The title of Gladys Swain's 1975 doctoral thesis inmedicine was "La question de la naissance de la psychiatrie au début du XIXe siècle" ["The Question of the Birth of Psychiatry in the Early Nineteenth Century"]—altogether less resounding and more descriptive than that chosen for the book introduced here forty years after its publication. Le sujet de la folie ["The Subject of Madness"] appeared in a series published by Privat and edited by the history-minded psychiatrists Jacques Postel and Jacques Corrèze. It was the first actual work of history in that series; twelve preceding volumes had been no more than republications, with new introductions, of works— by Esquirol, Kraepelin, Charcot, Lasègue, Georget, Binet, Freud, and others—that had marked the origins and development of psychiatry, the idea being to show and make use of their value as primary sources. The book was reviewed in Isis in 1979 by Dora B. Weiner, who would herself, at the end of the 1990s, publishComprendre et soigner: Philippe Pinel (1745–1826): Lamédecine de l'esprit, largely inspired by Swain's reflections. Weiner wrote that Swain's prose had "a futuristic and American look"—which remains quite an elliptical characterization by an Italian reading French, as I am—and she hoped "it may tempt a translator." This translation never came, though American readers might have come to know Swain by way ofMadness and Democracy: The Modern Psychiatric Universe, the English translation of La pratique de l'esprit humain: L'institution asilaire et la révolution démocratique, a volume coauthored with Marcel Gauchet, which widened and politicized her earlier reflections. Gladys Swain's work was that of a historian through and through: she searched sources thoroughly, reading and comparing texts and other relevant documents; her descriptions never failed to lead to interpretation; she assumed a longue durée perspective and made every effort to deconstruct the myths, ancient and modern, that haunt psychiatry and its history. Combing through the texts, giving a detailed account of the personal, professional, and institutional networks that marked the field of "alienism" in its beginnings, Swain was at pains to construct an intellectual history—or, more precisely, a history of the savoir psychiatrique that would take its place in a French-style history of ideas and would aim to explain the enigma of the subject of madness and its emergence at the start of the nineteenth century.


By determining the change of land use characteristics over the years, changes in urban growth and land use can be revealed. Monitoring of the change in the land cover allows for better protection of forest areas as well as efficient agricultural areas and regular urbanization. Corine System is one of the commonly used methods for the determination of land use. This system established by the European Union countries, is used by Turkey. In this study, using the Corine System, changes in urban growth and land use in Mersin province between 1990-2018 were determined. Based on the Corine System, simplification was made in the classification. Thus, the change in the land was tried to be revealed more clearly. The changes in land cover in Mersin province have been tried to be presented based on 15 classes considering 1990, 2000 and 2018. Within the scope of the study, the reasons and consequences of the changes occurring in these periods are emphasized. As a result, the changes occurring in the 28 years in the land cover examined in 3 periods are presented within the frame of visual and measurement values. It has been observed that residential areas in Mersin are getting bigger and bigger. Planning for the future in Mersin should be made by considering these changes in land cover.


The purpose of the research. The purpose of the article is to study the main aspects of the concept of asset securitization as a financial innovation, determine the marketing assessment of financial innovations of a bank and clarify the relationship between financial innovation of a banking institution and the level of marketing research in this area. Methodology. The article was prepared using general and special methods of scientific research of economic processes, in particular, system, resource, innovation, income approaches, methods of comparison, grouping, detailing, generalization, typology, and the like. Results. The article investigates the theoretical foundations of the functioning and development of asset securitization, analyzes the process of securitization of financial assets, examines the purpose of each participant in the process. The marketing estimation of efficiency and expediency of using securitization of assets as financing techniques from the point of view of potential originators is highlighted. Securitization, of course, is becoming one of the main sources of financing for companies and banking institutions all over the world. European countries are competing to create the most favorable legal framework for securitization transactions. Despite the dynamic development of securitization, its basic principles, goals and structural elements remain unchanged. Practical meaning. It has been proved that the existence of some flows of payments generated by financial assets and their direct connection with payments received by investors constitute an important constructive element of asset securitization. The prospects for further authors' research relate to the applied aspects of a market valuation, asset selection and pool formation that will generate the required flow of payments for servicing securities can be considered as the main phase of securitization of assets.


The main aim of the paper was to assess the determinants of ICT adoption on supply chain performance with Bamburi Cement Kenya Limited as the case study. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. Due to the homogeneity of the target population, a simple random sampling technique was used to select 80 respondents. Questionnaires were the major instrument for data collection. Data collected was analyzed by use of the SPSS software Version 23 for both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results from the analysis indicated that top management support and buyer/supplier integration have a positive and significant effect on supply chain performance. It is recommended for the top management to have a high level of commitment to the use of ICT in the supply chain. Also, it is important for manufacturing firms to make use of IT to send tender specifications to suppliers and ensure that there is an electronic interaction with international and local new suppliers. Finally, there is a need for manufacturing firms to capitalize on ICT as it has the potential to reduce the cost incurred while sending information and during transportation.


This report is the outcome of a workshop that was commissioned by the Department of Energy's Climate and Environmental Sciences Division (CESD) to examine current and future data infrastructure requirements that would be foundational to achieving CESD's scientific mission goals. Over the past several years, data volumes in CESD disciplines have risen sharply to unprecedented levels (tens of petabytes). So too has the complexity and diversity of the research data (simulation, observation, and reanalysis) needing to be captured, stored, verified, analyzed, and integrated. With the trends of increased data volume (in the hundreds of petabytes), more complex analysis processes, and growing crossdisciplinary collaborations, it is timely to investigate whether the CESD community has the right computational and data support to realize the full scientific potential from its data collections. In recognition of the challenges, a partnership is forming across CESD and with national and international agencies to investigate the viability of creating an integrated, collaborative data infrastructure: a virtual laboratory. The overarching goal of this report is to identify the community's key data technology requirements and high-priority development needs for sustaining and growing their scientific discovery potential. The report also aims to map these requirements to existing solutions and tomore » identify gaps in current services, tools, and infrastructure that will need to be addressed in the short, medium, and long term so as not to impede scientific progress« less


The invention discloses a bubble removing water tank controlled through a water pump. The bubble removing water tank comprises a tank body, a cover plate and an ultrasonic device. The tank body and the cover plate are connected. The tank body is provided with a water outlet. The cover plate is provided with a water injection port. The water outlet is in sealing connection with a water conveying guide pipe. The water conveying guide pipe is provided with the water pump. The ultrasonic device is connected with the tank body. The ultrasonic device can emit ultrasonic waves into the tank body and comprises an ultrasonic transducer and an ultrasonic generation circuit. Electronic high frequency oscillation is generated through the ultrasonic generation circuit, the ultrasonic transducer converts electric signals to mechanical oscillation, and therefore bubbles in water can be effectively discharged, and the cavity rate of water is reduced. Through forward pumping and reverse pumping of the water pump, the water flow is accurately controlled, and liquid left in a water outlet guide pipe is recycled. According to the bubble removing water tank, the integral design is high in practicability and easy to achieve.


Long span bridge construction continues to increase around the world. For such bridges founded on caissons, it is very important to integrate the bottom of the caisson with the ground. In this study, a new method for grouting the gap below the bottom of a caisson, in which injection is accomplished simultaneously by means of multi distribution pipes, has been developed. Since visual verification during construction is very difficult for grout injected below large-footprint, offshore structure caissons, a full scale test is carried out on dry land in order to evaluate grout fluidity, segregation resistance, self leveling, compressive strength and injectability. In addition, an exclusive ship is manufactured for the construction at sea. Finally, an injection management system is developed to monitor the real time injection status automatically. This method was applied to the Busan-Geoje fixed link project.


The aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used in the evaluation of distance education activities for secondary and high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a four-stage approach, the Distance Education Opinion Scale (DEOS) was developed and field-tested with a total of 1,514 students. As a result of the Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA), a five-factor structure (sufficiency factor, learning factor, negative effect factor, comparison factor and attitude factor) with 24 items was obtained. The scale explains 53.732% of the total variance. The factor loads of the items in the scale are between 0.407 and 0.993. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed in order to test the accuracy of the structure revealed by EFA. According to CFA results, all fit indices were found to have acceptable values. The Cronbach's alpha reliability co-efficient of the five factors of the scale ranges between 0.777 and 0.895. The reliability for the whole scale was determined as 0.924. In conclusion, a valid and reliable five-factor DEOS is developed to measure the opinions of middle school and high school students regarding distance education during the pandemic period.


Adaptive extraction of principal components of a vector stochastic process is a topic currently receiving much attention. The authors propose a learning algorithm implemented on a neural-like network. This algorithm is shown to be superior to previous ones. The convergence of this algorithm can be proved, but only an outline of the proof is presented.<<ETX>>


In the article "Coping with COVID-19: learning from past pandemics to avoid pitfalls and panic" by Daniel T. Halperin, which appeared in the June 2020 issue (Volume 8, Issue 2), on page 1, the fourth sentence under the heading "Confusion and Panic Returns With This Pandemic," was changed to "Under such circumstances, fear is understandable and can help motivate behavior change. However, when fear becomes irrational or leads to panic, it often results in poor decision making and other unintended consequences." to avoid the incorrect implication that irrational fear can have a positive effect on motivating behavior change. The article has been corrected accordingly.


Abstract : On January 1, 1998, California will be the first state to deregulate its electricity industry. Deregulation is expected to reduce the high rates paid throughout the state by allowing competition, not regulators, to determine rates. Deregulation will dissolve the monopoly of the electricity industry by allowing customers to choose who will supply their electricity. Competition will emerge in the generation market, where transactions between consumers and suppliers will be free and open. Under regulation, most customers do not have a choice in their electricity supplier. Their supplier is usually determined by their geographic location. This thesis researches the differences between the regulated and deregulated rate structures and provides a cost comparison for a Navy organization classified as a large commercial/industrial user of electricity. There are many aspects of deregulation that are not yet determined, but the initial comparison indicates deregulation may save Navy installations money. If deregulation progresses as planned, additional future saving may occur.


I. Glass and Textiles. This paper deals with the changes in the condition of glass surfaces when rubbed with flexible materials, chiefly cotton, linen, and silk, of varying purity. The condition is ascertained by two different, but associated, properties :— (a) The electric charges displayed by the glass surfaces when rubbed on textiles or on one another. (b) The coefficient of friction found between two of them after being subjected to identical rubbing.


Introduction: Satisfaction can be defined as the extent of an individual's experience compared with his or her expectations . Patient satisfaction is a highly desirable outcome of clinical care in the hospital and may even be an element of health status itself . A satisfaction or dissatisfaction is a judgment on the quality of hospital care in all of its aspects. Whatever its strengths and limitations, patient satisfaction is an indicator that should be indispensable to the assessment of the quality of care in hospitals . Patient expectation is assessment to play a role in the process by which an outcome can be said to be satisfactory or unsatisfactory. Expectation has an important influence on patient's over all measurement of satisfaction with a health care experience . Some of the general expectations of patients include: the need to be listened to the need to receive clear explanation and instructions about their condition to be treated by staff who show care/concern/compassion and Abstract:


This project is a feasibility study into the successful implementation of a Road Safety Information System in the Czech Republic.


Study Objectives: This study evaluated how a family
history of diabetes moderates the effects of diabetes on anxiety, depression,
as well as sleep quality. Design: Outpatients with diabetes responded to
questionnaires on family history of diabetes, sleep quality, anxiety and depression.
Participants: Participants were recruited from the Captain James A. Lovell
Federal Health Care Center in North Chicago, Illinois. All participants were
adult males (n = 33) with ages
ranging from 50 to 88 and were diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. There
were 8 subjects without a family history of diabetes and 25 subjects with
family history of diabetes. Results: In comparison to those with a family
history of diabetes, patients without a family history of diabetes were found
to experience a poorer quality of sleep,
evaluated on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI] (t = 3.62, p = 0.001). Anxiety, depression, family history and the Interaction
of family history with depression were found to be significant predictors of
sleep quality (p informs and prepares these patients for the many unique
problems associated with diabetes thereby decreasing disease related anxiety
and depression.


Biometric person authentication comprises two tasks: the identification task (i.e., one-to-many matching) and the verification task (i.e., one-to-one matching). In this paper, we propose a loss function called batch hard contrastive loss (BHCn) for the deep learning-based verification task. For this purpose, we consider batch mining techniques developed in the identification task and translate them to the verification task. More specifically, inspired by batch mining triplet losses to learn a relative distance for the identification task, we propose BHCn to learn an absolute distance that better represents verification in general. Our method preserves the identity-agnostic nature of the contrastive loss by selecting the hardest pair of samples for each pair of identities in a batch instead of selecting the hardest pair for each sample. We validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in cross-view gait recognition using three networks: a lightweight input, structure, and output network we call GEI + CNN (Gait Energy Image Convolutional Neural Network) as well as the widely used GaitSet and GaitGL, which have sophisticated inputs, structures, and outputs. We trained these networks with the publicly available silhouette-based datasets, the OU-ISIR Gait Database Multi-View Large Population (OU-MVLP) dataset and the Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences Gait Database Multiview (CASIA-B) dataset. Experimental results show that the proposed BHCn outperforms other loss functions, such as a triplet loss with batch mining as well as the conventional contrastive loss.


We fit a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) to patient arrivals data, input as a discrete data trace, collected over many months. The processing of the data trace makes use of a simple binning technique, followed by clustering, before it is input into the Baum-Welch algorithm, which estimates the parameters of the underlying Markov chain's statetransition matrix. Upon convergence, the HMM is used to predict its own synthetic traces of patient arrivals, behaving as a fluid input model. Utilizing the Viterbi algorithm, one can decode the meaning of the hidden states of the HMM, further understanding the varying rate of patient arrivals at different times of the hospital schedule. The HMM is validated by comparing means, standard deviations and autocorrelation functions of raw and synthetic traces. Finally, an efficient set up is explored to provide optimal parameter initialization for the HMM, including choosing the number of hidden states. We conclude with a summary of our findings, comparing results with other work in the field, and proposals for future work.


In this article we introduce and analyze a new concept of BCC-filters in BCC-algebra. In addition, the relationship of this new concept with BCC-ideals has been analyzed also.


Zonisamide is an antiseizure medication that is indicated for adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial seizures. This medication is rarely used in the United States. An infrequent adverse effect of psychosis occurs in about 2% of patients taking zonisamide. This is a case report of a 34-year-old male on phenytoin who presented with psychosis symptoms approximately 10 months after starting adjunctive zonisamide.


Charles K Heffernan was born in County Kilkenny, the youngest child of two girls and four boys, of Patrick and Josephine Heffernan. His father was medical officer of health for the County of Kilkenny, Republic of Ireland.

Charles qualified as a medical practitioner at Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, in 1946. He became light heavyweight boxing champion for the British Army while stationed at Colchester in the Royal Army Medical Corps, 1946-8. …


The invention relates to a plug shell assembly and a plug with the same. The plug shell assembly comprises a plug shell and a coupling nut sleeved on the plug shell in a coaxially rotating way, wherein the coupling nut is provided with internal threads on the front end and is matched with the plug shell in an axial direction in an anti-dropping manner; a bumping post is arranged on the periphery of the plug shell; one end of the bumping post is assembled to the plug shell, and the other end of the bumping post is diverged and extended along a radial direction of the plug shell; the coupling nut is internally provided with a lock washer movably along an axial direction on the rear part of the bumping post; the lock washer is matched with the coupling nut in a rotating stoppage way and is provided with a V-shaped clamped slot or a clamped slot with a cutter head being in a V shape on the front side face; in two vertical walls of the clamped slot, the slope of an inner wall face of one vertical wall on the front part in a screwing direction of the coupling nut is larger than the slope of an inner wall face of the other vertical wall; and a corrugated spring is arranged between the rear side of the lock washer and the coupling nut in an ejecting way. The problem that the coupling nut is easy to loosen when the existing connector plug is used in vibration environment is solved.


A new type of ultrasound transducer based on piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducer (pMUT) technology was developed, which is called coupled piezoelectric bulk-micromachined ultrasound transducer (cPB-MUT). In this transducer technology the vibration of small pMUTs are coupled to the bulk silicon substrate through the vibration of water or any other dense medium; this produces a strong vibration in the entire substrate. CPB-MUT was designed for underwater applications such as underwater sensor networks and underwater communication in the range of 1-2 meters. A cPB-MUT with a resonance frequency of 33 kHz was fabricated. It is capable of producing about 210 Pa/V at 1cm underwater.


Internet of Things (IoT) applications, such as smart home or ambient-assisted living systems, promise useful services to end users. Most of these services rely heavily on sharing and aggregating information among devices, many times raising privacy concerns. Contrary to traditional systems, where privacy of each user is managed through well-defined policies, the scale, dynamism, and heterogeneity of the IoT systems make it impossible to specify privacy policies for all possible situations. Alternatively, this article argues that handling of privacy has to be reasoned by the IoT devices, depending on the norms, context, as well as the trust among entities. We present a technique, where an IoT device collects information from others, evaluates the trustworthiness of the information sources to decide the suitability of sharing information with others. We demonstrate the applicability of the technique over an IoT pilot study.


The shielding effectiveness (SE) of a metallic enclosure with double-layer frequency selective surface (DLFSS) has been calculated using a transmission line theory-based analytical formulation. The DLFSS layer placed on the front and back sides of the enclosure consists of a Greek cross aperture array. The equivalent circuit method and an empirical method are used to calculate the impedance of the Greek cross FSS. Then, the SE is calculated for various incidence and polarization angles. Calculated results are compared with the measured and numerical simulation results.


Film cooling experiments with sonic injection were conducted to investigate the effects of the number of the injection holes,the mass flow ratio,and the hole spacing on the film cooling effectiveness.The mainstream was obtained by the hydrogen-oxygen combustion,entering the experimental section at a Mach number of 2.0.The nitrogen with ambient temperature was injected into the experimental section at a sonic speed.The measured mainstream recovery temperature was approximately 910K.The mass flow ratio was regulated by varying the nitrogen injection pressure.The experimental results show that for the investigated cooling surface,the cooling effectiveness increases with the increase in the number of the injection holes with other parameters held constant.For a fixed cooling configuration,the cooling effectiveness increases with the increase in the mass flow ratio.Different from the subsonic film cooling,the optimal mass flow ratio is not observed.When the hole spacing is less than 4,no obvious difference is observed on the cooling effectiveness and lateral uniformity.With the mass flow ratio increasing further,this difference becomes much smaller.The shock wave also has an effect on the cooling effectiveness.Downstream the incident point of the shock wave,the cooling effectiveness is lower than that in the case without the shock wave.


The existing computer virus propagation models are mainly SIR/SDIR models based on epidemiology.These models are considered by the viewpoint of computer nodes connection and can not accurately quantify the loss aroused by virus propagation.The proposed model,which analyzes game between regular users and potential attackers,gives formulas of the expected cost of normal users and the expected profit of potential attackers.Simulation results show that the model can better simulate the propagation trend of computer virus.


Equine serum and secretions were found to contain a protein which cross-reacted with an antiserum against human IgA, but not with antisera against any other human immunoglobulin. The physicochemical properties of equine IgA resembled those of human IgA. IgA was found to be the immunoglobulin having the highest secretion vs serum concentration ratio in equine lacteal and salivary secretions, and to be the protein produced by the majority of immunoglobulin-containing cells in the lamina propria of the equine intestine.


Whistle-blowers frequently face severe retaliation for their actions. This retaliation has power to destroy, marginalize, and even metaphorically murder those who speak out. Perhaps the greatest loss described by many whistle-blowers, however, is loss of personal identity, an experience we term the abyss. This study's purpose was to explore organizational whistle-blowing experiences, specifically the abyss, and identity transformation of whistle-blowers through the construct of narrative identity theory. We interviewed 11 individuals who had blown the whistle against perceived corruption in various Texas school systems, and had experienced retaliation. Narrative analysis revealed four identities personified by whistle-blowers: crusader, citizen, mom, and popularity seeker. These various identities offered explanations for whistle-blowers' choices to disclose, their perceptions of retaliation, and their abilities to either maintain their identities or reconstitute new identities. We conclude by offering implications for understanding how and why some whistle-blowers can seamlessly manage retaliation, whereas others are transformed by it.


A general model for injection-locked LC oscillators (LC-ILOs) is presented that is valid for any tank quality factor and injection strength. Important properties of an ILO such as lock-range, phase shift, bandwidth and response to input jitter are described. An LC-ILO together with a half-rate data sampler is implemented as a forwarded-clock I/O receiver in 45-nm CMOS. A strongly-injected low-Q LC oscillator enables clock deskew across 1UI and rejects high-frequency clock jitter. The complete 27 Gb/s ILO-based data receiver has an overall power efficiency of 1.6 mW/Gb/s.


Results of experiments were formulated, regularities were defined and end formulas for natural process of self-healing seam waters after underground down-hole extraction of Uranium were given at the paper. Formulas for pollutants concentration by using seam waters transport through broken rocks were given too.


Intraclass correlation reliablity estimates are based on the assumption that the various measures are equivalent. Jöreskog's (1970) general model for the analysis of covariance structures can be used to test the validity of this assumption.


The concept of time is highly important in the natural sciences, particularly in physics. The problem is very intricate as it involves a series of problems, each of them demanding a particular study. Among them, one faces the definition of the objectivity of time, its direction and metrics, the definition of the ´simultaneitya, and so on. In this paper, we show that the concept of time direction, the so called earrow of timei, cannot be discussed without taking into account the cause-effect relationship in the framework of an irreversible evolution of nature and stating that space-time is a fundamental form of the existence of matter.


To evaluate the in vivo effect of immunosuppressive glucocorticoids on CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells, we injected dexamethasone (Dex) into BALB/c mice. Administrationof Dex enhanced the proportion of CD4+CD25+ cells and the ratio of CD4+CD25+ cells to CD4+CD25– cells in the lymphoid organs, especially in thethymus. This correlates with our in vitro observation that CD4+CD25+ T cells express higher levels of glucocorticoid receptor and Bcl‐2, and are therefore more resistant to Dex‐mediated cell death than CD4+CD25– T cells. Furthermore, IL‐2 selectively protected CD4+CD25+ T cells from Dex‐induced cell death, while IL‐7 and IL‐15 didnot exert preferential protective effects. Dex‐treated CD4+CD25+ T cells expressed higher levels of intracellular CTLA‐4 and surface glucocorticoid‐induced TNF receptor than fresh CD4+CD25+ T cells, but still failed to respond to TCR stimulation and inhibited proliferation of CD4+CD25– T cells. These results suggest that, in addition to suppressing cytokine transcription, Dex treatment is permissive for the survival of functional CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells, and this property may contribute to the anti‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive efficacy of glucocorticoids. Our data also suggest that selective protection of CD4+CD25+ T cell from apoptosis may constitute a role in immune tolerance for IL‐2.


Full Duplex (FD) communication can potentially double the throughput of a pointto-point link in wireless communication. Additionally, FD communication can mitigate collisions induced by hidden nodes. Though exchanging control frames also mitigate hidden node collisions, FD communication has a smaller overhead for one data transmission than the control-frame scheme. Although FD communication is expected to provide system-performance improvement, the enhancement highly depends on its network topology or system parameters. Besides, it is not easy work to comprehend the relationships between system parameters and network performance. Theoretical analysis is useful for evaluating network performance and the optimal design for the system. This paper introduces theoretical analysis for Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)-based wireless FD networks, mainly author's researches, and discusses their performance. In this paper, star-topology single-hop networks and string topology multi-hop networks are considered as analysis subjects. This paper evaluates FD communication potential for each network through the analytical model by comparing network performances with exchanging control frames and FD communication.


Objective To observe the expression of TGF β 1 in oral carcinoma and to study the relationship between TGF β 1 and oral carcinoma genesis and development. Methods 58 oral carcinoma specimens are divided according to different pattern of invasiveness?degree of differentiation?having or not having lymph node metastasis. The expression of TGF β 1 was examined by SABC immnnohistochemical technique. Results By immunohistochemical analysis, all normal muccosa?control specimen both displayed positive staining of TGF β 1. All 58 of tumor specimens exhibited positive staining for TGF β 1. However, TGf β 1 was mainly show in the tumor matrix, but not in the tumor cells themselves. There was low differentiation?strong ability of invasivens? high frequency of lymph node metastasis. Conclusion The result showed that the ability of carcinoma cells autocring TGF β 1 decreased.


We propose the use of the Zeeman effect of the hyperfine structure (HFS) as a diagnostic of solar photospheric magnetic fields. The HFS induces unique signatures in the polarized spectra of particular atoms, which can be used to directly get information on the magnetic field strength. To explore the effects of HFS, we adopt a numerical model of line formation and radiative transfer of polarized light in a magnetized Milne-Eddington atmosphere. We concentrate our studies on several lines of Mn I, which show particularly striking HFS signatures in the solar atlas. For these lines, anomalous Stokes profiles are produced for fields in the range 0-1000 G. The presence of these unusual profiles for weak magnetic fields constitutes a novel and potentially powerful diagnostic of the strength of solar magnetic fields in the quiet photosphere and plages.


Summary Multiple-symbol detection (MSD) of differential unitary space-time modulation (DUSTM) uses maximum likelihood sequence detection of μ symbols to achieve a performance gain over conventional 2 symbol differential detection (DD). Using results from MSD, an additive symbol by symbol metric is developed for noncoherent detection of trellis-coded DUSTM (TC-DUSTM). In the Rayleigh fading channel, performance is almost as good as the performance of coherent detection of TC-DUSTM when μ is large, while computational complexity increases only linearly with the size of μ.


The invention relates to a gargle for treating periapicalitis, which is prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 1-10 parts of root of rehmannia, 1-5 parts of pseudo-ginseng, 1-5 parts of angelica, 5-10 parts of selfheal, 1-5 parts of Chinese gromwell, 10-30 parts of honeysuckle, 10-30 parts of rhizoma coptidis, 1-10 parts of rheum officinale, 10-30 parts of gentiana macrophylla, 1-10 parts of rhizoma ligustici wallichii, 1-5 parts of dahurian angelica and 500-1000 parts of water. The gargle for treating periapicalitis of the invention has simple and easily-obtained contents and remarkable curative effect, thereby providing a new selection for clinically treating the periapicalitis.


Viewing knowledge as rooted in individuals, this study investigates knowledge transfer in multinational corporations (MNCs) from an individual-level perspective. Specifically, the author focuses on inpatriates as a particular group of knowledge actors in MNCs and examines the role of inpatriates' boundary spanning between their home unit and the headquarters for transferring their knowledge to headquarters staff. Based on a sample of 269 inpatriates in 10 German MNCs, the author found that inpatriates' boundary spanning is positively related to inpatriates' individual efforts to transfer knowledge and inpatriates' perceptions of HQ staff efforts to acquire subsidiary-specific knowledge. Both perceived HQ absorptive capacity and mentoring by HQ staff moderate these relationships. This study's findings contribute to our understanding of the theoretical mechanisms through which MNC knowledge flows occur and highlight key requirements for the design of international staffing practices. ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Electronic seals (100, 200, 300) and electronic lock (500), and an implementation method for the electronic seals (100, 200, 300). The electronic seals (100, 200, 300) can be removably attached to the outer surface of an object to be sealed, the electronic seals (100, 200, 300) comprising: removal sensors (321, 3211), configured to be in a different state when the electronic seals (100, 200, 300) are attached to the outer surface of the object to be sealed and when the electronic seals (100, 200, 300) are not attached to the object to be sealed; a control unit (323), configured to determine the state of the electronic seals (100, 200, 300) at least partially on the basis of the state of the removal sensors (321, 3211); and a communication unit (325), configured to implement communication with an external device to send data of the state of the electronic seals (100, 200, 300).


Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) have exceptionally high strength and high elastic modulus, as well as good electrical and thermal conductivity. The objective of current research is to develop new lightweight, strong, and conductive materials by using CNTs primarily in pure form. Recently, we have developed a solid-state processing method that enables the CNTs to be assembled into pure yarns and webs, avoiding the problems associated with the presence of a binder, and improving the exploitation of the inherent properties of the individual CNTs. In this paper will report on recent experience with spinning CNT yarns and the effect of twist on selected properties. We also report our results on knitted tubes, in both pure and composite form.


Remote online second language (L2) writing instruction, in general, and remote online L2 writing assessment, in particular, require a holistic structural approach that results in improving students' L2 writing, as well as offering an authentic and fair assessment of students' L2 writing performance. The study described in this paper employed a convergent parallel mixed methods approach where the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as the purpose of the research, necessitated the adoption of this research design since it can provide the basis for answering the question: What impact did full mode online teaching have on L2 education. In the survey part of the research, 241 English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers working in Saudi Arabia participated in a custom-designed 30-item questionnaire utilizing a five-point Likert scale. In the qualitative part of the study, nine EFL teachers (four males and five females) participated in a semi-structured interview which lasted from thirty-five to fifty minutes. A detailed analysis of both the quantitative and qualitative primary data indicated that EFL teachers are aware of the importance of rubrics and standardized assessment procedures in awarding fair grades to students. Teachers also highlighted several important advantages of teaching online L2 writing remotely. However, the vast majority of teachers questioned the accuracy of online writing assessment, indicating the need for a more developed model for the post Covid-19 era. Recommendations included the adoption of unanimously suggested practices (by participating teachers) in teaching remote online L2 writing as well as mandating the presence of the students onsite during the sitting of the writing exams, thus providing the assurance of authenticity of students' performance in the writing exams as well as the possibility to monitor all the students while they sit the exams.


Address for Correspondence: Dr. Callixte Yadufashije, Senior Lecturer, Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences and Director of Research and Consultancy at INES-Ruhengeri-Institute of Applied Sciences. Phone: +250788273428. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com © Copyright AJMS O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E ASIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Yadufashije, et al.: Antibacterial activity of ginger 36 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences | Mar-Apr 2020 | Vol 11 | Issue 2 continue to grow in the presence of a given antimicrobial agent. Recently, the list of various non-antibiotics approaches was done based on their antimicrobial activities in treatment and prevention of infectious diseases such as probiotic, bacteriophage and phytomedicines.4 Moreover, plants are not in introductory phase in the history of medicine, they have been used as medicines for long and are known to be the good cure of various infectious and non-infectious diseases worldwide.5 According to the report of World Health Organization, near by 80 percent of the world population depend primarily on traditional medicine which influence the high involvement of the use of both plants extracts and their active substances.3 Ginger extracts is one of those medicinal plants that played a huge role in treatment of different diseases. Ginger has strong properties that kill or inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria; and previously it was seen that active components of ginger inhibit multiplication of digestive bacteria.6 Ginger (Zingiber officinale), because of its antimicrobial ability against different microbial pathogens, it has been used as naturopathy.7 Ginger has been against number of pathogenic microorganisms in its natural state, without transforming it which is a proof of using it as a strong medicine in treatment of infectious diseases.1 Ginger belongs to Zingiberaceae family, the Zingiberaceous plants are naturally with strong aromatic and medicinal properties and are characterized by their tuberous or non-tuberous rhizomes. Ginger is available and accessible at low cost for everyone to use it, it is universally acceptable and well tolerated by the most people.3 Ginger has both gingerols and shogaols that are rich in antimicrobial effects helps in resolving stomach infection and other health outcomes. It has strong antimicrobial properties and active constituents of ginger inhibit the replication of colon bacteria. It inhibits the growth of E. coli, Staph, spp., and more.2 Okiki et al mentioned that the antimicrobial activity of ginger may be due to phenolic compounds considered.4 Traditionally, Ginger was used in treatment of intestinal infections, especially those related to digestive health outcomes.8 It is against this background that this study is going to assess antimicrobial activity of ginger against bacteria most commonly found in digestive tract. Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest epidemic to global health especially in low and middle income world. Drugs resistance is a leading cause of higher costs, prolonged hospital stays and increase mortality.3 Number of studies have been carried out on plant medicines aimed to show the ability of plants to fight against bacterial infections. Even though number ofstudies have been done, their findings and recommendations were not taking into consideration by policy makers to facilitate easy accessibility of health care in low and middle income countries. Therefore, this study was carried out in order to remind people that plants such ginger are still suitable solutions for antibiotics resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study area This study was conducted at Muhoza health center located in Muhoza sector, Musanze district, Northern Province of Rwanda, road (Musanze-Rubavu) and near national police college. The research work was located in the field of clinical microbiology. Study design This study was cross sectional study and was conducted from October to December 2019. Stool samples were taken from the patients suffering from digestive tract infections attending Muhoza health center. Study population and sample size The target population of this study was patients suffering from digestive tract infection attending Muhoza health center. 30 Stool samples which was liquid (diarrheic) or soft were collected adequately for cultured and antibiogram test for the identified bacteria to be analyzed at Ines Ruhengeri clinical microbiology laboratory. Collection of stool sample Stool samples were collected using clear instructions given for proper specimen collection. Feces should be collected in a clean, dry container with a tight lid and should not be contaminated with urine, barium, or toilet paper and water. Specimen containers or collection devices should be labeled with the patient identifiers, such as name or record number and date of birth this was done carefully to avoid biased laboratory results.


Globalization brings about the substantial changes on locations of industrial activities,including service outsourcing which is considered as the second stage of business outsourcing.Though there is a great body of literature on outsourcing in management which mainly focuses on reasons and business implications of service outsourcing,very little attention has been paid to spatial distributions of service outsourcing.Based on Dunning's theory of multinational companies and taking macro context and industry activities' characteristics into consideration,a theoretical framework of industry activities' locations has been built up in this paper.Nowadays,globalization context has to be considered to formulate firms' competitive strategy and characteristics of industry activities also influence firms' strategies as well as meanings of location advantages.Spatial patterns of industry activities then are the outcome of matching processes of firms' competitive strategies and location advantages.Finally,the theoretical frame of spatial patterns of industry activities is tested by service outsourcing in China.


In this paper we introduce a complex valued PARAllel FACtor analysis 2 (PARAFAC2) tensor decomposition to perform a semi-blind data detection and channel estimation in Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) communication systems. We represent the received data in the form of a three-way tensor, with receive antennas on the first mode, data symbols in each packet on the second, and packets on the third mode. Factorizing the resulting received data tensor via the proposed complex valued PARAFAC2 decomposition enables a simultaneous estimation of the channel and the transmitted data. Moreover, the use of a few training symbols allows to find a rotation matrix resolving the ambiguity inherent in the decomposition. Extensive numerical simulations have been conducted to thoroughly evaluate the performance of the proposed semi-blind MIMO detection scheme.


Both experiment and theory agree that the amplitude of the wave produced in a cotton yarn by an eccentric top front drafting roller is proportional to the eccentricity of the roller and to the draft minus one. As the amplitude of the wave increases the yarn strength decreases, slowly at first, and then very rapidly when the amplitude exceeds about 8%. This amplitude is sufficient to cause a fall of 5% in the strength of a cotton yarn of a little below average irregularity, and is also just large enough to produce a well defined pattern when the yarn is wound on a black card of suitable width. The amplitude and the change in strength are the same whether the rollers are covered with flannel and leather, cork or synthetic rubber.Some measurements of the effect of interaction between the two bosses of double-boss rollers of the type employed on a 2½-inch gauge ring frame show that, when one boss is eccentric and the other true, the largest amplitude is produced when the roving passes under the eccentric boss...


This paper described the production process of Pressindustrial Company (Italy) ,and commented its advantages and disadvantages. Also, the unit running condition in author's company is briefly introduced.


The structure of Co(acac)2 reported by us [Burgess et al. (2000). Acta Cryst. C56, 649–650] has been reassessed in view of a recent article [Vreshch et al. (2010). Inorg. Chem. 49, 8430–8434], which suggests that the compound might actually be Cu(acac)2. Using the structure-factor data deposited with the original article, the evidence is slightly in favour of Cu(acac)2, although the crystallographic data alone, in this case, cannot unequivocally distinguish between the two possibilities. We concede that we may indeed have been mistaken, but that there is still some element of mystery.


Big Data is becoming more and more prevalent in recent years, and it attracts lots of attention from various perspectives of the world such as academia, industry, and even government. Big Data can be seen as the next-generation source of power for the economy. Today, Big Data represents a new way to approach information and help all industry and business fields. The Chinese financial market has long been dominated by state-owned banks; however, these banks provide low-efficiency help toward small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and private businesses. The development of Big Data is changing the financial market, with more and more financial products and services provided by Internet companies in China. The credit rating models and borrower identification make online financial services more efficient than conventional banks. These services also challenge the domination of state-owned banks.


Magnetic cell positioning is demonstrated by controlling the magnetic domain walls in ferromagnetic zigzag thin films. Magnetophoresis experiment is performed to determine the number of magnetic nanoparticles that enter the cells by endocytosis. It is observed that in the zigzag structure with larger wavelength the magnetic cells are better aligned at the vertices.


Modern power grids perform systematically important tasks with immense capital investment behind them. Infrastructure monitoring is an important field in this industry to guarantee safety, prevent damages and optimize transmission. Accurate readings of environmental variables also help power operators design new infrastructure. Operators address this by visual monitoring, and through the use of sensors placed on high voltage lines. Traditionally, these sensors are permanently installed and require lines to be powered down for deployment and removal. The required disruption of service is associated with high costs and therefore undesirable. Axiomatic Design Theory highlighted unnecessary coupling between disruption and measurement as an opportunity. This paper details a design for a thermometer unit that can be deployed to and removed from a live power line. The device can provide temperature measurements to be used in conjunction with visual LiDAR scans to model the behavior of high voltage lines at different load levels to gauge line sag. Mechanisms were designed to safely fasten the thermometer to a live high voltage line via a VTOL drone and for it to detach given a preset time. In case of system failure, the device removes itself through a variety of redundant fail-safe mechanisms inspired by the Information Axiom. The success of key design concepts was confirmed through 3D printed prototype testing on a section of a surrogate conductor line in a controlled environment.


Background: The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between P‐wave duration on the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiographic parameters of atrial electromechanical delay (EMD), as well as contraction synchrony during different atrial pacing modalities.


The actual geological condition of leping bridge is very complex,so introducing the prepared work and problem met in construction of pile foundation of leping bridge can give experience for similar bridge owed same geological condition.


The aim of this study was to determine some of the key factors affecting youth employment from 2000-2015. Youth unemployment rate (YU) was the dependent variable while consumer price index (INF), domestic gross savings (GS), labor productivity (LP) and economic growth rate (GR) were the independent variables. Data from 31 OECD countries were obtained from World Bank (WB) and OECD databases. Panel Data Analysis was used to analyze the data. The results show that growth, inflation, and savings affect youth unemployment negatively while labor productivity affects youth employment positively. It is therefore concluded that growth, inflation, savings and labor productivity are among the key determinants of youth unemployment.


Electric charges due to mutual impact of dust or other particles arise in various ways: ( a ) electric dust- or sand-storms in the Tropics; ( b ) electric snow storms in the Antarctic; ( c ) electric flashes seen in the ejectamenta from volcanoes; and ( d ) electric charges, and possibly sparking, brought about by the raising of organic powders in certain industrial processes. In this group of effects, charges are produced by the impact of a multitude of like particles. Now, frictional- and impact-charges have ever been regarded as resulting from the shock of two unlike substances. Until recently there was no principle by which charges from "like" substances could be interpreted; but experiments made by the writer throw light on the subject by showing that identical solid surfaces can charge one another by friction or impact, and, further, that this property of the surfaces changes as rubbing continues. It was there shown that such organic insulators as ebonite and celluloid yield considerable charges, whereas hard inorganic materials such as quartz, calcite and glass, produce smaller effects. When the "like" solids meet in violent impact, not rubbing, the combined net charge is not nil, as might be expected according to Faraday's law of equal and opposite frictional charges, but finite, generally negative; so that the air surrounding the surfaces must attain an equal positive charge.


Shows kinetic and mathematical models of acid-catalytic decomposition of cumene hydroperoxide to phenol and acetone. In comparison, consider the various schemes of hardware design node expansion. Calculated the concentration distribution of components and the temperature of the reaction mixture, and cooling water flow direction depending on recycling for the adiabatic and polytropic modes. We found that the highest selectivity is achieved in the cascade heat exchangers. To increase the selectivity and capacity of the reactor block is proposed to organize a la carte starting hydroperoxide to the input of each of the reactor-heat exchanger, which will increase the productivity of industrial reactors.


As compared with the control Teyou63,21 rice varieties were divided into two groups A and B,and tested in early season late-maturing rice regional trial in South of Guangxi in 2004.The results showed that the yield,grain quality and resistance etc.of 11 rice varieties including groups A ⅡYou416,Dyou202,F3001,Gangxiangyou527,Heliangyou86,Tianyou1025 and groups B Tyou855,Huayou122,Peiza279,Shanyou416 and Teyou986 were better than the control Teyou63,the average yield was 8668.5~9264.0kg/hm~2.These 11 varieties were recommended for provincial evaluation,and they were certified and registered by Guangxi Committee for Crop Variety Registration in March.2005.


As the impedance-based technique has been commonly accepted as an innovative structural health monitoring tool, structural identification of a piezoelectric-driven system is of significant interest for damage identification and quantification. This study presents a predictive modelling strategy, which combines the finite element (FE) method with a model-updating approach, for estimating the structural parameters of a piezoelectric interface-bolted connection system. Firstly, the basic operating principle of the piezoelectric-based smart interface is introduced. Secondly, a bolted connection is selected as a host structure to conduct real impedance measurement via the smart interface. Thirdly, a numerical FE model corresponding to the experimental model is established by using a FE program, COMSOL Multiphysics. A sensitivity-based model updating algorithm is adopted to fine-tune the FE model. Finally, structural parameters of the FE model are determined as the numerical impedance signatures match with the measured ones at the same high-frequency band with identical patterns. This study is expected to open an alternative approach for determining unknown structural parameters of the piezoelectric interface-bolted joint system in practice.


The paper aims to assess the competitiveness and efficiency of European farms specializing in viticultural production. The analysis was conducted for selected European Union countries using data from the years 2004-2015. In the analysed period, there was a large diversity in the resources used by these farms. The largest wine farms in terms of area were from Bulgaria, France, Spain, Austria and the Czech Republic; and in terms of labour from Bulgaria, France, the Czech Republic, Romania and Germany; while in terms of capital respectively in France, Germany, Italy, the Czech Republic and Austria. In the studied countries, the resources of land and capital increased, while labour remained at unchanged level. By calculating the competitiveness index, it was found that the French and German farms were the most competitive. The lowest competitiveness was found for Bulgarian, Portuguese, Spanish and Croatian farms. Based on the research, it is argued that obtaining income parity on the level of remuneration of hired employees does not guarantee development opportunities for farms specializing in viticultural production in selected EU countries. Keys words: vineyards, competitiveness of farms, FADN, Europe. JEL CODE: Q12, D24 Acknowledgements This paper is based on the results of the project VITISMART (Toward a sustainable viticulture: Improved grapevine productivity and tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses by combining resistant cultivars and beneficial microorganisms). The financing of this project by ERA-NET CO-FUND FACCE SURPLUS program through Polish National Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR) is acknowledged. Introduction In agriculture, similarly as in other sectors of the economy, there are processes of specialization and concentration of production. This is evident in the increase in the share of farms specializing in specific directions of production and the increase in their area ((Sobierajewska and Zietara, 2017)). An important issue regarding the functioning of business entities is their competitiveness. Research on competitiveness is carried out at 6 levels: global (world), regional (groups of countries e.g. EU), macro (economies of countries), meso (sectors, industries), micro (enterprises) and micro-micro (individual entrepreneurs or consumers) (Gorynia 2009). Competitiveness is a complex economic category regarding the interaction between economic entities, sectors, or national or even global economies. It is determined on the basis of market share and / or changes in productivity and efficiency (Kleinhanss, 2015). It should therefore be assumed that competitiveness is defined as the farm's ability to grow. If the income is higher than the costs of production factors, then the farm owners are able to compete and stay on the market. Otherwise, they will take action to changed management conditions or cease to conduct a given activity and use production factors in a different way (Kleinhanss, 2015). In the wine sector, there are many studies that relate to the analysis of competitiveness but winemaking enterprises in Europe, not farms (i.e. see Balogh and Jámbor, 2017). However, there are no microeconomic studies explicitly related to the economics and competitiveness of farms specializing in viticultural production. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference "ECONOMIC SCIENCE FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT" No 47 Jelgava, LLU ESAF, 9 11 May 2018, pp. 453-459 DOI 10.22616/ESRD.2018.052 Corresponding author. E-mail address:email@example.com; dr. 454 Corresponding author. E-mail address:email@example.com. Methodology The aim of the research was to determine the competitiveness and efficiency of farms specializing in viticulture in selected European Union countries in the years 2004-2014. The research covered farms specializing in viticulture production participating in the European Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) in selected countries. Accounting data of specialist vineyards from FADN were used as the study material. The viticulture farms members of FAND system are classified in accordance with the Community Typology of Agricultural Holdings. Classification of farms is based on two criteria: business size and type of crops. Type of farm is determined by the share of Standard Output value of individual groups of farming operations in the total value of SO. Standard Output is defined as a 5-year average output from specified plant or animal production from 1 ha or 1 animal during the year, under average production conditions typical for specific region. In FADN's field of analysis, there are farmsteads that produce ca. 90 % Standard Output (SO) in specific region or country. Specialist vineyards were selected in accordance with grouping of general farm types for TF8 as type 3 Vineyards. The time range included data available in the FADN system for the years 2004-2015. All countries whose data was available in the FADN system were selected for the research. There were 14 countries, including: Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Austria, Portugal, Romania and Slovenia. The study presents the general characteristics of farms specialized in vinicultural production in selected EU countries, including land, labour and capital resources. Then, the income from the family farm was presented for these farms, and the competitiveness of farms growing vines and income parity was determined. Competitiveness of farms was estimated on the basis of the competitiveness index (Wk) elaborated by Werner Kleinhans (2015). Competitiveness index was defined as the ratio of farm income to the sum of estimated costs of using own production factors: own labour, land and capital. The costs of using own factors of production were estimated for: labour costs based on labour costs of hired employees, land costs based on rent of land and capital costs (excluding land) based on long-term government bond interest rates (risk-free). The value of the competitiveness index 'Wk1' means full coverage of the cost of production factors' own costs, while Wk <1 means the incomplete coverage of the costs. The competitiveness index above 2 indicates the full competitive ability of the farm. This is consistent with the views of Biswanger (2011), who stated that a company capable of development should reach twice the rate of interest on loans. The income parity was in turn calculated as the ratio of the income from the family farm to the full-time employed person (FWU, Family Work Unit 2120 hrs own work in a year) and the average remuneration of waged labour on the farm. In the paper, there are used descriptive statistics methods, including the absolute and relative dynamics of changes through applying linear and exponential regression analysis. The research data were obtained from the European FADN data and European Central Bank. Characteristics of surveyed farms specializing in viticultural production In the years 2004-2015 in the European countries, the average area of a farm specializing in viticulture was over 13.84 ha of utilized agricultural area (UAA) (Table 1). In the analysed period, the average area of viticultural farms increased from 13.31 ha to 14.16 ha of UAA, thus the average annual increase was about 0.6 %. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference "ECONOMIC SCIENCE FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT" No 47 Jelgava, LLU ESAF, 9 11 May 2018, pp. 453-459 DOI 10.22616/ESRD.2018.052 Corresponding author. E-mail address:firstname.lastname@example.com; dr. 455 Corresponding author. E-mail address:email@example.com. Table 1 Resources of specialist vineyards in selected EU countries in 2004-2015 Specification Country 20042006 20072009 20102012 20132015 Average 20042015 Average annual change


Employer Jennifer Lundquist, University of Massachusetts Amherst Devah Pager, Harvard University Eiko Strader, University of Massachusetts Amherst "...the Army does no systematic tracking of recruits with waivers [for criminal records] once it signs them up, and it does not always pay enough attention to any adjustment problems. Without adequate monitoring and counseling, handing out guns to people who have already committed crimes poses a danger to the other individuals they serve with and to the innocent civilians they are supposed to protect." NYTimes editorial 2007 "As many as 572,000 non-fatal crimes occurred in the American workplace in a single year. These figures are staggering considering a majority of the victims whose assailants were other employees and acquaintances. Yet, in many of these cases, the violence could have been prevented simply by conducting background checks to determine if any potential new hires had criminal records or other factors that would create a dangerous work environment." The Recruiting Division 2013


This paper deals with robustness of a spatial-domain-based digital watermark against signal distortions caused by lossy data compression usually used in digital communication systems, and presents a method for encoding a watermark bit in the Gray codeword representing a spatial signal by a (3, 1, 3) single-error-correcting (SEC) code. The two code words in the SEC code corresponding to respective watermark bits are determined so as to minimize the expected amount of embedding distortions. The stochastic analyses also show a capacity of the SEC code for changes in signal code words. Experiments using 8-bit monochrome images were carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, where the watermarked images were distorted by the JPEG DCT-baseline coding scheme. The results demonstrate that, compared with a conventional method, the proposed method yields watermarked images with less distortions and achieves the comparable robustness.


Statistical analysis was made on gain and loss of scores in previous international matches between the women-basketball teams of China and Korea. It can precisely, completely, systemically and truly feed back the changes of strong and weak, win and defeat as well as gain and loss in the international matches between the women basketball teams of China and Korea. And what is more, it can provide a lot of helpful experience for reference and put forward problems remained to be carefully studied and solved. The Chinese women basketball team should understand the past correctly so as to grasp the present well and welcome the good future.


Since nodes in a sensor network have limited energy, prolonging the network lifetime and improving scalability become important. In this paper, we propose a distributed weight-based energy-efficient hierarchical clustering protocol (DWEHC). Each node first locates its neighbors (in its enclosure region), then calculates its weight which is based on its residual energy and distance to its neighbors. The largest weight node in a neighborhood may become a clusterhead. Neighboring nodes will then join the clusterhead hierarchy. The clustering process terminates in O(1) iterations, and does not depend on network topology or size. Simulations show that DWEHC clusters have good performance characteristics.


The conditions for achieving the objectives of the scientific and technological development of Russia are determined. A brief analysis of organizations conducting research and development has been carried out. Based on the data of state statistics, an analysis was made of the trends in the development of the instrumentation of scientific organizations engaged in research and development in 2017—2020. The problems arising during the implementation of equipment upgrade tasks in the conditions of economic sanctions are stated. Possible solutions to these problems are proposed. It is noted that the restoration of domestic scientific instrumentation is one of the main conditions for updating the research equipment of scientific organizations.


In December 2008, after the current economic crisis erupted, Walden Bello speculated that capitalist elites might respond with a new political project: global social democracy.1 By injecting into g...


This paper reports an attempt to explore the relationship between the abilities of some ex-Secondary Modern boys and the degree of selectivity to which each had been subjected in being allocated to a non-selective school. It was found that the correlation with arithmetical ability was positive (0.521) whilst the correlation with verbal ability was negative (-0.382). Two possible reasons behind the discrepancy between the correlations are discussed: the pattern of ability found in the sample studied and differential experience of secondary education according to selectivity conditions. It is tentatively suggested that the findings indicate a wastage of arithmetical ability.


Repeated exposure (RE) paradigms produce improvements in food acceptance during infancy, however, less is known about RE effectiveness in toddlers. Here we examine the effects of RE on acceptance of sweetened and unsweetened versions of a lipid nutrient supplement (LNS).

 Mothers and children (n = 56, 86% NonHispanic White), aged 7–11.30 mo (n = 12; infants) and 12–24 mo (n = 44; toddlers), participated in a randomized, 2-week home exposure study and 2 lab visits (Baseline [V1] & Post-exposure [V2]). Children were randomized to RE of 1) sweetened or 2) unsweetened versions of the LNS mixed into oatmeal. At V1, mothers offered version 1 of LNS (sweetened or unsweetened) until the child took 2 bites or refused 3 times. Then mothers fed the alternate version ([HE]; the LNS to which children were randomized for home exposure) until the child refused to eat more. Intake (g) of HE was measured. Mothers were given 10 servings of the HE version and told to offer their child the 10 servings over the following 2-week period. At V2, mothers again fed unlimited amounts of HE until the child refused to eat more and intake in grams was again measured. A linear mixed model for repeated measures tested change in intake of HE across V1 and V2 by age group (toddlers v. infants) and by LNS version (sweetened v. unsweetened). Significance of the statistical interaction (visit by age group and visit by version) was defined at P < 0.1.

 Fifty-five dyads (98%) completed V1 and V2. Caregivers offered their children, on average, 9 of 10 possible home exposure servings. Observed intake of the HE differed by age group (infants, V1 = 32.3 g ± 15.8, V2 = 28.8 ± 20.9 vs. toddlers, V1 = 15.5 g ± 16.3 V2 = 23.9 ± 19.5; P = .006). The linear mixed model confirmed (F = 3.41, P = .07) that intake of HE significantly increased from V1 to V2 in the toddler group, whereas intake in the infant group remained consistent between V1 and V2. The unsweetened version was preferentially consumed compared to the sweetened version (P = .07).

 Children consumed the unsweetened version as well, if not better, than the sweetened version of the supplement. Over time, infants were consistent in their willingness to consume the supplement whereas toddlers showed an increase in intake, suggesting that toddlers may learn to eat the supplement through RE.

 Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition.


Clinical examination results of 248 patients with temporomandibular joint disorders (mean age – 26.0±7.4 years) are shown. Clinical manifestations of cardiovascular diseases, tonsils condition (in particular, nasopharynx microbial flora), indicators of the acute phase reactions are studied. In a number of patients moderate, diffuse, myocardial metabolic alterations, rhythm disturbances (sinus arrhythmia, tachycardia, bradycardia, extrasystoles, His bundle branch block), mitral valve disease were revealed, which are the signs of connective tissue dysplasia and also severe tonsils hypertrophy, chronic tonsillitis, nasopharyngeal streptococcal and staphylococcal infection.


Women interacted with pirates in a variety of capacities in the golden age of piracy. In his pursuit of this previously hidden female element, John C. Appleby enriches the understanding of piracy more generally. He works with a broad definition, unearthing many versions of the activity, from small raids on river vessels to more highly orchestrated and lucrative attacks on deep-sea sailing ships laden with colonial cargo. Though female pirates have attracted significant historical attention, they were responsible for a very minor component of the feminine involvement in marine plunder according to Appleby. Women and English Piracy instead foregrounds wives, partners, prostitutes, and victims, exposing a complex range of feminine experiences in Britain, the English Colonies, the Caribbean, and Madagascar. Women and English Piracy charts a "narrowing of female agency" (88) in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as the base of pirate activities moved from the British Isles to more farflung locales in the Atlantic and IndianOceans. The first century of the period under investigation offered significantly more opportunities for women, Appleby argues. He highlights their role as receivers of booty, profiting directly from the thefts that occurred to coastal and river vessels in the British Isles, particularly Ireland. Sensational tales of authorities' attempts tobringpirates to justice being thwarted by female relatives and friends showcase female agency and unity in the piratical enterprise. This diminishes as the perpetrators of the crime moved farther afield after 1640. In the Caribbean sphere, women's economic gains from buccaneering tended to be limited to their role as victims, prostitutes, or temporary companions for the migratory seafarers. Appleby is aware of the complexity of these relationships and the potential significance of race and culture in determining the level of exploitation of the women involved. The interethnic relationships that emerged between pirates and women in Madagascar, the Caribbean, and Guinea are difficult to discover, but Appleby has found enough traces to support existing suspicions that these were highly exploitative and potentially quite brutal. Not surprisingly, perhaps, Appleby is able to form a brighter picture of the white victims of piracy. In particular, the wives of English Journal of British Studies 53 (April 2014): 497–525. © The North American Conference on British Studies, 2014


1. Predator interactions are often driven by size differences, with larger predators consuming smaller ones. Cannibalism is widespread among predators, and can be more intense than antagonistic interactions between different predator species.


This work delves into the realm of logic puzzles by focusing on the Knight and Knave problems popularized by Raymond Smullyan in his book series"What is the Name of This Book?". The puzzles revolve around characters known as Knights (truth-tellers) and Knaves (liars), challenging solvers to determine the true identity of each person based on their statements. This paper explores the utilization of Python algorithms to automate the process of solving these puzzles, offering a computational approach that enhances efficiency and accessibility. In this work, we aim to develop a Python algorithm capable of parsing and analyzing the statements provided in the Knight and Knave puzzles. A logical reasoning framework is integrated within the algorithm to deduce the identities of the characters based on their statements. The algorithm processes the input statements, create a knowledge base, and make deductions following the rules of Knight and Knave logic. The developed algorithm is thoroughly tested on various instances of Knight and Knave puzzles, comparing its results to known solutions and manual approaches. We further expand the scope of the problem by introducing a Normal (who can sometimes lie and sometimes say the truth).


We provide an axiomatic analysis of dynamic random utility, characterizing the stochastic choice behavior of agents who solve dynamic decision problems by maximizing some stochastic process (
 U

 t
 ) of utilities. We show first that even when (
 U

 t
 ) is arbitrary, dynamic random utility imposes new testable
 across‐period restrictions on behavior, over and above period‐by‐period analogs of the static random utility axioms. An important feature of dynamic random utility is that behavior may appear
 history‐dependent, because period‐
 t choices reveal information about
 U

 t
 , which may be serially correlated; however, our key new axioms highlight that the model entails specific limits on the form of history dependence that can arise. Second, we show that imposing natural Bayesian rationality axioms restricts the form of randomness that (
 U

 t
 ) can display. By contrast, a specification of utility shocks that is widely used in empirical work violates these restrictions, leading to behavior that may display a negative option value and can produce biased parameter estimates. Finally, dynamic stochastic choice data allow us to characterize important special cases of random utility—in particular, learning and taste persistence—that on static domains are indistinguishable from the general model.


This paper presents an investigation on dynamic compressive behavior of ABS and Polycarbonate (PC) parts fabricated by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) additive manufacturing process when such parts are subjected to high strain rate loading conditions in engineering applications. Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar was used to carry out high strain rate compression tests on cylindrical test specimens fabricated by the FDM process using different FDM process parameters. The dynamic true stress strain curves at high strain rates were compared with quasi-static curves obtained from static compression tests at low strain rates. Results of dynamic compression tests show that FDM process parameter of build style has significant influence on the dynamic response of FDM made ABS and PC parts under high strain rate loading. FDM made PC materials exhibit higher compressive stress than ABS material under static and dynamic conditions. FDM parameters also affect the static compressive strength for both materials.


Mathematics ------------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT:The research was undertaken to analyze" EFFECTIVENESS OF CONSTRUCTIVIST INSTRUCTIONAL APPROACH ON ACHIEVEMENT IN MATHEMATICS AMONG STUDENTS. "The study was conducted on a sample of 60 students. The design selected was pretest post-test non-equivalent group design. The constructivist instructional approach was used in the experimental group and the traditional approach was followed in the control group. An Achievement test was also prepared to test the effectiveness of each group under study. The technique of Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test the equivalency between groups. Mathematics teaching through constructivist instructional approach was found to be more effective than the conventional method.


Average cpu times (in seconds) for two, three, and four positive and ten negative examples, plus the average number of subterm combinations (Comb) and number of those whose lists of generating terms match (Match) for four positive and ten negative examples Relation Cpu Times Comb Match 2 3 4 ing recursive relations between f i and f i+k is similar to how LOPSTER searches for subterm relations between two positive examples on the same resolution chain using a form of inverse implication. 5 CONCLUSION We evaluated CRUSTACEAN, an inverse implica-tor that induces recursive relations from examples. We characterized the class SR of functions for which CRUSTACEAN is proved to be complete. We fo-cused on CRUSTACEAN's empirical behavior with randomly selected examples, and described evidence that its strong target language bias does indeed allow it to attain higher learning rates than an algorithm without this bias, that its accuracy increases with increasing examples, that it outputs the target clause more frequently with more positive examples, and that its number of outputs decreases with more examples. Our approach shifts the burden of knowledge from the user to the algorithm. CRUSTACEAN's users do not need to know the base clause, as required by LOPSTER, the recursive clause, as (implicitly) required for most approaches based on-subsumption, or knowledge that distinguishes instantiations of base clauses from other examples, as required by FORCE2. The trade o is that CRUSTACEAN's algorithm is more complex. While some constraints greatly improve its behavior, more research is needed to investigate how it can exploit other pragmatic constraints. CRUSTACEAN would be useful for inducing the definition of new predicates since, in most cases, only a few new predicate instances can be collected (La-pointe, Ling, & Matwin, 1993). Inverse implication approaches should prove useful for such tasks.


In fiscal year 1982, the U S Geological Survey began an interdisciplinary research thrust entitled Toxic Waste-Groundwater Contamination Program The objective of the thrust was to provide earth sciences information necessary to evaluate and mitigate existing groundwater contamination problems resulting from the planned or inadvertant disposal of wastes and from certain land-use practices, and to improve future waste disposal and land-use practices The program supports process-oriented and interdisciplinary field research, and regional groundwater quality studies This article provides an overview of the current (Fiscal Year 1985) activities of the Toxic Waste Program


For the purpose of improving the acoustic pressure sensitivity of the Fiber Bragg Grating(FBG) hydrophone units,a sensitization configuration based on shell spring is presented.And with it,the acoustic pressure activating area has been increased,and the radial pressure on the configuration has been converted to axial strain in the FBG,and as a result,the sensitivity of the FBG to acoustic pressure is increased as much as 2 900 times.By finite element software ANSYS,the configuration is optimized,subsequently,a prototype of FBG hydrophone encapsulated with the configuration has been fabricated,and experiments have been carried out in a water tank.The results indicated that the acoustic pressure sensitivity of FBG has been enhanced as much as about 2264.6 times,and the objective has achieved to a great extent.


Detailed study of the response of step-pool mountain channels to wildfire is rare despite increasing vulnerability of these systems. This paper reports the initial biogeomorphic response of step-pool streams to storms following the 2012 Waldo Canyon Fire, Colorado, USA. Field surveys, benthic macroinvertebrate sampling, and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) terrestrial laser scanning through 2014 generated a substantial data set comparing changes within seven channels burned by a range of severity with three unburned reference reaches. Results showed that wildfire increased the susceptibility of step-pool channels to destabilize according to the severity of burn. Whereas the step-pool morphology (step height H, step length L, and H/L) remained relatively unchanged in unburned and low-severity burned channels—even through an extreme rainfall event with recurrence intervals up to 500–1000 years—study sites affected by high burn severity altered significantly following the first comparatively minor storms. Study channels burned by moderate severity exhibited variable responses ranging from minor to substantial morphological changes, suggesting that additional factors, including slope, local topography, and proximity to other highly disturbed sites may play explanatory roles. The ecological response corroborated the geomorphic findings, with data for benthic macroinvertebrates varying according to burn severity along with the changing post-fire step-pool morphology. Ordination analysis enabled data synthesis and showed that precipitation intensity (r = 0.59) and the severity of burn (r = 0.60) together influenced the interacting morphologic and ecological responses after the Waldo Canyon Fire. Variations in H (r = 0.72), L (r = 0.56), and thalweg elevation (r = 0.75) correlated the most with the types of benthic macroinvertebrates present. Following the Waldo Canyon Fire, the highest rainfall intensities coincidentally occurred over study sites in high-severity burn areas. Although disentangling the effects of rainfall intensity and burn severity proved difficult given this scenario, the interacting and complementary roles of burn severity and rainfall intensity likely led to the greatest morphologic and ecological impacts at those sites. Findings offer insights for the post-fire management of step-pool streams that characterize frequently burned mountain areas. As wildfires grow in frequency and magnitude under warming regimes, management becomes increasingly important for anticipating future changes in burned river landscapes, mitigating potential floods and hazards, and promoting sustainable river ecosystems.


GST which is known as Goods and Services tax is considered to be one of the most crucial reforms in India. It was came into force in 1st July 2017. It is an indirect tax structure designed to support and enhance the economic growth of a country. More than 150 countries have implemented GST so far. It is a comprehensive tax system that will bring all indirect taxes of states and central governments and unified economy into a seamless national market. This paper presents an overview of GST Concept, explains its prospects and challenges faced by India in execution.


Objective To describe a new approach for study of DNase in extracts from earthworm. Methods Dried agarose film overlay method (DAFO) was used to determine DNase activity. Results DAFO provides a useful tool for the definition of kinds and quantity of DNase and the determination of their activities and the selection of novel DNases. Conclusion DAFO is an important method for studing DNase and can provide a feasible way for the determination of DNases in extracts from earthworm and other DNases.


In the present study we report a major contribution of
Ad12 region E1A in oncogenicity. We have found that
expression of this region in transformed rat cells causes
suppression of the production of class-I transplantation
antigens and of a 32-kD cellular protein, resulting in a
considerable reduction in susceptibility of the transformed
cells to the cellular immune defense. This resistence
to the host immune defense presumably causes
the cells to be tumorigenic, even in immunocompetent
animals.


The turntable is generally divided into an inertial test bench and a simulation turntable for calibration, performance testing, and semi-physical simulation of aircraft guidance products [1, 2], testing the attitude angle variation of a single carrier or the relative motion between multiple carriers, the docking process, and other parameters [3, 4]. In 1954, the turret developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology used photoelectric angle–measuring sensors and precision bearings, which improved the precision greatly and hence was put into production [5, 6]. At present, the domestic and international turntables have high precision and fast response, providing high calibration accuracy and accurate performance detection for the calibration and testing of inertial navigation components [7, 8]. With the advancement of industrial control technology, the turntable has been rapidly developed [9, 10]. In 2013, the five-axis flight simulation turret developed by Acutronic has successfully been able to meet the high-precision requirements for testing high-dynamic missile performance. The turntable is a high-precision turntable for seeker testing. The rotary table is driven by an ultrasonic motor to ensure the nonmagnetic and high-precision requirements of the turntable [11, 12]. Ultrasonic motors use the linear effects of piezoelectric materials to achieve linear or rotational motion through frictional coupling. They do not distort the magnetic field and achieve high precision [13, 14]. The turntable uses ceramic bearings to ensure rotational accuracy. The support method adopts an adjustable threelegged positioning. A level is installed on the bottom plate to observe whether the turntable is installed horizontally. The turntable is equipped with a very high precision grating encoder to ensure that the measurement accuracy is higher than the control accuracy. In this study, the pointing accuracy of the turntable was studied. The influence of the grating installation error on the accuracy detection was also analyzed. The steadystate error of the turntable has an important influence on the motion accuracy of the turntable. Finally, the influence of the control parameters on the steady-state error of the turntable was analyzed. The positioning accuracy and control parameters of the two-axis precision nonmagnetic turntable were obtained, and the PID adjustment was introduced to make the accuracy index of the nonmagnetic turntable meet the requirements. The turntable could realize a nonmagnetic working environment and achieve the high precision required by the index under the driving of the ultrasonic motor [15]. 2. Two-axis precision turntable control system construction and index requirements


The product material footprint (PMF) represents a central instrument to assess the potential environmental impacts of products and services based on their life-cycle-wide material use. Within the life cycle impact assessment framework, the indicators raw material input (RMI) and total material requirement (TMR) have been used for its calculation, but so far, only abiotic materials have been considered. This research analyses the requirements and indicators for the assessment of the biotic part of the PMF. The central question is whether the indicators RMI biotic and TMR biotic are suitable for this purpose or if they need to be adapted. For comparison, the indicator cumulative raw material demand (CRD) is applied. The indicator concepts of RMI, TMR, and CRD are compared by defining the system boundaries for determining the biotic parts of the footprint. To test the applicability, the production of wheat bread is assessed as a case study. The characterization factors of wheat grains are determined and each of the three indicators is implemented in the software openLCA for use with the ecoinvent database. The results show that RMI biotic and TMR biotic are suitable indicators for the quantification and assessment of the biotic part of the PMF. While CRD abiotic provides the same information as RMI abiotic, both indicators differ regarding the biotic part. The CRD per definition does not consider biotic inputs from agriculture and forestry and thus conveys insufficient information on the used and unused biomass extraction for the product LCA. The ratio of RMI biotic to the net annual increment and TMR biotic to the net primary production could be used for absolute sustainability assessment.


Audits are a crucial part of the American system of checks and balances. Adequately funded and resourced, they can help assure that precious tax dollars are well spent. In this study, we focus on the following points regarding auditing in the American states: (1) the types of audits used by state governments; (2) orientation of audits; (3) organization form and auditor independence; (4) auditor resources and their relationship to auditor positions; (5) corrections of errors and abuses; and (6) limited academic research concerning state audits. Data for this study was derived from 1996 and 2000 reports supplied by The National Association of Auditors, Comptrollers, and Treasurers (NASACT).


It is generally believed that the establishment of land property right and land market is essential to expanding farm size and reducing land fragmentation and hence increasing farmers' income and improving land utilization efficiency.The question is why we have not seen land transfers in a large scale while the transfers are permitted or even encouraged? Is the establishment of land property right and land market self-sufficient for bringing large scale land transfers? This study investigates and analyzes farmers' willingness to sell or buy land on the assumption of private ownership,and evaluates the major factors impacting such willingness by employing a Logit model.It is found that,due to the dominant function of farmland in ensuring employment,the demand curve of land can not meet supply one,hence the establishment of land property right and land market alone dos not necessarily lead to large scale land transfers.


Protein kinase inhibitors have revolutionized the cancer treatment. Progression free survival could be significantly prolonged in many cases. However, the therapy is limited by the development of resistances and side effects. Thus, novel approaches in the field of protein kinase inhibitors are urgently required to improve the clinical outcomes.
The present work describes development and characterization of novel photoactivatable prodrugs of several approved small molecule kinase inhibitors. Photoremovable protecting groups were therefore covalently bound to key pharmacophore moieties of active kinase inhibitors. The implementation of a protecting group distinctly diminished the biological activity of protected inhibitors. Directed light irradiation caused photoinduced cleavage of the protecting group. Active kinase inhibitors were released. The concept was successfully verified in vitro on approved kinase inhibitor vemurafenib. Spatiotemporal control of the photoinduced release of the active inhibitor could be demonstrated in cellular assays. The approach could be successfully transferred to further kinase inhibitors such as imatinib. However, limitations of the concept were also revealed. In line with this notion, a hitherto undescribed photoinduced conversion of approved inhibitor dabrafenib was demonstrated.
The photoactivatable prodrugs of kinase inhibitors represent a powerful pharmacological tool for profound in vitro investigation of protein phosphorylation. However, further development with regard to physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties is required prior to clinical applications. Novel approaches for targeted reactivation in deeper biological tissues are discussed at the end of the work.
A side project of the present work was the characterization of novel PDGFR-inhibitors. Potent and selective DFG in and DFG-out inhibitors were compared in vitro. A DFG-out inhibitor exhibited promising cellular activity and might be used for further lead optimization.


The invention discloses fine-denier and super-fine-denier chinlon 6 fibers which include, by weight, 0.25-0.35% of lanthanum-rich light rare earth master batches and 99.65-99.75% of chinlon 6 slices. The invention also discloses a manufacturing method of the fine-denier and super-fine-denier chinlon 6 fibers. The manufacturing method includes following steps: mixing dried chinlon 6 slices with the lanthanum-rich light rare earth master batches, carrying out a screw melted extruding process, conveying an extruded melt into a spinning case, extruding the melt into a spinning assembly, spinning the melt in the spinning assembly, carrying out a cooling and moulding process with side-blowing air, performing an oil-coating process, carrying out a drafting process with cold rollers and hot rollers, performing a winding process to form a cylinder, carrying out an inspection process and a graded packaging process. The fine-denier and super-fine-denier chinlon 6 fibers is high in breaking strength, is good in dyeing property and conforms to a superior product grade. The manufacturing method can reduce consumption and increase economic benefit.


In order to resolve the nonlinear optimization problem of TDOA Location,a hybrid method that employs a modified immune algorithm and a Chan algorithm is proposed.The modified immune algorithm is a consociation of genetic algorithm based on chaotic initial population and floating point code with modified immune operator that reduces the computational complexity by providing faster convergence.Simulation results show that if the population size is big enough,the algorithm is robust and can find the coordinates of near optimization.It has a higher accuracy than Chan algorithm and a faster convergence than genetic algorithm.


In Crimes, Harms, and Wrongs, Andrew Simester and Andreas von Hirsch smoothly weave several previously published papers into an account of the principles that should govern the decision to criminalize behaviour. They ask, '[W]hen should the criminal law be deployed to regulate the behaviour of citizens?' (3). Given that that the criminal law speaks in 'a distinctively moral voice' (4), condemning people for their conduct, and that the liberal state is an instrument for advancing 'the welfare of its subjects' (30), they argue that the criminal sanction should be used with restraint. There are at least four conditions that should be met for conduct to be criminalized: the conduct is (morally) wrongful (23), the conduct causes harm (36ff), the harms the conduct causes can be properly attributed to the offender (59–61), and criminalization is the best legal device for dealing with those harms (189). There is virtually no discussion of familiar problems of criminal law doctrine, such as the role of fault requirements, the interpretation of criminal statutes, the difference between offences and defences, or the relationship between substantive criminal law and rights-protecting instruments such as bills of rights or international conventions (compare 134–5). Instead, the authors' focus is relentlessly legislative: when should the legislature choose to criminalize conduct rather than using some other mode of regulation (or none at all)? The success of an approach to criminalization that takes both wrongfulness and harmfulness seriously as constraints depends not only on the plausibility of the theorist's conceptions of wrong and harm but also on a commitment to keeping those conceptions distinct. Each constraint is supposed to limit what would otherwise be the excessive demands of the other; if they are not kept distinct, a harm-based account tends to collapse into a wrong-based account, or vice versa, and there turns out to be no limit, after all, on the imperialism of one principle. That is why Joel Feinberg relies so heavily on the notion of wrongful harm in spelling out the implications of his version of the harm principle,1 and why Simester and von Hirsch themselves resist the claim that wronging someone should be considered harmful per se (50). Simester and von Hirsch's conception of wrongful conduct includes both conduct that is morally wrong independently of the law, such as murder, and conduct that is neutral pre-legally but becomes morally wrongful in light of the morally