AbstractMoringa oleifera seeds (MOS) and Grewia venusta peel (GVP) were used in this study as biosorbents. The adsorption behaviours on two dyes were investigated through batch experiments. The best conditions for the maximum indigo carmine removal (99%) were found to be at pH 2, with 0.5 g of GVP and 150 mg/L as initial concentration of dye solution. In the same conditions at pH 5, the maximum removal was 85% when using MOS. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted with the Freundlich model when using MOS (R2 = 0.9968) and Langmuir model when using GVP (R2 = 0.9957). In a methyl orange case, the adsorption capacity of MOS is 31.25 mg g−1 and the one of GVP is 5.78 mg g−1. In an indigo carmine case, the adsorption capacity of MOS is 91.74 mg g−1 and the one of GVP is 188.68 mg g−1. This study contributed to a better understanding of methyl orange and indigo carmine dyes removal process from aqueous media by M. oleifera seeds and highlighted the sorption properties of G. venusta peel which is rarely use...


This paper addresses spatial and functional complexities relating to biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction against the context of negotiations towards an international legally binding instrument on its conservation and sustainable use. A number of uncertainties are highlighted in relation to the extent of the maritime zones of coastal States and therefore the spatial scope of the Commons. These uncertainties include instability in coasts and therefore baselines from which maritime claims are predominantly measured, particularly in an era of sea level rise; excessive maritime claims to baselines and from islands, maritime disputes and the incomplete delineation of continental shelf limits seawards of 200 nautical miles from the coast. The issues raised by horizontal and vertical ecological connectivity are also explored. Potential options to deal with these challenges are then discussed.


In the article the author analyses the history of the emergence and development of Russian and foreign criminal law on the criminal responsibility for sexual abuse. In his opinion, it was caused by the evolution of norms that recognise and protect women's rights to sexual immunity and sexual freedom. He concludes that since ancient times the conservative function of the criminal law was focused on protecting people against crimes and expressed in the criminal responsibility (including abuse). However, the penalty for abuse, as well as the social attitude to the victims of this kind of crimes, in different historical periods had some features. Bases on the research the author reveals them, and also defines the role of criminal law in the protection of women's rights to sexual immunity and sexual freedom in specific historical periods: 1) the period of ancient times and the Middle Ages was characterised by the fact that the norms of criminal responsibility for abuse considered the social situation and the proper behaviour of the victim in the process of qualification of the crime and did not consider sexual freedom as an object of criminal law protection; 2) the period of the end of the 17th century -beginning of the 20th century was marked by the appearance of norms in the Russian and foreign criminal law that recognized and protected women's rights to sexual freedom and sexual dignity, and considered the specific situation and the behaviour of the victims in the qualification of an act as a crime; 3) the period of modern times is characterized by the adoption by the United Nations of international norms and agreements that introduced the basic principles of responsibility for crimes against sexual immunity and sexual freedom, and protected women against criminal attacks of this kind fixed in the criminal laws of the members of this agreement. For a long time in the genesis of the criminal law the human society debated the question about the woman's abilities to resist abuse by the man (non-resistance could signify sexual approachability of the victim or something like that). After fixing the rules and norms, witch consolidated the position that the threats of abuse and using woman's feebleness became a crime, the issue had lost its relevance. The author also concludes that the Russian Federation, by ratifying international human rights agreements, is fully committed to the protection of women against violence or threats of violence, including sexual abuse.


A numerical method called Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) has been used for rational selection of a cotton harvester out of a finite number of cotton harvesters available the world over. In India, efforts are being made to design and develop a commercial cotton harvester to harvest selected cotton varieties sown by adopting common agronomic practices locally for cotton cultivation. The crop parameters for two different planting systems (existing planting system prevalent in India and experimental high density planting system) together with machine performance attributes of mechanical cotton harvesters using different types of mechanisms have been reviewed in this paper. Suitable cotton harvester was selected for both type of planting systems on the basis of attribute coding system. The main crop parameters which affect the performance of a cotton harvester like row spacing, plant height, plant population and crop yield were selected for the study. Machine performance attributes selected were picking efficiency, trash content, gin turnout, field capacity and field losses. Equal weightage was given to all machine attributes like picking efficiency, losses, trash content, gin turnout and field capacity of the cotton harvester. The spindle type cotton picker was best suited to the existing cotton planting system of India. Based upon TOPSIS method, if relative ranking was given to the pertinent attributes then the best mechanical cotton harvester for existing planting system was brush and paddle type cotton stripper. For high density planting system, if equal importance was given to all machine attributes of the cotton harvester, the finger type cotton stripper and spindle type cotton picker were best suited. On the basis of TOPSIS method, if the relative importance of pertinent attributes was considered the best mechanical cotton harvester for high density planting system was finger type cotton stripper.


Plants are rich source of many natural products, most of which have been extensively used for human welfare. Owing to rich medicinal properties, Urtica dioica (L.) commonly known as stinging nettle of family urticaceae has a long history of use in the home as an herbal remedy since ancient times. Various parts of the plant have been used in ayurvedic preparations by vaidyas for curing various ailments. As a useful first-aid remedy it is used in the treatment of ailments such as bites and stings, burns, hives and breast feeding problems. The two most prevalent active chemical agents found in the Stinging Nettle are formic acid (methanoic acid) and histamine (1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine; 2-(4Imidazolyl ethylamine; 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1H-imidazole) which function as an anti-inflammatory agent. Nettle is not only a weed but an important medicinal herb and this present review deals with the different aspects of this medicinal herb.


ASN encoder unit generates the mobile station apparatus of a mobile station unit carrier capability information, the mobile station capability information unit includes information indicating the carrier component carrier in communication with the base station apparatus can be utilized. The mobile station transceiver unit carrier capability information to the base station apparatus. Control unit means using the assigned carriers based on the base station apparatus the mobile station capability information carrier unit, to control communications between the base station apparatus.


This paper presents algorithm for solving singular nonlinear system. Since the convergence rate of any method to singular solution drops down, the convergence can be accelerated by forming the bordered system. Singular vectors of the Jacobian can be used for the construction of the bordered system. The Jacobian is usually unavailable, so singular vectors of the finite difference approximation of the Jacobian are used in forming the bordered system and local algorithm for solving it is presented. Algorithm is tested on two numerical examples.


The mathematical model of centralized testing on the base of the Internet FEPO is described. It is shown that the test results depend not only on the level of students preparation, but also on the number of didactic units in the training course. The authors draw a conclusion of non-optimality of the system of Internet-based testing and substantiate the need to move away from the requirements of mastering all didactic course units.


We discuss the comparable-worth approach as a means to reduce gender pay differences, and present the results of a relatively simple method of generating 'objective'measures of occupational worth. The difficulties in establishing such measures has been a major obstacle in the introduction of comparable worth. Using a panel of different groups of experts to judge occupations has allowed us to establish reliable measures. We used these measures to demonstrate the effect of giving unequal pay for occupations of comparable worth in the Netherlands, and make suggestions on how to adjust existing pay schemes.


The Jinchang gold deposit related to the Gezhen shear zone is located in the North-East part of the Gezhen auriferous shear zone in western Hainan province,China. There are five important gold deposits: Jinchang, Baoban, Beiniu, Erjia and Bumo gold deposits along the Gezhen shear zone from NE to SW direction. They are located in the conjoint site of Eurasian plate, Pacific plate and India ocean plate in the tectonic. The Jinchang gold deposit belongs to fragmentary altered rock gold deposit. The ore bodies occur mainly in migmatite in the hanging wall of shear zone. In this paper, we choose the Jinchang gold deposit as the study object. Through systematical study in geological characteristics, fluid inclusion geochemistry and geochronology, and compare it with the other gold quartz vein in the Gezhen Au metallogenic area, we discussed the character and genesis of ore-forming fluid and mineralization and precipitation process of the Jinchang gold deposit.


Steel is one of the most easily corroded metals known to man. This is particularly true in the case of steelwork exposed to the corrosive environment of salt air or water or a combination of both in the form of spray. Nevertheless, steel is comparatively inexpensive, easily fabricated and is reasonably strong, so that, as long as it is possible to provide an economical protective coating to the exposed surfaces, steel will continue to be used with an ever‐increasing demand.


The invention provides a ceramic disc type filtering machine. The ceramic disc type filtering machine comprises a white water groove, a ceramic filtering disc, a hollow collecting pipe and a driving device, wherein a part of the ceramic filtering disc is immersed into the white water groove; the ceramic filtering disc is formed by a plurality of sector-shaped ceramic filtering units which are distributed along the circumferential direction; each ceramic filtering disc is hollow; a plurality of micro-filtering holes are distributed in each ceramic filtering unit; the hollow collecting pipe is arranged on the center axis of the ceramic filtering disc in a penetrating manner; a hollow chamber of the ceramic filtering disc is communicated with an inner cavity of the hollow collecting pipe; the driving device is connected with the ceramic filtering disc and drives the ceramic filtering disc to rotate around the axial direction. The ceramic disc type filtering machine provided by the invention has the advantages of good filtering effect, reasonable configuration, stable operation and low cost.


Laurence, British modern novelist, is deeply affected by German philosopher Nietzsche on the thought and philosophy. Their similar creation forms and common creation interests, i. e. their pursuit of the entirely new combination of art and philosophy reflects this point. However, Laurence carries forward Nietzsche's philosophy with distinctive characteristics, incorporating his thoughts on the form and development of perfect individual character. So his exploration to people's psychology is more subtle and more comprehensive than that of Nietzsche.


Silver-doped copper nitride (Cu3N:Ag) films were prepared by using radio frequency and a direct current magnetron sputtering method. The effects of silver doping on the crystal structure, surface morphology, and optical properties of the films were investigated. Results demonstrated that Ag doping influences the preferred growth orientation of the films. With the increased Ag content, the films grow from the (1 0 0) crystal face to the (1 1 1) crystal face. Ag doping changes the lattice constant, grain size, and optical band gap of Cu3N:Ag films. Cu3N:Ag films achieve the most remarkable crystallinity at 0.23 at% of Ag with lattice constant and optical band gap of 0.381 88 nm and 1.30 eV, respectively. Moreover, the doped Ag atoms fill the hollows in the Cu3N lattice and consequently reach the high-energy defect level. These atoms also generate impurity compound centers at high-energy level, shorten the non-equilibrium carrier lifetime of the films, and weaken the electronic transportation of the films.


This paper makes a thoroughly study on the behavior of base grouted pile in vertical loading by FEM. The grouting effect and mechanical character of based grouted pile in varied loading term and analyzed. Some conclusions relating to the base grouted pile are obtained from simulating the influence of several factors.


Aims: One possible prognostic factor for whiplash-associated disorders which to date has not been investigated, is time of pain onset. We hypothesized that immediate onset of neck pain post-collision may indicate a different origin of the injury, with a prolonged recovery, compared to an injury with delayed onset of neck pain. Therefore, the aim was to investigate this in a prospective cohort study. Methods: Data was collected from insurance claimants (n = 1,308). Questionnaires at baseline provided information on time of neck pain onset, and potential confounders. Exposure was time of pain onset, trichotomized into; at the scene of the collision, 1-12 hours, and >12 hours post-collision. At a 6-month follow-up, pain-related disability was assessed with the pain disability index (PDI) and trichotomized into scores based on the median and the 75th percentile; PDI = 0, 1–18 and >18. Results: Twenty-eight percent of persons with Rasmus Elrud1, Eva Skillgate2, Linda J. Carroll3, Lena W. Holm4 Affiliations: 1Research associate, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 2Assistant Professor, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 3Associated Research Scientist, Injury Prevention Centre, Director of Graduate Education, and Professor, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; 4Senior Researcher, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden. Corresponding Author: Lena W. Holm, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, Stockholm, Sweden, 171 77; Ph: +46 704 827479; E-mail: Lena.Holm@ ki.se Received: 26 August 2015 Accepted: 25 September 2015 Published: 23 January 2016 pain onset at the scene of collision rated in the PDI >18 category at follow-up, compared to 21% respectively of those with onset 1–12 hours and those with onset >12 hours post collision. Persons with pain onset at the scene were more likely to rate PDI >18 compared to those with onset >12 hours post-collision. When adjusted for confounders, the result was attenuated and not statistically significant or 1.3 (95% CI; 0.8– 2.2). Conclusion: Time of neck pain onset is not a prognostic factor in recovery from whiplashassociated disorders in this study. Further studies are warranted to confirm the results.


Conclusion Estrogenic hormone feeding, started at birth, caused the suppression of male secondary sex characters and a marked suppression of spermatogenesis in the male guppy.


This paper describes bracketing (JUBRAN, 1996, 2006b), based on the text-interactive perspective (JUBRAN, 2006a, 2007), in data from a written Spanish conversation mediated by computer in a learning virtual environment - the educational chat - for Brazilians. We observe that bracketing is one of the regularities in the text construction in the chat analyzed. We verifity that bracketing is, therefore, a strategy of text construction, and a very productive one.


Architecture frameworks are methods used in architecture modeling. They provide a structured and systematic approach to designing systems. To date there has been little analysis on their roles in system and software engineering and if they are satisfactory. This study provides a model of understanding through analyzing the goals, inputs and outcomes of six architecture frameworks. It characterizes two classes of architecture frameworks and identifies some of their deficiencies. To overcome these deficiencies, we propose to use costs, benefits and risks for architecture analysis. We also propose a method to delineate architecture activities from detailed design activities.


Peak latencies of the foveal (4° diameter) ERG and the sensitivity of the technique in various diseases have been investigated. The method previously reported (1) uses a rapidly flickering red test light against a white surround of rod saturating luminance. Control ERG's from the same stimulus are also recorded from blind spot stimulation. In senile macular degeneration the sensitivity limit of the test is about 20/60 acuity. New findings include:(1) In senile macular degeneration, the foveal ERG peak latency is usually not abnormally delayed (only 7% of 30 eyes delayed).(2) In contrast, in Stargardt's macular dystrophy, the foveal ERG peak latency is frequently abnormally delayed (47% of 34 eyes). Even at 20/20 to 20/30 acuity, the majority of eyes with Stargardt's have either delayed peak latency, abnormal amplitude or both.(3) In retinitis pigmentosa the sensitivity limit of the foveal ERG (amplitude ratio) is 20/30 to 20/40 (29 eyes). Peak latencies were delayed in 31% of the eyes.


Western people now spend close to 90% of their time indoors, one-quarter of which occurs at their place of employment. As such, interactions between employees and the workplace built environment have significant potential impact on employee health and safety. However, the range of workers' daily chemical exposures is still poorly understood. Likewise, the influence of workers themselves and of worker behavior on the chemical composition of the workplace is still unknown. In this case study, we used untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to compare the chemical signatures of three different types of workplaces: scientific research buildings, office buildings, and one mixed-purpose building. Our results identified differential signatures of public building surfaces based on building purpose, sampling location and surface materials. Overall, these results are helping define the influence of human behavior on the workplace chemical environment and identify the chemical hazards to which people are exposed throughout their workday. Highlights Implementation of untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to study workplace chemical exposures. Shared chemical signatures were identified based on building purpose. Differential chemical signatures were identified based on surface material and sampling location. Annotated molecules include pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, food chemicals, constituents of paints and stains, and cleaning products. Abbreviations LC-MS/MS liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry m/z mass over charge ratio RT retention time


What role does civil society play in managing the effects of creative destruction? What are the prospects of open-source social networks? Can new technologies like the blockchain enable the rebirth of mutual aid societies? I argue that we can draw broad lessons about how to build communities in the internet era from the successful operation of open-source projects. Open source is successful because of a technological infrastructure that enables people to interact in particularly productive ways. I discuss the limits of open source and ask whether the same kind of infrastructure can be adapted for social purposes, and for expanding the operation of non-profits.


Under the DirectShow environment,a novel method of real-time motion detection was presented for the application of an intelligent video surveillance system.First,a real-time motion detection algorithm was proposed,and then improved by combining the characteristic of DirectShow.Second,a filter component with the function of real-time motion detection was realized and the intelligent video surveillance system was established,which first detects the motion goal and then compresses and transports its images.Fianlly,the feasibility and advantage of this system was proved by experiments.


The invention discloses advanced treatment method and an advanced treatment system capable of improving the biochemical quality of landfill leachate, and belongs to the field of wastewater treatment. The method comprises the following steps: enabling effluent from a biochemical secondary sedimentation tank to automatically flow to an electrocatalytic oxidation pond system, removing chromaticity in wastewater and improving the biochemical quality of the effluent; transforming macromolecular refractory substances into micromolecular degradable soluble substances, and discharging the effluent to an anaerobic biofilter system; further degrading into organic acid or soluble micromolecular substances, so as to improve the biochemical quality of the system; removing the soluble micromolecular substances in the wastewater by virtue of an aerobic biofilm process through a biological aerated filter system, lowering COD in the effluent, and discharging the effluent from the biological aerated filter system to a multi-medium filter system; filtering suspended materials in the wastewater, lifting the effluent to a roll type ultrafiltration film system, and removing the chromaticity generated by the biological aerated filter and the residual trace organic substance; and lowering the COD in the effluent, wherein the recovery rate can be over 90%, the COD of the effluent is smaller than 100mg/l, and NH3-N is smaller than 10mg/l, and reaches the emission standards of 'standard for pollution control on the landfill site of municipal solid waste' (GB16889-2008), of pollutants in general areas.


This work focuses on adversarial learning over graphs. We propose a general adversarial training framework for multi-agent systems using diffusion learning. We analyze the convergence properties of the proposed scheme for convex optimization problems, and illustrate its enhanced robustness to adversarial attacks.


Objectives: Arulmigu Sri Thiyagarajaswamy Temple, Thiruvottiyur, Tamil Nadu has a tank which is unexplored for its algal flora. Thus an attempt has been made to study the diversity of algae. Methods: Water samples were randomly collected in plastic bottles from different sites of the tank. Samples were also collected by scrapping the steps of the temple tank to get the epilithic algae. Habitat was checked for its pH and Temperature. Samples were brought to the laboratory and preserved in 4% formalin for further studies. Observation and documentation of the algae was done using HOVERLABS Research Photo Microscopic Unit. Findings: In the present study a total number of 28 genera 39 taxa belonging to the three different Classes namely Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae were recorded. Maximum number of 9 taxa was observed from the family Scenedesmaceae of Chlorophyceae. It was interesting to note that 16 families had only a single taxon. The result clearly shows that the temple tank has rich algal flora and greater diversity. Applications: This study divulges that the temple tanks are one of the best habitats for microalgae. Hence the algal diversity can be used for determining the pollution level of such tanks.


The purpose of this research was to carry on the experimental study of embedded teaching. The revised Solomon's design of nonequivalent pretest-posttest control group consisted of two expe2imental groups (120 participants) and two control groups (125 participants). One of the experimental groups and control groups accepted respectively the pretest, and the experimental groups accepted the embedded teaching experiment of health technology and the control groups accepted non-experiment process. After 12 weeks, each group would accept the posttest to confirm the effectiveness of embedded teaching. The result discovered that the experimental groups and the control groups showed no significant difference in the pretest. The students who received the embedded knowledge sharing of health technology were superior to the students who did not receive the embedded knowledge sharing of health technology, regardless of behavioral norm, sharing attitude, sharing intention, sharing behavior and behavioral control. And there was no interactional effect between pretests and experimental treatment, and it was precisely proved through the experimental treatment and achieved an anticipatory effect. Finally, implication, conclusions and suggestions were advanced, such as taking more care for career types than learning styles, transactional platform of knowledge sharing in health technology, the health liberal teaching, enhancing the cooperation between industries and institutes, and helping the government draw up a technological policy.


The article notes that energy efficiency cannot simply be a vague and ambiguous concept that does not have accurate assessment methods. It should have clear measurements and evaluation methods. When the question arises as to measuring or evaluating, the lack of a clear definition of energy efficiency can cause the results to differ and it will be difficult to compare them depending on the needs or objectives. So the need to develop an accurate and unified definition of energy efficiency, as well as its classification and development of measurement methods is highlighted. It is emphasized that highly developed countries of the world have significant experience in achieving a high level of energy efficiency of national economies, but they also do not currently have developed a unified system of energy efficiency indicators at the national level, methods for their assessment and analysis. The energy intensity of GDP is almost the only universal instrument by which international and regional comparisons of energy efficiency levels of national economies are possible. It is shown that in recent years in Ukraine there has been a clear tendency to reduce the energy intensity of the national economy in almost all spheres. The State Agency on Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving of Ukraine has developed tables of primary data and a methodology for calculating energy efficiency indicators of the Ukrainian economy. Primary data and calculation indicators are formed by such sectors as industry, transport, housing, agriculture, services. The article shows that recent methods for evaluating energy efficiency based on modeling the efficiency limit, namely, DEA and SFA models, have become a popular tool for evaluating energy efficiency. Despite a number of its advantages, the DEA method does not take into account statistical noise. In contrast to DEA models, SFA models use the Shepard distance function to determine the energy efficiency index and take into account statistical noise.


A GC method was established for the determination of the triethanolamine(TEA)content from different cosmetics.A polymethyl silicone column was used with temperature programming to separate,and to detect the content by using Hydrogen flame ionization(FID) as the detector and anhydrous ethanol as the resolver.To make a choice in the experiment process about the conditions on the column,the temperature of the column,the resolver and the way of increasing temperature and so on.The confirmation of TEA was performed by using reserved time,and the quantitative analysis of TEA was carried out by external standard method.A good linear relation is observed in the standard curve rang of 0.00~20 g/mL,with r=0.9993,the detection limits of 0.016 mg/L,the average recovery rate of 99.0%~104.2% and RSD 2.2%.The method is effective to analyze the contents in different cosmetics.


Diabetic nephropathy( DN) is a common cause of end-stage renal disease,the change level of proteinuria is now regarded as a non-invasive detecting biomarkers of the occurrence or progression of DN.However,some diabetes patients even have the urine albumin levels within the normal range,they still have pathological changes and function decline in kidney. Therefore,only relying on the level of proteinuria in the early diagnosis of DN is inaccurate. Here is to make a review of the biomarkers associated with DN,especially those kidney injury,inflammation and oxidative stress.


The reaction of dimethylzirconocene with nitrosobenzene gave the hydroxylaminatozirconium complex 6. Its structure in the solid state was characterized as the N-inside isomer [η2(O,N)-ON(CH3)Ph](CH3)ZrCp2 (6a) by X-ray diffraction. Dynamic 1H NMR spectroscopy indicated a rapid enantiomerization process of the chiral system 6a in solution, probably taking place via a rapid equilibration with a reactive η1(O) isomer.


Objective: to analyze the profile of the services provided in a private emergency service in southern Brazil. Method: this is an epidemiological and cross-sectional study of 53,949 records made in 2017, submitted to the techniques of descriptive and inferential data analysis. Results: the study suggests generational and gender differences capable of interfering in the accessibility and use of the service, as well as in the seasonal behavior of cases between the days of the week. The demand met at the service is not characterized only by urgent and emergency situations, a fact justified by the guarantee of reception regardless of clinical complexity. Conclusion: less complex care, anxious demand from users for the emergency service and the need to increase actions that guide the flow of users in different spheres of care predominated.


Methods and results of experimental studies of thermophysical, structural and mechanical properties of low-heat-conducting polymer nanocomposites, oriented to use for gas ducts and chimneys of boiler installations, as well as various other gas and water communications are presented. In this work, on the basis of the performed set of methodological studies regarding the analysis of the legitimacy of using different models of heat conductivity for predicting the heat-conducting properties of these composites, the possibility of using for this prediction a number of models of the theory of the effective medium and the theory of percolation is considered. The analysis of thermophysical properties, structural characteristics and Young's modulus of low-heat-conductivity polymer nanocomposites based on polyethylene and polypropylene is carried out. Using these nanocomposites as an example, the achievement of a significant increase in their Young's modulus in comparison with unfilled polymers with a relatively small increase in heat conductivity is demonstrated. To obtain nanocomposites, we used a method based on mixing the components in a polymer melt using an extruder and then shaping the composite into the required shape by hot pressing. The method of differential scanning calorimetry was used to determine Young's modulus. On the basis of the studies carried out, the possibility of obtaining low-heat-conducting polymer nanocomposites with improved mechanical characteristics has been shown. In particular, it was shown that for nanocomposites based on polyethylene or polypropylene filled with CNTs (carbon nanotubes) or nanodispersed aerosil particles, with a mass fraction of the latter up to 2%, the following takes place a relatively insignificant increase in heat conductivity coefficients and a significant increase in the modulus of elasticity in tension. The research data also made it possible to obtain for the developed nanocomposites the temperature dependences of their specific mass heat capacity and, on this basis, to analyze the regularities of changes in the structural characteristics of these materials.


We report a case of tumefactive demyelinating lesion in the cervical cord without intracranial involvement, mimicking an intramedullary cervical spinal cord tumor. This young girl had a progressive right sided hemiparesis (1/5 strength) and paresthesia. The Horner's syndrome was also noted. The cervical MRI revealed an ill-defined high signal lesion on T 2 WI images and partial enhancement with gadolinium located at C1 to C3 levels. Significant perifocal white matter edema was displayed from C1 to T2 levels and an intramedullary spinal tumor was highly suspected. Since preoperative examinations cannot differentiate spinal cord tumor from the other intramedullary cord lesions such as demyelinating disease, surgical intervention would be approved in such atypical primary spinal cord multiple sclerosis. Physicians should be alerted that demyelinating disease can mimic a spinal cord tumor, even on MRI, and must be considered in the differential diagnosis of a symptomatic spinal cord mass.


Ca is measured by accelerator mass spectormeter(AMS), and the result is compared with the standard sample. The result shows that the sensitivity of 41Ca AMS measurement is 10 -14 g/g and the basic measurement method is performable and reliable.


The history of the Kingdom of Hawaii (1810–1893) is a story of the rapid modernization and westernization of the island society, including its legal system. Hawaiian electoral law existed since 1840, when The House of Representatives with elective members was established by the first constitution. The edict issued then was an imprecise, even primitive, regulation of the rules of electing deputies. People entitled to vote voted by sending letters to the monarch. The electoral act of 1850 can be regarded as much more modern one. It should be emphasized that at that time the right to vote was universal (though only for male citizens). The article presents the Hawaiian electoral legislation till the reform of 1864, when important changes took place.


We discuss the best approximation of the operators on the Sobolev space with a Gaussian measure and obtain the average error estimation.


In recent years, a version of enumerative geometry over arbitrary fields has been developed and studied by Kass-Wickelgren, Levine, and others, in which the counts obtained are not integers but quadratic forms. Aiming to understand the relation to other"refined invariants", and especially their possible interpretation in quantum theory, we explain how to obtain a quadratic version of Donaldson-Thomas invariants from the motivic invariants defined in the work of Kontsevich and Soibelman and pose some questions. We calculate these invariants in a few simple examples that provide standard tests for these questions, including degree zero invariants of $\mathbb A^3$ and higher-genus Gopakumar-Vafa invariants recently studied by Liu and Ruan. The comparison with known real and complex counts plays a central role throughout.


The theory of recognition by Axel Honneth, one of the leading social and political philosophers of our time, argues that disrespect and humiliation of personal integrity may become the catalyst for the struggle to gain social recognition. Gino Carmine Chiellino's poetry of social and political critique frames a variety of legal, political, moral, psychic, physical, cultural and even aesthetic injuries perpetrated on the integrity of an individual.


A residual-based a posteriori error estimator for finite element discretizations of the steady incompressible Navier{Stokes equations in the primitive variable formulation is discussed. Though the estimator is similar to existing ones, an alternate derivation is presented, involving an abstract estimate that may prove of some intrinsic value. The estimator is particularized to Hood{Taylor and modified Hood{Taylor finite elements and proved to be a global upper bound (up to a positive multiplicative constant) of the true error. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the performance of the resulting mesh adaptation process. c 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 13: 561{574, 1997


The influence of Yi study is becoming greater and greater,its research scope unceasingly increases,and its exploration to Yi people history,philosophy,religion,language,character,literature,art,medicine,law,cosmological calendar,politics,economy,military,society and so on is getting deeper and deeper,with brilliant achievement and great success.Promoting a new level of Yi study and obtaining a breakthrough development,we should make effort unceasingly in many aspects,and it awaits the active exploration and brave innovation of many scholars.


Adiwangsa University Jambi is one of the private educational institutions, wherein running its business is pursuing the role of information technology, such as final project guidance activities which are currently still carried out conventionally, namely face-to-face. This often causes problems, especially during the pandemic which has quite an impact on graduation or guidance. To overcome the existing problems, the author proposes the design of a web-based final project guidance information system in the form of a prototype that can be implemented in the future so that it can be a solution. The tools used in modeling this system are use case diagrams, activity diagrams, and class diagrams. The results of this study are in the form of a web-based final project guidance information system prototype that can help smooth the course of final project guidance activities at Adiwangsa University Jambi.


This article is the first attempt to analyse the condition of Roman law in Roman Britain for more than thirty years. It is intended as an introduction to the subject and a point from which further research can be done. The article briefly describes current knowledge of the effectiveness of Roman law in Roman Britain, relying upon not only traditional Roman law sources but also a large number of epigraphic sources. Based upon an analysis of these, it may be said that Roman law played an important role in the daily life of Roman Britain. It was not only associated with the Roman conquerors, but it was also used by Romanized native inhabitants of the island. It is even possible that the foundations laid down by the Romans influenced the later development of medieval Welsh law.


We observe terahertz vibrational modes in crystals of n-octadecane, a non-hydrogen-bonding, non-polar molecule. These modes are not present in amorphous samples.


Higher in the scale of China's higher education institutions account for the "big half", and has become an important part of higher education. Most vocational schools better by several conditions, the development model similar colleges combined in various ways, upgraded from the flop. Vocational education must be based on this type of situation, environment and historical heritage to their own education and teaching of the school's management of location analysis.


http://ajs.sagepub.com/content/41/7/1549 The online version of this article can be found at: DOI: 10.1177/0363546513489284 2013 41: 1549 originally published online June 3, 2013 Am J Sports Med Clare L. Ardern, Nicholas F. Taylor, Julian A. Feller, Timothy S. Whitehead and Kate E. Webster Ligament Reconstruction Surgery Psychological Responses Matter in Returning to Preinjury Level of Sport After Anterior Cruciate


Service organizations that require customer membership must monitor and evaluate consumer retention, satisfaction, and loyalty. A common problem in member-based service organizations is that some consumers leave the organization and then return. Levels of consumer satisfaction and loyalty are likely different between those who continue their membership and those who let their membership lapse. This research assesses consumer satisfaction and loyalty of 8,376 U.S. Masters Swimming current members. Results indicate that age, marital status, and number of children impact membership mode (continuous or lapsed) and that membership mode impacts several measures of both loyalty and satisfaction.


Seeds of rice, wheat and rape were subjected to a simulated acid rain with pH value of 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, and 6.5 (the control) to investigate the effects of acid rain stress time on seed germination of various acid- fast plants. The results indicated that the loss and transformation rate of storage reserve of rice and wheat were lower than that of the control, but the loss rate of rape was higher than that of the control with prolonged stress time. When stress time was 3~ 7d, the increase of loss rate of storage reserve of rice was 11.03% , 12.44% and 13.14% at pH value of 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, respectively, lower than that of wheat, being 15.69% , 23.47% , 23.81% , respectively. The increase of the transformation rate of storage reserve was lower in rice (being 24.80% , 29.37% and 29.72% at pH value of 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, respectively) than in wheat (being 6.33% , 37.87% and 38.87% , respectively). The loss and transformation rate of storage reserve in rape remarkably changed after 3~ 4 days of stress, but that happened in wheat and rice after 6 and 7 days of stress. The order of response to acid stress time was: ricewheatrape. After 7 days of stress, the inhibition index of root length of rice was lowest, being 67.86% , 36.49% , 0.92% , at pH value of 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, respectively, that of rape was biggest, being 88.26% , 44.32% , 17.8% , and that of wheat was 84.43% , 43.38% , 3.15% , respectively. The inhibition index of shoot length changed similarly, with the index of rice 16.37% , 11.63% and 0.84% , respectively, lower than that of wheat (46.49% , 15.43% , 3.72% ) and that of rape (58.5% , 17.51% , 5.76% ). The order of amplitude variation of inhibition index of root, shoot and length was rapewheatrice at different acidity levels under stress time from 3 to 7 days. These evidenced that plants could display different sensitivity to acid rain stress, rice had stronger resistance than wheat, and responses of rice and wheat to aid rain stress were faster than that of rape.


Normal mouse spleen cells were stimulated in culture by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), allogeneic cells; keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) sensitized cells by the specific antigen. The stimulation of the cells was measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation into the TCA precipitable fraction of the cultures. In this system, the effect of treating the cells with an antibody against the theta antigen and an antibody against immunoglobulin, with or without complement, was investigated. Treatment of the cells with antisera and complement or without complement gave similar results. The secondary in vitro stimulation with soluble antigen KLH could be markedly reduced with both anti-θ and anti-immunoglobulin serum. The response to allogeneic cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction was only reduced by anti-θ serum and not by anti-immunoglobulin serum. No definite effect could be demonstrated by either antibody on the non-specific stimulation by PHA or PWM.


The present invention discloses a method of compensating an infrared lens and the variation in temperature compensation by a change in temperature exceeds a certain limit, the amount of compensation call mathematical function of the temperature difference between the relationship between the position of the focusing lens group focusing optical system is adjusted to achieve very simple, effective guarantee of the temperature change will still be able to achieve the best imaging results.


Malignant melanoma is known to show diverse cellular morphologies, including a histiocyte‐like morphology. Therefore, many non‐melanocytic proliferations or infiltrates can mimic melanoma, and be confusing especially when they coexist with a true melanoma. Herein, we report an unusual case of a melanoma in situ with an underlying sarcoidal granuloma, which mimicked dermal invasion of melanoma. This case expands insight into non‐neoplastic lesions closely mimicking melanoma.


This paper presents a language model and its application to sentence structure manipulations for various natural language applications including human-computer communications. Building a working natural language dialog systems requires the integration of solutions to many of the important subproblems of natural language processing. In order to materialize any of these subproblems, handling of natural language expressions plays a central role; natural language manipulation facilities are indispensable for any natural language dialog systems. Concept Compound Manipulation Language (CCML) proposed in this paper is intended to provide a practical means to manipulate sentences by means of formal uniform operations.


This report firstly examines how Morphogenesis can be interpreted through the use of computer modelling, concentrating on reaction-diffusion equations and how they can be used to simulate real-world animal skin patterns. The report then focuses on the work done by Greg Turk in his 1991 paper "Generating Textures on Arbitrary Surfaces Using Reaction-Diffusion" [19]. The work accomplished in Turk's paper is discussed; implementations based on his work in one, two and three dimensions are constructed and analysed for this report. This analysis compares the implementations' results to both those achieved by Turk and real-world skin patterns. The analysis also attempts to determine how reactiondiffusion models proposed by Turk and others function, in particular, how changing parameters affects the patterns produced. The report concludes with a discussion of whether reaction-diffusion is an appropriate model for the natural phenomenon of animal skin pattern formation. Finally, further work is proposed to extend the current implementations, as these provide a solid basis to construct a generator for more complex reaction-diffusion models.


This paper analyzes the dynamics and determinants of the relative benefits of geographical and industry diversification over the last 30 years. First, we develop a new structural regimeswitching volatility spillover model to decompose total risk into a systematic and a country (industry) specific component. Contrary to most other studies, we explicitly allow market betas and asset-specific risks to vary with both structural changes and temporary fluctuations in the economic and financial environment. In a second step, we investigate the relative benefits of geographical and industry diversification by comparing average asset-specific volatilities and model-implied correlations across countries and industries. We find a large positive (negative) effect of the structural factors on country betas (country-specific volatility), especially in Europe, while industry betas are mainly determined by temporary factors. Not taking into account the time variation in betas leads to biases in measures of industry and country-specific risk of up to
one-third of total asset-specific volatility. After correcting for this bias, we find that under the influence of globalization and regional integration, the traditional dominance of geographical over industry diversification has been substantially reduced. In fact, over the last years, geographical and industry diversification roughly yield the same diversification benefits. Finally, our results indicate that the surge in industry risk at the end of the 1990s was partly (but not fully) related to the TMT bubble.


This paper proposes a new miniaturized half mode waveguide transmission line named the capacitively-Ioa ded half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (CLHMSIW). The principle of the design is studied, along with the extraction of the simulated complex propagation constant. The design is compared to the half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW), where it is shown that miniaturizations are possible of up to 45% compared to HMSIW. The radiation losses near cutoff are also shown to be decreased compared to the HMSIW. An experimental realization is presented, where good agreement between simulation and measurement is shown. Index Terms - Half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW), capacitively-Ioa ded, propagation properties.


To equip an older jackup, the Offshore Mercury, with a completely workable and reliable top drive at minimum cost and without sacrificing performance, Sonat Offshore Drilling installed a power-swivel drilling system that did not require heightening or strengthening the derrick. An electronic crown protection system was installed to allow the driller use of all available reduced crown clearance, thereby increasing drilling safety by reducing the probability of accidentally running the traveling block into the crown. In addition, they modified the DC-DC drilling power equipment to create a completely functional and low-cost alternative to installing additional AC power-generating capacity and an SCR system. When planning a cost-effective top-drive installation on the Offshore Mercury, they recognized that the rig did not fit the average jackup profile: It has a DC-DC electric power drilling system and only a 140-ft (43-m) derrick, rather than the more common SCR system and 147-ft (45-m) derrick. From costs studies made up to the middle of 1991, they believed they could save a significant amount if it were possible to install and use a top drive in a 147-ft (45-m) or even a 140-ft (43-m) derrick without having to extend and strengthen the derrick. This paper reviews themore » design of this system and the effectiveness of its performance.« less


The Care Quality Commission's recent report on sexual safety in adult social care was the successor of an earlier review of sexual safety on mental health wards. Helena Frankova examines its findin...


Abstract The NRAO 43m telescope has been refurbished and begun regular observations in the frequency range 170 - 1700 MHz. The 43 m operations support a Bi-Static Radar Collaboration to measure the Earth's ionospheric turbulence. Researchers from Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden have designed and built a unique design wide-band feed, 150 - 1700 MHz. Lincoln Laboratories/MIT has packaged the feed with room temperature low noise amplifiers. Lincoln Laboratories has installed a high-dynamic range RF system together with a wide-band sampler system. The NRAO operates the 43 m telescope according to schedules authored by Lincoln Laboratories. Currently the 43 m telescope is tracking spacecraft 48 hr a week. The tracking antenna operation is completely automated. A group at MIT/Haystack have installed a second radar experiment at the 43 m as well as an array of 6 'discone' antennas. Their experiment is testing the use of reflected FM radio stations as probes of the ionosphere.


Apert syndrome, also known as acrocephalosyndactyly, is one of the causes of craniofacial syndrome or deformity. It is a rare congenital disorder characterized by premature fusion of cranial sutures (craniosynostosis), malformation of skull, hands, face and feet. This congenital deformity has incidence of 1/50,000 to 1/80,000 live births and is an autosomal dominant in inheritance. Apert syndrome, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) and the missense substitution mutations occur at adjacent amino acids (i.e. Ser252Trp, Ser 252Phe, Pro253Arg) between the second and third extra cellular immunoglobulin domain of FGFR2, which maps to chromosome bands 10q26. Increased paternal age has been implicated in the development of Apert syndrome. The syndrome has to be thoroughly evaluated as early definitive diagnosis is important in order to distinguish Apert syndrome from other forms of craniosynostosis like Carpenter syndrome, Crouzon disease, Pfeiffer and Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. It is generally accepted that management of Apert syndrome is multidisciplinary in approach, which should compose of neonatologists, neurosurgeons, craniofacial surgeons, plastic surgeons, otolaryngologists, orthodontists, orthopaedic surgeons, ophthalmologists, radiologists, geneticists, clinical psychologists and speech and language pathologists for the effective management of this condition. Early diagnosis and treatment is important because Apert syndrome when treated early has good prognosis in adult life.


In this paper, we consider a renewal risk process with negative
 risk sums. We derive integral equations and integro-differential
 equations for the survival and ruin probabilities for the proposed
 model. Exact expression and upper and lower bounds for the
 ruin probability are obtained. We also present some closed form
 expressions for the survival and ruin probabilities under some
 certain choices of the claim amount distribution and the distribution of the
 inter-occurrence time of the claims.


Power ultrasonic vibrating system is the key part in ultrasonic technology.It is mainly composed of ultrasonic transducer,ultrasonic horn and radiator.In this paper,the analysis and optimization design of the sandwich piezoelectric transducer is outlined.Some new developments of ultrasonic transducers are also summarized,and the corresponding research trend is analyzed.


The operation of advanced planar MOSFET and FinFET transistors on SOI is investigated under high magnetic field. The geometrical magnetoresistance is observed when the Hall field is suppressed thanks to the device geometry. This method is free from any assumptions (oxide and body thickness, effective channel length, etc.) and delivers the most accurate and indisputable value of carrier mobility. Our measurements show, for the first time, the mobility behavior in FinFETs with double- and triple-gate and in ultrathin SOI MOSFETs. The magnetoresistance reveals the electron mobility in front or back channels as well as the impact of their interaction. A marked difference in mobility value and variation with gate voltage between the front and back channels is highlighted. A mobility discrepancy also appears between planar and FinFET transistors. Nonuniversal mobility curves with multibranch aspect result from the coexistence of several channels. This nonconventional behavior is explained by the variations in effective field and inversion charge centroid. The geometric magnetoresistance effect arises even in the lateral channels of FinFETs, an intriguing aspect that results from the device configuration.


The development and improvement of the performance evaluation system of Handan government starts from the model of water engineering in 1987.The performance evaluation is the main means of Handan City government performance evaluation system.This paper combines the qualitative assessment and quantitative evaluation method,and daily monitoring and periodic evaluation.Study on the government performance management thought,system and mechanism,and index system improves the administrative management level in Handan City,makes great contribution to the realization of the " Twelfth Five-Year Plan",the implementation of the tasks and requirements of the eighth provincial Party Congress,and guarantees the rapid and healthy development of economy and society.


After years of exposure in environmental conditions, the wood is subject to decay by chemical, mechanical, physical and biological agents. Consequently its physical and mechanical properties can be reduced, affecting their use. Timber used in bridge sustention columns is subject to intense decay process, mainly in outcrop area (area in contact to the ground), the most critical situation, because of the best combination of humidity e oxygen, factors that provide wood decay organisms. Decay process can be minimized with preventive maintenance, as wood impregnation with preservatives, before installation of the timber. After wood is installed, a periodical maintenance is necessary to conserve and prolong its life time. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate degradation occurred in timber columns used in Capela Bridge sustention, built with mixed system of wood and concrete, after 10-years-old of use. Located in Piracicaba - SP, Brazil, the bridge was made with Corymbia citriodora CCA-treated. The columns strength and degradation conditions were evaluated in 2 points with isntrumented driller. Point A was approximately 1,5 m of the ground and point B was in outcrop area. Instrumented driller results showed that all the columns, in both points, presented good strength and had no degradation level.


The network test bed under development by the Consortium on Wideband All-Optical Networks formed by MIT, DEC, and AT&T1 uses both frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) and time slotting of channels to serve diverse user communities. This approach has the potential for greater network efficiency, scalability, and flexibility in resource allocation than either FDM or time slotting provides alone. Emerging all-optical networks (AONs) must interface to the existing network infrastructure,2 especially those carrying SONET, FDDI, and ATM traffic. This paper demonstrates operation of a timeslotted FDM B-service constructed for our AON test bed, with OC-3 compatibility, and connectivity to conventional networks.


Key Points No CSR or affinity maturation was observed in AIDS38A/S38AMSH2−/− and AIDS38A/S38AUNG−/− mice. AID phosphorylated at serine 38 regulates BER- and MMR-dependent CSR and SHM. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) generates U:G mismatches in Ig genes that can be converted into untemplated mutations during somatic hypermutation or DNA double-strand breaks during class switch recombination (CSR). Null mutations in UNG and MSH2 demonstrate the complementary roles of the base excision repair (BER) and mismatch repair pathways, respectively, in CSR. Phosphorylation of AID at serine 38 was previously hypothesized to regulate BER during CSR, as the AID phosphorylation mutant, AID(S38A), cannot interact with APE1, a BER protein. Consistent with these findings, we observe a complete block in CSR in AIDS38A/S38AMSH2−/− mouse B cells that correlates with an impaired mutation frequency at 5′Sμ. Similarly, somatic hypermutation is almost negligible at the JH4 intron in AIDS38A/S38AMSH2−/− mouse B cells, and, consistent with this, NP-specific affinity maturation in AIDS38A/S38AMSH2−/− mice is not significantly elevated in response to NP-CGG immunization. Surprisingly, AIDS38A/S38AUNG−/− mouse B cells also cannot complete CSR or affinity maturation despite accumulating significant mutations in 5′Sμ as well as the JH4 intron. These data identify a novel role for phosphorylation of AID at serine 38 in mismatch repair–dependent CSR and affinity maturation.


Abstract. In this paper we study the number of carries occurring while performing an addition modulo . For a fixed modular integer t, it is natural to expect the number of carries occurring when adding a random modular integer a to be roughly the Hamming weight of t. Here we are interested in the number of modular integers in producing strictly more than this number of carries when added to a fixed modular integer . In particular it is conjectured that less than half of them do so. An equivalent conjecture was proposed by Tu and Deng in a different context. Although quite innocent, this conjecture has resisted different attempts of proof and only a few cases have been proved so far. The most manageable cases involve modular integers t whose bits equal to are sparse. In this paper we continue to investigate the properties of , the fraction of modular integers a to enumerate, for t in this class of integers. Doing so we prove that has a polynomial expression and describe a closed form for this expression. This is of particular interest for computing the function giving and studying it analytically. Finally, we bring to light additional properties of in an asymptotic setting and give closed-form expressions for its asymptotic values.


Escherichia coli (E. coli ) heat‐labile toxin (LT) is a potent mucosal immunogen and immunoadjuvant towards co‐administered antigens. LT is composed of one copy of the A subunit, which has ADP‐ribosylation activity, and a homopentamer of B subunits, which has affinity for the toxin receptor, the ganglioside GM1. Both the ADP‐ribosylation activity of LTA and GM1 binding of LTB have been proposed to be involved in immune stimulation. We investigated the roles of these activities in the immunogenicity of recombinant LT or LTB upon intranasal immunization of mice using LT/LTB mutants, lacking either ADP‐ribosylation activity, GM1‐binding affinity, or both. Likewise, the adjuvant properties of these LT/LTB variants towards influenza virus subunit antigen were investigated. With respect to the immunogenicity of LT and LTB, we found that GM1‐binding activity is essential for effective induction of anti‐LTB antibodies. On the other hand, an LT mutant lacking ADP‐ribosylation activity retained the immunogenic properties of the native toxin, indicating that ADP ribosylation is not critically involved. Whereas adjuvanticity of LTB was found to be directly related to GM1‐binding activity, adjuvanticity of LT was found to be independent of GM1‐binding affinity. Moreover, a mutant lacking both GM1‐binding and ADP‐ribosylation activity, also retained adjuvanticity. These results demonstrate that neither ADP‐ribosylation activity nor GM1 binding are essential for adjuvanticity of LT, and suggest an ADP‐ribosylation‐independent adjuvant effect of the A subunit.


Introduction: Methadone is the second most frequently reported cause of drug-induced cardiac arrest in pharmacovigilance databases, yet the mechanism of its pro-arrhythmia is unclear. Methadone-ind...


Morley, G. W. and Lindenauer, S. M. (Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich., USA).


In the analysis of the nuclear safety of complex nuclear systems, almost one-dimensional system thermal-hydraulics codes are to be used perhaps for a couple of decades from now. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools are accepted at present to be a support of such analyses and they are used coupled to systems codes or as separate analysis tools for isolated components with boundary conditions obtained from systems codes. The restricted acceptance of "pure" CFD codes is due to many reasons but two of them are relevant, namely a) the apparent lack of CFD grade experimental data and b) the need for a complete verification and validation (V&V) and the uncertainty quantification for the codes currently available. There is plenty of experimental data related to integral test facilities (ITFs) that constitute macroscopic systems behavior information and a consolidated data base for such purposes. Despite of this, additional verification cases may be added to the above mentioned consolidated data. The results presented in this paper, show how a validation case lead to find a not still reported (in the Authors knowledge) verification case. The problem is related to twinparallel-boiling channels, connected through common plena. This is, of course, a problem that deserved many tens of papers in the last four decades. Flow splitting without reversal was computationally found and to explain this behavior a theoretical model limited in scope was developed that was a posteriori verified using a particular systems code (RELAP5/MOD3.3) commonly applied to perform safety analyses of nuclear power plants. The rationale followed, the analysis performed and the confirmatory computational results found are summarized in this paper.


Price forecasting has become one of the main focus of electric power market research efforts since price is the key index to evaluate the market competition efficiency and reflects the operation condition of electricity market decision making. The work presented in this paper makes use of local linear wavelet neural networks (LLWNN) & ARMA to find the market price for a given period, with a certain confidence level. The results of the new method show significant improvement in the price forecasting process.


Nonspecific X-linked mental retardation (MRX) patients are characterized by mental retardation, without additional distinguishing features. Consequently, MRX families can only be distinguished by mapping studies; yet, due to imprecise mapping studies performed in the past, the number of genes causing MRX is debatable, and a more precise localization for families is necessary to estimate this number. MRX 9 has been mapped to the pericentromeric region Xp21-q13. We refined the mapping of the MRX9 family to Xp11.22-Xp11.4. A sequencing analysis of three likely candidate genes in Xp11, SREB3, synapsin I, and TM4SF2, revealed no mutations.


Measurements of the fluctuations in the mass transfer rate to small circular electrodes mounted flush with a pipe wall are used to study the unsteady nature of the viscous sublayer. These fluctuations in the mass transfer rate reflect flow fluctuations at y+ca 0.5. From these measurements it is concluded that the flow disturbances are elongated in the direction of flow and are characterized by a time scale equal to the diameter of the pipe divided by the bulk average velocity. An attempt is made to relate the mass transfer fluctuations to the fluctuation in velocity gradient at the wall. It is concluded that the ratio of the root-mean-square fluctuating velocity gradient at the wall to the average velocity gradient at the wall is at least 0.11.


This research aims to create a smart home control system that can facilitate human activities at home such as turning on and off the lights, open and close the door, set the room temperature, maintain home security, open and close the fence gate with Android smartphone as a remote alsoArduino Uno Microcontroller as control system which is using bluetooth as communication media. Testing result shows that this application using Android smartphones can replace the function of switch.


Extra connectivity is an important indicator of the robustness of a multiprocessor system in presence of failing processors. The g-extra conditional diagnosability and the t/m-diagnosability are two important diagnostic strategies at system-level that can significantly enhance the system's self-diagnosing capability. The g-extra conditional diagnosability is defined under the assumption that every component of the system removing a set of faulty vertices has more than g vertices. The t/m-diagnosis strategy can detect up to t faulty processors which might include at most m misdiagnosed processors, where m is typically a small integer number. In this paper, we analyze the combinatorial properties and fault tolerant ability for an (n, k)-arrangement graph, denoted by An,k, a well-known interconnection network proposed for multiprocessor systems. We first establish that the An,k's one-extra connectivity is (2k - 1) (n - k) - 1 (k ≥ 3, n ≥ k + 2), two-extra connectivity is (3k - 2)(n - k) - 3 (k ≥ 4, n ≥ k + 2), and three-extra connectivity is (4k - 4)(n - k) - 4 ( k ≥ 4, n ≥ k + 2 or k ≥ 3, n ≥ k + 3), respectively. And then, we address the g-extra conditional diagnosability of An,k under the PMC model for 1 ≤ g ≤ 3. Finally, we determine that the (n, k)-arrangement graph An,k is [(2k - 1)(n - k) - 1]/1-diagnosable (k ≥ 4, n ≥ k + 2), [(3k - 2)(n - k) - 3]/2-diagnosable (k ≥ 4, n ≥ k + 2), and [(4k - 4)(n - k) - 4]/3-diagnosable (k ≥ 4, n ≥ k + 3) under the PMC model, respectively.


In accordance with an aspect of providing trust and authentication for network communications and transactions, a network infrastructure is provided that employs biometric private keys (BioPKI). Generally, BioPKI is a unique combination of two software solutions that validate electronic user authentication: a state- of-the-art biometric signature system, and a digital signature for data integrity. The combined solution allows networked businesses and merchants such as financial institutions to ensure that user authentication is conducted in a trusted, secure fashion within standard network environments. In one example implementation, a biometric signature augments standard digital signatures by adding an automated, non-reputable user authentication capability to the existing digital signature process. In contrast to simple verification in a pure biometric- based system or digital signature/certificate environment, BioPKI uses a combination of biometric technology to access private keys in order to create digital signatures based on biometric authentication and industry- standard PKI technologies.


Presents information on a study which proposed a decision support system (DSS) for a petroleum pipeline route selection with the application of analytical hierarchy process. Factors governing route-selection for cross-country petroleum pipelines; Application of the DSS from an Indian perspective; Cost benefit comparison of the shortest route and the optimal route; Results and findings.


Objectives: Complications in the kidneys (nephropathy) are one of the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) most common microvascular and estimated to reach 30–40% of all sufferers of DM. Until now there is no cure drug that can prevent diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, the handling of this issue should be done seriously, one of them through an exploration of drug discovery and drug material. Ristoja in 2015 in the ethnic Javanese Banyumasan successfully explores the types of plants, herb, and traditional medicine culture. One is conducted by the Kaliputih Traditional Medicine, Batur, Banjarnegara, Central Java. Based on the results of the interview, traditional medicine has herb for disease therapy kidney failure which consists of 11 species of plants.Methods: The herbs were extracted by infundation method. Sprague Dawley albino male rats were divided into 3 groups (normal, positive, and negative) and 3 sample test groups with 3 different doses (18, 36, and 54 mL/kg body weight [BW]) previously induced streptozotocin. Observations were carried on the levels blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, uric acid, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) kidney immunohistochemically and histology analysis.Results: Statistical results showed a significant increase of BUN levels in all dose variation groups after being given herbs, compared to the negative control group. The result of the examination of biochemical parameters of creatinine levels statistic showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in the dose 18 and 36 mL/kg BW compare with the negative group. The result of the study on histopathology kidney organs there are are damages to each test in each organ that is necrosis. The result of NF-κB, COX-2, and TGF-β expression no significant decrease compared with the negative controls.Conclusion: The herbs are not capable of nephropathy diabetic and need more research to know that activity as nephroprotective.


As the boundary between the sea and the land, information on the location and type of coastline constantly changes with environmental changes in coastal zones. Monitoring of coastline changes in long time series becomes important for the monitoring and assessment of the coastal zone environment. In this study, Landsat series images from five time periods (1990, 2000, 2010, 2015, and 2020) were selected for monitoring and analyzing the changes in coastline length, sea–land pattern, the index of coastline diversity, and fractal dimension characteristics. Our conclusions are as follows: (1) The lengths of the entire coastline and the artificial coastline of mainland China increased from 30,041.22 km and 10,022.49 km in 1990 to 32,977.34 km and 17,660.84 km in 2020, with annual change rates of 97.87 km/year and 254.61 km/year, respectively. From 1990 to 2020, the rate of natural coastline decreased from 66.68% to 42.29%, and the artificial coastline increased from 33.32% to 57.71%. (2) The length of natural coastline decreased from 20,018.73 km to 15,316.5 km; among the types of natural coastline, the length of sandy coastline and bedrock coastline decreased the most, at 2062.95 km and 1815.8 km, respectively. (3) The coastal zone of mainland China had a significant increase in land area, with a net increase of about 10,902.55 km2. (4) The index of coastline diversity continued to decrease, and the coastline structure tended to be simple. The fractal dimension of the mainland coastline was consistent with the trend of the length of the coastline, which basically shows an increasing trend. Therefore, the length of the mainland coastline and artificial coastline displayed an upward trend between 1990 and 2020, which also led to simpler coastline diversity and more complex coastline shapes. Since the first year of the SDGs (2015), the growth rate of the artificial coastline has decreased by 158.32 km/year compared with that between 2010 and 2015. In recent years, China has enacted a number of laws, regulations, and action plans to protect its coastline, and it has proposed that by 2020, the proportion of natural coastline will be no less than 35%. The rapid development of China's coastal areas drives the construction of coastal zone cities but also creates a variety of challenges for the ecological environment of the coastal zone, and the management and sustainable use of the mainland coastline resources should be further strengthened.


A young lady with epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica et albo-papuloidea Pasini t(EBDAP) is reported. The diagnosis could be made through the clinico-morphological picture of albo-papuloid efflorescence


The role of paclitaxel in the treatment of femoropopliteal peripheral arterial disease is currently ambiguous. A summary-level meta-analysis of randomised trials published in 2018 demonstrated that paclitaxel-coated devices were associated with an increased all-cause mortality in those who underwent treatment at 2 years and 5 years. Further evaluation has been undertaken to establish whether there is a specific dose response, mechanism or reproducible signal. At this time, there has been no confirmation of dose response, as was initially asserted by the summary-level meta-analysis. No mechanism of harm has been identified. Although an association with increased mortality has been confirmed by patient-level meta-analysis, the strength of the signal has been inconsistent. The information suggests there is only an association between paclitaxel-coated devices and increased all-cause mortality, not causation. The authors encourage additional studies designed to follow long-term results after treatment with paclitaxel-coated devices, using real patient data, before a conclusion can be made.


This thesis examines three structural elements of Jane Austen's novels and the ways in which three recent internet adaptations recreate these techniques. The techniques highlighted here are metafictional awareness, detailed representations of daily life, and the creation of a community between audience and character. The paper is divided into four portions: 1) an introduction to place the internet adaptations in a context to other adaptations, 2) an analysis of metafiction in The Lizzie Bennet Diaries and Pride & Prejudice, 3) the representation of daily life in Welcome to Sanditon and Sanditon and 4) creation of a community in Emma Approved and Emma.


Many cities in the western US face difficult challenges in trying to secure water supplies for rapidly growing urban populations in the context of intensifying water scarcity. We obtained annual data from urban water utilities across the western US to document trends in their water usage and service populations. We found that many cities have been able to accommodate population increases while simultaneously reducing their volume of water use, thereby decoupling growth from water use. This outcome is largely attributable to reductions in per-capita residential use. We identify additional untapped potential that can sustain and widen this decoupling for many cities.


ÖZ Introduction: Appendicitis is one of the most common causes of acute abdomen in General Surgery practice. Although ultrasonography and abdominal tomography have high sensitivity and specificity for Appendicitis, their use may not be appropriate in all cases. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and platelet/lymphocyte ratio can be used to predict Appendicitis. This study aims to compare the less studied novel Systemic immune-inflammatory index's success in predicting Appendicitis with the neutrophil/lymphocyte and Platelet/lymphocyte ratios. Method: The data of patients who were operated on for Appendicitis in our clinic between 2005-2021 were reviewed retrospectively. We divided the patients into two groups regarding the histopathologic examinations as those with Appendicitis or not. Neutrophil/lymphocyte, Platelet/lymphocyte ratio, Systemic inflammatory index were calculated for each patient. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis was used to assess the performances of the test scores for Appendicitis.. Results: A total of 205 patients were included in the study. There were 105 patients in the appendicitis group and 100 patients in the non-appendicitis group. SII (AUC: 0.713) and NLR (AUC: 0.764) were found to be valuable for predicting Appendicitis, but PLR (AUC: 0.442) was not. Discussion and Conclusion: NLR and SII are valuable markers that can assist physical examination in predicting Appendicitis in cases where imaging methods cannot be used.


Environmentally sensitive lighting both reduces light pollution of the night sky and cuts down on wasted energy. In this article, the latest professional guidance for lighting engineers is reported on. Lighting standards are given in British Standard BS 5489:1992, Parts 1-10. Two recent publications described in this article are: (1) Road lighting and the environment from the Department of Transport, 1993; and (2) Starry starry night, published jointly in 1994 by the Council for Protection of Rural England and the British Astronomial Association.


This paper addresses the issue of robust data hiding in the presence of perceptual coding. Two common classes of data hiding schemes are considered: spread spectrum and quantization-based techniques. We identify analytically the advantages of both approaches under the lossy compression class of attacks. Based on our mathematical model, a novel hybrid data hiding algorithm which exploits the best of both worlds is presented. Theoretical and simulation results demonstrate the superior robustness of the resulting hybrid scheme.


By clarifying the approach of Luan (Phys. Rev. E, 2009), we can generalize the analysis of dispersive (meta)materials, and treat other material responses involving not only loss, but also gain and coherent response.


A system including a multimedia player application is provided to reproduce in a selected bookmarked position after a player application bookmarks the position accurately in reproducing. A system including a multimedia player application(102) comprises: a step producing a bookmark including the current state of a multimedia navigator(106) program; and a step for providing the bookmark for a multimedia player application. The bookmark includes an identifier generated by calculating an algorithm showing multimedia contents. The algorithm comprises: a step for collecting and arranging the directory of a file name and in lexicographic order; a step for calculating CPU value to each file header; a step for calculating the CPU value to data from a VMGI file; and a step for calculating the CPU value to the data from a VTSI file. The multimedia content includes DVD(digital versatile disc) contents.


This article presents the ARU algorithm, a general non-interactive algorithm for the unfolding of detector effects (resolution effects, efficiency, non-linear response) from one-dimensional data distributions. ARU uses an unbinned maximum-likelihood fit with a weighted regularization term, based on the relative information in the solution with respect to a reference distribution. The optimal regularization weight is found by minimizing the mean squared error of the solution. The algorithm's performance is demonstrated in a study of a toy data sets. The analysis shows that the bias on average is smaller than the statistical uncertainties which are properly estimated by the fit.


According to the existing problems in the practice teaching of "electronic technology foundation", a practical teaching system based on comprehensive training of students' engineering practice ability is constructed. The practical teaching system organically integrates the practical teaching and extracurricular practice teaching in class, and supports each other. The practical teaching in the course embodies the teaching concept of "basic, comprehensive and advanced", and adopts the hierarchical training scheme to meet the requirements of different teaching objects. At the same time, it further optimizes the practical teaching content and improves the practical teaching method. The extracurricular practice adopts "multi-level, open and comprehensive" teaching mode by relying on science and technology innovation and discipline competition, maximizing the innovation potential of students.


In this paper the stability analysis of nonlinear systems is studied through different approaches. The main idea of the paper is to map the original class of nonlinear systems into a smaller subclass of systems described by multivariate polynomial functions, for which the study of stability is available. Thus all these reformulations present a new way to analyze nonlinear systems, through analyzing their polynomial counterparts.


PURPOSE: To prevent a defect of varnished internal and external surfaces of an aluminum container by making a thread on the container using a tool which rolls on an external surface of a container neck and a quasi-stationary tool which supports a container material at an inside of the neck. CONSTITUTION: When a thread is formed on a neck 10 of an aluminum container, a cylindrical screw pitch gauge 40 having a helicoidal female die 41 is inserted into the neck 10, and at the same time, a thread roll 50 is positioned at the outside of the neck 10. The gauge 40 and roll 50 are rotated in the relatively opposite directions by the movement of the axes T and U. Thus, the gauge 40 comes into contact with the inside surface of the neck 10 at the time when the roll 50 is positioned at the outside. Then, a thread 51 of the roll 50 is pushed into the neck material until the depth of the thread to be rolled, and also the roll 40 is rotated around the neck to form a required thread. COPYRIGHT: (C)1993,JPO


With a boost in the capacity of Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA),it takes an increasing amount of time to compile the design.In the design flow,placement is one of the most runtime-expensive steps.We propose a novel placement algorithm DPSA(Dynamic Parallel Simulated Annealing) on the basis of parallel simulated annealing and employs a dynamic updating strategy of swapping times.In the experiments,by using four CPU cores,DPSA is 2.9 times faster than the serial placement algorithm VPR and simultaneously gets 4% improvement on placement quality.Moreover,the acceleration performance of DPSA is scalable with the increase of CPU cores.Finally,the placement result of DPSA is deterministic because it uses synchronization between threads.


Canada has produced a comprehensive ethical policy for all research involving people. It is the first time such a policy has been endorsed by all academic disciplines, according to Dr Henry Friesen, president of the Medical Research Council of Canada.

The Medical Research Council of Canada, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, and the Social Sciences and Humanities …


In this paper, the removal of phenol by using aqueous solution in a low pressure reverse osmosis membrane was investigated. The effect of feed pressure, feed concentration, feed flow rate and feed pH on phenol rejection was investigated. The results showed that feed pH is the most affective parameter on the phenol rejection. Rejection of phenol increased with increasing pH from 2 to 10 under the best conditions. According to the results, there was a critical pressure in this separation and for pressures higher than this pressure, phenol rejection decreased. Feed flow rate had a positive effect on the phenol rejection but the effect of feed concentration was similar to the effect of feed pressure. The results showed that the maximum rejection was measured equal to 71% at 200 mg/L, 408.1 kPa, pH =10 and 1.172 L/min feed flow rate.


Enterprises have gained much more profits in the development of higher education in china.According to the Marxism theory of reproduction and labor value,the enterprise should input more fund to universities besides the revenue payout based on the benefit principle,payment ability principle and social equity principle.But the essential attribute of enterprises' profitable maximum determines that enterprises themselves are lack of internal driving power,so it is important for governments to urge enterprises to input universities by means of taxation.To introduce a new type of human resource tax is the most effective measure to increase enterprises' contribution to higher education.The People's Congress and The Political Consultative Conference have passed a new law about the enterprise tax in 2007,which will alleviate enterprises' burden by incorporating income tax.The policy will give a chance to charge enterprises for using human resources.It is urgent to raise the enterprises' inputs in higher education of China.


Kongzi's thought comes largely from the essence of Laozi's thought. The "ranking system", "philanthropism","ontology"of Kongzi's thought were influenced by Laozi's to a certain degree. And the result of this influence leads to the development of Laozi's thought. This is an important problem which we must pay special attention to when we review Kongzi's thought and analyze the philosophical thought of the pre-Qin dynasty of China.


The synthesis of side-chain liquid-crystalline polymethacrylates containing (2S)-2-chloro-4-methylvaleric acid end groups and 1,2-diphenylethane based mesogenic units is presented. Differential scanning calorimetry, optical polarizing microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to determine the thermal transitions and to analyze the anisotropic phases. Among the methacrylate monomers prepared in this study, those without lateral chloro substituent show only a smetic A phase while those with a lateral chloro substituent display a cholesteric phase. All polymers exhibit smectic mesomorphism and do not undergo side-chain crystallization. All four polymethacrylates without lateral chloro substituents reveal enantiotropic smectic A and smectic B phases while the other four polymethacrylates with lateral chloro substituents reveal enantiotropic smectic A and chiral smectic C phases. The results seem to demonstrate that incorporating a lateral chloro substituent into the mesogenic core enhances the formation of a tilted chiral smectic C phase.


The Qiangtang basin is now one of the hot areas of petroleum exploration in China. Recent geophysical and petroleum geological survey and INDEPTH-3 deep exploration have revealed the following points: (1) In the basin, hydrocarbon source rocks, reservoir rocks and seal rocks, as well as their association are quite good, with local structures well developed, which is favorable for the formation and preservation of petroleum accumulations, and faults will not constitute a vital problem; the main target in the future work will be the Upper Triassic-Middle Jurassic intermediate tectonic layer.(2)A new tectonic division into the second- and third-order structures in the basin has been made and the existence of the Central Qiangtang uplift has been negated; the main structures at the surface of the basin are oriented in a NW-SE direction and characterized by the form of "three subbasins and three rises" and "a deep subbasin", among which the main subsidence zone and its two sides are the most favorable areas. (3)The intense interaction between crust and mantle in the area led to repeated volcanic and thermal activities, which has significant influence on petroleum prospect evaluation in the northern part of the basin; whereas the southern part of the basin has been subjected to less deep-seated thermal influence because of its thick sediments and therefore is more favorable for petroleum finding. (4)It is a task of top priority to ascertain the physical parameters of deep-seated rocks, mode of occurrence of petroleum, sources of hydrocarbon and coincidence between the upper and lower structures. The focus should be on intensifying the investigation and evaluation of sites of interest.(5)The petroleum prospects in the Tertiary Lunpola continental basin should not be ignored because petroleum might be accumulated in marine rocks on its two sides.


The Twilight franchise, based upon the popular Young Adult vampire romantic series, is, unquestionably, female-driven. However, the series' romantic themes and enthusiastic female fans, as well as the public disdain they have received, have overshadowed the male fans of the series. To explore male fans' interest in Twilight, how they reconciled their masculine identities with their attraction to a feminine text, and what they learned from Twilight's romantic messages, we discuss our findings from surveys and group interviews with male Twilight fans. Both the lack of scholarly literature on male audiences of romantic media and the experiences of male Twilight fans reveal that we know little about the roles romantic media play in boys' and men's lives. We argue that studying male audiences of romantic media is a useful approach to begin to build an understanding of the roles feminine media forms play in boys' and men's gendered identities.


An absolute electrical substitution radiometer is a way to ensure highly accurate and stable measurement of optical power in a wide range of optical wavelengths. Its sensitivity is mainly determined by the temperature stability of the equithermal bath and the electrical noise of the temperature readout. In this article we investigate the noise background of different preamplifiers in combination with different types of temperature sensors. The 1/f noise of temperature sensors and Johnson thermal noise of preamplifiers were chosen as a figure of merit. The results from our measurements are discussed.


This paper first examines quality of service as it applies to the Transport Service of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model. Quality of service and some of the quality of service parameters applicable to the Transport Service are discussed. Also presented is a new concept concerning the "building-up" of quality of service. These ideas are then used to discuss the concept of robustness.


The new 24.4km dual, two-lane Glasgow Southern Orbital (GSO) road, UK, was constructed for East Renfrewshire County Council by Balfour Beatty Civil Engineering Ltd. The M77 extension part of the project runs south from Malletsheugh to Fenwick and the remainder connects the M77/A77 junction to the A726 at Philipshill, East Kilbride. The construction programme is outlined and the challenges to the project are discussed. Two falsework systems were used: Alshor Plus and Kwikstage Shoring 75. The Alshor Plus lightweight aluminium shoring system made the most significant contribution towards achieving the project's timescale targets. The system had fewer components than conventional falsework systems, allowing fast erection and dismantling. Ease of use was based on the base jacks and the unique load release mechanism. The Alshor Plus falsework was used in a bird-cage skeletal configuration. Slab edge formwork restraint was provided by Superslim Soldier uprights, to which horizontal Alform beams were clamped.


Seasonal circulation and three‐dimensional thermohaline structure within the Panama Bight are examined by employing satellite‐derived sea surface winds and dense in‐situ hydrographic datasets. The northerly Panama wind jet, associated with a dipole structure of wind stress curl that is positive (negative) on its eastern (western) flank, dominates the bight in winter. This wind jet generates a cyclonic eddy with mean geostrophic velocities of 60 cm s−1, including the poleward flowing coastal Colombia Current, and induces a well pronounced thermocline dome. As a result, temperature (salinity) in the bight is much colder (saltier) than in its surrounding waters. Winds blow from southwesterly directions in summer and the bight is dominated by an anticyclonic eddy associated with a thermocline bowl. Mean geostrophic velocities are on the order of 40 cm s−1 and the Colombia Current is not observed. Temperature (salinity) in the bight is much warmer (fresher) than in its surrounding waters.


ABSTRACT The Kadambas of Goa of south India emerged as a notable ruling power in Goa in the tenth century CE. This article discusses the nature of the interaction between the rulers and the ruled, utilising the early state theory of Henri J.M. Claessen. To achieve political and social authority, the kings of this early state employed diverse strategies. Some of these schemes involved elaborating a genealogy and entering into matrimonial alliances with the dominant powers of the region. But reciprocity and distribution of power also played an important role in achieving legitimacy for the rulers. The creation of brahmana settlements resulted in agrarian expansion and the establishment of the puranic order, which went a long way in achieving legitimacy for the ruling class, allowing the temporal and spiritual authorities to interact with each other.


In addition to CD4+ T lymphocytes, cells of the myeloid lineage such as macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and osteoclasts (OCs) are emerging as important target cells for HIV‐1, as they likely participate in all steps of pathogenesis, including sexual transmission and early virus dissemination in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues where they can constitute persistent virus reservoirs. At least in vitro, these myeloid cells are poorly infected by cell‐free viral particles. In contrast, intercellular virus transmission through direct cell‐to‐cell contacts may be a predominant mode of virus propagation in vivo leading to productive infection of these myeloid target cells. HIV‐1 cell‐to‐cell transfer between CD4+ T cells mainly through the formation of the virologic synapse, or from infected macrophages or dendritic cells to CD4+ T cell targets, have been extensively described in vitro. Recent reports demonstrate that myeloid cells can be also productively infected through virus homotypic or heterotypic cell‐to‐cell transfer between macrophages or from virus‐donor‐infected CD4+ T cells, respectively. These modes of infection of myeloid target cells lead to very efficient spreading in these poorly susceptible cell types. Thus, the goal of this review is to give an overview of the different mechanisms reported in the literature for cell‐to‐cell transfer and spreading of HIV‐1 in myeloid cells.


This book is a terrific read and should be read cover to cover by all practising genitourinary medicine physicians and trainees. Generally the quality of the writing is excellent. Genitourinary medicine is a rapidly advancing field so read the …


Inter-individual variability in drug response is common and can often pose problems that can turn out to be serious. This variability can originate from both patient's characteristics (age, genetic and environmental factors) and disease's etiology and pathophysiology. Based on patient's unique genetic and non genetic characteristics, personalized medicine is a rapidly advancing field that aimsto optimize medical care. For many years, clinical pharmacology aimed atdosage individualization of compounds with low therapeutic index. Since the establishment of the Human Genome Project, Pharmacogenomics emerged as a promising area thatwill allow health care providers to tailor each individual's therapy based on his/her inherited characteristics.