This paper proposes a soft switching boost converter using an auxiliary resonant circuit for a PV system. The topology is composed of a general boost converter adding an auxiliary resonant circuit which has a switch, inductor, capacitors and diode. The auxiliary resonant circuit helps the main switch operate with ZCS and ZVS. And the auxiliary switch also operates with ZVS. ZVS and ZCS techniques enable to reduce switching losses and improve the efficiency of the system. The theoretical analysis is verified through simulations and experiments. The perturbation and observation algorithm is applied for this system. Experimental results are obtained from the 1kW prototype. Efficiencies by the variable duty and load are measured through the experiment.


An eddy current damper is considered to be most suitable for energy absorption of the docking system in space,its damping torque is the most important for energy absorption,but there is no general method to solve the damping torque analytically.An eddy current damper used for docking mechanism is presented in this paper,which is very similar to a coreless permanent magnet generator.The influences of parameters of the eddy current damper on the damping torque at the given volume are discussed.The structure,the simulation models and the test system scheme of the eddy current damper are introduced firstly,and effects of number of magnetic poles,as well as conductivity,length,thickness and mean diameter of the rotor on the damping torque are analyzed,finite element analysis and test are employed to perform the analysis.Finally,an equation to express the relationship between the damping torque and these parameters is presented.The discrepancies between torque values obtained by the equation and experimental test for a few prototypes are reasonable,thus showing that the damping torque equation could help to proceed with the design of an eddy current damper for docking mechanism.


The utility model provides an air entrainment valves and air entrainment be air entrainment unit for valves and valve body thereof, the air entrainment valves includes two at least air entrainment units, each air entrainment unit all includes the valve body, the valve body of each air entrainment unit has the laminating side with the valve body laminating assembly that corresponds the air entrainment unit that borders on respectively, the air entrainment gas circuit of each air entrainment unit has the gas outlet that extends to on the corresponding laminating side respectively, the laminating corresponding laminating in side of two arbitrary adjacent air entrainment units, gas outlet butt joint intercommunication on the laminating side of two arbitrary adjacent air entrainment units, be equipped with the seal structure who prevents gas outlet butt joint department gas leakage in the gas outlet of corresponding air entrainment gas circuit department between two arbitrary adjacent air entrainment units, be equipped with the total gas outlet with the air entrainment gas circuit of this air entrainment unit intercommunication on at least one air entrainment unit in two at least air entrainment units. Through setting up the air entrainment gas circuit that communicates adjacent air entrainment unit in the gas outlet of the side of laminating, do not need external pipeline, reduce and leak the risk.


A groundwater contamination with chlorinated hydrocarbons in a fractured rock aquifer ("Keuper") in the city centre of Stuttgart was investigated by integral pumping tests, isotope analysis and conventional methods. Thereby the lateral and vertical migration pathways as well as the behaviour of pollutants in terms of natural attenuation were determined and described. The quantification of mass flow rates in combination with the determination of δ ¹³ C values of pollutants has enabled to distinguish between degradation, mixture with other sources, and dilution. The overall evaluation revealed that the vertical transfer of pollutants into deeper aquifers is the most important effect for the decreasing concentrations in the plume.


CHARLIE is a new asynchronous learning system which was developed for engineering technology students at Buffalo State College. CHARLIE contains many fully-electronic and fully-automated features including: individualized homework with graphics, course agenda, course syllabus, tutorials, lecture summaries, student bulletin board, laboratory descriptions, grades, and access to the Internet. In this paper, CHARLIE is compared to other asynchronous learning systems. The distinguishing features of CHARLIE are ease of creation and administration by the instructor who has a knowledge of the DEC VMS operating system and C, simple exercise development concurrent with its use, and implementation on text-only terminals which are networked to a central computer. The goals of CHARLIE include: improved student learning, reduced homework grading, alternative teaching and learning opportunities, and efficient delivery of course information.


With samples decomposed by nitric acid,hydrofluoric acid and mixed acid of sulfuric acid-phosphoric acid,Mn in ferrophosphorus was determined by periodate spectrophotometry.The acid system for sample dissolution was established, and the optimal measuring wavelength of 525 nm was selected.The influence of acidity and coexisting elements were discussed.The results showed that matrix elements of Fe and P had little influence on the determination.The interference could be neglected when the addition amount of sulfuric acid(1+1) and phosphoric acid(1+1) was within 20 mL.The detection limit for Mn was 0.003 %.The proposed method has been applied to the determination of ferrophosphorus certified reference materials and actual samples.The analytical results were consistent with the certified values and those obtained by alkali deliquescence-acidification spectrophotometry,and relative standard deviation(RSD) was between 0.34 % and 2.2 %.


This study tries to elucidate Nietzsche's analysis and critique of traditional metaphysics in his Human, All Too Human. Nietzsche points out the following: First, dichotomy serving as the thinking mode of metaphysics; second, the contingency of genesis of metaphysics in the human history; third, identity presupposed by metaphysics; fourth, the fiction of metaphysical objects; fifth, metaphysics' impotency to explain the world. Nietzsche deconstructs the metaphysics in order to subvert traditional religions, world views and value systems. At the same time Nietzsche's criticism of metaphysics is an important justification and means for his self-enlightenment as well as education of others. That is to say, Nietzsche establishes the philosophical ground for his nihilism and revaluation of everything by obliterating the metaphysics.


Introduction: Saliva is a clear, slightly acidic oral secretion, mainly produced by the major and minor salivary glands. Saliva plays an important role in the oral health and the levels of its constituents alter with age [1]. The study comprise α-amylase enzyme and Ca in saliva , and follow the changes occured in their levels according to age changes, and explain the effect of these changes on dental and periodontal tissue health. Materials M group I (20-35 years), group II ( 36-50 years) and group III (51years and above) Amylase Alpha I and Calcium are analyzed by ELISA technique. Results: Results show that Mean ± S.D of Amylase Alpha I of the Age group I is (110.35±66.42), while that in the age group II is (71.19±58.53) and in age group III is (85.87±56.62). The level of α-amylase I among study groups is decreasing with the age, but not significant (P≥0.05). For salivary Ca, Mean & S.D of salivary calcium  for the age group I  is (6.04±1.87), Mean & S.D for age group II is (5.67±0.79), and for age group III is (8.07±0.56) which shows significant increasing with the age (P≤0.05). Conclusion: The level of salivary Amylase Alpha I enzyme is decreasing with age, therefore there is less adhesion of bacteria to tooth surface, while the level of salivary Ca, is increasing with age, which aid in remineralization process and reduce development of dental caries with age. Keywords: Saliva , Α-amylase enzyme , Ca.


FIELD: chemistry. SUBSTANCE: method involves depositing a silver film on the surface of silicate glass doped with cerium, holding the obtained structure at temperature of 400-600°C for 2-10 hours, irradiating the structure with UV radiation and then holding at temperature of 400-600°C for 2-10 hours. EFFECT: method enables to obtain glass composites with high concentration of silver nanoparticles in the surface region of the glass and solves the task of making planar waveguides in glass composites. 5 cl, 1 dwg, 3 ex


An investigation conducted on stands in Yangtaishan Mountain Forest Park of Shenzhen(YMFPS) revealed that the zonal vegetation type was composed of South sub-tropical secondary evergreen broadleaf forests and South sub-tropical secondary ravine rain forests.The species composition was principally the trees of families Myrtaceae,Lauraceae and Araliaceae with obvious tropical and subtropical characteristics.Several forest communities had been observed which were dominated by Syzygium hancei,Schefflera heptaphylla,Machilus chekiangensis,M.suaveolens and Cinnamomum camphora,respectively.Due to being derived from severely-interfered natural secondary forests,the stands displayed poor quality with distinct problems in biodiversity.This study showed an analysis on main vegetation community types,important values of major arbor species,dominant families and compositional proportions in YMFPS.Additionally,a proposal was presented for selecting zonal native species,landscaping species,and environment-friendly species,which laid a solid foundation for secondary forest reconstruction and forest conservation.


There are no approved specific antiviral agents or vaccines against COVID-19 till now. In this study, 10critically ill patients confirmed by real-time viral RNA test were enrolled prospectively. One dose of 200mL of convalescent plasma (CP) derived from recently recovered donors with the neutralizing antibodytiters above 1:160 was transfused to the patients as an addition to maximal supportive care and antiviralagents. The aim of this study is to see the outcome of CP transfusion. It was possible to reduce oxygensupport (step down) of 40%(04) patients, 10% (01) patient's parameters was unchanged and 50% (05)patients were need more oxygen support (step up) after getting CP which correlate with incrementalresponse of lymphocyte counts and detrimental response of biochemical parameters of inflammation.70%(07)patients of total who received mechanical ventilation, after treatment with CP, 30%(03) patients wereweaned from mechanical ventilation to high-flow nasal cannula, and 10%(01) patient discontinued highflownasal cannula to NRM.No severe adverse effects were observed. This study showed CP therapy waswell tolerated and could potentially improve the clinical outcomes through neutralizing viremia in criticalCOVID-19 cases. The optimal dose and time point, as well as the clinical benefit of CP therapy, needsfurther investigation in larger well-controlled trials.
JBSA 2021; 34(1): 20-25


This article examines the use of urban space by street vendors during the Covid-19 pandemic. To suppress the spread of Covid-19, adjustments are made to activities in urban spaces, especially in the economic and social sectors. The purpose of this study is to explore the existence of street vendors in the city's green lane in terms of their benefits, problems, and strategies in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic. This study uses a qualitative method by looking at the research deductively as well as the application of the theory of the production of space by Lefebvre as well as daily studies to reveal the actual situation. Researchers conducted spatial mapping to describe the pattern of street vendors' activities through four typological aspects such as commodities and facilities, temporal, space, and movement. This article shows that spatial mapping also shows the movement and activity of users in space. Spatial practice between street vendors and the community in public spaces can form a strong social space and there is a need for space management during pandemic. Keywords: Covid-19 Pandemic; Social Interaction; Street Vendors; Urban Space


The invention provides a method of transmitting data through high speed down sharing channels under the state of district-forward accessed to the channel, comprising: 1. a wireless network controller transmits arrangement information required to transmit the data to a user device through high speed down sharing channels under the state of district-forward accessed to the channel; 2. a base station selects transmission parameter under high speed downstream to share the channel according to the measurement information fed by the user device, and transmits the transmission parameters through the high speed-charging control channel to the user device; 3. the user device detects the high speed-sharing control channel, when the user device detects that, special high speed transmission network tempory identification is present in the high speed sharing control channel, the user device receives the data transmitted on the high speed-down sharing physics channel. According to the invention, data transmission delay is efffectively reduced.


ABSTRACT In the industrialized world, especially in the plant-plant equipment is widely available that serves to support the process that takes place at the plant. To generate a production, then the performance of the equipment should be mutually supportive. If the equipment is damaged, the production process will be hampered. Among the existing equipment that generates very high heat and heat is supplied to the apparatus, where the heat is used for a process. Heat transfer is the science which predicts the energy transfer occurs due to temperature differences between objects or materials. As for the heat loss that occurs in the pipeline is damage or loss of heat energy in the flow of fluid flowing in the pipe due to the heat transfer fluid in the pipe darisuatu air to the outside. The purpose of this study was to determine the heat loss on a non-insulated pipe between the pipes insulated with some variation in the length of pipe and pipe diameter. It is also looking for a coefficient of friction of measurements and compared with the friction coefficient of the reference price. In the data collection required an equipment and supporting components to circulate fluid. From the processing of data and graphs, obtained In and L / D are the same, the heat loss will increase with the increase in the price of the fluid viscosity. Keywords: Heat loss, Heat Transfer,


The present study proves that Sr3Fe2O6.75 has high performance for oxygen storage capacity as well as high structural stability under severe reduction conditions. The H2 reduction of Sr3Fe2O6.75 at 1223 K results in the formation of Sr3Fe2O6, whereas SrFeO2.84 easily decomposes to Sr3Fe2O6 and Fe metal by the same treatment. The structural framework of Sr3Fe2O6.75 is identical to that of Sr3Fe2O6 bearing a space group of I4/mmm. In the crystal structure of Sr3Fe2O6.75, three oxygen sites (8g, 4e and 2a) exist. Among these, only oxygen ions in the 2a site are eliminated by the H2 reduction. The result unequivocally indicates that Sr3Fe2O6.75 is topotactically reduced to Sr3Fe2O6. The reversible redox cycles between Sr3Fe2O6.75 and Sr3Fe2O6 take place at a higher temperature above 773 K. The observation correlates with the topotactic oxygen intake/release ability between Sr3Fe2O6.75 and Sr3Fe2O6. The oxygen storage capacity of Sr3Fe2O6.75 and its response rate are higher than those of the conventional Pt/Ce2Zr2O8 even in the absence of Pt loading. Thus, Sr3Fe2O7−δ must be of great promise as novel oxygen storage materials.


Association of amphetamine-related drugs with beverages containing high levels of caffeine is becoming very popular among adolescents and young adults. This review by examining the psychostimulant properties and the neuroinflammatory and neurotoxic effects of this drug association provides a new vision of the risks correlated to multiple substances consumption. In preclinical studies, caffeine amplifies the effects of amphetamine-related drugs on behavioral parameters, such as locomotor activity, operant behavioral tests, and discriminative stimulus effects, and promotes long-term modifications in the brain. Preclinical data also demonstrate that caffeine contributes to increase the acute toxicity, seizures, hyperthermia, and tachycardia elicited by amphetamine-related drugs in rats. These effects, together with the results showing that caffeine potentiates the loss of central serotonin and dopamine and the induction of neuroinflammation by amphetamine-related drugs, emphasize that, depending on the condi...


The clofibric acid (CLF) is the active compound of blood lipid regulators, which act by lowering serum triglyceride production. This xenobiotic compound is highly persistent in the aquatic environment and passes unchanged or poorly transformed in wastewater treatment plants. There was demonstrated the implications of filamentous fungi in biodegradation of organic compounds with aromatic chemical structure because they are able to produce extracellular phenol oxidases. This work performed a screening of four white-rot fungi, Trametes versicolor, Trametes pubescens, Lenzites betulina and Irpex lacteus based on their potential for extracellular laccase biosynthesis and biodegradation of 15 mg L of CLF, after 14 days of incubation in submerged aerobe conditions by cultivation on a minimal liquid medium containing pharmaceutically active compound. The obtained results reported the ability of the tested fungal strains to remove CLF in percentages varying from 32% to 54%. Further researches target the optimization of the biotechnological conditions for CLF biodegradation in order to enhance the bioremediation yield especially in poluated aquatic system.


Public administrations have always dealt with large volumes of data. They are now increasingly adopting sophisticated big data technologies to further leverage the data. Data provided by citizens, observed by sensors, deduced and inferred from diverse data sets are being used for decision making and making (pre-emptive) predictions about the behaviour of citizens and groups of citizens. The data and algorithms are not neutral nor flawless, but contain biases and may induce harms to individuals, such as discrimination, loss of autonomy, infringing their privacy. Big data decision making systems are usually opaque. Providing transparency about input, process, and even outcomes may be difficult due to the complexity inherent to the technology and even undesirable because it could affect the effectiveness of the system. This lack of transparency is at odds with the Rule of Law, which requires transparency and accountability of government action. What transparency should entail in the context of predictive analytics, however, is unclear. This short article points out some of the issues at stake.


The growth of infrastructure development is currently increasing rapidly in Indonesia. Beside government policy trough their procurement in national, provincial and local level, it is also driven by private sector and per capita as of economic growing and increasing population. In the process physical development, several mixture of material such as stone, cement, sand, demolition material are often left over and discharge. Today Indonesia government will issued construction and demolition waste guideline to make more green and environmental sound. One of the basic problem founded was concerning to the development of model to estimated then monitored construction generation in rural, urban or in a strategic region. Moreover, in the era of digital as known as revolution industry 4.0, an automatic system of monitoring, known as smart monitoring of the construction waste generation is very importance to build. The purpose of this study was to build regional model of smart construction monitoring in Indonesia. The basic method to build the regional model is by utilized an index approach, and combined by using GIS to build automatic information delivery system from rural, urban or region to the central system. This study is then choosed Central Java Province for more detail model development. The study founded 7 (seven) pattern of construction waste generation. The extreme condition founded in Grobogan, Purworejo and Kebumen at which for decade 2000-2014 the degree is waste generation always decrease. In Addition, In central Java Province, this study founded three characteristic of regional model of construction waste as follow: (1) Region with high level of construction waste degree; (2) region with moderate level of construction waste degree; and (3) region with low level of construction waste degree.


Lithiation of 2-pyridylferrocene with n-butyllithium followed by addition of paraformaldehyde, dimethylformamide, or solid CO2 gives the 1, 2-disubstituted ferrocenes [{C5H3R(2-C5H4N)}FeCp] [R = CH2OH (2), CHO (3), COOH (4)]. Treatment of these compounds with [PtCl2(DMSO)2] gives the cycloplatinated complexes σ-Pt[{C5H2R(2-C5H4N)}FeCp]Cl(DMSO) with R = CH2OH (5), CHO (6) and H, the latter one as the only isolable product of decomposition. The crystal and molecular structures of 3–5 were determined and show the importance of hydrogen-bonds in these compounds, which leads to polymeric structures.


The dynamic adaptation of the video quality induced by HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) technology introduces new Quality of Experience (QoE) metrics beyond re-buffering. In this work we address the problem of real-time QoE monitoring of HAS, focusing on the continuous prediction of video resolution and average video bitrate, for the particular case of YouTube. Through empirical evaluations over a large video dataset, we demonstrate that it is possible to accurately predict the specific video resolution, as well as the average video bitrate, both in real time, and using a time granularity as small as one new prediction every second, not achieved by other proposals in the literature.


Design of Low power All-pass filters using second generation current conveyor(CCII) is the main objective of the paper. The transfer function expressions of first order and second order all-pass filters for various possible topologies is derived and these circuits are simulated using TANNER tools for various values of W/L ratios. A comparative analysis is carried out in terms of Bandwidth and power consumption.


Salespeople employ transactional- and relational-oriented approaches to maximize sales productivity. However, relatively little is known about situational factors that affect the success of these alternative approaches. This research begins with an exploratory study that differentiates transactional and relational selling as unique approaches and develops applicable measures. A second study employs a dyadic methodology linking the success of these alternative approaches with the buyer's strategic purchasing orientation. Results of testing support sales organization performance as being contingent upon the buying firm's supply market risk and commodity profit impact and therefore suggests the firm should allocate regional resources primarily where buyer's market risk or profit impact are high. The findings provide an alternative perspective to common customer valuation arguments suggesting the allocation of relational resources should be based on the customer's value to the selling firm.


Abstract : Short-time transient behavior in the charge/discharge of small electrochemical power sources does not scale up for large systems. calculations are presented which show that a number of commonly neglected physical and geometric factors, such as the skin effect and the distributed network impedance characteristics of the individual cells and cell assemblies, can severely limit performance. The impedance of individual cells has been calculated over a wide range of frequencies 100-10th to the 8th Hz) using a modified semi-infinite strip-line model. The variables considered include the electrode and electrolyte conductivities, the electrolyte dielectric constant, the double-layer capacitance, and the distributed inductance and capacitance resulting from the cell geometry. Keywords: Impedance, Electrochemical Power Sources, Computer Modeling, Electrochemical Cells, Pulsed High Power Batteries.


Crystal structure of ethanol coordinated 1,8,15,22-tetra(2,2,4-trimethyl-3-pentoxy) phthalocyaninatocobalt (C64H80N8O4Co2C2H5OH, Mr = 1176.43) was determined by X-ray diffrac- tion methods. The crystal is of monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 16.4294(4), b = 8.0560(2), c = 24.3654(7) ? ?= 98.3680(8)? Z = 2, V = 3190.6(1) ?, Dc = 1.225 g/cm3, F(000) = 1262, (MoK? = 0.326 mm-1, the final R = 0.0865 and wR = 0.2737 for 4787 observed reflections with I ≥ 2(I). The bulky branched alkyloxy substituents lead to a one structural isomer and space the phthalocyanine molecules where two ethanol molecules coordinate to the cobalt atom from two sides of each molecule.


In this paper we described a method for moving object detection and tracking using Kalman filter. Basically, estimation process is very important in the surveillance system. This process is for finding out the location of the target. The decomposition is also helpful for the estimation process, in this process first step is the tracking the video, and then the video is converted into frames in the initialization period and every frame is made up of a piece of picture. In further step, the targets in each frame are identified by means of color recognition; next position is the moving target and to identify the center coordinates and next another last step the coordinate of the previous and current frames is inputted and find out the location of the moving target which is present frame. And this frame is estimated by filter. The tracking is very important for different object. The objects are tracked with the help of Kalman filter. This filter is used for the pixel wise subtraction of current frame. As well as also used to be find out the error between actual position of the ball and estimated position value with the help of this filter.


Heterometallic compounds comprising copper(II) and rare-earth cations with carboxylate groups of the 2,2′-oxydiacetato as the connecting ligands, have been investigated. Five isostructural polymers [{Cu3Ln2(oda)6(H2O)6}·12H2O]n (Ln = Y (1), Gd (2), Eu (3), Nd (4) and Pr (5)) have been obtained and their structures determined by X-ray diffraction methods. The Ln(III) cations in 1 to 5 are coordinated by six carboxy and three ether oxygen atoms in the tricapped trigonal prism arrangement and the Cu(II) cations are bonded to four carboxy oxygens and two apical aqua ligands in a distorted octahedral geometry. The magnetic behaviors of these complexes show very weak antiferromagnetic interaction in the solid.


To the Editor.— In their article on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin after a single dose of quinidine sulfate, Chen and Friedman (1980;244:669) found that quinidine given 24 hours after the last dose of digoxin causes no change in serum digoxin levels. The authors interpreted the lack of effect of quinidine on serum digoxin levels 24 hours after the last dose of digoxin as an indication that the observed elevations of serum digoxin after simultaneous administration of quinidine is probably not caused by displacement of digoxin-binding sites by quinidine. The authors refer to an abstract published by our laboratory reporting "that quinidine displaces ouabain from beef heart membrane sodiumpotassium adenosine triphosphatase." We did, indeed, report that quinidine alters ouabain binding in the beef heart sodium potassium adenosine triphosphatase preparations but not by displacing already bound ouabain. Quinidine eliminates binding sites that are unoccupied by ouabain; it does not change the equilibrium


An analogue divider of integral compare mode which basically consists of two integral operators, a comparator and three electronic switches is described. The circuit has been applied to test the voltage ratio of varistors. Experiments show that it can meet the demand for precision in practical applications by circuit design and the deliberate choice of the devices and elements concerned.


Management methodologization is undoubtedly the most important means of professionalizing managers and management, as well as a major direction of optimizing the organization's management. This statement is supported by two important arguments: the first refers to the content of the methodological component of management – the management instruments and the methodologies for designing, redesigning and maintaining the operation of the management system and its subsystems – , and the second one refers to the functions that this component fulfils within the organization's management – scientizing the performance of managers and ensuring the methodological support for the performance of management processes. If the management instruments that should be used by those leading and managing the organization or its organizational subdivisions include management systems (complex methods), methods and techniques, such as management by objectives, management based on profit centres, management by projects, management by exception, diagnosis, SWOT analysis, dashboards, decision-making methods, creativity methods, cost management methods, etc., the methodologies used are both general (the managerial reengineering methodology, the strategic management methodology) and specific (the methodologies of redesigning each management component, the methodologies of promoting and using management systems, methods and techniques, etc.). Management by objectives and management based of profit centres stand out both as management instruments, as well as through the methodologies that they focus on. The content, characteristics, manner of operationalization and use, implications for the functionality, efficiency and efficacy of the organization and its management are just a few specific elements of the two management systems that we are going to refer to.


In this paper the focus is on variation analysis for composite CFRP (carbon fibre reinforced polymers) parts. A detailed study of possible sources of variation in manufacturing of CFRP parts is presented. Based on the variables identified a simulation chain on how to manage and simulate this variation is described. This paper also presents a logical approach to how a digital twin for a fully automated production line of compression molded CFRP parts can be built, and to investigate and quantify how much each individual variable contributes to the final variation in the component.


The "Snake-In-The-Box" problem, first described more than 50 years ago, is a hard combinatorial search problem whose solutions have many practical applications. Until recently, techniques based on Evolutionary Computation have been considered the state-of-the-art for solving this deterministic maximization problem, and held most significant records. This paper reviews the problem and prior solution techniques, then presents a new technique, based on Monte-Carlo Tree Search, which finds significantly better solutions than prior techniques, is considerably faster, and requires no tuning.


The paper analyzes the results of the pilot implementation of the school subject "Basics of religious cultures and secular ethics" (BRCSE) in grades 4 5 of Russian schools. The subject of research is the local experience of BRCSE teachers in Trans-Baikal region housing the Agin-Buryat Autonomous District, which is home to mostly indigenous people the Buryats. Outside the District, the population of the Region are predominantly Russians. During the three centuries of cohabitation, these nations have developed a model of ethno-cultural and ethnic and religious tolerance, community and mutual respect. The paper aims to identify the psychological problems experienced by children, their parents and teachers in the process of implementation, learning and teaching of this difficult and very important school subject. It is necessary for the spiritual and moral education of children and the youth, which modern Russian society lacks. The main methodological basis is the complex, spiritual-value approach. The results are positive and suggest hope that the spiritual values acquired by children in this sensitive period will grow at later stages of ontogeny.


For nonlinear optical applications using gallium nitride (GaN), periodic inversion of crystallographic orientation (polarity) is required for quasi-phase matching. We developed a novel procedure for designing polarity patterns in GaN using metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE), and we used this to fabricate periodic polarity-inverted GaN films. By using a carbon mask for the formation of the selective area, substrate nitriding and mask removal of the selective area were carried out in the GaN epitaxial growth process. In this report, double-polarity selective area growth (DP-SAG) was realized by optimizing the nitriding and mask removal conditions. The interface of the Ga-polarity/N-polarity region became sharp by controlling the V/III ratio at 4700.


Background : Research on cognitive effects of educational games in general shows promising results. However, large variations in learning outcomes between individual educational games exists. Research on the design process and different design elements of educational games has led to some interesting directions, but some design aspects remain unclear. Objectives : We examined how an educational game designed on the basis of intrinsic integration theory, based on a strong alignment between game and learning goals, supports the learning of Newtonian mechanics. Methods : This study applied a mixed-methods approach (N=223). An pre- and posttest design was used to examine possible learning and transfer effects fostered by playing the educational game, Newton's Race. To examine how players played the game, log data of each player was digitally recorded during gameplay. Results and Conclusions : Our findings demonstrated a significant positive learning effect of Newton's Race ( p = .003, d = .201). This finding can be explained with acquired log data. Log data show that players' gameplay mostly matched expected learning during the game, with physically correct game settings occurring more and more as gameplay progressed. The ability to transfer learned knowledge onto other situations was shown to be limited to situations closely resembling the game environment. Implications : Similar designed intrinsically integrated games on different (physics) subjects could also foster learning in a relative short time. In order to foster transfer to other situations we propose embedding the game within other instructional activities.


The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of rutin and telmisartan on parameters related with insulin sensitivity, glucose and fat metabolism in the high fructose consumed animal model of the ovariectomized female Sprague dawley rats. Female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats of 180-230 g body weight were grouped and fed with either standard chow diet (NPD) or high fructose diet (HFD30% w/v). Rutin and Telmisartan were administered orally in a dose of 100 mg/kg & 5 mg/kg p.o. Daily for the entire study period. Normal parameters (Food intake & Body weight), Biochemical parameters (Blood glucose by GOD/POD method, Total Cholesterol by CHOD/PAP method, Triglyceride level, LDL, HDL) Metabolic Indicators (Aspartate transminase (AST), Alanine transminase (ALT)), Swimming test, Oral Glucose Tolerance Test, & Body weight were measured in all the groups. The unpaired t- test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis. Telmisartan and Rutin significantly improved abnormal metabolic profile and glucose intolerance. Rutin reduces the body weight, plasma triglycerides, and total cholesterol .in addition rutin reduces the elevated serum glutamate pyruvate transminase levels. Improved abnormal metabolic profile and glucose intolerance indicates that rutin and telmisartan provides a scientific rationale for the use in metabolic syndrome.


We present the solution that Hypo Real Estate Bank International (Hypo) implemented to perform Monte Carlo simulations of its commercial real estate credit risk. The solution uses Risk Integrated's proprietary software, the Specialized Finance System, which is supported by another Risk Integrated technology, the Enterprise Spreadsheet Platform. The platform embeds individual master spreadsheets within a high-performance, server-based, computational-engine architecture; thus, it enables them to be accessed enterprise-wide. The major benefit of this approach is the near-elimination of spreadsheet risk in Hypo's banking system. The solution allows domain experts to have the flexible programming power that spreadsheets provide; however, it does not sacrifice the reliability and auditability expected from traditional business applications.


Vertical drift (E × B) over the geomagnetic equator of the Earth is one of the fundamental parameters that governs the equatorial electrodynamics, which is responsible for the formation of large‐scale phenomena in low and equatorial latitudes. We present a novel approach using ground‐based optical neutral oxygen dayglow emission intensity measurements to estimate the daytime equatorial vertical drifts. The diurnal patterns of the dayglow emission intensities at OI 557.7, 630.0, and 777.4 nm wavelengths obtained from a low‐latitude location, Hyderabad (78.4°E, 17.5°N; 8.9°N MLAT), India, are observed to be symmetric with respect to local noon on some days and asymmetric on some other. The extent of asymmetric nature is characterized by a parameter called Asymmetricity in Time (AT), which shows similar variations with the integrated Equatorial Electrojet (EEJ) strength. AT values obtained from the dayglow measurements are used to infer the vertical drifts. Vertical drifts derived by this method match well with the global climatological model estimates and with radar measurements. This new approach provides an alternative method for obtaining vertical drifts to enable systematic investigations of equatorial electrodynamics.


The aim of the present paper is to analyze sharp type inequalities including the scalar and Ricci curvatures of anti-invariant Riemannian submersions in complex space forms.


It is well known that the approximation operators are always primitive concepts in kinds of general rough set theories. In this paper, considering L to be a completely distributive lattice, we introduce a notion of L-fuzzy upper approximation operator based on L-generalized fuzzy remote neighborhood systems of L-fuzzy points. It is shown that the new approximation operator is a fuzzification of the upper approximation operator in the rough set theory based on general remote neighborhood systems of classical points. Then the basic properties, axiomatic characterizations and the reduction theory on the L-fuzzy upper approximation operator are presented. Furthermore, the L-fuzzy upper approximation operators corresponding to the serial, reflexive, unary and transitive Lgeneralized fuzzy remote neighborhood systems, are discussed and characterized respectively.


The classical Selberg integral contains a power of the Vandermonde determinant. When that power is a square, it is easy to prove Selberg's identity by interpreting it as a determinant of one-variable integrals. We give similar proofs of summation and transformation formulas for continuous and discrete elliptic Selberg integrals. Special cases of these identities have found applications in combinatorics.


This article describes the syntheses and X-ray structures of three novel complexes Re(CO) 3 (DTO)Br which differ in the dihedral angle between the thioamide groups of their DTO ligands. The structural data have been used for LCAO−Xα MO calculations on the model complex Re(CO) 3 (H 2 -DTO)Br. Major differences in the structures and electronic absorption spectra are interpreted with the use of MO diagrams, orbital contour plots, calculated electronic interactions, and steric properties of the complexes


This paper presents two-person games involving optimal stopping. As far as we are aware, the type of problems we study are new. We confine our interest to such games in discrete time. Two players are to chose, with randomised choice-priority, between two games G1 and G2. Each game consists of two parts with well-defined targets. Each part consists of a sequence of random variables which determines when the decisive part of the game will begin. In each game, the horizon is bounded, and if the two parts are not finished within the horizon, the game is lost by definition. Otherwise the decisive part begins, on which each player is entitled to apply their or her strategy to reach the second target. If only one player achieves the two targets, this player is the winner. If both win or both lose, the outcome is seen as "deuce". We motivate the interest of such problems in the context of real-world problems. A few representative problems are solved in detail. The main objective of this article is to serve as a preliminary manual to guide through possible approaches and to discuss under which circumstances we can obtain solutions, or approximate solutions.


Research on individual creativity within human resource development (HRD) has emerged as a body of research fairly recently. This article explores individual employee creativity by detailing identified roles of individual factors and external influences featured in HRD-related research utilizing a quantitative empirical methodology. Research examining the effect of general personality characteristics, self-perception, goal setting, feedback, leadership, role modeling, and other factors associated with individual creativity are detailed. Recommended future directions regarding research on employee creativity with particular focus on HRD-related issues are described.


democratic and authoritarian values and systems of government; rapid technological change; and transnational chal- lenges, such as climate change, biosecurity risks, terrorism and SoC (ibid).


Objective To analyze the causes and characteristics of orthopedic medical disputes to prevent the occurrence of medical dispute.Method The 55 cases of orthopedic medical disputes from West China Forensic Center between January 2010 and December 2011 were analyzed retrospectively.Results In the 55 cases,25 happened in 2010 and 30 occurred in 2011.Orthopedic medical disputes include 41 cases of iatrogenic medical dispute(27.3%) and 14 cases of non-iatrogenic medical disputes(25.5%).There were 15 cases of iatrogenic medical disputes caused by improper surgery operation(27.3%) and misunderstanding between the doctors and patients happened in 8(14.5%).Conclusion Medical specialists should fulfill themselves the obligation of clinics seriously in order to prevent orthopedic medical disputes.


The effect of the resonator parameters, the recording scheme and the pumping characteristics on the structure of the broadband stimulated-emission spectrum of solutions of organic dyes with pulsed pumping was investigated. It was shown that the fundamental causes of the appearance of random structure in the spectral distribution of the radiation of such sources are quantum fluctuations. On lasing multimode with respect to the transverse indices a structureless broadband spectral distribution of the radiation was obtained.


There is a great need to improve the biocompatibility of silicon‐based lab‐on‐chip substrate materials for reliable quantitative analysis of biological solutions. These advanced microdevice surfaces need not only be biocompatible but also have surfaces of defined wettability characteristics. The inhibition of biomolecular activity due to microdevice surface interaction is common and can result in inaccurate results or decreased reaction yields. In this work we investigate different techniques for the chemical functionalization of oxidized silicon (SiOx) surfaces in order to: (i) obtain defined hydrophobic/hydrophilic surfaces; and (ii) increase the efficiency of performing Real‐Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) on a silicon‐based lab‐on‐chip. Silicon oxide surfaces are functionalized by grafting alkylic chain silanes and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains to the surfaces, rendering them hydrophobic or hydrophilic. Functionalized surfaces are characterized through contact angle and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements, showing stable hydrophobic surfaces with contact angles of 69–78° and layer thicknesses of 11–15 Å and hydrophilic surfaces displaying contact angles of 5–6° and thicknesses of 22–52 Å. PCR experiments carried out directly on bare silicon oxide lab‐on‐chip surfaces show low yields of DNA amplification. Hydrophobic surfaces decrease the inhibition of PCR. Hydrophilic surfaces are a major improvement on the bare silicon oxide exhibiting the same maximum reaction yield as obtained with a standard thermocycler. We have found that the best results are associated with PEG modified surfaces, which prove very suitable for the fabrication of reliable PCR silicon lab‐on‐chips. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Vera-Badillo et al write to share their reaction to American Society of Clinical Oncology's (ASCO) recent decision to halt implementation of author restrictions described in our 2013 Policy for Relationships With Companies. Vera-Badillo et al applaud ASCO's move to improve transparency of relationships between the authors of research in ASCO forums and the commercial sponsor of that research, but take issue with the suspension of enforcement of certain restrictions outlined in the 2013 Policy. ASCO expects that disclosure of financial relationships and rigorous peer review will continue to be the primary methods of producing unbiased, trustworthy scientific content. The writers are correct that during the 3-year period of data gathering and review, ASCO will consider all content submitted to journals and meetings. All authors will be required to make general disclosures of all of their relationships with for-profit health care companies; first, last, and corresponding authors will further disclose their relationships with sponsors of their research. Peer reviewers will have access to this disclosure information as they evaluate the content of abstracts and manuscripts and presentation or publication of accepted materials will be accompanied by disclosure of financial relationships as has customarily been the case. Vera-Badillo et al urge ASCO to maintain restrictions on authors reporting on clinical trials, even though they agree that "researchers working for private companies . . . deserve to be first, last, or corresponding authors." Of note, ASCO's 2013 policy, unlike previous policies, imposed restrictions not only on the authors of clinical trials, but of all original research. As defined in the policy, "original research" means a systematic investigation designed for the purpose of expanding knowledge or understanding, including analysis of data. As the oncology environment has evolved, the potential for bias in reporting of translational, preclinical, and other types of research that are not clinical trials has emerged. The attempt to establish separate rules based on meaningful distinctions between clinical trials and other original research proved to be impossible. Indeed, as VeraBadillo et al point out, clinical trials are most often conducted and reported by academic clinicians rather than by company employees. ASCO determined that the greatest value would come from collecting data on the reported relationships of authors of all types of original research, including clinical trials. Equipped with this information, the organization will be better informed to identify and manage potential conflicts of interest in research, including possible policy revisions. Other types of bias, such as bias in the reporting of end points and the prevalence of positive conclusions in industry-sponsored research, are a serious concern and may not be responsive to restrictions on author relationships. One advantage of suspending the restrictions has already been realized, however: ASCO members have voiced their opinions on the impact and appropriate management of conflicts of interest. We hope that this dialogue will continue as ASCO considers the path forward.


The article is devoted to the issues of choosing methods for assessing the financial position of the organization in rapidly changing market conditions. A list of the most popular valuation methods by analysts is presented. Scientific schools dealing with the issues of financial analysis of the company are systematized.


By examining the families and supporting social structures of Mexican "temporary" migrant workers in Canada's Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP), this article explains how these transnational families modify their structures in an evolving context of neoliberal transnational regionalization. The authors discuss how migrants and their family members respond to changes associated with circular seasonal migration in order to both reduce threats of family breakdown and strengthen their families. They also analyze key contradictions associated with these responses, including those in which new behaviors contribute to greater autonomy and significant changes to gender roles, simultaneously creating greater stress for families.


Read Scripture: Matthew 8 (NIV84) 5 When Jesus had entered Capernaum, a centurion came to him, asking for help. 6 "Lord," he said, "my servant lies at home paralyzed and in terrible suffering." 7 Jesus said to him, "I will go and heal him." 8 The centurion replied, "Lord, I do not deserve to have you come under my roof. But just say the word, and my servant will be healed. 9 For I myself am a man under authority, with soldiers under me. I tell this one, 'Go,' and he goes; and that one, 'Come,' and he comes. I say to my servant, 'Do this,' and he does it." 10 When Jesus heard this, he was astonished and said to those following him, "I tell you the truth, I have not found anyone in Israel with such great faith. 11 I say to you that many will come from the east and the west, and will take their places at the feast with Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in the kingdom of heaven. 12 But the subjects of the kingdom will be thrown outside, into the darkness, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth." 13 Then Jesus said to the centurion, "Go! It will be done just as you believed it would." And his servant was healed at that very hour.


Effective testing to ensure the reliability of integrated circuit (IC) is particularly important, especially in military, aerospace, communications, and other felds. A traditional circuit test structure is shown. Test stimuli are applied to the circuit under test (CUT), and test responses are analyzed so as to determine any fault exists. Traditional testing is faced with several serious challenges. First, larger scale IC testing leads to a higher requirement of storage capacity. Second, more test channels and long test application time (TAT) are needed. Third, some kinds of interconnect faults, such as delay faults, may only occur at high frequency of signal changes. In order to guarantee high quality of testing, at-speed testing becomes imperative. All of these lead to an unaccept-ably increasing cost for automatic testing equipment (ATE).


Because of the sensitive insight of the mutative problem about the Light and Color and the performance's characteristics about the subjective-object,Impressionism and several following painting schools closed with it are considered to create a precedent for the modern art.According to the main line of the objective history from Impressionism to Post-Impressionism,this paper reveals the influence of scientific and technological innovations on the drawing field with the time changing.


Abstract A facile, ecofriendly procedure has been developed for the synthesis of substituted 5-deaza-10-oxaflavins by sulfamic acid–catalyzed two-component condensation of salicylaldehyde and barbituric acid at ambient temperature. Mild reaction conditions, short reaction time, ambient temperature, ecofriendly solvent system, wide substrate scope, simple workup procedure, no need for chromatographic separation, and good yields are auxiliary advantages of the present protocol. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


Where you can find the mental health in the united states a fifty year history easily? Is it in the book store? On-line book store? are you sure? Keep in mind that you will find the book in this site. This book is very referred for you because it gives not only the experience but also lesson. The lessons are very valuable to serve for you, that's not about who are reading this mental health in the united states a fifty year history book. It is about this book that will give wellness for all people from many societies.


In the title compound, C6H16N2O2+·SO4 2−·CH3OH, the morpholinium ring of the dication adopts a chair conformation. The crystal structure is stabilized by an extensive three-dimensional network of intermolecular O—H⋯O, N—H⋯O, O—H⋯S and N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds.


During the period from July 1st to the end of November 1970, a survey on air pollution and noise level was made in Seoul, Pusan and Taegu, the three largest cities in Korea. Each city was divided into 4-6 areas; the industrial area, the semi-industrial area, the commercial area, the residential area, the park area and the downtown area. Thirty eight sites were selected from each area. A. Method of Measurement : Dustfall was measured by the Deposit Gauge Method, sulfur oxides by cylinder method, suspended particles by the Digital Dust Indicator, Sulfur dioxide () and Carbon Monoxide (CO) by the MSA & Kitakawa Detector and the noise levels by Rion Sound Survey meter. B. Results: 1. The mean value of dustfall in 3 cities was , ranging from 8.69 to 95.44. 2. The mean values of dustfall by city were in Seoul, 32.11 in Pusan and 25.97 in Taegu. 3. The mean values of dustfall showed a trend of decreasing order of semi-industrial area, downtown area, industrial area, commercial area, residential area, and park area. 4. The mean value of dustfall in Seoul by area were in downtown, 50.54 in semi-industrial area, 40.37 in industrial area, 24,19 in commercial area, 16.25 in park area and 15.39 in residential area in order of concentration. 5. The mean values of dustfall in Pusan by area were in semi-industrial area, 36.68 in industrial area 25.31 in commercial area, and 18.19 in residential area. 6. The mean values of dustfall in Taegu by area were in downtown area, 33.52 in industrial area, 20.37 in commercial area and 13.55 in residential area. 7. The mean values of sulfur oxides in 3 cities were , ranging from 0.32 to 4.72. 8. The mean values of sulfur oxides by city were in Pusan, 1.64 in Seoul and 1.21 in Taegu. 9. The mean values of sulfur oxides by area in 3 cities were in industrial area, 1.69 in semi-industrial area, 1.50 in commercial area, 1.48 in downtown area, 1.32 in residential area and 0.94 in the park area, respectively. 10. The monthly mean values of sulfur oxides contents showed a steady increase from July reaching a peak in November. 11. The mean values of suspended particles was , ranging from 1.15 to 5.27. 12. The mean values of suspended particles by city were in Seoul, 2.79 in Taegu and 2.25 in Pusan. 13. The mean values of noise level in 3 cities was 71.3 phon, ranging from 49 to 99 phon. 14. The mean values of noise level by city were 73 phon in Seoul, 72 in Pusan, and 69 in Taegu in that order. 15. The mean values of noise level by area in 3 cities showed a decrease in the order of the downtown area, commercial area, industrial area and semi-industrial area, park area and residential area. 16. The comparison of the noise levels by area in 3 cities indicated that the highest level was detected in the downtown area in Seoul and Taegu and in the industrial area in Pusan. 17. The daily average concentration of sulfur dioxides () in 3 cities was 0.081 ppm, ranging from 0.004 to 0.196. 18. The daily average concentrations of sulfur dioxides by city were 0.092 ppm in Seoul, 0.089 in Pusan and 0.062 in Taegu in that order. 19. The weekly average concentration of carbon monoxides(CO) was 27.59 ppm. 20. The daily average concentrations of carbon monoxides by city were 33.37 ppm. in Seoul, 25.76 in Pusan and 23.65 in Taegu in that order. 21. The concentration of and CO reaches a peak from 6 p. m. to 8 p. m. 22. About 3 times probably the daily average concentration of CO could be detected in the downtown area probably due to heavy traffic emission in comparison with that in the industial area. 23. As for daily variation of the concentration of and CO it was found that the concentration maintains relatively higher value during weekdays in the industrial area and on the first part of the week in the downtown area.


Infrared and Raman spectra have been recorded for room-temperature-phase, powdered samples of LiNO3, NaNO3, KNO3, RbNO3, CsNO3, AgNO3, and TlNO3. For the trigonal systems, the nitrate pairs LiNO3, NaNO3 and RbNO3, CsNO3 give almost identical spectra. For the orthorhombic systems, AgNO3 and TlNO3 give similar spectra, whereas that of KNO3 is significantly different. Site and correlation field perturbations are considerably more pronounced in the antisymmetric stretching region (ν3 ca. 1400 cm−1) than in the antisymmetric bending region (ν4 ca. 700 cm−1). Although lifting of the degeneracy of E′ modes was frequently observed, the reported split of the ν4(E′) mode (ca. 716 cm−1) of the aragonite form of KNO3 could not be confirmed. Multiple internal reflectance techniques have been employed to observe the extremely intense ν3(E′) infrared fundamental ca. 1400 cm−1.


ribes a distributed system architecture based on nodes (N-cube modules) connected by a Local Area Network. The system has been developed to support the implementation of new services in a B-ISDN testbed and, in general, to provide a suitable solution to many design problems of computing system for control applications. A distributed operating system, designed by an object-model approach, supports the application processes. Particular attention was dedicated to the design of the InterProcess Communication (IPC) module and of its selfrouting algorithm. The IPC module protocol architecture is based on modifications of the ISOIOSI reference model and provides unbuffered and reliable, with an exactly-once semantic, message passing and Remote Procedure Call primitives. The service provided by these primitives is an acknowledged connectionless one (datagram), and the messages are of variable length. Finally, some considerations on the implementation of distributed applications, on testing experiments, on performances and on j h r e developments are reported.


To increase seismic resilience is one of the challenges the developers of new technologies face to reduce seismic risk. We set up an augmented reality (AR) exhibition with which users' curiosity was confronted with the opportunity to have a wealth of information on damaging earthquakes that could be a multimedia add-on to the plain "single-layer exhibit". AR is an emergent technology developed to "augment" reality through various devices; it combines the real world with virtual items, such as images and videos. Our AR exhibition aims to: (i) show the effects of earthquakes even in cases of moderate magnitude; and (ii) promote preventive actions to reduce non-structural damage. It can be customized for different seismic scenarios. In addition, it offers a holistic approach to communicate problems and solutions—with the cost and degree of ease of execution for each solution—to reduce non-structural damage at home, school, and office. Our AR exhibition can do more than just a plain text or a preconceived video: it can trigger fruitful interaction between the presenters, or even the stand-alone poster, and the public. Such interactivity offers an easy engagement to people of all ages and cultural backgrounds. AR is, indeed, extremely flexible in raising recipients' interest; moreover, it is an appealing tool for the digital native generations. The positive feedback received led us to conclude that this is an effective way to raise awareness and individual preparedness to seismic risk.


Julian Smith, Member of Parliament for Skipton and Ripon, is to lead a Parliamentary debate next week on Yorkshire's bid to host the Tour de France's ...


Cartilage is a solid and elastic, compact and flexible specialized connective tissue. It is a necessary support o f soft tissue and bone movement and the precursor for bone development. The multiple functions and the variable composition o f its fundamental substance distinguish three types: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. The three main components o f cartilage are chondrocytes, a network of collagen fibers and a proteoglycan gel with water. The cartilage collagens are mainly synthesized and secreted by chondroblasts. The principal collagen type is Type-II in all cartilage forms. Other types have been identified in lower amounts: in particular Types IX, VI and XI, types V and X are probably also existing. The ground substance is composed o f hyaluronic acid (HuA), a high molecular weight polysaccharide from the glucoseaminoglycan (GAGs) family, glucoseaminosulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and keratane sulfate, forming with HuA as central molecule and with some central and linking proteins a highly viscoelastic proteoglycan retaining water and cations. HuA is a fundamental substance o f any connective tissue; it is synthesized and secreted by multiple cell types, in particular by chondrocytes, fibroblasts and synoviocytes. The main role o f HuA is to assume the mechanical function as lubricant of cartilage and joints . HuA and collagens have two principle roles for the elaboration of composite matrices, these are the support for tissue engineered implants and the physiological action, i.e. stimulation of chondrocytes and other cell growth. HuA is the most important and suitable compound, which should be present in all scaffolds and matrices because o f its multiple functional potentials and qualities for the material physico-chemistry and the cell biology as well. HuA increases the swelling ratio and conditions the porous structure o f scaffolds and sponges; it regulates the interaction between different cell types such as chondrocytes, fibroblasts, synoviocytes and leukocytes; it stimulates chondrocyte and fibroblast proliferation by increasing tubulin synthesis and controlling the diploid DNA state; it enhances chondroitin sulfate synthesis in chondrocytes, it stimulates collagen synthesis and secretion. Hyaluronic acid has multiple other therapeutic and diagnostic means, which sensibly increase the importance o f that omnipresent macromolecule.


Professor Xiaoman Zhu is the theoretical initiator and the promoter of contemporary emotional education in China. Since the 1980s and 1990s, she has led the research on China's emotional education and has put forward many pioneering insights, forming a rich and systematic emotional education theory. She has been involved in guiding several experimental schools and research bases for a long time committed to the proper combination of emotional education theory and school education. She infiltrated it into moral education, teacher education, textbooks, courses, etc., and her theory has been widely recognized. This paper evaluates the source, theoretical basis, and practice of Xiaoman Zhu's emotional education as a whole, intending to construct a theoretical cognitive framework to describe Xiaoman Zhu's educational thought and theory in a more comprehensive manner.


ABSTRACT Depression can be seen as a set of deficits in self-control behavior. Proceeding from this model, a behavioral, self-control therapy program was developed. Two studies evaluated this program with depressed female volunteers. The first study compared the program to non-specific group therapy and a waiting list control condition. Both Self-Control and non-specific group subjects improved from preto post-testing in comparison to Waiting List subjects. Greater improvement was shown by Self-Control subjects on both cognitive and overt-behavior measures of depression and experimental measures of self-control functions. In the second study the experimental Self-Control Therapy program was compared with a behavioral Social Skills training program. While subjeCts in both conditions improved with therapy, the Self-Control group showed greater improvement on cognitive measures of depression and self-reported activity level. Groups improved equally in direct observation measures of verbal activity. On measures of self-control functions the Self-Control group showed greater change, whereas measures of social skills did not indicate differential change. Overall, the two studies showed that a behavioral self-control program of psychotherapy aimed at modifying cognitive and overt-motor behaviors can have a significant impact on depression. (Author)


Abstract The increase of Mg2+, from 1.3 to 3 µM, in growth medium of F. equiseti and F. acuminatum increased intracellular magnesium levels from 0.83 and 0.81 µM to 1.75 and 1.42 µM on the 12th day, respectively. Intracellular magnesium levels also elevated depending upon the number of incubation days. The maximum manganese levels of F. equiseti and F. acuminatum obtained in 1.6 µM Mg2+ culture medium were 0.67 and 1.23 µM, while maximum iron levels were determined to be 1.3 µM Mg2+ as 0.51 and 0.29 µM, respectively. The maximum intracellular iron and manganese levels were decreased significantly with increasing Mg2+ concentration in the culture medium and were increased depending upon the incubation period. However, intracellular zinc levels of these strains didn't change with Mg2+ concentration and incubation period. The maximum superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activities of F. equiseti and F. acuminatum, related to increased intracellular manganese levels up to 1.6 µM Mg2+ in growth medium, were determined to be 78 and 110 IU/mg, respectively. CAT activity variations showed agreement with SOD activity and reached a maximum at 320 and 225 IU/mg under the same conditions. The minimum LPO levels of the Fusarium strains with the maximum MnSOD and CAT activities were determined as 1.2 and 0.9 nmol MDA/g., wet weight. The higher LPO level of F. equiseti grown at the same condition, in spite of 1.42‐fold higher CAT activity due to the 1.41‐fold lower SOD activity, as well as a 2.0‐fold higher iron level, indicated increases in the generation of reactive oxygen species via the Fenton reaction.


In this paper, a novel mobile robot system for searching books automatically in libraries is designed based on the radio frequency identification (RFID) and singlechip programming techniques. Recently, the barcode identification is frequently used in libraries. However, because of its unique advantages of RFID technology and its application in the intelligent robots will be able to achieve high-efficient automatic search of books. RFID has the advantages of large information storage and long identification distance etc., thus application in library management information system has great development potential. By using RFID long-distance identification ability combined with the close accurate positioning technologies, a mobile robot for automatic search of books in libraries is designed, which can effectively improve the book search efficiency, saves the massive cost and improve the library informatization level.


[2] Bardzell, S. "Feminist HCI: Taking Stock and Outlining an Agenda for Design." Proceedings of CHI'10: World Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM: New York, April 2010 [2]. On the one hand, feminism can be used as a critical strategy to analyze designs and design processes in order to expose their unintended consequences and examine how technologies construct and/or perpetuate the gender divide. On the other hand, interaction design practitioners can also integrate feminist approaches into all stages of the design process, including user research, prototyping, and evaluation, to generate new design insights and influence the design process tangibly. I see it being applied in obvious and fruitful ways in many key areas of HCI: domestic computing, information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D), ubiquitous computing, health informatics, and of course sustainable interaction design! Eli: I read about the Hoosier cabinet in an advance copy of your paper that will appear in CHI 2010. Can you give a description of how the Hoosier cabinet assumes and presumes a place for women? Shaowen: Last summer my friend Kitch Carter introduced me to Nancy Hiller's book, The Hoosier Cabinet in Kitchen History, and it was a fascinating read. Hiller is a cabinetmaker based in Bloomington, Indiana, and in her book, she traces the legacy of a kitchen cabinet made by the Hoosier Manufacturing Company that gained popularity in the early 20th century. The Hoosier cabinet came with a pull-out counter as a large work surface; a flour bin/sifter; and dedicated, built-in storage for various cooking utensils, supplies, pots, and pans. Throughout the early 20th century, the cabinet was marketed as the "greatest household help that womankind has ever received at the hands of science," a design that "makes kitchen work a joy" [3]. Recently, I learned that Shaowen Bardzell had proposed a notion of feminist HCI. I wondered if feminist HCI was connected to values-rich interpretations of interaction design, and if there were implications for sustainability in the context of interaction design. Feminism is long associated with environmentalism as a matter of environmental ethics—in particular as a potential counterpoint to "dualistic and hierarchical modes of thinking" that set humankind in opposition to nature [1]. What follows is the conversation Bardzell and I had with respect to feminist HCI and sustainability. Eli Blevis: Shaowen, can you describe feminist HCI? Shaowen Bardzell: Of course! Feminism is not always well understood, especially in politics and the media. People sadly identify it with man-bashing and worse. Yet it is a well-established intellectual tradition, with its own body of theory and applications throughout academia and industry, particularly in traditional design fields, such as industrial design, fashion, and architecture. One might identify feminism's central tenets as commitments to agency, fulfillment, identity, equality, empowerment, and social justice. I think these commitments make feminism a natural ally to interaction design. As computers increasingly become a part of everyday life, feminism is poised to help us understand how gender identities and relations shape both the use and design of interactive technologies—and how things could be otherwise, through design. By "feminist HCI," I mean the integration of feminist perspectives as a resource for HCI, much like it has been in the past for traditional design in te ra c ti o n s M a rc h + A p ri l 2 0 1 0


Background Trace organic chemicals (TOrCs) are carbon compounds which can be found ubiquitously in the aquatic environment in quantities below 100 μg/L. The spectrum of these substances is broad and includes TOrCs derived from pharmaceuticals, health care products, flame retardants or pesticides. Due to the persistence, toxicity and bioaccumulation potential of many micropollutants their diminution in the environment is of utmost importance. However, conventional water and wastewater processes are limited to efficiently remove micropollutants [1]. The potential of oxidative enzymes such as peroxidases or laccases to degrade TOrCs has been investigated previously. Some studies already utilized such enzymes for environmental treatment applications such as wastewater or soil treatments in several pilot studies [2]. Very recently it was shown that enzymes such as amidases, monooxygenases and carboxylesterases seem to be involved in degradation of those compounds [3]. However, until now systematic investigations regarding the capability and applicability of different enzymes to degrade TOrCs are lacking.


We report on the vibrational population relaxation and rotational diffusion dynamics of 1-methylperylene in a series of branched alkanes with the common formula C7H16. Using the 1370 cm-1 ring breathing resonance of 1-methylperylene as the donor state and the 1378 cm-1 methyl rocking resonance of the solvents as the acceptor state, we have found that the T1 times of 1-methylperylene vary from 10 to 24 ps and the rotational diffusion times in these same solvents range from 10 to 23 ps, but the two relaxation time constants do not correlate directly. For these systems, the time constant for vibrational population relaxation, T1, is directly proportional to solvent CH3 group density, counter to the expected behavior for a statistical orientational distribution of solvent molecules about the solute. The experimental T1 times are also inversely proportional to the boiling point of the solvent, indicating that the ability of the solvent to form organized assemblies around the solute determines the coupling betw...


This paper presents a comprehensive review of power quality improvements made by applying the concept of DC ripple reinjection in current source series connected AC-DC rectifier for HVDC transmission. Recent advances in applying the reinjection concept, their suitability and selection is discussed. The main aim is to present a state of the art on the DC ripple reinjection technique over the years.


The high frequency electromagnetic wave logging's response is sensitive to the layers' boundary. Much attention should be paied to the precision of geometrical boundary parameters. This paper firstly gives the formation parameters by a pattern recognition technique,then initial inversion models are built up. By reconstructing the inversion objective functions of electric parameters and the geometrical boundary,this paper carried out the alternative inversion of the electric parameters and the geometrical boundary parameters by using an improved damping form of Gauss Newton method. The inversion result is obtained for the representative model with 17 horizontal layers,the inversion precision of logging response curves is up to 2.0% (average relative error),also the precision of electric parameters is up to 4.4%.


secondary and higher education in this country have accepted somewhat apathetically. Even during the last decade, which saw the efforts of Koos in this field, little has been done to eliminate the undoubted overlapping between high-school and college work. Under a grant from the General Education Board, the University of Buffalo and the high schools in Buffalo are engaged in a study which has as its aim improved articulation between high school and college, particularly in the case of the superior student. As one phase of this study,I which is restricted to the local situation, the problem of duplication of course content at the two levels was subjected to careful investigation. When this problem was first recognized and studied, the approach usually lay through the use of textbook analysis. That is, the assigned textbooks in the high school and the college courses which might overlap, such as chemistry or economics, were compared to see what topics were common to the two books and the number of words or lines devoted to these topics. The use of this technique enabled Koos to maintain that, "although there are some differences between high-school and first college courses in chemistry, the courses


The purpose of this study is to analyze the trends in domestic nursing research related to coaching and to explore the status of research and to seek directions for future coaching-related nursing research. The analysis period was from January 2000 to March 2018, and the number of final analytical thesis was 37. Through descriptive research, we analyzed the trends in coaching-related research, research design, participants, coaching programs, coaching models, and measurement parameters of effects. The number of thesis for various research designs are as follows. The study of quasi experiments was the most, 26(70.3%), and for participants, nurses and patients each of the 14(37.8%), other students, patients caregivers, and teachers. Among the analytical thesis, 25 (67.6%) adopted coaching programs, and 9 (24.3%) used coaching models. Self efficiency 13 (35.1%), was the most frequently used measurement parameters of effects. It is followed by blood pressure 6 (16.2%), blood glucose related indicators 6 (16.2%) and coaching behavior 5 (13.5%). For future studies, active research is necessary for developing coaching models, coaching programs, and skills that are suitable for future domestic nursing situations.


Abstract: In recent years, significant effort has been made by the staff of the presidential libraries to develop formal education programs. Many of these programs demonstrate an awareness of educational research into multiple intelligences, and embrace educational methods that include cooperative learning, authentic assessments, and project- and performance-based learning. In addition, the programs draw from both the archival and the museum components of the institutions. But more can be done. Building creative partnerships, clarifying program objectives, harnessing new technologies, and building support for existing efforts will provide exciting opportunities in the coming years for the libraries to better serve a nationwide audience.


This paper contains the results of the fatigue analysis of the Y25Ls-K bogie frame. Fatigue analysis have been made using the Finite Elements Method in the Department of Railway Engineering at the Technical University – Sofia and the fatigue tests of the bogie frame have been carried out in the Testing laboratory VUZ in Czech Republic. The software product SolidWorks has been used. The comparative analysis is based on the EN 12663, ERRI B12/Rp 17 and 60, DVS 1612-2014 standards. The assessment is made by different methods: Moore-Kommers-Jasper (MKJ) diagram, Goodman-Smith diagram and the method proposed in DVS 1612.


The discrete element method (DEM), a discontinuum-based method to simulate the interaction between neighbouring particles of granular materials, suffers from intensive computational workload caused by massive particle numbers, irregular particle shapes, and complicated interaction modes from the meso-scale representation of the macro information. To promote the efficiency of the DEM and enlarge the modelling scales with a higher realism of the particle shapes, parallel computing on the graphics processing unit (GPU) is developed in this paper. The potential data race between the computing cores in the parallelisation is tackled by establishing the contact pair list with a hybrid technique. All the computations in the DEM are made on the GPU cores. Three benchmark cases, a triaxial test of a sand specimen, cone penetration test and granular flow due to a dam break, are used to evaluate the performance of the GPU parallel strategy. Acceleration of the GPU parallel simulations over the conventional CPU sequential counterparts is quantified in terms of speedup. The average speedups with the GPU parallelisation are 84, 73, and 60 for the benchmark cases.


The Generalized Standard Two-Sided Power (TSP) distribution was mentioned only in passing by van Dorp and Kotz (2004). In this paper we shall further investigate this three-parameter distribution by presenting some novel properties and use its more general form to contrast the chronology of developments of various authors on the two-parameter Two-Sided Power distribution since its initial introduction. GTSP distributions also allow for J-shaped forms of its pdf, whereas TSP distributions are limited to U-shaped and unimodal forms. Hence, GTSP distributions allow for the same three distributional shapes of the classical beta distributions. A novel method and algorithm for the indirect elicitation of the two power parameters of the GTSP distribution is developed. We present a Project Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) example that utilizes this algorithm and demonstrates the benefit of separate powers for the two branches of activity GTSP distributions for project completion time uncertainty estimation.


ABSTRACT Thraustochytrids are ecologically and biotechnologically relevant marine species. We report here the de novo assembly and annotation of the whole-genome sequence of a new thraustochytrid strain, CCAP_4062/3. The genome size was estimated at 38.7 Mb with 11,853 predicted coding sequences, and the GC content was scored at 57%.


ABSTRACT: In the last 30 years, the Cerrado Biome has suffered very intense conversion of its native vegetation into croplands (Brazilian Savanna). This habitat modification has contributed with 25% and 90% of the total CO2 and N2O anthropogenic emission respectively. Soil preparation (tillage and no-tillage), deposition of crop residues, cultivation of N-fixing species and nitrogen fertilization are management practices that influence trace gas fluxes from soil to atmosphere. Nevertheless, the interaction between such practices and NO, N2O and CO2 fluxes in the Cerrado region is still unclear. Raining events after the dry season results in NO and CO2 pulses. The interaction between nitrogen application-during rain events affects NO and CO2 emissions. The soil in the no-tillage system when under leguminosae shows higher annual emissions of CO2. In the seasonal dry, most of the N2O fluxes values are below the detection limit. Higher NO fluxes are found immediately (5.4 ng NO-N cm-2 h-1) and 3 days (4,8 ng NO-N cm-2 h-1) after N fertilization and irrigation. After the first pulses of NO (5,4 ng NO-N cm-2 H-1 and 4,8 ng NO-N cm-2 h-1), the emission decreases significantly (1.9 ng NO-N cm-2 h-1). Residues of cover plants and nitrogen fertilization associated to raining events affects trace gas fluxes.


The microalga Dunaliella salina can produce antioxidants such as glutathione, which is an essential and powerful regulator of major cell functions. Changes in the glutathione concentration occur due to a microalga's response to oxidative stress, which usually occurs when cells are exposed to environmental stressors or reach senescence. This study represents one of the few examples where changes in the glutathione concentration were tracked over the entire growth cycle of an alga. We found significant differences in the glutathione concentration depending on the growth stage. During the early lag growth phase, D. salina had relatively low levels of glutathione (190–280 µmol/1012 cell), which gradually increased as it entered the log phase (280–500 µmol/1012 cell) but then decreased as it entered the stationary phase (320–370 µmol/1012 cell). We also observed that the ratio between the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) and the oxidized form (GSSG) decreased with time, probably as a result of senescence or a lack of nutrients.


Low density T pellets for nuclear reactors were fabricated by pressing and sintering. Porosity in the pellets was induced by using 15 organic additives. The additives, which had large springback coefficients when pressed and large volumetric expansion during thermal decomposition, caused UO/sub 2/ C pellets to crack radially. Polyoxyethylene was superior to other additives for preventing pellet cracking during fabrication. 6 refs.


Biotic and abiotic stress seriously affects the development of plants, leading to the death of a significant number of plants in natural landscapes. Over the last twelve years, the central zone of Chile has been under an intensive drought, affecting the species inhabiting the Chilean Mediterranean forest, which is classified as a biological hotspot. In this context, our group started a small survey to monitor the presence of intracellular pathogens that may be infecting the plants, increasing the damage caused by the water deprivation. Several plants of one species, Persea lingue, showed symptoms of interveinal yellowing and leaf curling. RNA-seq analyses of one of these samples showed the presence of a long contig with high coverage only in symptomatic plants. Phylogenetic analysis and the molecular features indicated that it was a new species of the Ampelovirus genus. RT-PCR analyses determined the presence of the virus only in symptomatic plants of the same natural preserve.


This article summarizes the contributions given at the symposium "The Benefits of Gas-binding Proteins. Integrative and Evolutionary Physiology of Copper Proteins: Molecules to Organisms and their Environment," presented at the First International Congress of Respiratory Biology, August 14-16, at Bad Honnef/Bonn, Germany.


In this report, we present supporting data relevant to our continuing investigations of the frictional strength of serpentinite. We have measured the strength of chrysotile-, lizardite-, and antigorite-rich serpentinite gouges under hydrothermal conditions. Identification of serpentine minerals was based on X-ray powder diffraction analysis, and petrographic, scanning electron microscope, and electron microprobe techniques were used to fully characterize the samples. Experimental methods and the determination of correction factors, particularly for jacket strength, are outlined in detail; the corrected roomtemperature data are consistent with previous studies. The coefficient of friction, n, of chrysotile gouge is roughly 0.2 at 25 °C, whereas the lizarditeand antigorite-rich gouges are at least twice as strong. The very low roomtemperature strength of chrysotile appears to be a consequence of its high adsorbed water content; when the adsorbed water is removed, chrysotile is as strong as pure antigorite gouge at room temperature. Heating to nearly 200 °C leads to slight to substantial increases in the frictional strengths of all three gouges. The strength increases of chrysotile and, to a lesser extent, of lizardite, are probably caused by the partial loss of adsorbed water upon heating. In addition, all of the heated gouges may have become slightly lithified at the highest temperatures tested. Limited data suggest that different polytypes of a given serpentine mineral have similar strengths; thus, deformation-induced changes in polytype should not affect fault strength. At 25 °C, the chrysotile gouge shows a transition from velocity strengthening at velocities $0.32 nm/s to velocity weakening at velocities £1 \imfs. At elevated temperatures, however, chrysotile-gouge strength is essentially independent of velocity at low velocities. Overall, at a given temperature chrysotile may show a restricted range of velocities over which velocity-strengthening behavior occurs, and this range may shift to progressively higher velocities as temperature increases. Although fewer data are available for the heated lizardite and antigorite gouges, their behavior is consistent with that outlined for chrysotile.


In Nigeria between 1939 and 1960, the actual and potential strength of the wage earning classes in the urban areas permitted the trade unions to mobilize political sources of strength and thus to counteract the handicaps under which they were operating, of severe internal weaknesses and unfavorable economic conditions, especially in the labor market. As a result, the trade unions have, in certain periods and over these years generally, been effective in raising real wages.2


When the atmospheric diffusion of a material is described by the usual Guysian plume model, dry deposition of the contaminant onto the underlying surface is commonly accounted for by appropriately reducing the source strength, as originally proposed by Chamberlain. A more realistic model is developed which selectively depletes the Gaussian plume in the vicinity of the deposition surface rather than throughout the vertical extent of the plume as done in the source depletion model. This improved model is used to show that the source depletion model consistently overpredicts the surface air concentration and the deposition at downwind locations close to the source and, as a consequence, is biased in the opposite sense for locations far from the source. At all distances from the source, the source depletion model overestimates the total deposition between source and receptor and consequently underpredicts the amount of remaining airborne material. Quantitative comparisons are shown to aid the user in choosing, for his particular circumstances, between the less accurate source depletion model and the computationally more complex surface depletion model. Dry deposition of an airborne material onto the un- derlying surface is of interest from two different stand- points. First of all, it can be an important sink for the material, reducing air concentrations (and conse- quent dry deposition) further downwind. In the case of a noxious substance this is beneficial to downwind receptors. However, dry deposition secondly is a mechanism for accumulation of the material on the ground and hence may be detrimental at the point of deposition. Since a high estimate for the deposition flux will be conservative at the point of deposition and, at the same time, nonconservative downwind of that point, modeling of the dry deposition process should be unbiased. However, it will be shown here that the source depletion model currently used for predicting deposition from the Gaussian plume is biased. This will be done by developing a surface dep- letion model which eliminates the artificial bias of the former model and by comparing the predictions of the two models. The biases of the source depletion model will be quantitatively delineated in order to provide a basis for choosing, in a specific situation, between the less accurate source depletion model and the computationally more complex surface depletion model.


Carrot has a high yield potential, which requires an adequate and adaptable nutritional management, according to the needs and demands of each crop. Foliar diagnosis is a tool for adjustment and constant improvement of crop fertilization programs. This study aimed to determine leaf indices and reference values using the compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) method, at three phenological stages of carrot crops [40 and 70 days after sowing (DAS) and at harvest]. In order to calculate the CND method, a database was created with leaf contents of the nutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Mn and Zn and root yields, in commercial carrot crops. The nutrient limitation order was generated according to the fertilization response potential. At 70 DAS and at harvest, Mg and Mn were the most limiting nutrients by deficiency, while Zn was the most limiting by excess at 70 DAS, and P and Ca were the most limiting by excess at harvest. The results indicate that the foliar diagnosis performed with the CND method is only effective for the correction of nutritional disturbances in subsequent crops.


Optical vortex is a type of structured beam with helical phase wavefronts that carry orbital-angular momentum (OAM) with different topological charge numbers. Optical vortex beams are of use in a wide range of areas ranging from communications to biomedical applications. In this letter, we demonstrate that microscale polymer spiral phase plates (SPPs) with different topological charges can be fabricated through two-photon polymerization by femtosecond 3D direct laser writing. These micro-optical SPPs can modify input light beams carrying no OAM into optical vortex beams carrying an OAM of  $\text{l}\boldsymbol \hbar $  per photon. Intensity patterns and interferograms of the vortex beams are experimentally obtained, showing good agreement with numerical simulations. The two-photon direct laser writing technique with a high resolution of 100 nm enables easy fabrication of micro-optic devices such as SPPs with broad applications in mesoscale photonic devices.


The design of a scheduling algorithm for LTE networks is a complex task, and it has proven to be one of the main challenges for LTE systems. There are many issues to be addressed in order to obtain a high spectral efficiency and to meet the application's QoS requirements. In this context, this chapter presents a study of the resource allocation process in LTE networks. This study starts with an overview of the main concepts involved in the LTE resource allocation, and brings two new proposals of scheduling algorithms for downlink and uplink, respectively. Simulations are used to compare the performance of these proposals with other scheduler proposals widely known and explored in the literature.


In this article the problem of constructing asymptotically stability arbitrarily given program motions of the double pendulum of variable length with a moving point of suspension is solved. The solution is obtained by synthesis of the active program control applied to the system of bodies, and the stabilizing control on the principle of feedback. Control is done in the form of an exact analytical solution in the class of continuous functions. The problem is solved by direct method of Lyapunov stability theory with Lyapunov's functions with constant sign of the derivatives.


RanBP1,which locates in cytoplasm,is the binding protein of Ran.RanBP1,which restrains the activity of RCC1,can indirectly increase the activity of RanGTPase,and promote the hydrolization of GTP.It plays roles in regulating the nucleocytoplasmic transport,the spindle assembly,cell cycle,the mitotic control,and the nuclear reconstitution after the end of carring on mitosis.


Based on analysis of deformation curves of talus landslides,including the accumulative deformation-depth curve,the relative deformation-depth curve and the relative deformation-time curve,the main failure properties of talus landslides are obtained.It is concluded that the total amount of deformation is larger and the growth of deformation is very slow before the landslide occurs,rainfall is one of the main external factors leading to talus landslides,the original deformation starts from the bottom wall(main sliding surface) and the development of deformation is progressive from the bottom wall up to the top wall.According to these properties discovered recently,a safety forecast standard is proposed.It is pointed out that considering only the shear strength parameters of the main sliding surface is not enough;taking comprehensive shear strength parameters of the entire sliding zone into account is more reasonable for the design of slide stability.


"BY THE HISTORICAL METHOD ALONE," REMARKED WILLIAM OSLER IN 1901, "can many problems in medicine be approached profitably." By the time I started medical school, my program had abandoned its history of medicine course for a monthly lecture series. This made sense. Faced with the explosion in knowledge of molecular and clinical science, there was not enough time in the day to study the past. After all, history is not essential to the day-to-day practice of medicine. And, given that physicians used to treat fever with leeches and hysteria with surgery, our history is often embarrassing. Yet I wonder if I would have been better served had I studied history in my preclinical years. Like most physicians, I have used the phrase "the patient is a poor historian." I wonder if we should more accurately admit that we "took a poor history." According to one poet, "One might say, though we are told not to, that the patient is a poor historian/We are told instead that we are the historian, and that if/A poor historian is present, he is often wearing scrubs or a stethoscope." One could argue that patients are never poor historians, only more or less reliable sources of information. It is the role of the physician to be a historian—to collect evidence and weigh competing sources of information against one another. The historical method is part of the craft of medicine. As Sapira puts it, "Simply to write down or to recite a gaggle of true statements is not to compose a history. The facts must be placed in a form that makes them informative. Many medical schools 'teach' by having the students memorize a large number of facts. But these schools do not teach the students how to decide what a fact is, or how to collect facts in a useful and informative manner." The purpose of this issue is to demonstrate the importance of the historical method in understanding current clinical problems. In this issue of MSJAMA, David Schuster reviews the history of the diagnosis of neurasthenia—an illness that reminds us that medical diagnoses are shaped by cultural factors as well as by science. In an account that resonates with our current dilemma over vaccination against bioterrorism threats, Elise Lipkowitz describes the smallpox vaccination debate in 18th-century France. Continuing this discussion on the balance between public health and individual choice, George Joseph tells us about the legacy of the 1905 US Supreme Court case Jacobson v Massachusetts, which upheld the right of the government to order compulsory vaccination. All of these authors teach us something about how to interpret and narrate history.