The role of parentheses in A. Cherchesov novel "The Wreath on the Grave of the Wind" is raised in the article. The purpose of the study is to identify the types of insert structures and determine the features of their functioning in the text of the novel. Various factors that determine the nature of parenthesis are considered. It is shown that the author uses parenthesis to deeply reveal the inner world of the characters, the motives for their actions, to emphasize the multi-vector relations of people in the world around. It is revealed that in the novel the parenthesis is represented by syntactic units of different sizes, from a homogeneous member of a sentence to a super-phrasal unity, and is framed by brackets and double-sided dashes. The authors come to the conclusion that the parenthesis is a source of additional information, it allows interpreting the text based not only on the idea of the external events of the novel, but also on the analysis of the thoughts of the author and the characters presented in the parenthetic constructions of the text. It has been established that parentheses in the speech of female characters are more significant in volume and more emotional than parenthetic constructions representing the thoughts of male characters. It is proved that parenthetic constructions perform the functions of clarifying, explaining, detailing, conveying the psycho-emotional state of the characters or the narrator, demonstrating the author's attitude to what is being stated.


The article describes methods for modifying glass and basalt fibers and threads, and composite materials from them. Special attention is paid to plasma methods. Twisted glass thread and basalt twisted thread are investigated in the work. Plasma treatment was used to modify the threads. The type of plasma is nonequilibrium, low-temperature; the type of discharge is high-frequency capacitive. The results of research of thread properties, such as morphological changes and breaking load of threads. The plasma-treated and non-treated samples of threads were compared. The modes of plasma modification of threads in which the increase of breaking load strength of glass threads up to 23 % and of basalt threads up to 10 % is achieved have been established.


Objective
To investigate the application and effect of hydrocortisone during perioperation of retroperitoneum laparoscopic surgery for Cushing's syndrome.

Methods
Data of 56 cases of Cushings's syndrome treated by hormone replacement therapy of hydrocortisone were retrospectively analyzed. The hormone replacement therapy was as the following: no hormone before surgery, intravenous drip of hydrocortisone during and the 1st and 2nd day after surgery, oral intake of hydrocortisone from the 2nd after surgery. Clinical symptoms were observed and plasma, 24h urine cortisol levels were intermittently measured after the surgery to evaluate the effects of treatment.

Results
2 cases had slight cortical dysfunction symptoms, then back to normal after receiving larger dose of hydrocortisone. 6 cases had blood cortisol levels below the normal range, but they did not have cortical dysfunction symptoms, and at the same time their 24h urine cortisol levels were normal. Urine cortisol concentration significantly decreased on the 7th day after surgery, and had significant difference compared with that before surgery. Plasma cortisol concentration significantly decreased on the 6th, 7th day after surgery, and had significant difference compared with that before operation. All the cases recovered well.

Conclusion
Perioperative hydrocortisone replacement in retroperitoneum laparoscopic surgery for Cushing's syndrome is safe.

Key words:
Cushing syndrome; Hydrocortisone; Hormone replacement therapy


What I would like to accomplish in these meeting... 1. Representing nonlinear functions in a higher dimensional linear space. (Generalized) total least squares. 2. Nonlinear least squares estimation. The Levenberg-Marquardt method. 3. Mean shift in the Euclidean domain for segmentation and for tracking. 4. Applying nonlinear mean shift to different types of Riemannian manifold. 5. Mean shift clustering in the kernel space. Only very few cannot-link and must-link pairs are known. 6. Robust estimator for multiple inlier structures. Beside the objective function nothing else is provided. ...and will see how much I can really do. 2 Linear vs. nonlinear objective functions in computer vision. The case Ψ ∈ R k×q (q > 1) is beyond the goal of this course. The inlier points at the input, in general, satisfy a nonlinear objective function. The Ψ can be separated into a matrix of the measurements and a new parameter vector, both being derived from the input Ψ (y i , β) = Φ(y i)θ(β) Φ(y) ∈ R k×m θ(β) ∈ R m. This is a higher dimensional linear relation if we write it as a function of carrier vectors, x The intercept α is not pulled out separately here. 3 A carrier contains both elements of the input measurement and pairwise products of these elements. Each of the ζ carriers are different and all these estimates must satisfy the samê θ. The ζ relations concatenated by rows is quasi-equal to 0 ζ and k = ζ. As will be seen later, a difference exist between k and ζ when you use it for robust estimation of the objective function. If ζ is larger that one, will take only a maximum between all ζ carriers and will do the processing in the null space with dimension k = 1.


A neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser used in a pulsed mode is coupled to and passed through a single quartz fiber optic cable at peak power levels required for laser material processing. This flexible fiber permits laser cutting, drilling, and welding of metals with a robot. Metals in excess of 2 mm (0.080 inches) thick have been laser cut.A neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser used in a pulsed mode is coupled to and passed through a single quartz fiber optic cable at peak power levels required for laser material processing. This flexible fiber permits laser cutting, drilling, and welding of metals with a robot. Metals in excess of 2 mm (0.080 inches) thick have been laser cut.


Given the prevalence of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in hospitals as reported by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it becomes crucial that hospitals adopt effective strategies to address HAIs. The purpose of the present manuscript is to develop a new multi-component and multi-level intervention to prevent HAIs based on systematic review of the limitations of prior interventions. The methods including location, strategies, and data collection tools of prior interventions to decrease HAIs are reviewed. The logic model of the proposed intervention includes the inputs, activities, outputs, and short-, medium-, and long-term outcomes. The proposed intervention targets nurses, physicians, and hospital administrators as they are the key stakeholders involved in hospital-acquired infections. For nurses, physicians, and administrators, the proposed intervention involves use of patient safety guidelines, enhanced hygiene strategy, adherence to safety guidelines, patient bathing, antibiotics control, screening and cohorting, and surveillance. For patients, the intervention focuses on training on hands and environmental hygiene. The intervention uses a mixed-methods qualitative and quantitative design where attitudes, knowledge, and practices are assessed using questionnaires with open-ended and close-ended questions. A qualitative process evaluation among providers and patients assesses the implementation of the intervention. The implications of the project for practice, future research, and policy are discussed. reducing the potential spread of HAIs among hospitalized patients. The study assessed knowledge and practices of on HAIs prevention in context. The cross-sectional study involving 139 nurses completed self-administered questionnaires between and 2019. The results revealed that about 52.5% of the surveyed nurses exhibited good knowledge while 48.6 exhibited good practices on HAIs prevention. The knowledge is attributable to formal training and work experience, as well as availability of prevention guidelines.


The carrier diffusion length (LD) is of great relevance to the quantum efficiencies of organic-inorganic perovskites. However, so far there is no direct and noncontact measurement of the carrier diffusion length in this emerging material. Herein, we directly visualize the carrier diffusion length of organic-inorganic perovskites via spatial mapping of photoluminescence. Our results reveal that the carrier diffusion length (LD) is 6.25 μm for three-dimensional FAPbBr3 single crystals. Further, we discover that nonlinear and nonradiative effects can be neglectable during the diffusion process of photogenerated carriers in FAPbBr3 single crystals. In contrast, two-dimensional BA2PbI4 single crystals display shorter LD (2.40 μm) due to the transport barrier from their insulating organic layer. Our work simplifies the complicated operation for carrier diffusion length measurements, which is fundamentally important for technical development and scientific research on organic-inorganic perovskites.


Wall wash samples were collected at man-made coal measures exposures between 3 days and 138 years old to understand to evolution of wall wash chemistry with time. Acidity in the wall wash solutions decreased rapidly from a maximum of >1000mg/L H2SO4 to <1mg/L H2SO4 as the age of the exposure increases. e composition of acidity also changes, at young exposures (≤1y) Fe Lewis acidity is the most abundant form of acid, at sites 3-18y old Al Lewis acidity is most abundant and at sites 45-130y old, proton acidity is most abundant. Trace element concentrations in wall wash (Zn, Ni, Co, Cd & Mn) also decrease 3-4 orders of magnitude with increasing age of exposure.


Experimental Researches on the Injection of Gas into the VeinsBy MM. Pierre Delbet and Mocquot, of Paris (Revue de Chirurgie, March, 1908).?The experiments described in this most interesting and suggestive article were undertaken as a preliminary to the work which one of the authors proposed to do on the subject of venous anastomosis. It is impossible to effect a venous anastomosis without a certain quantity of air finding its way into the vessels operated on. The purpose of the investigation was to find out whether the small quantity of gas introduced was likely to produce any harmful result. Literature on the subject was full of contradictory reports, and gave the authors no certain guidance. Most experimenters have directed their researches towards discovering the quantity of air which, introduced into the veins, can kill. Air itself is not a poison, and to talk of the "toxic quantity" is to put the problem in a wrong


Agile Kanban method recently is gaining increasing attention and popularity in software development organizations (SDOs). This method has numerous advantages that make it performs better than other Agile methods in terms of managing software projects. However, different studies revealed that this method has significant challenges that negatively impact the scheduling of the development process. Therefore, late delivery of software projects may occur, thus the rate of projects' failures will be increased. In response, this paper aims to explicate the current challenges in progress monitoring task of Agile Kanban method. Accordingly, the results gave insights to bridge that gap by developing an improved software project monitoring task model of Agile Kanban method. To do so, we identified the components and criteria that affect software project monitoring task, and then an initial model has proposed. The initial model consists of three main components, which are (1) extending progress tracking, (2) generating optimum WIP limits, and (3) visualizing useful insights for workflow. Further research can be focused on developing and evaluating the proposed model through discussion with the knowledge and domain experts.


Based on the distribution of the load curve,this paper uses the fuzzy membership function method to divide the peak-valley time period. Combined with a collection of classified ideas, the paper introduces a threshold index function to determine the time period. By reference to the characteristics of the time period partition scheme which has been implemented,the paper presents correction strategies to adjust some points which are difficult to define the time attribute. Considering differences of electricity consumption in four quarters, the paper proposes an annual consolidated peak-valley time period partition model by the weighted two-norm function method.Studies of a regional case prove that the integrated program is better in line with the distribution of load curves and can effectively stimulate the users' demand response.


This article is part of a larger project that I began more than 10 years ago during my first visit to Gujarat in February 2001. In addition to all those from the state machinery who prefer to remain anonymous, I want to thank those who have helped me in this research – in alphabetical order: J S Bandukwala, Shabnam Hashmi, Ashish Khetan, Martin Macwan, Mallika Sarabhai, Teesta Setalvad, Gagan Sethi, Ghanshyam Shah, Mukul Sinha, Vinay Sitapati and M M Tirmizi. I am most grateful to the anonymous referee of this article for very useful comments. The shortcomings remain mine.


It is worthy of mention that the use of fuzzy logic within car-following models as the latest distinct stage in their development. But, the research of membership degree functions of the car-following models based on fuzzy logic is dissatisfactory. So, this paper employs least squares to fit discrete data, and their membership functions are obtained. Finally, the approach is illustrated by a case study. The results show this approach is satisfactory and wide applicability.


One of the ethological challenges of planetary exploration is the adaptation of human behavior in isolated and confined environments at the individual and group level. The fundamental question is how the interplanetary crew members can optimize their relationship with the space environment by regulating physiological effects and coping with psychological factors. Social and environmental conditions become more extreme with increased duration of the mission, particularly when social deprivation and spatial confinement exceeds periods of beyond 500 days, as in the case of a Mars mission. For this reason, we conducted an ethological study during the Mars-500 experiment at the Institute of Biomedical Problems (IBMP) in Moscow-Russia from June 2010 to November 2011. This experiment was designed to simulate the living and working conditions of a space crew during a 250-day voyage to Mars, a 30-day stay and a 240-day return trip, totalling 520 days under extreme conditions. The multi-cultural crew was composed of three Russians, two Europeans and one Chinese (n=6 males). The facilities comprised four hermetically sealed interconnected modules (550 m 3 ) and a Martian surface module (1200 m 3 ). We focused the ethological analysis both on verbal and non-verbal behaviors using Observer XT® software. State (actions, interactions, communications) and point (facial expressions, collateral activities) events were scored from video recordings made every two weeks at breakfast time and every month during group discussions within the habitat module. The results showed a lack of diversity in the behavioral expressions with limited motor patterns that imply personal actions and visual interactions, a decreasing behavioral flow, a high level of collateral activities, a periodic change of facial expressions, prevalent place preferences, a culture-dependant use of language, and individual verbal behavior profiles. The discussion will carry on scenarios of a long journey to Mars pointing up cyclic and periodic changes in the crew organizations. We will draw a conclusion about humans on Mars from an evolutionary perspective. A short video will be displayed on the mission facts illustrating the Mars-500 experiment. This study was supported by the French Space Agency (CNES) and the European Space Agency (ESA).


When steel reinforcement corrodes in a concrete structure, the expansion of corrosion products often leads to cracking in the concrete. In this paper, a simple physical model is developed to relate the size of cracks to steel expansion. By assuming the steel/concrete interface to be perfectly smooth or perfectly bonded, upper- and lower-bound solutions can be obtained. The results indicate (1) the presence of an expansion threshold below which no crack propagation can occur; (2) a "pop-in" behavior occurring at a critical expansion that is strongly dependent on initial flaw size; and (3) the steel expansion to generate a given crack size is strongly affected by interfacial bonding. When the theoretical findings are compared to available experimental results, good agreement is obtained. Based on the theoretical results, several guidelines for controlling expansion-induced cracking can be proposed. These include proper control of initial flaw size, addition of fibers to produce an R-curve behavior, and the ...


We investigate the prescribed Ricci curvature equation Ric(G) = T on a solid torus T under natural boundary conditions. The unknown G here is a Riemannian metric. The letter T in the right-hand side denotes a (0,2)-tensor on T . We assume T is nondegenerate (in fact, even a lighter assumption would suffice). Our results then settle the questions of the existence and the uniqueness of solutions in the class of rotationally symmetric Riemannian metrics on a neighborhood of the boundary of T . The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the Einstein equation on T .


This paper considers methods to infer building usage from the geographic and geometric spatial distribution of building extractions. Focusing on Knox County, TN, a Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were used to classify a polygonized building map developed from a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based upon remote sensing imagery. The resulting classification metrics of nine building usages are then compared to the RF and SVM building usage classification of Knox County's LiDAR building footprints and CNN building extractions with removal of false positives. It is shown that the raw CNN building extractions have acceptable building usage classification accuracies. This result is a useful addition to our understanding of building usage because the best remote sensing data (LiDAR building footprints) are not always accessible and completing tedious editing work (CNN building extractions with removal of false positives) is not feasible. Using the methods developed here, the effect of increasing CNN building detection training data for Knox County for testing on Knox County is also investigated. This case study assists in the process of examining if training a model on all Knox County CNN building detections can classify building usages in the similar urban-rural geographic location of Hamilton County, TN. ArcMap and R programming are utilized in gathering the data to conduct the machine learning algorithms while the building usage is defined by CoreLogic Parcel Land Use codes.


During the precipitation of gibbsite from supersaturated sodium aluminate solution, the main aluminum containing species in solution will transform from tetrahedral [Al(OH) 4] - to sixfold octahedral [(H 2O) 2Al (OH) 4] -. In order to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for above transformation, the formation Gibbs free energy as well as frontier orbits of a wide range of aluminum species are studied by ab initio method at B3LYP/6 31G** level. Based on theoretical calculation results, thermodynamic possibility and coordination possibility for aluminate ion transforming from [Al(OH) 4] - to [(H 2O) 2Al(OH) 4] - are analyzed and thermodynamic permitted reaction pathways are extracted. It is found that [Al(OH) 4] - can not react directly with H 2O to carry out the variation of coordination number. Transformation of tetrahedral [Al(OH) 4] - to octahedral [(H 2O) 2Al(OH) 4] - is involved in two reaction pathways, one is realized by neutral [Na(H 2O) + 4·Al(OH) - 4] acting mediator, the other is carried by neutral [(H 2O)Al(OH) 3]. Though there is a strong thermodynamic trend for the transformation of [Al(OH) 4] - to [(H 2O) 2Al(OH) 4] -, the practical transformation is very slow. Thus, it can be concluded that there is a great kinetic resistance during the transformation from [Al(OH) 4] - to [(H 2O) 2Al(OH) 4] -.


According to Helen Damico's new monograph, two centuries of philological scholarship on Old English language and literature have accumulated a body of knowledge about the dating of Beowulf and its extant manuscript that is entirely erroneous. In her view, linguistic efforts to date the poem's composition and paleographical efforts to date the production of its extant manuscript have not generated compelling probabilities that must constrain rational investigations into the origins ofBeowulf. A conviction upon which her book is premised is that linguistic and paleographical methods are less reliable for chronological inquiries than the time-honored method of identifying parallels between the poem's content and various historical incidents. She argues that Beowulf was composed in the middle of the eleventh century by claiming that its poet allegorized several political events that took place after the death of king Cnut, such as the assassination of Alfred Ætheling in 1036 and the decapitation of Harold Harefoot in 1040. Placing the poem's composition no earlier than 1040, Damico contends thatBeowulf came into existence two decades later than any paleographer dates its extant manuscript and three centuries later than many linguists date its composition. Because this sensational hypothesis implies that the disciplines of linguistics and paleography proceed in error and make no meaningful claims to probability, the publication of Damico's monograph merits an extended methodological meditation rather than a brief review. The present review article offers an apologia for the traditions of paleographical and linguistic research bearing on the dating of Beowulf. It begins with a brief exposition of the most compelling reasons why the poem could not have been composed in the middle of the eleventh century. Throughout this exposition, emphasis is laid on the methodological and epistemological considerations that inform philological scholarship and enable its conclusions to demand credence from reasonable observers. Philological methodology is subsequently contrasted with Damico's methods, which are shown here to place inadequate constraints upon the researcher's subjectivity. Contextualizing Damico's allegorical arguments within the history of Beowulf scholarship reveals, moreover, that her methods flourished predominantly prior to the formation of more reliable philological methods for dating the poem. To be sure, there is much to be learned from interpretive studies that relate moments in Beowulf to incidents from Anglo-Saxon history. What is less certain is whether this practice can constitute a reliable method for dating the poem's composition, capable of generating conclusions that can override the painstaking researches of paleographers


This study examines the awareness of the orientation program of the academic library towards the attainment of performance of undergraduates. The research exposes the facts to both students and academic staff on the importance of the library orientation towards understanding the right information usage to aid performance and also create awareness of the image to the social, economic, and educational value of library orientation in Nigerian universities. Five Research objectives were formulated; they are: to know the perception of users about the library orientation programs, to find out how orientation programs are designed towards helping the need of students on proper information utilization, to find out how orientation program impacted to student's academic performances, to examined the challenges occurring in academic library orientation, to formulate solutions to challenges occurring in academic library orientation. The instrument was subjected to face and content validation by three experts, from Library and Information Science, requesting to examine the clarity of expression used as well as the appropriateness of the language used in the instrument. Cronbach alpha method was used to determine internal consistency of the questionnaire items and a coefficient of 0.978 was obtained. With this reliability coefficient yielded, it was deem fit for the research to be conducted using the questionnaire designed for the data collection. The study took a survey of orientation programme of Federal University of Lafia using a descriptive method to analyse data collected, selecting one hundred and thirty-nine (139) research instruments distributed out of which 132 copies were collected for analysis. The population was sampled using simple random sampling technique, and questionnaire was distributed to the selected sampled respondents. The findings of the results obtained from the analysis are that user orientation has an impact vividly on students' academic programs. The orientation has introduced students to libraries around the University for the Information Resources and services provided therein, including the way of accessing and uses. It particularly enhance and improved the use of the library for students in pursuance of their education 100(75.8%) opine that Orientation confirms students access, while 108(81.8%) posits that it creates awareness on how to use the library. It also finds out challenges associated with the exercise; such as unqualified personnel to handle the program, inadequate time to treat all programs, more alarming the lack of collective curriculum amongst universities, uncooperative attitudes of some staffs 86(65.2%) indicated inadequate time to treat all programs. 96(72.7%) considered the use of unqualified personnel. In conclusion, user orientation and instruction has become important in all the tertiary institution in Nigeria, more so it's assist patrons to know how to maximize the use of our libraries for self-motivated and self –reliant clientele.


During last few decades there has been a growing demand for exploitation of unconventional energy sources. The ocean and sea energy has attracted much attention, due to its enormous potential. Many patents have been published specifically for wave energy converters. When it comes to production of electrical energy, the most important part of system represents electrical generator. In this paper, the electromagnetic model of synchronous machine used in such wave energy conversion system is created and analyzed. Using created model, the generator's no-load induced voltage, which works under specific conditions, is analyzed. The specific conditions of these applications imply variable rotor speed, which is a consequence of the stochastic wave nature. The no-load performance of the synchronous generator is investigated by using 2-D finite element method. Calculation of the induced voltage and its peak values, depending on the operating conditions, were performed in order to properly select installed equipment in the wave energy conversion system, the most important being power converter.


Introduced the BP neural network, and, theoretically studied the possibility of the using of the neural network on earthquake prediction. Based on Annie neural network open source C++ library and a large geographic information system platform, implemented a Large Reservoir Induced Earthquake Disaster Prediction System, and its application to the Three Gorges Reservoir area of reservoir induced earthquake prediction, made a visual effect.


A new meso-and microporous HY/MCM-41 composite molecular sieve was prepared using microporous HY zeolite as the mother liquor and characterized by XRD,BET and NH_3-TPD,and its hydrothermal stability was also investigated.The results showed that the composite zeolite exhibited the properties of both mesoporous MCM-41 and microporous HY,with stronger acidity and higher hydrother- real stability than that of pure mesoporous MCM-41.Catalytic behaviors of the composite zeolite were in- vestigated on a 200 mL fixed-bed hydrogenation apparatus,with C_5~+ liquid yield of 98.51 wt%,diesel distillate yield of 69.09wt% and selectivity to middle distillates of 80.5% under controlled 350 ℃ feed distillate conversion of 75%,which met the requirement on maximum diesel distillate yield in oil refinery.


Objective: Atypical chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is most frequently confused with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Several markers may contribute to the diagnosis of CLL. However, there is no consensus on which markers are needed to be used in flow cytometry for the diagnosis of CLL. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of CD43 and CD200 markers in the differential diagnosis between CLL and MCL. Materials and Methods: To address this issue, 339 consecutive patients with CLL and MCL were included in the flow cytometry lymphoproliferative disease panel for evaluation of CD43 and CD200 expressions, but not in the Matutes scoring system. Results: CD200 was expressed in 97.3% of atypical CLL cases, whereas it was dimly expressed in only 6.1% of MCL cases. CD43 expression was 95.7% in atypical CLL cases. In the MCL cases, its expression rate was 39.4%. Conclusion: CD43 and CD200 were found to be more valuable markers than CD22, CD79b, and FMC7. CD43 and CD200 could also be considered as definitive markers in atypical CLL patients, for whom the Matutes scoring system remains ineffective.


Apparatus for controlling independent actions of a tower crane, including horizontal trolley travel along the boom track, rotation of the boom itself, and vertical travel of the lifting hook, with a lever, or joy stick, in such manner that the resulting movements are smooth, rapid, and reliably controlled. The lever returns to an origin, or dead center position when not under the influence of an external force.


This paper introduces the progress in the conductivity of single organic molecules, including molecular size effect, functional group effect, the effect of contact between the molecule and electrode, and the elementary study on molecule logic devices.


Aromatic content in gasoline fuels should be limited due to its influencies to the cleanessof engine combustion chamber and emission of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide andhidrocarbon. Ussually the highest aromatic content mean more higher its benzene contentand it will couse increase of air pullotion. According to specification of gasoline 91(SKNo. 3674 k/24/DJM/2006), maximum aromatic content is 50 % volume. Those specificationconform to catagory 1 of World Wide Fuel Charter (WWFC). However, aromatic and benzenecontent test on domestic gasoline in Indonesia obviously fulfil maximum limit for gasolinecatagory 2 of WWCF. Effect of several volume variaties of aromatic content in gasoline91 againts deposit development and cleaness (rating) of engine combution chamberwill be discuss in this paper.


Electron-beam testing technique includes photoemissive probing; electrooptic sampling; charge density probing and photoexcitation are analyzed. Among these techniques an ideal contactless probing system is simple, inexpensive to operate and compatible with the existing test equipment. It will not perturb the circuit and would measure electric signals with minimum crosstalk. Experimental results demonstrate that multiple optical test vectors can be input on the periphery of a DUT (device under test) with negligible crosstalk using this technique. The bandwidth of the test system would be compatible with picosecond data pulses and it would not be limited to certain materials. The approach offers increased testability and measurement of the "chip under test".


Electrochemical technology has contributed successfully to the removal of heavy metals from industrial process waters. The usefulness of the various electrochemical techniques depends on the nature of the metal to be removed and the composition of the liquid to be purified [1]. Electrodialysis is an electrochemical separation process where under the influence of an applied electrical field and with the help of semi-permeable membranes ionic species from an aqueous solution are diverted through the


A fully automated volumetric image segmentation algorithm is proposed which uses Bayesian inference to assess the appropriate number of image segments. The segmentation is performed exclusively within the wavelet domain, after the application of the redundant a trous wavelet transform employing four decomposition levels. This type of analysis allows for the evaluation of spatial relationships between objects in an image at multiple scales, exploiting the image characteristics matched to a particular scale. These could possibly go undetected in other analysis techniques. The Bayes Information Criterion (BIC) is calculated for a range of segment numbers with a relative maximum determining optimal segment number selection. The fundamental idea of the BIC is to approximate the integrated likelihood in the Bayes factor and then ignore terms which do not increase quickly with N, where N is the cardinality of the data. Gaussian Mixture Modelling (GMM) is then applied to an individual mid-level wavelet scale to achieve a baseline scene estimate considering only voxel intensities. This estimate is then refined using a series of wavelet scales in a multiband manner to reflect spatial and multiresolution correlations within the image, by means of a Markov Random Field Model (MRFM). This approach delivers promising results for a number of volumetric brain MR and PET images, with inherent image features being identified. Results achieved largely correspond with those obtained by researchers in biomedical imaging utilising manually defined parameters for image modelling.


In tropical zones, perennial exposure to house dust mite (HDM) allergens and helminth infections is present. Studying the impact of these conditions on the inception and evolution of allergic diseases is necessary to have an accurate view of their natural history. We aimed to evaluate the dynamics of genuine sensitization to Blomia tropicalis and Ascaris in children from the FRAAT birth cohort and the effects of helminth infection, environmental HDM allergen levels, and sociodemographic factors.


In classical universities, teaching and scientific research went side by side. Universities in modern sense start with the foundation of University of Berlin in Humboldt's time. Since then, scientific research, listed as a basic function of universities, becomes the second center in universities. Viewed as a whole, the scientific research has experienced a process of development from weak to strong, individual to collective, non-organized to organized, from pure reason to the combination of reason and common customs, from being aided by society to being supported by both government and enterprises, and from aiming at teaching solely to serving the society, government, economic development, and development of science and technology.


In recent years progressive critique of the legal enterprise has derived from two principle sources: the legal realist and Marxian traditions.1 Succinctly expressed, these traditions have rejected the law's claim to objectivity. The legal realists have argued that legal decision-making involves not formal, deductive logic but subjective choice; any legal choice made is never logically compelled.2 In the Marxian tradition the objection has been not so much that the law is imbued with values, but that the distribution of legal outcomes is skewed to particular values, particular interests; the law reflects dominant economic interests.3 Stated this simply, the views of the two critical legal traditions may be subject to as much rhetorical denunciation as affirmation. In contrast, one of the key merits of the articles collected in The Politics of Law* is that discussion is moved to a fundamentally different plane. In consonance with a growing movement in the social sciences, these essays mark a greater refinement of critical reflection. Arguments are becoming increasingly concrete and analytically precise. Most significantly, this development indicates not merely that critical legal positions have attained greater clarity but that their nature has changed. While still


The paper objective is to determine of an important quality dimension on design quality. Study was performed using a self-administered questionnaire survey. This study focused on manufacturing industry in Northern Region Malaysia that has been obtained a quality management system (QMS) certificate registration from registered certification body (CB) such as SIRIM, UL, etc. It was found that quality strategy, leadership for quality, quality technology and tool can be considered as important dimensions towards implementation of design quality. This study contributes to providing important quality dimensions that influence quality performance. The dimensions identify to improve product and process quality in order to increase and or maintain manufacturing competitiveness in market.


The biohorizons of calcareous nannofossil and planktonic foraminifers have been intercalibrated for Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) sites drilled during Leg 133 on the northeastern Australian margin. The absence of an independent chronology (e.g., magnetostratigraphy) limits the evaluation of biohorizons for assessing their relative positions within the framework of the best established chronologies. The nannofossil chronology was arbitrarily taken as the reference framework. The order of several late Neogene biohorizons is frequently reversed. Three possible explanations can be invoked: redeposition, inadequate sample spacing, and diachrony. In the absence of proper control on the first two of these explanations, the third possibility cannot be evaluated properly.


A two-stage microdisplay architecture using silicon light emitters and image intensification is presented. A backplane IC implemented in standard 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS technology incorporating display drivers and an array of avalanche diodes produces a faint optical image, and an image intensifier efficiently amplifies the image to useful luminance levels. This architecture can achieve adequate luminance for projection applications and high energy efficiency. The integrated backplane includes a 360 /spl times/ 200 pixel array with silicon light emitters and 10b precision current-mode driver circuits. The driver circuits can support both silicon light emitters and organic LED (OLED). They employ a self-calibration technique based on the current copier circuit to minimize variation and fixed pattern noise while reducing circuit area by a factor of seven compared to a conventional solution. A circuit technique to improve the retention time of dynamic analog memories is also presented. This technique allows a current copier to retain 10b precision for 500 ms at room temperature.


Determining connectivity at the reservoir scale remains the elusive goal for predicting long-term production profiles. Characterization of reservoir architecture and the fluids therein is the biggest challenge in achieving this goal. Downhole fluid analysis along with complementary techniques including geochemical, mud-gas and pressure analyses provide valuable information about reservoir architecture. These analytic methods rely on different fluid traits. With systematical integration of these methods, the synergy delivers a much more accurate and robust picture of the reservoir. In this paper, we link traditional and novel methods for fluid analysis to build a more complete interpretation of fluid variations to provide greater insight into reservoir architecture. In particular, we show examples in which we integrate pressure gradient, PVT, mud-gas, geochemical and downhole fluid analyses in the identification of flow barriers, evaluation of connectivity across faults, and prediction of fluid contacts. The examples demonstrate how the integration of these methods with geological and geophysical models leads to an improved interpretation of reservoir architecture and fluid contacts.


Power dissipation and thermal problems have become a growing issue for scaled technology. This phenomenon drives the need for advance cooling systems. It is well-known that cooling the operating temperature results in reduced electric power and/or speed gains. Since cooling cost penalizes the total power, a refrigeration system is developed and experimentally tested to demonstrate that cooling the high performance microprocessor can lead to overall system power improvement. A processor that dissipates 175.4W of maximum power with 30% electronic leakage power operating at 97°C is cooled using our refrigeration system. Measurements show that with a minimum refrigeration COP of 2.7, the processor operates with junction temperature <40°C and offers a 25% total system power reduction over the non-refrigerated design. This experiment is the first demonstration of active cooling that lead reduced total wall power. With an improved compressor that maintains the COP across a broad range of cooling capacity, our analysis shows that at least >13% of total power is saved across the entire range of processor utilization.


Lope de Vega chose to base his play Contra valor no hay desdicha upon sources by the historians Herodotus and Justin that recount the mythical events surrounding the birth and early life of King Cyrus the Great of Persia. Through his skilful selection and intricate blending of elements from both of these sources, Lope demonstrates his shrewd understanding of the construction of an entertaining play, the act of selection itself imbuing the dramatic elements of his own invention with a greater significance. This article sheds light on the multifaceted creative process involved in Lope's manipulation of historical sources for the creation of this one play. It does so through exploring those components taken by Lope from each historical source, those which he chose not to include, and those parts of the play that are his original invention, considering the import of each of these decisions in turn.


Patient satisfaction is used to measure physician performance in hospital and governmental practice settings. There is limited understanding about factors affecting satisfaction in a chronic pain management setting for patients prescribed chronic opioids.


Cairo - Two landmine explosions on Monday killed three Egyptians, including two police officers, and seriously wounded two others in the Sinai Peninsula, officials said.


The synthesis of methylal using formaldehyde and methanol is simulated and experimented.The effects of column stage,reflux ratio,feed location and ratio of methanol to formaldehyde are investigated.The simulation result show that,the high-purity methylal(99.5%) can be obtained under the following optimal conditions:11 stages in distillation section,26 stages in reaction section,5 stages in stripping section,3 of reflux ratio,methanol fed from the 37th stage,and formaldehyde fed from the 12th stage and 2.1∶1 molor ratio of methanol to formaldehyde.The puritiy of methylal can reach 99.5%.The simulation results are validated by reaction distillation experiment.The experiment results are in good agreement with simulation results.


Studies using saccadic choice task (where participants have to initiate saccades toward a target image presented along with a distractor image in the opposite visual field) showed faster and larger saccades toward face targets than other stimuli. Error saccades were also found to be shorter than correct ones, suggesting an online correction. To better control saccade amplitudes, we did a new saccadic choice experiment in which participants had to saccade toward a central cross added on images. We still observed hypometric saccades (1) for saccades toward vehicles compared to faces and (2) for error saccades which were followed by corrective saccades with very short latencies. These results suggest a parallel programming of saccades toward both images. The two saccade programs interact and interfere with each other and would be weighted by the saliency of the target, affecting saccade amplitude.


Abstract : This Final Report provides an analysis of the current state of the art for Information Visualization, as it applies to Maritime Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (MISR). It comprises a Literature Survey, an Annotated Bibliography, a Product Review, and recommendations for further research. The Literature Survey focuses on visualization algorithms and strategies, human factors for visualization, and emerging display hardware, and includes a list of foundational books and papers, an introduction to major research leaders, and a list of current pressing research questions. The Annotated Bibliography provides about 240 references to texts, conferences, journals, and institutional websites. The Product Review gives one-page descriptions of sixty eight MISR-related visualization products, ranging from public-domain code for a specific visualization task, to commercial multipurpose toolkits. The report concludes by recommending specific research tasks for visualizing sensor coverage and ignorance, ship tracks in time and space, ship tracks versus normal tracks, and attribute data such as cargo and crew.


In this paper, a battery pack and a supercapacitor bank hybrid energy storage system (HESS) with a new control configuration is proposed for electric vehicles (EVs). A bidirectional quasi-Z-source inverter (Bq-ZSI) and a bidirectional DC-DC converter are used in the powertrain of the EV. The scheme of the control for the proposed HESS Bq-ZSI using finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) is first deduced to enhance the dynamic performance. With the idea of managing battery degradation mitigation, the fractional-order PI (FOPI) controller is then applied and associated with a filtering technique. The Opal-RT-based real-time simulation is next executed to verify the performance and effectiveness of the proposed HESS control strategy. As a result, the proposed HESS Bq-ZSI with this control scheme provides a quick response to the mechanical load and stable DC link voltage under the studied driving cycle. Moreover, the comparative results also show that the proposed HESS Bq-ZSI equipped with the new control configuration enables the reduction of the root-mean-square value, the mean value, and the standard deviation by 57%, 59%, and 27%, respectively, of the battery current compared to the battery-based inverter. Thus, the proposed HESS Bq-ZSI using these types of controllers can help to improve the EV system performance.


The technology of gas-steam turbine combined cycles is once of the most viable options for the generation of electric power with lower costs of production per kilowatt-hour and environmental, considering that the type of fuel should be gas natural. In the Mexican Republic, the projections of power generation to 2018 through the use of this technology, it establishes the possibility to install new power generation plants with pressures of 100 to 160 bar, and temperatures of 538 to 580°C. Another option it's the repowering of the thermoelectric plants and cogeneration gas-steam turbines projects. Therefore, in this paper present a thermodynamic analysis of the configurations of combined cycles of one, two and three pressure levels with the objective in order to establish a parametric analysis of the power generation capacity, as well the thermal efficiency and Heat Rate based on the characteristics of the gas and steam turbines, likewise the quality of the last expansion stage has considered as a restriction to delimit the pressure of the steam domes of each level.


For Patrick Costello, teachers' thinking and the development of children's thinking are intimately bound together. Without teachers understanding the necessity to teach thinking and enquiry, the development of thinking skills is left to chance, which really isn't good enough. He recognises that the National Curriculum has left little room in the school week for the teaching and learning of anything other than itself. But the rise of the Philosophy for Children movement, together with a growing awareness of the concept of 'thinking skills' and the new curriculum requirement that schools teach Citizenship, may enable teachers to Ž nd space for teaching thinking in their classrooms. Costello rehearses the arguments for and against direct teaching of philosophy to children, and models the sort of approach that early years and primary teachers might take with their classes. This book demands of its reader an unusual degree of engagement—it is challenging, thought provoking and raises some interesting questions for debate. The author uses some cogent arguments to demolish the conventional posturing of some educational commentators. For example, chapter 1 deals comprehensively with the concept of 'indoctrination' (a favourite hobby horse of some right-wing educational critics such as Roger Scruton); but concludes that much of traditional schooling is itself indoctrinatory. Asking teachers to re ect on their practice, and to engage in informed debate about the nature of indoctrination, Costello raises questions which require critical thought and re ection: and then argues that schools must provide our children with the tools for a similar kind of critical capacity if they are to engage effectively with learning. In support of his argument that young children are quite capable of engaging in philosophical discussion, Costello presents transcripts of primary pupils talking with their teacher. His annotation of these transcripts highlights their capacity to think, reason and argue competently about a range of issues. In this way, assumptions about the simplicity or naivety of children's talk are called into question, and the analysis leads into a way for teachers to look at their own practice. Teachers may not have the time to transcribe and analyse many of their own classroom conversations, but simply reading those in the book is likely to raise awareness of what is possible, what to look for in talk, and how to provide the essential support which can help children to think together. Costello waits until his concluding comments to oppose the argument that school settings make it impossible for people to engage in discussion, because teachers and pupils have an asymmetric relationship in terms of control. Costello points out that this should not preclude their discussing issues as equal partners, and that teachers are highly justiŽ ed in the direct teaching of thinking skills. The professional development of teachers in this area is, of course, crucial if the teaching of thinking skills is to become integrated into the primary school week. For this reason, I found the chapter dealing with teacher training disappointingly brief. For example, more could have been included about the nature and purposes of action research for developing new initiatives like the one proposed here, or about the beneŽ ts of re ective practice as a sort of self-research.


Determining the quality of the hazy image is difficult problem, thus these images need to analyzing after determined the quality or dehazing. In this paper, we analyzed the hazy(by the dust) images depending on YIQ color space. First we designed the system captured images which graded for high to very low hazy (by adding the dust) by using HeNe laser, in these images we calculated the Normalize Mean Square error (NMSE) for each components in YIQ and RGB color space, and the basic components in the Structure Similarity Index (SSIM) are (contrast, structure and luminance) moreover the mean for all has been calculated. We can see the lightness (in YIQ) and luminance ( in SSIM) component are not effected by the dust whereas the  chromatic components are highly effected by the dust. Keywords: The dust images, Dehazing , YIQ color space , Luminance


Objective: We model the signals acquired from intrapartum cardiotocography (CTG), uterine pressure (UP) and fetal heart rate (FHR), as an input-output system to estimate its dynamics in terms of an impulse response function (IRF). We aim to demonstrate discrimination of the IRF gain between normal (N) and metabolic acidotic (MA) fetuses with the state-space subspace approach, which incorporates noise-suppression and permits the use of noncontiguous data. This is important because CTG data is very noisy and missing data are common. Methods: Recordings of 449 N, 419 MA and 85 severely pathological (P) fetuses were detrended and analyzed with 20-min processing epochs. Results: 3/6 epochs in the last 60 minutes of recording before delivery showed statistically significant differences in the class distributions of N and MA fetuses the model gain parameter.


This paper explores cutting-edge techniques for protecting cryptographic keys in Internet of Things (IoT) systems based on web protocols. In this context, we evaluated the use of security hardware with application-layer encryption on top of the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) for communication between constrained devices and cloud middleware. More precisely, we propose to protect keys against tampering on devices with the help of a secure element and to use memory isolation techniques, such as those provided by Intel CPUs using Software Guard Extension (SGX), on middleware. If properly implemented, this enables privacy-preserving services where even the service provider is unable to decipher exchanged data. Finally, we validated this solution on constrained nodes by measuring performance and energy requirements on an ultra-low-power microcontroller connected to a commercial secure element.


Introduction Ultra-large von Willebrand factor (ULVWF) strings are synthesized in ECs, packaged in Weibel-Palade Bodies (WPBs), and secreted by stimulated ECs. Complement components studied to date [C3, factor (F) B, FD, FP, FH, FI, C5] are released slowly and continuously from human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) cytoplasm and are not packaged in WPBs (PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e59372). In contrast, a recent report (Blood. 2014;123(1):121-5) contended that FH co-localizes with VWF in the WPBs. If this were so, it could have therapeutic importance for the treatment of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) resulting from deficiency of FH because it might be possible to increase circulating FH levels transiently by administration of the WPB secretagogue, des-amino-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP). Hypothesis FH is not co-localized with VWF in WBPs, but rather is released slowly and continuously from EC cytoplasm regardless of cell stimulation. Methods Immunofluorescent Microscopy HUVECs were stimulated with histamine and stained with rabbit anti-VWF plus secondary donkey anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor IgG-488. The cells were then fixed and stained with goat-anti FH plus secondary chicken anti-goat Alexa Fluor IgG-647. The nuclei were detected with DAPI. In vitro VWF and FH from HUVECs HUVECs either were, or were not, stimulated with histamine. Supernatant was collected a variety of times over 7 hrs and assayed for VWF and FH antigen levels by ELISA. VWF assay antibodies (polyclonal): (1) capture, rabbit anti-human VWF (Ramco); (2) detection, goat anti-human VWF (Bethyl) and rabbit anti-goat IgG-HRP (Invitrogen). FH assay antibodies: (1) capture, polyclonal goat anti-human FH (Advanced Research Technologies); (2) detection, monoclonal mouse anti-human FH (Pierce, Thermo Scientific) and polyclonal goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP (Invitrogen). In vivo VWF and FH Plasma samples were obtained from 6 pediatric patients with von Willebrand disease (VWD) being tested for EC release of WPB VWF in response to DDAVP. For each patient, 1 sample was obtained prior to DDAVP administration, and 2 other samples were obtained 1 and 4 hours later. VWF levels were measured in each sample using standard clinical laboratory procedure at an affiliated hospital. FH antigen levels were quantified by ELISA, as above. Results Using non-overlapping spectral secondary detection antibody pairs, VWF was seen in clusters in HUVEC WPBs (Fig. 1A). In contrast, FH was distributed throughout the HUVEC cytoplasm (Fig. 1B). The VWF and FH images did not overlap, indicating that VWF and FH did not co-localize in the WPBs. Histamine addition to HUVECs in vitro resulted in ~ 4-fold increases in VWF secreted from HUVEC WPBs at 30 min and 1 hour, and 2-fold increases at 3 hours (Fig 2A). In contrast, FH release was slow and continuous, regardless of histamine stimulation, suggesting that FH is located in EC cytoplasm and is not stored in WPBs (Fig. 2B). In all 6 patient samples, VWF antigen increased significantly at 1-hour post-DDAVP administration (Fig. 3A). In contrast, FH antigen levels did not change significantly at hour 1 or hour 4, compared to hour 0, indicating that FH is not co-localized and secreted along with VWF from the WPBs of stimulated ECs in vivo (Fig. 3B). Conclusions We used immunofluorescent microscopy and ELISA assays on samples obtained in vitro and in vivo to demonstrate that FH is not packaged in, or secreted from, the WPBs of stimulated human ECs. FH is, therefore, similar to all other complement components studied to date in that it is released slowly and continuously from ECs and is not influenced by cell stimulation. DDAVP is unlikely to be a viable treatment option for patients with aHUS secondary to deficiency or inhibition of FH. Disclosures Sartain:Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research Society: Research Funding. Turner:Mary R Gibson Foundation: Research Funding; Hinkson Memorial Fund : Research Funding. Moake:Mary R Gibson Foundation: Research Funding; Hinkson Memorial Fund: Research Funding.


Stock and option compensation and the level of managerial equity incentives are aspects of corporate governance that are especially controversial to shareholders, institutional activists, and government regulators. Similar to much of the corporate finance and corporate governance literature, research on stock-based compensation and incentives has not only generated useful insights, but also produced many contradictory findings. Not surprisingly, many fundamental questions remain unanswered. In this study, the authors synthesize the broad literature on equity-based compensation and executive incentives and highlight topics that seem especially appropriate for future research.


In this paper we present an algorithm for video segmentation and background suppression in 3D videoconferencing. It is based on a new data fusion method called Democratic Integration. This technique has been developed to make decisions on basis of multiple sensor signals and information channels with temporally changing reliability. In this context, our contribution particularly shows how this method can be utilised to improve object segmentation in a real-time 3D videoconference application. Results will be shown on the basis of current implementations of an immersive 3D videoconferencing systems which is under investigation at Fraunhofer-Institut für Nachrichtentechnik, HeinrichHertz-Institut (HHI).


Gifts and bequests trouble economic theory. A solution is to deal similarly with distributions for consumption among (a) the current person, (b)future self-persons who are legally and physically the same individual who is allocating, and (c) other individuals at present and in the future. Instead of a one-dimensional maximizing entity, or even the two-dimensional individual who allocates intertemporally, this model envisages a three-dimensional surface, with an interpersonal "distance" dimension replacing the concept of altruism. A key assumption, as in Strotzian intertemporal allocations, is that the discount between the current conscious "person" and future "self-persons" within the same individual is greater than the discount between other equal-length forward periods within the same individual. Applying a conventional present-value framework to evaluate utility, as seen at various decision-making moments, then makes sense of the phenomena under discussion.


In this study, the phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of the methanolic leaf extract of Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don (Bignoniaceae) and Sansevieria liberica Thunb (Asparagaceae) were carried out. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrate, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides; absence of anthraquinones and alkaloids in both plants. However tannins, saponins and steroids were present in J. mimosifolia which were found to be absent in S. liberica but there is the presence of triterpenes in S. liberica. The methanolic leaf extracts of these two plants were also subjected to antimicrobial screening in accordance with agar well diffusion method. The extracts were tested against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus with ciprofloxacin as a positive control. The zone of inhibition, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined. The result showed that all the test organisms were sensitive to the standard drug (control) as well as the methanolic leaf extract of J. mimosifolia though varied at different concentration of the extract. The result also showed that Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to the methanolic extract of S. liberica while Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli were resistant to the


Herpes Zoster is an acute, self-limiting, viral infection caused by the reactivation of the Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) that remains latent in the dorsal root ganglion. It commonly affects the older people and immunocompromised individuals. Diabetes patients present an increased risk for Herpes Zoster due to their impaired cell-mediated immunity.  Clinically it manifests with tingling, pruritus and painful vesicular eruptions along the affected nerve. The most commonly affected dermatomes are the thoracic and lumbar; trigeminal nerve can be involved and the ophtalmic nerve is the mostly affected. The diagnosis is based on clinical examination and laboratory confirmation. Treatment consists of antiviral therapy and is indicated to reduce acute pain symptoms, limit the spread and duration of the lesions, and prevent complications. The objective of the present study was to present a case report of Herpes Zoster involving the first and second division of the trigeminal nerve, in a 55 year old, male, diabetes patient.


Nowadays, organizations have to react to the surroundings changes constantly and especially to strong competition as well as to increasing requirements and conditions of their customers. Human resources, which in the modern world have become the most important factor of company's development, can help to meet the above challenges. The awareness of this fact causes the companies to prioritize the development of human resources. By means of improving the employees' job competences and developing their knowledge new solutions and ideas supporting the growth of a company are encouraged. This work makes an attempt to prove the foregoing thesis. What is more, it shows the results of one's own research as well as those published.


The emergence of dense networked embedded sensor systems in monitoring and control applications has enabled the collection of data, information processing, decision, and actuation at previously unseen temporal and spatial resolution and scale.Thebuilt environment offers significant opportunities and challenges for the application of such intelligent sensor systems with tangible economic, environmental, and social benefits. Buildings in particular, as hallmark of global urbanisation tendencies, have great potential to leverage modern technologies to operate more efficiently and provide better living and working conditions. This addresses, among others, aspects related to energy management, occupancy detection and prediction, safety, and security. At a larger scale, smart city infrastructures are able to implement these advances towards wider benefits in environmental monitoring, traffic management, improved utilities networks, and social services. Design of human-in-the-loop approaches offers citizens valuable direct feedback mechanisms towards the intelligent systems and administrators for real-time adaptation and responsiveness with medium term impact on suitable policy development. The special issue aimed to collect contributions covering the state of the art and recent advances in this area, addressing both theoretical and applied implemented approaches for both scientific and technical impact. Potential topics that were initially defined include but were not limited to the following: intelligent sensors in smart building applications, for example, environmental, occupancy detection and activity tracking, air quality, safety, and energy efficiency, adaptive and distributed sensing strategies including virtual sensors, large scale monitoring systems for data collection through wireless sensor networks, data management and computational intelligence approaches for knowledge extraction from raw sensor streams, data-driven methods for modelling, simulation, and control of smart building and smart city systems, open hardware and software architectures to support complex sensor systems integration, bridging heterogeneity, and proprietary systems through standardisation. New sensing, computing, and control paradigms were also accounted for, such as cyberphysical systems (CPS), Industry 4.0, and multiagent systems (MAS). Ten articles were finally accepted after a thorough review process out of 25 submissions. In total, 38 authors from eight countries contributed to the successful outcome of the special issue.The accepted articles can be broadly grouped in clusters, which identify key current areas of research in line with the special issue topics:


The purpose of the study is to investigate how holistic and analytical thinking styles affect on the preservice teachers' mathematical problem solving performance and ways. For determining thinking styles, "The Scale of holistic and Analytical Thinkin Styles While Problem Solving" and for determining problem solving performance and ways, "Problem Solving Paper" were administered to 189 preservice teachers. At the end of the research there is not any significant difference between analytic preservice teachers' problem solving performance and holistic preservice teachers' problem solving performance. And also there are not so differences in terms of ways that are used between the two groups.


Abstract. Human chorionic somatomammotropin concentration in serum (S‐HCS) during the latter half of pregnancy was measured by radioimmunoassay and correlated to the placental weight, in two groups of normal, healthy, pregnant women. In one group, 228 samples from 47 women were examined, which gives a longitudinal series. In the other group, single samples from each of 346 pregnant women were examined, which gives a cross‐sectional series. Both groups were randomized on the basis of a prospective selection. The mean values of S‐HCS in each week of gestation were almost identical in the two groups, showing a steady increase until 37‐38 weeks and a subsequent decrease. In the longitudinal series there was a positive correlation between the S‐HCS and placental weight after 37 weeks' gestation, but not before that time. Before 37 weeks gestation the ratio S‐HCS/placental weight was significantly higher with small placentae than with large placentae. This difference between small and large placentae disappeared after 37 weeks. These results point to the existence of some regulatory mechanism tending to keep the S‐HCS concentration within certain limits, independent of placental weight. This mechanism appears to be lost after 37 weeks of gestation when the S‐HCS concentration starts to correlate with placental weight.


Since the advent of the Lava Jato operation, the term compliance has acquired a hitherto unknown popularity. Although it has been related to criminal guardianship, it takes care of a perfectly possible strategic management in the most diverse branches of law. In this study, the compliance is approached within the environmental sphere, as an instrument of feasibility and effectiveness of legal norms and practices in favor of environmental protection. Much is questioned whether the practice of compliance is mandatory or to what extent would be of great value for the development and business performance. In the environmental aspect, the research demonstrates that the preventive nature of this governance technique can bring current and future benefits. In addition, there is, implicitly, the approach to the concept of sustainability within the objectives described by the United Nations. To carry on this study, a bibliographic research was developed, based on selected scientific articles, as well as Brazilian doctrine and legislation pertinent to the theme. The achieved results of the research demonstrated that applicability of compliance practice in the environmental matters can be adopted in view of its preventive nature.


The rise of Black Lives Matter (BLM), as an intentionally intersectional movement, challenges us to consider the ways in which BLM is reimagining the lines of Black activism and the Black Liberation Movement. BLM may be considered the "next wave" of the Civil Rights Movement (CRM), guiding how and with whom the movement will progress. We use a content analysis of public statements and interviews of the founding members from October 2014 to October 2016 to discuss the ways in which the founders of BLM frame the group's actions. We bring together the critical feminist concept of intersectionality with framing theory to show how the founders of BLM have strategically framed the movement as one that honors past Black Liberation struggles, but transforms traditional framing of those struggles to include all Black lives inclusive of differences based on gender, sexual orientation, age, nationality, or criminal status.


We discuss upon the problem of learning fuzzy membership functions from structurally given, nondeterministic fuzzy classification rules with nonfuzzy conclusions.


Trimalleolar fracture are complex and challenging to treat. We conducted a study on 15 patients with trimalleolar fracture. Fractures were classified based on Lauge Hansen classification. They were treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with plate and screws for posterior malleolus and lateral malleolus, tension band wire (TBW)/cannulated cancellous (CC) screw for medial malleolus functional and radiological outcomes were assessed by Olerud and Molender score and Kristenson's criteria respectively. Functional outcome was satisfactory in 93% of cases and radiological outcome in 86%. Early treatment without delay, anatomical reduction of fracture with stable fixation of every fracture component, stringent post operative mobilization should help to improve outcome in operated trimalleolar fracture patients.


Based on the normative modeling method-the method of rate variable based in-tree in the SD,we discussed a problem of how to generate system archetypes in a certain complex system.In this paper,we provided a new method called the method of feedback archetype generating set,which is getting a feedback minimal archetype from the SD rate variable fundamental in-tree model by doing embedding operation,then getting a feedback archetype generating set from the minimal archetype,and using this set to create each specific archetype construction.This archetype generating set is just like the based solution corollary in the linear algebra.And we presented three theorems about the archetype generating set in this paper.This new method provided an effective tool to do archetype feedback analysis of a complex system.Using this method,we analyzed the advantage and restrict factors of the "Company Farmer" management mode in Chinese country,and provided the corresponded management policy.By this method,we succeeded in analysis the "San Nong"(agriculture,rural area,farmer) problem with the method of system science.


The text examplifies how to build a digital_model during bar and sheet metal optimal cutting,embodied the advantage of linear program theory in mechanical spare parts cutting,mainly pointed out the progressive optimal thought in sheet metal two dimensions cutting,showes the vast prospects of optimal cutting.


A new conceptual approach for examining the origin of cosmic rays is developed by considering the characteristics of particle trajectory distributions in four-dimensional Euclidean space-time. Transformation of an isotropic distribution into a velocity distribution in ordinary three-dimensional space results in a spatially isotropic flux of highly relativistic particles. This particle flux exhibits a power-law energy spectrum that decreases with increasing energy approximately inversely as the square of the energy and peaks at much lower energies. This model also provides additional results resembling the observed characteristics of cosmic radiation.


Several burials excavated during 1960 at Ingombe Ilede in southern Africa were accompanied by exceptional quantities of gold and glass beads, bronze trade wire and bangles. The burials were indirectly dated to the fourteenth to fifteenth centuries AD, prior to the arrival of the Portuguese on the East Coast of Africa. New AMS dates on cotton fabric from two of the burials now relocate them in the sixteenth century. This was a dynamic period when the Portuguese were establishing market settlements along the Zambezi, generating new demands for trade products from the interior, and establishing trade networks with the Mwene Mutapa confederacy. These new dates invite a reconsideration of Ingombe Ilede's relationship to Swahili and Portuguese trade in the middle Zambezi. This article is followed by four responses and a final comment by the authors.


To procure an abortion by mechanical means something has to be introduced through the cervix into the uterus, so that the membranes are punctured or the chorion is lifted from its bed in the decidua. Therefore a soap-and-water solution introduced only into the vagina at a bearable temperature is very unlikely to be a cause of abortion. But how can it be certain that none of the solution enters the uterine cavity? This would be more likely to occur when the douche is introduced under some pressure. In early pregnancy probably only a small amount of solution in the uterus would be enough to strip off some of the chorion and initiate an abortion.


Abstract The paper reports on a find of the Mediterranean species Linaria pelisseriana at the cargo terminal of Kopřivnice freight station (NE Moravia, Czech Republic), which is the first record of this species in the Czech Republic.


Recent advances on polygon triangulation have yielded efficient algorithms for a large number of problems dealing with a single simple polygon. If the input consists of several disjoint polygons, however, it is often desirable to merge them in preprocessing so as to produce a single polygon that retains the geometric characteristics of its individual components. We give an efficient method for doing so, which combines a generalized form of Jordan sorting with the efficient use of point location and interval trees. As a corollary, we are able to triangulate a collection of p disjoint Jordan polygonal chains in time O (n + p (log p)1+e), for any fixed e > 0, where n is the total number of vertices. A variant of the algorithm gives a running time of O ((n + p log p) log log p). The performance of these solutions approaches the lower bound of Ω (n + p log p).


Comment on Nalliah and Allareddy (2014): Unwarranted conclusions Abstract A PeerJ paper by Nalliah and Allareddy (2014) describes improvement in weaker dental students' scores (and decline in stronger students' scores) by use of a unique instructional method. I argue that the causal conclusion in their paper cannot be justified because of lack of a comparison group. Regression to the mean is a common confound in test-retest studies such as presented in their paper. Inclusion of a comparison group could be used to rule it out. Other minor issues are raised involving scaling and consistency in the data. Paul C. Bernhardt Frostburg State University Frostburg, Maryland, USA firstname.lastname@example.com +1-301-687-4410


Performance testing of modern PCM bit synchronizers requires special test equipment above and beyond that available in commercial laboratory instruments. As a result of this need, a standard product Telemetry Bit Error Rate Detector (TBERD) has been designed to fill the requirement for a special-purpose test instrument for use with PCM systems. After examining the primary performance characteristics of bit synchronizers, the TBERD unit was designed to measure both detection and synchronization performance for a wide range of bit rates and for all of the commonly used PCM codes.


Abstract Aim DNA double-strand break (DSB) results in the phosphorylation of the protein, H.2AX histone. In this study, the effect of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on DNA DSB in cervical cancer cells is analysed by the phosphorylation of the protein. Methods The cervical cancer cells (HeLa cells) were cultured and exposed to ionising radiation. Radiation sensitivity was measured by clonogenic survival fraction after exposing to ionising radiation. Since the phosphorylation of H.2AX declines with time, the DNA damage was quantified at different time points: 1 hour, 3 hours and 1 week after exposed to the radiation. The analysis of γ-H.2AX was done by Western-blot technique. The protein expression was observed at different dose of radiation and combination of both radiation and paclitaxel. Results Low-dose hypersensitivity was observed. By 1 week after radiation at 0·5, 0·8 and 2 Gy, there was no expression of phosphorylated H.2AX. Previous experiments on the expression of phosphorylated H.2AX (γ-H.2AX) in terms of foci analysis was found to peak at 1 hour and subsequently decline with time. In cells treated with the DNA damaging agents, the expression of phosphorylated H.2AX decreases in a dose-dependent manner when treated with radiation alone. However, when combined with paclitaxel, at 0·5 Gy, the expression peaked and reduces at 0·8 Gy and slightly elevated at 2 Gy. Findings In this study, the peak phosphorylation was observed at 3 hour post irradiation indicating that DSBs are still left unrepaired.


Survival of live insects accidentally packaged with military rations in vacuumized and unvacuumized airtight flexible food pouches was determined for adults and larvae of Cadra cautella (Walker), Lasioderma serricorne (F.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and Trogoderma variabile Ballion. Seven foods and four types of pouches were tested; each food was packaged in a specific type of pouch. Some C. cautella and T. castaneum were found alive in various unvacuumized pouches after 3 weeks of confinement. Most were dead after 6 weeks. T. variabile and L. serricorne survived in some pouches for the duration of the tests (12 weeks). L. serricorne penetrated some of the pouches and escaped. Only L. serricorne survived for 1 week in pouches vacuum-sealed with a vacuum of 48.8 mm Hg; all were dead at 3 weeks. Some pouches with a minimal vacuum (533.0 mm Hg) allowed survival of T. variabile and L. serricorne for 12 weeks. Progeny from adults or insects from tests started with larvae were usually smaller and less developed than those in the controls that had an unlimited supply of air.


Fluoride ions react with hydrogen atoms to yield hydrated electrons. This has been shown both by decrease in hydrogen abstraction and increase in the yield of electrons under radiolysis of neutral aqueous solutions. The conversion H+F–→e–aq has been also demonstrated under sonolytic conditions where no e–aq is originally present. The rate of the H+F– reaction, kH+F–= 1.5 ± 0.5 × 104 M–1 sec–1, allowed a recalculation of the redox potential of the hydrated electron, E°(e–aq)= 2.5 V.


1. Scope* 1.1 These test methods cover direct-current procedures for the measurement of dc insulation resistance, volume resistance, and surface resistance. From such measurements and the geometric dimensions of specimen and electrodes, both volume and surface resistivity of electrical insulating materials can be calculated, as well as the corresponding conductances and conductivities. 1.2 These test methods are not suitable for use in measuring the electrical resistance/conductance of moderately conductive materials. Use Test Method D4496 to evaluate such materials. 1.3 This standard describes several general alternative methodologies for measuring resistance (or conductance). Specific materials can be tested most appropriately by using standard ASTM test methods applicable to the specific material that define both voltage stress limits and finite electrification times as well as specimen configuration and electrode geometry. These individual specific test methodologies would be better able to define the precision and bias for the determination. 1.4 The procedures appear in the following sections:


Since the mid-1970's the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) has been involved in providing classification and certifying regulatory compliance for both Flag and Coastal State requirements on Floating Production Systems (FPSs); both for converted and purpose built vessels. In light of this experience, this paper describes how ABS has structured its' classification procedures and requirements for this diverse category of offshore systems through the utilisation and harmonisation of classification rules and industry codes and standards, and how classification relates to certification of compliance with Flag and Coastal State regulations for these systems.


The authors are developing the RANCHERO high explosive pulsed power (HEPP) system to power cylindrically imploding solid-density liners for hydrodynamics experiments. Their near-term goal is to conduct experiments in the regime pertinent to the Atlas capacitor bank. That is, they will attempt to implode liners of /spl sim/50 g mass at velocities approaching 15 km/sec. The basic building block of the HEPP system is a coaxial generator with a 304.8 mm diameter stator, and an initial armature diameter of 152 mm. The armature is expanded by a high explosive (HE) charge detonated simultaneously along its axis. The authors have reported a variety of experiments conducted with generator modules 43 cm long and have presented an initial design for hydrodynamic liner experiments. In this paper, they give a synopsis of their first system test, and a status report on the development of a generator module that is 1.4 m long.


The primary purpose of this thesis work is to design and implement a system supporting the fire-fighter'straining evaluation. The solution presented in this report comprises a real-time locating sy ...


Generally, the development process of the railway transport system is determined by the market pull effects initiated by the economy and society and the market push effects induced by technological progress. The policymakers can provide a balance between these two effects; this results in more effective, safer, and greener future railway systems. In developing countries, the railway systems lag compared to the developed economies. Therefore, the supporting management tools and legal supports for policymakers and strategic management play significant roles in the development of future sustainable transport systems. This paper deals with such required tools and the potential legal framework that support the development of sustainable railway systems in developing countries. The major novelty and advantages of the introduced methodology is the harmonised interaction between society, economic demands, technological development, and regulation. The proposed tools are applied to the Kenya rail system development.


We use SAEB dataset with multileveled estimators to explain the student's performance for 4th grade of elementary school and 3rd grade of high school. We show that Brazilian elementary schools are not socially fair as they reproduce condition inequalities such as social-economic levels and parental (in) ability to finance and provide private schools. At high schools the family's greatest engaging in the school management and infrastructures of school may minimize this inequality. However, there is still a big gap between the performance of students from private and public schools. We also analyze regional effects on the educational system, states with lower political empowerment are not able to do education accountability and have lower performance. Inequality reproduction is a vicious cycle, states where income is badly distributed have worse and unequal educational systems.


The diffraction contrast produced by 90° ferromagnetic domain walls in X-ray transmission topographs is calculated. Two cases are considered: very low and very high normal absorption. The results indicate that the difference in contrast on walls having opposite signs of lattice tilt is due to the anomalous absorption and depends on the magnitude of normal absorption. These theoretical results are in agreement with the contrast observations in X-ray transmission topographs taken from Fe-3 wt%Si single crystal samples using different plate thickness and different radiations.


IN Keanev. GovernorofBrixtonPrison (1971, I AllE.R. 1163), the House of Lords confirmed the opinion of the Divisional Court that the order made for the surrender of the appellant to the Irish police was good, but the House expressly rejected that court's restrictive interpretation of the statutory protection granted to persons accused of offences of a political nature. The appellant had been arrested in England under the authority of a provisional warrant issued by an English justice of the peace. Two Irish warrants were then endorsed by an Englishjustice ofthe peace, one charging him with the murder of an Irish police officer acting in the course of his duty and the other charging him with armed robbery in Ireland. He was brought before a magistrate's court in England and an order was there made that he be handed over to the Irish police in accordance with the Backing of Warrants (Republic of Ireland) Act, 1965. He applied for a writ of habeas corpus, not on the ground that his original arrest and detention were unlawful, but on the ground that the magistrate was not entitled to make the order under that Act. His contention raised three important points of law in the construction of the Act, but the House agreed with the Divisional Court that he was not entitled to be released on habeas corpus. Section 2 of the Act (which relates to proceedings in the magistrates' court) incorporates the terms of the Schedule to the Act which provide that "the proceedings shall be conducted as nearly as may be in the like manner as if the court were acting as examining justices inquiring into an indictable offence". The appellant claimed that it was therefore the magistrates' duty to inquire into the merits ofthe charges mentioned in the Irish warrants, to determine whether there was a primafacie case or at least evidence to connect him with the alleged offences. The magistrates had in fact made no such inquiry, so that the question was simply whether they had a statutory duty to do so. The House was of the opinion that they had no such duty. In the first place, the Act required the magistrates to make the order handing over the person to the Irish police unless certain things "appeared" to them or were "shown to their satisfaction".


Objective:To establish the methods of isolation and culture of Holstein-bovine mammary epithelial cells.Methods:Tissues explant was employed to culture bovine mammary epithelial cells and trypsin digesting from time interval was used to purify the cells.Results:The mammary gland epithelial cells were cultivating.When observed by microscope,the purified cells showed typical characters of epithelial cells,tightly arranging cell to cell,flagstone-like,homogeneous cell morphology.The tissue specific expression of cytokeratin 18 gene in mammary epithelial cells was detected by immunofluorescent cytochemical staining.Bovine mammary gland epithelial cells proliferated exuberantly when cultured up to passage 25.Conclusion:Purified bovine mammary gland epithelial cells were obtained by using tissues explant culture and trypsin digesting from time interval.


The paper deals with the task of determining maximum amplitude of harmonic oscillations with a small external many-valued perturbation. An averaged differential inclusion is constructed in order to solve it using the method of support functions. It mutually approximates the initial system on slow variables over the time interval [0,1/ m], where m is perturbation. The problem of calculating the maximum average for the periodic function arises which is solved by an approximate method.


Which can be connected to the main power supply and an auxiliary power management system and method for operating the power management system. Switch electrically connected to the primary and secondary power source, and a plurality of branch circuit is electrically connected to the switch. The plurality of branch circuits includes a plurality of electrical socket. The system includes a controller coupled to the plurality of wireless portable receptacle, a plurality of portable receptacle coupled between respective electrical outlets and managed devices. Said second power source to the converter during a switching power supply, the controller manages the receptacle, and thus the management is the management device.


The objective of this study was to determine the long‐term efficacy of percutaneous glycerol rhizolysis of the trigeminal ganglion for treating patients with trigeminal neuralgia and search for predictors associated with (long‐term) benefit to improve patient selection.


. We establish a formula describing the relation between Mahler and van der Put coefficients of continuous functions on the ring Z p of p -adic integers. We show its application to a class of Lipschitz functions.


It has been suggested that Gauss used the method of least squares on a data set published in 1799. The data set and its adjustment are reexamined, and it is concluded that the result of Gauss cannot be obtained by the least-squares method nor by any other approach mentioned by Gauss.


Contrast and sensitivity of negative electron beam resist have been studied, using the gel formation theory generalized for an arbitrary number of active bonds m created and retained at a reacting site in one irradiation‐reaction process. For m = 1, such as in chloromethylated polystyrene (CMS), and m = 2, such as in polyesters and poly (glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA), the dependence of contrast and sensitivity on inhibitor activity, molecular weight of polymer or copolymer, and polydispersivity is shown theoretically. The results obtained show that (i) the highest contrast is obtained for the negative resist in which m = 1 and the value of the contrast is 2.7 in the ordinarily used molecular size, and (ii) the sensitivity of the resist in which m = 2 is higher than that in which m = 1, provided other parameters are the same.


Metal heat treatment is one of important mechanical procedures,and normalizing is used frequently during the heat treatment.To use the normalizing more effective,and serve the mechanical industry better and better,this article describes the application,the operation of the normalizing,and the defects may happen during the process,the new technique development as well.


This paper proposes a new type of point-pattern analytical method, Network-Based Variable-Distance Clumping Method (NT-VCM), to analyse the distribution pattern of point objects and phenomena obser...


Abstract 346 Expansion of NK cells after adoptive transfer is a major determinant of their anti-tumor efficacy but the mechanisms of their expansion are not completely understood. To study in vivo NK cell expansion and the relative merits of fresh versus frozen NK cell products, we used xenotransplantation of human GMP NK cell products (provided by two PACT centers funded by the NHLBI) into immune deficient mice. NOD/IL-2Rγc/Rag (NOG) that lack T-, B-, and NK cells and that have a macrophage defect that renders recipients highly amenable to human cell engraftment, were given 250 cGy total body irradiation, and infused with fresh or frozen NK cells. Two products were tested: 1) an enriched fresh NK cell product obtained by CD3 and CD19 depletion followed by overnight activation with IL-2 or IL-15 (U. of Minnesota) or 2) ex vivo expanded NK cells using membrane bound IL-15 and 41BB-L transduced K562 cells with 10 U/ml IL-2 in G-Rex devices for 10 days (Baylor). NK cells (1–2 million NK cells for each individual experiment) were given IV and mice were treated with no cytokines, 5 or 10 mg of IL-2 (Novartis), or 5 mg IL-15 (produced by the NCI for clinical use) as 3 injections per week for 2 weeks. Peripheral blood (Table), spleen and marrow were evaluated on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 after adoptive transfer. Counts were converted to absolute cell numbers per 100 μL of blood or the number of cells recovered per spleen or after flushing of a single femur. On day 7, the number of huNK cells in blood in the absence of cytokine administration was low with both cell products and numbers continued to diminish by day 14. In marked contrast, every other day IL-2 or IL-15 significantly increased huNK cells in murine blood. On day 7 and 14, ex vivo expanded NK cell products resulted in significantly higher numbers of huNK in mice receiving 5μg IL-2 compared to mice who received fresh NK cells activated overnight with IL-2. With 5μg IL-2, huNK number decreased between day 7 and 14 irrespective of cell product. In contrast, only IL-15 lead to increased numbers of huNK cells between days 7 and 14. Previously cryopreserved NK cells showed significantly worse survival for both cell products, with a larger fold decrease seen with ex vivo expanded cells. Blood collected from cytokine treated mice at day 14 after infusion of fresh products contained huNK cells that were fully functional as assessed by potent CD107a degranulation, TNF and IFN production after exposure to K562 target cells as well as augmented IFN production induced by IL-12 and IL-18. On day 8, Ki67+ (proliferating) huNK cells were significantly higher with IL-15 compared to IL-2 (both at 5μg) in marrow for fresh (76% vs 35%, p= Results of experiments with fresh or ex vivo expanded NK cells Disclosures: Miller:Celgene: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Coronado Bioscience: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees.


As advances in laboratory automation have enabled increased throughput, researchers can now take advantage of design of experiments (DoE) and Quality by Design (QbD) studies to gain faster insights into drug discovery. These studies allow researchers to gleam a greater and often accelerated understanding of expression parameters, purification conditions, stability and functional aspects of their protein(s) of interest. The large number of samples produced from these experiments (e.g. monitoring the post-translational modifications from cell culture optimization or the downstream purification process) often greatly exceed the capacity of modern analytical laboratories.


The efforts to break down the lignocellulosic complex found in the cell wall of straws, besides digestible cellulose and hemicellulose by rumen fermentation, improvement of straw digestibility by the degradation of indigestible lignin fraction of complex by using of biotechnological methods is one of the focus areas of animal nutritionists in recent years. Biological method sare prefer redover other methods due to the environmental friendliness. In the biological treatment methods of lignocellulosic complex, biodiversity of bacteria, enzymes and fungi gives opportunity to select lignin degrading species. Mycobacterium, Arthrobacter and Flavobacterium genre bacteria are used to degrade lignin by bacterial treatment. Lignocellulolytic enzymes isolated from different varieties of fungi are used in enzyme treatment. There are 3 genres of fungus that are white, Brown and soft rot in fungal treatments. Brown rot fungi prefer ably attack cellulose and hemicelluloses, but not lignin. White rot fungi attack the lignin and break up lignol bonds and aromatic ring. White rot fungi break down polysaccharides with hydrolytic enzymes such as cellulase, xylanase, and lignin with oxidative ligninolytic enzymes such as lignin peroxidase and laccase. Because of the fact that the microorganisms that can break down the lignocellulosic materials are the fungi and the cost is low, the application of white rot fungi is possible. In this paper, improvement the lignocellulosic comlex digestibility of straw by biological treatment with the advantage of biodiversity is discussed.