the church and an institution, which may involve the provision of a stipend to the nurse or congregation and/or education and supervision. The congregational/paid model involves employment of the nurse directly by the congregation with support, benefits, and supervision from the church itself. Nurses working in this model often form resource and support networks with other parish nurses in their geographic areas. The congregational/volunteer model is similar, except that the nurse volunteers his or her time.


The crisis began in the United States in the final years of the first decade of the twenty-first century arrived to Poland in 2009 and became visible as well. The consequences of the crisis have the form of both micro (decrease in consumption, adaptive behavior of consumers) and macroeconomic (shrinking GDP, rising of unemployment - mainly structural); increase in the number of firm closures due to forex options, problems in the public finances, changes in the structure of consumption, deterioration of the situation of households and changes in their lifestyle, as well as the deterioration of consumer attitudes. The article is an analysis of changes in the healthcare expenditures of Polish households in the period of crisis. The purpose of this article is to discuss the surveyed households income, changes in spending in health care, the degree to which their healthcare needs are met, kind of restrictions introduced by the tested households regardi ng to the spending on health care, and the most important determinants affecting the expenses of this group. Summary of important considerations and conclusions end this article.


The kinetics of oxidation of L-cystine by cerium (IV) was studied at 0.5-2.0 mol dm 3 sulphuric acid in the range 25-40 °C. The reaction exhibits first order dependence with respect to concentration of cerium (IV) and cystine. Ionic strength has negligible effect on the rate. The rate of the reaction decreases with increase in hydrogen ion concentration up to 0.5-1.0 mol dm -3 and remains constant thereafter. Cysteic acid was identified as the main product. A suitable mechanism was proposed and activation parameters of the slow step are computed using linear least squares method and the values of activation energy and entropy were found to be 57.4 ± 1.9 kJ mol -1 and -122.7 ±5.1 JK -1 mol -1 respectively.


Mechanical homeostasis promotes proper aortic structure and function. Pathological conditions may arise, in part, from compromised or lost homeostasis. There is thus a need to quantify the homeostatic state and when it emerges. Here we quantify changes in mechanical loading, geometry, structure, and function of the murine aorta from the late prenatal period into maturity.


The tau-lepton decays with the detection of one of the produced hadrons (together with the neutrino ..nu../sub tau/) are studied in a general form. The locality of the interaction of the lepton pair makes it possible to predict the dependence of the decay probability of polarized and unpolarized tau leptons on the energy of the detected pion. The conservation of the hadronic vector weak current, which determines the decays tau/sup -/..--> nu../sub tau/+..pi../sup -/+..pi../sup 0/ and tau/sup -/..--> nu../sub tau/+..pi../sup -/+..omega.., leads to additional predictions about the energy dependence of the decay probability. In the case of the decay tau/sup -/..--> nu../sub tau/+..pi../sup -/+rho/sup 0/ the locality makes it possible to predict the values of three (of the seven) coefficients determining the energy dependences of the unpolarized tau-lepton decay probability and the angular-distribution asymmetries resulting from the longitudinal components of the tau-lepton polarization vector.


Description.-The materials collected consist of associated and separate plates and spines, interambulacral plates being most numerous and best preserved. Many of them are aggregated into areas which in one instance is 1.5 inches lontg and nearly as wide. They seem to approximate their original positions but probably are somewhat closer together than they were during life. Their cribriform structure is apparent under high magnification. Some plates are nearly circular, others are longer than wide, and some are roundedpentagonal or rounded-oblong. They are approximately 0.5 mm. thick. Their upper surface is flattened, slightly elevated near the primary tubercle, depressed near the scrobicule and beveled toward the adoral margins. Three areas may be observed on complete, well-preserved plates: th intrascrobicular, the extrascrobicular and the marginal border. The intrascrobicular area is small, about one-fourth the transverse diameter of the plate, and separated from the remainder by a distinct, narrow, slightly elevated ridge forming a scrobicular circle. The primary tubercle generally is nearly central, but may be subcentral near the adoral margin. Scrobicule narrow and gently depressed. Basal terrace distinctly elevated above the scrobicule, sloping gently upward and merging with the boss. Mamelon low, smoothly rounded, broad, about onethird the width of the scrobicular area, perforate, the foramen being about one-third the diameter of the mamelon; neck short, separated from the boss by a slight indentation. Apparently only the large plates have primary tubercles, since the visible smaller plates show none. Extrascrobicular area large, depressed immediately beyond the scrobicular circle and gently convex beyond. Secondary tubercles small; apparently imperforate, although this condition may be due to wear; they are scrobiculate and generally 20-25 in number. The distinct scrobicular ring is composed of approximately 13 more or less


This paper put forward a mystical reading of Plato's Allegory of the Cave by comparing it with some allegories from Sufi literature, Islamic mystical tradition. The paper holds that the determining parts of the allegory, such as escaping the cave as the world of shadows, seeing the sun/truth and becoming a philosopher, and the necessity of returning to the cave, have significant similarities to what Sufis have said about their mystical experience and spiritual enlightenment. The paper compares the Allegory of the Cave with some similar allegories in Sufi literature, focusing on the allegories of prison, hunting the shadows of a flying bird, dying before dying, and the elephant in the dark Room in Rumi's works. After an introduction to the reception of Plato in the Islamic intellectual tradition and different interpretations of the Allegory of the Cave, this paper discusses four similarities between these allegories. Finally, the paper supports the mystical reading of Plato's Cave by using Pierre Hadot's thesis on Philosophy as a Way of Life, which challenges the sharp dichotomy of philosophy and mysticism in mainstream intellectual historiography.


We consider a sensor-receiver pair communicating over a wireless channel in the presence of a jammer who may launch a denial-of-service attack. We formulate a zero-sum game between a coordinator that jointly designs the transmission and estimation policies, and the jammer. We consider two cases depending on whether the jammer can sense the channel or not. We characterize a saddle-point equilibrium for the class of symmetric and unimodal probability density functions when the jammer cannot sense the channel. If the jammer can sense if the channel is being used, we provide an efficient algorithm that alternates between iterations of Projected Gradient Ascent and the Convex-Concave Procedure to find approximate First-order Nash-Equilibria. Our numerical results show that in certain cases the jammer may decide to launch a denial-of-service attack with the goal of deceiving the receiver even when the sensor decides not to transmit.


Fourteen mother-retarded child dyada were formally and functionally classified in their interactions in four different contexts: feeding, personal cleaning, homework and free play. Categories employed to analyze those interactions were derived from interactive functional levels proposed by Ribes and Lopez. (1985). Data showed that most mothers did not promote the interactions of their children with the physical or social environment. Only in three dyada, mothers promoted in their children the direct manipulation of the physical environment as well as the manipulation of the environment through gestures and linguistic response. Contexts may be responsible of the differences observed regarding the behaviors promoted by mothers. In homework and feeding contexts, mothers did not promote any behavior. In personal cleaning and free play contexts most mothers promoted high levels of direct manipulation of the physical environment. Additionally, only in the free play context, three mothers intensively promoted in their children the indirect manipulation of the environment through language.


Technology is all about innovation: every technical advancement seems to be newer, faster, or smarter than a previous version. But even innovation comes with rules.


Objective To investigate the variation of pulmonary artery pressure and nitric oxide synthase in the lung tissue of rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.MethodsCOPD animal model was established by smoke inhalations and intratracheal instillations of lipopolysaccharide in Wistar rats.The expression of eNOS and iNOS were observed by immunohistochemistry.The concentration of NO in lung tissue homogenate were measured by Nitrate reductase transformation.ResultsThe expression of iNOS and the pulmonary artery pressure increased in COPD, while eNOS and NO in lung tissue homogenate decreased.Conclusion The variation of NO and NOS participated in the development of COPD, and may be one of the cause of pulmonary hypertension and pneumocardial disease.


The choice of Peirce seems unfortunate. The author is not especially interested in Peirce himself, but rather in pragmatism in general and more particularly in its development at the hands of James and Dewey (p. 264). The commentary chapters do not have as close a unity with the selections from the Collected Papers of Peirce as the commentary chapters on Hume, say, have with the selections from the Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. Even granting the importance of abductive inference, the inclusion of Peirce to the neglect of someone like Husserl is difficult to justify. Misprints are rare. On p. 17, line 40, "work" should read "word"; on p. 22, line 28, "see" should read "seen"; on p. 150, line 29, "casual" should read "causal"; it would probably help the student if the "ideas" or "forms" of Plato were referred to as "Ideas" or "Forms."


A brief review of the original results of investigations and development of light-sensitive organic materials for optical discs is presented. The photopolymers may be used as substrate materials, clear protective coatings of optical discs, and for their replication. Photoanisotropic organic materials are used as light-sensitive media for recording optical information.


The Radiometric Calibration Test Site (RadCaTS) was developed by the Remote Sensing Group of the Wyant College of Optical Sciences at the University of Arizona in the early 2000s. During the prototyping phase, RadCaTS was used to supplement the in situ data that were routinely collected by on-site personnel using the traditional reflectance-based approach. A data processing methodology was developed, tested, and compared to the reflectance-based results during this stage. The experience gained in this process resulted in the development of radiometrically-stable, all-weather, groundviewing radiometers (GVRs), the first of which were deployed in 2012. Additional upgrades over the past ten years have included a satellite uplink station, upgraded Cimel CE-318T solar-lunar photometer, and a GVR with linear motion. This work provides an overview of RadCaTS, describes the lessons learned during the past ten years of operation, and also a summary of the radiometric calibration and validation results for such sensors as Landsat 7 ETM+, Landsat 8 and 9 OLI, Terra and Aqua MODIS, SNPP and NOAA-20 VIIRS, Sentinel-2A and -2B MSI, and GOES-16 and -17 ABI.


The influence of ice drift upon the thermohaline structure of the upper sea-layer was studied based on CTD-probing near the edge of the eastern Kara Sea ice cover. This study was aimed at investigating the dynamics and spatial-temporal variability of thermohaline frontal boundaries connected with the moving ice edges of different concentration. Investigations revealed that locally mixed thin layers are formed in the subsurface layer under the influence of ice drift. Under conditions of uninterrupted stratification, redistribution and capture of suspended matter within these thin layers may occur. Furthermore, under conditions of freezing and demolition of density stratification in the surface layer, this matter can be redistributed and incorporated into sea ice. (C) 1998 Academic Press Limited.


Review(s) of: Interactions between air contaminants and forest ecosystems, second edition, by William H Smith. Springer-Verlag New York. 1990/640pp/ illus/ cloth A$ 122.00, ISBN 0-387-97084-3


This article proposes an open-source implementation of a phase-field model for brittle fracture using a recently developed finite-element toolbox, Gridap in Julia. This work exploits the advantages of both the phase-field model and Gridap toolbox for simulating fracture in brittle materials. On one hand, the use of the phase-field model, which is a continuum approach and uses a diffuse representation of sharp cracks, enables the proposed implementation to overcome such well-known drawbacks of the discrete approach for predicting complex crack paths as the need for re-meshing, enrichment of finite-element shape functions, and an explicit tracking of the crack surfaces. On the other hand, the use of Gridap makes the proposed implementation very compact and user-friendly that requires low memory usage, and provides a high degree of flexibility to the users in defining weak forms of partial differential equations. Tests on a single-edge notched plate under tension, an L-shaped panel, a notched plate with a hole, a notched beam under symmetric three-point bending and a notched beam with three holes under asymmetric three-point bending are considered to demonstrate how the proposed Gridap-based phase-field Julia code can be used to simulate fracture in brittle materials.


Four triphenylamine or carbazole-based benzothiadiazole fluorescent molecules have been successfully synthesized and characterized. Interestingly, the donor–acceptor (D–A) type luminogens 1, 2, 3 and 4 showed different solid-state fluorescence. Furthermore, the four compounds exhibited reversible high-contrast mechanochromism characteristics.


Over the last decade, blended acquisition, or the so-called simultaneous source acquisition, has attained considerable attention in the industry due to its ability to save substantially on acquisition cost and increase data quality (Berkhout, 2008; Hampson et al., 2008). However, the aforementioned benefits are compromised by the intense interference noise, also known as blending noise or crosstalk, introduced by the overlap of the wavefields during the simultaneous shooting. As we know, unblended data is considered as input to most standard prestack processing steps, such as filtering, statics computation, and velocity analysis. As long as this remains true, simultaneous source separation –so called deblending– will be an integral part of the seismic data processing chain to deal with the strong blending noise. Deblending is usually considered as an inversion problem. In most cases, sparsity constraints are used with the assumption that the deblended data has a sparse representation in a suitable transform domain such as the Fourier domain (Mahdad et al., 2012; Abma et al., 2015), the curvelet domain (Zu et al., 2016), the seislet domain (Chen et al., 2014), the focal domain (Kontakis and Verschuur, 2015) and the family of Radon domains (Ibrahim and Sacchi, 2013), or some hybrid transform domains (Kontakis and Verschuur, 2017).


An examination of regional migration patterns in Norway in the 1970s is presented. The analysis is for 96 regions, each comprising one or more local government areas and giving a reasonable approximation to local labor markets. It is assumed that inter-regional moves will be little affected by the labor market and by conditions affecting education. Ten groups of migrants (according to age and sex) and seven groups of regions are studied. Developments in the migration patterns are outlined for each region type and migrant group. The results show that the migration balance of smaller and more peripheral regions has improved in the 1970s.


This study developed an instrument for assessing undergraduate students' teamwork skills in designing and creating team product in the context of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) learning. The development stage follows the stages of the R & D method developed by Barg and Gall. Teamwork skills instrument that has been declared valid qualitatively and quantitively as well as are implemented in STEM project-based learning using one shot-case study design in three different courses. The teamwork skills are measured based on self-assessments, peer-assessment, and facilitator evaluations. The scores obtained from three sources of assessment are analyzed, using descriptive statistics and ANOVA. The results show that the teamwork skill instrument is valid and reliable to measure the students' collaborative skills in the STEM Project. In addition, the results of the three assessments showed that The STEM project-based learning is effectively able to train students' teamwork skills


The beta-lactamase activity in 10 bacterial species from different genera were evaluated where direct evidence and quantitative data were lacking. A quantitative iodometric method and infrared spec...


The production of positron and electron fluxes due to nuclear reactions of cosmic rays and trapped particles in the Earth's magnetosphere, is considered. It is supposed that positrons as well as electrons are mainly produced in the decay of charged pions, which are born in nuclear collisions of trapped relativistic inner zone protons with the residual atmosphere constituents. These positrons and electrons are captured in the magnetosphere and create positron and electron radiation belts of nuclear reaction origin. We simulated the positron and electron trapped magnetospheric fluxes as due to the radiation belt proton source modeled by AP-8 through reactions and decay schemes and obtained the e+/eflux ratios dependent on positron energy and close to ~ 4. However, this excess is absent when we considered the primary and secondary cosmic ray proton fluxes observed in equatorial region as a positron flux source in our simulations. Interestingly, the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on board the space shuttle, in the equatorial region at altitudes of » 400 km (The AMS collaboration, 2000), registered quasi-trapped positron fluxes with intensities about 4 times higher than the electron fluxes at energies above 200 MeV and with e+/eflux ratio dependent on positron energy. This agreement between the e+/eflux ratio and its energy dependence calculated on the basis of AP-8 model and the AMS observations is good. _____________________________________________


We describe ongoing research to develop a simulation model of organizational behavior. We aim to use this model to test our more general theory of organizational performance, communication, and organizational design. Because organizational phenomena are complex, a simulation-based approach is warranted. As Simon (1981) notes: i) Simulation offers insight into even well understood phenomena. Even with correct premises it may be very difficult to discover what they imply. ii) Simulation is useful even if we know little about the natural laws that govern the system's inner behavior. Especially for artificial and adaptive systems, we are interested in aspects arising from the organization of the parts, dependent on only a few properties of individual components. So, we can simulate the system by reproducing few details of the actual system being simulated. Section 2 describes our model of organization and the agents acting on its behalf. Section 3 briefly presents a method for verifying the model. Section 4, sketches some research problems that we aim to apply our model to. Section 5 summarizes our discussion.


Coherent combination of multiple fiber amplifiers in a chirped-pulse-amplification system allows achieving mJ-class femtosecond pulses at unprecedented repetition rates. These pulses are used for post-compression in a noble-gas-filled hollow-core fiber. Sub-30 fs pulses with energies of up to 540 μJ and a peak power of more than 11 GW at a repetition rate of 250 kHz (135 W) are achieved. Such laser systems could boost the achievable photon flux in high-harmonic generation and potentially foster novel experiments in multi-dimensional surface-science studies as well as coherent soft x-ray generation.


Taking authentication methods' resilience against shoulder surfing attacks into account has become a necessity when evaluating novel textual and graphical schemes. Researchers are often quick to declare their new method safe against these attacks, while paying little attention to how the obtained results were measured and whether they are comparable to those of other methods. In this work, we highlight these issues and develop a solution: an ensemble of vulnerability metrics assessing methods' susceptibility to shoulder surfing attacks. We believe our approach provides insight into how shoulder surfing experiments could be improved in the future.


Categorization is probably one of the most central areas in the study of cognition, language and information. However, there is a serious gap running through the semantic treatments of categories and concepts [3]. On one side we find the 'classical', formal approach, based on logical considerations, that has lent itself well for computational applications. In this approach, concepts are defined in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions. On the other side is an informal approach to categorization that is usually motivated by the results of psychological experiments and that has not found its way into technologies on a large scale. Concepts here are based on prototypes, stereotypical attributes and family resemblances, which have become the hallmark of cognitive semantics. Obviously, it is important to bridge this gap, for theoretical and practical reasons.


This study investigated the aspectual marking of an event of a fictional story in Japanese and English-language narratives. Considerable differences were found in verbalization between them. The differences are attributed to the linguistic options provided by each language. Japaneseand English-speaking children develop their linguistic proficiency by making use of the expressive options offered by the native language. The results support Berman and Slobin's (1994) proposal that experiences are filtered through a choice of perspectives, and through the set of options provided by the particular language into verbalized events.


Earlier research has not found consistent differences between the way novices and experienced drivers allocate time between road and in-car tasks when average time spent on the latter is being considered. This study addresses the question of whether novices occasionally fail in supervisory control more often than experienced drivers. The influence of driving experience and road type on the allocation of visual attention was investigated by analysing the distribution of glance duration at in-car tasks for 23 experienced (life-time driving experience 50 000 – 2 000 000 km) and 24 inexperienced (life-time driving experience 400 – 15 000 km) drivers. The duration and number of glances were recorded while the participants changed a radio cassette, dialled a mobile phone or tuned the radio, while driving on a highway or motorway. The experienced drivers allocated their visual attention more adequately, here interpreted as attributed to their greater driving experience. The glance duration of the novices showed ...


A patient with no risk factors for malaria was hospitalized in New York City with Plasmodium falciparum infection. After investigating all potential sources of infection, we concluded the patient had been exposed to malaria while hospitalized less than 3 weeks earlier. Molecular genotyping implicated patient-to-patient transmission in a hospital setting. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2015;37(1):113–115


In companies with different ownership structures, majority shareholders and minority shareholders have different behaviors in the supervision of managerial personnel. This paper adopts game theory to analyze their behaviors, reveals the roles of majority and minority shareholders in the process of addressing principal-agent problems, and puts forward measures to solve principal-agent problems.


The effect of the diffusive-thermal instability on the burning velocity of cellular flames is numerically studied. The burning velocity of cellular flames is large compared with that of plane flames and increases as the Lewis number becomes lower. When the Lewis number is unity, rise of the burning velocity is equal to that of the area of a flame surface. On the other hand, when the Lewis number is lower than unity, the former is larger than the latter. The local burning velocity increases/decreases at the convex/concave flame surface toward the unburned gas for low Lewis numbers. The increase of the local burning velocity at the convex surpasses the decrease at the concave. Thus, the ratio of the burning velocity to the surface area increases as intensity of the diffusive-thermal instability becomes greater.


The polished hemispheres of ThO2 kernels were irradiated by fission fragments, which recoiled from the covered Al-U alloy foils. After irradiation, the lattice parameters of the kernels were measured by micro-beam X-ray diffractometer. It was found that the lattice parameter increased with increasing fission fragment dose and reached a saturation value at doses higher than about 5×1016 fission fragments-cm-3. With increasing grain sizes from 4.0 to 19.3 μm, the saturation values of lattice parameter changes increased from approximately 0.07 to 0.18%. The recovery began at about 400°C in all specimens and the temperature of the complete recovery had a tendency to become higher with increasing grain size. These results lead to a conclusion that the grain boundaries act as a sink of the defects created by fission fragments.


Materials with a low thermal emittance surface have been used for many years to create reflective insulations that reduce the rate of heat flow across building envelopes. Reflective insulation technology is now being combined with other energy conserving technologies to optimize overall thermal performance. The basis for the performance of reflective insulations and radiant barriers will be discussed along with the combination of these materials with cellular plastic or mineral fiber insulations to form hybrid insulation assemblies. Calculations of thermal resistance for enclosed reflective air spaces and current field data from Southeast Asia will be presented. These data show that reductions in heat transfer across the building enclosure can be effectively reduced by the use of enclosed reflective air spaces and attic radiant barriers. Reflective technology increases the overall thermal resistance of the building enclosure when used to insulate poured concrete structures.


Sampling-based reliability estimation with expensive computer models may be computationally prohibitive. One way to alleviate the computational expense in high reliability designs is to extrapolate reliability estimates from observed levels to unobserved levels. Classical tail modeling approaches provide a class of models to enable this extrapolation using asymptotic theory by approximating the tail region of the cumulative distribution function (CDF). This paper proposes an alternate tail extrapolation based on inverse measure, which can complement classical tail modeling. The proposed approach applies a nonlinear transformation to the CDF of the inverse measure and approximates the transformed CDF by a quadratic polynomial. Accuracy and the computational efficiency are competing factors in selecting sample size. Yet, as our numerical studies reveal, the accuracy lost to the reduction of computational power is very small in the proposed method. The method is demonstrated on two engineering examples and on true statistical distributions.


We present the first-year data set of high-cadence, long-duration observations of the bright millisecond pulsar J0437−4715 obtained in the Argentine Institute of Radioastronomy (IAR). Using two single-dish 30 m radio antennas, we gather more than 700 hr of good-quality data with timing precision better than 1 μs. We characterize the white and red timing noise in IAR's observations, we quantify the effects of scintillation, and we perform single-pulsar searches of continuous gravitational waves, setting constraints in the nHz–μHz frequency range. We demonstrate IAR's potential for performing pulsar monitoring in the 1.4 GHz radio band for long periods of time with a daily cadence. In particular, we conclude that the ongoing observational campaign of the millisecond pulsar J0437−4715 can contribute to increase the sensitivity of the existing pulsar-timing arrays.


In this paper, we consider the Cauchy problem of the incompressible MHD system with discontinuous initial density in ${\mathbb R}^3$. We establish the global well-posedness of the MHD system if the initial data satisfies \begin{document}$(ρ_0, u_0, H_0)∈ L^{∞}({\mathbb R}^3)× H^s({\mathbb R}^3)× H^s({\mathbb R}^3)$\end{document} with \begin{document}$\frac{1}{2} and \begin{document}$0 for some small \begin{document}$c>0$\end{document} which only depends on \begin{document}$\underline{ρ}, \overline{ρ}$\end{document} . As a byproduct, we also get the decay estimate of the solution.


The importance of reducing the amount of rare earth materials used in high-performance permanent magnets has been established. However, the performance of such motors will not be easy to match without the use of rare earth materials. Although the torque characteristic of the motor can be improved by shortening the air gap length of the motor, there is a mechanical limitation on the gap length. In this paper, a 3-D air gap structure of the motor is proposed to improve the torque characteristics without shortening the gap length. The 3-D air gap structure is demonstrated to be equivalent to shortening the actual gap length to approximately 70% of the original length. Some disadvantages in the 3-D air gap structure are also described.


Talking politics online is not exclusively reserved for those spaces dedicated to politics, particularly the everyday political talk crucial to the public sphere. However, past net-based public sphere research has focused mostly on political spaces thereby neglecting an array of other genres. The aim of this article is to move beyond politically oriented communicative spaces by investigating political talk within the British reality TV discussion forum Wife Swap. The purpose is to see whether a forum dedicated to reality TV provides the communicative space, content, and style for politics that extends the public sphere. The central question is whether it fulfils the requirements of rationality and 'decent' deliberation. Moreover, the analysis moved beyond a formal notion by investigating how expressives influence the more traditional elements of deliberation. The findings revealed that Wife Swap participants engaged in political talk that was often deliberative. Moreover, it was a space where the use of expressives played a key role in enhancing such talk.


disease. V. A multivariate analysis of risk indicators and predictors. Early longitudinal results. Thrombosis Research 28: 521— 532, 1982 41. Rossner S, Kjellin KG, Mettinger KL, Siden A, Sdderstrdm CE: Dyslipoproteinemia in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease. A study of stroke before the age of 55 years. Atherosclerosis 30: 199-207, 1978 42. Strong JO, Eggen DA, Tracy RE: The geographic pathology and topography of atherosclerosis and risk factors for atherosclerotic lesions. In Chandler AB et al (eds). The thrombotic process in atherogenesis. New York, Plenum Press, 11-31, 1977 43. International Classification of Diseases. Revision 1965 44. Fenna D, Abrahamsson S, L66w SO, Peterson H: The Stockholm county medical information system. In Lindberg DAB, Reichertz PL (eds), Lecture notes in medical informatics 2. Berlin, SpringerVerlag, 1978 45. Stockholms lans landsting. HSlsooch sjukvardsstatistik. Stockholm 1977 46. World Health Organization: Cerebrovascular diseases — prevention, treatment and rehabilitation. Technical Report Series No 469, Geneva, World Health Organization, 1971


Improving security checkpoints through new technology comprises the subject of this article. It describes a new walk-through portal that will be deployed by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) at U.S. airports. Based upon the successful trials of the portal at Manchester and Heathrow Airports in the UK, the TSA intends to rollout the devices in a phased approach starting with New Yorks John F. Kennedy. Up to 420 people can be scanned per hour through the portal, which can also be reprogrammed to detect narcotics. The article mentions other ion mobility spectrometry devices that will be available, including a tabletop detractor and smart image detection system which will test TSA screeners with false positive x-rays of weapons.


An improved perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary condition based on symplectic integrator propagator is proposed to truncate microstrip line structures. Compared to many PML absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs) to model dielectric and metal layers, the improved PML ABC not only keeps the flexibility of the previous PML ABC but also can effectively truncate microstrip line structure. In order to illustrate the usefulness of the improved PML ABC, the time-domain discrete singular convolution method is applied to analyze a number of microstrip line examples.


This study aimed to evaluate the development and the increase in the skin pigmentation of the organism Heros severus cultured in a biofloc system with diets enriched with carotenoid pigments. The culture was made in 80 L water tanks with 20 juvenile organisms of H. severus; each treatment was made by duplicate. Four experimental diets were used: a) trout feed, El Pedregal®; b) TetraColor®; c) carrot and d) beetroot. The diet that obtained the highest values regarding the growth of the fish was the control diet. Regarding the coloration of the fish, the beetroot diet was the diet that presented the highest values with 9.55 μg of total carotenoids in tissue, presenting significant differences (P = 0.001) concerning the other diets, proving that a diet based on beetroot can be a good option for the culture of ornamental fish. Because it allows the organisms to have a survival rate above 90%, have similar growth to the control group, and a significant improvement in coloration, being a natural carotenoid low-cost source to improve the commercialization of organisms. Nevertheless, it did not present significant differences (P = 0.005) regarding beetroot and TetraColor® diets, while it presented significant differences with the carrot diet.


Adhesive-bond thickness in honeycomb-sandwich radiators is verified by visual inspection. Markoff on flow tubes created during curing process is directly related to adhesive thickness.


We describe a spectrometer (visible‐ultraviolet photon energy range) for the measurement of reflectance‐difference spectra of cubic semiconductors. The spectrometer employs a photoelastic modulator to modulate the polarization of the light incident on the sample and allows for a simple procedure to correct the measured spectra for parasitic components associated with such modulation. The instrument reported has a higher throughput than more conventional setups. To illustrate the spectrometer performance we report on reflectance‐difference spectra of (001) oriented GaAs single crystals doped with silicon donors at a level of 1018/cm3.


An enantioselective synthesis of N-protected amino diols has been accomplished by employing a diastereoselective inter- and intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of optically active nitrile oxides as a key step. The nitro alkane starting materials were obtained by diastereoselective oxa Michael addition of (1R,2S)-(–)-N-formylnorephedrine (1) to aliphatic (E)-nitro alkenes 2, 6a, b (de = 96 – ≥ 98%). Subsequent diastereo- and regioselective cycloaddition reactions to highly substituted 4,5-isoxazolines 5a–e, 8a, b (52-81%) and reductive ring opening led – after cleavage of the auxiliary – to amino diols 13, 14 in good overall yields (27-40%, over five steps) and with excellent diastereomeric and enantiomeric excesses (de,ee ≥ 96%).


This systematic review examined the associations between movement behaviours (i.e., physical activity, sedentary behaviour, sleep duration) and quality of life (QOL) in adults ≥65 years of age. Four databases were searched in June 2021. Studies were eligible for inclusion if published within the last 20 years, peer-reviewed, examined apparently healthy older adults, and analysed ≥2 movement behaviours together. QOL was represented by the World Health Organization Quality of Life Measure (WHOQOL) which conceptualises QOL by distinct domains. Study results were categorised and presented by domain. Risk of bias was completed for all included studies using methods described in the Cochrane Handbook. Thirty-one studies with 307,292 participants were included that examined QOL outcomes across seven domains: super-domain (composite measures), perceived physical health, mental and psychological state, level of independence, social relationships, environment, and general health. Findings indicated that moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was favourably associated with QOL. Time re-allocation studies showed moving time into physical activity from sedentary behaviour was associated with favourable QOL changes. The evidence regarding sedentary behaviour and sleep duration was inconsistent. The quality of evidence was very low for all domains. In conclusion, there is consistent evidence that physical activity improves QOL in adults ≥65 years of age. (PROSPERO registration no.: CRD42021260566).


The use of Klemm etchant for revealing the non-homogeneous distribution of phosphorus in ancient archaeological iron by colour metallography has been demonstrated. The 'ghost' structures produced by this etchant have alsobeen addressed.


We investigate the size of sets of computable functions using category-theoretic methods (in the sense of the Baire Category theorem). Constructive definitions of no-where dense and meagre set are given and applied to several problems. In particular we apply it to subrecursive degree structures and to a comparison of the power of deterministic and nondeterministic time bounded oracle machines.


Deprotonation equilibria of telluric acid in aqueous solution were studied by the 125Te NMR technique, and the presence of the tellurate ion that contains three Te nuclei was clearly shown by the coupling pattern of the NMR spectra of both natural and 125Te-enriched telluric acids.


The major purpose of this research is to establish some guide lines for the forecasting of the strong wind over the region that we concerned in the South Indian Ocean.It lies off Australia's east coastal line and it is about 2000km or more away from Australia and extends from 90°E to 100°E in the east-to-west direction,and from 35°S to 30°S in the south-to-north direction.First,we used NCEP global reanalysis data spanning the period 1980-1990 to choose the typical cases in which the synoptic systems caused strong winds whose speed exceeded 12m/s in the region.Then we employed composite analysis to establish three typical conceptual models as guidelines for the forecasting of strong winds.All of the three models mainly occur in the late autumn,winter and early spring.In one of the models,subtropical high pressure center lies over the west part of the South Indian Ocean and deep depressions located around the Antarctic play an important role.In this process,both of the two systems tran sform from zonal to meridional and cause strong wind in the region.In other two models strong winds are caused by baroclinic systems and mid latitude cyclones separately.


This paper proposes a method for automatic Web services composition based on finite state machine (FSM). The aim of this method is to achieve automatic binding between abstract business process in BPEL (Business Process Execution Language for Web Services) and Web services. The inner and outer schema of business process are formally defined based on FSM. Thus the problem of Web services composition is transformed to the problem of FSM. The behavior description of Web services composition system is achieved by utilizing the Cartesian product of FSM. Based on these, determination of existence for composite Web service is proposed and computation of composite Web service is presented further. In the end, a demo system is implemented.


An overview of studies of the brain revealing that the cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres along with emergent implications for teaching the two-sided mind and career selection is presented in an experiential exercise format. The exercise follows a heuristic pattern of user-friendly self discovery allowing participants to compare their actual thinking and problem-solving behavior with their professed attitudes in terms of left, right, and mixed brain patterns. For participants, the exercise helps to: identify styles along with factors affecting attitudes and behavior; increase understanding of the relationship and complexity between attitudes and behavior; and to become more aware of their own attitudes and behavior in career choice, training, and diverse situations. For career planning, instructional design and training managers the instrumented feedback design provides a tool for educational research and a conceptual analytic framework for recognizing the contingent complexity and feasibility issues involved in successful implementation of career and diversity training management


The extremal principles, for instance, the Fermat's principle of least time and the principle of least action remain central in modern physics. The named above extremal principles are formulated in terms of one physical value. In the present paper, we give the game theoretic interpretation of the interaction of the three physical values: mean energy E, entropy S and free energy F. Such approach is inspired by the Neumann--Morgenstern game theory and the Nash game theory. According to these game theories, the transition from the deterministic strategy to probabilistic strategy increases the winning for all players. From this point of view we consider the connection between classical mechanics (deterministic strategy) and quantum mechanics (probabilistic strategy). In the present paper, we improve, develop and generalize our previous results.


This paper seeks to present a methodology for developing a noise exposure profile. A noise profile represents the cumulative noise exposure on an individual, group or population from multiple noise sources arising from work, nonwork and leisure activities. This profile is capable of presenting the effects of noise and any contribution from particular sources in a much clearer manner than through a set of abstract figures.


A synthetic aperture imaging method which uses a steered plane wave is advantageous in that the resolution can be improved by covering a wide area with a small number of transmissions, and that the calculation of focusing delay for transmit focus synthesis is relatively simple. Through simulation studies, we found, however, that the clutter level of this method is higher than that of SAI using virtual sources positioned in the imaging plane, and the main reason is considered to be that the area covered by plane wave (PW) is wider than that of the virtual source case so that the scattering occurs over a large area, and the received signal basically has higher clutter levels than the virtual source case. A straightforward solution to this problem would be to use narrower PWs. In this case, however, the number of transmissions needs to be increased to cover the same area, resulting in a lowered frame rate. In order to maintain the same frame rate while reducing the clutter level, we divide the aperture into several sub-apertures, and simultaneously transmit two PWs in spatially separated sub-apertures, and furthermore, we use an up-chirp signal for one PW and a down-chirp signal for the other PW to minimize the crosstalk between the two PWs. In addition, transmit apodization is employed to reduce the fringing effect of the transmit aperture, and a further reduction of clutter level is achieved.