Stringent mobility restrictions across the world during the COVID 19 pandemic have impacted local economies and, consequently, city carbon budgets, offering a unique opportunity to evaluate the capability of scientific approaches to quantify emissions changes. Our study aims to quantify and map CO2 emissions from fossil fuel and biogenic CO2 fluxes over the Paris metropolitan area during the first lockdown period (March‐May 2020) in France, in comparison with the same period in 2019. Our inversion system relies on transport model simulations initiated with the Weather Research and Forecasting chemistry transport model combined with a high‐resolution fossil fuel CO2 emissions inventory, and biogenic CO2 fluxes from a vegetation model. The inversion with atmospheric observations from a network of six towers resulted in a positive re‐adjustment of fossil fuel CO2 emissions in 2019 and 2020 compared to prior. In 2020, the inversion resulted in a large emission reduction (43%) compared to 2019, while the reductions were estimated to be 37% based on the prior inventory itself. By assimilating CO mixing ratios in addition to CO2, the traffic emission estimates were reduced by 68% in 2020, compared to nontraffic (29%). Various sensitivity tests show that prior emission uncertainty and different background conditions significantly impacted the emissions estimates. We conclude that our current inversion system with atmospheric CO2 monitoring makes it possible to identify the emission decrease in 2020 partly over the urban region. However, additional information on prior emission errors and a dense network will be needed to map emissions precisely.


DOR has an opportunity to reduce it processing cost through outsourcing. Careful
planning and employees involvement are the keys to the success of outsourcing. As the
TERI employees approach their departure time, we can maximize our efforts by
documenting all of our processed. Development of knowledge management database
from our experienced staff is essential. As State funding continues to decrease,
outsourcing will become more of an investment rather than an option.


This paper aims to propose a new framework applying analytic network process (ANP) considering with three currently crucial perspectives; quality, environment and cost. At the same time of the ANP processes, a knowledge creation process and also knowledge evaluation method are considered for sustaining and measuring new emerging knowledge from proposed framework. This study provides a rational of this comprehensive framework and selected methods; those are ANP, eight quality dimensions of Garvin, life cycle costing (LCC), socialization, externalization, combination and internalization (SECI) model and Skandia model. All concerning methods are discussed and argued of their potential benefits and strengths delivering to the proposed framework.


Based on the microlayer model for pool boiling of pure fluid,a theoretical model for pool boiling heat transfer of binary mixture was presented.In the model the influence of mass transfer on heat transfer was also considered.The heat transfer coefficient for pool boiling of binary mixtures was predicted theoretically.In this model,the heat transfer with boiling was mainly attributed to the evaporation of microlayers which were periodically formed while the individual bubbles were forming.The agreement between the present theoretical model and the experiment data is good in the entire range of concentration at higher heat flux.


The air change rate and cleanroom garment have a great impact on cleanliness and operating cost of cleanroom. This paper use the method of numerical simulation to research the effect on cleanliness with different air change rate and cleanroom garment in Grade B cleanroom. The results show the air change rate of 20/h will meet the requirements of the specification and the garment cover whole human body will decrease the particles emitted from human body mostly.


Fiber optic cable assemblies having a fiber optic cable, a furcation body, and one or more furcated legs are disclosed herein. In embodiments disclosed herein, the furcation body comprises a first end and a second end opposite the first end, the first end having the fiber optic cable extending therefrom, and the second end having one or more furcated legs extending therefrom. The furcation body can include one or more features that facilitate cable management by supporting cabling components used in making fiber optic interconnections. The cable management features of the fiber optic cable assemblies advantageously inhibit sagging, facilitate access to fiber optic interconnections, and/or improve air flow paths between fiber optic interconnections.


In order to deal with large and fast external disturbance, system uncertainties and system time delay, an adaptive fuzzy controller constructed by time delay fuzzy logic system (TDFLS) is proposed for unknown nonlinear time-delay systems which are infinite dimensional in nature. An adaptive time delay fuzzy logic system is used to approximate the unknown time delay system functions, in the meantime proportional integral (PI) sliding mode controller is designed to attenuate chattering problem resulting from the fast and large external disturbance. Based on the Lyapunov theory of stability, the free parameters of the adaptive fuzzy controller and PI controller coefficients can be tuned on-line by output feedback adaptive laws which are derived from tracking and approximation errors. The simulation results show that not only the chattering phenomena can be attenuated but also the prescribed tracking performance can be preserved by the advocated control scheme.


Smart Greenhouse refers to a facility that can manage the growth environment of crops remotely or automatically by applying ICT technology to legacy greenhouse. It can minimize the use of labor and energy and maximize productivity and quality of agricultural products. However, because the way of configuring the Smart Greenhouse differs, it is not convenient for the manager to maintain its Smart Greenhouse after once it is installed. To solve the problem, this paper presents LCP (Lightweight Control Protocol for Smart Greenhouse), an application layer protocol, for delivering management messages regardless of any change in installed parts. In addition, LCP is proposed as Korean organization standards to promote relevant industry.


From December 1994 to September 1998, testing with a 2 kWe Solar Dynamic power system resulted in 33 individual tests, 886 hours of solar heating, and 783 hours of power generation. Power generation ranged from 400 watts to over 2kWe, and SD system efficiencies have been measured up to 17 per cent, during simulated low-Earth orbit operation. Further, the turbo-alternator-compressors successfully completed 100 start/stops on foil bearings. Operation was conducted in a large thermal/vacuum facility with a simulated Sun at the NASA Lewis Research Center. The Solar Dynamic system featured a closed Brayton conversion unit integrated with a solar heat receiver, which included thermal energy storage for continuous power output through a typical low-Earth orbit. Two power conversion units and three alternator configurations were used during testing. This paper will review the test program, provide operational and performance data, and review a number of technology issues.


Abstract A new type of oil from Perilla frutescens, the piperitenone type, was discovered in Thailand. GC/MS analysis of steam-distilled oil showed that it contained piperitenone (36.3%) and limonene (23.7%). Crossing experiments between the piperitenone-type and the principal types of perilla suggested the presence of one dominant gene regarding the regulation of oil types between the piperitenone-type and the perillaldehyde-type.


Financial literature and financial industry use often zero coupon yield curves as input for testing hypotheses, pricing assets or managing risk. They assume this provided data as accurate. We analyse implications of the methodology and of the sample selection criteria used to estimate the zero coupon bond yield term structure on several financial purposes. As input we consider our own spot rates estimation from GovPX bond data and three popular interest rates data sets: from the Federal Reserve Board, from the US Department of the Treasury (H15), and from Bloomberg. First, we obtain the volatility term structure using historical volatilities and Egarch volatilities. Second, we estimate correlation coefficients among forward rates. Third, we price a set of simple interest rate derivatives. We find strong evidence that the resulting zero coupon bond yield volatility estimates as well as the correlation coefficients among spot and forward rates depend significantly on the data set. We observe relevant differences in economic terms when volatilities are used to price derivatives.


The purpose of this study is to gain insight into the effectiveness of using of Kagan's strategies for eighth grade students achievement and to develop their attitudes toward science. To achieve this goal, the study utilized an achievement test to measure the students' attitudes toward science, a measure of attitudes towards science which is prepared by the researcher and the teacher's guide uses Kagan strategies. The validity of the instrument of the study has confirmed. The number of study size (56) students and were divided into two groups: experimental group with (28) students and controlled group with (28) students also, the experimental group will be taught through the training program and the controlled group will be taught in the traditional way. The study resulted on an existence of a statistical significance in the applications of the pre- and post-tests of the achievement, there were also statistical differences in the two applications of the pre and posttests of the science trends measure, and for the favor of the post application. The study  recommends  that Training teachers on modern trends in teaching including strategies and design classrooms that allow teaching according to the modern teaching methods that require those designs.


This study aims to determine the positive and/or negative situations and the reactions of the students and teachers to these situations emerged during the education process carried out in a multicultural class with Syrian and Iraqi refugee students. This study is a case study in which
 the data were collected from classroom observations and teacher interviews. The findings of the study show that the integration of Syrian and Iraqi refugees into Turkish education system is affected both positively and negatively by teachers' multicultural classroom experiences, students'
 being in the first grade, learning Turkish as a second language, and the socio-cultural environment.


WHEELERJENRY ~.,ELIZABETH D.Ross, AND STANLEY E. BRADLEY. Canalicular bile production in dogs. Am. J. Physiol. 2 14(4) : 866-874. 1968.-Biliary clearances of 14C-labeled creatinine, erythritol, inulin, mannitol, sucrose, and urea were measured in three unanesthetized cholecystectomized dogs equipped with Thomas duodenal cannulas. Sodium taurocholate was infused intravenously at varying rates to produce changes in bile flow. Clearance of mannitol varied linearly with bile acid secretion rate and in most cases was higher than bile flow. Clearances of creatinine, erythritol, and urea were similar to mannitol clearance except that erythritol clearance was slightly higher than mannitol clearance in one of the three dogs. Bile-to-plasma concentration ratios were usually greater than one and were highest at low rates of bile acid secretion. Inulin and sucrose clearances were very low. Secretin choleresis had no effect on mannitol clearance. These data suggest that clearances of compounds such as mannitol and erythritol provide an estimate of canalicular bile flow in the dog. While canalicular flow is linearly related to bile acid secretion rate, there appears to be an independent basal rate of canalicular bile production. Canalicular bile is concentrated as much as threefold by ductal or ductular fluid reabsorption in the dog.


Background T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are essential for the generation of high affinity neutralising antibodies elicited following vaccination and are involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Interleukin (IL)−6 has been shown to be critical for Tfh differentiation in mice, while its importance in humans has been less clear, given the lack of adequate in vivo assessment. Objectives To investigate the importance of IL-6 for the in vivo differentiation of human Tfh cells, taking advantage of influenza vaccination in patients under anti-IL-6R therapy. Methods Blood was collected before, 7 and 28 days after vaccination from established RA patients treated with tocilizumab (TCZ, IL-6R blocker), methotrexate (MTX) ±other DMARDs and age- and sex-matched healthy donors (HD). We analysed the frequency of Tfh (CD3+CD4+CD25-Foxp3-CXCR5+CD45RO+), T follicular regulatory (Tfr, CD3+CD4+CD25+Foxp3+CXCR5+) and B cell populations at each time point. We used non-parametric tests, deemed significant at p<0.05. Results We included 137 participants (42 TCZ, 42 MTX, 53 HD) with similar age and gender distribution. Patients from the TCZ group had more active and severe disease. At baseline, patients treated with TCZ had higher frequency of Tfh and Tfh-Th2-like cells (CXCR3-CCR6-) and lower frequency of Tfr-Th1-like (CXCR3+CCR6-) and B cells. Following influenza vaccination, the overall blood Tfh and Tfr populations remained unchanged in all groups. However, as previously reported, there were marked changes in specific subsets at day 7 of HD following vaccination. We found a marked expansion of activated CXCR5+ICOS+ Tfh cells at day 7, in HD and MTX-treated patients, but this was impaired in the TCZ group (figure 1). The increase in activated CXCR5+ICOS+ Tfh cells was mainly due to a Tfh-Th1-like subpopulation, greatly increased in HD and MTX-treated patients (figure 1). Of note, CXCR5+ICOS+ Tfh-Th17-like cells also accumulated in HD but not in RA patients. The proliferative capacity of CXCR5+ICOS+ Tfh cells seemed to be partially impaired in patients under IL-6R blockade, that displayed marked reduction of Ki67+CD38+ proliferative cells within that compartment (figure 1). Anti-IL-6R treatment also impaired expansion of CD19+IgD- CD27+CD38hi plasmablasts following vaccination, when compared with both MTX and HD groups (figure 1). Changes in CXCR5+ICOS+ Tfh and plasmablasts were significantly correlated in all groups.Abstract THU0045 – Figure 1 Frequency of cell populations within the CD4+ in the blood. All tests are paired and non-parametric. Healthy N=53, MTX N=42, TCZ N=42. Conclusions Anti-IL-6R treatment limits proliferative ability of activated CXCR5+ICOS+ Tfh cells, blocking their emergence as well as plasmablast accumulation following influenza vaccination. Our data suggest that IL-6 is crucial for optimal in vivo generation of activated Tfh cells in humans. Disclosure of Interest None declared


Principal components analysis was applied to the individual center bone-age readings from the study outlined by Sproul and Peritz ('71) in the preceding paper. The first two components are amenable to a simple interpretation. The first one is a general skeletal maturity factor, which can be expressed as a weighted mean bone-age, with slightly higher weights attached to the metacarpals and phalanges II to V than to the other bone centers. The second component is a measure of the contrast between hand-bone and finger-bone ages, with generally high positive weights for the bone-ages of radius and carpals, low weights for metacarpals and negative weights for phalanges. The weights for the first component vary little between races and sexes or with children's height. The weights for the second component are less homogeneous. The first component accounts for some two thirds of the variability; the second component accounts for roughly nine percent of it. Mean values for the first two components vary considerably with the children's height. Various other results relating the first two components to height and parents' height are presented. An analysis of the correlation matrices of individual center bone ages revealed particularly high correlations (0.8 to 0.9) within rows, with the exception of thumb bone centers.


The contribution of the atrial systole to the stroke volume was studied in 12 patients with implanted pacemakers by means of impedance-cardiography. P-ST-intervals between 70 and 200 msec. increased the stroke volume as compared with systoles without preceding P-waves. A maximal stroke volume was observed with a P-ST-interval of 130 msec. The increase of the stroke volume by 33% justifies the application of atrial triggered pacemakers in selected cases, mainly in younger patients despite of the technical limitations of these pacemaker systems.


We present a critical perspective on the rankings of Canadian universities presented in Maclean's magazine, November 20, 2000. Data from several statistical analyses, including cluster analysis, show that in many cases universities actually resemble each other in a manner different from their classification or final ranking by Maclean's, and that the magazine's classifications are often decided by variables not realistically measurable by or amenable to students. We summarize several pitfalls in the ranking procedures for the 2000 data, and in ranking exercises more generally. In their present form, Maclean's data cannot be logically or empirically useful to students.


The quality of life (QoL) is challenged in individuals with craniofacial anomalies (CFA) as a result of impaired function, appearance, and social integration as well as extensive treatments. Although psychopathology is not commonly associated with CFA, psychological problems have been reported. Problems causing the lack of scientific information on the QoL in CFA are the low prevalence of CFA and the use of different non-condition-specific measurement instruments. Recently an internationally validated condition-specific instrument (COHIP) has been developed to measure QoL in CFA, which will hopefully enhance the current status of information.


This paper analyzes on the working mechanism of the flocculating agent,and emphatically introduces the experiences of the Fenxi Mining Group Company's Coal Washery to guarantee the normal operation of the production through making rational use of the flocculating agent for reducing the concentration of the washing water,purifying the washing water,increasing the productivity and quality of the products,saving the energy and reducing the consumption,and increasing the working efficiency of the equipment,etc.


Relativistic, scalar particles are considered, contained in a box with periodic boundary conditions. Although interactions are not expected to be a fundamental problem, we concentrate on free particles. By considering them to be harmonic oscillators, it is found that their dynamical variables can be replaced by a completely ontological set, which means that, here, quantum mechanics does not deviate from a purely geometric, ontological particle system. The effects of the mass terms are included. Locality holds for the quantum theory, and seems to be fully obeyed also by the classical treatment, although further discussion will be needed. Quantised interactions are briefly speculated on, but mostly postponed to later. We do discuss extensively the distinction between the quantum treatment and the classical one, even though they produce exactly the same equations mathematically. We briefly explain how this result can be squared with the usual quantum no-go theorems. It is suggested to apply this theory for real time quantum model simulations.


Pakistan is among
the top ten milk producers in the world with 35.5 billion liters annual
production (FAOSTAT, 2010). It is the 2nd largest buffalo and goat
milk producer in the world with 22.3 and 0.7 billion liters after India and
Bangladesh, respectively. Buffalo milk's share is the highest (63%) in the
national milk production with fairly large population of 30.8 million (FAOSTAT,
2010). 97% of the total milk production goes into informal sector and only 3%
is being processed into UHT, pasteurized and flavoured milk in addition to
yoghurt, butter, desi-ghee and cheese. Cheese
manufacturing is very negligible, if some industries are making, they are
interested into pizza cheese or processed one. Even a single ripened cheese is
not being manufactured in such a big milk producing county.The objective of this study was to develop and characterize emmental
cheese with dual purposes; one as pizza cheese and other to create taste for
ripened cheese in local consumers through their preferred buffalo milk. In this
study, emmental of cow milk was used as a reference. To achieve the aim, both
types of cheeses were ripened for a period of 70 days and analysed for their physico-chemical,
compositional, microbiological, rheological and sensorial characteristics.As function of storage period, pH of buffalo cheese decreased less
sharply than that of cow milk may be due to high buffering capacity whereas
acidity of both cheeses was similar. Fat, total protein and non-casein nitrogen
contents of buffalo cheese were higher. Non protein nitrogen was almost similar
in both cheeses. Ash contents were also higher than that of cow cheese confirming
its more mineral contents as well. Calcium contents were almost twice than that
of cow milk cheese. Magnesium was also higher in cheese from buffalo milk. Total
viable count was lower in cheese from buffalo milk with negative coliforms in
both. Buffalo milk cheese showed more firmness. The judge's panel gave higher
overall acceptability scores for cheese made from buffalo milk. It might be a
start of new era for quality cheese products in the dairy sector of Pakistan
and can open new market doors locally as well as internationally on the basis
of its uniqueness of buffalo milk.


VDU is the main source of electromagnetic emanations of computer system. The acceleration field and radiated field of the equivalent electric dipole of the electron beam in CRT are both analyzed as well as that of deflection coils. They an cause risk to information security of VDU. Method to reconstruct video information by intercepting emanations form VDU is discussed in this paper and an intercepting system is presented, with which trusty experimental results are acquired.


Obesity is a prevalent condition that is reaching epidemic proportions in the United States. Sixty-three percent of men and 55% of women are overweight [body mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m 2 or higher], whereas 22% of the United States adult population is obese (BMI of 30 kg/m 2 or higher) (1). More importantly, the prevalence of obesity has almost doubled in the past decade (1). The consequences of obesity are serious. Approximately 80% of obese adults have at least one and 40% have two or more comorbidities, which include diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, and certain cancers (1, 2). The number of deaths directly attributable to obesity, approximately 300,000 annually in the United States, is second only to smoking in its contribution to total mortality rates (2). The direct and indirect costs of obesity have been estimated to account for 10% of the national health care budget. Thus, it is evident that obesity is a major medical and public health problem. Obesity results from storage of excess energy as fat during periods when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. Our understanding of the specific mechanisms underlying the regulation of energy homeostasis has been greatly advanced by research that followed the discovery of leptin 5 yr ago (3‐5). Leptin, the product of the ob gene, is mainly produced by adipocytes, and its circulating levels reflect the amount of energy stored in adipose tissue (3‐5). Although body fat accounts for approximately 50 ‐ 60% of leptin's variability, other factors such as age, gender, diurnal variation, and hormonal (mainly insulin) and cytokine levels also contribute to the regulation of leptin levels. Leptin acts by binding to specific receptors and activating the JAK STAT system for signal transduction (reviewed in Refs. 3 and 4). Leptin has pleiotropic actions, but its main target is considered to be the central nervous system. In the hypothalamus, leptin increases energy expenditure and inhibits appetite and weight gain by decreasing the expression of orexigenic neuropeptides such as NPY and AgRP, and by increasing the expression of anorexigenic neuropeptides such as a-MSH, CRH, and CART (reviewed in Refs. 3‐5). The discovery of leptin 5 yr ago triggered renewed enthusiasm for obesity research and has reinforced the view that obesity is a disease with strong biological basis. It has also accelerated research aimed at delineating the molecular pathways regulating energy homeostasis.


The present invention provides a method to (1) loaded in a vessel containing particulate solid particulate solids receiving zone. This method includes providing a rigid cylindrical portion substantially perpendicular to the first (6) at the bottom of the receiving area, the horizontal cross section of the rigid cylindrical portion large enough to accommodate the operator's body. Support means (7, 8) combined with the rigid cylindrical portion substantially perpendicular to, an operator may stand on the support mechanism. Was added to the particulate solid prior to receiving the distribution area around the particulate solid in a substantially vertical rigid cylindrical portion (6), substantially perpendicular to reach the top of the rigid cylindrical portion (6) on the surface of the particulate solids receiving zone, interrupts added. Then further disposed substantially perpendicular to the rigid cylindrical portion (6) on top of the first cylindrical portion, the further substantially similar horizontal cross-section perpendicular to the rigid cylindrical portion and the first rigid horizontal cross-section of the columnar portion, and therefore in the reactor (1 ) to form a first conduit and the first cylindrical portion. These steps are repeated enough times until the desired amount has been added to the particulate solid in the containment zone.


The influence of three types of low-intensive laser radiation to healing of lower extremities venous trophic ulcers in 82 patients was estimated (class VI, CEAP classification): the continuous radiation helium-neon laser (subgroup I), the modulated infrared laser radiation (subgroup II) and the combined laser radiation (pulse infrared radiation and continuous radiation of visible range) (subgroup III). The therapeutic laser devices such as "AFDL-1" (wavelength – 0,63 microns), "Scalar-1/40" (wavelength – 0,89 microns) and "Ulan-BL-20" (lengths of waves: 0,44; 0,52; 0,57; 0,64 and 0,89 microns) were used for conservative treatment of trophic ulcers.  The planimetric methods such as evaluation of the ulcer defects area and speed of its epithelization in dynamics were used for objective comparison of different types of laser radiation efficiency. Due to this treatment in all patients the complete healing of trophic ulcers was achieved. In patients of subgroup I the average speed of epithelization was 0,26 ± 0,05 cm²/days, in patients of subgroup II – 0,17 ± 0,06 cm²/days, in patients of subgroup III – 0,33 ± 0,05 cm²/days. The advantages of laser radiation in the visible range in isolated (helium-neon laser) and combined options are revealed. The best results are received in case of combined laser radiation generated by portable devices which provide distribution of low-intensive laser radiation within all effected tissues. The combination of traditional medical methods with combined laser radiation is expedient in conservative treatment of lower extremities venous trophic ulcers.


This paper investigates the relationship between public and private wages in the five largest euro area countries for the period 1997-2017. The analysis shows that there exists a positive and significant response of private wages to a public wage shock. This effect is found to be temporary and to differ across countries (positive and significant in France, Spain, Italy and non-significant in Germany and the Netherlands). Interestingly, the response of private wages is found to be asymmetric: a positive and statistically significant response is found in case of a positive shock to public wages, while no statistically significant effects are detected in case of a cut to public wages. As the public wage containment policies adopted during the sovereign debt crisis are expected to be gradually lifted in several euro area countries, the findings of this paper suggest that knock-on effects on private sector wages cannot be excluded in the years to come. JEL Classification: E24, E62, J30, C33, C11


'Gnosticism and Modern Nihilism' (published in Social Research, 1952) is indeed one of Hans Jonas' most famous essays, to which its author reserved very deep attention during his philosophical career. As a former pupil of Martin Heidegger and Rudolf Bultmann, Jonas started to deal with religious topics, and specifically with Gnosticism, from the very outset of his philosophical career in the 1920s. After gaining recognition thanks to his remarkable philosophical-existential interpretation of Gnosticism, he returned to the modern age and its philosophical characters. Principally, Jonas discovered that modern philosophy up to Heidegger and Sartre suffered from a peculiar spiritual disease – namely, nihilism – that he had already traced in ancient Gnosticism and that he intended to reject. Therefore, Jonas' acquaintance with ancient religion and thinking gave him a deep insight into the modern age and provided him with a first glimpse of what was later to become his biological philosophy. However, whoever could imagine that the idea of tracing similarities between Gnosticism and modern thinking came to Jonas at the beginning of 1950 from the famous philosopher and biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy? In this article, I shall endeavour to demonstrate this thesis by quoting from unpublished documents. However, I shall also try to prove that Jonas did not follow von Bertalanffy's advice completely. The overall aim is, therefore, both to highlight the origins of an essential turning point in the thinking of Hans Jonas, and, on such a basis, to outline the innovation and originality of his philosophical contribution.


The present study investigated, "Digital marketing in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) of the financial sector of the canton of Latacunga, establishing a prior structure of knowledge to identify relevant spaces where they can interact in a positive manner but, as the study was channeled this could not be fulfilled, due to the limitations that existed in the object universe, such as the theoretical ones that are established because there are not enough sources of information to deal with the subject. Also, due to the complications of access to the facilities of small and medium-sized companies, since in many of these they have the privilege of reserving their information. It is important in this section to mention that informative sources such as books, articles or internet sites were insufficient to continue with the development of research on SMEs, therefore, the object of study was done to credit unions of which 6 institutions were chosen, for the openness and ease of accessing their information within marketing and how they apply it. The methodology used for the development of the research was inductive because since this part of something particular topic to get the conclusions, as in the case of research began with the study of SMEs and their classification for later reach the savings and credit cooperatives, the quantitative approach was also used, which helped to obtain the necessary information, using the technique of the survey, applied to the partners and legal representatives of 6 savings and credit cooperatives in the financial sector of Latacunga, where the results obtained that the study population, was that they do not take advantage of 100% the digital marketing and the management of their propaganda, to publicize all the service, the growth and confidence to their clients, as a base fundamental of the financial system in addition, to stay at the forefront in the dissemination of their services they provide. We must add that cooperatives must take the reins of certain niche markets where people are really exploring how is the web.
With the support through the theoretical framework as a fundamental pillar of the research, it constitutes the base where the development of the degree work that can be constituted was supported, selecting the sector of savings and credit cooperatives of Latacunga, for being one of the sectors where information could be collected to be more feasible, also because there is access to data search. The result of the study was the relationship between digital marketing and the increase in the number of members, which in turn generates an increase in loans, because companies using digital information and communication tools are a new niche. of market where, the cooperatives are made known and increase the number of partners thus establishing more income for them. The organizations that use digital marketing are 33.34%, the percentage of use is low, they are not using it 100%, most cooperatives do not use any tool, the entities have a weakness in the use of social networks in those that are more people to be able to promote themselves. Companies wishing to use digital marketing will be able to promote their services or products offered in the market, obtaining an acceptance to improve their sales, helping to retain and attract customers, in the future to become more competitive by exploring new niches of market.


Bohai bay turbidite fan in Bohai bay basin is the key area of oil and gas exploration.Analyzing Bohai regional tectonics of the Bohai bay basin,turbidite rock formation,turbidite rocks development and turbidite rock depositional model,exploring the geological significance of turbidite rock depositional model have very important theoretical significance and practical value.


Introduction - Stefano Fella Unity in Diversity - the Challenge for the EU Historical Teleologies - Alan S Milward The EU and Eastern Europe - Peter Gowan Diversity without Unity? Future Paths to European Security - Elzbieta Stadtmuller The Future of Small States in the EU - Esko Antola Emerging Integration in Policing and Criminal Justice - Madeleine Colvin Towards Network Democracy? The Potential of Flexible Integration - Alex Warleigh The Euro - Kevin Boles, Frank McDonald and Nigel Healey A Future International Currency? Social Integration in the European Union - Monica Threlfall Towards a Single Social Area? Cultural Policy in the EU and European Identity - Enrique Banus Towards a European Language Policy - Christina Julios Conclusion - Mary Farrell Possible European Futures


The development of desirable social attitudes and values in students is one of the aims of education. Instruction to achieve this has been an important element of traditional education, Muslim, Christian, private, and government controlled education which is formal education. In the attempt to lead students to develop desirable attitudes and values, the following questions need to be asked. What should be taught? What methods should be used in teaching attitudes and values? This study is addressed to the question of methodology for attitudes and value education. A consideration of the effects of multi – dimensional teaching strategies, that is, discussion, role play and inquiry methods to teach desirable social attitudes towards leadership and develop social values such as peace, love, loyalty and honesty to students is the primary concern of the study. The family and religious leaders are generally recognized as the agents most suitable for the teaching of attitudes and values. Increasingly, however, teachers have responsibility in this area as stated FRN (2004:8) in which the effective learning of attitudes for survival of the individual and the Nigerian society is emphasized. According to the government, the secondary schools should "raise a generation of people who appreciate these values specified under our broad national aim, and live as good citizens" (FRN, 2004:10). It is stated that one of the aims of social studies education in Nigeria is to develop in students positive attitudes of togetherness, comradeship, and cooperation towards healthy nation; the inculcation of appropriate values of honesty, integrity, hard-work, fairness and justice at work and play as one's contribution to the development of the nation (Adaralegbe, 1980:P16) to achieve these objectives, social studies can be taught, learnt, and lived Abstract: The modern trends in the field of methodological approaches in teaching are based on the use of multidimensional teaching strategies. Thus, the purpose of this study is to look into the effects of multidimensional teaching strategies on academic performance of junior secondary school students in social studies education.The main objective of the research is to determine the effects of using the multidimensional teaching strategies on academic performance among junior secondary school social studies students of demonstration secondary school, Federal College of Education, Zaria. The research would adopt the quasi-experimental, pre-test, non-equivalent, control group design. An intact classes would be used for the study (i.e JSS III). The research would be carried out in demonstration secondary school of federal college of education, Zaria, Kaduna state. Data for the study would be collected from the four classes in JSS III comprising one hundred and sixty students as sample size. The instrument to be used for this study is multiple objective test entitled "social studies achievement test" (SOSAT).


Eyes on the Bog provides a scientifically robust, repeatable, low tech, long-term monitoring initiative.
The standardised methodology enables individual peatland sites to be consistently monitored across the UK, creating a network of comparable sites. The initiative employs cheap, simple techniques and modern technology to enable useful monitoring information to be collected by peatland community employees or volunteers on: Peat subsidence and carbon loss
 Carbon capture
 Water table behaviour
 Peat soil condition
 Vegetation status, structure and composition
 Historical context of change and current trajectories


We performed a pot experiment to study the effects of varying levels of vegetation shade and humus fertility, simulating natural conditions of the boreal forest, on growth, interspecific competition, and ectomycorrhizal colonization of seedlings of three coexisting tree species: Pinus sylvestris L., Picea abies (L.) Karst., and Betula pendula Roth. In contrast to late-successional Picea abies, early-successional species Pinus sylvestris and particularly B. pendula responded to shade with an increase in stem height and with some changes in biomass, especially in the high-fertility humus. Humus fertility had greater effects on biomass of seedlings than did shade treatments. Interspecific competition among pairwise combinations of the three species was greatest in the high-fertility humus, but was not affected by shade. Betula pendula was the strongest competitor among species; it was not affected by the presence of coexisting species and strongly suppressed coniferous seedlings, especially in the high-ferti...


In many deployments, computer systems are underutilized -- meaning that applications have performance requirements that demand less than full system capacity. Ideally, we would take advantage of th...


Seaweed farming has materialized as the most pertinent livelihood approach among coastal areas. This livelihood is mostly participated by couples to augment their income for family's subsistence. This descriptive-correlational research was conducted to determine the impact of seaweeds farming to the marital relationship satisfaction and reproductive role satisfaction of the seaweed farmers of Brgy. Tiabas, San Dionesio, Iloilo. Checklist questionnaire made by the researcher adapted from Marital Satisfaction Inventory and reproductive role questionnaire were utilized during the data collection. The collection of data was from October 2016 to March 2017. The findings showed very high marital relationship satisfaction when the respondents were classified according to sex, years of marriage, family income and family size. However, the findings revealed low reproductive role satisfaction when the respondents were classified according to sex, years of marriage, family income and family size. No significant differences among variables in the study. Thus, it was concluded that appreciation of responsible parenthood and gender equality should be delivered to the farmers for harmonious relationship in the households.


According to the Campbell–Magaard theorem, any analytical spacetime can be locally and analytically embedded into a five-dimensional pseudo-Riemannian Ricci-flat manifold. This embedding for Godel's universe can be found. The embedding space is Ricci-flat and has a non-Lorentzian signature of type (+ + - - -). We also show that the embedding found is global.


The invariant system of information processing based on synchronous detection by the full correlation of the noise readings has been considered. By calculation the parameters of such kind of system it is admitted that the readings of the sub-carrier are interfered with the adaptive noise whose readings are correlated with each other and also a bearing signal of the synchronous detector is interfered with the readings of the white noise. The quantitative estimation of the operation of such kind of system is compared with the quantitative indexes of the known invariant system by non-correlativeness of the noise readings.


In a previous paper an account was given of the physiological flare variations in normal rabbits' eyes (Anjou 1961 a). Rabbits, studied during the summer, had a diurnal variation forming a regular curve: a minimum during the night, a sharp rise between 3 a.m. and 8 a.m., then a decrease gradually fading away."'.') This course was absent in other rabbits, studied during the winter. An influence of light on the aqueous flare density could be imagined, and this suggestion was supported by other findings in another work (Anjou 1961 b). A reversal of the natural diurnal variation of light caused, namely, a reduction of the differences between morning and evening values. The first part of the present investigation was intended as a more detailed study of the influence of different light conditions on the diurnal variation in the normal flare. A study of flare variations in normal human eyes suggested aqueous flow variations as being mainly responsible for diurnal flare variations (Anjou 1961 c). It was therefore desired to form some idea of ocular hydrodynamics in the course of this investigation. In consequence of the lack of any more appropriate method, recourse was had to tonometry. The results of these investigations are reported in the second part of this paper.


In this paper we analyze and assess the efficiency of the United States (U.S.) airline industry through the total factor productivity (TFP) method. While airlines use various resources to produce a heterogeneous group of outputs, this article focuses on certain fundamental outputs as final products of selected airlines. The results from this analysis indicate that the national airlines (US. domestic carriers) have higher TFP as compared to the major airlines. While major airlines have drastically cut costs in the past few years, they also need to improve efficiency or risk going out of business. In this paper, we investigate the efficiency and productivity of a selection of U.S. airlines for the years 1996 through 200 I. These years have been chosen as a good example of years in which the industry experienced normal growth and generally positively returns. Subsequent to 2001 the industry experienced two severe external shocks, namely, the September 11.2001. terrorist attacks and the Iraq war. l.hese anomaious shocks make the years after iUUi inconsistent with respect to the type of index developed in this article.


A comparison of the determination of microelements in mushroom by wet digestion and a combination of incomplete wet digestion and suspension sampling and atomic absorption spectrophotometry was conducted.The working curve method was used in the combo determination.RSD of the two methods were both less than 5.0%,and no difference was found by F-text.The combo determination method is convenient,rapid and accurate.Displacement of digestion by the incomplete digestion and suspension sampling for the pretreatment of samples and the determination of microelements in mushroom by atomic absorption spectrometry are feasible.


The majority of the total value of exports comes from small, medium-sized, and large companies for the reason that they tend to be the principal target group in public-support actions related to exports. However, micro-sized enterprises are the numerically dominant group in every economy. During recent years, micro-enterprises' barriers for exports have lowered due to global digitalization. As a result, microenterprises' share of total exports has increased rapidly in many countries. The aim of this explorative case study was to investigate micro-enterprises' share of exporters in one northern sparsely populated area (NSPA). The micro-enterprises located in NSPAs tend to face contextspecific challenges as they develop their business. This study seeks to provide context-specific knowledge needed to strengthen business ecosystems and develop business support services. The data in this study consists of publicly archived statistical data from 2015 of all active business identity codes registered in Northern Finland (49,411 pieces) were analysed. Based on this study, in total, 585 exporting enterprises are located in Northern Finland, of which almost 52% are micro-enterprises (302 pcs). In addition, the variation of micro-enterprises' share of exporting enterprises at provincial, subregional and municipal levels is clarified. It is necessary to have microenterprises as a target group of export support actions. This study is limited to official enterprise statistics from 2015. The results of this study can motivate policy makers and public business service providers to consider micro-enterprises to be an essential target group of export support actions.


Every child needs a safe adult, especially if they have faced trauma or are vulnerable. Dr Pooky Knightsmith describes the five Cs of being a safe adult.


This paper presents a new hierarchical guidance and flight control system for the path following problem of scale-model airplanes. The proposed control solution exploits a simple but pertinent nonlinear model of aerodynamic forces acting on the aircraft. Practical implementation aspects are discussed, and successful flight test results are presented that illustrate the soundness and performance of the proposed control design.


Fluoroquinolones are important in the treatment of respiratory infections and resistance to them amongst Haemophilus influenzae is rare. We report a case of persistent respiratory tract colonization with an H. influenzae strain resistant to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin. Two sputum cultures obtained 4.5 months apart, from a patient with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), yielded H. influenzae in colony counts exceeding 107 CFU/ml. Antibiotic susceptibility testing using disk diffusion and E-tests revealed both isolates to be resistant to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin. Although quinolone resistant H. influenzae remains extremely rare, its emergence in Sri Lanka heralds microbiological and clinical challenges with important implications for the treatment of community acquired respiratory infection.


This research was done in order to diversify and to increase nutrition value of food product especially to enrich nutrition of fisheries product. Fish flour was made from Sardinella longiceps and wheat flour was used as materials to make crackers. The fish and wheat flour in the ratio of (0:100; 10:90; 20:80 and 30:70) were tested to get the best quality of crackers. Sensory quality, proximate analysis and texture test were applied in all products. The protein quality (chemical score) and calcium contents of the best crackers were 89.60 (limited amino acid : methionine) and 550 mg/100 g, respectively.The result of this research showed that the 20% fish flour-added crackers product had the highest rate of sensory quality (color, taste, smell, performance, and texture). It was accepted well by the panelists, and it also increased the protein quality and the calsium content.


The purpose of this work was to examine the prevalence of non-alignment and incisal wear of upper and lower anterior teeth in an examined population of dental students as well as to analyze the relation between alignment and incisal wear of the anterior teeth. The subjects chosen for this study were dental students (40 female, 40 male) of the School of Dental Medicine in Zagreb. The age of the subjects ranged from 20 to 26 years, mean 22.8 ± 1.8 years. Alignment of the teeth and incisal wear were assessed on the basis of stone casts in accordance with two index systems (NONAS and IwI). By testing the methods it was shown that the reproducibility of assessments of teeth alignment and incisal wear was satisfactory. In the upper jaw, one or more teeth were non-aligned in 48% of cases (most frequently the upper lateral incisors), while in the lower jaw there were 47% cases of non-alignment teeth (most frequently the lower central incisors). The prevalence of incisal wear of the anterior teeth in the population of dental students was 95%. By Pearson's chi-square test, the relationship between the condition of alignment and incisal wear of anterior teeth was determined. The highest degree of tooth wear was registered on the right and left upper central incisor as well as on the right lower canine.


Impact point dispersion of a direct e re rocket can be drastically reduced with a ring of appropriately sized lateral pulse jets coupled to a trajectory tracking e ight control system. The system is shown to work well against uncertainty in the form of initial off-axis angular velocity perturbations as well as atmospheric winds. For an example case examined, dispersion was reduced by a factor of 100. Dispersion reduction is a strong function of the number of individual pulse jets, the pulse jet impulse, and the trajectory tracking window size. Proper selection of these parameters for a particular rocket and launcher combination is required to achieve optimum dispersion reduction. Forrelatively lowpulsejetimpulse, dispersion steadily decreasesasthenumberofpulsejetsisincreased or as the pulse jet impulse is increased. For a e xed total pulse jet ring impulse, a single pulse is the optimum pulse jet cone guration when the pulse jet ring impulse is small because the effect of a pulse on the trajectory of a rocket decreases as the round e ies downrange. Nomenclature CDD = e n cant roll moment aerodynamic coefe cient CLP = roll damping aerodynamic coefe cient CMQ = pitch damping aerodynamic coefe cient CNA = normal force aerodynamic coefe cient CX0 = zero yaw axial force aerodynamic coefe cient CX2 = yaw axial force aerodynamic coefe cient D = rocket reference diameter ethres = trajectory tracking window size L; M; N = total applied moments about rocket mass center expressed in the aft body reference frame nJ = number of individual lateral pulse jets nRXi ;nRYi , = ith main rocket motor direction cosines in the nRZi body frame p;q;r = components of the angular velocity vector of the projectile in the body reference frame T = P ° time constant TJi = ith lateral pulse jet thrust TRi = ith main rocket motor thrust t ¤ = time of the most recent pulse jet e ring u;v;w = components of the velocity vector of the mass center of the composite body in the body reference frame uA;vA;wA = components of the velocity of the mass center of the projectile with mean wind expressed in the body reference frame VA = magnitude of the velocity vector of the mass center of the projectile experienced with mean wind expressed in the body reference frame VMW;aeMW = magnitude and wind factor of the mean atmospheric wind expressed in the initial reference frame X;Y; Z = total applied force components in the aft body reference frame


This article proposes a theoretical reflection on the treatment of inequality at present, considering, in particular, the contributions of this concept in the analysis of social structure. Although the reflection arises from readings essentially located in Latin America, the question far exceeds it as a territorial axis, and it places the issue as one of the most current ones in social studies. It is an eminently theoretical reflection built from the re-reading of classic and current texts intentionally selected for analysis. From this, the current relevance of the various perspectives on inequality, its dimensions and its ways of being linked can be deduced for the analysis of the social structure.


Cultural-historical heritage of Kupres municipality, which is part of interest of Commission to Preserve National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is not included in local tourist offer. It is unknown, neglected and hardly accessible. There are 30 cultural heritage localities in Kupres, dating back from prehistoric periods to 20 century. Over 1000 registered 'stećak'Bosnian medieval tombstones represent a special value. Valorisation and identification of cultural-historical heritage from the geographical aspect was done in this paper. By valorising cultural-historical heritage for the purpose of tourism, it is divided it into four groups: 1. archaeological sites 2. spatial units and landmarks 3. ecclesiastical heritage and 4. cultural monuments. On the basis of geographical elements of valorisation for tourism needs, their significance at the local, regional and national level is determined. By using GIS tools it is possible to visualise cultural goods on a map which could be used as a basis for modern offer of tourist attractions in Kupres municipality. Sustainable development of tourism can mean revitalisation of rural areas, which is a necessity for this depopulated municipality.


A 38-year-old-female presented at the Oral Medicine Clinic complaining of pain under her tongue that became worse during chewing, and radiated to her right ear. The pain started two months earlier and gradually increased in intensity. The patient reported that she smoked about twelve cigarettes per day, a habit that she maintained for the last twenty years. She also admitted that she consumed alcohol as a social habit, mainly over the weekends. Her medical history revealed no other abnormalities and she was not using any chronic medication.


Adolescence is critical period for an adequate development of the peak bone mass and participation in sports has been recommended, due to the positive effect of mechanical load on bone mineralization. However, different sport modalities (i.e, handball and swimming) result in different mechanical loads on the bone and it is still unclear the effects on bone status assessed in the no weight-bearing site, as the proximal phalanges of hand, during sports practice in adolescents. PURPOSE: To verify the influence of different sports' practice on the bone tissue in female adolescents. METHODS: Total of 329 female adolescents were analyzed separated into three groups: Handball athletes (n=55: 14.5±0.8 yrs, 162.4±5.7 cm and 60.6±10.4 kg), Swimming athletes (n=49:14.8±1.0 yrs, 163.3±5.9 cm and 56.6±9.7 kg) and Control group (n=225: 14.8±1.0 yrs, 163.8±5.6 cm and 56.5±6.2 kg). The Quantitative Ultrasound was used to evaluate the Amplitude Dependent Speed of Sound (AD-SoS in m/s) and Bone Transmission Time (BTT in μs) parameters, and their z-scores (SDS) were calculated for each group. To compare AD-SoS and zADSoS between groups was used the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The Kruskal Wallis test was performed for BTT and zBTT. The training time between the groups of athletes was compared using the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: All participants were in Tanner's stage IV or V. No differences were observed for age and height among groups. The swimmers showed significantly higher values (p=0.03) of AD-SoS and zAD-SoS (2088±43.8 m/s and 0.47±0.8) than controls (2067±54.0 m/s and 0.09±1.0) and both swimmers and handball athletes had their BTT (handball: 1.44±0.2 μs, swimming: 1.45±0.2 μs, control: 1.37±0.2 μs) and zBTT (handball: 0.71±0.8, swimming: 0.72±1.1, control: 0.32±0.9) levels higher than the control group. No difference in the bone parameters was seen between the athletes groups, though the swimmers showed more training time and in weekly sessions those handball players (p≤ 0.002) (all athletes were ask about session and age of onset of training). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the sports practice does influence on the bone mass parameters and their higher values are related with the frequency and the time of training and independently of weight bearing intensity.


Plant Science
Plant cell nuclei respond to signals from symbiotic nitrogenfixing rhizobial bacteria or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with oscillating Ca2+ release. Charpentier et al. identified a trio of responsible Ca2+ channels in a legume. These channels contain nuclear localization signals and are expressed in root cell nuclear envelopes. The channels function early in the establishment of symbiosis to produce oscillations in Ca2+ release from nuclear stores.

Science , this issue p. [1102][1]

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aae0109


Comrade Jiang Zemin proposes the important thought of the "Three Represents",which highly summarizes the essence of the Communist Party of China.It scientificly replied "what to construct" and "how to construct the party",is a significant contribution to Marxism.


Today, enterprises have to face a growing amount of information and process complexity. Their business processes can be bloated and inflexible. The user-adequate intelligent process information portals (niPRO) project enables the combination of business processes with related process information. It selects, combines, and filters this information for knowledge workers and decision makers according to their work context, so the high amount of
information is processed for the benefit of the user. This is achieved by niPRO's semantic technology. However, for displaying business processes, common process notations are not sufficient to visualise these technologies, as semantic aspects are neglected in those notations so far. Our work develops concepts, taking into account the visualisation
of business processes and related process information. We create four visualisation concepts, each is presented with its idea, elaboration, evaluation, and a summary. The work
closes with a discussion of these concepts and an additional presentation of an interactive mockup.


Objective To explore the common TCM criterions of schizophrenic syndromes(depressed psychosis). Methods Second round expert questionnaires were designed according to the results of the first round,and 61 experts were consulted around the country.Delphi method was used for statistical analysis. Results The active coefficient of the experts was 89.7%.The authoritative grade of the experts was 0.776.Among the syndromes,the items whose came up to mean 1.5,full mark ratio 50%,coefficient of variation 40%,rank sum of the indexes 90,there were 7 cases with the syndrome of stagnation and phlegm retention of the hepatic-qi,13 cases with the syndrome of cardiosplenic asthenia,10 cases with the syndrome of hepatic-qi stagnation,9 cases with the syndrome of asthenic yin causing excessive pyrexia,10 cases with the syndrome of phlegm stagnation,9 cases with the syndrome of hepatic stagnation causing splenic deficiency, 11 cases with the syndrome of asthenic splenonephro-yang,and 10 cases with the syndrome of hepatopyrexia and pyrophlegm. Conclusions The symptoms such as whose satisfy the condition above act as the main symptoms of syndromes above in schizophrenia(depressed psychosis) in TCM.


It has been observed that human capital is an important factor behind economic growth, especially corresponding to the developed countries or, of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries over the past five decades. The theoretical models differ however regarding the extent of impact of human capital upon the economic growth. According to the Solow-Cass-Koopmans type of models, increase in human capital has only transitory effect upon economic growth in the sense that it only affects the level of steady state output with a growth effect only during the transition towards the new steady state growth path. However, according to the Lucas type AK models, human capital has permanent effect on economic growth in the sense that it affects both the level and the growth rate of the steady state growth path. Here, we are going to test the empirical validity of the Augmented Solow Model vis-à-vis Uzawa-Lucas Model in terms of the speed of convergence firstly for the 'Developed OECD Countries' to find out whether the impact of human capital on growth is transitory or permanent. Next, we are also going to enquire about the alteration in results, if any, when both India and China are included in the 'OECD' Country Group. Here we are using the Dynamic Fixed Effects (DFE) Approach of Panel Data and using the GMM estimators for this purpose.


SUMMARY Closed intracardiac surgery guided by the finger is a safe, logical, and highly efficient method of diagnosing and correcting most of the common, acquired and congenital cardiac defects. Its applicability will undoubtedly shortly be extended to include other less common lesions. Its accuracy depends upon digital "vision" and digitally guided manipulations within the beating, functioning heart. The permissible maneuvers are obviously limited to certain relatively simple ones. Fortunately, most of the common intracardiac lesions can be corrected by the maneuvers now available. Care must be taken that the cardiac function is not seriously nor long impaired by the instrumentation.


Compared with traditional learning,E-learning has more complicated and difficult problems in learning adaptability.Under the network environment,self-management is an important and basic skill to ensure effective and smooth operation of e-learning.Based on the self-management mechanism,relying on the Blackboard teaching and learning platform,we may conduct deep research and exploration on how to design a learning adaptability intervention mode in order to effectively promote the learning adaptability of distance learners


The behavior of wireless links in third generation wireless data systems based on cdma2000 standard have profound impacts on the performance of transport layer protocols. This is due to greater variations in round trip times (RTTs) experienced by the TCP agents over these links, primarily due to two reasons error recovery through link layer retransmissions and allocation/de-allocation of higher data rate channels. In this thesis, an exhaustive study of the nature and impacts of these two features is presented. Based on simulations and analysis, this thesis makes the following key contributions: First, the conditions under which sharp delay variations and residual errors occur in presence of link layer recovery mechanisms are identified and the impacts of these in degrading the system performance and TCP throughputs is presented based on an implementation of cdma2000's link layer protocol, Radio Link Protocol(RLP), that was developed as part of this work. The second part of this thesis quantifies the problem of network congestion due to variable rate radio links. This problem is characterized using an analytical model for losses based on continuous flow approximation as well as an extensive simulation setup. We investigate this problem under variety of scenarios and suggest possible solutions to counter the problem.


The utility model relates to a film coated type facia with synthetic color cold light, which comprises display units and a power supply control part, wherein, the display unit takes a flaky cold light panel which is partially coated with a monochromatic particle luminous layer at the connection area where scales and characters are distributed as the background light source, while the scales and the character patterns are printed on a transparent sheet on which a light permeable and a light impermeable ink layers are printed. The area which is printed with the light permeable ink layer and the light emission area of cold light slices are correspondingly filmed, and the area which is printed with light impermeable ink layer and the non light emission area of the cold light slices are also correspondingly filmed. One display unit only needs one circuit to be connected with a power supply and a switch of an original lighting lamp through a driver to control the on-off states, and the connection of a plurality of display functional units can share only one mains lighting supply and a switch that the on-off states can be controlled. The utility model, therefore, has the advantages of simpler control circuit up to the hilt, simpler manufacturing technique, simple installation, convenient operation and control, high reliability, low cost price, etc., and the color matching of the facia is free from the limitation of inherent colors of the cold light panel.


The calculation of optimal load control strategies by demand response algorithms requires an estimation of the potential effect of those strategies. This paper discusses the use of thermal simulations in order to estimate the hourly consumption of HVAC systems in commercial buildings.


This study presents the analysis economic efficiency of maize production In Huye District, Rwanda by using stochastic frontier cost function. The primary data were collected from 65 maize farmers in the study area during February–March 2013 for the cropping year 2012 2013. Result of the total revenue (TR), Gross margin, net farm income (NFI) and return on Rwandan francs invested (ROI) per hectare were 2,611,000 Rwf, 492,830 Rw 475,830Rwf and 0.22 Rwf respectively. The results shows that maize farming in the study area is not profitable and Diseconomics of Scale was obtained as 0.99 (ES<1), hence diseconomics of scale exists. Results of the stochastic frontier cost function showed that Parameter of estimate indicated positive relationship and significance at 10% level for fertilizer and labour except maize output have negative relationship but significant at 10%. While improved seed have positive relationship but insignificant quantitative estimates obtained from the cost function shows Mean cost efficiency index was 1.026, slightly above frontier cost indicating that an average maize farms from the study incurred about 2.6% costs above the frontier cost indication of inefficiency. Some constraint to maize farmers in the study area is inadequate credit, inadequate contact with extension agents and lack of improved seeds. The study recommended that the work of extension agents should be intensified in the study area.


Preface Publisher's Acknowledgments About the Author Access 1. Why Digital and Media Literacy 2. Research as Authentic Inquiry Analyze 3. Critical Questions, Close Reading 4. The Power of Representation Create 5. Composing With Media Across the Curriculum Reflect 6. Protection and Empowerment 7. Life Online Take Action 8. What in the World: Teaching With Current Events 9. Infusing Digital and Media Literacy Across the Curriculum Endnotes Bibliography Index


Curcumin is an active agent on Curcuma longa. Curcumin had so many
biologic activities, one of them is anti fertility. Curcumin research in male
reproductive system had been done. Curcumin reduced testis weight and serum
testosterone. This study is done to find out site action of curcumin in signal
transduction pathway steroidogenesis on Leydig cell and to know curcumin effect
on testosterone intratesticular level in rats.
This study was conducted to 27 male Sprague dawley rats aged 90 days.
Rats divided into 9 groups treatment : group 1 rats were given aquades, group 2
rats were given a single dose of 50 IU hCG, group 3 rats were given CMC, group
4 rats were given curcumin, group 5 rats were given hCG and curcumin, group 6
rats were given theophylline, group 7 rats were given hCG and theophylline,
group 8 rats were given theophylline and curcumin, group 9 rats were given hCG
and theophylline and curcumin. Rats were sacrified on age 91 days. Testis was
taken, homogenizer and sentrifuge. Supernatant was taken in order to measured
intratesticular testosterone level.
The result of this study show intratesticular testosterone level from 9
group treatment, each group are n = 3, are (1) 44.36±1.30 (aquades), (2)
41.53±16.44 (hCG), (3) 37.33±9.05 (CMC), (4) 54.16±29.82 (curcumin), (5)
49.36±5.05 (hCG + curcumin), (6) 44.20±22.09 (theophylline), (7) 83.23±18.81
(hCG + theophylline), (8) 44.73±22.90 (theophylline + curcumin), (9)
47.70±16.47 (hCG + theophylline + curcumin). Statistic analytic with ANOVA
showed there is no significant difference (p>0.05). Statistic analytic with planned
comparison with contrast showed there is significant difference on K7 with K2
and K9 group (p<0,05).
This study have a conclusion that curcumin not decreased testosterone
intratestikular level in rats and site action of curcumin located on before cAMP in
signal transduction pathway steroidogenesis on Leydig cell .


The factors which obviously influenced the stock return in Chinese stock market are researched from using the arbitrage pricing theory(APT) and factor model in this paper.The price,P/E ratio,volume,market capitalization,district are all factors that obviously influence the stock return in different period.


The finite‐time dissipative filtering problem for time‐varying delayed Markovian jump systems with randomly occurred nonlinearity is addressed in this article. The modes of the desired filter are supposed to be asynchronous with the modes of the original system, which is more in line with the practical situation. The purpose of the problem under investigation is an asynchronous filter design which could make the error system finite‐time bounded as well as strictly dissipative. By constructing novel Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals that covers the aforementioned two asynchronous modes and utilizing the theory of finite‐time analysis, some sufficient conditions are put forward to obtain the desired asynchronous filter by virtue of the linear matrix inequalities approach. A numerical example and a tunnel diode circuit are finally provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.


With the emerging discourse on the 'Asian Century', it has become something of a national past-time in Australia to bemoan our lack of integration in the Asia-Pacific region. As the soon-to-be-released Asian Century white paper is sure to recommend, deepening Australia's economic ties with the major countries in the region will be essential for Australia's future prosperity.

But Australia can already boast considerable success in one dimension of this process – the negotiation of free trade agreements (FTAs) in the Asian region. Australia has already signed FTAs with Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, and the ASEAN, and is currently negotiating agreements with the three Northeast Asian 'giants' – China, Japan and Korea.

While these agreements have been lauded as critical tool to open Asian markets to trade and investment, for some of Australia's Asian FTAs the agenda has gone beyond simple trade liberalisation.

For China, Japan and Korea, resource security is a key part of the FTA agenda, which for Australia poses significant questions over how these resource relationships can be managed.


This paper investigates the adoption of hedge accounting by Malaysian listed companies in reporting their use of derivatives for hedging activities. Based on a sample of 300 Malaysian listed companies, we found that only 162 companies (54 percent) used derivatives to hedge their financial risks exposure and only 30 percent of the companies chose to apply hedge accounting. In addition, this study examines the relationship between the company specific characteristics and their application of hedge accounting. The logistic regression results showed that the decision to apply hedge accounting by Malaysian companies is positively influenced by the company size and leverage. The implications of the findings were discussed.


In this paper, we propose a novel and efficient CNN-based framework that leverages local and global context information for image denoising. Due to the limitations of convolution itself, the CNN-based method is generally unable to construct an effective and structured global feature representation, usually called the long-distance dependencies in the Transformer-based method. To tackle this problem, we introduce the matrix decomposition module(MD) in the network to establish the global context feature, comparable to the Transformer based method performance. Inspired by the design of multi-stage progressive restoration of U-shaped architecture, we further integrate the MD module into the multi-branches to acquire the relative global feature representation of the patch range at the current stage. Then, the stage input gradually rises to the overall scope and continuously improves the final feature. Experimental results on various image denoising datasets: SIDD, DND, and synthetic Gaussian noise datasets show that our model(SUMD) can produce comparable visual quality and accuracy results with Transformer-based methods.


In this note, we study infinitesimal deformations of complex hyperbolic space lattices in quaternionic hyperbolic space of the same dimension and prove that they are obstructed. A local rigidity result follows.


ABSTRACT In recent years, the social research of Pearl Jephcott has been subject to scholarly reappraisal on the grounds that it displays an early commitment to the unmediated reporting of 'the authentic voice of her participants'. This article investigates the extent to which this claim holds for Jephcott's seminal 1971 study Homes in High Flats. It suggests that, although Homes in High Flats sought to investigate 'people and their homes rather than housing in the usual sense', the study's ability to realise this aim was complicated by the social distance obtaining between researcher and researched. Based on re-analysis of the study's archived research materials, the article explores how this distance mediated the researchers' interpretation and re-presentation of the tenant's voice, deepening understanding of the epistemological premises of Jephcott's work.


Objective The levels of anticoagulant proteins were assayed of deep venous thrombosis (DVT)in Chinese patients with DVT.Methods Parameters of anticoagulants such as antithrombin(AT),the total level of protein S(PS),protein C(PC)activity and activated protein C resistance(APC-R)were assayed in 100 patients with DVT and 100 normal controls.Results Between the DVT group and normal group,there were significant differences in the level of AT,PC,PS and APC-R(P<0.01~0.001).Of all patients 25 were found to be abnormal,including 13 PS deficiencies,8 PC deficiencies,5 AT deficiencies and 4 APC-R deficiencies.Conclusion The resuts of this study suggest that the anticoagulation protein deficiencies are frequent in Chinese DVT patients.It suggests that the etiology of thrombophilia may be different between Chi- nese and Western.


Throughout the Middle Ages Georgia remained the victim of its aggressive neighbors, whose regular inroads led to many deaths among the local residents and to their mass migration to the country's central areas. The vacated lands were seized by ethnically alien peoples. Muslims moved into Kvemo Kartli in the latter half of the 15th century; during feudalism Ossets left the Northern Caucaeorgia's ethnic composition, which changed from one historical epoch to another, is a product of certain political, social, and economic factors. This led to certain migration trends that changed the size of particular ethnic groups. Georgian academic Vakhtang Jaoshvili identified the major stages in the process that led to changes in Georgia's ethnic composition: from the Middle Ages to the late 18th century; from the early 19th century to the establishment of Soviet power in 1921, and from 1921 to the Soviet Union's disintegration. Today we can speak about the fourth stage: from 1991, when Georgia became independent, to the present day.


 In the mouth, lichen planus is usually found on the inside of the cheeks and on the side of the tongue. It can also affect the gums and roof of the mouth.  Usually lichen planus has a lace-like pattern of streaky white patches that occasionally can be thickened.  The patches are often symmetrical, which means that they affect the same site on different sides of the mouth.  Lichen planus may sometimes be associated with red patches or sores.


Efficient radio resource management in wireless network systems is highly required since the numbers of users as well as the bandwidth requirements per user are growing excessively. In this paper, two concepts for targeting this capacity challenge are elaborated: • Multi-standard radio resource management (MxRRM) and • Location based radio resource management. By MxRRM we understand the traffic management and radio resource management in scenarios where more than one wireless network provides coverage, like GSM, GSM/GPRS, UMTS, Bluetooth, and/or W-LAN. If a mobile supports several radio access technologies the question arises which one should be used for a particular communication. To answer this question first it has to be investigated which systems are available. Secondly the decision has to be made which one of these to use based on service, capacity and current load. For optimized decisions in such an environment, meaning maximum capacity, best QoS (Quality of Service), and minimum energy consumption of the mobile station, utilizing the position of the mobile station is discussed and showing promising results.


Wire sculptures are objects sculpted by the use of wires. In this article, we propose practical methods to create 3D virtual wire sculptural art from a given 3D model. In contrast, most of the previous 3D wire art results are reconstructed from input 2D wire art images. Artists usually tend to design their wire art with a single wire if possible. If not possible, they try to create it with the least number of wires. To follow this general design trend, our proposed method generates 3D virtual wire art with the minimum number of continuous wire lines. To achieve this goal, we first adopt a greedy approach to extract important edges of a given 3D model. These extracted important edges become the basis for the subsequent lines to roughly represent the shape of the input model. Then, we connect them with the minimum number of continuous wire lines by the order obtained by optimally solving a traveling salesman problem with some constraints. Finally, we smooth the obtained 3D wires to simulate the real 3D wire results by artists. In addition, we also provide a user interface to control the winding of wires by their design preference. Finally, we experimentally show our 3D virtual wire results and evaluate these created results. As a result, the proposed method is computed effectively and interactively, and results are appealing and comparable to real 3D wire art work.


Terrorism is an organised transnational crime that has the potential danger to the stability and security
of nations, and largely a threat to international peace. The rise of terrorist armed groups across the globe
has brought about renewed efforts by States to enact legislations that will curtail the harmful activities of
terrorists. Detention is one of such effort used in preventing and disrupting the plans of these terrorists.
Nations affected by the activities of armed terrorists experienced arrest and detention of suspects, backed
with terrorism prevention legislations with the expected aim of safeguarding the national security. Nevertheless,
such detentions are often posed with perceived threat of violation of rights. Cases of prolonged
detention without trials are alleged, where suspects are kept on unsubstantiated suspicions with denied
access to lawyer and family members. The opportunity to challenge these violations and the basis of
detention before the court of law are equally denied. The paper, using doctrinal research method examines
anti terrorism laws in Malaysia and Nigeria, with particular reference to detention of Boko Haram
suspects in Nigeria. The paper concludes with recommendations on the challenges faced by detainees and
the need for adequate safeguards on their rights.


The fact that millennial generation is the breadwinner of the Indonesian economy cannot be ignored by the government and tourism industry businesses. The Thousand Islands Marine National Park seeks to use Instagram social media to attract potential tourists from millennial groups. A total of 110 @tnlkepulauaneribu uploads were then analyzed with descriptive qualitative research methods to find out how Gina Lutrell's SOME (Sharring, Optimize, Manage, Engagement) Model was used in managing the Instagram account communication @tnlkep Kepulauan Seribu as an effort to digitally promote the Thousand Islands National Park as an Ecotourism Destination for Generations Millennial. The results of this study indicate that the manager of the @tnlkepulauanseribu account has not implemented The Circular Model of SOME to the fullest. The engagement process (is the process that is at least maximally carried out. This can be seen from the lack of adequate engagement to nurture and create new followers. There are not many communication activities that can have a binding impact on followers and prospective followers of the @tnlkepulauanseribu account.


The emergency response process is quite complex since there is a wide variety of elements to be evaluated for taking decisions. Uncertainties generated by subjectivity and imprecision affect the safety and effectiveness of actions. The aim of this paper is to develop an ontology for emergency response protocols, in particular, to fires in buildings. This developed ontology supports the knowledge sharing, evaluation and review of the protocols used, contributing to the tactical and strategic planning of organizations. The construction of the ontology was based on the methodology Methontology. The domain specification and conceptualization were based in qualitative research, in which were extracted 131 terms with definitions, of which 85 were assessed by specialists. From there, in the Protégé tool, the domain's taxonomy and the axioms were created. The specialists validated the ontology using the assessment by human approach (taxonomy, application and structure). Thus, a sustainable ontology model to the rescue tactical phase was ensured.


Noise generated from the road is one of factors that degrade the quality of life for people. Installing a barrier is an alternative method for reducing road transportation noise. But it has many limitations like the yellowing phenomenon and the surrounding landscape. In order to solve this problem we propose applying active noise cancelation(ANC) to road. We analyze the technical trend and WBT of active noise cancelation in Korea and internationally. The results of study indicates that active noise cancelation has been applied to various fields such as vehicles, airplanes, audio equipment and so on. It needs further research to apply active noise cancelation to the road in order to provide a comfortable lifestyle foe civilians.


In this paper we consider a wide band multiuser impulse modulation based system combined with DS-CDMA. We focus on the synchronization problem and we derive an optimal maximum likelihood metric for multiuser synchronization assuming an unstationary Gaussian noise model. Then, with the appropriate simplifications we obtain a simple implementation that is capable of achieving near optimal performance. The results show that the scheme allows for robust transmission over highly dispersive PL channels in the presence of impulse noise and multiple access interference.


Objective To explore application value of direct digital radiography technology in lumbar frontal and lat eral X ray images.Methods Eighty patients with lumbar disease were randomly divided into observation group.Their frontal and lateral X-ray images were processed with DDR.The other 80 patients were randomly selected in control group.Their normal lumbar X-ray data were analyzed,image quality score and the satisfaction rate were compared two groups.Results The median score of observation group was 14,the median score of control group was 9.Use rank sum test statistic,Z =-8.28,P 0.01,there was significant difference between image quality score of two groups.Satisfac tion rate of observation group was 92.5%(74/80),satisfaction rate of control group was 71.3%(57/80),the difference was statistically significant(χ2=19.76,P 0.05).Conclusion Compared with the conventional X-ray imaging,direct digital radiography technology can display the lower lumbar vertebrae,accessories and surrounding soft tissue image can be obtained better,higher quality,very significant in diagnostic radiology.


This paper explores the differences in overall preparedness (i.e. equipment, skills, knowledge and awareness) between backcountry, and lift-accessed backcountry terrain. Intercept surveys were conducted in four separate locations in SW Montana that represent these settings. Two of these locations were outside the North and South boundary of Bridger Bowl Ski Resort. These areas are unpatrolled, and without avalanche control. These areas were chosen as they represent heavily used liftaccessed backcountry or "sidecountry". The other two locations were Beehive Basin and Mt Blackmore, both popular backcountry touring areas with a wide variety of terrain. These areas were chosen due to their popularity with backcountry travelers. They represent easily accessed but remote wilderness terrain. Our results show that there is a clear contrast in perceptions of backcountry terrain between skiers in liftaccessed backcountry terrain and non-lift-accessed backcountry terrain. Skiers in backcountry terrain appear to be more prepared and also have a common mindset regarding the terrain they are entering. In contrast, skiers in lift-accessed backcountry terrain had a variety of opinions, skills and level of preparedness. These differences support the idea that there is a difference in perception that near boundary, liftaccessed backcountry terrain is somehow safer, thus not requiring the necessary amount of planning, skills, knowledge and equipment that is actually needed to be traveling in a backcountry setting. These findings reinforce the anecdotal experience of many industry professionals and reassert the need to improve education and signage at the exit points of lift-accessed backcountry terrain. This work was undertaken by a sub-set of students as part of a final class project in the 400 level undergraduate capstone courses for the snow science degree option at Montana State University.


In this article we will discuss how we can promote other forms of occupation and production of academic territory in the face of emerging issues in psychology research in urban territories. We present a theoretical debate on how research related to territories and territorialities has theoretically and epistemologically changed our field of knowledge and its forms of construction. Inspired by situationist dérive, we emphasize the experience produced by the bodies and affections of those who investigate the city. Walking through urban territories as a methodological alternative leads us to argue that our bodies make up the research process, making possible and ordering the construction of knowledge. We continue our reflection suggesting experience-based research as a production strategy, of narrative and problematization of knowledge from a singular body affected by the encounters that occurred in the territories: living experience is the starting point for a second moment, fundamental, when the experience is shifted to the academic territory and, with theoretical-political tools, the relationship territorialities-subjectivities is analyzed.


Purpose - The purpose of the research is to further explore the understanding of the nature of the brand distribution service (i.e., service brand) by...


This paper concerns the estimation of motion parameters and scene structure through the fusion of successive stereo pairs. While a least-squares estimator is quite stable in the presence of well-behaved noise, it gives disastrous results when the input data are contaminated with a few outliers. Due to difficulties in stereo and temporal image matching, such outliers cannot be easily eliminated within the feature matching stage. Therefore, immunity to outliers is essential to motion and structure estimation algorithms. The robust estimator described in this paper reduces the influence of outliers so that the estimates are not very sensitive to gross errors in the input data. Experiments with real world images are presented with automatically established stereo and temporal matching. The accuracy of the estimated motion and depth map of the real scene is partially validated with the ground truth. Results show that the robust estimator is stable in the presence of outliers.


Summary. Four individuals with anti‐glafenine, anti‐latamoxef and anti‐teniposide antibodies were found to have an associated red blood cell autoantibody. The two components could be separated by selective absorption and showed distinct time course patterns. In three patients a well‐defined blood group antigen was recognized as the receptor for both auto‐ and drug specific antibodies. Similarities between this type of immune response to drugs and the well‐known hapten and carrier specificities developed in animals immunized by hapten–carrier conjugates are discussed.


Within the last years renewable energy sources came more and more into the public focus. Steam gasification of solid biomass yields high quality producer gases that can be used for efficient combined heat and power production (CHP) and as a renewable resource for chemical syntheses. The dual fluidized bed steam gasification technology provides the necessary heat for steam gasification by circulating hot bed material that is heated in a second fluidized bed reactor by combustion of residual biomass char. The hydrogen content in producer gas of such gasifiers is about 40vol% (dry basis). Addition of carbonates to the bed material and adequate adjustment of operation conditions in the reactors allow selective transport of CO2 from gasification to combustion zone (Absorption Enhanced Reforming – AER concept). An 8MW (fuel power) CHP plant successfully demonstrates gasification in Guessing, Austria since 2002. A process development unit (100 kW fuel power) has been recently operated to investigate the potential of the selective CO2 transport achieving a H2 content of up to 75vol% (dry basis) in the producer gas. No significant increase in tar formation occurs despite the low gasification temperatures (600-700°C). It can be shown, that the selective transport of CO2 yields high hydrogen contents in the producer gas and the possibility of operating at lower temperatures increases the efficiency of energy conversion.


Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to dosimetrically compare volumetric‐modulated arc therapy (VMAT) with intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) techniques using either 6‐ or 10‐MV photon beam energies in lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) plans. Methods Thirty patients with primary or metastatic lung tumors eligible for SBRT were randomly selected. VMAT and IMRT treatment plans using either 6‐ or 10‐MV photon energies were generated through automatic SBRT planning software in the RayStation treatment planning system. Results For planning target volume, there was no difference in D 95% for all plans, whereas D 2% and D 50% were significantly increased by 5.22%–5.98% and 2.47%–2.59%, respectively, using VMAT6/10‐MV plans compared to IMRT6/10‐MV plans. When comparing the D max of organs at risk (OARs), VMAT6/10‐MV was 18.32%–47.95% lower than IMRT6/10‐MV for almost all OARs. VMAT6/10‐MV obviously decreased D mean, V 5Gy, V 10Gy, and V 20Gy of whole lung by 9.68%–20.92% than IMRT6/10‐MV. Similar results were found when comparing VMAT6‐MV with IMRT10‐MV or VMAT10‐MV with IMRT6‐MV. The differences in the D 2%, heterogeneity index, and conformity index between 6‐ and 10‐MV plans are not statistically significant. Plans using 6‐MV performed 4.68%–8.91% lower levels of D max of spinal cord, esophagus, great vessels, and trachea and proximal bronchial tree than those using 10‐MV plans. Similarly, D mean, V 5Gy, V 10Gy, and V 20Gy of whole lung were also reduced by 2.79%–5.25% using 6‐MV. For dose fall‐off analysis, the D 2cm and R 50% of VMAT6/10‐MV were lower than those of IMRT6/10‐MV. Dose fall‐off curve based on 10 rings was steeper for VMAT plans than IMRT plans regardless of the energy used. Conclusions For lung SBRT plans, VMAT‐based plans significantly reduced OARs dose and steepened dose fall‐off curves compared to IMRT‐based plans. A 6‐MV energy level was a better choice than 10‐MV for lung SBRT. In addition, the dose differences between different techniques were more obvious than those between different energy levels.


The goal was to evaluate the levels of consumption and water quality in the tanning process in the Ecuadorian Company tannery Salazar SA, and characterize the process, to propound techniques about water optimization. They were defining inputs, outputs, suppliers, users, requirements, indicators, documentation and risks. The sampling points are located in the deposit reservoir tank, mouth hype, treatment plant and output to body receiver. The quality of water into the process was estimated as excellent, because it remains in a natural condition. The direct affluent of the process is characterized as heavily polluted....


The complement system may be involved in the pathogenesis of alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver disease, although studies in humans are scarce. For this reason, we investigated whether circulating levels of activated complement factor 3 (C3a) were associated with hepatic steatosis and hepatocellular damage.


ARTHUR J. MILLER* and JAMES P. BOWMAN Depaitrent of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60690, and Department of Anatomy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA J Dent Res 56(10): 1154 October 1977. glossus, masseter and digastric muscles. Repetitive stimulation of the lower extremity of On photographic reproductions of the corthe precentral cortex evokes patterned movetex, 97 bipolar positions of the stimulating elecments similar to chewing and contains cortical trodes were plotted. Bipolar stimulation evoked neurons which respond during jaw movements. swallowing alone (IA, II) or in a combination Penfield's studies (Brain 60:389, 1937) have of several chewing-like movements preceding suggested some overlap of sites eliciting masticaswallowing (IB, III). The pertinent cortical tion and swallowing in this anterolateral region, regions included all of areas 44 and 3, the but an accurate assessment of these areas has not caudal region of area 6, and most of area 1. been reported even in the unanesthetized monThe evoked responses appeared to be indekey. pendent of stimulus characteristics in that single This study analyzed the electromyographic pulses or short trains of pulses (< 2 sec) responses (EMG) of 13 rhesus monkeys (Mawould not elicit either response, but stimulation caca mulatta) anesthetized with urethane (1.3 within a frequency range of 20 to 150/sec for gm/kg) while electrically stimulating the lateral longer durations would evoke either swallowing and caudal surface of the precentral cortex. The or chewing with swallowing. Increasing the cortex was exposed and covered in an oil bath stimulus intensity did not shift one response to maintained at 37-39 C. Stimulus pulses were the other, but at those electrode placements delivered through silver electrodes using square eliciting swallowing, increasing the stimulus inwave pulses with durations 0.15 to 0.4 msec and tensity did lead to greater pre-swallow prepwithin a current range of 140 to 850 pa. EMG atory activity (II, lower recording). signals were permanently recorded on paper usElectrode position did modify the threshing an oscillograph. The muscles were exposed old to evoke either response. The combined surgically and fine copper wire electrodes were masticatory-swallowing movements were elicited inserted into the mylohyoid, geniohyoid, geniopredominantly from the region anterior to the Received for publication November 30, 1976. subcentral dimple, while swallowing alone was Accepted for publication May 15, 1977. evoked more often posteriorly. These data sug*Present Address: Center for Craniofacial Anomagest that the most anterolateral cortical region lies, School of Dentistry, University of California, San of the primate precentral cortex modulating masFrancisco, Ca, 94143, USA. This investigation was supported by USPHS Retication, can integrate mastication within a more search Grants NS10154 and NB02683. complex oro-motor buccopharyngeal interaction.