This paper demonstrated the usefulness of several models from a quickly expanding field of applying optimization methods to distribution planning. Although a practical overall long-range optimization model has not yet been achieved, this paper has illustrated how simpler optimization models may be applied in an overall planning methodology. In addition, a brief description of an advanced primary feeder optimization model was given to demonstrate the enhanced capability in short-range decision making. The primary advantage of optimization-based models is their ability to suggest solutions to the user and to more easily address broader-based problems. 7 references, 7 figures.


A resonant multi-photon scheme has been investigated that could provide laser-induced ignition within a high-voltage gap across an aircraft combustion chamber. The resonant technique could potentially be applied as a laser trigger from a compact low power laser source leading to breakdown and ignition of an aircraft air-fuel flow. Experiments with resonant laser-induced ignition of a moderate-speed flow of an air-propane mixture were conducted by applying a high voltage across the flow chamber that was significantly less than normal self-breakdown. The resulting spark followed the laser pre-ionized path across the chamber within a few microseconds of the laser pulse which led to ignition and combustion on the time scale of milliseconds. This laser scheme involves resonant enhanced multi-photon ionization (REMPI) and subsequent laser field-enhanced electron avalanche to generate a pre-ionized micro-plasma path between flow chamber walls and thus guide the ignition spark through fuel-rich areas of the air-fuel flow. We have determined that a specific resonant ultraviolet wavelength, 287.5 nm, is optimal at relatively low laser pulse energy to photo-ionize oxygen molecules in a fuel-air flow to reliably initiate ignition. This laser wavelength coincides with a 2+1 REMPI transition in molecular oxygen. With this resonant method, sufficient photo-ionization and laser field-enhanced electron avalanche ionization have been generated for inducing air breakdown at a relatively low laser power compared to most laser breakdown concepts. This low power requirement may allow for a laser source to be transmitted to an ignition chamber via fiber optic coupling. Results of this study include detailed spectroscopy of the evolution of the optical emission from laser pre-ionization, spark, and eventual ignition. Spectroscopic results are compared to breakdown in pure air to determine the role of the 2+1 REMPI transition in molecular oxygen compared to hydrocarbon dissociation and ionization processes that may aid ignition. In addition, high speed photography of flame ignition in an air-propane flow was conducted, showing the spatial and temporal evolution of the laser-induced spark and flame kernel leading to combustion.


Before participating in a mandated travelers program 571 males in Seoul Korea who planned to travel abroad filled out a questionnaire in December 1991 as part of a study to determine AIDS risk among Korean men. Overall knowledge levels about the cause of AIDS (72%) and the major routes of HIV transmission (>90%) were high. Further 93% realized that HIV ravages the immune system. Yet many men incorrectly thought that HIV could be transmitted by working close to an HIV-positive person (55%) by public toilets (47%) and by biting mosquitoes (39%). 81% of the men were sexually active in the 12 months. 46% had several sexual partners (mean = 6). 24% visited prostitutes. 8% had sex with other men. 46% of married men who comprised 54% of the respondents had extramarital sexual affairs. 54% of the sexually active men never used condoms while just 14% did during every act of sexual intercourse. Any use of condoms was significantly associated in a positive direction with multiple partners (odds ratio [OR] = 3.18; p < .01) perceived condom efficacy (OR = 2.6; p < .05) peer norms about condoms (OR = 2.02; p < .05) and being 25 to 34 years old (OR = 5.37; p < .05). On the other hand consistent condom use was significantly related in a positive direction only with perceived condom efficacy (OR = 2.97; p < .05). 46% were concerned about acquiring HIV abroad but just 35% considered themselves to be at risk for HIV infection. These findings indicated a need to design an AIDS educational curriculum to include in the required 3-hour traveler program. Public awareness campaigns about AIDS prevention are needed to reach more people. Condom promotion campaigns should use appealing advertising messages to target nonusers with negative attitudes about condoms. They should use skills training and counseling programs which stress the appeal of condom use to clients of family planning public health and sexually transmitted disease clinics to convince inconsistent condom users to always use condoms.


We have prepared InAsSb/InGaAs strained-layer superlattices (SLSs) by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition using a variety of growth conditions. Presence of an InGaAsSb interface layer was indicated by x-ray diffraction. This interface effect was minimized by optimizing the purge times, reactant flows, and growth conditions. The optimized growth conditions involved the use of low pressure, short purge times between the growth of the layers, and no reactant flow during the purges. Electron diffraction indicates that CuPt-type compositional ordering occurs in InAs{sub 1{minus}x}Sb{sub x} alloys and SLSs which explains an observed bandgap reduction from previously accepted alloy values.


The new compounds (IV), (V), (VII), and (IX) are characterized by single crystal XRD, IR, UV/VIS, and photoluminescence spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry.


Impaired renal function artificial support development massively contributed to increased life expectancy and quality of life improvement. The first steps in this direction were made in the beginning of the 1900s, nowadays existing a variety of methods of renal replacement therapies that could be customized to each patient depending on the associated complications and comorbidities. Considering these aspects and that acute kidney injury (AKI) could represent a life-threatening condition, the present review will present different options of renal replacement therapies suitable to be initiated in emergency.


Transformers have shown remarkable progress on computer vision tasks in the past year. Compared to their CNN counterparts, transformers usually need the help of distillation to achieve comparable results on middle or small sized datasets. Meanwhile, recent researches discover that when transformers are trained with supervised and self-supervised manner respectively, the captured patterns are quite different both qualitatively and quantitatively. These findings motivate us to introduce a self-supervised teaching assistant (SSTA) besides the commonly used supervised teacher to improve the performance of transformers. Specifically, we propose a headlevel knowledge distillation method that selects the most important head of the supervised teacher and self-supervised teaching assistant, and let the student mimic the attention distribution of these two heads, so as to make the student focus on the relationship between tokens deemed by the teacher and the teacher assistant. Extensive experiments verify the effectiveness of SSTA and demonstrate that the proposed SSTA is a good compensation to the supervised teacher. Meanwhile, some analytical experiments towards multiple perspectives (e.g. prediction, shape bias, robustness, and transferability to downstream tasks) with supervised teachers, self-supervised teaching assistants and students are inductive and may inspire future researches. The code is released in https://github.com/GlassyWu/SSTA Equal contribution School of Computer Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China Tencent Youtu Lab, Shanghai, China. This work was done when Haiyan Wu was an intern at Tencent Youtu Lab. Correspondence to: Yuan Xie <firstname.lastname@example.com>, Shaohui Lin <email@example.com>. Proceedings of the 39 th International Conference on Machine Learning, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, PMLR 162, 2022. Copyright 2022 by the author(s). Input Supervised DeiT-S Self-supervised DeiT-S Head 1 Head 2 Head 3 Head 4 Head 5 Head 6 Head 1 Head 2 Head 3 Head 4 Head 5 Head 6 Figure 1. Visualizations of self-attention maps from the last layer of DeiT-S (Touvron et al., 2021).


This paper assesses the perceived listening quality of customer support waiting loops using both a subjective experiment as well as an objective perceptual assessment with POLQA (ITU-T Rec. P.863) and VISQOL. A modified version of the methodology defined in the ITU-T Rec. P.835 was derived and used in this paper to subjectively assess the listening speech quality, the listening audio quality as well as the overall listening quality of the waiting loop perceived by the user. It is expected that the perceived listening quality of the customer support waiting loop can influence the overall quality of the customer support communication service. The waiting loop consisted of a speech announcement and a music fragment. Both are assessed separately as well as overall. The results show that the degradations introduced by the investigated codecs and packet loss, representing typical degradations commonly seen in voice communication over telecommunication networks, seriously impact the subjectively perceived listening quality of the speech announcement and music fragment as well as the overall subjectively perceived listening quality of the waiting loop. As expected the listening quality of the music fragment is, in most of the cases, significantly lower than the listening speech quality of the announcement. The POLQA results show a high correlation between subjective and objective measurements for the listening speech and audio quality as well as the overall listening quality of the waiting loop. On the other hand, it is shown that the VISQOL model provides too low correlations between predicted objective and subjective scores for accurate prediction of the listening speech and audio quality as well as the overall listening quality of the waiting loop. © S. Hirzel Verlag · EAA.


There are two types of intercalated cells of the renal collecting duct; one secretes H+ and the other secretes HCO;. The H+-secreting form has an apical vacuolar H+-ATPase and a basolateral Cl/HC03 exchanger that cross-reacts with antibodies to band 3, the product of the AE1 gene. The HC0:-secreting form has a basolat- eral vacuolar H+-ATPase and an apical Cl/HCOs exchanger, whose identity has not been established previously. Apical membrane vesicles of j3 intercalated cells purified from rabbit kidney cortex contain both an electroneutral Cl/HCOs exchange activity and poly- peptides that react with antibodies to band 3 on Western blots. Furthermore, both primary cultures of HC0;-secreting intercalated cells and an immortalized cell line derived from these cells express AE1 and have an apical CI/HC03 exchanger. Apical membranes purified from these cells contain a 100-kDa polypeptide that cross-reacts with antibody to the cytoplasmic domain of band 3. These data suggest that the apical C1/ HCOs exchanger of HC0;-secreting intercalated cells is band 3. or


Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Pan-Germanism from Empire to Republic 2. Creating a Fascist press at home and abroad 3. Pan-Germanism and Austrofascism in a small town 4. Reich Germans, Auslandsdeutsche and minorities 5. 'Ostjude' as anti-Semitic stereotype 6. Citizens, immigrants and refugees Conclusion Bibliography Index


The paper presents the possibility of solar heating as a way of natural gas savings. Solar heating is ideally used in our climate area, considering a large number of sunny days and relatively high average temperatures in Croatia, resulting in higher efficiency of heating systems. The advantage of solar heating, compared to other methods (such as heating with natural gas), is in its environmental acceptability, and also in its partial autonomy, respectively in its applicability, without public utilities. Solar system, applied for one building heating, can save an average of 50-60 % annual energy needs. During the summer months a conventional heating system for hot water can work on a minimum energy needs or can be totally excluded, and thus eliminate harmful emissions (CO ), which occur as a by- product of burning conventional fuels. Using solar energy to produce thermal energy makes it possible to save considerable financial resources. Repayment of this system can be observed through the reduction of energy consumption (e.g. natural gas) during the preparation of consumable hot water (CHW) and/or space heating. 2


Learning through web browsing, often termed Search-as-Learning (SaL), can create information overload, due to thousands of search results. SaL can be made more efficient by developing context-aware tools that recommend items to the user and minimize information overload. However, to use context-aware recommender systems (CARS) users need to trust it. Literature has proposed explanations as a feature that helps to build trust. We investigate the impact of explanation on user trust and user experience for using CARS for SaL. Our study results show that people trust a CARS without explanation more during the first use, but for a CARS with explanations, user trust is significant only after multiple uses. Through interviews, we also uncovered the interesting paradox that even though users do not perceive that explanations add to their learning outcomes, they still prefer to use a CARS with explanations over one without.


Objective: To research the mechanism of electro-acupuncture on rheumatoid arthritis(RA) by observing the effect of electro-acupuncture on HLA-DR_4 transgenic RA animal model. Methods: The type II collagen-induced arthritis(CIA) in HLA-DR_4β_1 transgenic mice, negative transgenic mice and non-transgenic mice was taken as research subjective. Every kinds of mice was random divided into electro-acupuncture group, methotrexate group and model contrast group. The feature and mechanisms of electro-acupuncture on RA were detected by molecular biological and radio- immunoassay methods. Result: firstly, electo-acupuncture could inhibit the activities of T cell. Secondly, electro-acupuncture could regulate the expression of RA predisposing genes at some degree.Conclusion: The electro-acupuncture therapy treated CIA mice trough regulating the expression of RA predisposing genes and influencing the antigen presentation of MHCⅡmoleculars.


Hexagonal ErFeO3 (h-ErFeO3) thin films were fabricated by a pulsed laser deposition method. X-ray diffraction experiments confirmed that single-phase h-ErFeO3 thin films were successfully obtained and were c axis-oriented. Ferroelectricity was confirmed by D–E hysteresis loop measurement at room temperature and the magnitude of spontaneous polarization was estimated to be 200 nC/cm2. A weak ferromagnetism appeared below 120 K and dielectric constants started to exhibit magnetic field dependence. These observations demonstrate the coexistence of ferroelectricity and weak ferromagnetism in h-ErFeO3 thin films.


Islamic banking was introduced in Indonesia in 1992 with the long-term objective of having a full-fledged Islamic banking system running parallel with the existing conventional banking system. To be competitive in the dual banking system, the basic strategy that Islamic banks should have offer Shariah-compliant services which match those offered by the conventional banks. Since interest is prohibited in Islam, Islamic bank services are based on profits and other interest-free Islamic principles. Hence, Islamic banks accept demand and savings deposits based on safe-keeping (wadiah) while investment deposits based on profit sharing (mudarabah). Islamic bank financing is offered varieties of principles such as credit sale (bai bithamin ajit), profit sharing (mudarabah, musyarakah), leasing (ijarah) and hire-purchase.


Objective: To study the expression of survivin and the correlations with the expressions of c-erbB-2 in breast cancer.Methods: Detect the expression of survivin,c-erbB-2 in 68 case breast cancer tissues by immunohistochemistry two-step method.Results: Survivin gene positive expression ratewas 72%(49/68),c-erbB-2 gene positive expression rate was 28%(19/68)in breast cancer tissues,It has relation between Survivin with clinical stage(P0.05),its expression was not related with patient age,tumor size and lymph node metastasis(P0.05).survivin and c-erbB-2 genes expression have positive correlation(P0.05).


Abstract Long‐term cropping with clean and stubble mulch tillage (SMT) resulted in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen (N) decreases at numerous Great Plains locations. Crops at some locations now respond to applied ? fertilizers. Objective of this study was to compare soil nitrate‐N (NO3‐N) contents after a 12‐year field study for which different management practices [cropping systems (rotations or continual cropping), tillage methods (SMT or no‐tillage), land leveling (level or nonlevel), and ? fertilizer (applied or not applied)] were used for dryland grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, superactive, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll) was sampled by increments to a 20‐cm depth. Relatively few differences in NO3‐N contents due cropping system, land leveling, or tillage treatments were significant for individual depths or means across all depths. Cropping systems had no effect, but contents were greater in wheat than in sorghum or fallow plots. Land leveling and tillage methods resulted in no consistent differences, but contents usually were greater with than without applied fertilizer. Although ? fertilizer treatments were imposed early in the field study because plant ? deficiencies symptoms were noted, crops did not respond to applied fertilizer. This suggests the NO3‐N content differences found will have little effect on dryland crop yields under present management conditions.


The context of counseling in South Africa is evolving rapidly because of various political, economic, and sociocultural factors. Thus, whatever is said in this article needs to be interpreted from the perspective that there is variability relative to the degree to which counseling theories developed elsewhere can be transposed directly to the South African situation; however, this is what actually occurred until very recently. Because counseling theories provide counselors with the theoretical foundation for establishing an acceptable practice that is in the best interests of their clients, the following working assumption will guide this explication: Professional counseling in South Africa is largely driven by an emphasis on individual needs, yet a culture of sharing and a focus on the collectivist needs (needs of the group) rather than individual needs is characteristic of roughly 90% of South African society. Moreover, South Africa is currently in a state of turbulence marked by poverty, xenophobia, unemployment rates of more than 40%, spiraling crime levels, ever-increasing socioeconomic inequality, emigration, and political instability. Because the prevailing political, social, and economic culture in which any counseling practice evolves affects the advance of epistemology (theory) and practice, this discussion is embedded in and framed by the reality explained herein. Second, we concur with the views expressed by Egan (as cited in Levers, 1997) that professional counseling, as understood not only in the United States but also to an increasing extent in the progressively more internationalized counseling community, is an interactive, two-way process involving counselor and client in a relationship characterized by empathy, authenticity, and (probably more than anything) respect. Likewise, the physical, emotional, cognitive, vocational, social, conative, and spiritual dimensions of the individual are regarded as an indispensable facet of the critical mass of this unique relationship. Additionally, a major focus of professional counseling in South Africa involves career counseling. As far as career counseling in particular is concerned, we subscribe to Savickas's (2007a) definition of counseling as a concentration on "the daily life adjustment issues faced by reasonably well-adjusted people, particularly as they cope with career transition and personal development" (p. 183). Savickas (2006) advocated establishing a cross-national professional identity for professional counseling; encouraging indigenous models, methods, and materials; and promoting international collaboration. We begin our discussion by clarifying key concepts, followed by an analysis of the counseling context in South Africa. * Concept Clarification It should be noted that the changing character of the psychology landscape in South Africa has led to the inclusion of large facets of the scope of practice of educational psychology in professional counseling. (The interested reader is referred to the amended scope of practice of all psychologists and counselors in South Africa, a scope that was recently accepted by the Professional Board for Psychology; "Health Professions Act" 2010). We are aware of an overlap between the terms career counseling and general counseling in both South Africa and the United States; however, they are still distinguishable from each other. Furthermore, as in the United States, there is a distinction between counseling psychology and the counseling profession in South Africa. We use the term counseling profession throughout. Likewise, we use the term professional counselors to refer to professional counselors in both educational and noneducational settings. * Historical Context of Professional Counseling in South Africa In this section, we review the history of the development of professional counseling in South Africa by drawing on comparisons between counseling in South Africa and the United States. …


PlanetLab was conceived as both an experimental testbed and a platform for long-running services. It has been quite successful at the former, less so at the latter. In this paper we examine why. The crux of the problem is that there are few incentives for researchers to develop long-running services. Research prototypes fulfill publishing requirements, whereas long-running services do not. Several groups have tried to deploy research services, long-running services that are useful, but also novel enough to be published. These services have been generally unsuccessful. In this paper we discuss the difficulties in developing a research service, our experiences in developing a research service called Stork, and offer suggestions on how to increase the incentives for researchers to develop research services.


Information and communication technologies (ICTs) represent a comprehensive sector of communication devices, applications, and services. As this sector has rapidly developed, its transformative impact on nearly every component of modern life has made sustainable development a priority, as detailed in many national economic agendas, as well as the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Countries around the world invest in and/or receive investments in ICTs to support their growth and development goals. International investment laws, namely bilateral investment treaties govern these investments and attempt to balance the interests of the host states with those of foreign investors. These competing interests and laws raise questions and create unique challenges for the respective parties - challenges that emerge within the context of the international investment laws governing foreign investment in ICTs. This article explores three particularly tenacious categories: strategic, structural, and substantive. Strategic challenges threaten macro-level interests and major policy aims that influence the survival and inherent functions of a nation state when considering and allowing actors from other locales to own and/or control technologies that have far reaching public policy implications including economic progress, national security, and human development. In contrast, structural challenges in this context relate to the compositional and definitional makeup of the investment agreements, demonstrating the incompatibility of terms and coverage detailed in investment agreements and treaties for investments in the ICT sector's intellectual property and digital assets. Finally, substantive challenges relate to the rights and duties included in investment agreement provisions and are key to determining what investors and host states can/cannot do post-investment.


Our study analyses the changes in the financial structure of the firms in the context of the vulnerabilities induced by the financial crisis. The study show that there have been registered a reconfiguration of firms' financial structure which has triggered an increase in their financial fragility and vulnerability to crises. The results obtained confirm that the effects of financing differ depending on the economic conditions in particular period (normal periods and crisis periods). In tranquil times solvency is more important for the firms than liquidity. After crisis, the firms became more cautious regarding liquidity, solvency and the prospect of securing long-term financial balance. These firms have abandoned the objective of maximizing the positive effects of debt financing adopting a more prudent financing.


Idioms of African religion have enabled African men and women to respond to Christianity and to place their hopes in it. The idioms and new ideas of missions had a tremendous influence on the prophetic, spiritual African churches, helping to ensure that they would emerge as Christian churches rather than as re-statements of African religion. Some African churches did advocate the performance of ancestral rituals but stressed the need for dignity and sobriety in worship on the one hand and the acknowledgement of the cen-trality of preaching and the Bible on the other hand. Noisy ill-disciplined enthusiasm was strongly disapproved and yet the historic mission churches were not averse to experimenting with new ideas of inculturation.


Estrogen plays a pivotal role in development and progression of human breast carcinoma. Before menopause the main source of estrogen in women is circulating estrogen secreted from the ovary, but following menopause the source changes to the hormone that is converted from circulating adrenal androgens in peripheral tissues. Therefore, adrenal androgens have to be converted to estrogen to stimulate breast carcinoma cells. In these steps, several enzymes such as aromatase, steroid sulfatase, and 17β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β‐HSDs) are involved in the production of estrogens.


Surveillance is an essential tool in maintaining security in the premises of organizations, shopping complexes, financial and educational institutions. Security from theft is of critical importance to all organizations. Video surveillance is an effective tool in the prevention or detection of theft. Many techniques are available for surveillance. Techniques like Closed-Circuit television, tripwire, and entry detection sensors are widely used today. But most of these systems are expensive and require human intervention. So there is a need of a system that is cost effective and requires a minimum amount of human intervention. The proposed system video surveillance for theft detection diminishes cost exponentially. It is an accurate and automated system for theft detection.


A drop tube‐impulse atomization technique was used to produce D2 tool steel powders. Shadowgraph (Sizing Master Shadow from LaVision GmbH in Göttingen, Germany) was utilized to measure in‐situ velocity and droplet size. Simultaneously, the DPV‐2000 (Tecnar Automation Ltée, St. Hubert Quebec, Canada) was used to measure the radiant energy and droplet size of atomized droplets. These devices were mounted on a 3D translation stage which was designed, constructed and installed in the drop tube. The measurements were done at three different distances from the molten metal crucible, 4 cm, 18 cm and 28 cm. A thermal model of droplet cooling was coupled with the temperature of primary phase undercooling for D2 tool steel. The results from this model were used in order to find the emissivity behaviour of the droplets. It is shown that emissivity of the droplets is a function of size and temperature. It was concluded that the DPV‐2000 should be considered as a single color pyrometer since the gray body assumption for D2 tool steel falling droplets using DPV‐2000 during is invalid for the range of measurements taken.


Since the start of the economic transformation in 1978, China has been growing at spectacular level. Given the size and growth of its economy, China is in a position to substantially influence world commodity prices and prices for various consumption goods. This report summarises insights from a trip to China, aimed at getting better understanding of how the Chinese economy 'works'. Based on talks with government officials, Chinese and foreign firms, we provide evidence that (i) through piecemeal introduction of market elements, China has successfully made the transition from a planned economy to a marker economy; (ii) political stability is an important determining the attractiveness of China for foreign investors, and (iii) regional disparities are huge, which might at some point pose a concern to further growth. Also we note that China is primarily growing through use of more inputs, not through high productivity. Looking forward, input-based growth is typically not sustainable. As productivity does not tend to grow by 10 percent annually, China's economy will probably slow down at some point. Lastly, we expect that in the medium term, real wages will rise. The resulting expansion of China's domestic market would create new export opportunities for Western firms.


A new explicit upwind algorithm based on Roe's flux-difference splitting (FDS) method has been developed for the three-dimensional Parabolized Navier-Stokes (PNS) equations. For three-dimensional flows, FDS's are determined separately for the two nonmarching directions and modified to account for the calculated shock angle in the crossflow plane. Second-order FDS is applied to the pressure and convection terms with the streamwise pressure gradient limited in the subsonic region to maintain a hyperbolic inviscid equation set. Second-order central differencing is obtained in the two-step algorithm for the shear and heat flux terms. The new algorithm is demonstrated for three laminar flow test cases: supersonic flow over a flat plate, hypersonic flow over a 15 deg ramp, and hypersonic flow past a 10 deg cone at a 24 deg angle of attack. The computed results agree well with experimental measurements.


Eleven known compounds were isolated from the ethanol extract of the flowers of Helichrysum bracteatum Vent(Compositae),and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods as subscandenin(1),prunin(2),eriodictyol 5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(3),pyracanthoside(4),quercetin(5),luteolin(6),chrysoeriol(7),isoorientin(8),caffeic acid(9),piperitol(10)and 4-hydroxymethyl-1-methoxycarbonylazulene(11).All of them were isolated from the genus for the first time.


In this letter, we suggest a simple way of implementing a post-FFT pilot-assisted sampling frequency offset and residual frequency offset estimator with reduced complexity in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. In order to devise the low-complexity post-FFT frequency estimator, some modifications on the conventional estimator are highlighted with an emphasis on the selection of pilot subset.


Legal Environments, and the Dynamics of Competitive Intensity in the Early American Film Industry, 1893–1920"] is an assistant professor of management and organizations at the National University of Singapore, 1 Business Link, Singapore, 117592 (e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com). Her research interests concern entrepreneurship at the individual and firm levels of analysis and decision making in competitive situations. She holds a Ph.D. in management and organizations from New York University.


Stars in the mass range 1.2-7M⊙, with solar-like initial composition are evolved from the zero age main sequence till the early AGB phase. Their predicted oxygen isotopic ratios are compared to observationally inferred values in red giants to investigate how well standard evolutionary calculation reproduces available observations and to illustrate the role of convective mixing. We find that extra mixing beyond the convective boundary determined by the Schwarzschild criterion is needed to explain the observational oxygen isotopic ratios, particularly in low mass stars. The effect of recent determinations of proton capture reactions and their uncertainties on 16O/17O is also shown.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the National Association of Elementary School Principals formal mentoring program attributes and perceptions of proteges and mentors of program effectiveness. Program attributes examined included training prior to mentoring, input into the mentoring process, Mentor Commitment and Program Understanding. The participants for this quantitative study consisted of 201 mentors and 80 proteges who participated in the National Association of Elementary School Principals'(NAESP) formal mentor certification program. Both mentors and proteges were asked to complete a questionnaire adapted from research conducted by Allen, Eby & Lentz (2006b) to assess their perceptions of Mentor Commitment, Mentor Program Understanding, training prior to participation in formal mentoring, input into the mentoring process and Perceived Program Effectiveness. Data from both protege and mentor questionnaire using multiple regression was used to develop a path model to investigate the relationships between formal mentoring program attributes and Perceived Program Effectiveness for NAESP's formal mentor certification program. Results from the analysis of the protege questionnaire responses found the program attributes variables to have a significant and direct relationship with Perceived Program Effectiveness were Training Quality and Program Understanding. The effects of Training Quality on Perceived Program Effectiveness was significantly mediated when passing through Program Understanding but not Mentor Commitment. Similar results were found for the multiple regression analysis used to determine the path coefficients for the mentor results. In addition to Training Quality and Program Understanding, received training and match-input was also significantly related to Perceived Program Effectiveness. Training hours, match input and voluntary participation were not found an important attributes for explaining proteges Perceived Program Effectiveness. For the mentors, the relationship of the program attributes variables of Received Training and Training Quality with Perceived Program Effectiveness was found to be significantly mediated by Program Understanding only. Findings from this study suggest including training prior to formal mentoring and the quality of training is essential for creating an effective formal mentoring program. Establishing mentoring programs that create committed mentors and promoting Program Understanding through quality training will increase the effectiveness of the mentor experience for both proteges and mentors.


Abstract The year 1862 proved to be one of the most productive in the artistic career of Edouard Manet. He executed his first large and ambitious works, the Old Musician and Music in the Tuileries, along with paintings of individual figures such as the Young Woman Reclining in a Spanish Costume, the Street Singer, Mille v ... in the Costume of an Espada and Lola de Valence. The year also marked a high point in his creative activity as a printmaker, with numerous etchings and an important lithograph, The Balloon. The period has been seen as a watershed in Manet's career,1 and much critical attention during Manet's time and our own has been brought to bear on the works that the artist executed the year before the Dijeuner sur l'herbe became the succes de scandale at the Salon des Refuses. I want to look at a portrait Manet did in 1862 of Jeanne Duval (Figure 1), the mistress of the poet and art critic Charles Baudelaire, a work that in comparison with other paintings Manet executed during that prolific year has received scant critical attention. This painted sketch is considered unfinished and was exhibited only once in Manet's lifetime at the Galerie Martinet in 1865 under the title Au Divan.2 It was identified as Baudelaire's mistress in the posthumous inventory of Manet's studio in December 1883.


We have carried out a systematic analysis of the transverse dipole spin response of a large-size quantum dot within time-dependent current density functional theory. Results for magnetic fields corresponding to integer filling factors are reported, as well as a comparison with the longitudinal dipole spin response. As in the two-dimensional electron gas, the spin response at high-spin magnetization is dominated by a low-energy transverse mode. @S0163-1829~99!14435-7#


In this paper, we set one models in total, based on taking it into account that two-lane highway capacity, security, and traffic flow efficiency in different traffic load conditions. We propose one evaluation indexes, that is, average number of vehicle decelerating and following others, free passage probability, average number of overtaking, the accident probability, and the average traffic speed of vehicles, to analyze the change rule of every index under different vehicle density.


This thesis focused on the research of a method to evaluate and improve alignment design consistency in the respect of safety. The design consistency depends on the conformance between drivers expectancy and highway geometry, so that the evaluation criteria for consistency should efficiently represent drivers behavioral characteristics. Under the conditions, this research included a new evaluation criteria development and an analysis on how to change evaluation criteria according to roadway alignments, to evaluate safety. The general study was performed with 3 steps basically. 1st stage analyzed a development of new evaluation criteria for alignment design consistency. In 2nd stage, the model, which meets the roadway geometric features, was developed with new evaluation criteria. Finally the model was validated and evaluation standard for the criteria were defined. The newly developed evaluation criteria, spacing mean and speed deviation represented the drivers behavioral characteristics effectively on association area for a roadway segment alignment. Additionally the interrelationship with accident history data is also high. The existing operating speed evaluation criterion had the limit on the safety validation of roadway alignments association area because of lack of operating speed expectation method. However, new evaluation criteria model can supplement the limited existing criterion. The new evaluation criteria is intended for application by highway agencies to estimate the safety performance an existing or proposed roadway. The evaluation criteria model can be used to compare the anticipated safety performance of two or more geometric alternatives for a proposed highway improvement.


This paper mainly focuses on the influences to decision-making of urban residents in low-carbon transport mode. Meanwhile, with integrating the theory of public management, social psychology, environmental behavior and other disciplines, residents of the new urban in low-carbon transport conceptual model is established. Based on data from residents living in new urban in Tianjin, this paper explore factor analysis method based on the bounded rational decision-making assumptions to refine elements of the residents choice of low-carbon transport mode, which try to lay the theoretical foundation for low-carbon city development and urban management innovation, as well as provide more targeted basis for government to formulate guidance policy.


ABSTRACT A vertically moving underwater vehicle with an air film attached to its exterior can significantly weaken the hydrodynamic disturbances caused by launch conditions. To quantify the ability of a pressure-equalizing film to improve the trajectory and attitude robustness of vehicles under an uncertain platform velocity input, the response surface model of nonintrusive polynomial chaos was built based on sample spacing constructed with a nested sparse grid-based stochastic collocation method. The results indicate the uncertainty bars of the horizontal displacement exhibit an expanding-contracting-expanding pattern with a 'spindle' shape as the vehicle moves. In contrast, the horizontal velocity presents an 'hourglass' shape. Additionally, the horizontal velocity and the pitching angular velocity of the vehicle are quite sensitive to the uncertainty of the platform velocity, and the large mean value and uncertainty of these factors will statistically worsen the trajectory and attitude of the vehicle. Implementation of an exhaust during the water-emerging process can weaken the horizontal motion and pitching rotation of a vehicle, as well as the relevant uncertainty. This is attributed to a generated pressure-equalizing region with a low uncertainty. Thus, an exhaust is urgently needed in the water-emerging process of these vehicles.


Purified mactin B samples had, in addition to a heparin-like component, varying amounts of a sulfated material which contained galactosamine, galactose and threonine, whereas mactin A contained a sulfated polygalactose and only small amounts of galactosamine or threonine.Results based on the analysis of hexosamine-containing products formed after reaction with nitrous acid indicate that the mactins have molecular structures similar to mammalian heparins, although in contrast to the latter, the mactins appear to have larger proportions of glucuronic than of iduronic acid. These results, along with evidence from fractionation of the mactins on Sephadex G-200, indicate that the galactosamine- and galactose-containing substances are contaminants and are not bound to the rnactins.


Web Services are widely recognized as the leading deployment paradigm for next-generation Web applications, where users and machines are co-operant and new services can be composed from pre-existen...


Spermatozoa experience physical and chemical stresses during cooling and freezing as a result of ice formation and osmotic changes in the medium. Sperm cryosurvival appears to depend on intrinsic properties of the sperm plasma membrane, such as biochemical composition, thermal behavior, osmotic resistance, and the physical stresses determined by the protocol. The objective of this study was to evaluate the addition of oil sources and dietary supplementation of the vitamin E on boar sperm characteristics cooled at 5°C. Twenty-four mature Dalboard 85 boars, of proven fertility and in routine semen production for artificial insemination, were randomly divided, in factorial arrangement 2 × 3, with 2 oil sources (35 g kg–1 of soybean or salmon oil were added to the basal diet as a supplement) and 3 levels of antioxidants (150, 300, and 450 vitamin E mg kg–1). The antioxidant used in this study was vitamin E provided as DL-α-tocopheryl acetate. At the start of the experiment, the age of the boars ranged from 1 to 2 years old. Sperm samples were collected after 0, 1a, 4a, 7a, and 10a weeks of feeding the experimental diets, and total motility, vigor, hypoosmotic swelling (HOST), sperm morphology, and the fatty acid composition of the sperm were determined. Ejaculates from each of 24 boars were diluted to 3 × 109 sperm to 80 mL in a Beltsville thawing solution diluent and cooled to 5°C in a bottle (3 bottles/boar were cooled). After 24, 48, and 72 h, sperm samples from 1 bottle/boar were analyzed. Treatment differences for sperm parameters were determined using ANOVA. Dietary supplementation with salmon oil reduced (P < 0.05) the proportion of ω6 fatty acid in fresh sperm, specifically of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5ω6), and it increased (P < 0.05) the proportion of docosahexanoic acid (22:6ω3). The motility and HOST of the animals sperm treated with salmon oil at 5°C was superior (P < 0.05) than animals treated with soybean oil, after 24, 48, and 72 h. Feeding salmon oil also increased (P < 0.05) sperm vigor after 24 and 48 h. The motility, vigor, and HOST of sperm at 5°C differed (P < 0.05) over the time they were preserved, with values at 24 h of storage being superior to sperm stored for 48 h and both being superior to sperm stored for 72 h. The percentages of sperm with abnormal morphology increased (P < 0.05) in the semen from animals treated with soybean oil. The percentages of sperm with abnormal morphology were higher (P < 0.05) in the semen at 5°C after 24, 48, and 72 h. Feeding boars salmon oil improved the sperm characteristics of boar semen cooled at 5°C during the 24 and 48 h of preservation time without using a specific diluent designed for this temperature. Supported by grants from: CNPq, FAPEMIG, Perdigao S/A., MINITUB, and Lagoa da Serra.


This paper assesses collaborative innovation activity undertaken by universities in Hong Kong and Shenzhen, China. The theoretical background references the systems of innovation approach and the triple helix model of university-industry-government interaction. The paper reviews Hong Kong's tertiary education system and the role of science and technology development in Shenzhen and Mainland China. Focusing on knowledge transfer between university research facilities, research institutes, industry, and government, the paper profiles key collaborative innovation programmes and documents an emerging trend in innovation strategy that utilises innovation collaboration to spawn startup businesses in China. Although we find no definite pattern of university-industry-government collaboration, we identify a range of specific competitive advantages associated with each of Hong Kong's universities that drive their innovation-related collaboration with institutions and firms in other sectors.


Methods and systems are provided for reducing late combustion induced cylinder ignition events. Forced entry of residual exhaust gases from a late-burning cylinder into an adjacent cylinder may be detected based on engine block vibrations sensed in a window with the late-burning cylinder exhaust valve open. In response to the entry of residual exhaust gases, a preignition mitigation action, such as fuel enrichment or deactivation, is performed in the adjacent cylinder.


This chapter is about a theory of action for whole system improvement in education. There are three conditions that such a theory must meet for the task at hand. First, it must meet the systemness criterion. Do the ideas stand a chance of addressing the whole system, not just a few hundred schools here and there? Second, our theory must make a compelling case that using the ideas will result in positive movement. We are talking about improvement after all — going from one state to another state. Third, such a theory must demonstrably tap into and stimulate people's motivation. I ask the reader to keep these three criteria in mind in assessing the theory I am about to offer, and in comparing it with other competing theories of action. Thus, to what extent do other theories or mine measure up to the systemness, movement, and motivation criteria.


This paper outlines the present day protection policies and practices of Prospect Electricity as applied to its transmission and distribution system. Developments in protection relay technology are discussed in an attempt to determine the likely impact of these advances on future protection methods. Such matters as protection reliability, maintenance and costs are also examined.


Objective To investigate the current status of compliance with hand hygiene among health care workers(HCWs)in a comprehensive hospital in Xi'an.Methods Status of hand hygiene among HCWs in73 clinical departments was observed directly.Results 404 moments for hand hygiene of 404 HCWs were observed,255 times of hand hygiene were implemented,181 times of hand hygiene were correct,the total compliance rate was 63.12%,and correct rate was 44.80%.Compliance rate and correct rate of hand hygiene of HCWs in intensive care unit were both higher than general wards(91.89% vs 60.22%,χ2=14.485,P0.001;81.08% vs 41.14%,χ2=5.671,P=0.017).Among HCWs of different occupations,compliance rate and correct rate of hand hygiene of nurses were both the highest(73.76% and 60.18% respectively),while auxiliary persons were both the lowest(40.90% and10.20%respectively);among five moments for hand hygiene,compliance rate was highest after body fluid and blood exposure(80.00%),correct rate was highest before aseptic procedure(62.96%).Conclusion There is a high compliance rate and low correct rate of hand hygiene among HCWs in this hospital.Compliance rate and correct rate of hand hygiene among HCWs in different departments,different occupations and different hand hygiene moments are varied,compliance with hand hygiene among HCWs should be paid extensive attention.


Objective Study on epidemiological characteristics of severe hand,foot and mouth disease and characteristics to remind clinicians early detection of severe cases,improve treatment success rate,reduce the death rate.Methods Retrospective analysis of hospitalized first people's Hospital of zaoyang City March 2011 to August received 2,200 cases of hand,foot and mouth disease in children,of which 209 cases of hand,foot and mouth disease: epidemiological and clinical manifestations.Results Age to 3 years of age of onset,fever incidence is 98%,48-72 hours in developed nervous system,characterized by limb alert 77.5%;Vomiting,15.8%,Poor mental 13.8%,sleepy 6.2%,high blood sugar,65%,hypertension and 53.6%.Conclusion 48-72 found body parts within hours without disturbing conclusion,poor mental significance of early detection of severe cases have prompted,vomiting,is the key to reducing mortality.


References: [1] Weizsacker, H.W. et al. (1983) J. Biomechanics, 16, p703-715 Introduction Knowledge of mechanical properties of living arteries is important to understand vascular function during health and disease. An effective way to study the behavior of living tissue is organ culture. In arterial culture the artery should be loaded at in vivo levels to maintain the artery's viability. The in vivo axial strain of coronary arteries, however, is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the physiological axial strain of the porcine left anterior coronary artery (LAD, fig. 1a). Based on [1] it is hypothesized that:


The constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detector is a representative detection method for radar systems. Its detection performance is severely depending on clutter environments such as homogeneous and non-homogeneous. Depending on the environment, we have to adopt different CFAR algorithms. Thus, in this paper, we propose the environment detection algorithm using the Kalman filter. By using this algorithm, we can select the optimal CFAR detector for each environment.


In this paper, the stability of type JS808BD stow net fishing vessel of Nantong, Jiangsu Province, which capsized in the marine casualty, is calculated and analyzed according to the theory of calculation of stability of ship. The result indicated that the stability of a stow net fishing vessel whose fishing gears and anchor devices on deck banded properly met the minimum demand of "The Legal Inspection Regulation of Fishery Vessel (2000)" for stability of ship navigating in the Ⅱ navigating zone, but less than that of design. However, the movement of the fishing gears and anchor devices could decrease the stability of vessel to the level which is less than the demand of "The Legal Inspection Regulation of Fishery Vessel (2000)", and could easily lead to capsize of vessel. Besides the effect of weather and sea condition, the change of stability of fishing vessel is also related to the fishing gears and anchor devices loaded on deck.


Discussions surrounding the concept of the international state crime have focused to a large extent on the mode of reaction to breaches of peremptory norms of the international legal order. In particular, the question arose whether UN mechanisms aimed at preserving international peace and security should be regarded as a privileged - or even exclusive - means to implement this type of 'aggravated' responsibility. Drawing on Security Council practice, Special Rapporteurs Ago and Riphagen suggested that UN organs should play a central role in such a situation. Ascribing a central function to UN organs in reaction to international crimes has, however, drawn criticism on several grounds, such as the limits to the Security Council's ratione materiae competence and its lack of legitimacy in representing the international community. Proposals to develop new institutional mechanisms, put forward by Arangio-Ruiz, have, however, proved no more successful, and have been condemned as 'utopian'. Article 54 of the final version of the Articles on State Responsibility appears to leave the question open, since, following Special Rapporteur Crawford, the ILC chose not to exclude any specific mode of reaction to serious breaches of peremptory norms of international law, whether carried out within or outside existing international institutions. This probably better reflects the present state of institutionalization of the international society.


This paper introduces the key technology of Radio Resource Management (RRM) in TD-SCDMA Long Term Evolution (TD-LTE) as well as the handover flow and protocol design of the TD-LTE system.It proposes a handover algorithm based on Handover Hysteresis Margin (HOM) and Time-to-Tiger (TTT) that conforms to the requirements of TD-LTE.The impact of HOM and TTT on system performance is also analyzed.Simulation results show that with the growth of HOM and TTT,there is no significant drop in system throughput.However,the total number of handovers is greatly reduced.This reduces the frequency of signaling interaction,saves system resources,and improves handover efficiency.


Objective To compare the outcomes of mandible retrusion correction with Dynamax and Twin-block orthopaedic appliances.Methods Twenty-eight children with mandible retrusion were randomly divided into two groups,who were treated with Dynamax(group D,14 cases) or Twin-block(group T,14 cases) orthopaedic appliance.Cephalomatric radiographs were taken before and after treatment for comparing the hard and soft tissue changes and the treatment periods were compared.Results Compared to brfore,soft tissue measurements such as soft-tissue facial angle significantly increased,while Ns-Sn-Pos and Ls-E line significantly decreased after treatment in both groups(P0.05).Hard tissue measurements such as SNB,Y axis angle,mandible length,MP-SN,N-Me and Ans-Me significantly increased,while ANB significantly decreased as well (P0.05).In addition,IMPA significantly increased in group D(P0.05),which was not in group T.The time needed for the treatment was shorter in group D than that in group T(P0.05).Conclusion Both orthopaedic appliances could effectively correct mandible retrusion and improve facial balance.Adverse effects such as teeth mal-alignment and mandible teeth forward movement exist with Dynamax orthopaedic appliance.Its effect on mandible forward movement is weaker.However,the treatment periods of Dynamax appliance could be shortened with more comfortable compared to twin-block orthopaedic appliance.


The foundation stage of the English teaching plays a very important role in the whole process of English teaching.To do a better job in this stage,the students can benefit a lot in laying a solid foundation in language learning and creating a better condition for further learning in the advanced stage.In the process of the foundation stage the teachers are required to spare no effort in searching for the teaching methods and the teaching modes.Meanwhile the main tasks of English teaching should be focused on the cultivation of language competence with a solid language foundation so as to bring up some qualified foreign languages talents.


This book describes both "seen" and "unseen" cues and how retailers can fashion their floor space to capitalize on these cues. Included are detailed discussions and examples of: customer expectations and how they are formed; psychological factors; quality and image style; store imagery; shopping patterns and design factors; traffic flow; adaptability, capacity and in-store factors; presentation display; and workshops for in-store personnel. Each chapter includes photographic examples, charts, checklists, and illustrations on retail design and how to improve it.


Simulation in circuit design is increasingly used in recent years, because it can not only optimize design, reduce experiment consumption, but also improve design efficiency. However, when gate circuit self-excited multivibrator is simulated using EWB. The result of simulation experiment is wrong and is inconsistent with the one of real circuit experiment at all. Why dose this phenomenon happen? In this paper, a simulation experiment was made and the reason of wrong simulation experiment result was analyzed. At last, a solution method of simulation experiment was pointed out. This simulation experiment shows, in some special condition, little things can lead to a large difference.


In the four years 1918-1922 standard working times within virtually all the major industrialised nations fell by approximately 20% either as a result of collective bargaining or as a consequence of state intervention in the labour market.1 This global phenomenon was a consequence of two primary factors. First, the radicalisation of the working class that had been engendered by the First World War. Second, a widespread awareness that the war had radically advanced research into the relationship between work and time and that those undertaking this research had come to the conclusion that labouring more than forty-eight hours per week, on a constant basis, was counterproductive. Because of the onset of fatigue, it had been concluded, any longer schedule would generally tend to reduce total output. The evidence supporting this conclusion had been gathered by American and European scholars associated with the seen tifie management movement. Collectively these individuals undertook a vast quantity of practical worktime research which enabled them to accumulate many examples of how industrial efficiency could be improved if working times were rationalised.2 In the post-war period the result of this research was used by European and American working class leaders and by intellectuals committed to social reform and/or industrial efficiency to galvanise workers and politicians into taking action to reduce standard working times. The evidence provided by the scientific managers was particularly important in undermining the argument that work times could not be reduced because this would undermine the


ABSTRACT The production of pyrite extraction by the conventional magnetic separation method was effectively improved by increasing the magnetic susceptibility of pyrite. The electromagnetic characteristics and the absorption response of fine high-sulfur coal were studied for their improving effect on the magnetic susceptibility of pyrite. In this study, the complex dielectric constant and the loss tangents of fine coal samples obtained from Weinan Co. were investigated in the frequency of 0.5 ∼ 6.5 GHz. The complex dielectric constant of raw coal was small, indicating comparatively less loss of microwave energy during the magnetization process, essentially acting against the microwave energy absorption. The microwave energy absorption and electromagnetic parameters of coal samples depend on the thickness of the coal sample. When the microwave treatment time of the fine coal was 240 s, the sulfur content of the clean coal reached as low as 2.92%, and the optimum desulfurization degree and yield were 32.01% and 91.97%, respectively.


Hyperon-nucleons interactions constructed by two frameworks, the Kyoto-Niigata SU{sub 6} quark model and the chiral effective field theory, are compared by investigating equivalent interactions in a low-momentum space and, in addition, by calculating hyperon single-particle potentials in the lowest-order Brueckner theory in symmetric nuclear matter. Two descriptions are shown to give similar matrix elements in most channels after renormalizing high momentum components. Although the range of the {Lambda}N interaction is different in two potentials, the {Lambda} single-particle potential in nuclear matter is very similar. The {Sigma}-nucleus and XI-nucleus potentials are also found to be similar. These predictions are to be confronted with forthcoming experimental data.


The rapid development of China dates back to the twentieth century. From an economically underdeveloped country, China has become one of the economic leaders of the world, a major exporter of goods around the world. In the twenties of the twenty-first century, it has in its hands a resource that no other country can boast of. One of China's great boasts is its extensive network of high-speed railway lines (HSR). The length of China's HSR surpasses all existing HSRs in the world. In 2012, the country proposed a lucrative project: building a new HSR network across Eurasia to link a number of countries. And while some work is currently underway, there is still no clear plan. The project seems promising not only for China, but also for the other participating countries; it would develop the regions and the economy as a whole and anchor the countries on the world stage in terms of freight transport. But in the ten years of the project's existence, no clear implementation has come to fruition. It is necessary to find out what is stalling the project and find solutions to existing problems. Or, on the contrary, to finally recognize that the project is considered unprofitable for a number of countries. It is known that part of the territory of Russia, a country that has not yet given a clear answer to this project, will be the largest section of this road, which means it is worth digging deeper into the problem of this project in Russia as well.


We first review some of the basic results of finite Markov chains based on probability theory, then we present fuzzy finite Markov chains based on possibility theory, and compare the results of the two theories. Then we introduce finite horizon Markovian decision processes based on fuzzy Markov chains and study an example in detail showing our solution procedure.


Jaw movements in phrases were studied optoelectronically (Selspot). The tra— jectories were constantly oscillating and quasi—regular. Most often, one oscillatory period corresponded to a syllable, with the dip in the vowel. This pattern was sustained also in high vowel contexts with oscillation amplitudes of only 1 mm. Integrated jaw oscillations were sometimes found before speech onset, and in silent pauses between phrases. These never-resting jaw movements constitute the basic syllabic speech structure. Cases of two syllables per mandibular period were also found. The conditions for such reductions are an urgent reseach issue. INTRODUCTION The syllable is a central but poorly understood phonetic entity. Evidently, it is highly important in both speech production and perception. Among other things, speech stress and rhythm patterns are closely connected to the syllabic structure. A number of different phonetic correlates of the syllable have been proposed, both auditory and articulatory: sonority, loudness, degree of coarticulation, articulatory opening and closing, jaw movements [1, 2, 3]. However, no one—to— one, exceptionless correlate has been found. Nevertheless, the connections between speech syllabicity and these variables are far-reaching and significant. Jaw movements are obviously closely connected with syllabic structure. These syllable-related movements are easy to observe with the naked eye. It is no coinc1dence that ventriloquists move the dolls.jaw at a syllabic rate to give an impressron of talk. Although it is possible to speak with a clenched jaw, it is highly unusual. Therefore, it is natural that hypotheses of mandibular movements as connected to syllabicity have been proposed long ago. Saussure's [2] proposal of closmg movements (implosions) and opening ones (explosions) in connecting wrth syllabic boundaries is one example. Another, more elaborated hypothesis of the mandibular-syllabic connection was presented by Menzerath & de Lacerda [3] in the thirties. However, due to lack of technical possibilities at that time, the hypothesis could not be tested preperly. Today, technical resources exist for exploring the mandibular-syllabic connection. Strain-gauge and magnetic coil equipments, cineradiography, microbeam X-ray and optoelectronic filming have been used for tracking jaw movements [4, 5, 6]. Several studies have been reported since about 1980 of mandibular amplitudes and movements in relation to different sounds, stress, and tempo, e g [4, 5, 6]. However, the mandibular-syllabic connection has not been given much attention. The main aim of this paper is to give some fundamental, preliminary data on this issue. Our main hypotheses are: (1) There is a farwreaching but not total correspondence between oscillatory jaw movement pe— riods and syllables in speech. (2) The never—resting jaw movements constitute the basic syllabic speech structure. METHOD AND MATERIAL To elucidate the extent and nature of the mandibular-syllabic connection, the jaw movements have been analysed in natural phrases with the aid of optoelectronic fil— ming (Selspot). This equipment consrsts of three basic units: light-emitting diodes. a position-sensitive detector located in two cameras, and a computer with a cam— era interface. For a closer description, sec [7]. With this equipment, the three—die mensional spatial movements of one or more diodes can be analysed and displayed in calibrated curves and/or quantitative data, giving values of displacement amplitudes, velocities and velocity changes; This study was based on systematic analysis of curves of mandibular movements in the vertical dimension only. The jaw movements were recorded at a sampling rate of 500 Hz by a single diode attached to the midline of the chin. Head movements were compensated for by a ICPhS 95 Stockholm reference system consisting of three diodes attached to a Spectacle frame worn by the subject. This registration was supplemented with a simultaneous microphone recording of the acoustic signal. This signal was registered in synchrony with the movement curve as an LP filter— ed acoustic waveform. In this curve, the segmentation of sound segments of the utterances were made. The acoustic signal was also perceptually analysed as concerns the different informants' degree of speech reduction and tempo. Two substudies, A and B, have been made. In study A, 12 dental students participated, eight women and four men, mean age 24 years, range 22-27 years. (This study has been published [8].) In study B, ten other subjects participated, four women and six men, mean age 31 years, range 23-49 years. Nine of these were also dental students. All subjects were native speakers of Swedish with normal hearing. The material spoken consisted mainly of natural phrases in Swedish, well varied as concerns vowels, consonants, consonant clusters, and stresses. The material in study A consisted of Mississippi, [lmlSI'SIpI], Poppa tappar koppama, [ papa 'tapa(r) 'koparLaL "Daddy drops the cups", and Prinsessan sorter potatis [prtn'sesa(n) .seto(r) pu'to:tls], "The princess sets potatoes". In study B, the phrases were Statsministerns sista tat mdste lasas, ['stasm(1)ln1stan(s) 'srsta 'tn:l most: 'le:sas], "The prime minis— ter's last Speech has to be read", and Cecilia tjatade att hon mdste kila bort och kika pd Sassas nya kjol, [sa'sizlla 'ca:ta (a)t (h)U(n) mosto ,ci:la bet 9 'ci:ka p(o) 'sasas 'ny:ja 'cu21], "Cecilia kept saying that she had to run away and look at Sassa's new skirt". (The diacritics ' and ' denote main stressed syllables, associated with Swedish tonal accent I and II, respectively. The parentheses surround segments that are often reduced.) In study A, the three items were spoken one at a time. Each item was uttered five times by all 12 subjects. In study B, the two phrases were uttered with a very short pause between them. Each such secluence was uttered nine times by all 10 subjects. All informants spoke with-a normal loudness and tempo, resulting in numerous expected reductions of consonant clusters and unstressed vowels. Session 13.8 Vol. I Page 363


Summary form only given. Greenberger, Horne and Zeilinger have discussed an interesting idealized two-particle double-slit interference experiment. The source is a linear distribution of particles that can decay in two daughter particles. In the decay process, the momenta of the two daughters are approximately equal and opposite. The two double-slits surround the source particle in opposite sides. Tne decay particles can pass either through the slits A and A' or B and B'. The arrival of the particles is registered at the screens. We then measure a product of independent single-particle interference patterns ("independent fringes"). This condition is the requirement to detect the usual Young single-particle interference pattern. Greenberger, Horne and Zeilinger affirm that "there is a sort of complementarity between one- and two-particle fringes: The condition for seeing one-precludes the possibility of seeing the other" We have tested this idealized experiment by using as a source a spontaneous parametric down-converter crystal. A quantum multimode theory was used to calculate the fourth-order correlation function as a function of the detectors positions, for this light source. The above shows that the detection of a fourth-order interference pattern does not guarantee the presence of conditional fringes.


Cells have evolved elaborate homeostatic mechanisms to recognize and respond to environmental and other forms of stress, including viral infections. Disturbances to protein homoeostasis (proteostasis) can be caused by the expression of aggregation prone proteins in neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's or Spinocerebellar ataxia. These disturbances lead to the accumulation of microscopically visible deposits of aggregated proteins (nuclear or cytoplasmic aggresomes). Degradation of aggregated proteins can be achieved through the action of the UPS (ubiquitin proteasome system) or by the induction of autophagy. Interestingly, the UPS and autophagy have both been implicated in clearance of viral pathogens and antigen presentation (Wileman, 2007; Gobeil and Leib, 2012). Specifically, Hsc70 has been implicated in antigen trafficking, MHC class II presentation and chaperone mediated autophagy (Cuervo and Wong, 2014; Deffit and Blum, 2015). These observations suggest that the cellular proteostasis machinery is important for intrinsic antiviral response mechanisms. Viruses, in turn, have adapted to counteract antiviral defenses.


The NAB2–STAT6 fusion was recently identified as a consistent finding in solitary fibrous tumour (SFT), resulting in nuclear expression of the C‐terminal part of STAT6. Gene expression studies of SFT revealed high expression of the GRIA2 gene. The aim of this study was to examine GRIA2 expression in SFTs and other soft tissue tumours to evaluate its diagnostic utility.


Violence perpetrated against women by intimate partners is a major societal problem and the dangers associated with domestic violence are well documented in the literature. This article discusses the availability of redress under the state-created danger doctrine for women who have suffered domestic violence in the hands of intimate partners. The United States Supreme Court in Deshaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services held that a state has no duty to protect its citizens from violence perpetrated by third parties. The state-created danger doctrine, which is an exception to the Deshaney rule, allows women who have suffered domestic violence to seek redress from state actors, such as police officers, who condone or increase the harm that they suffer. Federal courts around the country allow women to bring claims under the state-created danger doctrine, but the tests which must be established are onerous and difficult to prove. However, the Second Circuit in Okin v. Village of Cornwall-On-Hudson Police Department established less onerous factors which if adopted by other courts, would make it easier for women to prove their cases of state-created danger in federal court and create an incentive for the police to protect women from perpetrators of violence.


The development of lightweight, efficient power for emerging NASA missions and recent advances in thermophotovoltaic (TPV) conversion technology have renewed interest in combining radioisotope heat sources with photovoltaic energy conversion for Radioisotope Power Systems (RPS) for spacecraft. TPV power conversion uses advanced materials able to utilize a broader, spectrally tuned range of wavelengths for more efficient power conversion than Si solar cells. Spectral control, through choices of selective radiant emitters, TPV modules, and filters, is key to high‐efficiency operation. This paper describes performance tests of an array of TPV cells with boundary conditions prototypical of an RPS. TPV performance tests were conducted at prototypical array size (≅100 cm2), emitter temperature (1350 K), and heat rejection temperature (300 K). Test hardware included InGaAs TPV cells at 0.60 eV band‐gap, with tandem plasma/interference filters for spectral control. At the target emitter temperature of 1350 K, a conversion efficiency of 19% has been demonstrated for the TPV module. Results are consistent with measured cell efficiency (28%), calculated spectral control efficiency (80%), and calculated thermal efficiency in the optical cavity (90%).


Gravitational radiation is an excellent field for testing theories of gravity in strong gravitational fields. The current observations on the gravitational-wave (GW) bursts by LIGO have already placed various constraints on the alternative theories of gravity. In this paper, we investigate the possible bounds which could be placed on the Brans-Dicke gravity using GW detection from inspiralling compact binaries with the proposed Einstein Telescope, a third-generation GW detector. We first calculate in details the waveforms of gravitational radiation in the lowest post-Newtonian approximation, including the tensor and scalar fields, which can be divided into the three polarization modes, i.e. "plus mode", "cross mode" and "breathing mode". Applying the stationary phase approximation, we obtain their Fourier transforms, and derive the correction terms in amplitude, phase and polarization of GWs, relative to the corresponding results in General Relativity. Imposing the noise level of Einstein Telescope, we find that the GW detection from inspiralling compact binaries, composed of a neutron star and a black hole, can place stringent constraints on the Brans-Dicke gravity. The bound on the coupling constant $\omega_{\rm BD}$ depends on the mass, sky-position, orbital angle, polarization angle, luminosity distance, redshift distribution and total observed number $N_{\rm GW}$ of the binary systems. Taking into account all the burst events up to redshift $z=5$, we find that the bound could be $\omega_{\rm BD}\gtrsim 10^{6}\times(N_{\rm GW}/10^4)^{1/2}$. Even for the conservative estimation with $10^{4}$ observed events, the bound is still more than one order tighter than the current limit from Solar System experiments. So, we conclude that Einstein Telescope will provide a powerful platform to test alternative theories of gravity.


Glutamate formiminotransferase deficiency (FTCD deficiency) or formiminoglutamic aciduria is the second most common of the known inherited disorders of folate metabolism. Initial case reports suggested that patients may have severe intellectual disability and megaloblastic anemia. However, these cases were obtained from screening cohorts of patients with developmental delay. Subsequently, patients with milder clinical phenotypes have been reported. The full phenotypic spectrum of this disorder remains unknown.


The utility model relates to a highly-conductive non-metallic ion grounding device, which comprises a metal wiring terminal and an electrically-conductive non-metallic body, wherein the electrically-conductive non-metallic body is provided with a cavity, and a nelectrically-conductive ion material is arranged inside the cavity, and an opening end of the cavity is sealed by a cavity cover. At the same time, the electrically-conductive non-metallic body is also provided with a cylindrical lug boss with an outer thread and a hole which corresponds to the cylindrical lug boss and is provided with an inner thread. In addition, the metal wiring terminal is plugged into the electrically-conductive non-metallic body and is fixedly connected with the electrically-conductive non-metallic body in a threading way, and the threaded hole which is used for mounting the metal wiring terminal on the electrically-conductive non-metallic body is steeped in a liquid waterproof agent, so that a water-blocking band is formed on the part which is contacted with the metal wiring terminal of the electrically-conductive non-metallic body. The highly-conductive non-metallic ion grounding device has the advantages that the electrically-conductive performance is strong, and the specific resistance is approximately identical to the metal resistance, and the capacity for bearing current is vast; and the conductivity of the soil can be improved and maintained; and a unique root-shaped electrically-conductive passage which penetrates deeply in the soil can be formed, and the corrosion resistance is excellent, and the environment adaptability is strong.


A novel mode converter that transforms circular waveguide transverse magnetic ( ) 01 TM to transverse electric ( ) 11 TE circular waveguide is investigated, providing over 48% bandwidth of extraneous-mode-free operation at a conversion loss of less than 0.05dB. The design philosophy is based upon the unique use of two intermediate modes: coaxial TEM and a rectangular waveguide 10 TE , which provide input to output isolation of converter modes.


The cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a mediator of immune cell activation with some antitumor activity, mainly in renal cell cancer and melanoma. We have previously demonstrated that Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF) has strong synergistic antitumor activity in combination with chemotherapeutics in the isolated limb perfusion (ILP) setting based on a TNF-mediated enhanced tumor-selective uptake of the chemotherapeutic drug followed by a selective destruction of the tumor vasculature. IL-2 can cause vascular leakage and edema and for this reason we examined the antitumor activity of a combined treatment with IL-2 and melphalan in our well-established ILP in soft tissue sarcomabearing rats (BN175). ILP with either IL-2 or melphalan alone has no antitumor effect, but the combination of IL-2 and melphalan resulted in a strong synergistic tumor response, without any local or systemic toxicity. IL-2 significantly enhanced melphalan uptake in tumor tissue. No signs of significant vascular damage were detected to account for this observation, although the tumor sections of the IL-2 and IL-2 plus melphalan treated animals revealed scattered extravasation of erythrocytes compared to the untreated animals. Clear differences were seen in the localization of ED-1 cells, with an even distribution in the sham, IL-2 and melphalan treatments, while in the IL-2 plus melphalan treated tumors clustered ED-1 cells were found. Additionally, increased levels of TNF mRNA were found in tumors treated with IL-2 and IL-2 plus melphalan. These observations indicate a potentially important role for macrophages in the IL-2-based perfusion. The results in our study indicate that the novel combination of IL-2 and melphalan in ILP has synergistic antitumor activity and may be an alternative for ILP with TNF and melphalan. Introduction We have demonstrated that isolated limb perfusion with TNFα and melphalan is associated with excellent antitumor effects against melanoma (1), large soft tissue sarcomas (2,3) and various other tumors in the clinical setting (4-6). We have previously shown that the basis for the synergy is, on one hand a significant enhancement of tumor selective melphalan uptake and on the other hand the subsequent complete destruction of tumor vasculature (2,7). The enhanced uptake of different cytotoxic agents shown in various limb and liver tumor models in our laboratory prompted us to investigate a number of vasoactive substances for similar potential effects (7-12). One of these agents is the cytokine IL-2 that is known to cause significant changes in vascular permeability and to cause a vascular leakage syndrome when administered at high concentrations (13-15). IL-2 is a pleiotropic cytokine that is mainly known as a molecule of central importance in the long-term culture of T lymphocytes and as a mediator of immune cells (16). IL-2, as a single agent, has been shown to have antitumor activity in both animal


In an effort to balance studies of leadership that focus exclusively on leaders, a model representing a normative perspective on organizational leadership is offered. The model posits that the normative structure of an organization consists of, among other components, members' perceptions of conditions necessitating leadership, the extent to which these conditions are present, and members' beliefs about what leaders' intentions should be and how they should go about realizing their intentions. It is hoped that the model can lead to a greater understanding of the role of organization members in shaping organizational leadership.


On the basis of the brief exposition of the geologic and hydrogeologic situations in Fengjie sector of Three-gorge hydraulic project,Yangtze River,the article simulate the dynamical change of the groundwater level in Fengjie sector,analyses and demonstrates the stability of the slope in the sector during the process of storing water.The results show that all the slopes will be stable except Laofangzi landslide.


In a 3‐year prospective study, the prevalence of albuminuria and its relationship to macrovascular disease, pre‐existing vascular risk factors and mortality rate were studied in a random cohort of 290 patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in general practice. Newly occurring micro‐ or macroalbuminuria was associated with significantly (p < 0.05) higher systolic blood pressure: median (IQ range) 157 (140–170) vs 150 (130–160) mmHg, in addition to higher serum triglycerides: median (IQ range) 2.71 (1.84–4.25) vs 1.84 (1.35–3.14) mmol I−1, and C‐peptide levels: median (IQ range) 1.30 (0.98–2.16) vs 1.10 (0.82–1.58) nmol I−1, at 3‐year follow‐up. Patients with macroalbuminuria at final examination had significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum triglyceride and β2‐microglobulin levels, decreased HDL‐cholesterol, and a significantly higher prevalence of carotid artery stenoses and peripheral vascular disease. Patients dying from vascular causes showed significantly higher urinary albumin levels at entrance as compared to the surviving patients: median (IQ range): 42.2 (11–249.7) vs 10.4 (4.6–28.0) mg I−1, p < 0.008, and overall mortality rate was significantly linked with the presence of macroalbuminuria (26% vs 5% in normoalbuminuric patients). A comparison between the results of the initial and the final examination indicated an overall worsening of renal variables (albuminuria: median (IQ range): female 9.5 (4.5–21) vs 13.4 (5.1–39.7) mg I−1, (p < 0.05); male 13.8 (4.7–34.1) vs 32.6 (8.1–78.7) (p < 0.001), despite a significant improvement in metabolic variables. At the same time, a significant increase of the prevalence of peripheral vascular disease (female 41 vs 59%, p<0.005; male 35 vs 47%, p < 0.05; 95% confidence interval: female 33–49% vs 51–67%; male 25–46% vs 36–58%) and stenoses of the carotid artery (female 8.6 vs 18%, p < 0.05 and male 4.8 vs 16%, p < 0.005, 95% CI: female 4.8–14% vs 12.4–24.8%, male 1.3–11.9 vs 8.8–25.9) was found. Macroalbuminuria in particular appears to be a marker of peripheral vascular disease accompanied by a number of risk factors commonly seen in the context of Syndrome X, and predicts macrovascular deaths.


In the upper mantle, physical properties (permeability, electrical conductivity, and seismic velocity) are highly dependent on the melt geometry. Both flat and curved melt interfaces exist in olivine‐basalt partial melts. To further understand anisotropic wetting behavior of partial melting within the mantle, crystal orientation studies have been conducted to determine the Miller indices of flat interfaces, wetted by the melt in olivine‐basalt partial melt samples. The samples were equilibrated at pressures of 1‐2 GPa, and temperatures of 1350–1400°C for 142–549 hours. Crystal orientation studies show that lower Miller indices of crystals are associated with wetted‐flat melt interfaces and melt films. Specifically, (010), (110), and (021) olivine faces in these studies were dominantly wetted, indicating that they may be potentially large contributors to permeability and seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle where partial melts occur with high degrees of preferred crystallographic alignment.


Hyaluronidase production by hemolytic streptococci has been the subject of conflicting reports. The first controversial point has been whether very few or relatively many different Griffith types, particularly of group A, produce hyaluronidase. Crowley (1944) reported that of 308 group A strains tested only cultures of types 4 and 22 gave active filtrates. Sallman and Birkeland (1950) found that strains of types 5, 9, 10, and 11, as well as a large percentage of freshly isolated untyped group A streptococci, also produced the enzyme in vitro. The second subject for disagreement involves the claim of Meyer et al. (1940, 1941) that streptococci retain hyaluronidase intracellularly liberating it only upon death of the cell. This same group stated that streptococcal cultures grown anaerobically showed no hyaluronidase activity. Rogers (1946) on the other hand, found hyaluronidase activity in the culture supernatant only during the active growth phases. The third controversial point concerns the variability of hyaluronidase production by a given experimental strain under identical cultural conditions from experiment to experiment. Crowley (1944) gives no indication that any variability exists. Meyer (1947) and Rogers (1946) report great variation. In attempting to resolve these differences and elucidate their causes, the process of hyaluronidase formation in both group A and group C streptococci was studied.


The invention provides an electronic ballast of a xenon lamp, which is suitable for the technical field of design of the electronic ballast. The electronic ballast comprises a rectification and filtering unit, a power factor correction unit and an inversion unit, wherein the power factor correction unit is connected with the rectification and filtering unit; and the inversion unit is connected between the power factor correction unit and the xenon lamp. The electronic ballast further comprises a pulse integrated control unit, wherein the pulse integrated control unit controls the inversion unit to invert the direct current processed and output by the power factor correction unit into alternating current needed by the light emitting of the xenon lamp according to an electric signal fed back by a power supply passage of the xenon lamp; and the pulse integrated control unit is connected with the inversion unit and consists of a switching power supply chip and a peripheral circuit of the switching power supply chip. Because the switching power supply chip is used as a processing core of the pulse integrated control unit, the circuit structure of the electronic ballast is simplified and the cost for the electronic ballast is reduced.


Moral intuition is a potential that every living individual owns.Moral intuition is helpful not only to the conscious grasp of moral knowledge but also to the creative construction of the value structure and to the autonomous choice of moral behavior.To cultivate moral intuition,it is necessary to emphasize the systematic accumulation of moral experience,to open the moral education to life and nature,to attach importance to aesthetic education and enhance aesthetic ability and to develop a tranquil mind in moral subjects.


Background: While literature on workforce studies is growing, there are no studies that collect accurate information concerning wages and workload issues of North Dakota pharmacists. Objective: To evaluate the wages and workload issues of pharmacists in North Dakota. Methods: A survey was modified based on the Wage and Benefit Survey for pharmacists used in the Upper Midwest Pharmacists Workforce Study and the 2004 National Pharmacist Workforce Study. A survey was mailed to the 689 pharmacists practicing in North Dakota. Results: Overall, 424 of 689 completed surveys (61.5% response rate) were analyzed. Pharmacists (n = 377) reported that they worked in a primary employment setting an average of 39.3 hours per week at an average hourly rate of $41.03, and the gross 2005 salary (excluding benefits) was $80,525. Chains had the highest average hourly pay rate ($43.92/hour), followed by hospitals ($41.89) and independents ($38.71). Commonly reported benefits included paid vacation (88.6%), employee health insurance (84.1%), sick leave (62.9%), and tax-sheltered plans (70.6%). Pharmacists spent the majority (50.8%) of their time in medication dispensing activities, followed by consultation (18.5%), business management (16.7%), and drug use management (12.5%). Ideally, pharmacists would like to spend less time in medication dispensing (36.1%) and business management (12.8%) and more time in consultation (28.7%) and drug use management (19.7%). Conclusions: The North Dakota study revealed that pharmacists want to spend more time in consultation and drug use management activities and less time in medication dispensing. These results are similar to those of the 2004 National study. While pharmacist average hourly pay rates and benefits are reflective of North Dakota practice settings, the respondents' rates are lower when compared with those in Minnesota.


The use of thin magnetic films as storage elements is well known. Several papers on the subject have appeared in the literature, particularly in recent years. Less emphasized, perhaps, is the use of magnetic films as logic elements. The authors' study in this area has revealed that film elements are both flexible and versatile as logic devices.


Background: Aphasia has an impact beyond the person with aphasia; relatives of people with aphasia are affected by communication difficulties and are service users in their own right, requiring information, support, and training. Research studies have consulted relatives of people with aphasia, but the evidence is complex and widely dispersed in the literature; this makes it difficult to determine what the needs of relatives of people with aphasia are, and how best to meet them. There is also evidence of a gap between perceived needs and current service provision. Aims: The aim of this review is to provide a synthesis, from the literature, of relatives' views about their own intervention needs in relation to acquired aphasia, in terms of both content and timing. Main Contribution: A literature search identified articles which contained relatives' views about their own need for information, support, or training. Recommendations emerging within individual studies were clustered, focusing on the type and timing of intervention. The synthesis of studies provides a framework in which service users' recommendations for interventions for relatives of people with aphasia can be readily accessed, making an evidence-based resource for research and clinical applications. The outcome of the review also supports service delivery to relatives, by enhancing awareness and anticipation of their needs, and by validating best use of resources. In addition, the framework of data has clinical and research applications as the basis for dynamic and flexible tools to audit service provision and consider quality of care in this field. Conclusions: The review acknowledges the value of seeking service user opinion on their needs and service provision. It highlights the specific needs of relatives of people with aphasia. The need for factual information provided proactively in a flexible and supportive manner predominated, particularly in the initial period following the stroke. The need for ongoing psychosocial support over the long term was apparent. The perceived benefits of training in supported conversation skills were more varied. It is challenging to synthesise such a diverse literature, but the synthesis could support service delivery to families of people with aphasia, by allowing services to consider how they are meeting the needs that relatives have identified.


Objective To evaluate protective effects of hypothermic pulmonary protective solution with uli-nastatin on lung function during cardiopulmouary bypass (CPB) in the patients with congenital heart disease(CHD) and pulmonary hypertenion. Method Fifty-four children,who had CHD of left-to-fight shunts with moderate-se-rious pulmonary hypertension, were enrolled. They had been performed with the radical operation under CPB from September 2005 to December 2006 in the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Children' s Hospital of Zhejiang University. Moderate-serious pulmonary hypertension was defined as pulmonary-to-systolic pressure ratio > 0.45(Pp/Ps > 0.45). Fifty-four children were randomly divided into three groups. Patients in group A (n = 18)didn't receive pulmonary protective solution, and scrved as control; patients in group B (n = 18) were adminis-tered with pulmonary protective solution without ulinastatin;patients in group C (n = 18) were administered with pulmonary protective solution with ulinastatin. The serum concentrations of MDA and MPO were measured at five different time points:pre-operation, 0 h, 3 h, 6 h and 24 h in the intensive care unit (ICU) (T1~5). Patients'lung functions were monitored at T1 - T4. The time of mechanical ventilation was recorded. Results No one died in this study. The mean time of mechanical ventilation was shorter in the group B and group C than that in the group A. The MDA and MPO levels were lower in group B compared with group A at T4. The MDA level at T3-T5 and the MPO level at T4 was lower in group C than those in group A. There were no significant in MDA and MPO levels between group B and group C at five time point.A-aDO2 was lower in groups B and C than those in group A at T3 and T4, whereas at T4, A-aDO2 was lower in group C than that in group B. Cdyn was higher in group B at T3and group C at T3 - T4 than those in group A. Cdyn was lower in groups C than that in group B at T4.Condusions Lung perfusion with hypothermic protective solution during CPB can all lung injury and promote recovery after operation, especialy with ulinastatin.

Key words:
Ulinnstatin; Cardiopulmonary bypass; Lung protection; Congenital heart disease


Throughout the Department of Defense there is increased recognition of the need for research and development in logistics support. In the past, too much emphasis has been placed upon RD keyboard; high density, non-volatile memory; microprocessor controller and an RF transmitter/ receiver. Illustration Comprehensibility Index - auto mated, objective techniques for assessing complexity of illustrations in technical manuals.


A method for controlling an electronic expansion valve of an air conditioner is provided to control opening of an electronic expansion valve adaptively based on a calculated reference pulse to simplify a process and achieve prompt A/S, and prevent trip caused by insufficient talks of a compressor motor due to a difference in pressure when the compressor motor is restarted. An electronic expansion valve is opened completely when power is applied to an air conditioner in the course of performing a standby mode(302-306). The electronic expansion valve is closed completely when an operation start signal of the air conditioner is provided(308-310). An indoor thermal load amount is calculated in accordance with indoor and outdoor temperatures of the air conditioner, and differences between the indoor temperature and a set temperature(312-316). A reference opening value pulse of the electronic expansion valve is calculated based on the calculated indoor thermal load, the indoor temperature, and the outdoor temperature, and a reference operation frequency of the compressor(318). Opening control of the electronic expansion valve is performed gradually based on the reference opening value pulse to converge an opening value pulse of the electronic expansion valve into the calculated reference opening value pulse(320).


Objective: to determine if in a population of spinal cord injury above D11 patients the use of an abdominal binder(AB) improves or not respiratory function. Material and Methods: it was done a longitudinal retrospective study,and selected all inpatients that were in Spinal Cord Injury Department of Centro de Medicina de Reabilitacao deAlcoitao – Portugal - with tetraplegia or paraplegia with neurological level above D11, between the 1st of Januaryand the 31st of March 2009, that have done functional respiratory tests with and without AB. We analyse thefollowing parameters: forced vital capacity (FVC), total lung capacity (TLC), residual volume (RV), inspiratorypressure (IP) and expiratory pressure (EP). It was used SPSS 11.5 and T-student test for statistical analysis. Results:AB use increased FVC (p=0,02) and EP (p=0,004), and decreased RV (p=0,00). Conclusions: this study foundevidence that AB use in patients with tetraplegia or paraplegia with neurological level above D11 improvespulmonary ventilatory function. Keywords: Spinal cord injuries; Abdominal binder; Abdomen; Respiration; Restraint, Physical.