A ternary compound of Co3Ti2Si is suggested as a reaction barrier for the formation of epitaxial CoSi2 in the Co/Ti/Si system when adopting the rapid thermal annealing process. It controls Co diffusion to the Si substrate, followed by formation of epitaxial CoSi2. After the epitaxial CoSi2 was formed, the interfacial morphology of the upper layer/ CoSi2 interface was very different according to silicidation temperature, that is, the interface was planar at 800 °C, but rough at 900 °C. This was attributed to the reaction between the upper layer consisting of Co–Ti–Si and the CoSi2 layer at 900 °C, which resulted in Ti-rich precipitates at the surface. The Ti-rich precipitates acted as a diffusion sink of dopant, thus, the leakage current density for the silicidation temperature of 900 °C was much higher than that for the temperature of 800 °C. These results suggest that the silicidation temperature is one of the most critical factors in determining the leakage current of the p+n junction diode.


This paper assesses the adoption of ad-blocking technology, its role as a catalyst for the move towards more 'integrative advertising' methods which rely on the mixing of commercial and non-commercial content, and the suitability of the current EU legislative framework to deal with such developments. In essence, the paper examines the 'identification' and 'transparency' principles in the context of online advertising. This critique allows for the drawing of conclusions vis-a-vis future policy initiatives and enforcement challenges in this regard. The paper states that for true advertising literacy mere identification of commercial communications is insufficient and that efforts need to be made in order to educate consumers (especially children) to allow for any possible continuing relevance and reliance on the notion of the average consumer.


The present paper deals with the ethno-medico-botany of Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh. 20 plant species belonging to 15 families are enumerated with knowledge of tribals for their medicinal uses in curing malaria. Plant part used, vernacular name, method of preparation of the drug and the dose of administration are given.


PREFACE The habitat use information and Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) models presented in this document are an aid for impact assessment and habitat management activites. Literature concerning a species' habitat requirements and preferences is reviewed and then synthesized into subjective HSI models, which are scaled to produce an index between 0 (unsuitable habitat) and 1 (optimal habitat). Assumptions used to transform habitat use information into these mathematical models are noted, and guidelines for model application are described. Any model s found in the 1iterature which may al so be used to calculate an HSI are cited, and simpl ified HSI model s, based on what the authors bel ieve to be the most important habitat characteri stics for thi s species, are presented. Also included is a brief discussion of Suitability Index (SI) curves as used in the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM), and a discussion of SI curves available for the IFIM analysis of common shiner habitat. Use of habitat information presented in this publication for impact assessment requires the setting of clear study objectives. Methods for reducing HSI model complexity and recommended measurement techniques for model variables are presented in Terrell et al. (1982).1 A discussion of HSI model building techniques is presented in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1981).2 The HSI models presented herein are complex hypotheses of species-habitat relationships, not statements of proven cause and effect relationships. The models have notbeen tested against field data. For this reason, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service encourages model users to convey comments and suggestions that may help us increase the utility and effectiveness of this habitat-based approach to fish and wildlife planning. Please send comments to:


1) Introduction The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of a unilateral or bilateral lower body training program on off ice power production. (2) Methodology Twenty NCAA Division 1 female hockey players were randomly assigned to either a unilateral (UNI) or bilateral (BI) group. The UNI training group performed all lower body exercises over a 6-week period using 1 leg at a time, while the BI performed all lower body exercises with both legs simultaneously. Both groups trained at the same rating of perceived exertion (RPE) two times per week throughout the training cycle. Subjects within the two groups participated in baseline and post intervention power testing in the Vertical Jump (VJ) and Standing Long Jump (SLJ). (3) Results Following the intervention, neither group showed statistically significant (p < 0.05) change. However, from a practical perspective the UNI group improved VJ on average 2.16 cm compared to the BI group average improvement of 0.56 cm. The UNI group improved on SLJ by an average of 7.75 cm versus the BI group improvement of 3.81 cm. (4) Discussion The results concluded that neither UNI nor BI training groups produced significant improvements in testing measures. (5) Conclusion Unilateral and bilateral training may both be effective in training for lower body power production. This study alludes to the need to continue to perform research on UNI and BI lower body training in order to most effectively trains the female hockey player. Key words: Unilateral, bilateral, power Can a unilateral lower body-‐training program increase lower body power output more than a bilateral lower body training program?


Objective: The objective of this study was to examine clinical and audiometric outcomes of a laser partial promontory technique in stapedotomy cases with a narrow oval window niche. Study Design: We conducted a retrospective chart review. Setting: This study was conducted at a tertiary referral center. Patients: We studied 59 patients who underwent a partial promontory technique with stapedotomy between 1994 and 2000. Seventy-two patients who underwent primary stapedotomy without promontory technique served as a control group. Methods: Preoperative and postoperative audiometric results were obtained for 59 patients undergoing laser stapedotomy with a narrow oval window niche. The partial promontory removal was performed with a KTP laser. Results were compared with 72 primary laser stapedotomy cases without the promontory technique within the same time period and analyzed using paired Student t test. Results: Ninety percent of the partial promontory cases were successful (air–bone gap [ABG] <10 dB). The mean postoperative ABG was 5.1 dB, which was comparable to the non-promontory cases (p = 0.7). The mean change in postoperative bone conduction was also comparable (p = 0.98). There were no cases of sensorineural hearing loss. An overhanging facial nerve was present in 32% of the narrow niche cases and a dehiscent facial nerve was encountered in 17% of these cases. Conclusions: Partial laser removal of the promontory as an adjunct to laser stapedotomy cases with a narrow oval window niche is a safe, effective technique with comparable results to primary laser stapedotomy.


When Theresa Fyffe left the health service to join the Scottish Executive Health Department, her boss asked how she felt about being a poacher turned gamekeeper. Seven years on she is contemplating the reverse.


A voltage drop normally occurs when a power source runs for a load system through long-distance cables. To compensate for such voltage drops, it is necessary to provide remote detecting and controlling of the load-side voltage and boost to the required voltage. In this article, a novel impedance detection method providing more reliable and accurate resistance and inductance measured results for remote cables is presented. Meanwhile, a digital–analog hybrid control strategy based on the impedance detection method is presented to compensate for the voltage drop and delayed response caused by cable intrinsic impedance. Compared with traditional methods, the proposed strategy performs detection and compensation at the source of the cable, and can be integrated into power source devices without imposing extra burden to the load system, which is more attractive and promising in engineering application. Finally, a prototype is built for experimental verification, and a systematic and intuitive comparison is conducted with existing voltage-drop compensation methods. The experimental and comparative results indicate that the problems of voltage drop and delayed response caused by long-distance cables are solved, and the accurate and rapid regulation of the remote voltage is achieved.


Twenty-two school psychologists participated in a year long institute designed to test the use of a multiplier effect in the continuing professional development of school psychologists in Michigan. Participants, representing 12 geographic regions, attended six days of in-service meetings on the topics of behavior modification strategies, models of continuing education, affective education, life-space interviewing and consultation strategies. Participants were then responsible for conducting two, one-day workshops in their regions on topics discussed in the institute. The impact of the intervention model was evaluated using personal interviews, questionnaires and tape recordings. Results indicated that 550 school psychologists attended two in-service meetings with generally favorable reactions. Specific evaluative data, conclusions and suggestions for modification of future models are presented.


The more radical liberal sectors energetically defend the idea that all goods can be provided by market, including education. It is certainly so, since all good can be turned into merchandise. But what is under discussion is not that, but if the market, through the invisible hand, can offer quality education. This paper has as an only aim to contribute to this important debate, by making a reflection on the subject, describing the types of profit, and exposing the conditions that, in the author's opinion, are necessary so that the market can contribute to quality education through the free competition of educational institutions.


The invention provides a kind of switch breakdown detection apparatus and method, relate to track switch field.This switch breakdown detection apparatus and method are by calculating the slope of the fitting a straight line of the curve of the coordinate composition of the corresponding current value of every N continuous time point of Switch current operation curve to be measured, calculate the variance of current value corresponding to the multiple time points in each duty time period of the track switch action current curve to be measured current value corresponding with the multiple time points in the duty time period of the standard points action current curve of corresponding pre-stored respectively, if wherein one or more variances calculated are more than presetting threshold value, then generate concrete fail result according to the duty time period that this variance is corresponding.The fail result generated when the variance calculated due to different operating status time period is more than presetting threshold value is different, thus concrete abnormal problem can be accurately positioned and provide concrete handling suggestion, and the judgement dividing value of variance is easily grasped, it is easy to implement.


Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass is one of the most common surgical treatments for obesity due to the effective long‐term weight loss and remission of associated comorbidities. Carvedilol, a third‐generation β‐blocker, is prescribed to treat cardiovascular diseases. This drug is a weak base with low and pH‐dependent solubility and dissolution and high permeability. As the changes in the gastrointestinal tract anatomy and physiology after roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass can potentially affect drug pharmacokinetics, this study aimed to assess the effect of roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass on the pharmacokinetics of carvedilol enantiomers. Nonobese (n = 15, body mass index < 25 kg/m2), obese (n = 19, body mass index ≥ 30), and post‐roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass subjects submitted to surgery for at least 6 months (n = 19) were investigated. All subjects were administered a single oral dose of 25‐mg racemic carvedilol, and blood was sampled for up to 24 hours. Plasma concentrations of (R)‐ and (S)‐carvedilol were determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and the area under the plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC) of (R)‐carvedilol were 2‐ to 3‐fold higher than (S)‐carvedilol in all groups. Obese subjects have shown reduced Cmax of (R)‐ and (S)‐carvedilol without changing the AUC. Post‐roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass subjects presented a 3.5‐fold reduction in the Cmax of the active (S)‐carvedilol and a 1.9 reduction in the AUC from time 0 to infinity compared to nonobese subjects. The time to reach Cmax of (S)‐carvedilol increased 2.5‐fold in post‐roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass subjects compared to obese or nonobese. Although the β‐blockade response was not assessed, the reduced exposure to carvedilol in subjects post‐roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass may be clinically relevant and require dose adjustment.


From the thomist perspective is criticized the recent labor legislation of Colombia that tends, because of the globalization, to a flexibility of the labor relationship in such a way that this is transferred gradually from the ambit of social law to private law.


Abstract The author discusses the use of space above the ground floor in the houses of small yeomen and those below them in the social scale when, from the sixteenth century onwards, their houses began to be provided with 'lofts' or first-floor chambers. He concludes, from inventory evidence, that the additional space was primarily devoted to storage, but adds that this suggestion needs to be tested from archaeological evidence.


Article is devoted to the cognitive characteristic of category of a sobytiynost. As the main object the functional and cognitive sphere in which various aspects of a specification of category of event aspect of a macroconcept "Human life" are reflected is considered.


It is amusing that the appearance of this extremely useful book should coincide with the abdication crisis. The forcible substitution of Edward VIII by his brother... showed us Cabinet Dictatorship in Action... All Communists, workers and trade unionists can learn a lot from Cabinet Government. Its price is prohibitive, but all public libraries will have copies. (Daily Worker, review of Cabinet Government, 6 January 1937)


Abstract Dimeric lignin model compounds with non-phenolic and phenolic moieties and a β -O-4 type artificial lignin polymer were subjected to thioacidolysis to evaluate the reaction efficiency of thioacidolysis for cleavage of β -O-4 interunitary linkage. The obtained yields of thioethylated monomeric products from the dimeric lignin model compounds reached nearly 100% under the conventional condition, whereas that from the artificial lignin polymer was as low as 74%. Neither prolonged reaction time nor increased concentration of ethanethiol (the thioacidolysis reagent) enhanced the resulting monomer yields from the polymer (69–79%). Thioacidolysis of the lignin model compounds followed by HPSEC analysis also showed the dimeric model compounds were degraded almost quantitatively, but that the artificial lignin polymer was not. Thioacidolysis followed by desulfurization gave at least one dimeric product resulting from incomplete β -O-4 cleavage at significant yield. These results suggested the conventional thioacidolysis could not achieve quantitative cleavage of β -O-4 linkages in lignin macromolecules.


This research is conducted to know the effect of profitability, Leverage, liquidity and size of the company against the value of companies in manufacturing companies Listing on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) period 2014 – 2018. To determine the samples in this study use the Purposive sampling criteria on the IDX-listed manufacturing companies. The type of data used in this study is secondary data, the company's annual report. In the software research used is Eviews software.

This research shows results, where profitability has a positive and significant influence on the value of the company. Leverage has a positive and significant influence on the company's value. Liquidity has a positive and insignificant influence on the value of the company. The company's size has a negative and insignificant influence on the company's value.

Keywords: Profitability, Leverage, Liquidity, Company Size


Multi-input multi-output (MEMO) has been a promising technique for wireless communication areas, such as intelligent transportation systems. In this paper, we present performance evaluation of a multi-antenna transceiver for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) according to IEEE 802.11p standard. Herein, MIMO WAVE is performed by employing three MIMO schemes, namely, Alamouti, vertical BLAST (V-BLAST) and space shift keying (SSK) scheme. The above three MIMO schemes are discussed and compared, considering the influence of different driving velocity and with/without line of sight (LOS) on the system performance. Based on the analysis and simulation results, it can be found that compared with single antenna systems, V-BLAST scheme would significantly increase the transmission data rate, while Alamouti and SSK scheme could improve the reliability and robustness even under poor receive conditions.


In the current debate on transgenic species destined for human consumption, discussion is centered not only on purely technical aspects but also on those of a more diverse nature: environmental demands, patent right issues, consumer protection, farmers' rights, biosecurity, among others. Surely, the ethical requisites for accepting the application of modified DNA techniques on vegetable species should hinge on evaluating the factors of risk and benefit these products pose to human beings. But this is not the only issue to be taken into account. We feel that if the ethical debate on genetically modified organisms is to be adequately brought into focus, it must necessarily be based on a critique previous to the contemporary manipulatory approach to nature and be recognized as having, unlike the latter, a certain inherent value. With such a critique as a point of departure, setting limits on human intervention would be justifiable, so that attitudes which posit nature as a mere object susceptible to undue appropriation would be discouraged. Consequently, applying modified DNA techniques to vegetable species could be deemed acceptable if the final product were shown to be favorable both to humans and to the environment, with no risk of endangering biodiversity. However, it should be pointed out that the absence of risk to the environment and to human beings as a consequence of the cultivation and commercialization of these genetic hybrids has yet to be fully demonstrated. Such a state of affairs calls for precaution. Nor should the issue be reduced to a matter of commercial expediency since economic viability cannot be considered as the most important factor in reaching a final decision. Likewise, control of the new transgenic species cannot be simply delegated to the private sector. Such control is a public affair because it affects living species, and because the possible consequences on the environment and on individual human organisms affect the population as a who


Waste management is important in insect societies because waste can be hazardous to adults, brood and food stores. The general organization of waste management and the influence of task partitioning, division of labor and age polyethism on waste processing were studied in three colonies of the tropical American stingless bee Melipona beecheii Bennett in Yucatan, Mexico. Waste generated in the colony (feces, old brood cells, cocoons, dead adults and brood) was collected by workers throughout the nest and taken to specific waste dumps within the nest. During the day, workers based at the waste dumps formed waste pellets, which they directly transferred in 93% of cases, to other workers who subsequently removed them from the nest. This is an example of task partitioning and is hypothesized to improve nest hygiene as it has been found in leafcutting ants, Atta . To investigate division of labor and age polyethism we marked a cohort of 144 emerging workers. Workers forming waste pellets were on average 31.2±6.5 days old (X±SD, N= 40, range of 18-45 days). The life span of M. beecheii workers was 49.0±14.0 days (N= 144). There was no difference in the life span of workers which formed (52.2±11.6 days, N= 40) or did not form (49.9±11.5 days, N= 97) waste pellets, suggesting that waste work did not increase mortality. Although waste was probably not hazardous to adults and brood, because the dumps are located outside the brood chamber, its presence inside the nests can attract phorid flies and predators, which can harm the colony.


Identity is one of the eternal issues for every conscious human beings. Thus it is possible that every scholar and discipline from its specific perspective explore this subject. Here we will examine Avicenna's conception of human identity on the basis of substance as a universal category that is not devoid of particular dimension. But for this connection a heuristic concept named paiwand (in philosophical meaning) is needed and in other words has to mediate.


Based on the visibility data in 2009 and relative humidity(RH),concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in Tianjin,their relationships were analyzed.The results indicate that the linear correlation coefficient between RH and visibility is the highest and that between PM2.5 concentration and visibility ranks second.The visibility decreases obviously with the increase of RH.When RH is less than 60%,there exists a significant nonlinear correlation between the visibility and PM2.5 concentration and a weak correlation between the visibility and PM10 concentration,while the correlation between the visibility and the concentration difference between PM10 and PM2.5 is not significant.When RH is greater than 60%,the nonlinear correlation between the visibility and PM10 concentration is more significant than that between the visibility and PM2.5 concentration.The nonlinear correlation efficient between the visibility and RH is higher than their corresponding linear correlation efficient.Finally,a nonlinear fitting formula of visibility in Tianjin is developed using RH,PM10 and PM2.5.It has been shown through examination against the observation that this formula is able to simulate the visibility in Tianjin with a relatively good accuracy.


INTRODUCTION The adoption and release of genetically modified (GM) crops is the focus of a contentious debate. On the one hand, this new technology has been adopted rapidly by many producers. It is estimated that 40.5 million hectares were planted worldwide in 1999 (The Economist 1999), an increase of 13 million hectares from 1998 and four times the amount planted in 1997 (James 1998). The popularity of GM crops is owed to genetic modifications that have added traits such as herbicide tolerance and pest resistance that lower average input costs (ERS 1999). On the other hand, despite broad acceptance in some farming circles, and the potential for numerous environmental, health and other benefits, the release of GM crops is the subject of international scrutiny and controversy regarding their safety (see in this issue, Perdikis and Kerr; Hobbs and Plunkett). Of particular concern in both the popular press (e.g., Bonham 1999) and some scientific articles (Butler et af. 1999) is the potential for the widespread release of GM crops to result in ' environmental externalities, including irreversible environmental damage. In part, this view is fostered by concerns that GM crops are being released too quickly and without adequate knowledge oftheir long term environmental impacts (Mander and Goldsmith 1996; Butler et al. 1999) or, in some countries, without procedures to deal with environmental problems that may occur (Hruska and Lara Pavon 1997). Currently the decision to release a GM crop within Canada or the United States is based on an assessment of the risks of environmental, health and other potential damages. Although considerable research is being undertaken to understand these risks, opinions differ regarding the probability of environmental damage. In this paper, a simple theoretical framework is used to demonstrate that the current decision framework could be improved by considering additional factors such as economic benefits and potential costs. In some cases, this additional information could lead to decisions that are the polar opposite ofthose suggested under the existing risk assessments. It is demonstrated that even when the probability of an adverse event occurring is high (low), there may be net benefits (net costs) from releasing the GM crop. Releases of GM crops are complicated by the potential for irreversible environmental damage that can change the long term profitability of production decisions. The frameworks presented clearly demonstrate that economic analysis can be used to improve current decisions to release GM crops.


ABSTRACT – "Mate", a popular hot infusion of a herb ( Ilex paraguayensis) drunk in large volumes, is a known risk factor for squamous cellcarcinoma of the esophagus and there is a suspicion that high temperature of boiled water used for the infusion may contribute for carcinogenesis. Methods - We measured the temperature of "mate" infusion drank by a sample of the population at risk for this carcinoma in Taquara, so uthernBrazil. We interviewed inhabitants for drinking habits and the temperature of the infusion was measured with high precision thermometers.Temperature of the infusion was asked to consumers and their estimate compared to our measurements. We considered 60 o C or higher as "hot". Results - In 36 residencies, 107 individuals were drinking "mate". Most individuals drunk it daily (97,2%), and the medium daily volume was1,265 ml (SD ± 1,132 mL) ranging from 250 to 6,000 mL. The measured temperature was 60 o C or higher in 72% of residencies with mediumof 63.4 o C (51-78 o


The discourse around climate policy borders on incoherent these days. Likely and unlikely characters are calling for a 'carbon price' of some variety, but are rather unclear about what form of pricing mechanism they want. Carbon tax or cap-and-trade? The two policies are distinct techniques for greenhouse gas emissions mitigation that should be debated.


The article presents results of investigation of the basic values structure of the population in Astrakhan region on the basis of results analysis of the monitoring sociological studies aimed to identify the dynamics in the basic values structure. The research is based on the method of construction functionally-focusing clusters of population basic values, which was developed by N. I. Lapin. During the analysis the structure of each cluster was verified. In order to identify the typical features in the structure of each cluster values of the population a comparison of the data with the results of similar studies nationwide was carried out.


It is intended to conveniently and effectively provide peroxisome proliferator activated ligands and compositions containing the same as the active ingredient for improving insulin resistance or preventing and/or relieving insulin resistance syndrome. Peroxisome proliferator activated ligands which comprise prenyl flavonoid, flavonol derivatives other than prenyl flavonoid, chalcone derivatives other than prenyl flavonoid, or salts, glycosides and/or esters thereof which are accepted as medicines, foods or drinks; compositions containing these ligands; extracts originating in plants containing these ligands; and a process for producing such extract.


The new monograph on Egyptian historical grammar by J. P. Allen appeared merely some two decades after A. Loprieno's (1995) book with similar scope and aims. In this review article,the reviewer is investigating whether the author has managed to yield a new synthesis in the swampy domain of historical phonology, by determining to what extent his material reflects and matches our knowledge on the subject hitherto accumulated on the one hand and how convincing the new solutions are on the other hand.


Maternity insurance is a social security system that the state provides the necessary material assistance, maternity allowance and maternity leave through legislation to women workers who temporarily lose their income sources because of pregnancy or childbirth. The maternity insurance system with the female workers as its main object of maternity protection is earnestly concerned about the interests of women in China. For women, they not only have to bear the threaten of losing their lives when giving birth to a baby, but also to withstand the unequal employment opportunities and even the risk of losing their jobs caused by pregnancy. This phenomenon cannot be ignored. So, that's why the maternity insurance is chosen as the subject of research. Through the analysis of the current issues existing in the maternity insurance in China, and learning from the foreign advanced experience of maternity insurance system, it is easy to find out that the Chinese government needs to play a leading role in the improvement of maternity insurance system and accordingly puts forward some sound proposals and countermeasures for the maternity insurance system.


SUMMARY Comments on the author's experiences of counter-transference and the relationship of those experiences to her own personality, as an example of the phenomenon of Constant Error. Illustrative material from two cases.


Pakistan is home to about 216 million people and most of the population is earning less than 10 $ a day. Pakistan, like any other beautiful European country, is a huge market for tourism as it offers not only the beauty of nature but also the diversity of cultures. In fact, tourism is the most profitable and entrepreneurial business, especially for people living in mountainous areas as it creates new jobs and reduces unemployment for them. But unfortunately, the number of tourists visiting Pakistan fluctuates from year to year.
Therefore, the aim of my thesis is to find out the positive and negative factors affecting the tourism industry in Pakistan, to compare the performance of our tourism industry with some potential neighboring countries to find out where Pakistan stands and in terms of competition, it lacks, to find out the role of the government in improving this industry and to suggest some possible strategies for improving this industry.
The Primary data was collected from domestic and international tourists through interviews, and survey questionnaires inside and outside the country in 2019 when I was in Pakistan and data collected from tourist operators was done there. The Secondary data was collected from my personal visit to PTDC and the Ministry of Tourism in 2019.
Estimated results have reprimanded the fact that poor access, development, weakness, margins, and the country's persistent social/political problems are the factors that have reduced the proportion of tourist visits to Pakistan. Secondly, the government of Pakistan has also failed to implement policies and strategies that could have been a catalyst for the tourism industry.
The conclusion drawn from the collected data is that Pakistan's tourism industry fluctuates greatly in the alternate years, ie the reasons for this decline from 2005 to 2016 are linked to the country's political and social problems and Lack of active participation of Tourism officials. Domestic and international tourists love the nature, culture, and food of Pakistan and 80% of them want to travel around Pakistan but unfortunately, due to insurgency and unavailability of facilities their travel rate Decreased. But the recent year from 2017-2019 Pakistan's new government take immediate steps and Pakistan tourism industry growth has been increasing in recent years. But still, we are back behind in the tourism industry in our neighboring countries like China and India where the tourism industry having more and more powerful every year.
My suggestions for the development of this industry are that governments should take the tourism industry seriously and improve the tourism infrastructure, overcome the insurgency in the country as soon as possible, and strengthen relations with the outside world. Establish, present image, positive image of Pakistan through media etc. so that the status and quality of Pakistan's tourism industry can be improved globally.
Research limitations encountered during data collection include limited information sharing by PTDC and the Ministry of Tourism as their data is not updated properly. Secondly, since 2020 world suffers from covid-19 and there are many restrictions and limitations behind the scene like no one could travel due to covid. So, I used the idea of conducting a survey online through helping social media groups and online surveys. The important aspect or value of this research is that it has considered almost all the important factors affecting the tourism industry in terms of potential tourists and finally has come up with some suggestions that will make the current deterioration of this industry worse Can improve the situation the required words.

Tourism, Pakistan, Strategy, Potential, Domestic and International Tourism, Factors, Development.

INTRODUCTION
The introduction chapter gives some information on Pakistan as a tourist country, the problem Statement, the aims of the research, the significance and objective of the research and the limitations of the research.

Pakistan is a tourist country.

Pakistan, as shown in Figure 1, after its independence from British India appeared as a modern nation on 14 august 1947. All four provinces of Pakistan are gifted with heritage and culture and one of the fertile and unique collections of majestic and rugged mountains, lush fields, deserts, rivers, lakes, seashores, and landscapes enriched with friendly and hospitable people thus making it a heavenly destination for tourists with different tastes. Pakistan is known in the world of tourism because of the mountainous regions of the north, the Hindukush, Karakoram, and the Great Himalaya who form the densest concentration of high peaks in the world. Kalam (Swat valley) in Pakistan is known as the Switzerland of Asia. The Hunza and Chitral valleys in Pakistan were the home to a small periplasmic animist Kalasha community who claim descent from the army of Alexander the Great. The historical and archaeological sites of the Gandhara and Indus Valley Civilizations, Mohenjo-Daro, Taxila the Mughal Empire are examples of the oldest civilizations in Pakistan. This multicultural nature of the country also contributes to the tourism industry in the way that it offers various traditions, customs, and festivals for the tourists to explore and enjoy.
In Punjab is the site of Alexander's battle on the Jhelum River and the historic city Lahore, Pakistan has many cultural capitals with many examples of Mughal architecture such as the Badshahi Masjid, Shalimar Gardens. Tomb of Jahangir and Lahore fort.
The tourism sector in Pakistan is fluctuating due to various political and security issues. However, it has been a major sector of the economy and the current government is focusing on the tourism sector. Tourism contributed about US 7 7.6 billion in 2016 and is expected to grow by 5.1% in 2017 and is expected to grow by 5.6% in PKR1, 432.1 billion GDP by 2027. (Arshad, M.I.; Iqbal, M.A.; Shahbaz 2018) The share of travel and tourism in GDP was 6.9% (US 19 19.4 billion) and is projected to increase to 6.0% in 2017 and 5.8% in 2027 and 7.2% of GDP. (Travel, W.; Council, T.2018)
Pakistan has a huge potential for tourism, including ancient archeological sites such as the Indus Valley Civilization, Kalasha, Buddhism, and so on. In terms of adventure tourism, all over Pakistan, there are breathtaking areas such as powerful peaks, glaciers, northern areas with rivers. , And southern areas such as the Cholistan Desert, Gwadar Beach, tombs in Sindh and Punjab are very famous. Despite such a huge potential, the tourism sector in Pakistan has not been given its due rights and consideration. There is a big difference between demand and service delivery and departmental coordination.
Pakistan has been a favorite destination for tourists from all over the world. But its hospitality and tourism industry, which is perceived as a high-connectivity service, has not developed as much as expected. Despite its geography Significance and resources. Lack of opportunities and a vulnerable environment are the problems facing Pakistan's hospitality and tourism industry. There are many reasons behind this. Unfortunately, the historic, 9/11 attacks were followed by a long period of political instability in 2007 and the assassination of political leader Benazir Bhutto. Pakistan's tourism and hospitality industry has been badly affected. Pakistan is currently a victim of militancy And they are doing their best to eradicate the threat of terrorism and this threat from the country as soon as possible. In this scenario, Pakistan's hospitality and tourism industry faces some military and strategic issues that are undermining the competitiveness and stability of the sector.

 Problem Statement

According to the above paragraph, Pakistan seems to be a perfect place to be visited by the tourists but still, the tourist's arrival is decreasing day by day if we take into consideration the years from 2005 till 2020. The problem of this research determined the covid-19 situation all over the word suffering this disease and also decline tourists day by day.

Aim of the study
The aim of my thesis is to find the positive and negative reasons and factors that are affecting the Pakistan tourism industry and identify the cause of tourists' declining ratio. Find out the role of the government towards the development of this industry and suggest some strategies that can improve this sector.

 Significance and Objective of the Research

This thesis is done with a purpose (figure 2) to investigate the factors affecting tourism in both positive and negative way. Discover the hidden potential of the tourism industry. Another motivation behind this research is to examine and compare the economic effect of tourism in terms of money and job generation in our country as compared to the neighboring countries. The value of this research lies in the fact that besides Pakistan the survey/questionnaire was also carried out abroad in order to get the view of potential tourists living outside Pakistan. The results and views obtained from the survey/questionnaire can be used by the following departments.
• PTDC (Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation) so that they can improve and stimulate the tourism industry keeping in view the domestic and international tourist opinions about the country and locations.
• UNESCO Islamabad office working for the conservation and protection of world heritage sites in Pakistan.They can provide funds to the tourism authority and keep a check on projects.They can also market Pakistan's tourism industry to the outside world.
• The data will also be provided to media people to bring in to attention the views of foreigners about Pakistan so that they can promote the positive view of Pakistan to the outside world which people are unaware of and to doc


Complex chromosome rearrangements (CCRs) are rare genomic structural aberrations involving three or more breakpoints on two or more chromosomes. About one‐third of all CCRs are familial. Transmittance of such a CCR results either in genomic imbalance due to abnormal segregation at meiosis I or is stably passed on to the next generation. Here we present a phenotypically normal mother with a CCR involving chromosomes 1, 3, and 5 that gave birth to a phenotypically abnormal son. The boy presented with hypotonia, mild facial dysmorphisms, and severe intellectual disability. Conventional karyotyping revealed the same apparently balanced CCR as in the mother. However, by use of array‐comparative genome hybridization (array‐CGH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) we discovered that one of the derivative chromosomes in the patient contained a de novo rearrangement. It appears that during transmission of the CCR, an additional de novo deletion and duplication had arisen in one of the derivative chromosomes. We speculate that this was the result of the inverted duplication with a distal deletion mechanism. We also demonstrate the importance of high‐resolution breakpoint analysis in CCRs and stress that genetic counseling of a familial CCR is not straightforward. To our knowledge, this would be the first description of this mechanism operating on a structurally abnormal chromosome. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


The gluonic ghost pole has been instrumental in explaining the mass of the η and providing a plausible explanation for solving the spin crisis. We show that it also plays an important role in the description of photoand electroproduction of vector mesons at low energy and high momentum transfers. We calculate the axial ghost pole contribution to φ meson electromagnetic production in a model, which contains also a soft pomeron, and find agreement with recent CLAS data. Pacs: 12.40.Nn, 13.60.Le,13.88.+e


Background and Objectives:Plastic surgeons have generally avoided performing rhinoplasty in the presence of rhinosinusitis due to potential infection. For the otolaryngologist, concurrent rhinoplasty can produce increased periorbital swelling and ecchymosis, which can obscure the parameters used to monitor complications of the sinus procedure. But recent advances of endoscopic sinus surgery have made the simultaneous procedures safe in appropriately selected patient. The purpose of this report is to identify the indications and limitations of the simultaneous procedures. Materials and Method:Seven patients were treated by this combined modality and all were available for follow-up. There were 3 women and 4 men with a mean age of 35 years who underwent the combined procedure by the otolaryngologist. Results:Recurrence of sinusitis occurred in one patient, and another patient wanted revision rhinoplasty for cosmetic dissatisfaction. There were no other complications. Conclusion:Combined rhinoplasty and endoscopic sinus surgery can be performed safely and with good results in selected patients


The effects of various gasdynamic phenomena on the attenuation of an electromagnetic wave propagating through the hypervelocity flow field generated by an aerodynamic body, are numerically investigated. The reacting flow field around a blunt wedge; consisting of nitric oxide ions, free electrons, and other species; is simulated using a computational fluid dynamics computer code. The computer code solves the Navier-Stokes equations including a nonequilibrium air kinetics model consisting of seven species and twenty-six reactions, using a time-marching, explicit Runge-Kutta scheme. An electromagnetic wave, originating from within the wedge, is attenuated by the free electrons (plasma) in the chemically reacting flow. Attenuation analysis is performed separately (uncoupled) from the gasdynamic analysis using a series solution of Maxwell's equations valid for a long-wavelength plane wave and a thin (i.e., in comparison to wavelength) inhomogeneous plasma layer. The results of this computational study systematically demonstrate the importance of chemical kinetics, viscosity, mass diffusion, and wall boundary conditions (adiabatic, isothermal, catalytic) for computer modeling of electromagnetic wave attenuation due to an aerodynamic plasma. Comparison is made with experimental data.


This issue of Behaviour & Information Technology (BIT) is devoted to social interaction in cyber space. While thinking about this editorial (I like to let a topic simmer in my subconscious for a while), I visited the London Water and Steam Museum with one of my grandsons. This is a highly informative museum based in the old water treatment plant near Kew Bridge in London (http://www.waterandsteam.org.uk/). As it was half-term, there was a special display of model steam locomotives provided by the members of the local club for such enthusiasts. The standard of the models was very high and my grandson was fascinated but I could not help noticing that the enthusiasts were pretty close to my stereotype of what they would look like – mainly men, slightly unkempt and very serious about their models. I was reminded of a study some years ago on so-called computer addiction where the typical profile of the computer addict or geek was compared with such model railway enthusiasts, as well as train spotters and radio hams. However, one of the suggestions from that study was that computer geeks, like these other enthusiasts, were solitary and rather asocial individuals who preferred the reliability and impersonality of technology to the unpredictability of real people. Although it may have been possible to consider computer enthusiasts as asocial in the past, intensive computer users today are more likely to be 'addicted' to social media such as Facebook and Twitter rather than addicted to coding in isolation. Such people probably do exist outside films and TV programmes but for many people, computers are first and foremost a communications device rather than a computational device. Of course, we can argue about how genuine 'friends' on Facebook are but they are nonetheless real people and maintaining contact with them is a social activity. Maintaining such contacts is probably a good thing and it may even be that the impersonality of computer-mediated communication helps the socially less confident cope with the demands of society in a way which was not available a few years ago. Only time will tell whether social isolation is being reduced by information technology or whether seeing 'friends' apparently having a great time on Facebook makes matters worse. I suspect most people are not fooled by the kind of exaggerated boasting which takes place on social media, and (closer to home) the family newsletter at Christmas! Overall, I remain an optimist about the positive role of technology in our increasingly complex lives. Cyber spaces/social interactions Shahla Ghobadi from the Australian School of Business, University of New South Wales, Sydney Australia and Zahra Ghobadi from the School of Computer Science and Information Systems, IKI University, Iran, report a study on inequalities in the access to and use of ICT. Their paper draws upon the literature on the digital divide and explains how the four different access gaps (motivational, material, skills, and usage) interact and contribute to digital divide. Revealed causal mapping (RCM) was used to analyse the data collected from eight same-gender focus groups in four primary schools located in Iran. The revealed causal map demonstrated the interaction and linkages between different access gaps. The authors built a theoretical model that emphasised the centrality of motivational-related factors such as 'lack of interest in IT-related things' and 'lack of motivation to learn recent technology' as well as skillsrelated factors such as 'operating skills', 'anti-filtering skills', and 'lack of IT background'. Lutz Wartberg, Sonja Bröning, Kay-Uwe Petersen and Rainer Thomasius from the German Center for Addiction Research in Childhood and Adolescence, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, and Rudolf Kammerlb and Michaela Hauenschild from the Research Area of Media Pedagogy and Aesthetic Education, University of Hamburg, all in Hamburg, Germany, investigated gender differences in the consequences of adolescent Internet use. They surveyed a representative German quota sample of N = 1744 adolescents aged between 14 and 17 years and their caregivers with standardised questionnaires. Parents' reports showed significant differences between males and females in 8 out of 10 problem areas (summarised in a 'difficulties index', Cronbach's alpha = 0.89) caused by adolescent Internet use. According to parents' assessment, male adolescents neglected school obligations and friendships outside the Internet more frequently than female adolescents. Compared with girls, boys spent more time and money using the Internet, regarded media use as more important, set wrong priorities in selecting online content, and ran into cost traps or legal consequences. More parents of boys than of girls observed adverse effects on adolescents' physical and mental development. Both parents and adolescents consistently reported excessive media use more frequently for boys. By conducting a multiple linear regression analysis for the full sample, approximately one-third (34%) of the variance in the 'difficulties index' was explained by frequency of excessive Internet use. The


Nowadays, many robotic applications need autonomous decision-making capabilities. Among them, some make intensive use of planning. Yet, planning is an activity whose algorithmic complexity is often incompatible with the reactivity requirement of an exploration rover or a space probe. In past years, some planners have proven their ability to handle complex situations required by autonomous systems. Some of these systems (e.g. RAXPS [Jonsson et al. 2000], CASPER [Chien et al. 2005]) have been deployed. The IxTeT planner1 [Ghallab & Laruelle 1994] was developed to handle such robotic planning problems. It was extended to handle complex resources [Laborie & Ghallab 1995], continuous domains and constraints between both atemporal and temporal variables [Trinquart & Ghallab 2001]. Further work [Lemai 2004] added a temporal executive to IxTeT. Reasoning about time is necessary to address these planning problems. The planner must be able to take into account strict deadlines, temporal windows for some tasks, durative actions, and durative goals. The STN2 [Dechter, Meiri, & Pearl 1991] formalism is often used in temporal planning because the requests on these networks are solved very efficiently by polynomial algorithms. Nowadays, an extension to uncertain constraints has been studied and a polynomial algorithm [Morris, Muscettola, & Vidal 2001] has been proposed. Actual robotic space exploration mission are very expensive, with a high requirement for quality scientific returns. During the MER mission, the use of MapGen has allowed a 25% increase of such returns [Rajan 2004]. In a fully autonomous planner, optimization can be made in two ways: finding directly one good plan or searching through the whole search space several plans to find the optimal one. Due to limited computational capacity, the second approach is often unreasonable. So we have to modify the planner to search for high quality solutions. New issues were raised while experimenting with IxTeT


The article describes the various stages of preparing and carrying out the reproduction of the famous ceiling of the Altamira caves. The Government of the German Federal Republic has presented to the people of Madrid this reproduction, which can be admired in the garden of the National Archaeological Museum.
This feat is one more example of the very high quality of German technology. It is also a most happy contribution to the preservation of art treasures, and it has served as a further opportunity of cooperation between German and Spanish technicians and artists.


The progress in the development of data mining techniques achieved in the recent years is gigantic. The collative data mining techniques makes the privacy preserving an important issue. The ultimate aim of the privacy preserving data mining is to extract relevant information from large amount of data base while protecting the sensitive information. The togetherness in the information retrieval with privacy and data quality is crucial. A detailed survey of the present methodologies for the association rule data mining and a review of the state of art method for privacy preserving association rule mining is presented in this paper. An analysis is provided based on the association rule mining algorithm techniques, objective measures, performance metrics and results achieved. The metrics and the short comings of the various existing technologies are also analysed. Finally, the authors present various research issues which can be useful for the researchers to accomplish further research on the privacy preserving association rule data mining.


Aligned nanowires are likely to be more suitable for applications in electronics and optoelectronics than randomly distributed nanowires. In this paper, by using a fast-heating-vapor-trapping (FHVT) method, we successfully synthesized aligned In2O3 nanobelt arrays on an Au-coated silicon substrate without the use of any templates. Studies found that the nanobelts exhibited unique bi-crystalline structures consisting of two single crystalline In2O3 nanobelts, most of which have the same growth direction along the [100] plane. Field-effect transistors were fabricated on the basis of single In2O3 nanowires and they exhibited typical n-type transistor performance, which showed a decent response to UV light exposure.


Dual- (or multiple) rear cameras on hand-held smartphones are believed to be the future of mobile photography. Recently, many of such new has been released (mainly with dual-rear cameras: one wide-angle and one telephoto). Some of the notable ones are Apple iPhone 7 and 8 Plus, iPhone X, Samsung Galaxy S9, LG V30, Huawei Mate 10. With built-in dual-camera systems, these devices are capable of not only producing better quality picture but also acquiring 3D stereo photos (with depth information collected). Thus, they are capable of capturing the moment in life with depth just like our two eye system. Thanks to this current trend, these phones are now getting cheaper while becoming more power complete. In this paper, we describe a system that makes use of the commercial dual rear-camera phones such as the iPhone X, to provide aids for people who are visually impaired. We propose a design to place the phone on the chest centre of the user who has one or two Bluetooth headphone(s) plugged into the ears to listen to the phone audio outputs. Our system is consist of three modules: (1) the scene context recognition to audio, (2) the 3D stereo reconstruction to audio, and (3) the interactive audio/voice controls. In slightly more detail, the wide-angle camera captures live photos to be investigated by a GPS guided Deep Learning process to describe the scene in front of him/herself (module 1). The telephoto camera captures the more narrow-angle and thus to be stereo reconstructed with the aids of the wide angle's one to form a depth map (densed area-based distance map). The map helps determine the distance to all visible object(s) to notify the user with critical ones (module 2). This module also makes the phone vibrate when an object(s) located close enough to the user, e.g. within hand reach distance. The user can also query the system by asking various questions to get automatic voice answering (module 3). In addition, a manual rescue module (module 4) is also added when other things have gone wrong. An example of the vision to audio could be "Overall, likely a corridor, one medium object is 0.5 m away - central left", or "Overall, city pathway, front cleared". Audio command input may be "read texts", and the phone will detect and read all texts on closest object. More details on the design and implementation are further described in this paper.


Two known (1 and 2) and four new (3-6) diterpenes named oidiolactones A-F, respectively, and the antibiotic cladosporin were isolated from the fungus Oidiodendron truncata. The structure determination was mainly based on 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The structures of compound 4, displaying an equilibrium between open-chain and cyclized form, and of cladosporin were confirmed by X-ray analysis.


The utility model discloses a suspension rail conveyor, which relates to combination of a belt material conveying system and the rail conveying technology, embodies continuous conveying characteristics of belt conveying and low energy consumption characteristics of rail transport, and changes the mode of the traditional belt conveying system utilizing carrier rollers to support a belt. By the aid of existing conveying system driving and controlling technology, a set of annular guide rail system is arranged on each of two sides of each of conveying belts, annular box-type rails are matched with the conveying belts to twist and return along a driving drum, the suspension conveying belts are connected with suspension pulley blocks which are used for suspending the suspension conveying belts and supplying suspension support, each suspension conveying belt naturally drops to form a U shape to bear materials under the gravity action, the driving drum is used for supplying power for driving the suspension conveying belts to rotate, the suspension pulleys are driven to be in rolling operation along the annular box-type rails under the drive of the suspension conveying belts, so that materials are conveyed, carrier rollers in operation sections are omitted, energy saving effect is obvious, and steering of single conveying system can be realized.


Relations between the Chinese and the French continue to develop in all aspects. Therefore, questions relating to the cross-cultural aspect has gradually taken up the minds of especially those in charge of teaching French as a foreign language. Consideration of such cross-culturality can be pointed out in the modest contribution of various cultural aspects such as "Politeness", "Curtesy or its cultural routines" and "Different misunderstandings that are brought about in exolingual interactions". In order to carry out such a presentation, theoretical tools of pratice, conversational analysis and sociolinguistics have been looked at in perspective.


Although networks have been shown in many studies to be critical for the international development of firms, surprisingly few studies have focused on the influence of local networks and global netw ...


Aim: An adrenal incidentaloma (AI) is an adrenal mass incidentally found on an imaging study that was not performed to diagnose an adrenal problem. Incidental hepatic and renal masses are often seen in abdominal imaging; however, for this research we aimed to determine the frequencies and kinds of hepatic and renal incidental masses in patients with AIs. Material and Method: A retrospective evaluation of 381 AI patients (245 females and 136 males) and 285 control subjects (168 females and 117 males) was conducted. The adrenal masses were divided into two groups according to the Hounsfield unit (HU) scale (≤10 or >10) and classified as bilateral, right, or left sided. Hepatic or renal incidental masses and those with both were compared between AI patients and controls also; comparison was made within AI patients. Results: The incidental renal mass frequency and both hepatic and renal incidental masses frequency were found to be higher in the AI group than in the controls. In those AI patients who had unilateral, bilateral, and left sided adrenal masses >10 HU, the frequencies of both hepatic and renal incidental masses were found to be greater than in the AI patients with masses ≤10 HU (p=0.001, 0.049, and 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: In AI patients with adrenal masses >10 HU, due to the increased frequencies of both hepatic and renal incidental masses, physicians should evaluate these cases carefully. Additional large studies are needed to define the incidence and follow-up of AI patients with hepatic and renal incidentalomas.


Soft variables, such as comfort and personal safety, are problematic in transportation planning. The problems soft variables create can be divided into three categories: (1) identifying the relevant variables, (2) measuring them on a scale that permits direct comparison one to the other and to time and cost, and (3) integrating them into a mathematical model that has predictive power. The author provides guidelines on how to address the first two problems, and then provides a new technique called conjoint measurement to measure the tradeoffs the public is willing to make between two variables. Conjoint measurement permits the creation of scales with interval properties and a common unit of measurement for soft and hard variables. The basic idea of conjoint measurement is that by providing subjects with stimuli from which to choose, inferences can be made about their value systems based on behavior rather than self-reports. The conjoint measurement technique and resulting data is described in detail. This procedure has been applied to diverse transportation problems, and conjoint measurement has predicted individual response preference at better than twice the level of chance.


Referred to by the publisher of a new daily sports newspaper of practices that a competing press group implemented for driving it from the market, the Competition Authority (AdlC) conducted an…


Aiming at the long time consumption and high cost of prototype GIB(Gas Insulated Bus)temperature-rise experiment,a method of comprehensive electromagnetic-temperature field simulation based on similarity theory and nondimensional correlation is proposed. The mathematical models of power loss,convection and radiation are established according to the governing equations and the nondimensional correlations,the temperature-rise similarity criteria of GIB multi-physical field is derived by similarity analysis and the similarity model is designed. Finite element method is applied to compare the current density,power loss,convective heat transfer coefficient and temperature distribution of conductor / tank between the prototype GIB and the similarity model for different load currents. They are also compared with the data of temperature-rise experiment,which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.


This paper follows the perception of enmity relations in the recent online contributions of 20 global intellectual 'superstars', such as Habermas, Klein, Žižek and others. We observed two, very general distinctions; the first one includes several geopolitical oppositions such as Germany vs. the rest of the EU, Russia vs. the West and national vs. supranational, while the second is between the majority and privileged few/elites. We argue that contemporary intellectuals are still influential public figures, and that their efforts are more directed at empowerment and reform of the societies through the existing system than at promoting and advocating alternatives to the existing neoliberal socio-economical order.


The ultrasound diagnostic system for displaying a Doppler spectrum image, the period setting unit for setting a fixed period for computing spectral Doppler components from ultrasound data obtained by transmitting and receiving ultrasound signals in the ultrasound diagnostic system to the target object; The ultrasonic calculating the spectral Doppler components from the period of the fixed data to acquire Doppler spectrum data for acquiring Doppler spectrum data unit; A storage unit for storing the Doppler spectrum data; A user input for receiving the sweep speed information from a user; Data control unit for adjusting the Doppler spectrum data by comparing the speed switch and the fixed cycle; And on the basis of the Doppler spectrum data of the control it includes a display for displaying a Doppler spectrum image. The Doppler spectrum image, the pulse repetition frequency (Pulse Repetition Frequency, PRF), a repetition period (Repetition Period, RP), spectral Doppler components, the sweep speed (Speed Sweep)


Single particle orientation correlation times are calculated for liquid state alkane chain molecules using a Zwanzig–Mori formulation of Fizman's equations of motion for stiff chains. The correlation times associated with first and second rank functions of the bond vectors sample overall tumbling of the molecule as well as the internal torsional dynamics. Torsional averaging is accomplished by means of the rotational isomeric model using a few different torsional energies. The results of this study are combined with our earlier work to analyze the chain length dependence of correlation times for two to six bond chains.


We carried out high-pressure resistivity and Hall-effect measurements in single crystals of CdTe and ZnTe up to 12 GPa. Slight changes of transport parameters in the zincblende phase of CdTe are consitent with the shallow character of donor impurities. Drastic changes in all the transport parameters of CdTe were found around 4 GPa, i.e. close to the onset of the cinnabar to rock-salt transition. In particular, the carrier concentration increases by more than five orders of magnitude. Additionally, an abrupt decrease of the resistivity was detected around 10 GPa. These results are discussed in comparison with optical, thermoelectric, and x-ray diffraction experiments. The metallic character of the Cmcm phase of CdTe is confirmed and a semi-metallic character is determined for the rock-salt phase. In zincblende ZnTe, the increase of the hole concentration by more than two orders of magnitude is proposed to be due to a deep-to-shallow transformation of the acceptor levels. Between 9 and 11 GPa, transport parameters are consistent with the semiconducting character of cinnabar ZnTe. A two orders of magnitude decrease of the resistivity and a carrier-type inversion occurs at 11 GPa, in agreement with the onset of the transition to the Cmcm phase of ZnTe. A metallic character for this phase is deduced.


Fecaloma is a mass of hardened faeces difficult to pass through the intestinal lumen. Due to various reasons, a bolus of fecal matter stagnates, accumulates and inspisates in the intestinal lumen, until it becomes big enough to cause intestinal obstruction. Though there are various predisposing factors for the formation of fecaloma but the actual cause of fecaloma formation is still unknown. Small gut fecalomas are very rare. Herein we are presenting a case of 50 year male who underwent laparotomy three times for small gut obstruction caused due to recurrent formation of small gut fecaloma. To our knowledge it is the first case report of recurrent small gut fecaloma obstruction to be reported.


'I commenced work on this history in November 1982 when I made my first trip to Bradshaw's Run. I was very impressed by the spectacular beauty of the country and by the isolation. My respect increased for those who settled that remote country, with, at times, not much more than their courage and determination. The main source for research was Bradshaw's Log book which gives full details of the running of a station. It is a typical diary written by men, in a man's pioneering world, as there is no mention of women, furniture, or the softer things of life." - Introduction


In 1949 there was in New Zealand a growing need for precise frequency measurements; a good frequency standard would be of use both scientifically and commercially. The Post and Telegraph Department asked the Dominion Physical Laboratory to set up a radio transmitter to give a signal whose frequency was stable and precisely known.


Postharvest longevity of some cut flowers is shortened by exposure to ethylene gas. Adverse effects of ethylene may be prevented by treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) gas. Responses of 14 different native Australian cut powers to 1-MCP and ethylene applied at concentrations of 10 nL.L-1 and 10 mu L.L-1, respectively, were examined. Each gas was applied alone for 12 hours at 20 degrees C and they were also applied in series. Vase lives of Ceratopetalum gummiferum, Chamelaucium uncinatum, Grevillea 'Kay Williams' and 'Misty Pink', Leptospermum petersonii, Telopea 'Shady Lady', and Verticordia nitens were reduced by ethylene treatment. Treatment with 1-MCP generally protected these cut flowers against subsequent exposure to ethylene. The 1-MCP treatment usually did not extend their vase lives in the absence of exogenous ethylene.


Studies of vowels in Hong Kong English (HKE) have revealed that it has diphthongs which are not dissimilar from British English (BrE). However, impressionistically, diphthongs in HKE can and do sound different. This paper looks at two perceptual phenomena: monophthongisation of GOAT; and coda consonant loss in words containing closing diphthongs followed by a geminate alveolar plosive. We indicate that patterns of production exist which could cause problems of intelligibility for listeners who are less familiar with the variety.


The paper introduces a notion of a context institution. The notion is explicitly illustrated by two standard examples. Morphism between context institutions are introduced, thus yielding a category of context institutions. Some expected constructions on context institutions are presented as functors from this category. The potential usefulness of these notions is illustrated by one such a construction, yielding a Hoare logic for an arbitrary small context institution satisfying mild extra assumptions .


mine the usefulness of this biography for undergraduates and casual readers. For example, in the chapter dealing with events during and after 1905, Cockfield informs us that when Prince P. D. Sviatopolk-Mirskii was replaced by A. G. Bulygin as minister of internal affairs in February 1905, the Social Revolutionary Party (not the Socialist Revolutionary Party) assassinated V K. von Plehve, the head of the police! Since the Socialist Revolutionaries assassinated Minister of Internal Affairs Plehve in July 1904, the event that led to Mirskii's appointment, it is unclear to what incident Cockfield refers. Several pages later, in his discussion of Nikolai Mikhailovich's attitudes toward the third Duma, Cockfield informs us that at the outset of the third Duma in 1908 when Aleksandr Guchkov was elected president of the Duma, Nikolai Mikhailovich believed it was "a positive sign" and that Guchkov "would be able to forge a rather powerful Center-Right coalition to dominate whatever other coalitions might be produced" (127). Unfortunately, Guchkov was actually elected to his position in 1910 and resigned in 1911 in the wake of the western zemstvo scandal. We learn from Cockfield that Nikolai Mikhailovich was heavily involved in this "political imbroglio," and he claims that the grand duke believed his intervention played a role in saving Prime Minister P. A. Stolypin's position. Cockfield explains that the bill in question attempted to extend the zemstvo "to the six provinces of western Russia, what was primarily Poland" (127). Although Polish nobles were the major landowners in these provinces that came under Russian control during the eighteenth-century partitions of Poland, the provinces in question were not part of Poland proper, and Poles constituted a minority of the local population. Such language is careless and in this as well as almost all the sections of this volume containing narratives pertaining to the political or social conditions that sparked Nikolai Mikhailovich's comments or activities, the author provides few dates, and almost no references or notes to the secondary works covering the period, which he presumably consulted, for they are included in his bibliography. The final chapters covering the 1917 revolution and its aftermath follow a similar pattern. Although the material reconstructing Nikolai Mikhailovich's life is most informative and even fascinating, as we follow Nikolai Mikhailovich's acceptance of the February revolution, his optimism about the Provisional Government, and his support for Aleksandr Kerenskii, Cockfield often infuses his narrative with simplistic generalizations about events that deserve a much more careful and nuanced retelling. We can learn a great deal from Cockfield's reconstruction of Nikolai Mikhailovich's life and his immediate family. Unfortunately, because this volume, which should mark an important contribution to scholarship, is marred by errors of fact and careless narrative, it has to be approached very carefully.


The reinforcement of good faith education among college and university students plays a significant role in the construction of harmonious socialist society and the fostering of college and university students.Through the analysis of the current status of and reasons for good faith crisis among college and university students,countermeasures are put forward to settle the problem of good faith among college and university students compatible with the reality of ideological and political education in colleges and universities.


This article reviews the approach taken by Chinese courts when refusing the recognition and enforcement of international arbitral awards on the grounds of public policy. It also explores the scope and content of public policy in the context of Chinese law. The main finding of the article is that the Chinese courts generally adopt a restrictive approach in interpreting public policy which broadly reflects international developments on the issue. However, there still exist a number of shortcomings that could be improved in the future.


Compressive sensing (CS) has been successfully used in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging and shows the great potential. However, the existing CS-based SAR models assume the exact mathematical model of the observation process. In practice, the inaccuracy in the observation model will cause various degradation in the reconstructed SAR images, especially in the frequencies of millimeter-wave or terahertz-waves. In this paper, a method is proposed to compensate the observation position errors in CS-based radar imaging. It uses an iterative algorithm, which cycles through steps of target reconstruction and observation position error estimation. A sparse Bayesian recovering method named the expansion-compression variance-component based method (ExCoV) is used for image reconstruction. The proposed method can estimate the observation position errors accurately, and the reconstruction quality of the target images can be improved significantly. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Wireless sensor networks (WSN) contain tiny, lightweight nodes that are highly distributed and organized in large number through wireless links that cooperate with each other in order to sense phenomena, collect and process data and transmit sensed information to the user. Many applications of WSNs require the knowledge of nodes location. Therefore, algorithms that can compute the location of sensor nodes within a WSN are needed. The process of determining the geographical positions of sensors is known as localization. This Paper presents a survey on localization techniques. Here in this paper Range based techniques are discussed in detail. The comparison of various range based techniques is also discussed here.


The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European center for high energy research (CERN) near Geneva, Switzerland, has been designed to collide protons with the highest center of mass energies (s = 14 TeV) and luminosities (up to 1034 cm−2 s−1) for any particle collider to date. The main physics goal at this accelerator and its two multi‐purpose experiments ATLAS and CMS is the discovery of the Standard Model Higgs boson, which is expected within an integrated luminosity ∫ L dt = 10 fb−1, or the first three years of collisions, in the mass range of 115–180 GeV. In addition, measurements of Standard Model parameters like the W boson mass mW and top quark mass mt are possible at high precision, with δmW⩽15 MeV and δmt⩽1 GeV. Illumination of new, yet unexplored kinematic domains in proton‐proton collisions allows exploration of an enormous parameter space of new physics models beyond the Standard Model, including a possible early discovery of supersymmetry within ∫ L dt = 1 fb−1.


Corrosion resistance, conductivity, and durability is excellent in physical properties of the metal separator for a fuel cell plates and discloses a method of manufacturing the same. A fuel cell metal separation according to the invention plate includes a coating layer formed on the base metal and the base metal forming a separate plate-like, and the coating layer to the thickness according carbon element (C) and a metal element (Me) that the concentration being of the slope, the farther from the base metal and the C-enrich, the closer toward the base metal it characterized in that the Me-enrich.


The freedom of financing is part of the meaning of economic freedom,and is also meaningful for solving the difficulty of fundraising for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises(SME).But the call for legitimizing non-governmental financing is confronted with the dilemma of financial monopoly and social stability.Therefore,to break through,there needs to be effective arrangements of mechanism between the market and the government,and financial law system based on autonomy of private law.


In the analyses of severe accidents of nuclear power plants,it is very important to study molten-fuel-coolant-interactions.In the paper,the motion images of molten stannum in water and the pressure wave were obtained in different conditions,which are different temperatures of the molten stannum,different temperatures of the water and different diameters of the molten stannum,by using the high-speed camcorder and the pressure sensor.Furthermore,the process of the interactions was considered.


Novel, biodegradable poly(ester amine)s (PEAs) were synthesized using hydrophobic polycaprolactone diacrylate (PCLDA) and highly cationic polyethylenimine (PEI). This novel gene carrier can form stable DNA complexes with particle sizes around 200 nm, and showing excellent transfection efficiency and relatively low cytotoxicity compared with PEI 25K. Effect of hydrophobicity on transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity was profound and was relatively important parameter for the success of gene delivery.


This paper investigates the strategies and priorities to identify the critical indicators for the protection of the environment and ecosystem in the mountain regions of southwest Saudi Arabia, considering the natural resources, renewable energy potential, local economy, urban development issues, and compatibility with the Saudi Vision 2030. The southern region of the country is characterized as having cooler climatic conditions than the other regions of Saudi Arabia and is rich in natural resources and renewable energy potential. It also has potential in the sectors of agriculture, forests, and animal production, and the region's heritage is valuable for its tourism industry. During the past years, the region is experiencing a misbalance in its resources and population due to a quick increase in urban development. It is seen that there has been no strategy in place for the management of development. Hence, it is important to establish a framework designed to manage urban planning and sprawl that considers the topographical conditions, wildlife and forest protection, and investment in natural and renewable resources. This study employs a focus group approach to investigate these issues. Different expert panels were invited to Al-Baha University in December 2019 to discuss the sustainable development priorities of Saudi Arabia's southern regions. These included decision-makers from governmental sectors, and academics from the university's faculties of engineering, economics, sciences, and social sciences. The study highlights the issues of urban sprawl management in cities that impact the environmental conditions and wildlife habitat, concluding that the agriculture and tourism industries are the most important factors that should be targeted by developers in the southwestern regions of the country.


Financial stability and Sukuk expanded swiftly into the financial industry after the 2007-2008 global financial turmoil. Malaysia's Sukuk market is arguably the most prominent in Islamic finance globally, and its inherent nature gives it a better security on the premise of guaranteed firms' financial stability and returns to investors. This study aims to explore the extent of the Malaysian firms' financial stability are being influenced by the characteristics of Sukuk and also the firms' characteristics. Sixty-one listed companies that have issued Sukuk from 1997 to 2017 have been selected for this study. The nave distance to default (DD) developed by Bharath and Shumway was used as a measure of the firms' financial stability. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) was employed in this study, and the results confirmed that Sukuk could promote the firms' financial stability. The variables related to the characteristics of Sukuk that were found to influence financial stability were the intensity of Sukuk and the proportion of Sukuk financing. The firm size, valuation, solvency, and profitability were the firms' characteristics that have also affected the firms' financial stability significantly. All these provide evidences that Malaysia should play more active role in promoting the development of Sukuk market, and at the same time should be aware that financial stability is a systematic element which involved many complex factors.


We have successfully aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in patterns with nanoscale width, micron-scale length and controllable pitch on SiO2/Si substrates using a poly(dimethysiloxane) (PDMS) microchannel mold. The microchanneled mold was patterned with a funnel-shaped channel to minimize nanotube jamming during capillary-driven inflow. Two (i.e. pre- and post-capillary) gas blows were employed to improve nanotube alignment. The fluidically pre-aligned carbon nanotubes were 'gas-spun' into a long 20 nm wide pattern, significantly narrower than the fluidic pre-alignment channel. These narrow and long aligned SWNT patterns were successfully transferred to a pair of gold electrodes spaced 15 µm apart. The performance of the carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNTFET) fabricated by this technique was evaluated.


I n t h e contemporary market ing r e sea rch course , t h e r e is a n abundance of in fo rma t ion t o b e presented . Included i s t h e n a t u r e of r e s e a r c h and its t h e o r e t i c a l underpinnings; t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s between theories-models, proposit ions-hypotheses and concepts -var iab les ; problem d e f i n i t i o n and research des ign; s c a l i n g and measurement; types of da t a and v a r i a b l e s ; techniques of d a t a c o l l e c t i o n ; sampling approaches; d a t a a n a l y s i s i n u n i v a r i a t e and m u l t i var ia te modes; p r e s e n t a t i o n of r e s u l t s and r e p o r t i n g ; e t h i c a l i s s u e s ; and o t h e r t o p i c s . p r e s e n t t h e essent ia l course con ten t i n one semester, l e t a l o n e i n two semesters. Given the wide expanse of con ten t , i t is i n c r e a s i n g l y d i f f i c u l t t o


1. (a) Using the Principle of Optimality, we can express L j recursively as L j =      1 if j = 1, Of course the values of A j and B j must be maintained in this recursive definition (that is, which of the various possibilities in the max was maximum with the lowest value of A j and what the corresponding value of B j is). Without the hint, we might be tempted to express the recurrence looking at all increasing subsequences that have a i as a member, recursively obtain longest increasing subsequences on the left and on the right, and the choose the combination with the overall maximum length. Writing the recurrence (and hence recursive code) is tricky because the element we insist on, a i , must be larger than the largest element of the increasing subsequence on the left and smaller than the least element of the increasing subsequence on the right. This approach would mean adding two parameters to the recurrence so that it works out properly—a value that is an upper bound for a possible left increasing sequence and a a value that is a lower bound for a possible right increasing sequence. (b) Let c j be the rate of growth of the cost of evaluating L j using the recurrence in (a). We have c j =    1 if j = 1, 1 + 1≤i<j c i otherwise. Looking at the difference between successive values (as we did in the Quicksort recurrence to eliminate the summation), we find that c j − c j−1 = c j−1 implying c j = 2c j−1 and hence c j = 2 j−1 ; we could also guess at this solution by computing the first few values and then verifying the guess by induction. Thus computing L n would cost Θ(2 n). (c) Following the hint, to memoize (a) we use an array L[j] to tell us the length of the LIS among a 1 , a 2 ,. .. , a j , an array A[j] to tell us the index of the smallest possible largest (last) element of the LIS among a 1 , a 2 ,. .. , a j , and an array B[j] to tell us the index of


An urban park space map,a road network map and a watershed map were used as the basic landscape data.Under the support of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) ,based on the concept and principle of landscape accessibility,using a cost weighted distance analysis method,the space distribution characteristics,accessibility and causes of park greenland in Nanchang were analyzed.Time equiv-alent graphs of the park accessibility were generated.The analysis if the generated diagrams showed that the park green space distribution of Nan-chang was not balanced and unreasonable.Park accessibility was well,with some difference.The accessibility in north of Nanchang was better than that in the south of Nanchang.The few parks needed residents to drive to.The accessibility analysis of urban green space was an important ways to weight the social equity of the service function of urban green space.Therefore,accessibility analysis of urban park will enrich the core index system of urban green space evaluation in China and provide a scientific basis and reference for the reasonable planning and layout of urban green space for urban planners and builders.


Recently, CM contracts have been remarkably increased through the efforts of the interested parties in domestic. However, continuos increase in the amount of CM contracts is skeptical due to the lack of information regarding the effectiveness of CM method and studies designed to differentiate CM method from construction Supervision as well. Both of them are main research areas to expedite CM method in domestic by enabling owners to understand the CM services. Along with this, an urgent waterways recovery construction project to which CM method was applied has been chosen as a best practice by the board of audit and inspection based on its excellence of the performance. In order to understand the effectiveness of CM services in the type of urgent waterways construction recovery project, a comparison study between the CM project and 4 other projects (two of them use construction Supervision and the rest use CM only in construction phase) is conducted based on the two Key Performance Indicators (KPIs): construction cost growth and construction schedule growth. This study indicates that CM method could be more effectively used by meeting the project needs especially in schedule aspect than cost aspect. In addition, the effectiveness of CM services in urgent water-way recovery construction project has been understood by closely examining the relationship between the KPIs and CM services.


We present the design of an anthropomorphic finger prototype. In this artificial finger, the actuators are electric pistons, whose main component is a shape memory alloy (SMA) spring. The artificial finger presents three independent degrees of freedom (DOF) for the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints, respectively. The paper outlines the kinematic and structural characteristics of the finger. The main goal pursued during the development of the finger has been that of designing a small and lightweight dextrous gripper with anthropomorphic kinematics, which could be easily ported and installed even on small robot hands. We propose to use a physical anthropomorphic finger to demonstrate and validate a neural controller based on biological models. The neural controller applies a strategy of trajectory control using the vector integration to endpoint (VITE) model, which exhibits key kinematic properties of human movements, including asymmetric bell-shaped velocity profiles. The VITE model is used to compute the desired joint movement trajectories by smoothly interpolating between initial and final muscle length commands for the antagonist muscles involved in the movement. The rate of interpolation is controlled by the product of a difference vector which continuously computes the difference between the desired and present position of the finger, and a volitional movement gating signal. Experimental performance results in the time domain are presented, and directions for future research are discussed.


PdCl2(PhCN)2–SnCl2, bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) [Ni(cod)2]/PPh3–Zn, NiBr2(PPh3)2–Zn, or Pd(OAc)2/PPh3–Zn catalytic systems induced aldol-type condensation of isopropenyl acetate with aldehydes to produce 4-substituted (E)-3-buten-2-ones. PdCl2(PhCN)2–SnCl2 was utilized in the aldol-type reaction with any arenecarbaldehyde, bearing either an electron-donating group or an electron-withdrawing group, at 50 °C in acetonitrile. Catalytic systems using zinc, in particular Ni(cod)2/PPh3–Zn, exhibited some high chemoselectivities at 60 °C in dioxane: (1) an aldehyde only reacted in the presence of an internal ester or ketone, (2) olefinic aldehydes only reacted in the presence of saturated aliphatic aldehydes, (3) reactivity in the condensation with substituted benzaldehydes is the inverse of that in usual nucleophilic addition to carbonyl compound, and (4) 2-methoxybenzaldehyde only reacted in the presence of 4-methoxybenzaldehyde. Using PdCl2(PhCN)2–SnCl2, Ni(cod)2/PPh3–Zn, or Pd(OAc)2/PPh3–Zn, cyclic enol...


Objective To explore the relationship between insulin sensitivity and uncoupling protein gene(UCP) mRNA expression in high-fat rat model of insulin resistance. Methods Twenty Wistar rats were randomly divided into to general feed group(n=10) and high-fat feed group(n=10). The model of insulin resistance was made by feeding high-fat. In the experimental study, the change of insulin sensitivity was valued by euglycomic-hyperinsulin clamp and the change of UCP mRNA in liver and muscle was measured by using RT-PCR. Results In the high-fat feed group, the body weight of animal was increased significantly; glucose disposal rate was reduced significantly(GIR, 28.03±8.02 vs 9.89±3.28, P 0.01); and the expression of UCP-2 mRNA in liver and UCP-3 mRNA in muscle decreased remarkably(0.63±0.18 vs 0.43±0.15, P 0.05;1.22±0.24 vs 0.78±0.17, P 0.01). Conclusions The high-fat diet can result in the reduced insulin sensitivity. Its causes may be related with the decreased UCPs gene mRNA expression.


The COVID-19 pandemic has severely curtailed international migration through border closures and forced millions of people to return home to their homelands. The harsh measures taken by the countries of the world to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic provoked a severe crisis in the world economy and affected all areas of people's daily lives, regardless of their social status and status. The main restrictions affected migration mobility and politics due to the fact that the main goal of states has become the minimization of personal contacts of the population to control the further spread of the virus by closing borders and stopping or reducing transportation by all modes of transport. These actions led to significant changes in global migration processes, as many countries closed their borders without the possibility for migrants and their populations to leave them or return to their homeland. The ineffectiveness of many areas of the economy, where migrants worked, led to mass dismissals and, as a result, to a lack of funds both for returning home and for living in the country of residence.
The crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial role that social protection plays in overcoming severe social and economic crises, as well as the importance of introducing a minimum level of social protection for all, including migrant workers.
The pandemic and its economic effects carry risks of stigmatization and discrimination against migrant workers in both destination and origin countries. Countries should systematically monitor cases of discrimination and hate speech against migrant workers. The governments of the countries should also take care of systematically informing citizens about the positive aspects of labor migration. For countries, it can be an emphasis on the role of labor migrants in critically important areas, such as agricultural industry, logistics, transport, medicine, and critical services.


Again, we would like to thank William Minervini for his very comprehensive and thorough review of our papers. He has raised some excellent and valid points in his discussion of this paper. We acknowledge that we should have obtained more data on inflow total nitrogen (TN) speciation. Unfortunately, our experimental focus was originally directed more toward phosphorus (P) retention, and budget constraints precluded measurements of all N species. It wasn't until after data were collected that our literature review suggested the importance of differentiating the Discussions and Closures


In the European Union (EU) the household sector is directly responsible for one quarter of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and this share is increasing. People's concern about climate change and climate-friendly behaviour could significantly mitigate emission levels. However, there is a lack of studies related to how changes in climate change concern, personal responsibility and climate-friendly behaviour contribute to household GHG emissions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse whether the changes in concern, personal responsibility and climate-friendly behaviour affected the EU household sector total (HGHG), heating/cooling and transport activities GHG emissions from the Paris Agreement until the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic in the EU in 2019. Results showed that household changes in choice of green energy supplier significantly reduced, and changes in insulation of home to reduce energy consumption and heating degree days significantly increased the GHG emissions in household sector. Considering the heating/cooling sector, changes in choice of green energy supplier significantly influenced the reduction of GHG emissions. Meanwhile only changes in climate change concern significantly influenced the reduction of transport activities GHG emissions. Therefore, this study provides a new insight for policymakers how to reduce GHG emissions in the household sector.


In 1922 the Irish Free State began life with a constitution which embodied two contradictory principles. The first recognized that all powers of government derive from the people and provided for a system of government in which the Irish Cabinet was clearly responsible to the popularly elected Irish lower house, Dail Eireann. The second recognized a monarch, King George V, as head of the Irish executive, with substantial prerogative powers derived not from the Irish people but from British common law. The constitution was a compromise between Britain and Irish republicans to end the Irish War of Independence. Though not every compromise in politics makes complete sense, for Britain this one represented more than a short-range expedient. Its contradictions represented the dying gasp in a long, often anguished, and ultimately futile attempt by Britain to devise a formula which would simultaneously permit the Irish a measure of selfgovernment and protect vital British interests in Ireland. This essay will review the attempts to construct a satisfactory Anglo-Irish relationship in the years between 1782 and 1949. It will concentrate on four models of government proposed for Ireland: (a) the independent Irish Parliament of the period from 1782 to 1800, (b) O'Connell's proposals to repeal the union with Britain in the 1830s and 1840s, (c) the devolution proposed in the home rule bills of 1886, 1893, 1912, and the Government of Ireland Act of 1920, and (d) the independence provided in the Irish Free State constitution of 1922 and its successor, the Irish constitution of 1937. It will also place these models in the context of the constitutional evolution of the British Empire. In the Canadian, New Zealand, Australian, and South African colonies, colonial self-government and British imperial interests were reconciled, beginning in Nova Scotia in 1848, by using a kind of constitutional double-think involving the Crown and the colonial Governor. But the problem of the troubled Anglo-Irish relationship could not be resolved so easily. The belief that Ireland should be subordinated to British interests can reasonably be said to have begun in 1171 when Henry II of England travelled to Ireland to prevent the establishment there of a Norman-Irish kingdom which might rival Norman rule in England. He did not absorb Ireland into England and the conquest of Ireland was not completed until the early years of the seventeenth century. By then Ireland had already developed its own political institutions. In 1264, for