issues of common interest both from the perspective of the host country and from our perspective as visitors. Then we could blend in groups for further discussion. We can not continue to have only exclusive and excluding conferences in big cities, in fancy hotels that only the rich can afford. All of us, in small or big ways have to fight the injustices that partly have brought on the situation we have been thrown into now.


Electronically controlled diesel engines represent the integration of basic diesel engine design with the speed and accuracy of modern computer technology. This paper discusses the various components of the electronic system and their purpose, how the electronic system aids engine performance and diagnostics, and electronic system programming and programming security.


CMOS Millimeter-Wave Amplifier DesignMillimeter-wave CMOS Power Amplifiers Designmm-Wave Silicon TechnologyCMOS 60-GHz and E-band Power Amplifiers and TransmittersDesign of Microwave and Millimeter-wave Wideband CMOS VCOsCMOS Mm-wave Transceivers for Gbps Wireless Communication*Project Supported in Part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61331003).Design Of Millimeter-Wave Reconfigurable Front-End Circuits Using The Standard CMOS-MEMS TechnologyMillimeterWave Voltage-Controlled Oscillators in 0.13-micrometer CMOS TechnologyDesign of CMOS Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Integrated Circuits with MetamaterialsMillimeter-Wave Digitally Intensive Frequency Generation in CMOSCMOS Front Ends for Millimeter Wave Wireless Communication SystemsCMOS Millimeter-wave Circuits and Architecture Design Techniques for High Date Rate ReceiverMillimeter Wave Wireless CommunicationsUltra High-Speed CMOS CircuitsDesign and Reliability Studies of CMOS RF/Millimeter Wave CircuitsDesign of CMOS Voltage-Controlled Oscillator and Mixer for 60GHz Millimeter-Wave ApplicationsDesign of CMOS Low Noise Amplifier and Mixer for 60GHz Millimeter-Wave Front-EndCmos Millimeter-wave Integrated Circuits For Next Generation Wireless Communication SystemsDesign and Optimization of Configurable Passive Components for CMOS Millimeter-wave Integrated CircuitsDesign and Analysis of Millimeter-wave CMOS Phase Shifter and Low Phase Variation CircuitsMillimeter-Wave Circuits for 5G and RadarDesign and Characterization of MMIC IF VGA and Small Signal CMOS Millimeter Wave AmplifiersSystemsLevel Packaging for Millimeter-Wave TransceiversDesign and Implementation of Millimeter-wave Transceivers on CMOSCMOS Millimeter-wave Receiver Front-end Circuits and Their ApplicationsDesign and Modeling of Millimeter-wave CMOS Circuits for Wireless TransceiversMicrowave and Millimeter Wave CMOS Characterization, Modeling and DesignLow-power, High-efficiency, and High-linearity CMOS Millimeter-wave Circuits and Transceivers for Wireless CommunicationsDesign of Millimeter-Wave CMOS Power Ampli "fi"ers with Multi-Mode Power Combining TechniquesDesign of Microwave and Millimeter-wave CMOS VCOS and Frequency Dividersmm-Wave Silicon Power Amplifiers and TransmittersMillimeter-Wave Power AmplifiersDesign of Microwave and Millimeterwave CMOS VCOsAnalysis and Design of CMOS Mixers Millimeter-wave Direct-conversion TransceiversDesign and Analysis of Millimeter-wave CMOS Frequency Dividers and PhaseLocked Loop for 60-GHz WirelessCMOS RF Circuit Design for Reliability and VariabilityDesign of Wide-IF-Band CMOS Mixers for Millimeter Wave Receiver ApplicationDesign and Analysis of Key Components for Manufacturable and Low-power CMOS Millimeter-wave Receiver Front EndDesign Techniques for Microwave and Millimeter Wave CMOS Broadband AmplifiersDesign of Millimeter-Wave CMOS K-band Quadrature Voltage-Controlled Oscillators


Research has shown that anger may be related to the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study investigates the impact of anger on patients with PTSD in a general psychiatric population. Participants diagnosed with PTSD were grouped according to current levels of subjective and inappropriately expressed anger: (a) low subjective and expressed anger; (b) elevated subjective anger and low expressed anger; (c) low subjective anger and elevated expressed anger; and (d) elevated subjective and expressed anger. It was hypothesized that participants reporting elevated levels of subjective anger coupled with recent overt expression would be more impaired and distressed than individuals with PTSD in the other anger groups, after comorbid diagnoses were controlled. The elevated subjective and expressed anger group was more impaired/distressed on global measures and their elevated anger affected some measures of behavioral functioning. Findings are discussed in light of the literature on anger and PTSD.


in the previous research 1 have proposed the hypothesis—the Compositionality of Language Competence,and its essential thought can be stated as follows:human cognition is hierarchical;language competence is neither borne nor the most basic and independent ability,and,rather,it consists of mere basic cognitive abilities.


The present invention relates to an antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin LL-37, LL-37 uses the N-terminal fragment, or extension sequence having 1-3 amino acids at the C- terminus of LL-37, the use is for stimulating epithelial and proliferation of stromal cells, so that the healing of wounds such as chronic ulcers. By including polar lipid bilayer to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a growth medium and the LL-37, specifically bis galactosyl diglycerides, can reduce the toxic effects of LL-37 cells.


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This paper presents novel video feature-based favorite video estimation method. In the proposed method, we use three features, videos, users' viewing behavior and users' evaluation scores for these videos. In order to calculate the novel video features, Multiset Canonical Correlations Analysis (MCCA) is applied to these features to integrate the different types of features. Specifically, MCCA maximizes the sum of three kinds of correlations between three pairs of these features. Then the novel video features that represent the users' individual preference can be obtained by using the projection maximizing the three correlations. Finally, Supported Vector Ordinal Regression (SVOR) is trained by using the novel video features to estimate favorite videos. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our method.


Epilithon is a complex community of autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms that includes inert, organic and inorganic material and is attached to the surface of submersed rocks. Water samples collected in the Grand River (southwestern Ontario) in April 2011 showed that ammonium concentrations decreased downstream, whereas nitrate varied, largely dependent on weather conditions (concentrations of both chemical species were higher during winter). Epilithon δ15N-TN downstream from the Kitchener wastewater treatment plant oscillated between 0.4 to 23.2‰, and δ13C-TC around -27‰. The wastewater treatment plant effluent consisted of δ15N-NO3- between 12 and 16‰, with a decreasing trend as it traveled downstream; δ15N-NH4+ became enriched downstream (as high as 31‰). Average values for δ13C-DIC were -10.1‰ and δ13C-DOC -26.8‰. It is proposed that the nitrogen and carbon isotope composition of epilithon could be used as a short- or medium-term environmental archive, as it reflects in-stream processes, such as ammonia oxidation, in a river impacted by treated wastewater. The interpretation provided here was limited due to the ample range of events and potential sources, specifically when the nitrogen isotopic composition of nitrate and ammonium was similar. Epilithon is easily collected, processed and analysed and proved to be valuable tool to describe changes in river and stream geochemistry.


Patients with neuromuscular scoliosis are a diverse group who are challenging to treat, with higher rates of surgical site infection following posterior spinal fusion than patients with idiopathic scoliosis1. Surgical site infection after posterior spinal fusion is costly, is difficult to manage, and may require multiple procedures including implant removal. Ramo et al. performed a retrospective review of patients at one institution who underwent posterior spinal fusion for neuromuscular scoliosis over a thirty-year period. They examined surgical site infection in this population and reviewed patient and treatment factors associated with surgical site infection.

The study, which spans three decades, is the largest reported in the literature, with 428 patients and an …


Background Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may be associated with significant osteoarticular destruction and may be responsible of significant functional impairment. Objectives We aimed in this study to determine the prevalence of TMJ involvement and its correlations with RA parameters. Methods We report a descriptive monocentric cross-sectional study of 90 consecutive RA, followed at the Rheumatology department of Monastir Teaching Hospital in Tunisia, during 06 months (November 2016 to April 2017) and 46 matched volunteers. Clinical assessment and stomatological examination were performed in all cases. Results Sixty-three RA patients out of 90 (70%) had TMJ involvement. TMJ painful mobilisation, mastication difficulties, swollen TMJ, dental malocclusion and limitation of mouth opening were noted in 55 (81%), 49 (74%), 20 (30.3%), 19 (29%) and 8 (12%) of cases, respectively. Compared with the control group, painful palpation of TMJ (p<0.000) was significantly associated with RA. In RA, TMJ disorder is more common in adults between 40 and 60 years of age, patients with HAQ>0.5 and a high total Vander Heijde Sharp radiographic score (SS). TMJ painful mobilisation is significantly associated with increased body mass index (BMI). Swollen TMJ is significantly associated with age (more frequent in elderly subjects), increased BMI, high RA disease activity (high DAS 28 ESR and/or DAS 28 CRP) and HAQ>0.5. Limitation of mouth opening is significantly associated with age (more common in elderly subjects), overweight, high methotrexate dose (20 mg/day), leflunomide and biotherapy use. Dental malocclusion was significantly associated with high doses corticosteroids (more than 5 mg/day). Mastication difficulties are significantly associated with more than 10 year RA duration, HAQ>0.5 and radiological impairment. Conclusions Temporomandibular disorder is frequent in RA (70%). TMJ disorder is observed especially in active (high DAS 28), serious (radiological impairment, HAQ>0.5) and advanced (more than 10 year duration) RA. Physicians must be careful to assess systematically TMJ in RA patients. Reference [1] Aliko A, Ciancaglini R, Alushi A, Tafaj A, Ruci D. Temporomandibular joint involvement in rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery2011;40:704–9. Disclosure of Interest None declared


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine whether or not performance of employees is determined by merit of their academic excellence, which is measured by cumulative grade point average (CGPA). This paper thus attempts to measure the variables that could possibly influence employees' performance, such as job satisfaction, motivation and involvement in co‐curriculum activities.Design/methodology/approach – An adapted version of the questionnaire used by Sarmiento et al. was utilised to assess the perceived performance of employees. Ability construct was measured in terms of employee academic qualification and skills. A 13‐item scale based on Porter was used to measure motivation. A 14‐item scale based on Hackman and Oldham's Job Diagnostic Survey was used to measure job satisfaction. In total, 340 respondents from 87 companies participated in this study.Findings – The findings revealed that there is a weak relationship between employees' performance with CGPA. The findings also revealed that there...


Introduction: This study aims to evaluate potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use, the association of PIM use, and activities of daily living in 65 years and older home care patients. Method: The study included 322 patients aged 65 and over who applied to Home Care Unit. Consent was obtained from those who agreed to participate in the study. A questionnaire containing demographic data, drug use information, and Katz Daily Living Activities Index was used which was prepared by the researcher in this study. The drugs used by the patients were evaluated according to the 2015 Beers criteria and inappropriate active substances were detected. The data were defined by statistical analyzes such as mean, percentage, standard deviation, and frequency. Chi-squared test and Student's t-test were used in the analysis. The significance level was accepted as p<0.05. Results: The mean age of the patients was 80.2±8.2 years, and 63.4% (n=204) were female. 70.5% (n=227) of the elderly have three or more chronic diseases. The most common diseases were hypertension (56.2%), diabetes (30.0%), and heart failure (29.8%). 79.2% (n=255) of the group uses four or more drugs. 83.3% (n=260) of the patients get help to use the drugs. 51.6% (n=166) of the patients were fully dependent on activities of daily living and 3.4% (n=11) were fully independent, the level of dependency increases with age (p<0.05). The PIM rate was 61.5% in patients. PIM use was found to be significantly higher in those with more disease, in those who used more drugs, and in females (p<0.05). No relationship was found between inappropriate medication use and addiction level. Conclusion: In this study, it was found that more than half of home care patients aged 65 and over had inappropriate drug use. It was determined that inappropriate medication use increased with polypharmacy, and polymorbidity, and there was no correlation between addiction levels.


Currently, the migration process is a phenomenon that has reached the dimensions of a global crisis. Therefore, instruments that describe migration profiles and process perception are required. In view of the above, the instrument "Human Mobility Card" was designed and valued. For its design, instruments of perception about the migratory process were reviewed, for its validation it was reviewed and evaluated in an expert judgment and applied to a pilot group of 100 people. Results: Improvements were suggested by experts, validation of item content (V of Aiken> 0.80) and satisfactory evaluation of the pilot group. A pertinent and valid instrument to evaluate migratory profile, trajectory and perception is presented.


This paper presents a model for solving a multiobjective vehicle routing problem with soft time-window constraints that specify the earliest and latest arrival times of customers. If a customer is serviced before the earliest specified arrival time, extra inventory costs are incurred. If the customer is serviced after the latest arrival time, penalty costs must be paid. Both the total transportation cost and the required fleet size are minimized in this model, which also accounts for the given capacity limitations of each vehicle. The total transportation cost consists of direct transportation costs, extra inventory costs, and penalty costs. This multiobjective optimization is solved by using a modified genetic algorithm approach. The output of the algorithm is a set of optimal solutions that represent the trade-off between total transportation cost and the fleet size required to service customers. The influential impact of these two factors is analyzed through the use of a case study.


Ensemble Monte Carlo simulations of hot nonequilibrium electron relaxation in rectangular GaAs quantum wires is carried out. The simulations demonstrate that the initial stage of hot photoexcited electron cooling dynamics is determined by cascade emission of optical phonons. The second relaxation stage is controlled by inelastic electron interaction with acoustic phonons and exhibits strong dependence on the cross-section of a quantum wire. If electron concentration exceeds 105 cm-1 nonequilibrium (hot) phonon effects come into play and hot phonon thermalization time defines the characteristic electron gas cooling time. In contrast to bulk materials and quantum wells, hot phonon effects in quantum wires are strongly dependent on the initial broadening of energy distribution of photoexcited electrons.


? The progresses in the studies of 6MBOA effects on reproduction for small mammalian herbivores was reviewed in this paper. 6MBOA in food plant can trigger reproductive effort and regulate reproductive performance of small mammalian herbivores.Studies in laboratory and field suggested that reproductive development of mammalian herbivores has positive responses to food derived 6MBOA information, and this information can promote reproductive development of individuals. There exists 6MBOA informational transfer between mother and offspring, and mature female ingested 6MBOA could transfer the information to their offsprings during the periods of gestation and lactation. Reproductive development of offspring can make appropriate physiological responses to maternal transferred information of 6MBOA, and these response degrees depend upon maternal received 6MBOA. Offspring received 6MBOA information from mother could override the reproductive suppression caused by short photoperiod.Facing the environments with fluctuation in weather conditions and unpredictability of food resources,the opportunistic reproductive individuals regulated their reproductive effort based on acquired 6MBOA information from their mothers and food plants.


We have observed second-harmonic generation in atomic hydrogen in the Lyman-α region, with and without an applied dc electric field, Ea. Experiments with a continuous atomic beam were carried out by using a pulsed dye laser tuned to 243 nm for excitation of the n = 2-1 transition. The laser beam was focused 0.4 mm below the H-source nozzle, where the H-atom density was estimated to be 5 × 1013 cm-3. Measurements of second-harmonic generation (SHG) at ~122 nm were made at various electric fields up to ~27 kV/cm. It was shown that the SH signal produced at E
 a
 = 0 occurs because of a charge-separation field of ~800 V/cm that is caused by three-photon ionization. Measurements of the SHG and ion current were found to vary as I2
 L
 and I3
 L

 ,
 respectively. At high fields (E
 a
 > 10 kV/cm) the SH signal at the center of the Stark-split components decreased somewhat from the peak value, but the ion current (corresponding to photon absorption) approached zero. This observation is a clear demonstration of a similar effect, predicted by Harris et al.1 of efficient nonlinear conversion with induced transparency, and it suggests the possibility of obtaining intense Lyman-a radiation.


Discussions about race, racism and White supremacy have exploded in news media in recent months. From debates about racial authenticity and passing to outrage over racist violence and legalized violence against racial Others in places like the United States and the Dominican Republic, the fact that racism is alive and well becomes more and more evident. On 17 June, 2015, a 21-year-old White supremacist gunman murdered nine African-Americans in a racially motivated domestic terrorist attack on the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church, in Charleston, South Carolina. Forged out of a settler colonial past and slavery, the church was founded in 1816 and was one of the oldest spaces of resistance for Blacks in the US South. Since then, at least six historically Black churches have been burned in the Southern United States, echoes of the kind of racial violence that dominated White resistance to the Civil Rights movement. Yet, the continued persistence of racism is not limited to explicit acts of violence in the US South. In the weeks prior to the attacks, the Canadian Senate passed the Antiterrorism Act, which amends the Criminal Code and various other acts in order to restrict the movement of bodies of colour within and across the borders of the nation. This legal move imposes an order based on the racialization of certain bodies that are not discernibly seen as "Canadian" (read non-white and/or Christian and/or secular and heterosexual). In this editorial, we introduce the articles in this issue by considering the relationship between the law, space, time and the ordering power of racism. This relationship manifests in the current efforts to reform citizenship law and how this works to order both exogenous and indigenous Others deemed as non-Canadian, for instance, by fixing and making immobile people of colour, Indigenous peoples, immigrants and Others considered foreign. This is a necessary move to legitimize settler presence, innocence and afford settler futurity. These laws and the rights that they afford and deny, work towards the denial of home and thus space, time and life of any person not conforming to the logics of whiteness. These logics restate the same post-Enlightenment, European White rationality that refract the murder of Black parishioners in a space of worship through "mental illness." We offer some thoughts and considerations to move beyond these binds, the bonds of discourse, as we reflect on how our settlerhood implicates us in the ordering of Others. According to Canadian Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, Chris Alexander, Bills C-24 and C-51 will together be able to "protect" citizens from the specter of "jihadi terrorism," and strengthen citizenship. However, by turning into law the notion that Canadian "citizenship is not a right ... its a privilege," the two Bills severely undermine the various processes and agreements that constitute and grant citizenship and the alleged


Greco-Roman Culture and the Galilee of Jesus, the first booklength investigation of this topic, challenges the conventional scholarly view that first-century Galilee was thoroughly Hellenized. Examining architecture, inscriptions, coins, and art from Alexander the Great's conquest until the early fourth century CE, Chancey argues that the extent of Greco-Roman culture in the time of Jesus has often been greatly exaggerated. Antipas's reign in the early first century was indeed a time of transition, but the more dramatic shifts in Galilee's cultural climate happened in the second century, after the arrival of a large Roman garrison. Much of Galilee's Hellenization should thus be understood within the context of its Romanization. Any attempt to understand the Galilean setting of Jesus must recognize the significance of the region's historical development as well as how Galilee fits into the larger context of the Roman East.


This paper addresses the problems of sensor localization and multi-target tracking in multi-agent networks, with primary focus on the maritime environment. Agents have access to navigation and communication measurements to reconstruct the network geometry, and at the same time exploit indirect echos of the communication signal to detect passive targets. The proposed solution merges the self-localization and tracking tasks in a single methodology based on the belief propagation algorithm. Validation on experimental measurements collected in an underwater environment proves the efficacy of the proposed solution.


[This paper is part of the Focused Collection on Preparing and Supporting University Physics Educators.] Undergraduate students are increasingly being used to support course transformations that incorporate research-based instructional strategies. While such students are typically selected based on strong content knowledge and possible interest in teaching, they often do not have previous pedagogical training. The current trainingmodelsmake use of real students or classmates role playing as students as the test subjects.We present a new environment for facilitating the practice of physics pedagogy skills, a highly immersive mixed-reality classroom simulator, and assess its effectiveness for undergraduate physics learning assistants (LAs). LAs prepared, taught, and reflected on a lesson about motion graphs for five highly interactive computer generated student avatars in the mixed-reality classroom simulator. To assess the effectiveness of the simulator for this population,we analyzed the pedagogical skills LAs intended to practice and exhibited during their lessons and explored LAs' descriptions of their experiences with the simulator. Our results indicate that the classroom simulator created a safe, effective environment forLAs to practice a variety of skills, such as questioning styles and wait time. Additionally, our analysis revealed areas for improvement in our preparation of LAs and use of the simulator. We conclude with a summary of research questions this environment could facilitate.


Background: Three issues about colorectal cancer are now blooming among surgeons and oncologists. The first issue is trend the younger the age of the patients suffering from colorectal cancer. The second is the younger the age of the patients the higher malignant of the cancer. The third issue is the delay of the management of colorectal cancer. Methods: A retrospective study on the colorectal cancer patients who were managed in Patmasuri Surgery Hospital, Yogyakarta, during a 10-year period (1989 - 1998). Results: The first and second issues were not proved, but the third issue was proved. The cause of delay came from the patient and the physician in establishing the diagnosis and in considering the operative procedure. Key words : colorectal cancer - younger age - higher malignant


• The incidence of serious falls in blood pressure and slowing of heart rate was studied in 40 unselected patients who came to surgery with a history of having taken Rauwolfia for the treatment of hypertension. Sixteen developed hypotension and bradycardia and did not respond satisfactorily to vasopressor drugs such as phenylephrine. Elective surgery can be done on patients who have been on Rauwolfia therapy if this drug can be withheld for two weeks before operation. Emergency surgery on these patients can be carried out by using vagal blocking drugs such as atropine sulfate, scopolamine, or oxyphenonium to prevent and treat vagal circulatory responses.


D2468 Immune Dysregulation in Renal Transplant Recipients With Chronic High Level EBV DNAemia. M. Morton,1 J. Adams,2 B. Coupes,1 S. Roberts,3 P. Klapper,4 P. Vallely,4 J. Burthem,2 M. Picton.1 1Dept of Renal Medicine, Manchester Royal Infi rmary, Manchester, United Kingdom; 2Dept of Haematology, Manchester Royal Infi rmary, Manchester, United Kingdom; 3Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; 4Microbiology and Virology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom. We previously investigated EBV DNAemia in 500 renal transplant recipients and found 46% of patients positive, with chronic high viral loads (CHVL) in 7%. Risk factors for DNAemia included time from transplant and recipient seronegative status. Mycophenolate was associated with low rates of DNAemia. We now report a nested case control study recruiting 60 patients from the original 500, matched for age and time from transplant and stratifi ed by viral load into; group 1, undetectable (n=19), group 2 low (<75% samples >1000copies/ml) (n=20) and group 3 CHVL ( ≥75% samples >1000copies/ml or ≥3 samples over >6 months with ≥10,000 copies/ml) (n=21). Methods We analysed serology, DNAemia in whole blood and plasma, lymphocyte subsets, ultrasound examination of cervical lymph nodes and immunosuppression burden. Results All participants were EBV seropositive. Anti-VCA levels were signifi cantly higher in those with a CHVL. 7 patients had DNA detectable in plasma as well as whole blood (6/7 were in Group 3). This small sub-group had lower CD4:8 ratios than those with DNA in whole blood only (p=0.041), with higher CD8 counts (p=0.09). Group 3 had more individuals with ≥2 lymph nodes measuring >0.5mm than Group 1 (62% v 26%; OR 4.6; CI 1.2-17.5; p=0.03). A "heavy" immunosuppression burden was identifi ed in 0% of Group 1 and 29% of Group 3 (p=0.012). No association between mycophenolate and lymphocyte counts was identifi ed. PTLD has not been identifi ed in any of the 3 patient groups to date. Conclusion Chronic immunosuppression and immune dysregulation may predispose to EBV DNAemia, with similarities to the HIV setting. There may be scope to optimise immunosuppression in the setting of high level EBV DNAemia. A planned 5 year follow-up of the study patients will provide outcome data in relation to immune function and lymph node fi ndings. Abstract# D2469 Long-Term Effect of Splenectomy On Post-Transplant Infection Rates in ABO-Incompatible Kidney Transplant Patients. N. Ichimaru, J. D2469 Long-Term Effect of Splenectomy On Post-Transplant Infection Rates in ABO-Incompatible Kidney Transplant Patients. N. Ichimaru, J. Kaimori, Y. Kakuta, M. Okumi, T. Abe, R. Imamura, N. Nonomura, S. Takahara. Osaka University, Suita, Japan. Background: ABO-incompatible (ABOi) kidney transplantation commonly included splenectomy to reduce B-cell abundance and antibody titers. However, recent advances have made splenectomy unnecessary; pharmacological treatments (e.g., rituximab) are now used in place of splenectomy to achieve complete depletion of B-cells in peripheral blood. Patients and Methods:Our hospital began performing ABOi kidney transplantation with splenectomy in July 1992.In this retrospective study, we evaluated the rate of adverse events associated with splenectomy in ABOi kidney transplant patients to determine whether ABOi kidney transplantation with splenectomyis associated with an increased rate of infection. Between July 1992 and December 2008, 40 cases of ABOi transplantation with splenectomy and 198 cases of ABO-compatible (ABOc) transplantation were performed in our hospital. We compared the fi ve-year infection free rate in these patients from 2009 and 2013 using Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Results:Between 1992 and December 2008, 6 patients in the ABOi group and 44 patients in the ABOc group were readmitted for dialysis and/or had died. The remaining 34 patients in the ABOi group and 154 patients in the ABOc group were included in the study. A total of 18 patientsin the ABOi group and 62 patientsin the ABOc group were treated for infection. Five-year infection free rates were 47.0% in the ABOi group and 59.7% in the ABOc group (p=0.151). The splenectomy group was vaccinated against pneumococcal infection, and no increase in the rate of infection was observed post-splenectomy. Conclusions: No signifi cant difference was seen in the infection rate among patients receiving ABOi kidney transplants with splenectomycompared with that among patients receiving ABOc kidney transplants. DISCLOSURES: Ichimaru, N.: Grant/Research Support, Astellas, Novarits, Chugai. Abstract# D2470 Hyposplenism Increases The Risk of Recurrent Urinary Infection in Renal Transplant Recipients. S. Rioja,1 E. Kasai,2 M. Orlando,2 S. Lucena,3 N. Araujo.1 1Nephrology, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 2Nuclear Medicine, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 3Haematology, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BACKGROUND: In our unit, we noticed that patients with long-standing functioning renal graft compared to those soon after post-transplant showed smaller spleen on ultrasound along with haematological pictures of splenic dysfunction. To address this issue, we submited them to Sn-colloide hepatosplenic scintigraph to confi rm the presumed reduction of splenic function. Hypsplenism is known to increase susceptibility to infection. Accordingly, the authors decided to investigate if transplant recipients would have higher risk to recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by encapsulated bacteria due to poor splenic function. METHODS: The study was a cross-sectional survey based on single samples. Hepatosplenic scintigraphy was performed at 20 min following i.v. injection of 5mCi of 99mstannous colloid on an out patients basis. The splenic uptake of the colloid on the posterior view was classifi ed in relation to the liver uptake into decreased or equal. In accordance with the results, the patients were assigned to normal or reduced spleen function group. Further, the episodes of UTI were drawn from medical records. Immunosuppressive regimen use corticosteroid, azathioprine or mycophenolate and calcineurin inhibitors or m-TOR inhibitors. RESULTS: We enrolled 98 patients (62 men; 36 women; 57 from a deceased donor and 41 from a living donor); the mean age was 48 years (range 23.0-74.0 years). Mean transplant duration was 2446 days (range 181-8978 days). According to the scintigraphy, the prevalence of hyposplenism was 30.6% for the whole group. 42 out 98 patients developed recurrent UTI (defi ned as two episodes in six months or three episodes in a year). The risk for the disease was higher in the group with reduced spleen function (OR=2.47; IC 95% 1.02-5.98; p=0.043). In 27% of these patients, Escherichia coli was the single infecting organism, in all UTI episodes. In the majority, E. coli took turns with different Enterobacteriaceae or gram positive bacteria. DISCUSSION: Our fi nding shows that renal transplant recipients may develop signifi cant poor splenic function. Accordingly, we speculate that the increased UTI episodes would be due a defi ciency of IgM memory B cells and IL-10, known to be related to the impairment of splenic function. D2470 Hyposplenism Increases The Risk of Recurrent Urinary Infection in Renal Transplant Recipients. S. Rioja,1 E. Kasai,2 M. Orlando,2 S. Lucena,3 N. Araujo.1 1Nephrology, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 2Nuclear Medicine, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 3Haematology, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BACKGROUND: In our unit, we noticed that patients with long-standing functioning renal graft compared to those soon after post-transplant showed smaller spleen on ultrasound along with haematological pictures of splenic dysfunction. To address this issue, we submited them to Sn-colloide hepatosplenic scintigraph to confi rm the presumed reduction of splenic function. Hypsplenism is known to increase susceptibility to infection. Accordingly, the authors decided to investigate if transplant recipients would have higher risk to recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by encapsulated bacteria due to poor splenic function. METHODS: The study was a cross-sectional survey based on single samples. Hepatosplenic scintigraphy was performed at 20 min following i.v. injection of 5mCi of 99mstannous colloid on an out patients basis. The splenic uptake of the colloid on the posterior view was classifi ed in relation to the liver uptake into decreased or equal. In accordance with the results, the patients were assigned to normal or reduced spleen function group. Further, the episodes of UTI were drawn from medical records. Immunosuppressive regimen use corticosteroid, azathioprine or mycophenolate and calcineurin inhibitors or m-TOR inhibitors. RESULTS: We enrolled 98 patients (62 men; 36 women; 57 from a deceased donor and 41 from a living donor); the mean age was 48 years (range 23.0-74.0 years). Mean transplant duration was 2446 days (range 181-8978 days). According to the scintigraphy, the prevalence of hyposplenism was 30.6% for the whole group. 42 out 98 patients developed recurrent UTI (defi ned as two episodes in six months or three episodes in a year). The risk for the disease was higher in the group with reduced spleen function (OR=2.47; IC 95% 1.02-5.98; p=0.043). In 27% of these patients, Escherichia coli was the single infecting organism, in all UTI episodes. In the majority, E. coli took turns with different Enterobacteriaceae or gram positive bacteria. DISCUSSION: Our fi nding shows that renal transplant recipients may develop signifi cant poor splenic function. Accordingly, we speculate that the increased UTI episodes would be due a defi ciency of IgM memory B ce


The demographic development of Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, is analyzed. The author notes that the rapid growth of the city has disrupted the country's urbanization plans as a whole and that the mountains surrounding the city preclude the development of a satellite system of smaller urban centers. A plan to divert production, education, and administration functions to regional capitals to encourage their growth at Sofia's expense is described. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)


The separation experiments of particle size and rotate speed are done for manganese ore from Inner Mongolia area in China.The results show that sample 1 can get the eligible grade of product under coarser particle size and higher rotate speed.And sample 2 can get the higher grade and recovery rate with lower rotate speed and classifying separation.


According to elastic-plastic finite element contact problem,this paper set up a mechanical model of an expansion process of J55 expandable casing and carried out a detail finite element stimulation analysis of 114.3 mm casing.Through computed stimulation analysis,a graphics of stress distribution,a constriction proportion in length and a constriction proportion in width were obtained.Meanwhile,an expandable experimentation of J55 114.3 mm casing was carried on with hydraulic pulling-extending machine and its result was compared with the stimulated data.The stimulation analysis results finally can provide theoretical preparation for casing expansion technology.


We present a new way of organizing the few mathematical statements which form introduction to Calculus: the epsilon-delta characterization of the limit is now d e r i v e d from four simple, intuitive and frequently used statements, which we choose as axioms.


Consumer perception affects how food products are positioned in the marketplace. In addition, misperception about product safety influences how products are labeled and marketed. Regulatory compliance issues facing aquaculture producers are driven both by science-based concerns over product safety and politics. Consumer perception of product safety often has little connection with any legitimate public health concern. This is particularly true for aquatic foods which have been politically targeted throughout the years by inaccurate assessment of product safety as part of a larger strategy to discourage purchases or to direct purchase to politically more acceptable product, for example from a "farmed" fish to a wild harvested one. Activists target the safety of foods harvested from the marine environment to promote an environmental agency, most recently mercury raising content in pelagic species such as tuna to scare women, particularly pregnant women, from consuming this otherwise healthful food. Recent scares have involved colorant and feed additives for farmed salmon, leading to mandatory retail labeling in Western US markets of "added color" for all farm raised salmonids to increase consumer concern about product safety and discourage purchases. These efforts detract from improving overall food safety, specifically risks of microbial contamination and growth.


The paper by Comley and Turvey analyses debt management in Australia. The country's fiscal position became increasingly strong from the second half of the 1990s. General government net debt fell from almost 20% of GDP to less than 4% between 1996 and 2003. Concerns that this reduction would negatively affect financial market efficiency (mainly due to the higher cost of managing interest rate risk in the absence of a Treasury bond futures market) led the Australian government to continue to issue debt. The authors stress that this has implied that issuance policy is less and less targeted to achieving desirable cost and risk characteristics for the Government.


The Sukhithai Difference - Smiles upon entry to the property. They continue at every turn. With the intuitive service at restaurants. As the pool attendant hands you your towel. When your tennis coach engages you in a friendly spar. As you close your..


Creating a speech recognizer from scratch can be quite daunting for the beginner. We present a simple and economical method for creating speech recognizers. Our goal is a favorable cost/benefit ratio rather than the best possible recognition score. We are mainly interested in recognizers with restricted domains, for example for use as input to a dialog system. We have created a number of tools which make the process easier, and use a running example to illustrate how it is done. Our starting point is a Grammatical Framework grammar, and we use HTK and ATK to create the speech recognizer.


In this study, a patient dose tracking software was utilised for the management patient doses and optimisation of scanning protocols for computed tomography (CT) imaging. This study aimed to evaluate the used of GE DoseWatch software for local dose tracking and management. The commercial DoseWatch software was first installed at Imaging Unit, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia (AMDI, USM), Penang on November 2018. All the CT scans were tracked by this software connected on-line to the Siemens SOMATOM AS+ CT scanner and GE Discovery SPECT/CT scanner. A total of 361 CT dose dataset were evaluated during the period of 10 months started from November 2018 until August 2019. From the initial experience, this software allows rapid and reliable collection and management of the CT dose data involving large number of examinations. From comparative study with our established local dose reference level, the mean DLP for few CT protocols exceeded the LDRLs such as TAP (10%), Routine Brain (89%), and HeadRoutine (38%) CT study which need further assessment and audit on the current local CT protocols. However, implementation of the software required knowledgeable and well-trained user for the full-benefits. Accurate data and protocol types should also be selected by the users during the CT scanning as it will influence the whole process of dose tracking and management on the software.


The aim of the present paper it is to analyse the volume and the distribution of the financial resources that form the FEDER funds in the European Union. These funds have got a main purpose in relation with reduction of the structural development differences among the states members. To attain this target, the funds are assigned to each Zone in function of several criteria and parameters that try to destine more funds to the low development areas. In this sense, Spain has been until now one of the European countries that has received more funds.


The contact property between Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) with vertical carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is studied in this work. By careful catalyst design and process optimization, we have demonstrated the formation of ohmic contact between the CNT and the GST material. The developed process is CMOS compatible and can be used for form phase change memory over the vias in the interconnect layers.


War — Meaning of — Hostilities in Absence of Declaration of War — Korean Conflict — Whether War for Purpose of United States Military Law.


Using a thin-layer chromatographic technique, we have identified the photoassimilates that are transported intercellularly from branchlets to internodes in Chara corallina. An internode-branchlet complex having a primary apex was used in these experiments. After feeding 1 mol m -3 NaH 14 CO 3 to a branchlet for 10 min, the 14 C-labelled photoassimilates ( 14 C-photoassimilates) found in the sol endoplasm of the branchlet were composed of sucrose, amino acids, malate, and sugarphosphates


Experiments on rats showed that the morpho-functional state of the cerebral cortex microcirculatory bed suffers marked changes in different periods of hypokinesia. This was accompanied with obvious morphological changes in the brain, the development of brain edema in particular. It was found that the GABAergic agents which we used ranked below Ca-antagonists in antiedemic activity.


This paper presents a technique for tagging in natural language processing that can enhance the speed and accuracy of the part-of-speech tagging in the statistical parsing by using pipelining concept for fast searching and indexing. The running time of a parser depends upon the searching of respective words in the word-bank and their respective tags to match with the parse trees stored in the Parse Tree database.


Objective To investigate the effects of rosiglitazone (RSG) on the levels of serum HbA1c, interleukin-6(IL-6) and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in type 2 diabetic patients who were inadequately controlled only with insulin therapy. Methods 40 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), whose blood glucose was poorly controlled (HbA1c≥7 5%) after 4 weeks of standardized insulin therapy, were additionally given 4mg daily PSG. The levels of serum HbA1c, IL-6, hsCRP, total cholesterol (Tch), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) were measured before and after 12 weeks treatment with RSG. hsCRP was measured by high-sensitivity immunoturbidimetric method, and IL-6 by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA). Results ⑴ RSG 4mg daily significantly improved glycemic control, treatment with RSG 4 mg plus insulin resulted in a mean 1 59% reduction of HbA1c from baseline (P0 0001), and a mean 13 59% reduction of insulin dosage.⑵ RSG decreased the levels of serum IL-6, hsCRP, TG and LDL-c in the patients with T2DM (P0 005~0 0001). Conclusion RSG can improve glycemic control in patients with insulin-inadequately controlled T2DM. RSG has anti-inflammatory and lipid-modulated effects beyond glycemic control.


The aim of this work was to answer the following questions: (i) Can we realize a long-term dechlorination with a pure anaerobic strain in soil and (ii) can we monitor the process on an adequate scale with a controlled simulator of in situ conditions (soil bioreactor of a 500-L scale). The soil bioreactor was fed continuously with 3-chlorobenzoate (3-CB) as a model chloroaromatic compound. Bioaugmentation was carried out by inoculating Desulfomonile tiedjei in localized areas in the bioreactor. Temporal and spatial distribution of the 3-CB dechlorination activity was investigated with specific biological activity tests for approximately 4 months following the inoculation. These tests involved the minimally invasive sampling of geometrically distinct points in the reactor and their off-site handling within reconstructed microcosms, allowing the assessment of dechlorinating and methanogenic soil activities. Using autoclaved and nonautoclaved agricultural soil, the results showed a heterogeneous distribution of the dechlorination activity in the bioreactor. The autoclaved soil expressed a high microbial activity as reflected by biogas production and 3-CB dechlorination. Furthermore, durable establishment of D, tiedjei in both autoclaved and nonautoclaved soil was shown, although in the latter portion of the reactor the microorganism was maintained only at the top surface. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of the 16S rDNA gene of D. tiedjei was directly correlated with 3-CB dechlorination activity. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of PCR products demonstrated distinct bacterial community fingerprints in soil samples as a function of location and in response to process modifications. This investigation demonstrates for the first time the applicability and limitations of soil bioaugmentation with a pure anaerobic dechlorinating strain at a realistic pilot scare.


Timbuktu's literary patrimony has survived the ravages of mankind and environmental threats since time immemorial and this coupled by the fact that the manuscripts are a veritable treasure trove of knowledge explains why the interest has been phenomenal on the global stage. This "tin-trunk literacy" once in official depositories is now finding its way into the basements of individual households where it had previously been housed for centuries. The cycle of archiving and re-archiving at private or personal level as evidenced in Mali points to the need to depoliticise the archive. The fact that the Timbuktu manuscripts have survived for centuries in those household basements, in storerooms and garages for example, is a strong African archival tradition that deserves special commendation considering that modern archives are mainly Western in conception. The lesson for Africa is that natural ventilation remains the best solution to preserve our collections and in the construction of future archival buildings this needs to be observed to avoid artificial methods of preservation which are unsustainable. International collaboration efforts whilst welcome, should take cognisance of this strong archival tradition when planning rescue efforts with regards to infrastructure. Another fundamental lesson is that Africans should be able to take control of the digitization of their own intellectual heritage to counter cultural pillaging. On the other hand, the efforts made by the South African Government to preserve this Timbuktu heritage are applaudable but the deplorable state of its archives at private, state and provincial levels raises eyebrows as it appears this was political expediency with the so-called African Renaissance concept.


In order to analyze that the brake pipe cracking is caused by welding technology,several group welding tests is carry out by the common electric arc welding,MAG welding and TIG welding.The result shows that all welding can achieve good joints,Welding process is not the reason to cause the cracking of the brake pipe.The brake pipe cracking test anaysis,that is because the crevice corrosion caused by fatigue crack,and brings forward the pulse TIG welding machine,welding end chamfering,TIG remelting or sealant,reduce joints stress concentration,fine chemical technology file,strict traing and construction of preventive measures,in order to reduce and prevent the fracture genertaion.


Metastasis and chemotherapy resistance are the key factors affecting the effectiveness of osteosarcoma (OS) treatments. CXCR1 overexpression is found to be closely related to chemotherapy resistance and anoikis resistance in OS cell subtypes with high metastasis potential. Further study demonstrates that CXCR1 is highly expressed on circulating tumor cell (CTC)‐derived cells with cancer stem cell characteristics. Then, a CXCR1 targeting peptide is designed and synthesized to competitively inhibit the IL‐8/CXCR1 pathway and to improve the cisplatin sensitivity of CTCs. Fluorescence‐labeled magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) with pH‐responsive cisplatin release are fabricated and linked with the CXCR1 targeting peptide (Cis@MFPPC). Results demonstrate that CTC survival could be inhibited effectively by the targeting nanoparticles in vivo. Cis@MFPPC can also inhibit OS growth and pulmonary metastasis in an orthotopic model and patient‐derived tumor xenograft model. This study verifies the clinical significance of CXCR1 as a therapeutic target and provides a drug delivery NP system for precise treatment of OS.


This paper presented an overview of Chinese bi-character words' morphological types, and proposed a set of features for machine learning approaches to predict these types based on composite characters' information. First, eight morphological types were defined, and 6,500 Chinese bi-character words were annotated with these types. After pre-processing, 6,178 words were selected to construct a corpus named Reduced Set. We analyzed Reduced Set and conducted the inter-annotator agreement test. The average kappa value of 0.67 indicates a substantial agreement. Second, Bi-character words' morphological types are considered strongly related with the composite characters' parts of speech in this paper, so we proposed a set of features which can simply be extracted from dictionaries to indicate the characters' "tendency" of parts of speech. Finally, we used these features and adopted three machine learning algorithms, SVM, CRF, and Naive Bayes, to predict the morphological types. On the average, the best algorithm CRF achieved 75% of the annotators' performance.


Does the ability to protect an asset from unsecured creditors affect its price? This paper identifies the impact of bankruptcy protection on house prices using 139 changes in homestead exemptions. Large increases in the homestead exemption raised house prices 3% before 2005. Smaller exemption increases, to adjust for inflation, did not affect house prices. The effect disappeared after BAPCPA, a 2005 federal law designed to prevent bankruptcy abuse. The effect was bigger in inelastic locations.


In this paper, we propose a technique for floorplanning in case of graphene nanoribbon (GNR) based circuits. Graphene nanoribbon based devices and interconnects are now found to be better alternatives over traditional CMOS based devices and interconnects. Logic blocks of GNR can be assumed to be hexagonal in shape. Due to special geometric structure in GNR, the interconnects can be bent only in 0°, 60° and 120° angles. Hence routing grids are aligned to these angles only. The concept of floorplanning in traditional VLSI design is extended first time for GNR based circuits in this paper.


Presently, ultrasonic and electromagnetic waves are often used for the quantitative nondestructive testing of concrete. The evaluation of material deterioration and detection of defects in concrete are carried out using ultrasonic waves. On the other hand, the positions of reinforced bars can be reconstructed by using electromagnetic waves. In order to gain a better understanding of ultrasonic and electromagnetic waves in concrete, it is useful to model the wave propagation and scattering process explicitly in the time domain. This study presents a technique for numerical time domain modelings of ultrasonic and electromagnetic waves. Our simulation tool is based on a combina-tion of the finite integration technique (FIT) and an image–based modeling approach. The FIT is a grid-based spatial discretization method that works in conjunction with a leap–frog–type explicit scheme. In the image–based modeling approach, geometries of concrete are determined using a digital image, e.g., a cross-sectional image or CT data. Then the processed pixel or voxel data are directly fed into the FIT. We demonstrate simulations of the contact ultrasonic method and electromagnetic radar method for concrete. The utility of the image-based FIT is validated with experimentally measured data.


In this paper, we propose a handover scheme for seamless mobile multicast service in next generation access networks. For this, we drew optimum handover scheme when applying MIP(mobile IP), FMIP(Fast MIP), HMIP(Heterogeneous MIP), PMIP(Proxy MIP) to XG-PON1. And, we analyze handover scheme for seamless mobile multicast service in XG-PON1. The prosed handover scheme remove tunnel convergence and reduces handover delay, packet delivery cost.


In a paper published in 'Phil. Trans.' (B, vol. 207, 1916, pp. 183-220) by L. Hill, O. W. Griffiths, and M. Flack, there was detailed the theory and use of an instrument, the kata-thermometer, a large-bulbed alcohol thermometer, for determining the cooling power of the atmosphere on a surface at body temperature. A formula H/ θ = 0⋅27 + 0⋅36 √V, where H = heat lost in mille-calories per square centimetre per second, θ = (36⋅5— t )°C., where t = temperature of enclosure, and V = velocity of air current in metres per second, was obtained for the loss of heat of the dry kata-thermometer in a current of air; 36⋅5° C. was chosen as the skin temperature. This is a variable, and only reaches that figure in warm atmospheres. The constant 0⋅36 in the above formula was determined from experiments which were carried out with the apparatus then available in a tube of which the cross-section area was of the same order of magnitude as that of the kata. Therefore, in calculating the velocity of the air current i.e ., the mean velocity of the air striking the kata, the area of cross-section of the kata was subtracted from that of the tube.


Key Words: Numerical Analysis(수치해석), Thermoelectric Module(열전소자), Seebeck Coefficient(지벡계수), Figure Of Merit(성능지수)초록: 내연기관은연료로공급되는에너지의30~40%만을동력에너지로전환되고나머지60~70%는손실에너지와배기에너지로버려지게된다. 따라서배기에너지를회수한다면기계적에너지또는전기적에너지로변환시킬수있다. 열전발전기는배기관에위치하여고온열원과저온열원사이에온도차를이용한다. 두열원사이에온도차를이용하여전기적에너지를발생시켜동력에너지등여러에너지로변환가능하다. 이논문에서는이러한열전발전기의특성을예측하기위해수치해석을통하여여러조건에따른열전발전기특성을예측하였다. 수치해석결과고온열원과저온열원간의온도차이가클수록발생하는전력역시증가하는것을알수있었다.Abstract: Internal combustion engines typically expel 30%–40% of the energy supplied by fuel to the environmentthrough their exhaust system. Therefore, further significant improvements in the thermal efficiency of IC engines arepossible by recovering the waste heat from the engine exhaust gas. With this fact in mind, a numerical simulation wascarried out to investigate the potential of using thermoelectric generation with an internal combustion engine for wasteheat recovery. Physical parameters such as the exhaust temperature and mass flow rate were evaluated in the exhaustsystem, and the optimum location for inserting a thermoelectric generator (TEG) into the system was determined. TheTEG will be located in the exhaust system and will use the energy flow between the warmer exhaust gas and theexternal environment. The optimum position of the temperature distribution and the TEG performance were predictedthrough numerical analysis. The experimental results obtained showed that the power output significantly increases withthe temperature difference between the cold and hot sides of the TEG.


Text segmentation, or named text binarization, is usually an essential step for text information extraction from images and videos. However, most existing text segmentation methods have difficulties in extracting multi-polarity texts, where multi-polarity texts mean those texts with multiple colors or intensities in the same line. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm for multi- polarity text segmentation based on graph theory. By representing a text image with an undirected weighted graph and partitioning it iteratively, multi-polarity text image can be effectively split into several single-polarity text images. As a result, these text images are then segmented by single-polarity text segmentation algorithms. Experiments on thousands of multi-polarity text images show that our algorithm can effectively segment multi-polarity texts.


The electrochemical conversion of CO2 represents a promising way to simultaneously reduce CO2 emissions and store chemical energy. However, the competition between CO2 reduction (CO2R) and the H2 evolution reaction (HER) hinders the efficient conversion of CO2 in aqueous solution. In water, CO2 is in dynamic equilibrium with H2CO3, HCO3−, and CO32−. While CO2 and its associated carbonate species represent carbon sources for CO2R, recent studies by Koper and co-workers indicate that H2CO3 and HCO3− also act as proton sources during HER (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 4154–4161, ACS Catal. 2021, 11, 4936–4945, J. Catal. 2022, 405, 346–354), which can favorably compete with water at certain potentials. However, accurately distinguishing between competing reaction mechanisms as a function of potential requires direct observation of the non-equilibrium product distribution present at the electrode/electrolyte interface. In this study, we employ vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy to directly probe the interfacial species produced during competing HER/CO2R on Au electrodes. The vibrational spectra at the Ar-purged Na2SO4 solution/Au interface, where only HER occurs, show a strong peak around 3650 cm−1, which appears at the HER onset potential and is assigned to OH−. Notably, this species is absent for the CO2-purged Na2SO4 solution/gold interface; instead, a peak around 3400 cm−1 appears at catalytic potential, which is assigned to CO32− in the electrochemical double layer. These spectral reporters allow us to differentiate between HER mechanisms based on water reduction (OH− product) and HCO3− reduction (CO32− product). Monitoring the relative intensities of these features as a function of potential in NaHCO3 electrolyte reveals that the proton donor switches from HCO3− at low overpotential to H2O at higher overpotential. This work represents the first direct detection of OH− on a metal electrode produced during HER and provides important insights into the surface reactions that mediate selectivity between HER and CO2R in aqueous solution.


The chapter studies the lexical borrowing pattern in Kali'na, a Cariban language of French Guiana. It presents its history and contact languages, giving insights into cultural and social history of the language. The study is based on lexical data containing a list of 1500 meanings. It provides informations about the source language, the number and kind, the semantic word class, the semantic field and the integration of the loanwords. It is a part of a project based on 41 languages from around the world. During the first phase of the project (2004-2009), it was known under the name Loanword Typology, and was coordinated by Martin Haspelmath and Uri Tadmor at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. This phase was completed with the publication of the online World Loanword Database (2009), as well as the book Loanwords in the World's Languages: A comparative Handbook (De Gruyter Mouton, 2009).


Modern bulk power systems require that several thousand megawatts be transmitted on single rights-of-way. The historic approach to accomplishing this level of synchronous transfer has been extra-high-voltage AC, i.e., voltages greater than 230 kV and less than 1000 kV. While extra-high-voltage 3-phase AC has proven to be both efficient and operationally successful, a new AC alternative, high phase order, offers advantages in many applications. The concept of high phase order transmission is not new, having been the subject of a patent in 1966. It has been shown that the most efficient method of electric power transmission in air dielectric at low frequencies (e.g., 50 to 60 Hz) is high phase order. Serious analysis of the technical and economic characteristics of high phase order were initiated in the 1970s and testing on experimental lines began in 1979. This extensive work has shown advantages of high phase order in ground level electric fields, audible noise, radio noise and physical size of structures. These advantages translate into greater efficiency of rights-of-way. Of particular importance is, that for equivalent electrical line loadings, the voltage of the high phase order line is significantly lower than for the 3-phase alternatives. This can be of primary importancemore » in nations that do not have the manufacturing and test facilities to design, build and repair the components and equipment necessary for, for example, 800 kV. This paper reviews these facts. 5 refs., 6 figs., 4 tabs.« less


embryogenesis (SE), which occurs naturally in many plant species, serves as a model to elucidate cellular and molecular mechanisms of embryo patterning in plants. Decoding the regulatory landscape of SE is essential for its further application. Hence, the present study aimed to employ Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA) to construct a gene co-expression network (GCN) for Arabidopsis SE, and then identify highly correlated gene modules to uncover the hub genes associated with SE that may serve as potential molecular targets. targeting genes of the CCAAT TF family, six miR396 targeting genes of the GRF TF family, �ve miR166/miR165 targeting genes of the HB TF family, �ve miR164 targeting genes of the NAC family and �ve miR159/miR319 targeting genes of the TCP TF family. These miRNA-targeted TF encoding genes may play a signi�cant role in the regulation of SE responses.


Species do not function as isolated entities, rather they are organized in complex networks of interactions. These networks develop the ecological processes that provide ecosystem services for human societies. Understanding the causes and consequences of changes in ecological networks due to landscape modification would allow us to understand the consequences of ecological processes. However, there is still theoretical controversy and few empirical data on the effects of network characteristics on the loss of natural environments. We investigate how bat–fruit networks respond to three landscapes representing the gradient of modification from pre-montane forest to a heterogeneous agricultural landscape in the Colombian Andes (continuous forests, forest fragments, and crops). We found that forest contained smaller bat–fruit networks than forest fragments and crops. Modified landscapes had similar ecological network structures to forest (nestedness and modularity), but crops contained less specialized networks compared to forests and fragments and the species role in these habitats change. The networks in the rural coffee landscape maintain their structure in the different transformation scenarios, indicating that seed dispersal services are maintained even in the most transformed scenarios. This could be related to the high heterogeneity present in this rural landscape. Although the number of species does not decrease due to transformations, species change their roles in the most transformed habitats. This result sheds light on the way that biodiversity responds to anthropogenic transformations, showing higher stability than theoretically predicted.


This corporate history relates the expansion of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation since the 1970s, when the deregulation of banking got under way. HSBC embarked on a programme of global expansion which continued until the early part of the 21st century and the financial crisis. Much of it was very successful, and some very unsuccessful. The review considers the HSBC's experience against the theory of banking advanced by Admati and Hellwig, and concludes that the theory is supported by HSBC's more recent experience as regards the behaviour of shareholders, but that it does not admit the possibility that the staff of a bank may be an important source of stability. HSBC survived and prospered because it was able to recognize mistakes quickly, and put them right.


This article has two main aims. First, it employs a case study of UK transport planning to address the commonly held view that the practice of transport planning in 'developed' nations commonly had a single paradigm during the second half of the twentieth century. It challenges the view that this paradigm underpinned as it was by a particular set of practices and influences, led to road construction as the overriding policy solution. Rather, policy is best conceived as being geographically differentiated between inter- and intra-urban movement; and policy outcomes are explained by reference to a detailed analysis of the institutional relations of policy-making and the dominance of a professionalized policy network in particular. This sheds light on the second of the paper's aims, which is to highlight the difficulties associated with conceptualizing changes in practices and policy as 'paradigmatic'.


Over the years the significance of energy has greatly increased due to the pressing need to tackle climate change and reduce our dependence on fuels. Solar power, wind energy and hydroelectric power are considered as alternatives that can meet our energy requirements. By incorporating these energy sources into our mix, we can reap benefits such as job creation and economic growth particularly in rural and remote areas. To evaluate the potential of energy production in 11 countries a study was conducted using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) EBM analysis. The study considered three factors; the number of patents related to renewable energy, the capacity of energy installations and the gross domestic product (GDP). The output that was analyzed focused on energy production. The countries included in this study were Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain United Kingdom, and United States. This study's findings provide policymakers and investors with a framework for assessing each country's capability to generate energy. This methodology offers insights that can guide policy decisions concerning energy production across different nations.


The present world system of education is mapping out the contours of the global situation of the twenty-first century. Education today is understood to be a strategically vital sphere of human life. On the one hand, it is acknowledged to be the principal factor in the development and strengthening of the nation's intellectual potential, its independence, and international competitiveness; on the other hand, education is seen as the fundamental condition for the individual's exercise of his civil, political, economic, and cultural rights.


In order to accurately calculate the actual sight distance in three-dimensional space,this paper puts forward the concept of 3D-view sight distance,sets up a mathematical model for calculation and analysis of 3D-view sight distance by applying and extending the intervisible principle between two dots.Based on computer virtual simulation technology,it develops real time checking technique for 3D-view sight distance,and puts forward a method of finding short of sight distance by contrasting three kinds of sight distance: design-vehicle sight distance,driving sight distance and 3D-view sight distance.Compared with former calculating methods and researches of sight distance,this method not only gives a way for accurately calculating 3D-view sight distance on normal pavement and carriageway,but also achieves the impact of roadside facilities on sight distance,provides a basis for highway geometric design and traffic safety evaluation. 5 figs,10 refs.


Exposure to acetaldehyde (M) vapors that produced tissue levels of 0.02% AA (w/w) stimulated ripening of 'Hayward' kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa L.) much more effectively than exposure to ethanol vapors that produced tissue levels of 0.18% ethanol. Tissue levels of 0.02% and 0.18% ethanol stimulated ripening, while the ripening rate of tissue with 0.04% was similar to the controls. Ethylene and CO 2 production from M-treated tissues were, respectively, 23 times and 60% higher than from control tissues. AA induced a rapid softening that was localized in the core tissue and rendered the fruit unmarketable for 7 days after treatment. A brief postharvest exposure to ethanol vapors reduced the rate of tomato fruit rip- ening (Saltveit and Mencarelli, 1988), pos- sibly through its effect on membranes associated with ethylene action (Saltveit, 1989). Treatment with ethanol also reduces the astringency of Japanese persimmon (Pesis and Ben-Arie, 1984) while stimulating res- piration and ethylene synthesis (Itamura, 1986; Ito, 1971). Exposure to acetaldehyde (AA) vapors promotes ripening and ethylene synthesis in pears (Janes and Frenkel, 1978) as well as color formation and a climacteric- like respiratory rise in blueberry and straw-


Objective To choose the best training time of patients undergoing total hip joint replacement.Methods Ninety patients underwent total hip joint replacement were randomly divided into 3 groups. Rehabilitation training was performed from the first day in group 1, the third day in group 2 and the tenth day in group 3 after operation. Harris score was used to evaluate the hip joint functions of the patients in three groups respectively in 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after operation.Results The score of group 1 and group 2 had significant difference to group 3 by the end of 1 month (P0.01); the score of group 1 was obviously higher than group 2 and 3 by the end of 3 months (P0.01); Six month later, there was no differences among three groups.Conclusion To begin rehabilitation training in 1~3days is more effective than in 10 days after operation. The rehabilitation training should begin from the first day after operation if the patients' vital signs are all right.


The present invention relates to optical measurement apparatus and methods of use. The light measurement means for measuring light emanating from a remote source. Compared with other means known to the inventors, this device can more accurately measure the optical field of the selected light.


An embedded system is a computer system that is a part of a larger device with hardware and mechanical parts. Such a system often has limited resources (such as processing power, memory, and power) ...


The authors present the status of the Laboratorio Nacional de Luz Sincrotron (LNLS) of Brazil as of January 1989 and discuss future plans for the installation. The 50-MeV linac will be assembled and commissioned during 1989. The full 100-MeV linac will be assembled and commissioned over the next two years. A major revision of the storage ring project has led LNLS to opt for a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) ring as the circular machine to be built following the linac. It is due to be commissioned by 1992.<<ETX>>


Police activities of public security organs are the authentic meanings of justice civilization. Its cultivation of police humanities quality training should be the focus,the basic work and the rear sight of police level; moreover,it determines the degree of justice civilization directly. Nowadays,the police higher education and cultivation appears that the inadequate humanities quality training and the great defect of police talents,and the harm is deep and far- reaching. From a strategic perspective,police education should be integrated into the national judicial process civilization. We should shoulder the historical responsibility of our judicial civilization construction and carry out reform and innovation of police education. Based on " innovation of the session legal training mechanism" proposed in the 18 th CCP Fourth Plenary,we should try to enhance the overall quality of police talents and to promote innovation and the development of mechanisms for police training from the strategic level and action program.


Pd2(dppm)2X2 complexes (X = Cl, Br) react with NaBH4 to form [Pd4(dppm)4(μ4-H)2]X2 as characterized from chemical analysis, FAB mass, 1H and 31P NMR, and UV−vis spectroscopy, polarography, and conductivity measurements. The dicationic cluster can be reversibly electrochemically catalysis reduced to "Pd4(dppm)4(H)2", which is stable at the electrochemical time scale.


Data are presented demonstrating efficient transport (up to 76% instantaneous current transport) of long-pulse high-current electron beams in preformed plasma channels. Channels were created by low-energy electron beam ionization of monatomic gases. These transport efficiencies are comparable to optimum values obtained in previous long-pulse electron beam transport experiments in laser-preionized DEA (diethylaniline). Experimental results show the development of both ion hose instability and microwave emission indicative of REB (relative electron beam) plasma electron two-stream instability. Significant microwave emission was observed in the S-band (2.1-4.3 GHz) only when the neutralization fraction exceeded unity.<<ETX>>


Objective: To evaluate awareness and attitude regarding HIV/AIDS and high risk behaviour related to HIV infection, among garment workers. Method and Material: A cross sectional study was conducted among 16-25 year old unmarried garment workers. A total of 216 participants were enrolled on voluntary basis. An in-depth interview was conducted using semi structured questionnaire. Results: The study revealed better knowledge with respect to modes of transmission and prevention among male participants compared to females. The in-depth interview revealed that 10.93% of the males and 3.29% of the females had sexual encounter. The mean age of sexual debut was 22 years for men and 19 for women. Practices like non usage of condoms and multiple sex partners were also found among study population. Conclusions: The knowledge about causation and prevention is very poor, especially among women. The proper awareness and counseling will reduce the high risk behaviors and help these young people to have a healthy lifestyle.


Background: Hypothesizing that oxidative stress (OXS) could be a key pathogenic factor for the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), we investigated if the Poria mushroom extract, PE, with possible antioxidant activity, would prevent the incidence of CKD in rats. Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activity of PE was examined against OXS induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in renal LLC-PK1 cells. Whether PE could prevent the development of CKD in the rat kidneys, mediated through adenine (ADN)-induced OXS, was also examined. After 2 weeks, blood and kidney specimens were collected from rats for blood, histopathologic, and biochemical analyses. Results: Although H2O2-induced OXS led to a significant cell viability reduction in LLC-PK1 cells, PE significantly diminished OXS and sustained high (~70%) cell viability. In rats, ADN-given rats showed typical renal dysfunction with palpable kidney damage; however, PE supplement improved renal function with better histology. A ~2.2-fold increased OXS level was also seen in ADN-given rats but it was reduced by ~27% with PE supplement. Moreover, analysis of kidney injury biomarkers further confirmed extended kidney damage by ADN. Nevertheless, PE effectively maintained the natural status of those markers, protecting the rat kidneys. Conclusions: OXS is indeed harmful to renal cells in vitro and could even lead to ADN-induced CKD in vivo. However, PE appears to have antioxidant activity capable of protecting renal cells and the rat kidneys from such detrimental OXS. Therefore, it is rather possible that PE could be a natural antioxidant with prophylactic effect against OXS-induced CKD.


The aim of this study is to examine whether coping with cyber bullying of adolescents differ or not according to grade level and gender. The research was performed according to survey model.  The sample of the study comprises of 314 students studying in province of Erzurum in 2013-2014 education year. In selection of the sample, simple random sampling method was used. As the data collection tool in the study, "Coping With Cyber Bullying Questionnaire" developed by researcher. In the analysis of the obtained data, for gender for independent samples t-test and for grade level one way ANOVA test were made. As a result of the study, difference was found coping with cyber bullying according to gender. When the students' coping with cyber bullying were analyzed according to their genders. It was seen that female students different a significant level more help exploration, combat, prevention and coping techniques than the males. It has been determined that males students different a significant level more aggression coping behavior than the female students. In the study, of gender and helplessness coping behaviors haven't been found to be a significant difference. Another result of the study, it was found than students studying in 9, th 10 th grade display more helplessness coping behaviors than 11 th grade students. It was seen that 11 th grade students different a significant level more aggression coping behavior than the 9 th grade students. Research results shows that according to grade level isn't a meaningful difference in dimensions coping behavior help exploration, combat, prevention and coping techniques.


After revealing the backward and poverty-stricken situation in the countryside of Bama Yao Ethnic Autonomous County,this paper reaches a conclusion that one of the reasons why those ethnic areas are backward and poverty-stricken is because there is a shortage of human capital resource.To change the backward and poverty-stricken situation in the ethnic group areas,promote their economic and social development,and prosper Guangxi by science and education,vocational education needs greatly developing.Through vocational education,compatriots in those ethnic areas can have a chance to renew their notion,strengthen their skills,and further increase the human capital of the local areas.


We have studied the spectral energy distribution of the quasar [HB89] 0102–272. The available multiwavelength data in the observers frame are one optical spectrum between 3000 and 8000 A, 7 HST FOS spectra between 1600 and 2300 A, and 3 ROSAT PSPC pointed observations in the 0.1–2.4 keV energy band. The αox value obtained from the HST FOS spectra and the optical spectrum is extreme with −2.2 and −2.1, respectively and is one of the steepest values reported so far. The 2500 A luminosity density is about 5 orders of magnitude larger than the 2 keV flux density. The object is as bright as the brightest SDSS quasars but X‐ray weak at 2 keV. We compare our αox findings with the mean quasar SED from [14] and conclude that [HB89] 0102–292 is unusual for any type of quasar SED's. In addition an extreme steep soft X‐ray photon index of Γ = (6.0±1.3) has been detected, the steepest value reported so far. When fitting the X‐ray and optical and HST UV data simultaneously with a simple black body model an extreme disc...


Work Motivation is defined as "the desire or willingness to make an effort in one's work" and teacher's Effectiveness is defined as "a teacher's ability to utilize approaches, strategies, connections to students, and a particular set of attitudes that lead to improved student learning and achievement" (Strong, Ward, & Grant, 2011). The objective of the study is to determine and understand the effect of work motivation on teacher's effectiveness. The research undertaken is descriptive and explains its aspects with a quantitative take on the matter. The population of the study were professors and other teaching staff from different colleges under the same university (Calcutta University). The research instrument which was used to collect data using a questionnaire was first tested on 25 professors and teaching staff outside the sample to determine the validity and reliability of the instrument. Test requirements analysis performed tests of normality, linearity, and regression significance. The research hypothesis test is done with path analysis. The results of the study found: (1) There is no significant relationship between Work Motivation and the effectiveness of the Teaching staff and Professors of Colleges. (2) There is no significant relationship between Work Motivation and Teacher's effectiveness of Private college Professors and Teachings staff.


This study attempts to identify and trace inter-linkages between sovereign and banking risk in the euro area. To this end, we use an indicator of banking risk in each country based on the Contingent Claim Analysis literature, and 10-year government yield spreads over Germany as a measure of sovereign risk. We apply a dynamic approach to testing for Granger causality between the two measures of risk in 10 euro area countries, allowing us to check for contagion in the form of a significant and abrupt increase in short-run causal linkages. The empirical results indicate that episodes of contagion vary considerably in both directions over time and within the different EMU countries. Significantly, we find that causal linkages tend to strengthen particularly at the time of major financial crises. The empirical evidence suggests the presence of contagion, mainly from banks to sovereigns.


The recent Law of Civil Proccedure, 7th January 2000, modifies the process of confirming canonical sentences of marriage nullity and Pontifical rescripts for the dissolution of non-consummated marriages. This article is a comparative study of the norms contained in the second amendment according to the law of 7th July 1981 and Article 778 of the new law. It describes the means that the legislator has used in order to achieve this reform, the criticism and problems arising from this special procedure during its twenty years of existence.


A class of Lipschitz functions called the generalized essentially pseudoconvex function is defined. The sufficient optimal conditions and duality results are obtained for a multiobjective programming problem involving generalized essentially pseudo convex functions.


Ribonuclease, discovered by JONES (1920), is a nucleodepolymerase (LAsKOWSKI, 1951) hydrolysing ribonucleic acids with gradual formation of free acid groups without any significant liberation of free phosphoric acid. Of importance in the synthesis of cellular proteins (ALLFREY et aI., 1953; GALE • FOLKES, 1954) and in the nucleic acid metabolism, the enzyme is widely distributed (LASKOWSKI, 1951). The study of this enzyme in fungi has been started only recently and the works of KUNINAKA (1954, 1955a, b, c, 1957), SARUNO (1956), SATO ~L EGAMI (1957), HEPPEL & RABINOWITZ (1958) and NAoI-TADA et al. (1959) deal with some of the properties of the enzyme of Aspergillus oryzae. The paucity of literature on the ribonuclease of fungi and its importance in the metabolism of a microorganism led the author to study the enzyme in three species of Alternaria viz. A. tenuis (AT), A. brassicoIa (AB) and A. raphani (AR) pathogenic to Althea rosea, Brassica oleracea and Raphanus sativus respectively with a view of studying the relationship of the enzyme activity with the virulence of the strains. The possibility of such a relationship has already been envisaged for phosphorylase activity of these strains (VERMA, 1963). The occurrence of ribonuclease in these fungal species along with many other enzymes has been reported previously (DAS-GUPTA & VERMA, 1961, 1962) and the results of a detailed investigation of its properties are given in the present paper.


This article presents the results of studying the dynamics of the nutritive regime for leached black soil during the vegetation period of apple trees depending on the dosage and application times of compound fertilizers, as well as combinations of organic and mineral fertilizers. We detected a positive influence of fertilizers on the accumulation of liable forms of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil of the fruit orchard. The highest average content of ammonia absorbed during vegetation was observed in section N180P180K180 – 40.6 mg/kg, which was 10.4 mg/kg higher than in the unfertilized ref-erence section. The content of nitrates in the reference section was 8.9 mg/kg of the soil. The application of N60P60K60 increased their content by 2.3 mg/kg (25.8%), N90P90K90 - by 3.1 mg/kg (34.8%), N120P120K120 - by 4.8 mg/kg (53.9%). The application of mineral fertilizers at various rates had a significant impact on the content of liable phosphorus in the 0-40 cm layer of soil: its average content per vegetation period was 101.8 mg/kg of the soil for section N60P60K60 and 129,1 mg/kg for section N150P150K150. The content dynamics for exchangeable potassium in the fruit orchard soil was at the maximum at the beginning of the vegetation period and the minimum during fruit formation. Later on, the content increased during the harvesting stage but it was lower than the original level. The highest average content of exchange-able potassium per vegetation period was observed in section N150P150K150 – 184 mg/kg, which was 44 mg/kg higher than in the reference section. Out of the two sections treated with manure, the Manure 20 t/ha+N30P70 (with NPK reaching up to 120 kg/ha) section was deemed more efficient. The content of exchangeable potassium in it exceeded the reference section by 41 mg/kg.


According to the problem of longitudinal cracks existing on bottom boadrs of pre-tension prestressed hollow beams, authors made a finite element simulation calculation and analysis, and provide a proper modified construction method in order to prevent cracks.


This invention relates to a multimedia scene control system defined by a scene description, said system comprising a video receiver adapted to receive the multimedia scene and a remote control device with buttons. The video receiver is for communicating with the remote control device. For this, it comprises a user interface for identifying a key on the remote control device when pressed and to associate said one-button key of a virtual keyboard defined in the scene description. It also includes means for activating the button of the virtual keyboard and to execute a command associated with said key, said control being adapted to modify a content of the multimedia scene.


Abstract. The unique electronic features of highly mismatched alloys such as III-V GaNAs are suitable for the intermediate band solar cell (IBSC) application, in which an intermediate band (IB) acts as a stepping stone to generate additional photocarriers across the host semiconductor bandgap through sequential two-step below-bandgap photon absorption (TSPA). However, the collection of photocarriers in a realistic GaNAs IBSC is much lower and often accompanies S-shape kink features in the current–voltage (J–V) curves under illumination for which a coherent picture is lacking. Based on the solar cell characterization of GaNAs IBSC devices grown with and without barriers, with and without antimony, and with and without indium using molecular beam epitaxy, and also with the photocarrier collection analysis using equivalent circuit models, it was identified that the TSPA and the S-shape J–V of this system depend on two critical factors: (1) high carrier recombination currents (I0CI) across the GaNAs sub-gap between the conduction- and intermediate bands (EgCI) and (2) the counterdiode effect of the AlGaAs IB electron barrier. Dramatic improvements in the S-shape J–V feature of the solar cell characteristics were achieved when lattice-strain was compensated in GaInNAsSb epitaxial layers.


Since sealcoating generally is not a cold weather activity, it is important to clean sealcoating equipment before putting it away for the winter. This article discusses the benefits of winter maintenance and the steps that contractors should take when preparing their sealer applicators for storage. Cleaning and inspection are the most important steps to equipment maintenance. Dirty sealcoating equipment can hide problems such as worn bushings and chains, cracked brackets, leaking hydraulics, and chaffed hoses. A good maintenance program includes cleaning the tank, and protecting the pump and plumbing by either taking apart the pump and plumbing system or filling the system with antifreeze. Whenever possible, the equipment (or at least the tank) should be stored indoors.


This paper attempts to understand and critically investigate the motive regarded as a means for preserving musical unity and coherence in domains both of composition and of analysis, particularly motive as a yardstick through which analysts judge the degree of such unity and coherence in a musical composition in question. The research begins by historically, though brief, reviewing Heinrich Schenker's and Arnold Schoenberg's perspective on the motive; and then it compares Schenker's early and later concepts with Schoenberg's. In the process, the study integrates previous contributions by Charles Burkhart, Richard Cohn, Allen Cadwallader and William Pastille, and Jairo Moreno. In particular, the research clarifies Schenker's ambiguous concept of the motivic parallelism by buying Moreno's brilliant dichotomy, structural parallelism versus free parallelism and furthermore tries to broaden angles of interpretation by adopting Moreno's referential motive. The attempt to reconcile the concept of motive between Schenker and Schoenberg has been made in terms of a graphic notation as well as an analytic discourse. Excerpts from Mozart's piano Concert K. 488, second movement and Beethoven's Piano Sonata Op. 2/1 have been discussed to show possibility and validity of the motive analysis from both of Schenkerian and Schoenbergian concept of motive.


Methods and systems for providing a search engine capability for large datasets are disclosed. These methods and systems employ a Partition-by-Query index containing key-values pairs corresponding to keys reflecting concept-ordered search phrases and values reflecting ordered lists of document references that are responsive to the concept-ordered search phrase in a corresponding key. A large Partition-by-Query index may be partitioned across multiple servers depending on the size of the index, or the size of the index may be reduced by compressing query-references pairs into clusters. The methods and systems described herein may to provide suggestions and spelling corrections to the user, thereby improving the user's search engine experience while meeting user expectations for search quality and responsiveness.


Larvae of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens, regularly reject skin homo-grafts. Grafts from sibling larvae show initial signs of necrosis later than grafts from non-siblings; grafts between very young feeding larvae also show initial necrosis later than those between older larvae. Homograft rejection pattern is essentially the same in larvae of stage IV and older, in hypophysectomized larvae, and in larvae immersed in thyroxine for two weeks after grafting. Second grafts from the same donor are necrotic 4 to 5 days before first grafts are. The conclusion is drawn that destruction of skin homografts in frog larvae is independent of metamorphic phenomena, and is an immunologic reaction, possibly involving the thymus gland. The weakened response of very young larvae may reflect an immunologic mechanism that is not yet mature.


In-Ga-Zn oxide (IGZO), an oxide semiconductor, has been actively researched as a semiconductor material having features different from those of silicon in recent years [1]. IGZO is used as a transistor material in backplanes of commercially available displays. Transistors including crystalline IGZO have high stability and thus are suitable for mass production [2]. Our previous studies revealed that the selected area diffraction pattern of an IGZO film formed at room temperature by sputtering is a halo pattern, whereas diffraction spots are observed in the diffraction pattern obtained by nanobeam electron diffraction with a probe diameter of 1 nm [3,4]. These results suggest that the IGZO film has rather nanometer-sized crystalline structures than a completely amorphous structure. We named this film "nano-crystalline IGZO (nc-IGZO) film." Other researchers have reported that the nc-IGZO film has a crystalline-cluster composite structure, according to the analysis results obtained by grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction, anomalous X-ray scattering, and reverse-Monte-Carlo simulation [5]. In this study, an IGZO structure having a minute crystalline region, which was considered to exist in nc-IGZO as a local structure, was created by first-principles calculations and its stability was analyzed. The IGZO model having a crystalline region used in this study was obtained by a melt-quench method in the following manner. Note that the initial structure had a hexagonal-prism crystalline region at the center and an amorphous region (random atomic arrangement) around the crystalline region. The composition ratio was In:Ga:Zn:O  1:1:1:4 and the density was 6.1 g/cm3. First, for structural relaxation with the crystalline region maintained, the amorphous region was fused in quantum molecular dynamics simulation (3500 K, 6 ps) while the atomic arrangement of the crystalline region was fixed, and the structure was cooled to 500 K at a rate of 500 K/ps and held at 300 K for 5 ps. Finally, the entire structure including the crystalline region was optimized towards the target structure (Fig. 1). An amorphous model was also created for reference. The amorphous model was obtained by quantum molecular dynamics simulation of the entire structure under similar temperature conditions without fixing the atomic arrangement of the crystalline region, followed by structural optimization. The comparison between the two models showed that the total energy of the IGZO model having a crystalline region was lower than that of the amorphous model (not having a crystalline region). This suggests that the crystalline region contributes to structure stabilization. For more detailed thermal stability analysis of the IGZO structure having a crystalline region, quantum molecular dynamics simulations were performed at several temperatures. The results will be available at the conference. (a) (b) (c) : In


Effects connected with nonlocality of the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) in a bounded, afterglow plasma with fast electrons can lead to a significant (many times of Te/e) increase in the near-wall potential drop, even if the density of this fast group is only a small fraction of the total electron density. This can substantially change the near-wall sheath thickness and electric field. Nonlocal fast electrons which are partially trapped in the plasma volume can increase the rate of stepwise excitation, supply additional heating to slow electrons and reduce their diffusion cooling rate. Altering the source terms of these fast electrons, to change their production rate will, therefore, alter the near-wall sheath and, through modification of the EEDF, a number of plasma parameters. Another possibility of modifying the EEDF is by application of a negative potential to a portion of the plasma boundary. This can allow modification of the fast part of the EEDF. The above effects and methods can be used in various research and technical applications


ON THEOREMS OF GENERAL COMPETITIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF PRODUCTION AND TRADE : A SURVEY OF SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE Sub Title Author TAKAYAMA, Akira Publisher Keio Economic Society, Keio University Publication year 1982 Jtitle Keio economic studies Vol.19, No.1 (1982. ) ,p.137 Abstract Notes Genre Journal Article URL https://koara.lib.keio.ac.jp/xoonips/modules/xoonips/detail.php?koara_id=AA00260492-1982000 1-0001