In order to obtain the fullest possible picture of the interrelationship between
texture, microstructure and properties it is necessary to collate data on a "microtextural"
(i.e. grain specific) basis, in addition to more conventional macrotexture
measurements. This paper describes two methods for the acquisition of microtextural
data, the electron backscattering diffraction technique in a scanning electron
microscope, and convergent beam electron diffraction in a transmission electron
microscope. The former method is particularly suitable for the collection of large
quantities of data, and examples of its use are included. In addition to an inverse
pole figure presentation of texture, orientation measurements which arise from
contiguous grains may be analysed from the standpoint of the grain misorientation
texture (GMT). From this type of microtextural data the proportion and distribution
of grain boundaries which possess special properties can be obtained. Since it has
recently been recognised that the properties of special boundaries have a significant
influence on the overall properties of the material, the ability to collect and analyse
easily such data in statistically significant quantities represents an extremely powerful
research technique. Finally, a method for computer generation of GMTs, both from
randomly oriented and textured grain aggregates is described and compared with the
experimental case.


The viscosity of imidazolium ionic liquids increases dramatically when the strongest hydrogen bonding location is methylated. In this work, ultrafast two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy of dilute thiocyanate ion ([SCN]−) in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C4C1im][NTf2]) and 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C4C1C12im][NTf2]) shows that the structural reorganization occurs on a 26 ± 3 ps time scale and on a 47 ± 15 ps time scale, respectively. The results suggest that the breakup of local ion-cages is the fundamental event that activates molecular diffusion and determines the viscosity of the fluids.


Acoustic detection of unexploded ordnance (UXO) that contaminate the world's waterways is vital. Critical to the implementation of detection methods is the numerical simulation of the scattering response of these targets using finite element methods. We introduce a parametric approach based on the time-domain spectral finite element method (SEM). This technique allows for the computation of broadband acoustic response of complex heterogeneous 3-D fluid-solid objects, in particular a 5 inch rocket UXO used for this study. The scattered field is obtained at arbitrary distances using the Kirchhoff–Helmholtz integral. The main interest of the SEM is that it is particularly adapted to high-performance computing (CPU or GPU). Contrary to most of the other finite element methods it scales perfectly; using twice as many processors leads to a halving of computing time. In addition, working in the time domain is a direct simulation of common sonars and experiments. The method is first benchmarked against the commercial finite-element code COMSOL on the monostatic response of a rigid target over a full 180 deg. Finally, results obtained for the 5 inch rocket are compared to actual measurements obtained in the NRL underwater acoustics tank facility. [Work partially supported by the Office of Naval Research.]Acoustic detection of unexploded ordnance (UXO) that contaminate the world's waterways is vital. Critical to the implementation of detection methods is the numerical simulation of the scattering response of these targets using finite element methods. We introduce a parametric approach based on the time-domain spectral finite element method (SEM). This technique allows for the computation of broadband acoustic response of complex heterogeneous 3-D fluid-solid objects, in particular a 5 inch rocket UXO used for this study. The scattered field is obtained at arbitrary distances using the Kirchhoff–Helmholtz integral. The main interest of the SEM is that it is particularly adapted to high-performance computing (CPU or GPU). Contrary to most of the other finite element methods it scales perfectly; using twice as many processors leads to a halving of computing time. In addition, working in the time domain is a direct simulation of common sonars and experiments. The method is first benchmarked against the commer...


A three dimensional microscopic model of the reticulate carbon nanotube/epoxy(R-CNT/EP) composites was established according to its structural characteristics based on the assumption of the uniform distribution of R-CNT.The effective stiffness coefficients and Young′s modulus of the R-CNT/EP composite were calculated by two-scale expansion method.It is shown that the mechanical properties of the R-CNT/EP composite are anisotropic and the strength along the direction of the vapor flow is much higher than that in other directions.The shape of the R-CNT plays an important role on the mechanical properties of the R-CNT/EP composite,and the effective stiffnesses and Young′s modulus of the R-CNT/EP composites are the highest when the angles of the Y-junctions are equal.All of the effective stiffnesses and Young′s modulus of the R-CNT/EP composites are enhanced with the increase of volume fraction of R-CNT,but the influence degrees are different.


Expected effects of a dam removal or mitigation on the persistence of the Atlantic salmon population of the Allier river. SER 2015World Conference on Ecological Restoration


The performative ... is a cultural act, a critical perspective, a political intervention. --John Kronik, Editor's Note, PMLA Education either functions as an instrument which is used to facilitate the integration of the younger generation into the logic of the present system and bring about conformity to it, or it becomes 'the practice of freedom,' the means by which men and women deal critically and creatively with reality and discover how to participate in the transformation of the world. --Richard Shaull, Introduction, Pedagogy of the Oppressed This essay presents a personal narrative performance, which celebrates a spiritual heritage and illuminates the power of the word to evoke the spiritual and the unique power of ritual. This performance claims Black women's healing from academic institutionalization through a matrilineal diasporic experience. One might ask, "From what in the Academy do Black women need healing?" Implicitly, this performance reveals the problematics associated with the systemic, institutional barriers that intersect with race, gender, class, and sexuality, and continually reproduce and maintain inequities and unwelcome climates for Black women in the academic milieu. For Black women, from doctoral student to tenured faculty professor, the conditions faced in the Academy to prove our existence, to empower our voices, and to go beyond indifference and low expectations by peers and administrators, reflect an ideology of ongoing challenges. Such ideology is predicated on a system that trivializes and demeans the existence and presence of Black people. Yolanda T. Moses, in her study "Black Women in Academe: Issues and Strategies," examines the climate for African American women in predominantly White colleges and universities, using results from a questionnaire conducted by the Project on the Status and Education of Women (PSEW) and a survey of literature concerning African American women and higher education. As the study indicates, some of the typical problems experienced by African American women administrators and faculty include: being constantly challenged because she is viewed as other and therefore inferior; a lack of professional support systems; over-scrutinization by peers, superiors, and students; an unstated requirement to work harder in order to gain recognition and respect; assumptions that her job was acquired through affirmative action and, therefore, that she is unqualified for the position; being tokenized, that is, seen as a symbol of her race rather than as an individual; and being denied access to power structures normally associated with her position. (35-38) Farmer further elucidates these observations about the dialectic of performing Black womanhood in the Academy: It is difficult to talk about being Black in a White space, even though in the United States such is usually the case. The difficulty is to speak, to name, without appearing to whine, a near impossibility, since African American women are not expected to speak at all. It is particularly difficult to be heard, since despite the reality, the myth still prevails that African American women are making great professional strides. Enmeshed within this myth is the belief that even when African American women are suffering, obstacles are faced stoically and handled with a prayer, and a smile. In other words, we always overcome. We African American women are reluctant to dispel this myth for it is one of the positive stereotypes afforded us. (205) But, at what price do we overcome? I contend that while we are culturally socialized to participate in our own demise, thereby perpetuating the very systems that oppress us, Black women embody a historical and spiritual reserve that can transform oppression into expressive strategies for healing and for care. (Re)covering self from the academy reveals the dialectical tension between academic rites and learning the practice of freedom through the healing ancestral continuum of Black women's orature. …


on several occasions in Former Han the dynastic succession came into question or even crisis (e.g., 180, 87, 74, and 5 B.C.). It is possible to trace the development of certain ideas which led eventually to Wang Mang's definitive pronouncements in the claims and counterclaims put forward on these occasions. Such prior steps are essential to an understanding of all the implications of Ts'ao P'ei's documents. Attention should also be drawn to the existence of one of these documents on stone, and to Rafe de Crespigny's bibliographical study of these historical sources (see Liang Han chin-shih chi 18.4b; and Rafe de Crespigny, The Records of the Three Kingdoms, Canberra, 1970).


The United States census data report that the nation is becoming more diverse at a rapid rate. Schools reflect these demographical changes by representing multiracial and multiethnic groups whose languages, religions, economics, and abilities are equally diverse. Educational systems often struggle in their efforts to support the needs of culturally different students. Consequently, these students often do not fare well academically. This article examines those factors which contribute to the achievement gap between culturally different and majority students, and describes how the cultural audit process can serve as a mechanism for addressing academic disparities.


Historians of childhood have frequently suggested that the Second World War disrupted the education system to the point of uselessness. This article re-examines the school system during this period from the perspective of two wartime children. It contends that a close analysis of oral history accounts can provide a detailed comprehension of both the lived experience of a particular era, and the ways that memories surrounding it have been formulated. In doing so, the article addresses methodological issues, in particular the different ways wartime education is remembered from the vantage point of adulthood and how far these recollections are impacted by the dominant cultural narratives of a conflict which has proved resilient in British popular memory. Ultimately, the article demonstrates the importance of the method by offering insights into education that are not available in documentary sources.


At least one Zone made of lithium-containing glass-ceramic material, in a solid electrolyte for a lithium battery, is formed from a lithium-containing ceramic material, advantageously in the form of a layer such as a thin film. It is obtained by melting of at least a part of the lithium-containing ceramic material, followed by a recrystallization heat treatment. Melt ing is obtained by a laser beam irradiation operation, which enables fabrication of the solid electrolyte to be performed directly on a multilayer stack comprising certain active com ponents of the lithium battery.


Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of preoperative surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) with additional intraoperative redosing compared to single-dose preoperative surgical antibiotic prophylaxis on the incidence of surgical site infections (SSI). Summary Background Data: Preoperative SAP is standard care for the prevention of SSI. During long surgical procedures, additional intraoperative redosing of SAP is advised, but there is great variability in redosing strategies and compliance rates. Methods: We performed a systematic search of MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, CINAHL and CENTRAL on June 25th, 2021 according to PROSPERO registration CRD42021229035. We included studies that compared the effect of preoperative SAP with additional intraoperative redosing to single dose preoperative SAP (no redosing) on SSI incidence in patients undergoing any type of surgery. Two researchers performed data appraisal and extraction of summary data independently. Meta-analyses were stratified per study type. We used a generic inverse variance random-effects model to estimate a pooled odds ratio with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: We included 2 randomized controlled trials (RCT) and 8 cohort studies comprising of 9470 patients. Pooled odds ratios for SSI in patients receiving intraoperative redosing compared to those without redosing were 0.47 (95% CI: 0.19–1.16. I2 = 36%) for RCTs and 0.55 (95% CI: 0.38–0.79, I2 = 56%) for observational cohorts. There was considerable clinical heterogeneity among antibiotics used and redosing protocols. GRADE-assessment showed overall low certainty of evidence. Conclusion: Intraoperative redosing of SAP may reduce incidence of SSI compared to a single dose preoperative SAP in any type of surgery, based on studies with considerable heterogeneity of antibiotic regimens and redosing protocols.


In reading for the present review it was a pleasure to note the emergence of two promising research themes. Of course both have antecedents in previous years, but 2000 seemed to be the year in which they 'came through' more strongly than before. First was the theme of 'computers as a tool for L2 research'. They are already used by languages researchers for word-processing, statistical analysis, corpus analysis, e-mail communication and internet information-gathering, but both Hulstijn (2000: 00469) and Liou (2000: 00-627) argue that they also have potential for eliciting second language (L2) production data and for recording how L2 learners process data, e.g. by registering time taken, accuracy, content items seen or pathways navigated, as students review their previous steps or test their future moves. Hegelheimer and Chapelle (2000: 00-618) similarly, in referring to interactionist SLA theory, in particular Schmidt's (1990) 'noticing' hypothesis, show how the on-line noticing of vocabulary in computer assisted language learning (CALL) reading materials can be investigated through a CALL design containing built-in data-collection and -analysis. Second was the theme of'languages in the workplace', with the workplace sometimes a supportive environment in which employees or trainees make use of and extend their existing languages skills, but sometimes also an area where cultural misunderstandings and conflicting ideologies may put individuals at a disadvantage. I do hope that this promising domain can be further developed, since languages teachers and educational decision-makers will benefit from research evidence on how languages are actually used in different contexts under the impact of global change. The final section of the present review brings together some key texts in this area. In the sections to follow, cross-reference is made to the abstracts in Language Teaching. Thus, Mitchell (2000:01:316) refers to the article published in 2000


Abstract Recent studies of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) phylogeny using both plastid and nuclear DNA sequences have shown that a distinct clade comprising the members of Solanum sect. Geminata (G. Don) Walp. (woody, non-spiny solanums with simple or branched trichomes and usually leaf-opposed inflorescences) also includes a small Caribbean group of species known as section Diamonon (Raf.) A. Child, whose relationships have previously been obscure: S. acropterum Griseb., S. conocarpum Dunal, S. havanense Jacq., and S. troyanum Urb. Work on a monograph of section Holophylla (G. Don) Walp. (s.l.) has also revealed that several species previously excluded from section Geminata on morphological grounds belong to the more broadly circumscribed group recognized as the Geminata clade. In addition, since the publication of the monograph of Solanum sect. Geminata, seven new species of these rare, forest understory shrubs have been described (S. chalmersii S. Knapp, S. humboldtianum Granados-Tochoy & S. Knapp, S. monanthemon S. Knapp, S. naucinum S. Knapp, S. pseudodaphnopsis L. A. Mentz & Stehmann, S. sagittantherum Granados-Tochoy & C. I. Orozco, and S. sumacaspi S. Knapp). An additional new species from Ecuador, S. elvasioides S. Knapp, is described here. I review the status and circumscription of section Geminata in the New World and its relation to the Geminata clade, and provide descriptions for all the species of the Caribbean S. havanense species group and all species previously excluded from section Geminata. Lectotypes are selected for S. acropterum, S. hookerianum A. Spreng., S. myrtifolium Lodd., S. havanense Vell., S. troyanum, S. argentinum Bitter & Lillo, and S. evonymoides Sendtn., and a neotype is selected for S. havanense.


In this paper, we comprehensively study the performance of direct-detection free-space optical (FSO) communication systems using subcarrier binary phase-shift keying (SC-BPSK) modulation and avalanche photodiode (APD). The system bit-error rate is theoretically derived in case of two atmospheric turbulence channel models: the log-normal and gamma-gamma ones for the weak-to-moderate and moderate-to-strong turbulence conditions, respectively. We quantitatively discuss the optimal values of the average APD's gain, required received optical powers and operating bit-rates considering various turbulence conditions, APD shot noise and thermal noise. It is seen that the effect of temperature on the value of optimal gain is stronger than that of the turbulence. We also find that the impact of turbulence is severe; however using APD receiver with optimal average gain can significantly improve the system performance in both cases of turbulence channels.


The word order of the serial verb constructions provides evidence for a "third-factor principle" at work. While what we know about UG linearizes syntactic constituents on the basis of hierarchical structure, serial verbs are linearized in accordance with iconicity, with the same semantic relation mapping to a constant word order but to varying structural relations. The utilization of iconic linearization under strict conditions may be viewed as a case of general cognitive mechanisms at work when UG has a functional gap for sentence-generation.


A basic sanitation workshop in Ethiopia worked with the local community and helped local public heath officials to kickstart their own sanitation campaign.


Nowadays, most of the urban developments are based on ICT (Information and Communication Technology) solutions which can increase the socio-economic development the quality of life. Smart Cities have been pointed out as the most promising applications of Internet of Things (IoT). Despite all standardisation processes, building a Smart City IoT platform remains a challenge. The continuous changes in IoT environment require the system to adopt new technologies dynamically. To address this challenge, our proposal is the deployment of the CitiSim platform which can simulate 3D models for events processing and supports different Operating Systems (OS) enabling new business models. The main advantage of the CitiSim platform is that it enables Big Data analytics tools to monitor data coming from heterogeneous sources. The primary objective is the identification of the environmental, social, and economic indicators used in order to build smart urban models that contribute to the process of decision making for improving land use, transport, energy, and user needs, classified and evaluated with respect to the criteria of a specific district.


Background: The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio is one indicator of a systemic inflammatory response that is widely used as a determinant of the prognosis of patients with viral pneumonia. An increased neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio may reflect an increased inflammatory process and may be associated with a poor prognosis. The increased neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio was significantly associated with the severity of the disease. Increased neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio can be considered independent biomarkers in indicating poor outcomes. Purpose: This study aims to find out the difference in netrophil lymphocyte levels ratio in covid 19 patients with comorbidities and without comorbidity in H. Adam Malik General Hospital Medan. Method: Retrospective analytical research where researchers use secondary data obtained from medical records at Haji Adam Malik Medan Hospital from June 2020 to May 2021 to find out the description of Netrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) levels in covid 19 patients with comorbid and non-comorbid in H. Adam Malik General Hospital Medan. The sampling method uses the total sampling method, where patients diagnosed with COVID-19 are confirmed from June 2021 to May 2021. Results: The sample obtained by 1098 patients with COVID-19 diagnoses confirmed PCR (+) proportion of male sex amounted to 478 (43.6%) samples and women by 620 (56.4%). Proposed patients without comorbidity are smaller compared to comorbidities by 770 (70.1%) : 328 (29.9%). The average age of the study subjects was 47 ± 16.97. Neutrophil average levels in patients was 71.21 ± 17.24, lymphocyte levels were 18.88 ± 13.17 and NLR 8.29 ± 11.41. While the average level of NLR value with comorbidities was 10.29 ± 12.49 and NLR level value without comorbidity was 7.44 ± 10.82 with the p value of < 0.05, which stastistically, there is a significant difference between variables. Conclusion: There is a significant difference of that the NLR value of COVID-19 patients with comorbidities, whic is greater than NLR COVID-19 patients without comorbidity


Electrospinning , as an advanced technique to prepare nanofibers , has been widely used in recent years. Cellulose and cellulose derivatives are used in various fields due to their predominant properties. The combination of their advantages has developed a new research field. The principle and research background of electrospinning as well as the progress on electrospinning of cellulose and cellulose derivatives are reviewed in this paper. Specially , the different solvent systems to dissolve cellulose and cellulose derivatives together with the resent development are commented , and their advantages and disadvantages in electrospinning are compared. The foreground of this research field is also pointed out .


e328 www.ccmjournal.org March 2017 • Volume 45 • Number 3 The authors reply: We thank Tonetti et al (1) for their interest in our recently published study in Critical Care Medicine, where we showed that the specific uptake rate of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, a marker of lung inflammation, was higher during volutrauma than during atelectrauma in pigs with experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (2). In recent years, the importance of dynamic stress as a major mechanism of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) has gained much attention. During mechanical ventilation, dynamic stress in the lungs, approximated as the driving pressure of the respiratory system, is associated with increased mortality in ARDS patients (3) and with development of postoperative pulmonary complications in surgical patients (4). Although this knowledge about dynamic stress represented an important advance in our understanding of VILI, we believe that the importance of static stress is currently underestimated. Our study (2) was intended to call attention to static stress as an additional mechanism of VILI. The concept that transfer of mechanical power from the ventilator to the respiratory system might be a determinant of VILI is exciting. To our knowledge, this concept was first proposed in 2010 by Guttmann (5), although a possible association between mechanical power during spontaneous breathing and the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia was addressed as early as 1988 (6). In 2016, Cressoni et al (7) and Gattinoni et al (8) contributed with formal calculations of mechanical power and its association with VILI. In addition, our group introduced the term "intensity," which, in this context, represents the normalization of mechanical power to the lung surface area or tissue mass (9). Certainly, for a given mechanical power, intensity is higher in smaller surface areas, as well as at the interface between lung zones with different mechanical properties, as proposed as early as 1970 (10). We agree with Tonetti et al (1) that mechanical power differed between groups in our study (2). However, when calculating the intensity, that is, normalizing the mechanical power (estimated by the authors) to lung tissue, differences between volutrauma and atelectrauma were negligible (0.064 vs 0.066 J/min/g, respectively). Thus, we disagree that keeping the mechanical power comparable among groups by tailoring its components would have been helpful. Furthermore, in (PEEP), are major determinants of VILI because tidal volumes were equally low in both groups. We recently proposed a new way of looking at the ventilator side of VILI: the mechanical power (2). According to this approach, every component of the mechanical ventilation already known to be causative of VILI (tidal volume, driving pressure, respiratory rate, and flow) plus the PEEP (which has been so far considered mostly protective) contribute, each one at a different extent, to the mechanical power delivered to the respiratory system (and to the lung). Starting from the classical equation of motion, we developed an equation that enables to calculate the mechanical power by some easily obtainable ventilator variables (2). Using this equation and the average values provided by Güldner et al (1), we computed the mechanical power delivered to the respiratory system in the two groups of pigs. In the volutrauma group, the average mechanical power to the respiratory system was 17.12 J/min, a value more than double than the one computed in the atelectrauma group (7.13 J/min). These are obviously rough estimates as the mechanical power should be better expressed using the transpulmonary pressure, normalizing it to the lung volume (only one lung was used in the experiments by Güldner et al (1) ) and taking into account its possible maldistribution (stress raisers) (3). Despite these limitations, it is still impressive to see the difference in terms of power between the two groups. In a previous study, in pigs slightly smaller than the ones used by Güldner et al (1), we found a transpulmonary power threshold for VILI of 12.1 J/min (4) (corresponding to 16.7 J/min to the respiratory system). Therefore, we can hypothesize that the pigs in the atelectrauma group were under the VILI threshold, whereas the ones in the volutrauma group were above it. The role of PEEP (averaging 32.4 cm H 2 O in the volutrauma group and just 0.8 cm H 2 O in the atelectrauma) in determining VILI seems to emerge very clearly in the data provided by Güldner et al (1), being the most important determinant of the differences in mechanical power between the two groups (same tidal volume and respiratory rate). Accordingly, in our opinion, possible differences between VILI induced by cyclic opening and closing of lung tissue (if any) or by tidal overstretching should be investigated under the same "ergotrauma" conditions (5), that is, keeping the mechanical power equal in the two experimental groups by appropriate tailoring of its components (tidal volume, respiratory rate, driving pressure, flow, and PEEP). Department of Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Göttingen, Germany. Dr. Quintel received funding from Maquet, Baxter, Novalung, and Sphere Medical. The remaining authors have disclosed that they do not have any potential conflicts of interest.


The laws of texture evolution during three continuous annealing stages of 340 MPa grade ULC-BH steel were studied by X-ray diffraction(XRD).The results show that,at the beginning of recrystallization,{111} texture increases under the actions of both oriented nucleation and selective growth,in which oriented nucleation play a major role with the {111}110 texture increasing substantially,while selective growth is the main way of developing {111} texture in the later recrystallization and {111}112 texture increases at this stage.It is helpful for {111} texture to raise temperature after the recrystallization,but it will also lead the opposite effect when it is overheated.


Objective To observe the relationship between expression changes of γH2AX and the radiosensitivityof lung cancer cells in vitro. Methods The radiosensitivity of lung cancer cell lines A549 and SBC-3 was measured byclone forming assay. The DSBs damage of lung cancer cell lines A549 and SBC-3 was determined by Western blot assay. Results The clone forming rates of lung cancer cell lines A549 and SBC-3 were gradually decreased with the increased radia-tion dose. γH2AX expression was related to the cell radiosensitivity 1 hour and 6 hours after radiated. Conclusion Thephosphorylated histone γH2AX is a powerful tool to monitor DNA DSBs and to predict the radiosensitivity in lung cancer ra-diotherapy.radiation toleranceγH2AX proteinlung cancerradiosensitivity


The present invention relates to a rotary type compressor, and more particularly to a two-stage rotary compressor capable of simplifying the structure of the intermediate pressure chamber for temporarily passed before the refrigerant discharged from the low-pressure compression assembly is introduced into the high-pressure compression assembly. Two-stage rotary compressor has the sealed container according to the invention; Axis of rotation; A low-pressure compression assembly; The high-pressure compression assembly; Further, formed between the low-pressure compression assembly and the intermediate pressure chamber being in communication with the high-pressure compression assembly, the one bearing part and the cover having a precision polishing the processed contact surface adapted to come into close contact with each other; is configured to include.


Whether amateur players or professional players, they all have their own methods to challenge the game systems so as to win victory. Their common conduct is to use a set of strategies or to explore the vulnerabilities of the game designs. We call it "fallen strategies". It is a method of playing games and through the defects of the designs of game rules it guarantees the game players to win victory at last.


Melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae is a serious pest of cucurbitaceous vegetables. A study was undertaken to evaluate dietary constituents comprising of honey, water, protein hydrolysate and yeast powder. Diets for B. cucurbitae were prepared, consisting of protein hydrolysate (1 g, 3 g, 5 g and 7 g) and yeast powder (5 g, 10 g, 15 g and 20 g) mixed in (5 ml) honey and (100 ml) water. Diet consisting of 7 g protein hydrolysate + 5 ml honey + 100 ml water resulted in suitability, in respect of some life history parameters of the insect. The insect had shorter pre-oviposition period (17.00 days), longer oviposition period (64.48 days) and adult longevity for male (66.36 days) and female (86.28 days) and high fecundity (770eggs/female). Further, the diet consisting of 10 g yeast powder + 5 ml honey + 100 ml water was also found equality effective on some life history parameters of the insect. The insect fed on this diet resulted in shorter pre-oviposition period (16.00 days), longer oviposition period (63.76 days), and adult longevity for male (65.80 days) and female (84.26 days) and high fecundity (760 eggs/female). Both the diets containing (7 g protein hydrolysate) and (10 g yeast powder) were most suitable diets for multiplication of B. cucurbitae for mass rearing and continuous availability of the insect for the suppression of insect in field through Sterile Insect Release Method (SIRM).


Abstract: Fish Salai is a kind of traditional food at affordable prices and has a distinctive taste and savory. Demand for fish Salai in the village of Koto Masjid enormous because catfish smoked fish processing centers exist only in the village of Koto Masjid and also Salai Fish Marketing area is generally prevalent in the area Riau Province and outside the area of Riau Province. The purpose of this study was to determine Prospects Ikan Patin Salai seen from Aspects of Revenue and Business Development in the future. Respondents were interviewed are entrepreneurs Salai fish processors in the village of Koto Masjid District XIII Koto Kampar with numbered sample of 7 respondents. The results showed an overall revenue smoked fish processing, on average, net income of Rp. 19,026,201 and the number of comparison analysis to the average level of the ratio of R / C is 1.15. And the breakdown of a SWOT analysis business development aspects: 1). Maintaining taste delicious, distinctive and durable. 2). Maintain and increase the price and the production process is easy and fast. 3). Adding new marketing branch. 4). Producing its own raw materials in the form of catfish 5). Adding a variety of new products to prevent kebosananan smoked fish, catfish. 6). To collaborate with the owners of capital such as banks, cooperatives 7). And improve the quality of product variants. 8). Creating a good business management so as to increase the maximum benefit and coordinated effort 9). Promotion to Increase Market share is still open. Keywords: Prospects Development, SWOT Analysis, Business Salai catfish


Recently demonstrated microfluidic chips have the potential to be useful bioanalytical tools for DNA, protein, and cellular studies. To realize this potential, means for introducing fluids, separating their components, and detection must be integrated onto the chip. The authors have investigated semiconductor laser microcavity spectroscopy as a means for ultrasensitive detection of various fluids, cells, and particulates. Two methods for implementing this laser device are illustrated. A scanning method for reading the light signals from a static fluid in the microcavity is presented. The device has a microfabricated flow structure formed between two surfaces, a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser and a glass dielectric mirror. The resonance frequencies of this Fabry-Perot microcavity are very sensitive to the dielectric properties of the fluids confined inside the cavity. Further, the resonance linewidth or cavity Q is sensitive to the optical length of the cavity, light absorption, and light scattering from the fluid and the surfaces forming the cavity. If cells or particulates are present in the fluid they confine light transverse to the cavity length and develop additional sub-frequencies between the Fabry-Perot frequencies. Thus, the spectrum of light emitted from or transmitted through the cavity comprises a wealth of information about the cavitymore » contents.« less


This paper studies hidden stratum on the basis of analyzing the characteristics of refraction wave field. The critical equations of intermediate layers with different natures and the condition formula necessary for the formation of hidden stratum are derived. Research results indicate that generation of hidden stratum depends on the thickness and velocity in each layer as well as the dip angle of the refractor.Low-velocity thin intermediate layer tends to form a hidden stratum.Identification of hidden stratum and determination of apparent veloctles and intercept time for refracting layers are also researched by τ-p transformation.In addition,some calculation results of modeling are given.


Communication has been restructured since 1991, following the country's emergence from its unsuccessful socialist experiments of the 1970s and 1980s. The weak state of the 1980s, formed under Vietnamese auspices in the aftermath of the devastating Democratic Kampuchea, or Pol Pot era, had been hampered in its socialist policies by a poor level of ideological control, arising in part from a lack of channels of communication within the state and between the state and the disorganized war-torn society.2 While discontent appears to have been rife within society in the 1980s, organized expression of this was sparse. The media was controlled by the state, although degrees of editorial independence and party self-criticism varied; civil associations were confined to mass organizations formed under the purview of the party. Political dissenters fled to the armed resistance on the border rather than forming opposition movements at home. In these circumstances, political debate, in terms of both state-society communication and forums for policy discussion within civil society itself, was limited.3 From 1989 onward in Cambodia, the introduction of economic reforms and the winding down of the civil war in response to the changing international climate permitted a significant strengthening of both the formal institutions of state, and the personal networks of allegiance that


After conducting many years of 'classical' ethnographic fieldwork among refugees in Cyprus, I started field research in hospitals, community settings, and medical schools in Belgium, England, and Cyprus. My collaborations with clinical and biomedical scientists have led to an ongoing dialogue about ethnographic fieldwork and ethnographic writing. I discuss, through some ethnographic vignettes from my own research journey, some challenges that academics who work in medical research units may face in their engagements with ethnography. Stefan Beck's work speaks to researchers from different social, biomedical and clinical disciplines. I show that ethnographic work, such as that by Beck, raises the profile of social scientific work in medicine and demonstrates the potential of ethnography in medicine.


The theory of indirect phonon-assisted optical absorption by semiconductors in a uniform electric field is developed with particular attention being paid to the effects of electron-hole correlations (excitons). The Coulombic electron-hole interaction is treated within the Wannierexciton effective-mass approximation. The physics of indirect electroabsorption is discussed, and it is found that exciton theory predicts an indirect absorption spectrum which is dramatically different, both qualitatively and quantitatively, from the spectrum predicted by one-electron theory (neglecting electron-hole correlations). The excitonic correlations are responsible for four qualitative features found in measured differential electroabsorption spectra but omitted by the one-electron theory: (i) The threshold for potical absorption by excitons lies at a lower energy; (ii) excitons cause a sharp drop on the high-energy side of the first differential electroabsorption peak; (iii) the amplitude of the differential absorption is enhanced by excitons; and (iv) excitonic spectra exhibit longer periods of spectral oscillations. These excitonic effects are analogous to effects previously predicted for direct transitions. Numerical calculations of the differential electroabsorption at the indirect edges of Ge and Si are compared with the data of Frova et al. and are found to be in excellent agreement with experiment.


Abstract Introduction Majority of pediatric burns are minor injuries. Social life changes due to Covid-19 pandemic may have influenced their characteristics. We compared the features of pediatric burn cases which were treated as outpatients at our center before and during Covid-19 pandemic. Methods The records of 658 patients were reviewed. The study group was evaluated in two groups; Group I: patients-treated between March 2018 and February 2020 (pre-pandemic) (n=350), Group II: patients-treated between March 2020 and February 2022(Pandemic) (n=308). Data collected for each case were age; sex; insurance status, place of residence; burn-causes, extent of burns; body-site affected; time and environment where the injury occurred, time-interval between occurrence of injury and admissions to the burn-center; (mean± SE, p<.05). Results Mean age (years) was 4,32±0,24 for Group I, it was 4,32±0,18 for Group II; male:female ratio was 0,87:1 in Group I, it was 1,1: 1 in Group II; mean total surface area burned was 1,94±0,14 % (min:0,5, max:16) in Group I, and it was 1,98±0,26% (min:0,1 max: 16,1) in Group II (p>.05). Most of the patients were from urban areas and were covered by social security system in both groups (p>.05). Injuries occurred between 06:00 and 18:00 in 63,7% of Group I and in 62,6% of Group II (p>.05). The most common scenario was the domestic environment for both groups with a rise in rates of outdoor-burns Group II (p<.05) and this rise was observed during the 'new normal' period, but not during the 'lock-down'(p< .05). The most common burn-cause was the scalds for both groups (p >.05). Hands, trunk, head and neck regions were less frequently involved in group II (p<.05). Rates of direct admission were similar for both, but children in Group II were more frequently brought to our burn center on the day of injury (p<.05). Conclusions The decrease in injuries to hands, trunk, head and neck, and the increase in admissions on the day of injury were remarkable during pandemic period. These results may be clues for enhanced care-giver precautions against injuries during 'stay home' days. Increased frequency of outdoor burns during 'new normal' may indicate the negative effects of this new unfamiliar social life on care-giver watchfulness. However, increased admissions on the day of the injury may be influenced both by the changing social conditions of care-givers and the uninterrupted service of our burn center while others were serving for covid-19 patients rather than burn victims. Applicability of Research to Practice This study helped to make recommendations for evidence-based interventions to decrease factors associated with pediatric minor burn injuries before, during and after pandemic


On a weight basis, steel is the most recycled material in use today (Figure 3-1). The 70 million net tons of steel recycled in 2000 were used to produce about 112 million net tons of new steel in the United States. Traditionally, the steel industry has focused on recycling steel that is either discarded during manufacturing processes or recovered from post-consumer products. Modern steelmaking now relies on recycled iron units for more than half of its production. The by-products of iron and steelmaking processes and several categories of steel scrap are also a source of recycled iron units. This includes iron containing by-products which may also contain " low grade " energy units. Examples include oxide dusts, sludges, scales, slags and spent refractories, all of which are generated as natural adjuncts to iron and steelmaking processes. These by-products often are classified as " wastes " and are discarded in landfills at a significant cost, although they offer significant value when recycled and properly reused. R&D efforts are needed to enable the steel industry to further increase the recycling of iron units. To plan an effective strategy for this work, it is useful to examine each of the recyclable iron unit sources: • By-products are the residues produced during ironmaking, steelmaking, and rolling operations. These residues include slags, dusts, sludges, and mill scale and constitute almost 7% of steel production (the individual process values are shown in Table 3-1). Currently, about 50% of this volume is recovered and recycled; limitations are set by the relatively Figure 3-1. Comparison of U.S. Recycling Rate of low intrinsic monetary value of some of these Steel and Other Materials, 1999-2000 (SRI 2001) chemically and/or physically complex materials.


The Bergschrund Hypothesis, when it was enunciated by Willard Johnson (I) at the end of last century, was almost universally welcomed as an explanation of cirque formation. Since that time it has continued to dominate the literature on glacial sculpture. Gilbert (2) and Hobbs (3) in America, Wright (4) in this country, and Penck (5) and de Martonne (6) on the Continent follow his ideas with only very minor modifications. The essentials of this hypothesis were, however, outlined by W. M. Davis (7) contemporaneously with the publication of Johnson's 1899 paper.


The ventral nerve cord (vNC) of Drosophila derives from neural stem cells, the neuroblasts (NB) (Poulson, 1950), which delaminate from the ventral neurogenic region of the ectoderm (vNR) in a reproducible spatiotemporal segmental pattern (Hartenstein and Campos-Ortega, 1984; Hartenstein et al., 1987; Doe, 1992b). In the trunk, this pattern of segregating NB does not show any obvious differences between segments (Doe, 1992b). However, significant segmental-specificities in the vNC arise gradually during further development: in the course of embryogenesis segment-specific expression of several markers and genes arises (e.g. Jiménez and CamposOrtega, 1981; Gould et al., 1990; Bourgoin et al., 1992; Graba et al., 1992; Mellerick et al., 1992; Hoshino et al., 1993), and proliferation patterns in the thorax and abdomen diverge gradually (Prokop and Technau, 1991) and become even more distinct during postembryonic stages (Truman and Bate, 1988). Eventually, in the imago, the volume of the thoracic neuromeres clearly predominates over that of the abdominal ones (Hertweck, 1931). In the early embryo a cascade of patterning genes provides the blastoderm with positional cues along the anterior-posterior as well as the dorsal-ventral axis. These coordinates finally define polarized metameric units, the segments (for review see e.g. Pankratz and Jäckle, 1993). Specification of these segments according to their location in the anterior-posterior axis is mediated by the homeotic selector genes (for reviews see e.g. Lewis, 1978; Duncan, 1987; Peifer et al., 1987; Beachy, 1990; McGinnis and Krumlauf, 1992; Morata, 1993). For the vNC of Drosophila it has been demonstrated that mutations in the bithorax-complex alter segment-specific patterns of markers and gene expression (Jiménez and Campos-Ortega, 1981; Graba et al., 1992; Gould et al., 1990) and eventually interfere with neuromere-specific morphology (reviewed by Doe and Scott, 1988). However, the mechanisms of segment-specific regulation in the CNS are not yet understood. In order to address such mechanisms at the cellular level we made use of the previously described embryonic lineage of Drosophila neuroblast NB1-1 (Udolph et al., 1993). NB1-1 delaminates from abdominal and thoracic segmental domains of the neuroectoderm and gives rise to the aCC and pCC neurons in all of these segments (Doe et al., 1988a and b; Doe, 1992a). However, further components of the NB1-1 lineage express specific differences between thoracic segments (referred to as thoracic tagma) and abdominal ones (abdominal tagma) (Udolph et al., 1993). We show that tagma specificity of this lineage is determined at the early gastrula stage and is autonomously expressed by the neuroectodermal progenitors upon heterotopic transplantation. Activity of the homeotic genes Ubx or abd-A is autonomously required for the abdominal pathway of the NB1-1 lineage. By ectopic induction of Ubxor abd-A expression until several hours after gastrulation or by homeotic derepression in Polycomb mutants, thoracic determination of NB1-1 can be overridden. About the same time, during normal development, UBX and ABD-A are detectable in NB1-1. We suggest that tagma-specific commit2567 Development 120, 2567-2578 (1994) Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1994


Bio electrate state is a universal property of biomolecule. Biomolecule interact in a kind of molecular game of logic. Physical properties of them participate in their dynamics, self sustaining transformation of energy and matter[1]. Belsare and Devgaonkar have explained the electrical conductivity of iodine doped polyblend films of polystyrene and poly methyl methacrylate [2]. Mishra and Nath reported DC electrical conductivity of glycine to study the mechanism of electrical conduction [3]. By using poly electric response for electromagnetic radiation detection, polymer electrate work have been published[4,5]. R S Gulalkari reported electrical conduction mechanism of PVC-PMMA blend film[6]. V S Sangawar studied dielectric and other properties of doped thin film polystyerene and polymethyl methycrylate thermoelectrate[7].


Abstract : The detection of periodic signals of arbitrary wave shape with random time delay in additive white Gaussian noise, is a problem of practical significance in radar and communication applications. In this thesis, the analysis and design of optimum and suboptimum receivers for detecting signals as described above has been carried out. The design of optimum (in minimum probability of error, Pe sense) receivers is based on the likelihood ratio test under the assumption of low SNR conditions. The design of suboptimum receivers is based on the heuristic approaches that intuitively yield reasonably good performance. Examples have been analyzed in order to present numerical results in graphical form on the performance of the receivers under different assumptions of wave ships and p.d.f. on the random time delay associated with the signal.


Summary The development of children's reading attitudes and habits through key stage 1 and 2 was the focus of this study. A random sample of six primary schools within one local education authority (LEA) was chosen comprising 218 Year 2 children, 189 Year 4 children and 207 Year 6 children. A self‐report questionnaire was administered to explore each cohort's attitudes to reading, the source and type of their reading materials and the places at home where they read. Results indicated that children prefer reading to themselves, rather than to a parent or teacher, and this is more pronounced as they get older. The sample did most of their reading at home, in the kitchen, reading stories from their own books. There were some differences between the cohorts on these items. The implications of these findings for reading policy and practice in the primary school are discussed.


The utility model relates to a pipeline leakage stopping device, in particular to a pipeline leakage stopper with a decompressed drainage device, which is used for stopping the leakage of pipelines with pressure flowing liquid. The pipeline leakage stopper comprises a leakage stopping hoop body with the decompressed drainage device and a lower hoop. The body is a circular-arc plate with two folding edges, and bolt holes are arranged on the folding edges of the circular-arc plate, four reinforcing rib plates are arranged on the body, and the decompressed drainage device is fixed on a drainage hole on an outer ring of the body by welding. An inner ring of the body is provided with a sealing ring fixing collar in which a sealing ring is placed. The lower hoop is a circular-arc plate with two folding edges, and bolt holes are arranged on the folding edges of the circular-arc plate.


Recently, a novel quasi-static routing scheme called path switching has been proposed for a large-scale ATM packet switch, and a Clos-like switching network called the cross-path switch was designed for its implementation. In principle, the cross-path switch can support both multicast and multirate traffic and now we add the capacity of supporting multimedia traffic in it. In this paper, we develop a model to study the performance guarantees in a cross-path switch. Based on this model, we derive a set of deterministic bounds on propagation delay as well as backlogs at the switch on a per-connection basis. The results show that due to the quasi-static nature of the routing scheme implemented at the central stage, data traffic always becomes more bursty after passing through the cross-path switch. This leads to the criteria for the design of the route assignment algorithm.


The solution structure of murine γS‐crystallin (γS) has been determined by multidimensional triple resonance NMR spectroscopy, using restraints derived from two sets of dipolar couplings, recorded in different alignment media, and supplemented by a small number of NOE distance restraints. γS consists of two topologically similar domains, arranged with an approximate twofold symmetry, and each domain shows close structural homology to closely related (∼50% sequence identity) domains found in other members of the γ‐crystallin family. Each domain consists of two four‐strand "Greek key" β‐sheets. Although the domains are tightly anchored to one another by the hydrophobic surfaces of the two inner Greek key motifs, the N‐arm, the interdomain linker and several turn regions show unexpected flexibility and disorder in solution. This may contribute entropic stabilization to the protein in solution, but may also indicate nucleation sites for unfolding or other structural transitions. The method used for solving the γS structure relies on the recently introduced molecular fragment replacement method, which capitalizes on the large database of protein structures previously solved by X‐ray crystallography and NMR.


CHAPTER IV CROPPING PATTERN AND CROPPING INTENSITY Cropping Pattern has been defined as the proportion of area under different crops at a particular period of time. A change in the cropping pattern means a change in the proportion of area under different crops. The study of cropping pattern is necessary for preparing a rational and balanced plan for cultivation of such crops which would give maximum returns with minimum inputs to meet the requirements of food for the people and raw materials for industry in the state. The crop pattern of any region or the country is mainly influenced by natural, social, historical and economic factors. In addition, the government can also effect changes in crop pattern through its agricultural policy. In this context, the National Commission on Agriculture also pointed out that "the Cropping Patterns depend primarily on soils and Climatic factors, but as they evolve, also represent the integrated effect of the requirements, local habits and economic factors through time." The analysis of the cropping pattern is necessary for an identification of the major crops


Manchester has strengthened its approach to tackling homelessness but will need to ramp up its work even further to address the challenges of forthcoming welfare and legislative changes.


Based on relevant theory of sports measurement and evaluation as well as technical application of volleyball players in competition,this paper designed better scientific and reasonable,more easily controllable footwork testing method of junior male volleyball players.Guided with the theory of modern sports training control and according to junior physiological characteristics,the author made some quantitative analysis from the point of physical fitness concerning the footwork,discussed the intensity sequence of impact effect,selected and defined the system of examining test event and constructed the dynamic digital simulation model and evaluation standard system of training level in order to provide the reference for coaches to carry out predictive training target,analysis and decision.


Near-infrared (NIR)-light-triggered photothermal therapy (PTT) is usually associated with an undesirable heating damage to normal organs nearby due to its high temperature (>50 o C) for available tumor ablation. Achieving PTT strategies at a relatively low temperature therefore demonstrates tremendous value to clinic. Here, we construct a hypoxia-responsive gold nanorods (AuNRs)-based nanocomposite of CRISPR-Cas9 for mild-photothermal therapy via tumor-targeted gene editing. AuNRs are modified with azobenzene-4, 4'-dicarboxylic acid (p-AZO) to achieve on-demand release of CRISPR-Cas9 using hypoxia-responsive azo bonds. In the hypoxic tumor microenvironment, the azo groups of APACPs are selectively reduced by the overexpression of reductases, leading to the release of Cas9 and subsequent gene editing. Owing to the knockout of Hsp90α for reducing thermal-resistance of cancer cells, highly effective tumor ablation both in vitro and in vivo was achieved with APACPs under mild PTT. This strategy provides a promising method for gene editing targeting tumor microenvironments, and opens a possibility to improve the therapeutic effect and minimize the side effects.


(2005). The Concept of "Abuse" of a Dominant Position Under Article 82 EC: Recent Developments in Relation to Pricing. European Competition Journal: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 315-339.


Two patients with post‐operative adhesions between the iris and cornea are presented. The term of anterior pupillary block is suggested, and its clinical picture is described. The irido‐corneal adherences appeared to be the trigger mechanism of the intraocular pressure rise and deepening of the posterior chamber. The tension was fully controlled following the rupture of these adherences. The beneficial result of a simple procedure of posterior chamber tap is mentioned.


The present invention relates to a characteristic time for the burst test apparatus and burst error characteristics of the transmission system is a passive optical network. The apparatus comprises: a burst signal transmitting unit and a burst signal receiving unit. Burst signal transmission unit capable of generating two burst signals meet the EPON (Ethernet Passive Optical Network) burst signal interface unit transmission optical burst size required, the burst signal receiver can be implemented quickly input clock synchronization and receiving, whereby burst transmission optical system (i.e., an uplink system) the performance of various optical devices, in particular a time characteristic and an error burst characteristics of the light emitting and receiving module of burst mode operation for testing. Meanwhile, the device can also work in a continuous mode, i.e., transmitting and receiving a continuous data signal, this function can be used a passive optical network characteristic measurement error of the uplink transmission channel.


The purpose of this study is to report a survey which the writer made of the public school system of Denton, Texas, dealing with the financial status, the school plants, the teaching personnel, the pupil personnel, and the libraries. The goal was to evaluate the schools in light of accepted standards for the factors considered, and to make certain recommendations regarding improvements.


As the world population ages, mental health professionals increasingly need empirically supported assessment instruments for older adult psychopathology. This study tested the degree to which syndromes derived from self‐ratings of psychopathology by elders in the US would fit self‐ratings by elders in Portugal.


The precondition of matrices by diagonal sealing is a useful tool for bounding the structured singular value. Although the constant matrix case has been well studied, comparatively little is known about the behavior of the scaling matrices as a function of frequency. In this paper this problem is addressed by considering the optimal Frobenius-norm scaling. It is shown that, under mild assumptions, there exist stable and minimum-phase diagonal transfer matrices which minimize the Frobenius-norm of a scaled transfer matrix. >


Received: Revised: Accepted: August 12, 2014 November 14, 2014 December 18, 2014 In a study to determine the relationships between body morphometrics and testicular biometrics, 30 healthy West Africa Dwarf bucks belonging to three age groups, 0.5 to 1.0 years (group A), = 1.5 to 2.0 years (group B) and 2.5 to 3.0 years (group C) were evaluated. The animals were tagged and body measurements were recorded before the animals were sacrificed. The external and internal parameters of the testis were measured and recorded accordingly. The mean values for body weight were 6.92±0.06Kg, 8.93±0.69Kg and 11.67±0.33Kg for age groups A, B and C respectively. Animals in age group C recorded the highest mean value for heart girth, body weight, paunch girth and wither height. A predictive model for each of the testicular characteristics was developed using live body measurement. Age was significantly (P<0.05) positively correlated with all body and testicular measurement, but not with testicular density and caput weight. However, scrotal circumference was significantly (P<0.001) correlated with testicular length (r = 0.557), testicular diameter (r = 0.595), testicular weight (r = 0.617) and caudal weight (r = 0.663), while the correlation with testicular density was significant at P<0.01. Body weight was positively correlated (P<0.01) with scrotal circumference (r = 0.455), testicular length (r = 0.694), testicular diameter (r = 0.618), testicular volume (r = 0.668), testicular weight (r = 0725), corpus weight (r = 0.705) and caudal weight (r = 0.687). Based on the findings in this study, it is concluded that bucks can be selected for breeding purposes on the bases of measurements of scrotal circumference, testicular length and testicular diameter.


The world is evolving in a pace faster than ever, in terms of the ways in which human can interact with the rest of the world virtually or physically. Our exploration together with Carl along the road involves many models and methods that help better understand users' needs, desires and intentions, specify clearer system requirements and know-how, describe simpler service interface to find a match between requests and capabilities. There are implicit relations between these research topics, namely, building smarter software systems that can adapt to the needs and intentions of users, as well as the concrete operational context and environment. This paper may look retro-futurism in a sense, as we are looking forward to fulfillment the early AI and SE visions, by reviewing viable fundamental software requirements engineering principles and service system thinking methods, and at the same time by making sense of the on-going development of smart applications with the latest intelligent computing technologies.


The main purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which primary school principals feel they are knowledgeable with respect to primary school aged children, their needs. and the kinds of school practices which arc appropriate for them. The study examined the principal's role in promoting developmentally appropriate programs at the primary level, and the extent to which primary teachers feel that principals of primary schools have adequate knowledge in these areas. -- Data collected from 59 primary school principals and 226 of their primary school teachers provided the necessary information used in the testing of the various research questions. Statistical procedures used included a one-way analysis of variance and the Student-Newman-Keuls test. -- The principals' questionnaire investigated their perceptions of their role as principal in the primary school and the teachers' questionnaire examined their perceptions of how their principals considered certain issues about primary education and their (the principals') role, Part I of both questionnaires gathered biographical data of principals and teachers, and Part II gathered information relative to practices within the primary school. Respondents were asked to rate most items as "of no importance", of little importance", "important", and "very important to the role of the principal, while others required a "yes" or "no" response. -- Results of the survey indicate that the teaching profession at the primary school level is predominantly female, while positions of leadership are predominantly male. Both groups of respondents (principals and teachers) indicate that a great deal of emphasis is placed on the administrative component of the principalship, and that the principal's role as instructional leader in the primary school is being carried out to some degree. -- Principal and teacher responses were also similar on such issues as the importance of having knowledge of child development, and of promoting appropriate teaching styles and learning opportunities for young children. -- Teachers generally perceive principals as placing less importance on certain issues than principals' responses indicate. Discrepancies occur in the following: the principal's role as coach to primary teachers; training principals and other teachers in coaching techniques; teacher involvement in school policy planning, program planning, and staff meeting planning; and principal's involvement with parents and children. Principals consistently see these issues as being of greater importance than their teachers perceive that they did. In terms of actual practice, principals indicate higher rates of occurrences than did teachers. -- In general, principals seem to believe they give higher priority to curriculum development, staff development, and child-centered teaching matters than in fact teachers perceive them to do. Principals also see themselves as giving lower priority to management matters than teachers claim they do.


"Madrasa is an educational institution in Indonesia that has unique in implementing inclusive education because it combines inclusive values in the Quran and Hadith, inclusive values proclaimed by UNESCO 1994 and inclusive values according to national education policies. One of the goals of inclusive education in madrasas is to foster peer acceptance. This study attempted to examine factors that foster peer acceptance in Inclusive Madrasa Ibtidaiyah. The participants of this study involved 930 students and 42 teachers of Inclusive Madrasa Ibtidaiyah in Indonesia. The study used the Peer Acceptance Scale (PAS) to measure peer acceptance and a social interaction teaching strategy measurement tool to measure teaching strategies. The results of the analysis found that teaching strategies significantly increase regular student peer acceptance of students with special needs. R2 = 0.029, F (1,928) = 28.107, p<0.001."


We treat the Skyrme model with the breathing mode in a situation involving two quartic terms. It is seen that there is a new limit for large e due to the breathing mode not found in the usual rotating hedgehog.


A new simpler generalized minimal residual algorithm of m-times restart(SGMRES(m)) is proposed,namely the linear equations,which form in the transient stability simulation during the iteration from the n-th step to(n+1)-th step,are solved by SGMRES(m).Through modifying the generative process of normal orthogonal basis,the m-order upper Hessenber matrix is turned into upper triangular matrix,thus so long as simply solving the upper triangular linear equations the correction value of the solution is attained,thus the trouble of solving least square problem that appears in each iteration during the solution of generalized minimum residual method can be avoided,and the calculation burden can be effectively reduced.To further accelerate the calculation,the proposed algorithm is integrated with dishonest Newton method and incomplete LU precondition.Simulation results of calculation examples show that the proposed algorithm is efficient.


Introduction: Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is considered as a risk factor for coronary atherosclerotic disorder and an increase in plasma Lp(a) concentration is usually seen in patients with kidney failure. Objectives: We aimed in this study to evaluate the impact of plasma Lp(a) level on early changes of atherosclerotic vessels in stable hemodialysis (HD) patients. Patients and Methods: In this clinical study 61 patients (50 non-diabetic (F=20 M=30) and 11 diabetic HD patients), receiving maintenance hemodialysis were included and serum Lp(a) was measured. B-mode ultrasonography of carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) was also determined. Results: The mean ±SD of patients Lp(a) was 58.5±19 mg/dL. The mean ±SD of diabetic patients' Lp(a) was 62±12mg/dL and for nondiabetic ones was 57.7± 20mg/dL. In this study the thickening of Intima-media complex in diabetic group was more than non-diabetics, and no significant difference was found of Lp(a) between diabetic and non diabetic HD patients. There was a significant positive association between serum Lp(a) and cIMT. Conclusion: Accelerated atherosclerosis seen in diabetic hemodialysis patients. Lp(a) might have an important role in progression of atherosclerosis to accelerate progressive atherosclerosis in these patients.


Today, the global approach for treatment of many diseases, particularly diseases related to survival of generation and infertility is toward use of medicinal plants instead of consumption of chemical drugs. So, this study will compare the effect of metformin and ginseng extract on improvement of polycystic ovary syndrome based on changes in LH, FSH, estrogen, and progesterone hormones. 63 adult female rats were used in this research and divided into 9 groups of 7 each as healthy control (without receiving any substance), patient control (estradiol valerate), patient sham (estradiol valerate + distilled water), healthy sham (distilled water), experimental1 (estradiol valerate + metformin), experimental2 (estradiol valerate + ginseng), experimental3 (estradiol valerate + metformin + ginseng), experimental4 (estradiol valerate + ginseng), and experimental5 (estradiol valerate + metformin + ginseng). The results showed that simultaneously dose-dependent use of metformin and ginseng has better effect on improvement of hormonal changes in polycystic ovary syndrome.


There exists two main directions of the electro-optical analysis of suspended cells. In each of these directions electrophysical properties of the cell are used. Cells in the first direction of research are considered as a whole object. Cells are influenced by electrical field, which permits us to reveal their electrophysical properties. The results of electro-optical cell suspension sample measurements are thus: (1) Determination of heterogeneity of cell population on electrophysical properties and morphometrical characteristics; (2) Determination of absolute total concentration of cells and concentration of cells in each faction with distinguished electrophysical properties. The second direction of research provides determination of electrophysical parameters of cell structures on designed homogeneous fraction. The mutual relation of a structure and physiological function of cells permits us to use the value and kinetic of electrophysical cell structure parameters change for determination of their physiological characteristics. In the manuscript the theoretical bases of each direction of the analysis and the results of their use for monitoring of biotechnological processes are considered.


Arizona has landslides - lots of landslides. But how many? What types? Where are they? The very limited, fragmented and incomplete data regarding the nature and extent of landslide hazards within Arizona makes assessing landslide risks difficult. To address this knowledge and data gap, the Arizona Geological Survey (AZGS) has begun conducting the first comprehensive landslide inventory in Arizona. Task 1: Design and build a GIS database capable of accommodating diverse landslide data from many sources, utilizing a comprehensive metadata structure that is versatile, easily updated as new mapping or data become available, and compatible with the US Geoscience Information Network (USGIN). Task 2: Compile all documented landslides from available maps and reports, map archives, and published journal articles. Task 3: Work with our partner agency, the Arizona Division of Emergency and Military Affairs, (DEMA) and with our stakeholders to identify and prioritize areas requiring new mapping of known but previously undocumented landslides. Task 4: Incorporate the new landslide information into the 2018 State of Arizona Hazard Mitigation Plan, and provide assistance for incorporating the data into local and tribal hazard mitigation plans. Task 5: Get the word out - reach out to public and civil authorities with map tools identifying landslides.


Since more than 20 years the air-coupled ultrasonic technique already exists. Problems caused by the large acoustic mismatch between solids and air are solved with special transducers, a powerful excitation as well as a hard- software signal processing. Our USPC 4000 AirTech includes a powerful burst-pulser, an ultralow noise preamplifier and a band pass filter amplifier. The combination of hard- and software filters increases the signalto noise ratio up to 50 dB. The software imaging Hillgus for Windows enables an easy control of the system and of the different manipulators as well as evaluation and measuring functions of the C-scans. Air-coupled ultrasonic testing requires separate transducers as a sender and receiver on opposite sides of the component. Pitch and catch technique require only a single sided access. Because of critical adjustments this method is only preferable for laboratory applications. However, a robust inspection requires a two sided access. This paper presents details of automated scanning systems for tube-shaped- and flat CFRP- and CFRP honeycomb components. Usually ultrasonic testing of complex aerospace components is carried out with squirter technique. However, water coupling delivers disadvantages like pressure variations, air-bubbles, lime scales, algae and corrosion of the mechanics. Therefore a non-contact technique is preferable which avoids these disadvantages. Because of the coaxial alignment of the transducers on opposite sides of a complex component a ten axes robot scanning system is necessary. This paper presents first results and details of the automated air-coupled robot ultrasonic imaging system which is in operation by Airbus Helicopters in Donauworth/Germany since 2011. A larger device is currently installed in Zurich/Switzerland for sandwich space components. The 10 axes scanning system has a mass of 18 tons. These projects have been a co-operation between Robo-Technology, Dr. Hillger, and Eugen Ostertag. New developmens are focused on the one-sides access of air-coupled ultrasonic. The project is called BUC which means non-contact ultrasonic testing. We would like to thank the German Government (BMBF – KMU innovative) for their support.


A laboratory study of alternatives for effecting inlet control on urban storm sewer systems for stormwater management (SWM) is described. The test facility was a full-size physical model of a simple street inlet arrangement. The forms of control examined included: reduction of the street inlet grating's hydraulic area; an orifice plate located in the well of the model catchbasin structure; and simple flow restrictors at entry to the catchbasin's outlet pipe. Principal considerations in judging the effectiveness and practicality of the different options tested were: hydraulic performance, especially when flows contained large debris components; cost; and certain 'maintenance' considerations. Based on an extensive testing program, the most effective site for an ancillary control device was the entrance section to the catchbasin's outlet pipe.


This paper proposes an approach to extract area-by-area and daily land-use patterns using location data obtained from users of Yahoo! Japan's smartphone applications. Information used for extracting patterns is extracted from only location data. In this research, a land-use pattern is defined as how the area is used throughout a day. We extract the land-use patterns based on temporal transition in the number of people in the area. In petterns extraction, a clustering technique with an infinite Gaussian mixture model with Dirichlet process mixtures is used, which can be used to discover the appropriate number of patterns. Experiments were conducted in 34 areas over 56 consecutive days. This means 1,904 conditions were studied. The results of our experiments show that our approach successfully extracts land-use patterns using the temporal transition in a population.

The results also reveal that additional features which are estimated only from spatio-temporal data helps us control the extracted patterns.


Sampling theorem plays an important role in the engineering such as signal processing, image processing, digital communications, and so on. In this paper, the symmetry property of cardinal orthogonal scaling function is discussed. Then, a 4-band cardinal orthogonal scaling function from the relation between the highpass filter coefficients and wavelet is provided. Thus, sampling theorem in the wavelet subspace is obtained.


A nanometer-scale structure of metal/Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film/metal is realized using an atomic force microscope (AFM) with an electrically conducting probe. In this configuration, increase in conductance can be induced at any point in the LB film by application of a voltage pulse. Clear spots are observed in the current image at the points where voltage pulses are applied, while no specific feature such as protrusions or holes is observed in the AFM image obtained simultaneously. These results show that the conductance of the LB film changes without pit formation in the LB film or metal cluster deposition from the tip of the probe. The transition takes place within 1 μs, and the transition can be induced at several thousand points, at least, without tip degradation. These facts demonstrate the feasibility of constructing information storage devices with high density.


The profound, pervasive and enduring consequences of ageing population present enormous challenges as well as enormous opportunities for Information and Communication Technology. The EU funded OASIS project, a Large Scale Integrated Project, is aimed to develop an open and innovative reference architecture, based upon ontologies and semantic services, that will allow plug and play and cost-effective interconnection of existing and new services in all domains required for the independent and autonomous living of the elderly and their enhanced quality of life. Among other technological advances, in OASIS we are developing a smart multisensorial platform for monitoring the lower limbs movements, as well as the muscular activations. We are using unobtrusive integrated sensors to transduce posture and kinematic variables and to acquire surface Electromiography (sEMG). The platform is able to analyze and merge the sEMG signals and kinematics variables to provide a single coherent dynamic information of the acquired movements. A Predictive Dynamic Model (PDM) based on machine learning techniques assesses the physiological muscular recruitments as well as muscular fatigue and physiological conditions.


Objective To evaluate the efficacy of brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic solution 0.2% in patients about night-vision quality after laser refractive surgery.Methods 31 patients(62 eyes) who accepted refractive surgery in our hospital from December 2010 to June 2011 were reviewed.A quality-of-vision questionnaire was given at the enrollment in the study and repeated 1 month after treatment.WaveScan Wavefront was applied to determine pupil diameter and higher order aberration one month after refractive surgery.Testing was performed before brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic solution 0.2% administered to whom had already fully dark adaptation.Measurements were repeated 30 minutes after the use of brimonidine tartrate 0.2% solution.Results Patients received a questionnaire at enrollment and at the 1-month follow-up to assess visual improvement.The mean pupil diameter before administration of brimonidine tartrate ophthalmics o.2% was(7.50±1.09)mm and the mean higher order aberration was(53.65±20.92)%.Pupil diameter 30 minutes after instillation had decreased to(6.85±1.02)mm and higher order aberration had decreased to(46.62±17.5).30 minutes after using brimonidine tartrate 0.2% solution,patients had significant change in Pupil diameter and higher order aberration.Conclusion Brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic solution 0.2% can narrow pupil,reduce higher order aberration and improve night-vision quality.


Objective To study the tumor targeting properties of near-infrared(NIR) fluorescence dye IR-808 in tumor xenografts by in vivo optical imaging system.Methods Human lung cancer cell line(NCI-H460),human colon cancer cell line(HCT-116) and murine hepatoma cancer cell line(Hepa 1-6) were established as subcutaneous tumor xenograft models by injection into BAIB/C-nu/nu female nude mice with 3×106(NCI-H460 and HCT-116) and 2×105(Hepa 1-6).Meanwhile,mice that had not been injected with cancer cells were used as control.Normal and tumor tissues were subjected to NIR imaging at different time points after iv injection of IR-808 at the same dose.The distribution and tumor targeting effect of the dye were observed successively in vivo.Results The preferential organs for uptake and retention of the dye were liver and heart in normal mice and the dye was basically excreted after 48h.The NIR signal started to condense in tumor at 24h after dye injection and was still stable after 72h in tumor xenografts.Dissected organs were subjected to NIR imaging,and the fluorescence signal was only found in tumor.The mice were in good status without obvious systemic toxicity.Conclusion Near-infrared fluorescence dye IR-808 can specifically target on tumor with stable signal and no obvious systemic toxicity,showing great application potential in future.


This research analysed examples of refurbished traditional Japanese timber houses according to the level of transformations made to spatial components that changes to walls and ceilings before and after refurbishing. Firstly wall composition patterns were classified into six categories according to format changes and wall changes. Secondly ceiling composition patterns were divided into categories according to


In this paper, the evacuation strategies and the update rules for limited visibility are proposed. The formulas on single exit, double exits and four exits for low pedestrian density are deduced and showed; and the time ratio is 1: 0.71: 0.56. The simulation results show that for normal visibility, the exit should be designed in the middle of wall, which results in the shortest evacuation time. So each exit is designed in the middle of wall. Moreover, in the different exit cases the evacuation can be simulated very well using the proposed model; and the time ratio on single exit, double exits and four exits is 1: 0.68: 0.57,which is close to the theory value 1: 0.71: 0.56. More, the evacuation evolution of different pedestrian number is studied; and the results show that if no jamming, the time ratios of different pedestrian number accord with the theory value 1: 0.71: 0.56 mainly, which proves the correctness of evacuation model and theory analysis.


Background There is worldwide recognition of the need to control the rising costs of health‐care. As a result there is a trend away from inpatient treatment of people with non‐life‐threatening skin disorders. In the developing world there is a conflict between the inadequacy of home and community facilities and the need to limit expenditure.


Preeclampsia belongs to the group of "vascular-renal syndromes", a term proposed by Merger in 1957 to unite the pathological states of the pregnant woman characterized by a symptomatic triad where arterial hypertension, proteinuria and edema are associated with varying degrees. It is responsible for 50,000 to 76,000 maternal deaths worldwide, and 35,000 eclampsia attacks each year. This heavy mortality is largely attributable to the acute complications of eclampsia, abruptio placentae, acute pulmonary edema, acute renal failure and HELLP syndrome (hemolysis and elevated liver enzym and low platelet count). ABSTRACT


Abstract Introduction Hospital and social care suffered major alterations during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the UK. Older adults were disproportionally affected by routine care disruption. To our knowledge, no data has been published so far on the impact of service disruption on 30-day readmission. Methods We performed a retrospective observational study of all patients admitted to a single east London hospital with laboratory-confirmed or clinical diagnosis of COVID-19 between 16th March and 6th April 2020. Older patients were defined as aged 80 years and over. Readmission was captured within 30 days of discharge. Comparator defined as the same period in 2019. Descriptive statistics were used. Results Three hundred and ninety-three patients were included. The majority survived to discharge (69.7%). Positive laboratory testing was similar between older and younger patients (85.7% vs 84.7%, p = NS). Mortality was significantly higher for older patients on index presentation (60.2% vs 20.3%, p < 0.001). Length of stay was also significantly longer for these patients (median 9 vs 7 days, p = 0.00694). The readmission rate for the 274 individuals discharged after index admission was 11.3% (n = 31). Amongst older patients, readmission rate during the study period was slightly higher than the same period in 2019 (17.9% vs 14.8%, p = 0.36). The median time interval between discharge and re-attendance was 8 [1–29]days. All re-attending older patients were re-admitted, whereas 54.2% of younger patients were sent home directly from the emergency department. Only 1 of the 31 patients re-attended because of insufficient social care. Conclusions Our data shows that readmission rates in the older population of East London during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic were largely similar to non-pandemic periods. During this period, readmission rates appear to have been driven by clinical rather than social imperatives. This suggests that adapted social care services performed well and should be reinforced for future surges.


Objective: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. This disease affects the lungs and organs outside the lungs. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anemia in patients who were referred to teaching hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Methodology: Three hundred ninety two patients with COPD who attended to the teaching hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, from March to June 2009 were assessed. Laboratory and clinical data of patients was gathered from their medical records. We used global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease criteria in order to categorize severity of disease in patients. Results: The mean age of patients was 66.5±12.3 years and 289 (73.7%) subjects were men. The overall prevalence of anemia was 36.7% (95% CI: 31%-41%). Twenty two females (21.4%) and 110 males (38.1%) were anemic. There was a positive correlation between age and hemoglobin level. In group two (COPD stages I to II), there was 43.5% prevalence of anemia versus 34.1% in group three (COPD stages III to IV). Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of anemia in patients with COPD. Anemia can limit the physical activity of these patients and worsen dyspnea. Therefore, more attention needs to he given to anemia while managing these patients in clinics.


Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is often applied in optimizing vehicle routes. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is one of the methods used to solve problems related to biological genetic processes. Waste transportation in Kertapati District is divided into three working areas. Each working area consists of Temporary Disposal Sites or Tempat Pembuangan Sementara (TPS). Each waste transportation route starts and ends at the Final Disposal Site or Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA). First working area consists of 4 TPS namely TPS Pertamina, TPS Mataram, TPS Karya Jaya Terminal, and TPS Pasar Simpang Sungki. Second working area consists of 4 TPS, TPS YWKA, TPS Pasar Kertapati, TPS Depan Stasiun, and TPS Gajah Mungkur. Third working area consists of 3 TPS, TPS Simpang Sungki, TPS Kertapati and TPS Pintu Besi. By applying GA method on VRP, the optimal routes obtained are: Work area 1 with distance of 35.51 km obtained 5 optimal solutions. Working area 2 with distance of 35.04 km obtained 6 optimal solutions. Working area 3 with a total distance of 34.44 km.


We describe a fluidic X-ray visualized strain indicator under applied load (X-VISUAL) to quantify orthopedic plate strain and inform rehabilitative care. This sensor uses a liquid-level gauge with hydro-mechanical amplification and is visualized in plain radiographs which are routinely acquired during patient recovery to find pathologies but are usually insufficient to quantify fracture stiffness. The sensor has two components: a stainless-steel lever which attaches to the plate, and an acrylic fluidic component which sits between the plate and lever. The fluidic component has a reservoir filled with radio-dense solution and an adjoining capillary wherein the fluid level is measured. When the plate bends under load, the lever squeezes the reservoir, which pushes the fluid along the channel. A tibial osteotomy model (5 mm gap) was used to simulate an unstable fracture, and allograft repair used to simulate a stiffer healed fracture. A cadaveric tibia and a mechanically equivalent composite tibia mimic were cyclically loaded five times (0 – 400 N axial force) while fluid displacement was measured from radiographs. The sensor displayed reversible and repeatable behavior with a slope of 0.096 mm/kg and fluid level noise of 50 to 80 micrometers (equivalent to 5-10 N). The allograft-repaired composite fracture was 13 times stiffer than the unstable fracture. An analysis of prior external fracture fixation studies and fatigue curves for internal plates indicates that the threshold for safe weight bearing should be 1/5th −1/10th of the initial bending for an unstable fracture. The precision of our device (<2% body weight) should thus be sufficient to track fracture healing from unstable through safe weight bearing.


Sylvatic transmission cycles of yellow fever continue to occur in endemic tropical regions. If the outbreak in Brazil leads to urban spread, U.S. clinicians should adopt a high index of suspicion for the disease, particularly in travelers returning from affected areas.


Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a frequent complication — and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality — in mechanically ventilated,


Starting from 1998, Bogota, the capital of Columbia, implemented a brand new and integrated public transportation reform, and quickly reached an exceptional success. The Bogota BRT model is appreciated and becomes a paradigm for cities around the world. The author visited Bogota and collected the background information, summarized as well the experiences and achievements of Bogota BRT and urban developments. While practitioners in the Chinese public transit industries and cities's decision-makers are taking actions to meet great urban transportation challenges, the experiences and achievements of Bogota's comprehensive and integrated public transportation development can be a timing and valuable lesson to learn.


ABSTRACT Background People with an intellectual disability (ID) have complex healthcare needs yet experience barriers to participation in primary care. Further research is required to examine if the characteristics of general practitioners (GPs) and their practices influence their delivery of care to people with ID. Methods Data from the Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health program was used to determine if there are significant differences in the ID-GP and Non ID-GP group. Analysis included characteristic-specific rates, chi-square, and odds ratios. Results This study found that GPs who were Australian medical graduates, practising in rural areas, in accredited practices, and in some states of Australia were significantly more likely to be classified to the ID-GP than the Non ID-GP group. Conclusions This research suggests that certain GP and practice characteristics may present barriers to primary care participation for people with ID and supports the need for a comprehensive national action framework.


Objective To measure the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) in epidermal keratinocytes from patients with psoriasis,and to investigate its regulatory factors.Methods Tissue specimens were obtained from both lesional and non-lesional skin of 20 patients with psoriasis as well as from normal skin of 15 human controls.An immunohistochemical method was used to examine the expression of PPARβ/δ in these tissue specimens.Epidermal keratinocytes were isolated from these tissue specimens and subjected to a primary culture.After several passages of subculture,non-lesional psoriatic keratinocytes were stimulated with different concentrations of GW501516 (an agonist of PPARβ/δ,0-100 ng/ml) and Ca2+ (0-3.0 mmol/L).Reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot were performed to measure the mRNA and protein expressions of PPARβ/δ in the primary keratinocytes and stimulated keratinocytes respectively.Results Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression intensity of PPARβ/δ was significantly higher in lesional psoriatic skin than in normal control skin (t =19.28,P < 0.01) and non-lesional psoriatic skin (t =23.26,P < 0.01).Increased mRNA and protein levels of PPARβ/δ were observed in lesional psoriatic keratinocytes as compared to normal control keratinocytes (both P <0.01) and non-lesional psoriatic keratinocytes (both P < 0.01).Among these stimulated non-lesional psoriatic keratinocytes,those treated with GW501516 at 10 ng/ml and those with Ca2+ of 1.0 mmol/L showed the strongest expression of PPARβ/δ (both P < 0.01).Conclusions The expression of PPARβ/δ,which is higher in lesional psoriatic skin,can be enhanced by GW501516 and Ca2+ in keratinocytes.

Key words:
Psoriasis;  Keratinocytes;  PPARβ/δ


As a first approximation, a distinct clarification zone exists above a thickening zone in a clarifier or thickener. In a clarifier the thickening zone is small, and the primary requirement is sufficient area to allow the solids time to settle from the overflow stream as it traverses the vessel. The underflow concentration is a secondary consideration; however, sufficient sediment depth must exist to allow the solids to flow or be raked to the offtake pipe, and specification of this depth is presently based on past experience. In a thickener a depth of sediment is needed, in principle, to produce the necessary compressive stress to produce an underflow concentration in excess of the 'critical' (loosely-contacting flocs) concentration. The depth required depends on sludge properties, thickener area, and the operating conditions. However, experimental data, and theoretical analysis, indicate that little compressive stress acts in many thickeners. The need for a funnelled sludge flow, to make solids removal possible, results in most solids weight being supported by liquid drag, leaving little available for floc compression. The occurrence of funnelling makes calculation of the depth required, and its determination from pilot scale tests, difficult, especially in cases where the underflow concentration is high enough to require significant compressive stress, and specification of the depth again depends mainly on past experience.


In [2] "recursive frames" were introduced as a means of extending relations R on the nonnegative integers to relations RΛ on the isols. In [1], this extension procedure was generalized by the introduction of "partial recursive frames"; the resulting extended relation on the isols was called RΛ. It was shown in [1] that the two extension procedures agree for recursive relations R, while RΛ ⊇ RΛ if R is . The case when R is , nonrecursive was left open. We show in this note that the extension procedures in fact agree for all relations R. In the following, the notation and terminology is that of [1] and [2]. Theorem. If R ⊆ XκQ is a recursively enumerable (r.e.) relation, then RΛ = RΛ. Proof. Clearly RΛ ⊆ RΛ, since every recursive frame is partial recursive. To prove RΛ ⊆ RΛ, we give a uniform effective method for expanding any partial recursiveR-frame F to a recursiveR-frame G such that F ⊆ G, so that So let F be a (nonempty) partial recursive R-frame, with CF(α) generated by . Let Rn denote the result of performing n steps in a fixed recursive enumeration of R. If g(α) is a partial recursive function, "g(α) is defined in n steps" means that in whichever coding of recursive computations is being used, a terminating computation for g with argument α has length ≤ n.


Heavy rainfall on the south side of the Rokko Mountains has often caused severe landslides and debris flows. Analysis of the annual summation of rainfall in excess of 100 mm/day shows that the rainfall in this area has dominant periodicities of about 25–30, 10–13, and 5–7 years. The period of about 25–30 years corresponds to that of occurrence of the natural disasters produced by heavy rainfall; years when the maximum rainfall correspond to years when there have been severe landslides and debris flows in the area. Temporal change in this rainfall may provide a first approximation for erosional force. Analyses of tree ring width from these mountains indicate that the sequences have a dominant periodicity of about 25–30 years. Cross-spectral analyses for rainfall and ring width in this area show high coherency for the periods of about 25–30 years; evidence that variations in the ring width may be used as proxy data for erosional force.