—A novel iterative learning control scheme is proposed for control of the end point quality in batch processes. This new method is based on two-step multi-way partial least squares (MPLS) models. The first-step MPLS model, called the quality MPLS, is used to relate the final qualities with the on-line measurements; the second one, called the measurement MPLS, can relate the on-line measurements with both the manipulated variables and the prior measured variables. Because the standard MPLS model embeds all process variables into a single input data block, the input variables can be adjusted based on target qualities at the end point. The adjusted inputs in the latent model are fixed when on-line batch control is applied. T h i s wi l l h i n d e r t h e s y s t e m' s q u i c k r e s p o n s e f r o m the required changes at each time point. With the proposed method, the desired on-line measured variables along the time axis can be computed using the quality MPLS; then the operating input variables in the latent model can be appropriately adjusted using the measurement MPLS to match the desired on-line measured variables at each time point and finally get the target qualities at the end time point. The applications are discussed through a typical batch reactor to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method in comparison with the conventional methods.


The recycled heat potential of hot air is analyzed on the basis of present status of hot air in high-temperature area of 4# boiler in a power plant of Zhejiang. A novel feasibility program is proposed and furthermore, the hot air recycled unit is developed. The pipe arrangement plan as well as recycled heat and coal conservation is given below. With that unit, the temperature of combustor and side wall flame observation platform could be lowered so that the operation environment is improved. On the other hand, the economical efficiency all over the plant is increased.


The important and crucial question of the relationship between women's poor access to productive resources such as land, property, income, employment, technology, credit, and education, and their likelihood of experiencing gender based violence and abuse is discussed. The role played by global processes such as neoliberal economic policies, armed conflict, natural disasters and other crises in reinforcing existing gender inequalities and creating new forms of marginalization are highlighted.


The Political Economy of Diet and Health continues the exploration of food systems theory begun in the author's previous publications. It presents a critical exposition of food systems theory and analyses the existing approaches to food consumption. Subjects include: * resolving the diet paradox * the impact of the EU * the lack of policy in the UK * an exploration of the 'diseases of affluence'.


Study of information retrieval (IR) interaction from a viewpoint of an appropriate discipline of human communication, such as semiotics, should be useful. Application of semiotic categories to IR reveals that the basic distinction in the retrieval interaction is between the two particular types of "language games" (speech acts) known as "denotations" and "presentations". The denotative act in IR is needed to transmit information from the database to the user of the system. The prescriptive act, however, can be used to "invent" new connections between documents that constitute documentation systems and, thus, to create new knowledge. The research project being carried out by the present author applies semiotic concepts and tools to the IR systems design problem. IR systems design practice is viewed as a social practice in which the main disjunction is between the two conflicting acts of denotation and prescription. It is the aim of the reported project to balance these two conflicting language games within the framework of the Okapi experimental information retrieval system.


Living in the world overwhelmed with data, we intentionally or not generate, send, collect, utilize and analyze a lot of data every day. Data is taking over more and more of our lives, and playing an increasingly important role. This paper starts with a generally big data background to why online survey generators matter, and finally specifically analyzes why Typeform is at the top1 in this field along with illustrations of Differentiated competition and the POCD framework. This paper will show how differentiated competition works in real life and the importance of setting a proper competition strategy.


Two new taxa of Zhuliangomyces, Z. bambusus and Z. terrus, from Hainan Province of China, a tropical region, are proposed based on morphology and molecular systematics. Zhuliangomyces bambusus is characterized by its light brown basidiomata with a grayish tone at age, striate pileus margin, a viscid annulus, predominantly subglobose basidiospores, abundant clamp connections, and habitat in bamboo duff. Zhuliangomyces terrus possesses a chocolate or dark brown pileus when young, brown to pale brown when mature, a non-striate pileus margin, a viscid annulus, predominantly broadly ellipsoid basidiospores, plentiful clamp connections, and it fruits on soil. These two new species are distinctive from related species in the genus Zhuliangomyces, forming two well-supported monophyletic lineages in the phylogenetic tree of the concatenated dataset of ITS-LSU. This is also the first time that the genus is found in tropical China. A key to this genus is also provided.


New insights on the challenges facing science historians and on ways to enhance public understanding of science were aired recently at "Chemical Sciences in the Modern World" a wide-ranging conference on the history of chemistry. Sponsored by the Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry, and held in Philadelphia, the meeting was organized by Seymour H. Mauskopf, professor of history at Duke University, and Robert Kohler of the department of history and sociology of science at the University of Pennsylvania. A unique aspect of the conference was the presence of three disparate groups among the attendees: historians, chemists, and high school chemistry teachers. This diversity resulted in questions being raised on how to narrow the gap between science historians on the one hand and chemists and chemical educators on the other, and on ways to make chemical history more relevant to its intended audience. At the meeting, says Mauskopf, "the historians raised issues ...


The Dayingezhuang gold deposit was located in the middle part of Zhaoping fault zone.The main orebodies occurred in cataclasite and granite with beresitization alteration in the fault's footwall.The principal component analysis of the rocks shows that the compositions of Jiaodong Group metamorphic rocks and lamprophyres are similar with those of basalts;the chemical compositions of lamprophyres in Dayingezhuang diggings are different from those in Jiaojia and Linglong diggings.In the process of sericitization,Si and K are carried in significantly;Na,Ca and Mg are brought out obviously.The analysis of rare earth elements shows that rare earth elements are brought out obviously in the process of beresitization and mineralization.The virgin rocks of Jiaodong group metamorphic rocks are connected with tholeiite.The original source of lamprophyres and other rock samples are related to Jiaodong group metamorphic rocks.The analysis of trace elements shows the collective trend of Au,Ag,Cu,Pb,As,Mo,Bi,Rb,Sr etc in ores and beresitization alterated rocks,but the aggregation of Au is out of sync with that of Cu,As,Pb,Zn,Hg,Ag and so on.The formation of Dayingezhuang gold deposit has close relat ion with tectonic movement and magmatism in Yanshanian period and is restricted by the fracture structure system,Jiaodong group metamorphic rocks,Linglong granite and concomitant dikes.Long-term and large-scale convective circulation of hydrothermal solution and concomitant water-rock reactions and motion of matter in the dynamic-open condition are the keys of the mineralization in Dayingezhuang gold deposit.


For many years the demand to record both instrumentation and reconnaissance data was satisfied by high-end ruggedized digital tape recorders, notably the Ampex DCRsi. In recent years other technologies such as solid state and disk have entered the market. These technologies overcome the sequential access limitation of tape (albeit at a significantly higher data storage cost) which could be a benefit depending on the application and implementation. This paper describes the key differences between instrumentation and reconnaissance (imagery) recording and shows: • That instrumentation recording is inherently a sequential process itself,• That current disk and solid state recorders are yet limited by what is in effect a sequential interface.• That imagery recording could benefit substantially from random access, but only after enhancing the interface, and • That an image logger (herein defined) provide a superior method for recording imagery.


Primary production (specifically, the rate and quality of C transfer below ground) and soil microbial activity (specifically, the rates of C transformation and decay) are recognized as the overall biological processes governing soil organic C (SOC) dynamics. These two processes and, hence, SOC cycling and storage are controlled by complex underlying biotic and abiotic interactions and feedbacks, most of which can be tied in one way or another to the influences of the five state factors related to soil formation, and many of which are sensitive to management practices. Overall, C input rates and quality are largely dependent on climate (especially temperature and precipitation), vegetation type and landscape, soil type, and management practices. Decomposition processes and turnover rates, however, are greatly influenced by climate, the type and quality of organic matter (e.g., N content and the ratios of C:N and lignin:N), chemical or physicochemical associations of organic matter (OM) with soil mineral components, and the location of OM within the soil.


Objective Methylene blue (MB) and spring microcoils are used for the preoperative localization of small pulmonary nodules (SPNs). We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of these methods using published data. Methods We identified randomized controlled trials and observational studies that assessed preoperative SPN localization using MB or spring microcoil and compared these using a meta-analysis. Results Seven studies of 933 patients were identified, in whom 1081 SPNs were located. Four hundred twenty-four SPNs were located using MB (n = 359 participants), and 657 SPNs were located using the spring microcoil method (n = 574 participants). The prevalence of technical success of SPN localization was higher using MB (mean deviation [MD]: 0.43; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.20, 0.93); the incidence of postoperative complications was lower (MD: 1.70; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.65); and the time taken for removal was longer (MD: −12.37; 95% CI: −22.60, −2.13). There were no differences with respect to the successful wedge resection rate, the time taken for localization, the duration of the procedure, or the mean hospital stay. Conclusions Both methods can detect SPNs; however, MB is associated with a higher success rate and fewer postoperative complications, while spring microcoil localization is associated with more rapid removal.


Actuality. Performance management has brought new dimensions to public management However, the complex dimensions of politics have called for more complex management systems that allow a better consideration of the non-economic dimensions of public institutions. Contemporary public administration forces institutions to increase their operational efficiency as well as satisfy the expectations of stakeholders. For these reasons, various models are implemented, especially those already applied for years in the management of profit-oriented organizations. The models chosen for analysis are applied in public administration, making it possible to measure numerous indicators, both financial and non-financial in nature. Purpose. The main purpose of this article refers to the definition and evaluation of selected models, used to measure the performance of public administration bodies, with emphasis on their application in different perspectives. Methodology. The research method adopted by the author is a conceptual one, reviewing the specialized literature. The research was conducted using Scopus, Springer, WoS, Emerald and EBSCO databases. The elements under analysis were the 3Es (economy, efficiency, effectiveness) and IOO (input, output and result) as well as the model included in the BSC (Balance Scorecard). The research revealed that each of the models has its strengths and limitations. Results and discussion. The research results led to the conclusion that the model that presents the greatest application potential and efficiency in its application in the public sector is the performance measurement model proposed within the BSC; however, some readjustment of the operating conditions of the public administration and the organizational culture within it is still necessary.


Abstract The surface restitution method we present reconstructs the evolution of a glacier surface between two time-separated surface topographies using seasonal surface mass balance (SMB) data. A conservative and systematic error analysis is included, based on the availability of surface elevation measurements within the period. The method is applied from 2001 to 2013 at Hurd Glacier (a 4 km2 glacier), where we have sufficient SMB and elevation data. We estimate surface elevation changes in two steps: (1) elevation change due to SMB and (2) elevation change due to glacier dynamics. Four different models of the method are compared depending on whether or not accumulation is memorised at each time step and whether they employ balance profiles or SMB maps. Models are validated by comparing a set of surface measurements retrieved in 2007 with the corresponding restituted elevations. Although surface elevation change between 2001 and 2007 was larger than 10 m, more than 80% of the points restituted by the four models showed errors below ±1 m compared to only 33% when predicted by a linear interpolator. As error estimates between models differ by 0.10 m, we recommend the simplest model, which does not memorise accumulation and interpolates SMB by elevation profiles.


Teacher-training training school somewhat to study the student of mathematics,Accept mathematics education and train self to produce higher mathematics quality,Is a important learning content during school,Must have certain knowledge and understanding for the knowledge of mathematics education.


This paper presents a method of in-situ determination of the parameters needed in the equivalent viscoelastic soil modelling currently used in Soil Dynamics. It provides a way to identify the in-situ values of eta(max) and gamma(r) parameters needed in the Hardin and Drnevich hyperbolic model. The viscoelastic interpretation of a series of low amplitude cyclic expansion tests with a hollow cylinder cell were undertaken to check the validity of the method. (TRRL)


Tensile deformation was applied to the naturally produced poly-γ-glutamic acid, which can be enzymatically degraded and is, therefore, of interest for biomedical use. However, natural polyamino acids have a similar chemical structure to synthetic polyamides ("nylons"), which are known to feature strong inter-molecular hydrogen bonding that prevents large-scale molecular motion in their solid state. Through esterification, this hydrogen bonding was partially shielded, allowing orientation of the polyamino acid macromolecules through tensile deformation. An increase in Young's modulus and tensile strength was achieved of solution-cast films of the chemically modified poly-γ-glutamic acids, consistent with enhanced uniaxial polymer chain orientation. The latter was confirmed by both wide-angle X-ray scattering and polarized Raman spectroscopy. The films thus produced were found to be non-cytotoxic. These mechanically tailorable, biocompatible polymers may be excellent candidates for use in musculoskeletal tissue engineering applications that have different loading requirements within the body.


Industrial control systems have some unique operational requirements but the computing technology has much in common with general purpose IT systems. Information security practices that have been developed first for IT systems have application to industrial control systems as well. This paper proposes five such practices be applied to industrial control systems.


Correspondence Mostafa Ali Ayubirad, Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract This paper presents a robust passivity-based control (RPBC) strategy for half-wave zerovoltage switching quasi-resonant (HW-ZVS-QR) buck and boost type converters. The proposed controller is based on energy shaping and damping injection. Theoretical analysis shows that the resulted closed-loop HW-ZVS-QRs are globally asymptotically stabilised even if the physical constraint on the magnitude of the control signal is taken into account. Also, an integral function of the output error is added into the feedback path of the conventional passivity-based control design. As a result, such controller not only offers a global asymptotic stable operation but also provides strong robustness to a wide range of parameter mismatch. It is also demonstrated that the proposed controller stabilises the converter in cases where the widely used linear multiloop controller fails. Finally, some simulation and experimental results comparing the performance of the proposed RPBC with that of the conventional linear multiloop controller are presented.


Licensing and investment services conducted by the Office of Licensing and Investment Services (KPPI) Jambi City has been satisfactory. Elements of satisfactory service are the suitability of service requirements, expertise and skills of officers, courtesy and friendliness of officers, fairness of costs, comfort of the environment, security of service, response in handling complaints, notices relating to decisions and provisions, ease of procedure, clarity and certainty of officers, discipline of officers, speed of service, fairness to obtain services, suitability of costs, accuracy of schedule, fairness according to rules, responsibility of officers, ease of obtaining information , while that includes the unsatisfactory official way of society in channeling aspirations. Based on the level of importance of service elements service procedures are the most important elements followed by the performance of officers, speed and accuracy of schedule, reasonable costs, comfort and most recently are supporting facilities.


A comprehensive review article on near-field optical microscopy in combination with atomic force microscopy by van Hulst et d. gets the August issue off to a good start. Near-field microscopy is yet another non-invasive, highspatial-resolution imaging technique and is the optical alternative to the various forms of scanning probe microscopy. Herter et al. provide details of a method which makes use of the backscattered electron signal from immunogold-labelled samples for the identification of cell types in heterogeneous tissues. The next paper by CabinFlaman et al. also shows how the immunogold labelling technique can be used to identify carbohydrate macromolecules in plant cell walls. Johnson & Gregory provide details of an elegantly simple method to concentrate virus particles for negative staining and electron microscopy and Ristic & Ashworth provide information about a new infiltration method for the preparation of wood tissue which involves freeze substitution. One of our editors, Torsten Mattfeldt, together with his colleagues, combines stochastic geometry and stereology in a quantitative threedimensional characterization of the epithelial components in benign and malignant human breast tissue. Electron probe X-ray microanalysis and micro-Fourier infra-red techniques are combined in a study on the microchemistry of coal in the paper by Mastalerz & Bustin. Variations in matter is a critical problem in organic geochemistry and the new techniques which are described in this paper provide another way of approaching a solution to these problems. Garcia-Canhi et al. show how scanning tunnelling microscopy under flowing argon can be used to study the successive stages of the thermal oxidation of copper. A Short Technical Note by Schloter et al. shows how the combined use of confocal microscopy and fluorescencelabelled antibodies can be used to identify bacteria in the soil surrounding the roots of plants. The August issue finishes up with an exchange of letters between three eminent biological electron microscopists (Glauert, Lewis and Luft) on the mechanisms of tissue fixation.


BACKGROUND
Developmental assets foster positive health outcomes among adolescents, but have not been studied in adolescents with chronic illness or depression, two conditions that impact behaviors in school. We examined parent-reported assets in a national sample of adolescents and compared the number and types of assets by health statuses.

METHODS
Data were from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health (N = 15,734 adolescents), which captured 15 of 40 assets in the Developmental Assets Framework. We categorized adolescents as healthy; chronic physical illness alone; depression alone; and chronic physical illness with co-morbid depression. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and logistic regression.

RESULTS
Healthy adolescents and those with chronic physical illness alone were comparable in number and types of assets. Adolescents with chronic physical illness and co-morbid depression had fewer assets compared to healthy adolescents and those with chronic physical illness alone. Similar associations were found in comparing healthy adolescents to those with depression without chronic physical illness.

CONCLUSIONS
The presence of depression, among adolescents with and without chronic physical illness, was associated with fewer internal and external assets. The absence of assets may serve as a unique indicator of underlying depressive symptoms among adolescents in the school setting.


We summarise some computational advances in the theory of real algebra/ geometry over the last 15 years, and list some areas for future work.


species. Protein, fat content, ash content, moisture content of the flour ranged from 33.09 - 39.82%, 44.00 55.00%, 3.15 - 3.75%, 1.41-1.55%, respectively. There were significant difference (p < 0.05) in the values obtained in protein, fat content, ash content and moisture content. Acid value for oil gotten from melon seeds ranged from 3.23 - 4.26 mgKOH/g, peroxide value and iodine value for the melon seed oils ranged from 11.69 - 13.20 Meq/kg and 114.10 - 125.13 respectively. Also, saponification value and specific gravity for the melon seed oils ranged from 190.04 - 210.00 and 0.99 - 1.10 respectively. The results showed that oil sample from L. siceraria is more nutritious than oil from the other two samples (C. vulgaries, C. manni ) due to its high protein content and ash content. The melon seed oils have high degree of rancidity with the L. siceraria had the most value for refined vegetable oil. All the melon seeds had lower moisture content values with C. manni having the lowest which is an indication that C. manni is the sample with better shelf life compared to the other two samples.


Wide stripe and single-mode ridge guide dilute nitride quantum well lasers exhibit high performance in the 1.3 micron wavelength region. Optimizing the MOCVD growth of InGaAsN has yielded devices displaying reduced temperature sensitivity compared with conventional InP-based structures. Current annealing effects in InGaAsN QW lasers are minimized through the use of a nitrogen only cool down after growth of the laser structure. Device studies reveal the impact of nitrogen content and quantum well barrier materials on the optical gain, carrier confinement, and laser characteristics. Extension of the emission wavelength in MOCVD grown structures remains challenging. Higher N content results in a significant increase in threshold current density and higher temperature sensitivity.


A novel mode converter with dual-slot structure consisting of a ring-loaded slot and a straight slot is proposed and investigated for a L/C dual-band corrugated horn.The corrugated horn with the novel mode converter provides low reflection and symmetric radiation patterns across the L/C dual-band.


The many benefits of omega-3 fatty acids are as important to our overall health and wellbeing as they are to our skin. They have a major influence towards improving all kinds of conditions. These healthy fats work by improving the blood flow in the layer below the skin so there is an increased supply of nutrients for the creation of new, healthy skin cells. Omega-3 fatty acids also possess strong anti inflammatory properties which are an excellent aid for the body's own defence against skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis and even acne.


Laropiprant (LRPT), a prostaglandin D2 receptor‐1 antagonist shown to reduce niacin‐induced flushing symptoms, has been combined with niacin for treatment of dyslipidemia. This study evaluated the effects of LRPT (50 mg and 600 mg, respectively) on the QT interval with Fridericia's correction (QTcF). QTcF measurements were made over a 24‐hour period following administration of single‐dose moxifloxacin 400 mg, LRPT 50 mg, LRPT 600 mg, or placebo. The primary hypothesis was supported if the 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for the least squares (LS) mean differences between placebo and LRPT in change from baseline in QTcF interval were <10 milliseconds at every time point. The upper limits of the 90% CIs for LS mean differences from placebo in changes from baseline in QTcF intervals for LRPT 50 mg and 600 mg were <5 milliseconds at every time point. The lower limits of the 90% CIs for placebo‐adjusted LS mean changes from baseline in QTcF intervals for moxifloxacin exceeded 0 milliseconds at every time point, demonstrating the sensitivity of this assay to detect increases in the QTcF interval. In conclusion, single doses of LRPT 50 mg and 600 mg do not prolong the QTcF interval relative to placebo and are generally well tolerated.


Objective To discuss the characteristic magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) findings of synovial chondromatosis in the temporomandibular joint.Materials and Methods Seven patients with synovial chondromatosis confirmed by histology through arthroscopic surgery or open surgery suffered from pain,swelling,restricted movement of the mandible,or crepitation in the unilateral TMJ region.Closed and open-mouth MRI images including T1 and T2-weighted images were evaluated.Results The MRI abnormal findings of synovial chondromatosis in the temporomandibular joint were(1) One or more cartilaginous bodies or calcified bodies(n=7),(2) a large amount of synovial fluid(n=7),(3) soft tissue swelling(n=5),(4) the disk with abnormal position or shape(n=2),(5)bony erosion of mandibular condyle(n=2) with cortical bony erosion or decreased cavity of medullary space,(6)bony erosion with sclerosis of the articular eminence and the glenoid fossa(n=2).Conclusion On MRI images,a diagnosis of synovial chondromatosis of the TMJ should be considered when cartilaginous bodies and calcified bodies and the large amount of synovial fluid exist,when accompanied by the soft tissue swelling,as seen on closed-and open-mouth MRI of the TMJ,with or without any associated severe changes in bony structure,disc shape and position or the extension of the surrounding structures.


We consider a cognitive radio network, where primary users have priority over the spectrum resources, and secondary users can exploit the unused resources through channel sensing. Due to sensing inaccuracy, the secondary traffic may obstruct the primary traffic. A penalty for collision has been used to protect the primary traffic, which is often designed to provide a fixed per-collision compensation or to restrict the collision rate at an acceptable level. In this work, we develop a framework that can protect the primary traffic taking into account the Quality of Service of the primary traffic. In particular, we pay attention to the delay performance, which is determined not only by the collision rate but also by the amount of traffic in both networks. We design a novel model with coupled queues, and successfully incorporate dynamic interactions between the two systems through the standard optimization problem. We also consider the practical requirement of no direct sharing of the system information between the two networks, and develop a close-to-optimal solution of per-collision price and channel sensing under mild assumptions. We evaluate its performance through simulations.


Volgograd region is a large winter wheat production region, where it is sown on more than one million hectares. The issues of increasing the yield of winter wheat grain are relevant. The most effective method for solving this problem is the use of chemical and biological preparations for seed treatment and foliar feeding. Scientific research was carried out in the experimental field of the Federal Research Center of Agroecology RAN from 2019 to 2021 (Russia, Volgograd). The soil is light chestnut, solonetz and heavy loam. Biological and chemical methods of winter wheat Kamyshanka 4 crop protection in cereal fallow rotation in the dry steppe zone of the Lower Volga region were used in the experiment. The aim of the research was to develop biological and chemical methods of plant protection of winter wheat, taking into account the varietal and zonal characteristics to increase the yield and seed quality. The novelty is that for the first time in the conditions of the dry steppe zone of the Lower Volga region in the laboratory of breeding, seed production and nursery production of the Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology RAN the effectiveness of biological and chemical methods of protection on winter wheat crops was studied and the economic assessment of the studied agronomic methods was given. The investigation of the studied methods of winter wheat protection in rainfed conditions on light chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region revealed an increase of the crop capacity by 27.5%, an improvement of the phytosanitary state of the crops by 48.1%, an increase of the profitability in the variants with biological protection methods (BSCа-3 2.0 l/ha+potassium humate 1.0 l/t (grain treatment)+BSCа-3 2.0 l/ha (vegetative treatment)) compared to the control variant (b/o). Minimum values of biometric indicators, elements of yield structure and yield were obtained with the use of chemical means of protection.


Far less attention has been paid to the rise to importance of the Gujarati port of Surat, than to its decline. This brief essay, a tribute to the memory of Surat's best-known historian, Ashin Das Gupta, attempts to address the problem of its rise before the Mughal conquest of Gujarat in the 1570s. It argues that once Diu had been taken over by the Portuguese in 1535, Surat emerged as a crucial link between Southeast Asia and West Asia. Thus, one needs to look not only at the relationship between the port and its hinterland, but to Surat's role as an entrepot, in order to explain its rise.


This is the first published record of living Pholas dactylus in the Romanian Black Sea since over 34 years. Small but viable populations have been found at Agigea, Costinesti and Vama Veche. Habitat fragmentation, sudden extinction events and predation by both native and alien predators are the major threats to this rare species in the Romanian Black Sea. The regional IUCN status of Critically Endangered is proposed for Pholas dactylus in the Romanian Black Sea, in accordance with the newest IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. This finding, besides the high value of Pholas dactylus survival in itself, illustrates the regeneration of biodiversity in the Romanian Black Sea.


The source rock potential of "hot shales" in the Silurian Akkas Formation in Iraq has been investigated by numerous studies, but the reservoir potential of sandstone intervals in the formation has received less attention. This study investigates the sedimentology and geochemistry of sandstones from the Akkas Formation in the Akkas‐1, Akkas‐3 and KH5/6 wells in western Iraq. The composition of sandstone samples from the Akkas wells is similar; in general they are classified as sub‐litharenites, quartz‐arenites and sub‐arkoses. Scanning electron microscopic analysis identified extensive microporosity and good pore connectivity, suggesting that these sandstones have the potential to form hydrocarbon reservoirs. The sandstones from the KH5/6 well are more lithic‐rich than those from the Akkas wells and are classified as sub‐litharenites. They have larger, more connected pores and better reservoir potential. Low permeability shale intervals within the Akkas Formation and the conformably‐underlying Ordovician Khabour Formation form barriers to hydrocarbon migration into the Akkas and Khabour sandstones. Hydrocarbon migration from the Akkas "hot shales" in the Akkas field is therefore controlled by faulting and fracturing.


Despite being around for nearly a century, industrial banks have been in the spotlight only in the past couple of years. That's largely because of who wants to own them -- big-box retailers like The Home Depot and Wal-Mart.


The rate constant for entry of 18O from solvent water into Co(CH3NH2)5OH23+ ion was found to be 1.1 × 10−4 s−1 at 24.9 °C. The equilibrium constant for the formation of Co(CH3NH2)5Cl2+ ion was found to be 7.7 M−1. From these data, the competition ratio between chloride ion and water for a hypothetical intermediate Co(CH3NH2)5 was calculated as 2.5, unexpectedly high.


In this paper we introduce a discrete time semi-Markov risk model. We derive a recursive system for finding the probability of ruin and the distribution of the severity of ruin in a particular case where the annual result may be positive only in years beginning in some given state.


Cu and Fe substituted hexaaluminate catalysts(SrCuxFe1-xAl11O19-δ,x=0,0.2,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.8,1) were prepared with co-precipitation and impregnation method.The structure and physicochemical properties of the as-prepared samples were characterized by means of XRD,TPR and BET techniques.The activity of the catalysts for deNOx were investigated in a miniature fixed bed reactor.The results showed that the catalyst prepared by using(NH4)2CO3 as the precipitant under 1 200 ℃ calcination for 4 h possessed complete crystal form of hexaaluminate.Cu and Fe contributed to forming the hexaaluminate lattice due to their good synergistic reaction.SrCuxFe1-xAl11O19-δ catalysts exhibited higher catalytic activity for deNOx and NO conversion rates of more than 90% over the catalysts were attained under the reaction condition as follows:SO2 environment,reaction temperature less than 800 ℃ and space velocity 6 000 h-1.In SrCuxFe1-xAl11O19-δ catalysts,Fe was the main active element for deNOx reaction and doping Cu was beneficial to the denitrification effect enhancement of the catalysts.


>frequency in a cylindrical afterglow plasma are measured as functions of time up to about 250 mu sec. These values are deduced from microwave- detector measurements of the plasma impedance as a function of time. (T.F.H.)


The purpose of this paper is to consider and compare the characteristics and origins of meanings of the nouns 'tongan; and 'sai' which are widely used as 'time expression' from a cognitive linguistic perspective. The meanings of 'tongan' and 'sai' are originated from space concept which is gradually mapped into time concept. However, they differ from each other in that while the former is used to express the continuity(durability) of an event between two points in time, the latter is used to express the discontinuity of an event between two points in time. In this paper, we illustrate the origins of two words with image schema, describe their characteristics in meaning, and compare the meanings of the sentences in which 'tongan' and 'sai' are used. Furthermore, we classify the elements before and after two words 'tongan' and 'sai' according to the parts of speech and the meanings of the elements, and use its metrized result.


Measles virus (MV) is a member of the paramyxovirus family of enveloped RNA viruses and one of the most infectious viral pathogens identified. Despite initial optimism that vaccination programs would eventually eradicate measles, reduced vaccination coverage against measles continues to result in outbreaks of measles. Mild or asymptomatic measles infections are common among measles-immune persons exposed to measles cases and may be the most common manifestation of measles during outbreaks in highly immune populations. Persistent, asymptomatic MV infections commonly persist in apparently healthy individuals. MV has been detected in several malignancies, including lung, breast, and endometrial cancers, as well as Hodgkin's lymphoma. The presence of MV in these tumors was associated with distinct clinico-pathological characteristics: in lung cancer, older ages of patients and over expression of Pirh2, and in breast cancer, age less than 50 years, lower histological grade, and over expression of p53. Nectin-4 is the MV receptor in epithelial cells and is highly expressed in certain epithelial tumors. MV-associated tumorigenesis may be linked to the effect of MV-phosphoprotein on Pirh2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase of p53. By way of MV interaction with Nectin-4 and Pirh2, persistent MV infection may co-act with other factors in transforming cells to become malignant.


In order to improve the efficiency of the medical rehabilitation system, this paper proposes a method to realize the rehabilitation system based on intelligent medical treatment. The implementation method is based on the Internet platform, combined with the big data technology of Internet of things technology, which can strengthen the interaction between medical staff and patients, and improve the safety of patients' personal information. The results show that the implementation method strengthens the deep integration of Internet technology and medical rehabilitation system, breaks through the limitations of traditional medical rehabilitation system, and improves the work efficiency of medical rehabilitation system.


The network control system which consists of SIEMENS PLC, its construction and working process applied to PASSIM cigarette making machine are presented. The design of the initial communication program among top computer and host PLC as well as node PLCs is described in detail.


Test anxiety was measured in elementary school students (ages 9-12) via the Test Anxiety Scale for Children (TASC) and a heart rate monitor in an attempt to identify and measure characteristics of test anxiety that are related to a discrepancy between a student's predicted ability and school achievement. Ability was predicted by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III), and achievement was estimated by the Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS). There was a significant negative correlation between the TASC and both the WISC-III and ITBS; heart rate, however, did not correlate significantly with either of these measures. These results suggest that those higher in ability/achievement report (via TASC) lower amounts of anxiety. The direction of causality is discussed.


Commentary on: Sullivan BJ, Marcuccilli L, Sloan R, et al. Competence, compassion, and care of the self: family caregiving needs and concerns in heart failure. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2016;31:209–14.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3]

Heart failure (HF) is predicted to increase by 46% from 2012 to 2030 in the US.1 Patients with HF often have other chronic comorbidities. Given our ageing population and with better treatments, the prevalence of heart disease, as well as other chronic diseases, will continue to rise. Patients with HF often have long and frequent …

 [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ%2BCardiovasc%2BNurs%26rft.volume%253D31%26rft.spage%253D209%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1097%252FJCN.0000000000000241%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F25658185%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx
 [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1097/JCN.0000000000000241&link_type=DOI
 [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=25658185&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febnurs%2F19%2F4%2F117.atom


Intermedia agenda setting is a widely used theory to explain how content transfers between news media. The recent digitalization wave, however, challenges some of its basic presuppositions. We discuss three assumptions that cannot be applied to online and social media unconditionally: one, that media agendas should be measured on an issue level; two, that fixed time lags suffice to understand overlap in media content; and three, that media can be considered homogeneous entities. To address these challenges, we propose a "news story" approach as an alternative way of mapping how news spreads through the media. We compare this with a "traditional" analysis of time-series data. In addition, we differentiate between three groups of actors that use Twitter. For these purposes, we study online and offline media alike, applying both measurement methods to the 2014 Belgium election campaign. Overall, we find that online media outlets strongly affect other media that publish less often. Yet, our news story analysis emphasizes the need to look beyond publication schemes. "Slow" newspapers, for example, often precede other media's coverage. Underlining the necessity to distinguish between Twitter users, we find that media actors on Twitter have vastly more agenda-setting influence than other actors do.


Phase variables are continuous real-valued functions which parameterize the gait cycle. As such, they can be used to estimate a powered prosthesis user's walking state. It is common to represent the phase variable as a function of the thigh angle. This approach assumes the thigh angle profile and its integral to be sinusoids. However, this assumption does not hold at lower walking speeds which leads to inaccurate heel-strike detection. In this study, we show that the thigh angle and its integral are phase-shifted from the ideal sinusoids by analyzing both able-bodied and amputee subject walking data. We then propose a novel phase variable incorporating phase-shift that is accurate even at lower walking speeds. We tested two variants of the proposed phase-shifted phase variable on a transfemoral prosthesis in an emulator study. Results show that phase-shifting improves heel-strike detection. Additionally, phase-shifting improves the linearity of the phase variable over the gait cycle. Analysis of the knee and ankle phase portraits showed that phase-shifting results in less deviations from the limit cycle.


diction such as underlying etiology. However, we would like to emphasize that the stroke severity on admission and the treatment regimen may similarly have major influence on outcome after childhood stroke. Recently, the Save ChildS Study, including 73 children with large vessel occlusion ischemic stroke who underwent endovascular thrombectomy at 27 centers in Europe and the United States, has provided the first evidence that endovascular thrombectomy in children may provide similar benefits when compared to adults. In this study, the majority of patients had good outcomes, with a median modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 1.0 (interquartile range [IQR] = 0.2–2.0) and a median Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure (PSOM) score of 1.0 (IQR = 0–2.0) at discharge. Neurological outcomes further improved to an mRS of 1.0 (IQR = 0–1.6) after 6 months and 1.0 (IQR = 0–1.0) after 24 months and a PSOM of 0.5 (IQR = 0–1.0) 6 and 24 months after the intervention. Analyses grouped by age suggested that the mRS score at discharge was higher in children aged 0 to 6 years (3.5; IQR = 1.0–5.1) than in the whole study cohort including all age groups (1.0, IQR = 0.2–2.0). Whereas one might think this may be attributed to the selection of thrombectomy devices, a post hoc analysis revealed that neurological outcomes were not associated with any specific device selection. The cohorts in both studies likely differ greatly, as the Save ChildS Study only included patients with large artery occlusions. However, it would be interesting to see more information on stroke severity at admission and selection of therapies in the different age groups included in the article by Felling and colleagues.


An attempt is made to outline the role of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in the study of the hydration of proteins. NMR techniques are very effective in these studies because of the sensitivity of the magnetic resonance of isotopes of the water molecule (usually 1H, 2H, and 17O) to the changes in the molecular state and environment that are brought about by the water-protein interaction. The NMR techniques which are effective in characterizing specific properties of the hydration water such as mobility, anisotropy, and heterogeneity are discussed. Methods of interpreting the data so obtained in terms of these molecular properties as applied to particular protein-water systems are outlined.


The zero and first order Gamma-limit of vanishing internal length scale are studied for the mechanical energy of a shear problem in geometrically nonlinear Cosserat elasticity. The convergence of the minimizers is shown and the limit functionals are characterized.


The list of fish and lamprey species caught in the Lithuanian economic zone of the Baltic Sea and the Curonian Lagoon has been compiled on the basis of investigations performed by Lithuanian ichthyologists in these waters in earlier and recent years. On the basis of findings of scientific investigations there were 63 species registered in the Baltic Sea off the coast of Lithuania and 57 fish species – in the Curonian Lagoon. The fish species composition in these waters differing greatly, there was a total of 79 species registered. According to their ecology species are divided into three groups: marine (31), freshwater (37) and diadromous (11) species. The majority of fish species included into the Red Data Book of Lithuania (6), protected (10) and conserved under the Bern convention (18) and the Habitat directive (10) occur in these waters. There were eight introduced fish species recorded. Investigations into ichthyocenoses in the Lithuanian economic zone of the Baltic Sea becoming more intensive in the...


This project carried out an assessment of the appropriate ecological, economic, technological, and social scaling factors of Iowa woody biomass resources to inform public policy initiatives as well as public and private investments in this valuable resource.


The student communities in vocational schools not only have the commonness of general college student communities,but also have the characteristics of their own.However,due to various reasons,the development of student communities in various vocational schools is very uneven,and there exist some problems including non-standard management,unstable development,shortage of funding and venues and lack of overall planning and so on.According to the characteristics of vocational education,vocational schools should try to develop professional skills and entrepreneurial community organizations,integrate community activities into credit system management and attempt network community activities and multi-school social activities.


This study investigated learners' beliefs about translation and the effect of two variables of individual differences, risk taking and tolerance of ambiguity, on the mentioned variable. The participants of the study were 120 EFL learners homogenized through Oxford Placement Test. They received three questionnaires on translation belief, risk-taking and ambiguity tolerance whose validation was established and they were all in Likert-scale. Chi-square analysis reveals that participants had positive belief about translation. In order to determine the effect of risk taking on translation belief and an independent samples t-test was run which reveals negative effect of risk-taking on translation belief. In other words, risk-averse learners were found to have positive belief about translation. On the other hand, risk-takers were found to have negative belief about translation. Analysis of t-test on the effect of ambiguity tolerance on translation belief reveals that this individual characteristic had no effect on learner's translation belief.


Thiolutin is a natural product transcription inhibitor with an unresolved mode of action. Thiolutin and the related dithiolopyrrolone holomycin have Zn2+-chelation activity and previous studies have concluded that RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) inhibition in vivo is indirect. However, negative results for direct transcription inhibition of Pol II are in contrast to classical studies showing thiolutin inhibits Pol I, II, and III in yeast extract fractions. Here, we present chemicogenetic and biochemical approaches to investigate thiolutin's mode of action in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We identify mutants that alter sensitivity to thiolutin. We provide genetic evidence that thiolutin causes oxidation of thioredoxins in vivo and that thiolutin both induces oxidative stress and alters not just Zn2+ but potentially also Cu2+ and Mn2+ homeostasis in vivo. Finally, we show direct inhibition of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription by thiolutin in vitro. Inhibition requires both Mn2+ and appropriate reduction of thiolutin. Thio/Mn2+ inhibition is abrogated when template DNA is pre-bound to Pol II or when excess DTT is present, and renders Pol II pause prone in elongation if thiolutin inhibition of initiation is bypassed. We find that thiolutin effects in cells are complex, unlikely to arise solely due to Zn2+ chelation.


We present a new protocol and two lower bounds for quantum coin flipping. In our protocol, no dishonest party can achieve one outcome with probability more than 0.75. Then, we show that our protocol is optimal for a certain type of quantum protocols.
For arbitrary quantum protocols, we show that if a protocol achieves a bias of at most epsilon, it must use at least \Omega(\log \log \frac{1}{\epsilon}) rounds of communication. This implies that the parallel repetition fails for quantum coin flipping. (The bias of a protocol cannot be arbitrarily decreased by running several copies of it in parallel.)


Early pregnancy losses occur in 10-20% of all pregnancies. Surgical evacuation has always been the mainstay of management of miscarriages. The main aim of this study was to understand the success rate of expectant management of miscarriage with regards to gestational sac size and period of gestation. The secondary outcome was to measure the satisfaction level and the rate of pregnancy after 6 month of expectant management. Patients diagnosed with missed miscarriages were requested to choose between expectant or surgical management. Those decided for expectant management on "wait and watch" approach were assessed weekly up to 5 completed weeks until complete miscarriage was achieved spontaneously. Surgical evacuation was performed if medically indicated or requested by the patients at any time or at the end of fifth week if complete miscarriage was not achieved. Out of 212 cases, 75 (35.4%) opted for expectant management. Complete miscarriage was achieved in 85.3% of subjects by the end of fifth weeks respectively. Mean of Gestational sac size and period of gestation was not found to influence the success rate of complete spontaneous miscarriage in the expectant management. No morbidity was recorded during the five weeks of the study period. Mean satisfaction score was 9.7±8.3. Pregnancy occurred in 47% of patients within 6 months follow up. The Receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curve analysis suggested the end of second week as the cut off for surgical intervention. This study revealed that expectant management of missed miscarriage is a reliable management of missed miscarriage within the first two weeks.


As urban school systems experiment with new governance and organizational structures, many political leaders point to high-profile initiatives in Chicago as a model of reform. Rather than interpreting Chicago school reform as being motivated simply by a desire to promote student learning, this article sees the past 10 years of reform in Chicago as layered efforts to legitimize the public school system and promote city growth, as well as improve schools. These common goals have been interpreted and enacted very differently across two major state legislated reforms of 1988 and 1995. The analysis indicates that Chicago school reform has increased system legitimacy and supported city growth, yet it has thus far failed to support the development and exercise of educators' professional capacities. This failure is likely to inhibit substantial improvement in the quality of schooling over time, and consequently, could undermine new found legitimacy and growth.


Willis H Carrier, founder of the air-conditioning industry and the featured engineer in this issue, had the characteristics of many great scientists and engineers – undivided passion for his work and an uncanny ability to identify important problems and find simple (on hindsight) solutions. His most important contribution, the psychrometric chart that he developed in 1904, is universally used essentially unchanged, not only in the air-conditioning industry, but anywhere where air and climate are involved. Besides, he was a leader and a visionary. He and Irvine Lyle brought together a team of engineers with different talents, and essentially started and nurtured the fledgling industry.


The paper draws on research with student college teachers in the UK and university faculty in the US to examine the features of threshold concepts outside mainstream academic disciplines. Questions are raised about the impact of discipline characteristics, such as their "hardness" or "softness"; how threshold concepts may be masked by the structure of vocational curricula; the prominence assumed by the ontological component of the threshold concepts; and the issue of their mythic status, where their claims to truth are less significant than their impact on the learner. In this paper, we explore what teacher-training students, mostly from vocational and professional disciplines, and also established university faculty, make of threshold concepts when offered as a tool to improve the effectiveness of their teaching; the issues they raise test the defining characteristics of threshold concepts. Background and methodology Teacher education in the post-compulsory (post-16) non-university sector in the UK has undergone an upheaval, introducing qualification requirements for all teaching staff, and putting the emphasis on specific knowledge and skills required to teach within disciplines. Given that 'disciplines' are defined as much by occupational requirements as by traditional academic subjects, there are only twelve defined subjects in the UK national curriculum, but over ten times that number in vocational education. One two-year part-time programme, with almost 700 students, based on the University of Bedfordshire and eight outlying college centres, has addressed this challenge by adopting the framework of Threshold Concepts to organise the discipline-specific components of the programme. It brings together students from all centres for 'Study Days' to create 'Interest Groups' addressing particular issues in teaching specific disciplines; in this way even teachers in niche areas (arboriculture, aromatherapy, fish management), isolated in their individual centres, can reach a critical mass to share ideas in groups. Each group of between four and twelve students meets for about twelve hours per year over two days. This paper draws on material from 550 students at different stages in the course, working in 40 groups.


This work presents a generalized viscosity correlation for normal Alkanes (C2 to C20). The Arrhenius correlation is written in a generalized form by transforming their coefficients into fluid physical parameters of carbon number, normal boiling point temperature, critical temperature, critical pressure and accentric factor. Non parametric regression was used to develop the generalized correlation. It is validated using 245 data points covering normal Alkanes (C2 to C20). It reproduced the literature experimental data with absolute average percent deviation (AAPD) of less than 5 %. Arrhenius correlation yield similar level of accuracy. In conclusion the generalization is not made at the expense of accuracy.


We augment location information to an existing social networking service so that the users can track of their travel into a cloud server system. The location information is acquired from the user's smartphone. For this, a location manager in Android OS collects GPS information. When the user inputs a special tag into a social network service, our client software stores location information into our proprietary server. The client software then retrieves the stored location information so that it overlays them onto a Google map in the smartphone.


A method of investigating influential factors is proposed for a system development process. According to different phases of development, multiobjective programming (MOP) models are developed from fuzzy set theory, evidence theory and probability theory. Based on the proposed MOP models, an integrated solution algorithm is designed to aid researchers to acquire complete influential factors of a system. An illustrative example of Mobile Phone Service (MPS) is provided with satisfactory results.


The inherently rapid ligand substitution kinetics associated with the novel and chemically compatible precursors, [MCl3(E Bu2)3] (M = Sb, Bi; E = Se, Te), enable CVD growth of ternary Bi2(Se1 xTex)3 and (Bi1 ySby)2Te3 thin films with very good compositional, structural and morphological control, for the first time. X-ray diffraction data follow Vegard's law and Raman bands shift linearly with the atom substitutions, indicating very well-distributed solid solutions.


Investigations of anomalous behaviour of the reaction diffusion front for A + B → 2C (inert) and A + B → CC processes are presented. Computer simulation studies were performed using the model of dynamic lattice liquid (DLL) for both two- and three-dimensional cases. Special attention was paid to situations when the mobility of products C and CC significantly differs from the mobilities of reactants. Under such conditions, new kinds of dynamical behaviour were detected. The results obtained indicate that it is necessary to re-formulate the classical description of reaction diffusion front problem. The generalized formalism suggested in the paper should allow a proper description of dynamics of the reaction front over the whole time range including the case when the mobilities of reactants and products are different.


With the increasing number of trucks the capacity of service areas is exceeded more and more often causing dangerous and chaotic situations in the access, exit and the service area as well. The Road Authorities of Rheinland-Pfalz see in the Telematics-Controlled Parking (TCP) a solution component to this problem. The system of TCP provides for trucks parking in lines one after the other arranged according to their departure time so that the capacity can be increased by 40-100% without any constructional extension of the service area. A first pilot project started in September 2005. For the covering abstract see ITRD E134653


Water utilities can maximize the value of Cryptosporidium monitoring under LT2 by having their microscope slides genotyped, thereby benefiting watershed management decisions, utility operations, and risk assessment.


Introduction: This article explores the short- and long-term outcomes of the Postgraduate Overseas Specialists Training (POST) Program. This program, based at St. Vincent's Mental Health (Melbourne) facilitates short-term clinical placements in collaboration with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne for mental health workers from the Asia-Pacific. The program aims to contribute to capacity development in the region's mental health workforce.

Methods: A total of 164 Fellows from 15 countries participated in the POST Program from 2001 to 2008. From mid-2006 to mid-2008, all POST Fellows (n=71) were asked to complete an evaluation survey on the last day of their placement. Six to 12 months after returning to their home countries, these same Fellows were sent a further survey to report on the long-term outcomes of their POST placement. The quantitative and qualitative data collected from the returned questionnaires were used as the basis for this evaluation.

Results: The short-term evaluation surveys indicate that the majority of POST Fellows were very satisfied with the training program and their training supervisors. Service developments and improvements, enhanced clinical leadership, attitude change and broad peer education emerged as potential long-term outcomes.

Discussion: The POST Program, as an out-of-country clinical training program, may play a unique role in contributing to building capacity of mental health clinicians in the Asia-Pacific region. However, further evaluation is required to ascertain the longer term impact of such professional training program.


We read with interest the review article of Van Boxem et al. entitled "Safe Use of Epidural Corticosteroid Injections: Recommendations of the WIP Benelux Work Group" published in The Pain Practice Journal.1 The authors have reviewed the literature involving neurological complications after epidural corticosteroid injections and possible safety measures to prevent major neurologic injuries. Twenty-six considerations and recommendations were selected by the work group. These involve the use of imaging, injection equipment particulate and nonparticulate corticosteroids, epidural approach, and maximal volume to be injected. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


In spring 2014, SpaceX launched the NASA High Definition Earth Viewing (HDEV) payload to the International Space Station (ISS). HDEV consists of four commercially available high definition (HD) cameras. It is one of the first payloads launched on a Dragon spacecraft, which has previously carried resupply items. HDEV was mounted to the ESA Columbus module by the station's robotic arm. The cameras cover three different perspectives: aft, forward, and nadir view. Hence, the HDEV payload offers the unique possibility of combining human space missions and earth observation into one outreach project. The German educational project "Columbus Eye", which is executed by the University of Bonn and is funded by the German Aerospace Center (DLR), aims at the implementation of the ISS live imagery and videos in a web portal: www.columbuseye.uni-bonn.de. It primarily serves as a learning portal for pupils where interactive teaching materials will be provided. Based on the experiences of the project FIS (German for "Remote Sensing in Schools") and its learning portal (www.fis.uni-bonn.de/en), the material should motivate the students to work consciously with the HDEV footage in order to learn about curriculum relevant topics in the field of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM). Exhibiting a spatial resolution of ~280 m, the HDEV data is well suited for observing sudden and rapid changes and processes of the land surface and the atmosphere like volcano eruptions along the ISS orbital track. Furthermore, a data archive is currently developed, providing HDEV imagery free of charge via an open source web Geographic Information System (GIS). Columbus Eye accompanies the ISS mission of the German ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst (May to November 2014). A nationwide road show at German schools links his mission and the fascinating bird's-eye view of the HDEV payload. The road show has already involved an event during which pupils from a secondary school in North Rhine-Westphalia have talked to the astronaut via ham radio. Another live call between pupils and the ISS is also contemplated. This paper presents the educational valorisation of the HDEV footage as well as its interactive implementation for teachers and pupils in a learning portal. It will demonstrate the possibilities earth observation and human space missions provide for STEM education. The paper addresses the question of how characteristics of space missions can be used to enhance fascination of earth observation imagery in the light of problem-based learning in everyday school lessons.


In a recent paper, Horder and colleagues (Horder et al., 2010, J Psychopharmacol 25: 1277–1288) have suggested that the mainproblem in the Kirsch analysis is methodological. We argue that the results are similar irrespective of the method used. In our opinion the data suggest that placebo and drug effects are non-additive: antidepressants act independently of depression severity, while the placebo effect is present only in milder cases. While the response in the placebo group is due to unstable 'noise' and 'artefacts', the medication effect is reliable, valid and stable.


In this study, the molecular interactions between pepsin and three pyrethroid insecticides, including fenvalerate, cyhalothrin and deltamethrin, were investigated by multi‐spectroscopic and molecular docking methods under mimic physiological pH conditions. The results indicated that all of these insecticides could interact with pepsin to form insecticide–pepsin complexes. The binding constants, number of binding sites and thermodynamic parameters measured at different temperatures indicated that these three pyrethroid insecticides could spontaneously bind with pepsin mainly through electrostatic forces and hydrophobic interactions with one binding site. According to the theory of Föster's non‐radioactive energy transfer, the distance (r) between pepsin and three pyrethroid insecticides were all found to be less than 7 nm, which implied that the energy transfer occurred between pepsin and these insecticides, leading to the quenching of pepsin fluorescence. Synchronous and three‐dimensional fluorescence, CD spectra and molecular docking results indicated that all tested pyrethroid insecticides bound directly into the enzyme cavity site and the binding of insecticides into the cavity influenced the microenvironment of the pepsin activity site which resulted in the extension of peptide strands of pepsin with loss of α‐helix structures.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Unions serving to villages; Staff Structer, problems andproposals for solutionsUnions serving to villages are important institutions which takes on an important role in solving the problems of rural development and infrastructure. Although having a broad area to serve, they face serious problems. One of the most important problems is that of qualified and adequate staff. In this study, the causes and solutions to this problem has been evaluated.


In the framework of investigations on the Sorption of radioiodine to natural and artificially altered soll components, a number of clay minerals and natural soils wäre treated with quaternary alkylammonium ions to replace the exchangeable metal cations. With help of batch experiments the resulting organo-clays were tested with respect to their sorption capability of radioiodine quantified by the distribution ratio (i?D-value). Treatment of bentonite, vermiculite and cretaceous clay as well as of samples f rom natural horizons of chernozem soil with hexadecylpyridinium ( H D P Y ^ ) and benzethonium (BE^) exhibited sorption rates and amounts, which are several Orders of magnitude higher than those of the respective untreated samples. Moderate increases of the i?D-values were found after cation exchange with hexadecyltrimethylammonium ( H D T M A ^ ) , while the applications of trimethylphenylammonium (TMPA"^) and tetramethylammonium (TM A ) were ineffecti ve. Considerable sorption of radioiodine was observed with the commercially available Bentone®.


Opening modification of castellated beam now has varied including circular, diamond and hexagonal, in the selection of openings required data behavior as the basis of planning according to the desired conditions. The purpose of this study is to know the behavior of short-span castellated beam with variations of circular, diamond and hexagonal openings using finite element method. The geometry of the 1 meter span castellated beam used 225x75x7x5 mm. The method used to create a numerical model castellated beam with circular openings that are analyzed using finite element method then verified with experimental model results with geometry, material and loading the same. After the numerical model result closer to the experimental model, then created 5 variations of the geometry of numerical model openings for each variations. The results showed that the variation in the height and width of the same openings in the three types of openings obtained for the circular opening beams have greater deflection than the others because of the larger holes ratio. For diamond opening beams, the ultimate load is greater than the other because the ratio of the smaller holes ratio and for the hexagonal opening beams has the smallest deflection and stress than the others.


It is proved that clusters in the form of the polytopic prismahedrons have the necessary properties for partitioning the n-dimensional spaces of a face into a face, that is, they satisfy the conditions for solving the eighteenth Hilbert problem of the construction of n-dimensional spaces from congruent figures. Moreover, they create extended nanomaterials, in principle, of any size. General principles and an analytical method for constructing n-dimensional spaces with the help of polytopic prismahedrons are developed. On the example of specific types of the polytopic prismahedrons (tetrahedral prism, triangular prismahedron), the possibility of such constructions is analytically proved. It was found that neighboring polytopic prismahedrons in these constructions can have common geometric elements of any dimension less than n or do not have common elements.


The development of various parts of DoD Automatic Test Systems (ATSs), follows a costly process starting with the description of the products to be tested through fielding and operation of the ATS items. Insufficient implementation of standards in the ATS process is, to a large part, the reason for the high cost and risk. The IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 20 (SCC20) is endeavoring to provide standards that address concerns of developing ATS and reducing associated costs. Two IEEE test standards are currently used by the Integrated Family of Test Equipment (IFTE). This paper investigates the potential benefits of greater use of IEEE standards during the development and maintenance cycles of IFTE and the associated Test Program Sets.<<ETX>>


The role played by environment in galaxy evolution is a current debate in astronomy. The degree to which environment can alter, re-shape, or drive galaxy evolution is a topic of discussion in both fronts, observations and simulations. This paper analyses the gas metallicity gradients for a sample of 10 Fornax cluster galaxies observed with MUSE as part of the Fornax3D project. Detailed maps of emission lines allowed a precise determination of gas metallicity and metallicity gradients. The integrated gas metallicity of our Fornax cluster galaxies show slightly higher metallicities (~0.045 dex) in comparison to a control sample. In addition, we find signs of a mass and metallicity segregation from the center to the outskirts of the cluster. By comparing our Fornax cluster metallicity gradients with a control sample we find a general median offset of ~0.04 dex/Re, with 8 of our galaxies showing flatter or more positive gradients. We find no systematic difference between the gradients of recent and intermediate infallers when considering the projected distance of each galaxy to the cluster center. To identify the origin of the observed offset in the metallicity gradients, we perform a similar analysis with data from the TNG50 simulation. We identify 12 subhalos in Fornax-like clusters and compare their metallicity gradients with a control sample of field subhalos. This exercise also shows a flattening in the metallicity gradients for galaxies in Fornax-like halos, with a median offset of ~0.05 dex/Re We also analyse the merger history, Mach numbers (M), and ram pressure stripping of our TNG50 sample. We conclude that the observed flattening in metallicity gradients is likely due to a combination of galaxies traveling at supersonic velocities (M>1) that are experiencing high ram pressure stripping and flybys.


Effective techniques are required to mitigate groundwater contamination. As one of the major inputs, the prediction of the distribution patterns of groundwater pollutants is required, in terms of concentrations as well as mass flow, under various conditions of groundwater management. Numerous models to predict such patterns do exist. However, their use and interpretation requires considerable effort and technical expertise. To make the powerful methods of groundwater mass flow and contaminant transport modelling available to non-technical users such as public officials and decision makers, and to provide a set of tools for the rapid evaluation of contamination, remediation efforts, and overall management strategies, we have developed an intergrated software system around a decision-oriented interactive simulation model. This software system features an intelligent, menu-driven user interface with colour graphics as the major style of output presentation.


The price of a stock can not be predicted with certainty movement. The price of a stock is determined by the law of supply and demand (bargaining power). The more people who buy shares, the share price is likely to move up. This research is associative which aims to determine the relationship between two variables or more independent variables (Profit Accounting and Company Size) and the dependent variable (Abnormal Return) at the company's manufacturing base and chemical industry sectors listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The data used in this research is secondary data. Population of this research is all companies manufacturing basic industrial sector and the chemical sector are listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2013 period amounted to 65 companies. The sample size is determined by the formula slovin by 56 companies using random sampling technique based strata. Data were analyzed using simple regression. The results showed that tcount Accounting profit = 2.685, Company Size = 2.257,> value table = 2.00575 so that Ho refused and Ha accepted means partial factor accounting profit and the size of the company's significant influence (real) against the abnormal return. Based on F test obtained value of F = 10.921> F table = 3,17 so that Ho refused or Ha accepted means together variable size companies (x1), and Gain (x2) significantly affects the abnormal return (Y). The conclusion from this study is that there is a positive and significant effect of accounting profit and the size of the company either partially or simultaneously to the abnormal return on a company's manufacturing base and chemical industry sectors listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This means that if there is no accounting profit and the size of the company it will have an impact on abnormal return.


An indoor positioning system using a network of synchronized low cost battery powered sensor nodes utilizing ultra wideband impulse radio technology is described. The system components such as battery powered beacon transmitters and receivers to be utilized in the sensor nodes are developed. A receiver array for the positioning of the user is also developed. The receiver array is powered through a USB interface to a notebook computer and the digitized data are processed in MATLAB through the same interface. A self calibration algorithm for the positioning of sensor nodes is presented and experimentally tested. Preliminary tests show good ranging accuracy in the decimeter range. Navigation in outdoor environment with good view to satellite signals is aided by localization and positioning using Global Satellite Navigation System (GNSS). However there are many environments where GNSS signals are weak, severely impaired by multipath propagation or unavailable. Examples of these environments are inside buildings and underground. In urban environment, there are many wireless signal transmissions such as cell-phones, wireless networks, ultra wideband, television broadcasting, etc, collectively known as signal of opportunities which may be used for localization and positioning. Many of these signals already exist in the environment for communication purposes. This research project is aimed at studying the issues involved with positioning in dense indoor and underground environments with target accuracy of better than 1 meter. These environments suffer from frequent blockages and have severe multipath signal propagation from source to target resulting in biased ranges and large range errors if the signal does not have sufficient bandwidth with the required time resolution for resolving the multipath signals. To resolve these issues, we advocate the use of a network of synchronized low cost battery powered sensor nodes with large wireless signal bandwidth which can be easily deployed in the environment. These sensor nodes act as beacon transmitters for positioning and synchronize to a common clock frequency which may be from signals of opportunities with large signal amplitude and wide area coverage in indoor and underground environments. The sensor nodes perform mutual calibration to determine their locations which are assumed to be fixed. The mobile user computes its location through the time difference of arrival using signals received from multiple beacon transmitters. Figure 1 illustrates this use scenario.


Objective To evaluate the caries prevalence rate and physical developmental level of 2 307 4-6-years-old preschool children in Xi'an,and to explore the relationship between them.Methods The caries prevalence rate and physical developmental level of 2 307 4-6-year-old children in six kindergartens located in different districts of Xi'an city were investigated.Results The caries incidences at different physical development levels were significantly different.The caries incidence in hyperleptosome(59.5%) and hyperadiposity(68.4%) groups was higher than the good developmental level group(P0.01).The difference of the dmft(decayed,missing and filled teeth) and dmfs(decay missing filling surface) between groups was not significant(P0.05).Conclusion The caries incidence of young children is close related with their physical developmental level.Hyperleptosome and hyperadiposity are both non-healthy signs.The whole society's awareness of the importance of the caries prevention among young children should be elevated as soon as possible.


During the eruption of Eyjafjallajokull in April 2010, UK airspace was closed to all flights at noon on Thursday 15th April, and remained closed for six days. Pairs of continuous NO2 analysers positioned at upwind and downwind locations around Heathrow and Gatwick were used to perform an analysis of the contribution of airport-related emissions to pollution measurements at the downwind sites during normal operation and during the closure. The period of unprecedented closure allowed us to demonstrate that these airports have a clear and measurable effect on local NO2 concentrations and that this effect dropped to zero (Gatwick) or near zero (Heathrow) during the period of closure.


In this paper, we investigate a diffusive logistic equation with non-zero Dirichlet boundary condition and two delays. We first exclude the existence of positive heterogeneous steady states, which implies the uniqueness of constant positive steady state. Then, we analyze the local stability and local Hopf bifurcation at the positive steady state. We show that multiple delays can induce multiple stability switches. Furthermore, we prove global stability of the positive steady state under certain conditions and obtain global Hopf bifurcation results. Our theoretical results are illustrated with numerical simulations.


The five exceptional simple Lie algebras over the complex number are included one within the other as $G_2 \subset F_4 \subset E_6 \subset E_7 \subset E_8$. The biggest one, $E_8$, is in many ways the most mysterious. This article surveys what is known about it including many recent results, focusing on the point of view of Lie algebras and algebraic groups over fields.


Biostratigraphy of late Mississippian (Chesterian) and early Pennsylvanian (Morrowan) strata, Pennsylvanian platform forms evolved from three main late Mississippian stocks, systematic descriptions, new taxa


The lattice thermal expansion of a number of C atoms and graphites has been studied over the temperature range −265 to 2600°C, and is discussed taking account of other diffraction data published recently. It is shown that for the temperature range 0 to 2600°C, the increase in the interlayer spacing for a given temperature rise is not significantly dependent on stacking disorder. Hence the mechanism whereby the expansion takes place is essentially the same for all C atoms, implying that a van der Waals interlayer bonding prevails in all carbon materials. The degree of directional orientation of a particular carbon is shown to have no effect on its thermal expansion behaviour. At sub-ambient temperatures the thermal expansion is found to be significantly dependent on stacking disorder and hence carbon materials of different degrees of graphitic perfection have different limiting distances of closest approach between the atom layers as the temperature is lowered towards 0°K. At room temperature the coefficient of expansion αc decreases with increasing stacking order. At higher temperatures the situation is more complex. The variations with temperature of the interlayer binding energies and compressibilities have been calculated. It is shown that C atoms representing the extremities of structural perfection have interlayer binding energies which differ by ~0.76 kcal.mole−1 at 0°C. For an increment of 500°C the binding energy change is ~0.33 kcal.mole−1.


Nowadays same concepts of Educational evaluation are lack of logicality and some of the concepts are inaccurate. Aim at these phenomena, this text established the configuration and segments of Educational-Evaluation, and recommend several theories that influence Educational-Evaluation. Finally, the author maked in-depth disquisition on the developing directions that ore produced by correlative theories.


Naturally produced icicles can be approximately symmetrical about a vertical axis. Some icicles are only weakly tapered so that approximating the icicle as a circular cylinder gives insight into ray optics of die scattering. Several features of the scattering are evident when viewing a sunlit icicle with the unaided eye. These include (i) the specular reflection and (ii) the merging and disappearance of the two-chord "rainbow rays" as the scattering angle to the observer's eye is varied. As described below, other information about the scattering process is manifested by viewing the scattering through a camera focused on the farfield scattering. The dominant direction of the incident wave vector ki is ordinarily tilted by a angle γ relative to a plane perpendicular to the symmetry axis z of the icicle. Consequently the ray evolution differs from the well known case of a circular cylinder at normal incidence. An analysis summarized here shows how the conditions for the Airy caustic evolves with γ such that the Airy caustics from opposite sides of the cylinder merge and disappear at a critical tilt angle γc. These phenomena were simulated in laboratory observations of scattering by a clear tilted PMMA polymer fiber illuminated by a laser beam as summarized below. While our observations and analysis are intended to give insight into naturally occurring processes, the problem of the ray-optics of tilted dielectric cylinders may also be of general interest [1,2]. Furthermore, the Airy caustic features of laser-illuminated fibers at normal incidence have been used in the testing of optical fibers (for communication applications) so that is reasonable to inquire how the rainbow features evolve with tilt [3]. During the course of this investigation, we became aware of a closely related investigation by Lock et al. [4,5] of the ray optics of a large glass cylinder.


The Regional Government of Tegal Regency, needs to respond quickly to avoid the conversion of productive land in the agricultural sector, namely by making policies/regulations for land stewardship, after the construction of the Pejagan-Pemalang toll road. To find out more about land use management in Tegal Regency after the Pejagan-Pemalang toll road construction, the writer is interested in how the Tegal Regency Government Policy in Determining Land Locations for Housing Sector Development After the Construction of Pejagan-Pemalang Toll Road. This research uses a normative approach with data sources on secondary data obtained by literature study and analyzed based on legal theory and statutory provisions. The policy of the Tegal Regency Government in the determination of land location permits for housing construction after the construction of the Pejagan-Pemalang toll road is an industrial location permit and is supported by sustainable agriculture and environmentally friendly tourism.


A new ferroelectric solid solution of (1−x)Ba(Yb1/2Nb1/2)O3−xPbTiO3(0≤x≤1) (PT) has been synthesized in the form of ceramics by solid-state reactions and characterized by means of x-ray diffraction, ferroelectric measurements, and dielectric spectroscopy. All ceramics with different compositions crystallize in the pure perovskite phase. With increasing PT content, the properties of ceramics gradually transfer from dielectrics (x≤0.5) to relaxors (0.50≤x≤0.70), and then to normal ferroelectrics (x>0.70). Based on the x-ray and dielectric measurements, a partial phase diagram of the system is established, which exhibits a morphotropic phase boundary with compositions 0.65


The Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood was impregnated with the eutectic mixture of capric acid (CA) and stearic acid (SA) as phase change material (PCM) via vacuum process for passive thermoregulation in timber buildings. The hygroscopic properties, mechanical properties, thermal energy storage (TES) characteristics and lab‐scale thermo‐regulative performance of wood/CA‐SA composite were evaluated. The produced composite from PCM was morphologically and physico‐chemically characterized by SEM, FT‐IR and XRD analysis. Thermal energy storage (TES) properties, cycling chemical/thermal reliability, and thermal degradation stability of the produced composite were determined by TG/DTA and DSC analysis. The hygroscopic tests revealed that the wood/CA‐SA composite showed low water absorption (WA) and high anti‐swelling efficiency (ASE) after 264 hours in water. Wood treatment with CA‐SA increased the bending and compression strength of wood. TG/DTA data demonstrated that the wood/CA‐SA composite left higher residue of 10.31% at 800°C than that of wood with 6.87%. The DSC measurements showed that the obtained wood/CA‐SA composite had a good TES capacity of about 94 J/g at 23.94°C. The cycling DSC results confirmed the eutectic PCM in wood indicated high chemical stability and storage/release reliability even though it was run 600 times melt/freeze. According to thermal performance test, the wood/CA‐SA composite has ability of storing excess heat in the environment and preventing the heat flow to the environment. It can be concluded that the fabricated wood/CA‐SA composite can be used for indoor temperature regulation and energy saving in timber buildings.


One of the most important factors affecting the quality of service (QoS) in orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) networks is the intercell interference (ICI). An efficient technique for mitigating ICI is the well-known fractional frequency reuse (FFR), wherein cells are partitioned into center and edge spatial regions and different frequency reuse factors are applied to both of them. This work presents an analytical characterization of FFR-aided OFDMA-based networks that, unlike most previous studies, incorporates shadowing effects. The FFR design parameters maximizing the overall cell spectral efficiency, are determined for both round robin (RR) and maximum signal to interference plus noise ratio (MSINR) scheduling policies. Simulation results serve to validate the accuracy of the introduced model while at the same time reveal which are the optimum FFR settings.


The utility model relates to an automatic steel pipe discharge device which consists of a blanking roller way, blanking cylinders, first-level supporting devices, first-level translation devices, first-level push-out devices, second-level supporting devices and second-level translation devices. A plurality of columns of the first-level translation devices and the second-level translation devices are arranged at intervals on one side of the blanking roller way and perpendicular to the blanking roller way, the first-level translation devices and the second-level translation devices of each column are adjacent end to end, feeding ends of the first-level translation devices are all provided with the blanking cylinders and the first-level supporting devices, feed discharge ends of the first-level translation devices are all provided with the first-level push-out devices, the feeding ends of the second-level translation devices are all provided with the second-level supporting devices, the height of each second-level translation device is lower than that of each first-level translation device, and the second-level supporting devices can ascend and descend longitudinally between the first-level translation devices and the second-level translation devices. The automatic steel pipe discharge device is scientific and reasonable in structural design, overcomes the shortcoming that manual pipe discharge wastes time and energy, and has the advantages of high automation and efficiency, low labor intensity, and wide application range.


Purpose: To prospectively determine the efficacy of naptumomab estafenatox (Nap) + IFNα versus IFN in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Experimental Design: In a randomized, open-label, multicenter, phase II/III study, 513 patients with RCC received Nap (15 μg/kg i. v. in three cycles of four once-daily injections) + IFN (9 MU s.c. three times weekly), or the same regimen of IFN monotherapy. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Results: This phase II/III study did not meet its primary endpoint. Median OS/PFS for Nap + IFN patients was 17.1/5.8 months versus 17.5/5.8 months for the patients receiving IFN alone (P = 0.56; HR, 1.08/P = 0.41; HR, 0.92). Post hoc exploratory subgroup and trend analysis revealed that the baseline plasma concentrations of anti-SEA/E-120 (anti-Nap antibodies) for drug exposure and IL6 for immune status could be used as predictive biomarkers. A subgroup of patients (SG; n = 130) having concentrations below median of anti-SEA/E-120 and IL6 benefitted greatly from the addition of Nap. In SG, median OS/PFS for the patients treated with Nap + IFN was 63.3/13.7 months versus 31.1/5.8 months for the patients receiving IFN alone (P = 0.02; HR, 0.59/P = 0.02; HR, 0.62). Addition of Nap to IFN showed predicted and transient immune related AEs and the treatment had an acceptable safety profile. Conclusions: The study did not meet its primary endpoint. Nap + IFN has an acceptable safety profile, and results from post hoc subgroup analyses showed that the treatment might improve OS/PFS in a baseline biomarker-defined RCC patient subgroup. The results warrant further studies with Nap in this subgroup. Clin Cancer Res; 22(13); 3172–81. ©2016 AACR.


This paper uses a Kaleckian model to study the effects of export expansion on income distribution given particular "structural defects" and institutional constraints in a developing economy. The results show that there might be negative impacts on income distribution if the following conditions holds: 1) The bulk of export receipts goes to the payment of imported inputs and capital goods; 2) There are weak productive capacities and bottlenecks to the production of home consumption goods; 3) The export sector is an "enclave" making it difficult for resources to flow from exports goods to home consumption goods and vice-versa; 4) There are institutional factors that prevent the rise of real wages. In such an economy, exports are vital for the reproduction of the system. The solutions to the deleterious effects on income distribution would lie in correcting the "structural defects" rather than export contraction.


Static strain aging has been demonstrated to have a significant effect on the yield strength and yield point behavior of modern line pipe steels. Static strain aging can occur at many points during pipeline fabrication: during coating application, girth welding, and field joint coating. Each of these discrete thermal events is described by a unique thermal cycle (time-temperature profile). This makes it difficult to define a simulation heat treatment which would reflect the cumulative strain aging effect of all thermal events. The first section of this work describes the development of an analytical expression based upon classical strain aging theory that allows strain aging heat treatments to be normalized to an equivalent time at an isothermal temperature. The second section of this work compares thermal profiles from various strain aging heat treatments. Lastly, the mechanical response of modern line pipe steel to a variety of carefully controlled time-temperature combinations designed to simulate the causes of strain aging was examined. The analytical approach to compare strain aging heat treatments was found to be overly conservative when comparing longer times at lower temperature to shorter times at higher temperature which had been calculated to have equivalent heat inputs. Additionally, the yield strength was found to concomitantly increase with strain aging temperature, even when the effects of time were normalized. An alternate approach to the development of normalized strain aging heat treatments using a phase field model are briefly introduced.Copyright © 2011 by ASME


A Cultural History of Chemistry in the Nineteenth Century covers the period from 1815 to 1914 and the birth of modern chemistry. The elaboration of atomic theory - and new ideas of periodicity, structure, bonding, and equilibrium - emerged in tandem with new instruments and practices. The chemical industry expanded exponentially, fuelled by an increasing demand for steel, aluminium, dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, and consumer goods. And the chemical laboratory became established in its two distinct modern settings of the university and industry. At the turn of the century, the discovery of radioactivity took hold of the public imagination, drawing chemistry closer to physics, even as it threatened to undermine the whole concept of atomism.
 The 6 volume set of the Cultural History of Chemistry presents the first comprehensive history from the Bronze Age to today, covering all forms and aspects of chemistry and its ever-changing social context. The themes covered in each volume are theory and concepts; practice and experiment; laboratories and technology; culture and science; society and environment; trade and industry; learning and institutions; art and representation.


The aims of this study were to evaluate cardiac involvement, assess risk factors and mortality, and define the outcome of cardiac abnormalities with age in the different types of mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS). The echocardiograms of 99 patients with MPS, aged 1–24 y (median age 10.3 y) were reviewed between 1978 and 2000. Mitral regurgitation (MR) was detected in 29 patients (29%). MR was more frequent in types IH [n= 11 (38%)], II [n= 10 (24%)] and III [n= 4 (20%)]. Sixteen patients (16%) developed aortic regurgitation (AR), seen mostly in types II [n = 9 (56%)] and IV [n= 4 (24%)]. AR and/or MR was detected in 37 patients and 8 had both abnormalities of borderline significance (odds ratio 2.95,95% confidence interval 1.0–8.85, p= 0.05). Of 99 patients, 47 had a normal study on their first echocardiogram, whereas only 7 had a normal study on subsequent echocardiograms. Fifty‐four (54%) had a single echocardiogram. Of these, 27 (50%) were abnormal and 27 normal. Forty‐five patients had more than one echocardiogram, of which 25 (56%) were abnormal and 20 normal. In 13/20 (65%) a cardiac abnormality developed on a subsequent echocardiogram which was statistically significant (p= 0.002). Overall mitral and aortic valve abnormalities showed a positive association with age. Univariate analysis of risk factors showed that increasing age, MPS I and ejection fraction were significant risk factors for death. However, left ventricular hypertrophy, mitral valve abnormalities and type II MPS were not significant risk factors for death, with borderline significance for aortic valve abnormalities.


Many de novo designed amphiphilic peptides capable of self-assembly and further structural templating into hierarchical organizations such as nanofibers and gels carry more than 10 amino acid residues. A curious question is now raised about the minimal size that is required for initiating amphiphilically driven nanostructuring. In this work, we show that ultrashort peptides I3K and L3K could readily self-assemble into stable nanostructures. While L3K formed spherical nanospheres with diameters of ∼10−15 nm, I3K self-assembled into nanotubes with diameters of ∼10 nm and lengths of >5 μm. I3K nanotubes were very smooth and carried defined pitches of twisting. The difference could arise from the different β-sheet promoting power between isoleucine and leucine, suggesting that while hydrophobic interaction was dominant in the formation of L3K nanospheres hydrogen bonding governed the templating of antiparallel β-sheets and the subsequent formation of I3K nanotubes. Because of their extreme stability against h...