Abstract The vulcanizing action of sulfur chloride, m-dinitrobenzene, selenium, tetramethylthiuram disulfide, and benzoyl peroxide has been investigated by the use of a set of tests developed for measuring the degree of vulcanization with sulfur-cured compounds. These tests show that all of these materials are true vulcanizing agents. Comparison of the various vulcanizates with different types of unvulcanized rubber shows that the outstanding characteristic of the vulcanized structure is its resistance to flow under a wide variety of conditions. The vulcanized structure appears to be a composite one which varies with the rate of a reaction catalyzed by the vulcanizing agent, the rate of combination of the vulcanizing agent, the nature of the addition product, and possibly with differences in the nature of the catalyzed reaction.


The U.S. Department of Energy is promoting the private development of phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) power plants for terrestrial applications. Current PAFC technology utilizes platinum as catalysts in the power electrodes. The possible repercussions that the platinum demand of PAFC power plant commercialization will have on the worldwide supply and price of platinum from the outset of commercialization to the year 2000 are investigated. The platinum demand of PAFC commercialization is estimated by developing forecasts of platinum use per unit of generating capacity and penetration of PAFC power plants into the electric generation market. The ability of the platinum supply market to meet future demands is gauged by assessing the size of platinum reserves and the capability of platinum producers to extract, refine and market sufficient quantities of these reserves. The size and timing of platinum price shifts induced by the added demand of PAFC commercialization are investigated by several analytical methods. Estimates of these price shifts are then used to calculate the subsequent effects on PAFC power plant capital costs.


In India there is an extensive usage of medicinal plants as an herbal drug to treat various kinds of ailments. Traditionally Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. (Rhizome) is used in the treatment of inflammation, cancer, wound healing, diabetes, asthma, fever and anaemia by tribal Soligas of Biligirirangana hills. Therefore the present communication deals with the pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical evaluation of Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. (Rhizome). The pharmacognostical profiles include organoleptic study, microscopy evaluation of the rhizome; powder microscopy; determination of size of fibre and starch; fluorescence analysis and physical parameters like ash value, extractive value, and moisture content of the powdered material. Preliminary Phytochemical screening to detect the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, carbohydrates and total phenolics has been done to know the nature of phytoconstituents present in them. The result of the present study is useful in establishing the standards for identification, authentication and evaluation of the plant material. The pharmacognostic study of Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. (Rhizome) has been carried out for the first time which will help in establishing the monograph of the plant.


Problem Statement Statement of Intent Narrative User/Client Description Major Project Elements Site Information Project Emphasis Plan for Proceeding Studio Experience Program Document Theoretical Premise Research Research Summary Case Studies Historical Context Goals Site Analysis Programmatic Requirements Process Documentation Project Solution Documentation Presentation Display Text References Image References Personal Identification Table of


Over the years multiple access techniques have gained popularity and are being used in wide range of real time applications. There are many multiple access techniques like Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) in which many users can send data in different time slots in same frequency, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) in Figure 1, where users can send data at the same time in different frequencies and the other one is Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) where users can send data at same time and in same frequency using different codes. Among all these techniques CDMA proves to be the best because of reasons like it can accommodate more users in a particular bandwidth compared to the other two, Security enhancement with spreading code technique etc1–3. Another most widely used technique is Orthogonal Frequency Multiplexing (OFDM). It is a type of digital multi carrier modulation scheme. First the signal to be transmitted is divided into many narrow band channels which are at different frequencies4–6. In Figure 2 OFDM uses large number of closely spaced sub carriers which are orthogonal to each other to transmit data parallelly instead of using a single sub carrier to transmit a high rate stream of data. Each sub carrier is modulated by regular modulation schemes such as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), Phase Shift Keying (PSK) etc. at low symbol rate. The data rates of single carrier which transmits serially and multiple sub carriers which transmit parallelly will be similar. OFDM can be effectively used for minimizing the interference between channels which are close to each other in frequency. This technique can efficiently cope with problems like multipath fading and inter symbol interference. Abstract


The logistics industry plays an important role in the economic development,almost every city logistics park has been established.Zhengzhou logistics industry is still in its infancy,but development is rapidly,effectively support the development of regional economic development and change of the pattern of economic development.Zhengzhou lack of understanding of modern logistics, most enterprises can not understand modern logistics, so the current has a lot of logistics park, distribution center internal land design is not reasonable,there is no scientific logistics facilities, there is no comprehensive warehouse building, there is no reasonable guidance, the backward logistics industry make land utilization of the underground, serious resource wasted.


Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the dominant renewable energy resources suited for the production of sustainable biofuels and other energy purposes. This study was focused on weed management strategies that can improve the establishment of six lignocellulosic crops. The studied crops included: giant miscanthus, switchgrass, giant reed, cardoon, sweet sorghum, and kenaf. Delayed planting, increased planting densities, and mulching techniques can suppress weeds in giant miscanthus. Weed competition is detrimental for switchgrass establishment. Seedbed preparation and cultivar selection can determine its ability to compete with weeds. Giant reed is unlikely to get outcompeted by weeds, and any weed control operation is required only for the first growing season. Competitive cultivars and increased seeding rates maximize the competitiveness of cardoon against weeds. Several cultural practices can be used for non-chemical weed management in sweet sorghum and kenaf. For all crops, pre-emergence herbicides can be applied. The available safe post-emergence herbicides are limited. Mechanical weed control during crucial growth stages can provide solutions for sweet sorghum, kenaf, and perennial grasses. Further research is required to develop effective weed management strategies, with emphasis on cultural practices, that can improve the establishment of these prominent lignocellulosic crops.


The Standards Association of New Zealand (SANZ) has been facing tough times in the last three years with many financial difficulties. The most encouraging aspect is the help and support provided by engineers and architects to the organization.


Subsolidus equilibria in air in the La_2O_3−CeO_2−Co_2O_3 system were studied with the aim to obtain information on possible interactions between LaCoO_3-based cathode and CeO_2-based solid electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). No ternary compound was found. The tie line is between LaCoO_3 and CeO_2.


An all-solid-state proton exchange ionomer-based electrochemical capacitor that represents a potentially more volume and weight effective, reliable, safer, and longer life alternative to the typical liquid electrolyte electrochemical capacitor systems was developed. The authors describe the approach used to increase the capacitance per unit weight and area of these electromechanical devices through the development and ionomer coating of 5- to 20-AA RuO/sub 2/ particles, dispersed on high-surface-area carbon and alternative substrates. Also, some comparative test results are presented on the use of advanced solid-ionomer high-energy-density fuel cell devices for pulse power applications.<<ETX>>


Author(s): Kerr, Amber Catherine | Advisor(s): Torn, Margaret | Abstract: Agroforestry - the practice of growing trees and crops on the same land - has recently been suggested as a potential tool for adaptation to climate change. There are many mechanisms by which trees on farmland could help to ameliorate climatic stresses: moderation of microclimate, increased soil water-holding capacity, increased infiltration, reduced runoff, complementary use of water resources, and diversification of production risk. However, these benefits remain largely speculative, with very few controlled experiments to demonstrate them. Furthermore, little is known about how agroforestry systems themselves might be adversely affected by climatic stress, especially during the vulnerable stage of seedling establishment.This dissertation attempts to address some of these questions with regard to "fertilizer tree" agroforestry systems in Malawi. In these systems, maize is intercropped with fast-growing leguminous trees, and biomass from the trees is regularly incorporated into the soil to increase crop yields. Though fertilizer trees are demonstrably effective under normal climatic conditions in southern Africa, their drought tolerance has not been systematically examined. For this three-year project (2008-2011), a novel and low-cost rain exclusion shelter design was used to impose an artificial drought on several Gliricidia sepium and Tephrosia candida fertilizer tree systems at Makoka Agricultural Research Station (15o31'S, 35o13'E) in southern Malawi.In the first experiment, a mature Gliricidia-maize intercropping system was subjected to complete rain exclusion from maize anthesis to maize harvest during the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 growing seasons. Monoculture maize was used as a control. The drought dramatically decreased maize yields in both years (by 61% and 39%, respectively), with approximately similar decreases in both Gliricidia and monoculture plots. This implies that Gliricidia does not protect maize from drought conditions, but neither does it exacerbate the effects of drought by competing with maize for water. Whether in the presence or absence of drought, maize yields in Gliricidia plots were higher than in monoculture plots. Gliricidia had no effect on soil moisture and had a slight cooling effect on microclimate at the end of the growing season.In the second experiment, a similar drought - compounded with the additional stress of late planting - was imposed upon newly established fertilizer tree systems of three types: Gliricidia-maize intercropping, Tephrosia-maize relay intercropping, and Tephrosia improved fallows. Seedling survival, growth, and biomass production were monitored for signs of adverse effects. Results varied by species: Gliricidia growth was retarded by drought and late planting, but Gliricidia survival remained near 100%, and its biomass at the end of the growing season was not affected. By contrast, Tephrosia maintained constant height growth under these stresses, but its survival decreased, which translated into lower maize yields the following year. However, all three fertilizer tree systems demonstrated good overall drought resilience and conferred maize yield benefits even under suboptimal conditions.A modeling experiment was conducted to compliment the above field experiments. Output from global and regional climate models was applied to long-term data sets on weather and maize yield at this location. The results suggested that for the next several decades, current precipitation variability in southern Malawi will likely pose a greater risk to maize production than will long-term precipitation trends caused by global climate change. However, higher maximum temperatures have the potential to reduce maize yields within the next several decades. The field experiments described herein suggest that fertilizer tree systems can improve maize production even under conditions of drought stress. Current climate variability and future climate change should pose no obstacle to their adoption in Malawi. Although this project did not find evidence that fertilizer trees directly protect the maize crop from drought, their beneficial effects on food security and farm income may indirectly help to cushion farmers against climate variability. The performance of agroforestry systems under future climate is a topic that demands much more research, both descriptive and theoretical (including controlled experiments, simulation models, and meta-analyses). Furthermore, climate manipulation experiments in the developing world are an underutilized but potentially important tool for understanding the effect of climate change on subsistence agricultural systems and developing climate-resilient alternatives. It is hoped that the methods and outcomes of this dissertation represent a small step toward closing both of those knowledge gaps.


The utility model discloses a luminous tumbler, which consists of a shell and a balance weight (11) in the bottom of the shell. The shell consists of an upper shell (1) and a base (12). The upper shell (1) is made of transparent material. The balance weight is located at the bottom of the base (12). A luminous device, power supply and circuit board (8) are provided in the base as well. The power supply, the circuit board and the luminous device compose an electric circuit. A luminous device plus a voiced device are provided inside the tumbler. While the tumbler works, it makes sound and light, addition new function and visual effect to the tumbler, and makes the tumbler more funny and interesting. While pushing over the tumbler, the switch starts to work to makes sound or light in the process of jiggle. As combining sound and light effect with the feature of the tumbler, the tumbler is more funny and interesting.


Already marginalised in terms of access to land, resources, and social services, rural women's burdens are doubled by traditional and patriarchal relations that make them vulnerable to gender discrimination and sexual violence, and prevent their full participation in society. On top of these challenges, changing climate patterns and fast-depleting natural resources impact more heavily than ever on rural communities. Most of the time, it is the women—the tillers, the seed savers, and the household managers—who suffer the worst. The "Women's Travelling Journal (WTJ) on food Sovereignty" chronicles the challenges and struggles of rural women across Asia as they survive in the face of increased marginalisation and disempowerment of their communities and their families. This booklet, is the latest collection of life-stories featuring 50 women from six Asian countries who took part in the WTJ on Food Sovereignty.


Two of the predominant conclusions which emerged from this study were: (1) as the firm increases in size the number of management education programs participated in increases; (2) the formal level of education of the firm's top and middle management influences the amount of participation in MEP's. Although these are two independent conclusions, they affect each other in a circular way. As the size of the firm increases managers should attend MEP's to keep up with competition. The dynamic structure of the business organization and its environment demands more complex techniques for solving business problems. Thus the educational level of top and middle management must, out of necessity, shift upward to meet this changing need. This in turn leads to more sophisticated management education programs for keeping managers informed of changes in the operational information and problem-solving systems. This increased sophistication in MEP's has caused many of the programs to lose relevance for the smaller firm. T...


This study examines service quality dimensions and attributes of the hotel industry in a famous beach resort destination of Phuket based on 25,267 online reviews from the TripAdvisor website collected for 56 hotels. Machine learning analysis using the KNIME analytics platform was employed to analyze four datasets, namely the total dataset, the couple dataset, the family dataset, and the friend dataset. The results reveal six dimensions of guest service quality in the hotel industry: leisure activities, tangibles and surroundings, reliability, responsiveness, service process, and food, with specific attributes identified in each dimension. The study was able to verify the robustness of HOLSERV Plus model as the dimensions developed by topic modelling of online reviews are found to correspond to the dimensions of HOLSERV framework, with some adaptation required. It is also confirmed by the current study that the same set of service quality dimensions and attributes is not applicable to all groups of customers, instead each group has its own unique requirements and expectations. In addition, service process is revealed in this study as the most sensitive dimension that determines customer dissatisfaction.


A novel CMOS interface circuit with high resolution is designed and realized to achieve the integration of interface circuit for liquid suspended rotor micro-gyroscope. The detecting circuit adopts continuous-time current sensing circuit for capacitance measurement. The equivalent output noise power spectral density of phase-sensitive demodulation is 120 nV/Hz1/2. The whole circuitry is realized with 0.5 μm 2P2M CMOS process and its testing results show the circuit has a relative capacitance resolution of 1×10-8, in which the power supply is 18 V and the power consumption is 30 mW. The area of the chip is merely 18.5 mm2.


We have used stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen (δ 18 O and δD) which are important tracers for understanding various hydrological processes, to assess the spatial and temporal variability due to dual moisture sources in the Upper Jhelum River Basin (UJRB) of the north-western Himalayan region. The HYSPLIT back trajectory analysis shows large variability in spatial moisture transport pathways over the region during Southwest monsoon (SWM) and is mainly restricted to the Mediterranean Sea during Western disturbances (WDs). The isotopic composition of precipitation is significantly controlled by temperature and Relative Humidity during precipitation events from WDs; however, this control is found to be weak during the SWM.


I unravel the basic long run dynamics of the broker call money market, which is the pile of cash that funds margin loans to retail clients (read: continuous time Kelly gamblers). Call money is assumed to supply itself perfectly inelastically, and to continuously reinvest all principal and interest. I show that the relative size of the money market (that is, relative to the Kelly bankroll) is a martingale that nonetheless converges in probability to zero. The margin loan interest rate is a submartingale that converges in mean square to the choke price $r_\infty:=\nu-\sigma^2/2$, where $\nu$ is the asymptotic compound growth rate of the stock market and $\sigma$ is its annual volatility. In this environment, the gambler no longer beats the market asymptotically a.s. by an exponential factor (as he would under perfectly elastic supply). Rather, he beats the market asymptotically with very high probability (think 98%) by a factor (say 1.87, or 87% more final wealth) whose mean cannot exceed what the leverage ratio was at the start of the model (say, $2:1$). Although the ratio of the gambler's wealth to that of an equivalent buy-and-hold investor is a submartingale (always expected to increase), his realized compound growth rate converges in mean square to $\nu$. This happens because the equilibrium leverage ratio converges to $1:1$ in lockstep with the gradual rise of margin loan interest rates.


Abstract
 This chapter focuses on the economic importance, damage symptoms, cumulative damage impact and some recommended integrated nematode management programmes of plant parasitic nematodes in smallholder maize cropping systems in East Africa. Information on the various improvements in the current nematode management methods and recommendations for future research are also discussed.


There is considerable interest in ultra-small coherent light sources. A strong candidate is a semiconductor-nanowire laser, where a single, monolithic nanowire functions simultaneously as an optical microcavity and active medium, leading to an extremely compact and robust laser. Recent advances in nanowire synthesis have enabled


ABSTRACT Physicians in search of information in medical genetics will welcome the publication of this extensive compilation of literature. For several years now, Dr. McKusick and his colleagues have been sifting a widely scattered literature in this area and have published highly informative abstracts once a year in the Journal of Chronic Diseases. This volume represents a collection of the entire material for 1958-1960.The amount of literature published pertinent to medical genetics is very extensive. Since the field ranges from basic biology to many different clinical specialties, it is extremely difficult to keep up with all developments. This book, therefore, fulfills a real need and will be of value for every physician who has to deal with hereditary disease or wants to keep up with recent developments in medical genetics. The book is useful for getting at the literature of any heritable disease or syndrome and serves as a companion


The objective was to compare the clinical efficacy between ceftriaxone and sodium penicillin G for the treatment of severe leptospirosis. A prospective, open-label, randomized trial was conducted in the Khon Kaen hospital between July 2000 and December 2001. One hundred and seventy-three patients with severe leptospirosis were randomly assigned to be treated with either intravenous ceftriaxone, 1 gram daily for 7 days, or intravenous sodium penicillin G, 1.5 million unit every 6 hour for 7 days. There were 87 and 86 patients in each group, respectively. The primary outcome was the time to the resolution of fever. Survival analysis demonstrated that median duration of fever were identical in the two groups, 3 days for each group. Upper boundary of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the relative difference in the time to resolution of fever was 0.2 day and log-rank test p-value was 0.42. Ten patients died from leptospirosis infection, 5 in each group. There were no statistical differences in the duration of organ dysfunctions, including renal failure (RR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.7 to 1.4), elevated serum aspatate aminotransferase (> 100 IU/L) (RR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.7 to 2.2), jaundice (RR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.7 to 2.4), and thrombocytopenia (RR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.7 to 1.3). In conclusion, intravenous ceftriaxone and intravenous sodium penicillin G were equally effective for the treatment of severe leptospirosis. Administration of ceftriaxone once daily for seven consecutivedays provides additional benefit over intravenous penicillin.


In this paper we introduce an intuitive approach to the semantics of an authorization system based on a clear object-oriented modeling of the (application) world. The authorization system consists of rights which permit or prohibit actions. Actions consist of subjects, operations (access types), and granules (objects to protect) specifying who does which operation on whom. Each of these constituents of actions may be grouped into classes. Moreover, for each of these constituents we have aseparate class hierarchy. A right can be given for either one object or for all objects of a class. All rights (permissions and prohibitions) must be specified explicitly. This allows the easy specification of general rules and of exceptions to such a rule. For distinguishing between a general rule and the exception we use priorities, which allow exceptions on an arbitrary level. Moreover, we can use priorities for resolving rights conflicts. We distinguish between specified rights which may contain class names and explicit rights in which only objects are allowed and in which the priority is dropped because of it is understood that only the right with the highest priority for one action is mentioned. Since the number of explicit rights is drastically larger than the number of specified rights we need and give efficient strategies to query the authorization system. In our approach we assume that there are one or more authorization administrators for setting and changing the rights. For reducing unintended side effects if several administrators can independently modify the rights we propose partially ordered priorities.


have been quickly taken up by the bridge builders, instead of the traditional timber decking and trestle piers or piles. The author's analogy of the number of mills doubling over this period is flawed, since that increase must have been largely due to the invention of the windmill in England in the twelfth century. However, Maurice Beresford listed over 150 new towns in England in the Middle Ages, the number of new foundations peaking around 1200, fading away rapidly thereafter. As 500 years previously, new settlements meant new transport links and new bridges. The greatest medieval arch spans surviving are in the north of England. This is largely a matter of geology: rivers in deep narrow valleys had great flood heights but rocky sides forming immovable abutments. The larger bridges south of the Humber had many smaller arches extending on to the flood plain. Unless a 'domino-effect' occurred, a small arch failure could be patched up with timber, without the need for a ferry to be organized. As befits the Clerk to the House of Commons Committee on the Environment, Transport and Regional Affairs, Dr Harrison deals fully with the evidence for contracts (usually for repairs) and methods of funding. The client often had to provide the materials and unskilled labour and sometimes the carpentry, while the mason might give a lifetime guarantee. The author emphasizes the huge capital investment involved: the nineteenth-century Waterloo Bridge cost one hundred times more to build than a contemporary London church. There were also the heavy costs of repairs and probably as much again was spent on maintaining the road system.


Discloses an apparatus and method for detecting vascular access device such as a needle, cannula or catheter is disconnected from the blood vessel or vascular stent segment. A pair of electrodes disposed in fluid communication with the fluid or in direct contact with the blood vessel segment. In one embodiment, the electrode is incorporated into the arterial and venous catheters are connected with the pipe and from the arterial and venous extracorporeal blood flow means of a pair of connectors. Pass from the electrode to the detection circuit may be incorporated into the one pair of wires to a blood vessel or the blood flow and vascular stents means connecting the arterial and venous lumen tube. A detection circuit configured to provide a time and the amount of low voltage alternating current signal transmitted to measure the resistance between the electrodes, reducing the current delivered to the electrodes. Increases beyond a predetermined threshold value between the detected resistance of the electrode can be used to represent the vascular access device may be disconnected.


By analyzing the 302 tourism theses using quantitative methods searched in CNKI.,this thesis finds that quantitative methods used in tourism research are increasing rapidly.With the development of Stat.software techniques and advanced equipment,tourism research using quantitative methods is developing quickly,which is more and more standard.


BACKGROUND
The rebirth of metal-on-metal hip resurfacing can be attributed to the advance of orthopaedic implants manufacturing as is to the evolution of the surgical technique. It has mostcommonly been done through the posterior surgical approach, but with risk of developingavascular necrosis of the femoral head where the prosthesis is embedded into. The articledescribes our experience with use of the direct lateral surgical approach.Patients and The Orthopaedic Hospital Valdoltra prosthetic registry was searched for patients whomethods have had hip arthroplasties done. 25 such patients were found, 16 among them have been followed for at least a year. All 16 patients (18 operated hips) were males with primary hiposteoarthritis and mean age of 49 years. All but one were operated with direct lateralsurgical approach, had the same type of prosthesis implanted and followed the same rehabilitation protocol.
RESULTS
All patients were evaluated preoperatively as well as on follow-up examinations. A rise ofHarris Hip Score (HSS) from 42 preoperatively to 98 at 1 year postoperatively was recorded. We had no major complications, except for slight acetabular component malpositionin terms of decreased inclination in 1 patient and appearance of a Brooker Grade 1 or 2heterotopic ossifications in 4 patients on postoperative X-rays.
CONCLUSIONS
Metal-on-metal hip resurfacing gained considerable reupraisal with new generations ofprosthesis design. It provides considerable advantage compared to conventional total hiparthroplasty but is indicated only with a selected patient group and is technically moredifficult. The use of direct lateral surgical approach has proved to be safe and reliablecompared to the already proven posterior approach


The invention relates to a method for controlling the capacity of a cryogenic rectification plant, in which a fluid in a working at higher pressure column (1) of a cryogenic rectification plant is passed, which the working at higher pressure column (1) and a lower pressure operating the column (2), and wherein the liquid from the sump of the higher pressure column (1) is passed into the lower pressure column operating at (2). The method is characterized in that the amount withdrawn from the sump of the higher pressure column (1) and of working at a low pressure column (2) is supplied to the liquid, via a flow control (4) is controlled, wherein a manipulated variable for the flow control is set to a desired flow rate (4).


: Chapter fifteen of the book Why Nations Fail by Acemoglu and Robinson titled Prosperity and Poverty is the last and summarizing chapter of the masterpiece. The work undertook an intellectual and rigorous journey to logically and coherently expose the causes of obvious inequality amongst nations of the world. The chapter has its central message that the extractive economic and political institutions are hypothetically the reason why some countries are poor; the study highlighted the features of extractive institutions to include: quick economic growth, inherent fighting, systematic disorder, and elite domination. The work is an attempt to comprehensively review and bring to bear an in-depth understanding of prosperity and poverty amongst nations of the world. It, therefore, states that to move into prosperity, poor nations have to create and develop a more inclusive economic and political institution. Thus; the review concluded that poor countries of the world need strong inclusive institutions to leapfrog into prosperity.


We report the isolation of a cDNA clone containing a segment of DNA representing a gene which appears to require the nit-4 gene product for expression, yet is not regulated by nitrate induction. Such a cDNA is a novel finding with respect to the known function of the nit-4 gene. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 License. This regular paper is available in Fungal Genetics Reports: http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol44/iss1/5 Isolation of a cDNA clone representing a gene with minimal expression in nit-4 mutant Neurospora crassa mycelia, yet not regulated by nitrate induction James D. Colandene and Reginald H. GarrettDepartment of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22903 We report the isolation of a cDNA clone containing a segment of DNA representing a gene which appears to require the nit-4 gene product for expression, yet is not regulated by nitrate induction. Such a cDNA is a novel finding with respect to the known function of the nit-4 gene. Expression of the Neurospora crassa nit-3 and nit-6 genes encoding nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase (enzymes of the nitrate assimilatory pathway), respectively, requires simultaneous transcriptional activation by the nit-2 and nit-4 gene products (Exley et al. 1993 J. Bacteriol. 175:2379-2392; Fu and Marzluf 1987 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 84:8243-8247). The nit-2 gene product is a global regulatory element required for the expression of many pathways leading to the acquisition of secondary nitrogen sources when reduced nitrogen sources are scarce (Coddington 1976 Mol. Gen. Genet. 145:195-206). The nit-4 gene product is a pathway-specific transcription factor which exerts positive control of nit-3 and nit-6 in the presence of nitrate (Fu et al. 1989 J. Bacteriol. 171:4067-4070). The only known function of the nit-4 gene product is to activate expression of nit-3 and nit-6 during nitrate induction. A cDNA clone was identified during an attempt to isolate a full-length nit-6 cDNA from a Lambda ZAPII cDNA library using the radiolabelled nick-translated product of a nit-6 partial cDNA as probe. The clone identified was isolated as a pBluescript phagemid and designated pNiR-1.11. pNiR-1.11 was nick-translated to produce 32P-radiolabelled DNA to probe a nitrocellulose filter of electrophoretically separated polyA+-RNA isolated from wild-type (FGSC#987), as well as nit-2 (FGSC#983) and nit-4 (FGSC#985) mutant N. crassa mycelia grown under glutamine-repressing or nitrate-inducing conditions. Interestingly, the pattern of expression revealed upon exposure of the filter to X-ray film was unlike nit-6 (Figure 1). First of all, the signal was very strong after an overnight exposure. Typically, the signal for nit-6 is weak even after exposing the X-ray film for 24 hours or longer, due to the low abundance of nit-6 message. More significant is the fact that the RNA recognized by this probe did not appear to be regulated in response to nitrate induction in wild-type or nit-2 mutant mycelia. That is, this RNA appeared to be expressed in equal amounts in both wild-type and nit-2 mutant mycelia whether the mycelia were nitrate-induced or glutamine-repressed, unlike nit-6 which is only expressed under nitrate-inducing conditions. Most notable, however is that this RNA was present at far lower levels (almost undetectable) in the nit-4 mutant mycelia under either nitrate-inducing or glutamine-repressing conditions. The blot was stripped and reprobed using nick-translated 32Pradiolabelled insert from cosmid pSV50. This cosmid carries a N. crassa B-tubulin gene, which is constitutively expressed. This probe provides a control to determine the relative amounts of RNA in each lane. The results indicated that nearly equal amounts of RNA had been loaded in each lane (Figure 1). The pNiR-1.11 cDNA clone apparently represents a portion of a gene that is not regulated by nitrate induction yet requires a functional nit-4 gene for expression. The identification of a nit-4dependent RNA that is unresponsive to nitrate induction (or glutamine repression) is an Published by New Prairie Press, 2017 unexpected result, since nit-4 is believed to be involved only with the mediation of nitrate induction. The 5' and 3' ends of this clone were sequenced using the T3 and T7 primers hybridizing to the flanking regions of the polycloning site in the pBluescript vector. The sequence determined at one end of the insert (using the T3 primer) was found to be identical to a sequence within the nit6 cDNA (pNiR-3), thus explaining why the clone was initially identified using nick-translated pNiR-3 as a probe. The other end, however, showed no homology to nit-6, which explains why a different expression pattern was seen. It seems likely that the ends of two separate cDNAs were ligated together during library construction. The unidentified gene segment within pNiR-1.11 had the following 184-nucleotide sequence. 1 TACTCGACTT TTCCAACCAT CTCTTCCTTA CTCTGTTTAC AATAATACAT 51 CATACCCGAA CCTTCCATAT TCACTACATC TTGTAATAGT CGGTCGAATT 101 CTTTCCACTC TTCCATCTCT GCGACATCAC CTCACACAGC ACATTCATTC 151 AACTTGACGA TTACCACTGA ATAATACCTT CAAC The program FASTA was used to search Genbank for similarity between this nucleotide sequence and the potential amino acid sequences resulting from translation in either orientation. No similarity close enough to warrant a possible identification of this gene was detected. If the unidentified gene is regulated by nit-4, it is not solely responsive to nitrate induction, since it appears to be expressed to the same extent under nitrate-inducing or glutamine-repressing conditions in wild-type and nit-2 mycelia. New energy requirements and metabolic changes must occur when an oxidized form of nitrogen such as nitrate is the sole nitrogen source. Therefore, it is plausible that a regulatory element mediating nitrate induction, such as the nit-4 gene product, might also be involved with the regulation of other pathways. This clone (pNiR-1.11) is being deposited with the Fungal Genetics Stock Center for anyone wishing to pursue the matter further. Figure 1 Northern analysis of clone pNiR-1.11 expression in wild-type, nit-2 (strain nr37, FGSC #983) and nit-4 (strain nr15A, FGSC #985) mutant N. crassa mycelia. Strains were grown under either nitrate-inducing (N) conditions (20 mM sodium nitrate as sole nitrogen source) or http://newprairiepress.org/fgr/vol44/iss1/5 DOI: 10.4148/1941-4765.1273 glutamine-repressing (G) conditions (20 mM glutamine as sole nitrogen source). Poly A+-RNA was isolated from mycelia extracts and 10 g (based on A260) loaded in each lane of a formaldehyde agarose gel; duplicate sets of samples were run, as indicated by the repeated pattern. The RNAs were then transferred to nitrocellulose membrane and probed with nicktranslated pNiR-1.11. The same blot was stripped and reprobed with the cosmid pSV50, which carries a Neurospora gene for B-tubulin. Published by New Prairie Press, 2017


Background: Reflection is well established as an important part of teacher education, but it is also the focus of critical enquiry. This means that reflection is of interest to those who wish to explore its use to produce 'better' teachers. It is also of interest to scholars who are interested in the wider implications of reflection, for example, in relation to power and social control. Academic articles are the primary medium through which ideas and practices are communicated. However, they can only contribute if they are accepted for publication on the basis of making a contribution to knowledge. To be seen in this way, a journal paper needs to cite earlier work to show understanding of this work and how this is being augmented. Purpose: This paper aims to initiate an academic debate of citation practices which, it argues, should be based on an awareness of current practices and a willingness to share, and even change, them. To facilitate the debate and the development of a better understanding of citing and its implications, the paper offers a tripartite citation framework. Sources of evidence: The extensive citation analysis literature is reviewed to provide a context for an examination of the variety of citation practices found in 24 papers, which all focus on initial teacher education and which cite the same critical paper (Fendler, L., Teacher reflection in a hall of mirrors: Historical influences and political reverberations. Educational Researcher, 32, no. 3: 16–25, 2003; doi: 10.3102/0013189X032003016). Main argument: This paper argues that there is value in differentiating three categories of citation, labelled 'cameo', 'supporting role' and 'star'. These categories do not make judgements about what counts as 'good' or 'bad' referencing. Rather, they provide a way for authors to assess how they are citing and what the possible consequences may be. These can include an apparent lack of understanding not just of a cited paper but also of the wider literature. This means that citation that is not being carefully managed can undermine an argument. Conclusions: This paper concludes that there is there is a need to initiate an academic debate about citation which is premised on the development of self-awareness about current practice and its consequences. Such a debate could bring about a number of benefits. It would encourage individual scholars to develop self-aware and ethical citation; it would also clarify current expectations about citation and enable academic communities to reflect on whether enquiry is well served by them.


An experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 2001-02 to 2003-04 on light textured soils at potato research station, Deesa in randomized block design with three treatments replicated six times. The cut seed tubers of 30 g (+5 g) size of potato cv. Kufri Badshah were planted at the spacing of 50 x 20 cm in bullock drawn single row deshi plough, 45 x 20 cm in tractor drawn single row planter, while in case of tractor drawn paired row planting, the ridge and furrow width was 75 cm each and two rows of potato crop was raised on each ridge at 20 x 20 cm spacing. The significantly higher total tuber yield of potato (393 q/ha) was recorded under the tractor drawn single row planting followed by bullock drawn single row deshi plough (326 q/ha) planting method. Tractor drawn single row planting produced 20.51 and 30.59% higher tuber yield over bullock drawn single row deshi plough and tractor drawn paired row planting method, respectively. Considering the economics of the different methods, the highest net return of Rs.81,290 per ha and B:C ratio (2.45) were recorded by tractor drawn single row planting method. It also saved manpower at planting time and covered more area per unit time.


Review(s) of: Birds of Australia - A Summary of infomation by J.D. Macdonalil. A.H. and A.W. Reed, Sydney and London, 1973. 552 pages, 24 coloured plates depicting about 250 species, plus rnany line drawings by Peter Slater, including range maps and index. Price $ 18.50.


Abstract Foam forming leads to sheet structures with exceptional volume of large pores. The link between fibre network structure and foam properties is investigated by comparing pore structure with measured bubble-size distribution. In foams produced by mechanical mixing, higher rotor speed leads to smaller average bubble size, whereas the effects coming from air content and surfactant are smaller and non-systematic. A significant drop in the average bubble size is seen when mixing fibres to foam. In sheets made with foam forming, there are more large pores compared to the water formed sheets. The size of these pores is affected by the sizes of the bubbles in the foam. Overall, pore size distribution is more strongly affected by the fibre type than by small changes in bubble size distribution.


Chromosomal aberrations make part of the largest categories of genetic disorders being responsible of many birth defects and part of the reproductive failure. In recent years cytogenetics has become an important tool of evaluation and diagnosis of several chromosomal syndromes such as Down syndrome, Edwards, Patau, Turner, Klinefelter, Prader-Willi, Angelman, Cri du chat and fragile X syndrome. The purpose of this study is to review the past 5 years about the major chromosomal syndromes and their incidences reported in population.


HTTP botnet is widely distributed and causes great harm. The traditional detection method is not analyze the attack data stream until the attack stop. In order to further reduce the harm, according to the characteristics of http/https botnet, an online detection method based on HTTP protocol is proposed, which is based on the content association recommendation algorithm. This method is able to distinguish between normal data and malicious data, and complete detection before the attack start, without increasing the burden of the network because of small complexity. The experiment proves the feasibility of this method.


Recently, we reported synthesis of 3,4-diarylidene-N-phenylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione derivatives from Morita–Baylis– Hillman (MBH) carbonates. The compounds have been synthesized from MBH carbonates via the formation of MBH ylides, reaction with phenyl isocyanate to form amide ylides, and a subsequent acid-catalyzed stereoselective Wittig reaction with various aldehydes. More recently, aminonaphthalene has been synthesized from the amide ylide 2a via 6π-electrocyclic ring closure of the ketenimine intermediate, as shown in Scheme 1. As a continuing study, we reasoned out that 6π-electrocyclization reaction of 3,4-diarylidene-N-phenylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione I and a subsequent aerobic oxidation of intermediate II would produce furanfused phthalimide derivative 4a, as also shown in Scheme 1. Various arene-fused phthalimides have been synthesized and found their usefulness in the areas of dual fluorescent dyes as a probe for ratiometric detection of DNA, organic light-emitting devices, and for the synthesis of conjugated polymers. Thermal 6π-electrocyclization reaction of conjugated triene has been studied extensively. Double bond of aromatic compounds could also be involved in 6πelectrocyclization reactions. Recently, we also reported 6π-electrocyclization reactions of conjugated trienes bearing an aromatic double bond. The electrocyclization could be conducted at relatively lower temperature when the resonance energy of the arene ring is small, such as furan, thiophene, or naphthalene. Thus, at the outset of our experiment, the reaction of 2a and 2-furaldehyde (3a) was carried out in refluxing toluene in the presence of a catalytic amount of AcOH under O2 balloon atmosphere. However, 4,6-diphenyl-1-oxa-6-azaindacene-5,7-dione (4a) was not formed at all. Instead, the formation of diarylidene intermediate I was observed, as in our previous paper. When the reaction was conducted at higher temperature (160 C) in 1,2-dichlorobenzene (ODCB) for 4 h, 4a was obtained in good yield (61%) to our delight. Compound 4a might be formed via an acid-catalyzed cyclization of 2a to form imide ring, a subsequent Wittig reaction with 3a to form I, thermal 6π-electrocyclization to II, and a final aerobic oxidation to 4a. Encouraged by the successful result, the reactions of 2a with various aromatic aldehydes were examined. We selected five-membered heteroaromatic aldehydes and naphthaldehydes that have small resonance energy, in order to overcome the high activation energy during the 6πelectrocyclization. The results are summarized in Table 1. The reaction of 2a with 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde (3b) afforded 4b in a similar yield (59%). The reactions with 5-methylfurfural (3c) and 5-methyl-2thiophenecarboxaldehyde (3d) afforded 4c and 4d, respectively, in moderate yields (59 and 57%). The reaction of 3-furaldehyde (3e) gave 4e in a similar yield (62%). 1-Naphthaldehyde (3f) and 2-naphthaldehyde (3g) also afforded 4f and 4g in moderate yields (56 and 57%), respectively. In addition, other amide ylides 2b and 2c were prepared according to the reported method, and the reactions were also examined. The reactions of 4-chlorophenyl derivative 2b with 3c and 3d also afforded 4h (57%) and 4i (59%) in moderate yields, respectively. However, the reaction of amide ylide 2c, bearing a 2thienyl moiety, showed somewhat different result. The reaction of 2c and 3b afforded the desired product 4j in low yield (42%) along with benzo[b]thiophene 5 in appreciable amount (14%), as shown in Scheme 2. A dipolar interaction between the sulfur atom and phosphorous atom in 2c might facilitate an abstraction of amide proton and subsequent elimination of Ph3P O to form a ketenimine intermediate. The ketenimine underwent 6πelectrocyclization reaction to produce 5, as already reported in our previous report. It is also interesting to note that the reaction of 2c and 3a afforded a mixture of 4k and 4k0 (1:2, 35%) along with 5 (8%), as shown in Scheme 3. Although the stereochemistry of both double bonds of 3,4-diarylidene-N-phenylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione intermediate I (see Scheme 1) could be controlled under mild conditions (benzene, 80 C, 30 min) in our previous paper, the double bonds might be isomerized in part under the drastic conditions (ODCB, 160 C, 4 h), as shown in Scheme 3. Thus, both double bonds of furan and thiophene could be involved in a following 6πelectrocyclization reaction to produce 4k and 4k0. Note


In this paper, the comprehensive pollution index method of the agricultural environment and the quality of agricultural products,which were from the abandoned manganese sulfate factory region in Huangxing town in Changsha,were evaluated.The single factor was taken into account,and the order of the threat of polluting elements to soil was as follows:MnCdZnSPb; to water:MnSCdZnPb; to vegetable:CdPbMnZnS; and to rice:ZnMnPbCdS. The evaluating results demonstrated that soil and vegetable were seriously polluted; irrigation water was slightly polluted and rice quality went beyond warning line. Based on the evaluating results and local situation,we suggested that economic crops but for food such as flower and tree be suitable to be planted there.


Objective To express Peste des petits ruminants virus(PPRV) F protein in prokaryotic cells and prepare its polyclonal antibody.Methods According to the full-length gene sequence of PPRV Nigeria 75 / 1 strain reported in GenBank,the primers without signal peptide and transmembrane domain were designed by using DNAStar software,based on which F gene was amplified by RT-PCR and inserted into prokaryotic expression vector pET-32a(+).The constructed recombinant plasmid pET-32a(+)-PPRV-F was transformed to E.coli BL21(DE3) for expression under induction of IPTG.The expressed protein were purified,then identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot.Polyclonal antibody was prepared by immunizing BALB / c mice with the purified protein and preliminarily used for the determination of PPRV.Results Both restriction analysis and sequencing proved that recombinant plasmid pET-32a-PPRV-F was constructed correctly.The expressed recombinant F protein,with a relative molecular mass of about 59 000,mainly existed in a form of inclusion body and reached a purity of more than 95% after purification,of which the expression level reached the maximum 6 h after induction.The polyclonal antibody prepared by immunizing the mice showed specific reaction with purified recombinant F protein,of which the titer reached more than 1 ∶ 64 000.Indirect IFA showed that the prepared polyclonal antibody recognized the whole virus antigen of PPRV Nigeria 75 / 1 strain.Conclusion PPRV F protein was expressed in prokaryotic cells,and high titer polyclonal antibody was prepared,which laid a foundation of further study on F protein and rapid determination of PPRV in clinic.


Augmented Reality (AR) provides new ways for situated visualization and human‐computer interaction in physical environments. Current evaluation procedures for AR applications rely primarily on questionnaires and interviews, providing qualitative means to assess usability and task solution strategies. Eye tracking extends these existing evaluation methodologies by providing indicators for visual attention to virtual and real elements in the environment. However, the analysis of viewing behavior, especially the comparison of multiple participants, is difficult to achieve in AR. Specifically, the definition of areas of interest (AOIs), which is often a prerequisite for such analysis, is cumbersome and tedious with existing approaches. To address this issue, we present a new visualization approach to define AOIs, label fixations, and investigate the resulting annotated scanpaths. Our approach utilizes automatic annotation of gaze on virtual objects and an image‐based approach that also considers spatial context for the manual annotation of objects in the real world. Our results show, that with our approach, eye tracking data from AR scenes can be annotated and analyzed flexibly with respect to data aspects and annotation strategies.


Background: Contrast-enhanced CT performed for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) detection traditionally uses a dual-phase (pancreatic and portal venous) protocol. However, PDAC may exhibit isoattenuation in these phases, hindering detection. Objective: To assess the impact on diagnostic performance in detection of small PDAC of adding a delayed phase to dual-phase contrast-enhanced CT. Methods: A database of 571 patients who underwent triple-phase (pancreatic, portal venous, and delayed) contrast-enhanced MDCT between January 2017 and March 2020 for suspected pancreatic tumor was retrospectively reviewed. A total of 97 patients had pathologically confirmed small PDAC (mean size, 22 mm; range, 7-30 mm). Twenty control patients had no pancreatic tumor suspected on CT nor on an initial MRI and follow-up CT or MRI after ≥12 months. Three radiologists independently reviewed dual-phase (pancreatic and portal venous) and triple-phase (pancreatic, portal venous, and delayed) images. Two additional radiologists assessed tumors' visual attenuation on each phase, reaching consensus for differences. Performance of dual- and triple-phase images were compared using ROC analysis, McNemar test, and Fisher's exact test. Results: AUC was higher (P<.05) for triple-phase than dual-phase images for all observers (observer 1, 0.97 vs 0.94; observer 2, 0.97 vs 0.94; observer 3, 0.97 vs 0.95). Sensitivity was higher (P<.001) for triple-phase than dual-phase images for all observers [observer 1, 74.2% (72/97) vs 59.8% (58/97); observer 2, 88.7% (86/97) vs 71.7% (69/97); observer 3, 86.6% (84/97) vs 72.2% (70/97)]. Specificity, PPV, and NPV did not differ between image sets for any reader (P≥.05). Seventeen tumors showed pancreatic phase visual isoattenuation, of which nine showed isoattenuation and eight hyperattenuation in the delayed phase. Sixteen of these were not detected by any observer on dual-phase images; of these, six were detected by at least two observers, and five by one observer, on triple-phase images. Visual attenuation showed excellent interreader agreement (κ=0.89-0.96). Conclusion: Addition of delayed phase to pancreatic and portal venous phase CT increases sensitivity for small PDAC without loss of specificity, partly related to delayed phase hyperattenuation of some small PDACs showing pancreatic phase isoattenuation. Clinical Impact: Addition of delayed phase may facilitate earlier PDAC detection and thus improved prognosis.


Background: The nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) plays a role in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in adipocytes by regulating their differentiation, distribution and function. Heterogeneous mutations of PPAR-γ can cause loss of gene function or reduce its expression leading to a clinical variety of phenotypes that characterize type 3 familial partial lipodystrophy syndrome. The most common features of this syndrome are abnormal body fat accumulation, muscle hypertrophy, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, polycystic ovary syndrome and hepatic steatosis. Case report: A 32-year-old-woman was referred to the Endocrinology Division of PUC-SP for treatment of a severe hypertriglyceridemia diagnosed 4 years ago with recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis and eruptive xanthomas since then. Also, diabetes mellitus (DM) was diagnosed 1 year ago with poor glycemic control. Her sister also had severe hypertriglyceridemia, recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis and died in 2016. No DM was reported in her family. On physical examination, we found the presence of lipodystrophy, acanthosis nigricans on the neck and eruptive xanthomas on trunk, upper limbs, and thighs. BMI=24.9kg/m2; waist circumference=96cm. Abdominal CT scan revealed splenomegaly and fatty liver disease. Genetic sequencing showed a heterozygous (autosomal dominant inheritance) in the PPAR-γ of a Chr3 variant: 12.416.957 T> C (or alternatively c.1073T> C - ENST000002287820), promoting the substitution of leucine in codon 358 by proline (p.Leu358Pro). Conclusion: The substitution of the amino acid leucine in codon 358 for proline is highly conserved in several species, and computer programs for predicting in silico of pathogenicity, suggesting that this new heterozygous mutation in the PPAR-γ gene is probably related to the type 3 familial partial lipodystrophy syndrome. Disclosure P. V. Wanderley: None. J. C. Dias: None. M. W. Vieira: None. G. Garcia: None. I. T. Filho: None. R. F. Chamma: None. L. S. Gugoni: None. R. B. Giorgi: None. C. R. G. Barcellos: None.


ABSTRACT The distinction between mainframe, mini and microcomputers arose out of the history of the development of computers. This distinction is vague, and boundaries between the different classes of computers move from day to day as new technological developments take place. Although the advent of the low-priced microcomputer has brought affordable computing facilities within reach of many more potential users, it must not be expected that micro's can take over all the work their larger and more expensive brethren did in the past. The type of computer that can be used must be matched to the extent of the problem that is to be solved.


Angina pectoris, cardiac pain associated with ischemia, is considered refractory when optimal anti‐anginal therapy fails to resolve symptoms. It is associated with a decreased life expectancy and diminishes the quality of life. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) may be considered for patients who have also undergone comprehensive interventions, such as coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) procedures.


It is one thing to have a discussion or write about a oneor twofoot rise in the ocean surface and potential impacts to a local community; it is another to show someone a map highlighting the areas that would potentially be impacted. The ability to visualize the potential depth and inland extent of water gives us a better understanding of the corresponding impacts and consequences. Mapping sea level changes in a geographic information system (GIS) gives the user the ability to overlay the potentially impacted areas with other data such as critical infrastructure, roads, ecologically sensitive areas, demographics, and economics. Providing maps on the Web via Internet mapping technologies enables the user to have an interactive experience that truly brings out the "visual" part of the map definition. Over the past several years, the lessons learned from investigating pilot sea level change mapping applications have led to the development of a nextgeneration sea level rise and coastal flooding viewer. In addition, new mapping techniques have been developed to use high-resolution data sources to show flooding impacts on local public infrastructure, mapping confidence, flooding frequency, marsh impacts, and social and economic impacts from potential inundation. This paper will provide a brief history of previous sea level change visualization pilot projects, detailed discussion of new methods, current status of new tool development and outputs, and future plans for expanding to the rest of the U.S.


The paper provides a relevant theoretical analysis concerning the effect of the coexistence of heterotrophic denitrification and autotrophic anammox on the carbon cycle and the CO2 release in the oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). The paper has been motivated by Voss and Montoya (2009), arguing that the nitrogen loss led by denitrification and/or anammox should induce different collateral effects: anammox should especially induce an increase of the efficiency of the biological pump by reducing the net production of CO2. Contrary to expectations, the authors demonstrate that the combined effects of these processes are always clearly heterotrophic in the suboxic layer of the OMZ, even considering a higher contribution of anammox to the total N2 production. In general, the paper is very interesting, well structured and clear, and the arguments


The classic design of protocol stacks, where each layer of the stack receives and unwraps the payload of the next layer, implies that each layer has a parser that accepts Protocol Data Units and extracts the intended Service Data Units from them. The PHY layer plays a special role, because it must create frames, i.e., original PDUs, from a stream of bits or symbols. An important property implicitly expected from these parsers is that SDUs are passed to the next layer only if the encapsulating PDUs from all previous layers were received exactly as transmitted by the sender and were syntactically correct. The Packet-in-packet attack (WOOT 2011) showed that this false assumption could be easily violated and exploited on IEEE 802.15.4 and similar PHY layers, however, it did not challenge the assumption that symbols and bytes recognized by the receiver were as transmitted by the sender. This work shows that even that assumption is wrong: in fact, a valid received frame may share no symbols with the sent one! This property is due to a particular choice of low-level chip encoding of 802.15.4, which enables the attacker to co-opt the receiver's error correction. This case study demonstrates that PHY layer logic is as susceptible to the input language manipulation attacks as other layers, or perhaps more so. Consequently, when designing protocol stacks, language-theoretic considerations must be taken into account from the very bottom of the PHY layer, no layer is too low to be considered "mere engineering".


Objective To observe the effect of uterine fibroids treated by Xuefuzhuyu decoction and to provide a reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods 86 cases of uterine fibroids were randomly divided into two groups,the control group was given mifepristone,and the treatment group was given Xuefuzhuyu decoction; both groups were treated three months as a course. Results After the treatment,the total efficiency of treatment group was significantly higher than control group(P 0. 05);the index of LH,E2,FSH,P receptor in treatment group were significantly lower than control group(P 0. 05); the incidence of adverse reactions between two groups was no significant difference(P 0. 05). Conclusion Xuefuzhuyu decoction treating uterine fibroids has significantly effect,less adverse reactions,safe and reliable for clinical applications.


Abstract : Object recognition is a practical problem with a wide variety of potential applications. Recognition becomes substantially more difficult when objects have not been presented in some logical, posed manner selected by a human observer. We propose to solve this problem using active object recognition, where the same object is viewed from multiple viewpoints when it is necessary to gain confidence in the classification decision. We demonstrate the effect of unposed objects on a state-of-the-art approach to object recognition, then show how an active approach can increase accuracy. The active approach works by attaching confidence to recognition, prompting further inspection when confidence is low. We demonstrate a performance increase on a wide variety of objects from the RGB-D database, showing a significant increase in recognition accuracy.


We investigated the self-assembled structures of 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidene sorbitol in different solvents by using synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and optical microscopy. Structures of a turbid gel and a nearly transparent gel were compared in this study. Although the sol-gel transition temperatures of both gels showed almost the same values, their structures were largely different. The optical microscopy observation showed that a spherulite structure was formed for the turbid gel, but for the transparent gel no distinct structure was seen in the scale of optical microscopy. The SAXS experiments reveal that the transparent gel was composed of fibrillar aggregates with the radius of gyration Rc of 38-40 Å in the cross-section. The increase in temperature in the gel state caused decrease in the fiber density with keeping the fiber thickness almost unchanged, and the fibrillar aggregates were completely dissolved above the sol-gel transition temperature. The cross-sectional size became more homogeneous, as the temperature approached the sol-gel transition temperature.


More and more distributed real-time applications begin to adopt Java as a developing language because C++ is complex. This paper analyzes real-time CORBA implemented by real-time Java in four aspects. They are real-time ORB core POA, real-time thread-pool, CORBA priority mapping to RTSJ priority, real-time general inter-ORB protocol(GIOP).


The Tax Administration Service is a decentralized agency of the public administration created on July 1, 1997, with the purpose of promoting voluntary compliance with tax obligations and collecting taxes from taxpayers, which is endowed with auditing and collectors powers, legal representation, as well as identification and control of the taxpayer registry; that has implemented technological innovations that help the taxpayer comply with their tax obligations in an easy, safe and efficient manner, such as the e.firma, the electronic invoice, the tax mailbox and the electronic accounting, therefore, to face the persistent reluctance of the governed before the mission of the Tax Administration Service, the objective of disseminating the existence of its innovations and its statistically measurable results is achieved, in order to be able to note its success in fulfilling the mission of collecting, and with it perceive the consolidation of the SAT as an institution that contributes to the economic growth of Mexico.


This extension of leniency program to vertical agreements is not common in antitrust practices outside China. Clare Gaofen YE (Zhejiang Science and Technology Univ.)


The objective of this study was to describe the hydrogen production from catalytic reforming of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) with carbon capture and storage (CCS). Nowadays, hydrogen requires a lot of attention as a clean fuel as well as a chemical used in industrial applications (e.g. hydrogenation processes especially in oil refinery sector). The size of evaluated plant was 100000 Nm3/h hydrogen with a purity of 99.95% (vol.) to be in line with industrial hydrogen production capacities used in the oil refinery sector. A pre-combustion CO2 capture process based on MethylDiEthanol-Amine (MDEA) was also considered to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions (decarbonisation of fossil LPG used). The carbon capture rate was about 78%. The evaluation was made using process flow modeling (ChemCAD) and the simulation results were compared with experimental data reported in the literature. A similar hydrogen production process from LPG reforming without carbon capture was also considered to assess the energy penalty for CO2 capture. This work is an important study for evaluation of reducing carbon footprint in oil refinery sector.


This article presents the Filimage system designed for the images automatic extraction and their textual comments available on the web. The problematic, the architecture overview, and processing steps are described. The implementation consists in three sequential processing modules. The decomposition of textual and visual objects is the proposed solution allowing a separate treatment. The contextual exploration method is used for the textual extraction. Text semantic analysis is based on hierarchical textual indices. Automatic Matching and Associating (AMA) strategy produce a short multimedia documents from the full-length web documents. We present the final web site results in the navigator, performance results management and the conclusion. Key-Words: Automatic Matching-Associating (AMA), Contextual exploration, Images-textual comments, Images automatic identification, Semantic filtering.


In recent years, human impact on the Earth's ecological environment has become increasingly visible, with serious negative consequences. One of the most important pollutants are heavy metals which can easily bind to sediments. Due to their toxic behavior, persistence, lack of biodegradability and bioaccumulation, they are considered key river pollutants that need to be controlled. This study examined two rivers: the Liwiec and Muchawka rivers located in south-eastern Poland. The mouth of the Liwiec River is the Bug River, which is partly the border between Poland and Belarus. In turn, the mouth of the Muchawka River is the Liwiec River. The objectives of the study were the following: (1) To complete a qualitative analysis of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn) in the waters and bottom sediments of the Liwiec and Muchawka rivers; (2) To assess the degree of heavy metal contamination; (3) To identify the sources of contamination. The analysis included samples of surface water and bottom sediments collected (16 water and 16 bottom sediment samples were taken from the Muchawka River and 32 water and 32 bottom sediment samples were taken from the Liwiec River) in June and September 2022. The variability of characteristics, such as temperature, precipitation and humidity, contributes to seasonal changes in the distribution characteristics and sources of heavy metals. The study showed that only a small part of the heavy metals entering rivers are present in the water depth in the dissolved state, and most of them enrich the sediment, resulting in much higher concentrations of heavy metals in the sediment than in the water column. The differences in the distribution of some elements in water and sediment are due to the fact that surface sediments retain long-term records. Therefore, sediment can be considered a potential source of heavy metals in the aquatic environment. In general, the content of heavy metals determined in bottom sediments was not high but indicative of anthropogenic human activity. There is a possibility of re-release of heavy metals from the sediment into the water when hydrodynamic conditions or environmental factors (pH, redox potential, etc.) change, which could lead to secondary water pollution. The data obtained will be of great importance to both researchers studying river systems and the population living in the area.


This study is aimed at investigating the feasibility of generating quantum entanglement between macroscopic mechanical mirrors in optomechanical systems while under continuous measurement and feedback control. We carefully derive a covariance matrix for mechanical mirrors in a steady state, employing the Kalman filtering problem with an assumed dominant cavity photon dissipation, such that the common and differential modes of the mirrors are squeezed by the action of measuring the output light beams. We demonstrate that entanglement between the mechanical mirrors is generated when the states of the common and differential modes are squeezed with high purity in an asymmetric manner. Our results also show that quantum entanglement between $7$ mg mirrors is achievable in the short term.


This paper proposes a novel automatic image registration method designed for urban scenes containing tall 3D objects under significant viewpoint changes. Our method is based on the fusion of two kinds of features: the interest regions and the edge groups, which we believe are more suitable than conventional local textures for such scenes. Many existing methods face matching difficulty either because of the lack of appropriate textures in urban scenes or due to the difficulty in modeling textures for non-planar objects under complex 3D viewpoint changes, especially for boundary regions. Throughout our registration process, the two "feature tracks" interactively support and constrain each other, producing a large number of initial point-to-point correspondences, which are later refined utilizing global context information. The proposed approach has been tested using urban aerial photos of diverse viewing conditions. Experimental results for challenging inputs have demonstrated its effectiveness.


We report here the synthesis and characterization of a new superconducting oxide LaBaCa2Cu3Oy. The Tc value of the compound is measured to be 25 K. XRD studies reveal that the compound possesses orthorhombic structure.


BackgroundThere is no general consensus about the best vascularized layer between the neourethra and the skin in tubularized incised plate urethroplasty (TIPU) of Snodgrass. Inclusion of 1 surgeon to repair specific forms of hypospadias by using determined surgical materials and exclusion of definite patients and conditions and definite anomaly parameters may present the needed reliable data about the role of a specific type of interpositional coverage of the neourethra. Patients and MethodsThe 37 patients had been operated by TIPU with a ventral subcutaneous dartos flap covering the neourethra who designed as group A, while 26 patients had been operated by the standard TIPU without urethral coverage who designed as group B. ResultsGood cosmetic results were obtained in 93.65% of the patients. In group A, urethral fistulae were encountered in 2 cases of distal hypospadias and 1 case of midpenile hypospadias with a total fistula rate of 8.1%. In group B, urethral fistulae were found in 5 cases of distal hypospadias and 3 cases of midpenile hypospadias with a total fistula rate of 30.7%. ConclusionsFlapless repair should not be tried as long as there is the needed experience to harvest a well-vascularized coverage. Interpositional flap coverage of the neourethra is crucial to decrease the rate of fistula in primary hypospadias TIPU repair. However, before designating a relative study, different forms of the anomaly, surgeon's experience, the potential harvesting complications, complexity degrees of different repairs, and the used surgical materials should be really considered.


Shelf life prediction model can be used to predict the storage time of certain vegetable.This article discusses relevant qualities of vegetable,such as vitamin C degradation,chlorophyll loss,color and texture changes via mathematical models;Arrhenius model applied in different reaserches is introduced with related parameters or equations,such as Q 10,Weibull model,Michaelis-Menten equation and kinetic model with different orders used in various studies,while limitations of each prediction models are also investigated.Classical forms of Arrhenius equation combined with kinetic models need to be improved,while models combined with Weibull model and MichaelisMenten equation were promising used widely in predicting shelf life of fresh vegetables.


This work describes the development of a Folding Aluminum Sheet Roof where the structural component is also the protection membrane. The portable capacity conferred by thin sheets when folded in a certain way is used to comply with the structural commitment. Likewise, the sheet's geometry is used to obtain the roof's sealing, without needing to use sealing compounds or flexible joints. The design consists of an 853 sq.m. roof consisting of six (6) independent modules 24 m. long x 5.56 m. wide. Each module folds from an initial size of 24 m. to a final position of 4.60 m., drawn by a motor-driven system of wire cables. The geometry chosen produces an oscillating movement during the folding and unfolding processes. To counteract this, we developed an pulling system with wires capable of absorbing rotation movements during the sheets' displacement. Two types of mobile joints were also developed: one for the high arrises where a meshing-type continuous hinge is used which in turn produces a joint that is water-tight. There is a second joint for the low arrises, where independent hinges are used and the sealing is obtained through a fold in the sheet which forms a channel that conducts the water out of the joint. The construction and testing of this roof proves the technical feasibility of using thin sheets to construct transformable roofs where the sheet assumes the structural commitments. This relatively simple example is a step towards combining metal roofs with transformable structural systems using bars.


Accessible online at: www.karger.com/aud 303 In the paper entitled 'Theoretical Models for the Mechanisms of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo' by M.G. House and V. Honrubia (Audiol Neurootol 2003;8:91–99), the following errors should be corrected: – on page 96, in the legend to figure 3, in lines 3, 5 and 7, the word 'velocity' should be replaced by the word 'acceleration'; – also on page 96, an incorrect figure 4 was published with the correct legend; the correct figure 4 is now given below:


In simple terms, IPD is like a joint venture approach to design and construction. IPD represents a radical departure from traditional delivery methods that isolate responsibilities, liabilities, communication, risks and rewards with contracts that often lack incentives to cooperate and work toward the common goal of a successful project overall for everyone. Parties to an IPD team have incentives to do what is best for the project, rather than what is best for themselves. To motivate the design and construction team and get the best performance out of them, IPD generally favors a "carrot" approach; whereas, traditional delivery methods generally use a "stick" approach.


We propose a statistical model of rupture as a mechanism for the occasionally observed marked increase of seismic activity prior to a great earthquake. The physical ingredients of the model are those of geometrical inhomogeneity and viscoelastic creep. We demonstrate that the observed inverse power law for the rate of increase of seismicity before a large eartquake requires no assumptions beyond those of a random featureless distribution of inhomogeineities and a typical power law of creep with exponent m.


In this paper, the authors obtain some results about the block eigenvalues of block compound (matrices) and construct a special block compound matrix E(U,V;Λ)≡I_mI_n-UΛV~H for the special block matrices. The authors have also discussed systematically the related basic properties and (characteristics).


The design and construction of truly humanoid robots that can perceive and interact with the environment depends significantly on their perception capabilities. In this paper we present the Karlsruhe Humanoid Head, which has been designed to be used both as part of our humanoid robots ARMAR-IIIa and ARMAR-IIIb and as a stand-alone robot head for studying various visual perception tasks in the context of object recognition and human-robot interaction. The head has seven degrees of freedom (DoF). The eyes have a common tilt and can pan independently. Each eye is equipped with two digital color cameras, one with a wide-angle lens for peripheral vision and one with a narrow-angle lens for foveal vision to allow simple visuo-motor behaviors. Among these are tracking and saccadic motions towards salient regions, as well as more complex visual tasks such as hand-eye coordination. We present the mechatronic design concept, the motor control system, the sensor system and the computational system. To demonstrate the capabilities of the head, we present accuracy test results, and the implementation of both open-loop and closed-loop control on the head.


Calcite, being the most abundant mineral on earth crust, have wide application areas especially in polymer industry as a micronized functional filler material. It is hydrophilic in natural form, and made hydrophobic after surface modification to meet the requirements of polymer industry: the incompatibility between high energetic hydrophilic surface of calcite and the low-energy surface of hydrophobic polymers is a major problem. Treatment of micronized calcite with fatty acids is one of the most common method to obtain modified mineral surface. In present study, oleic acid (OA), fatty acid type surface modifying agent was used for the surface characterization of OA coated marble dust. Fine tailings of slab cutting unit of a marble processing plant was supplied. The sample was subjected to wet classification process to obtain micronized calcite fraction for experimental works. Surface modification of finely sized fraction was performed in a laboratory type flotation unit. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were used as characterization techniques.


: In the last two decades, the extensive development of intensive irrigated agriculture around the Mar Menor coastal lagoon (SE Iberian Peninsula) has disturbed the characteristics of this initially oligotrophic ecosystem. The organic pollution that flows into the lagoon from agriculture and, to a lesser extent, from urban wastewater, has triggered the eutrophication of the system, resulting in dystrophic crises and mass mortality events of aquatic fauna. In order to explore temporal changes in the ecological quality of the shallow areas of the Mar Menor, fish assemblage parameters have been obtained and integrated into a multimetric fish index (modified-EMFI). A total of 18 sampling sites around the lagoon perimeter were seasonally assessed. Seasonal sampling was carried out in three two-years periods: (a) the reference period (2002–2004); (b) the critical eutrophic first period (2018–2019); and (c) the critical eutrophic second period with multispecies mass mortality events (2020–2021). The effect of sampling-site confinement (three levels of water-renewal time) and the degree of anthropic pressure on shallow areas were evaluated. Despite the magnitude of the eutrophication impact on the lagoon, the shallow areas' ecological quality (according to the modified-EMFI) did not show a drastic drop. Nevertheless, significantly lower values were detected in the critical eutrophic second period. The level of confinement showed effects on the ecological quality of the shallow areas, although the effects associated with the degree of anthropic pressure at site-approach were not significant. These results suggest that the shallow areas of the lagoon, beyond their usual function as recruitment areas for juvenile fish, could be playing a complementary role as fish refuge habitats and buffering against the long-term eutrophication process that is affecting the lagoon. However, fish assemblages in shallow areas could be undergoing significant changes in their structure and composition. We understand that the loss of the taxonomic and functional integrity of the shallow-area fish assemblage has repercussions on the dynamics of the fish populations present throughout the lagoon, and can compromise the recovery of this ecosystem.


An efficient mathematical model is presented for predicting the transfer of ocean waves to ice shelf flexure along two‐dimensional transects. The model incorporates varying ice shelf thickness and seabed bathymetry profiles, and is able to predict responses of large ice shelves over a broad frequency spectrum. The model is used to generate displacement and strain transfer functions for the Ross Ice Shelf (RIS) using geometries from the Bedmap2 data set. The transfer functions are validated against recent observations and used to study the influence of geometrical variations on strain transfer close to the shelf front. Predictions of RIS strain in response to example irregular incident swell and infragravity waves are generated over a wide region, and show similar maximum strains but contrasting spatial strain patterns. The model and results provide a basis for studying destabilizing impacts of ocean waves on the RIS.


An assessment of rain attenuation on satellite link availability within Saudi Arabia at Ku- and Ka-bands is presented. The calculation of rain attenuation depends on a locally generated rain map, which differs from the rain climatic regions established by the CCIR. The variation of rain attenuation at Ku- and Ka-bands with elevation angle is presented. Results of up and down link rain margins versus total system availability are given for the Ku- and Ka-bands. A comparison with the predictions based on the current CCIR results shows that rain attenuation is underestimated significantly in some regions within Saudi Arabia.


This paper built a framework for ensuring that employees are satisfied in organizations since employees' job satisfaction has been found to positively affect the level of effectiveness in organizations. To achieve the above goal, Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to test the hypotheses of the study. The findings indicate that job satisfaction positively influences organizational productivity and profitability, which are strong measures of organizational effectiveness. This implies that an increase in the level of employees' job satisfaction, enhanced the productivity and profitability in organizations. This means that job satisfaction is positively associated with organizational effectiveness. It is therefore recommended that in addition to continually ensuring that employees are satisfied with their jobs, organizations should put in place definite plans to minimize their cost in order to maximize output which promotes organizational effectiveness in the public sector in Anambra State.


The interfacial contact between asphalt layers and bases gives the mechanic response of asphalt concrete pavement greater impact.The rubber power modified asphalt,epoxy modified asphalt and polymer modified asphalt are analyzed through laboratory shear test and pull-out test which are to gain changes of shear strength and tensile strength with different spilling contents.Last,compared with theoretical values calculated by BISAR software,the difference of the three kind of adhesive layer oils and the optimal spilling contents are attained.


We describe a novel neural network architecture for the prediction of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The model receives input features that capture the change in RR intervals and ectopic beats, along with features based on heart rate variability and frequency analysis. Patient age is also included as a trainable embedding, while the whole network is optimized with multi-task objectives. Each of these modifications provides a consistent improvement to the model performance, achieving 74.02% prediction accuracy and 77.22% specificity 60 seconds in advance of the episode.


In universities, it is well known that implement projects with Industry is beneficial for students as they develop different outcomes that will help them in their professional activities. If to this relationship between Industry-University, students from different universities of the world are added to collaborate in international engineering projects, the benefits will be greater: Students will learn ways of working from other countries, so that will help to create societies of engineers who will interact with harmony between countries and cultures. Links between students from different countries will be created to solve common engineering projects. This article is about the experiences of Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus State of Mexico, as a member of an academic program with Automotive Industry called PACE (Partners for the Advancement of Collaborative Engineering Education). In this program, international projects were developed, making teamwork with students from different universities of the world. Students worked in multidisciplinary and multicultural teams with different time zones and languages. Videoconferencing tools were used for long-distance communication. Each year a forum was organized, where teams met to deliver progress and their finished project. Projects were related to different areas of Automotive Engineering such as design, manufacturing and production of components.


Background Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a novel form of therapeutic manipulation through gastroscopy, colonoscopy, naso-intestinal tube, et al, which brings pain and inconvenience to the patients. We aim to establish an easy way of FMT in active ulcerative colitis. Methods We conducted a randomised, double-blind trial in Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China. We randomised allocated patients with active ulcerative colitis accompanied by Mayo score 5–9 to FMT, followed by capsules 3 days one week. One donor's faecal microbiota was made into one capsule, and faecal microbiota transplantation was each derived from two or three unrelated donors. The primary outcome was clinical remission with Mayo score. Results 20 patients were enrolled in our trial, of whom all received capsules. The primary outcome with clinical remission was achieved in 15 out of 20 patients (75%), and 5 out of 20 patients (25%) had a relapse. No adverse events were identified in these patients. The quantity of lipopolysaccharide was higher in patients with ulcerative colitis compared to normal subjects, but no obvious change was identified between responders and non-responders patients after faecal microbiota transplantation. What's more, increased expression of CD5 +CD19+B cell, CD3-CD16+CD56+NK cell, and CD4 +CD25+Foxp3+Treg cell was found after FMT, which indicated that FMT by capsules could induce an anti-inflammatory pathway in patients with active ulcerative colitis. This may regenerate immunological tolerance to defence the increased inflammation by endotoxin. Conclusions Intensive-dosing, multidonor, FMT by capsules induces clinical remission in active ulcerative colitis and is associated with the changes of the immune system. FMT by capsules is, thus, a promising new therapeutic option for ulcerative colitis with more economical and convenient. Future work should focus on the multicenter verification and the relationship of immunity and gut microbiome.


The online fabrication of distributed feedback (DFB) fiber laser with a compact and asymmetrical cavity structure was presented. A DFB fiber laser with the total length of 1.9cm and a nearly unidirectional output which had an over 10:1 ratio for the backward to forward output was achieved. The characteristics of small dimension and unidirectional output made it suitable for sensing applications. And the fabrication procedure was easy to be carried out.


I. SUMMARY
The current information regarding the occurrence of steroidal oestrogens and the physiological significance of these compounds in plants is reviewed. Special reference is made to the effects of oestrogens on elongation growth, and results are presented from experiments with Pisum and Phaseolus seedlings.


Universal hearing screening is accepted as a standard of care in the United States. Infants in the neonatal intensive care unit are at increased risk of hearing loss. Delay in the diagnosis of hearing loss may delay language and communication skills that result in life-long challenges for these infants and their families. Types of hearing loss, methods of screening, and interventions are reviewed.


In order to solve the problems in the process of teaching quality evaluation and improve the accuracy of teaching quality evaluation, a teaching quality evaluation system based on integrated neural network is proposed. Firstly, the system collects a large number of historical data of teaching quality in Public Security Colleges, and preprocesses the data to construct learning samples of teaching quality evaluation in Public Security Colleges; Then, RBF neural network, BP neural network and echo state network are used to evaluate the teaching quality of Public Security Colleges, and the evaluation results are obtained; Finally, the RBF neural network, BP neural network and echo state network are weighted to get the final result of teaching quality evaluation. On the same platform, compared with other university teaching quality evaluation systems, the results show that the accuracy of the proposed system is more than 95%, while the accuracy of the comparison system is less than 95%, which indicates that the integrated neural network is more reliable and can meet the requirements of modern teaching management.


Sustainable developmental goals (SDG's) are new global level of goals,
with targets and indicators that 193 member countries of United
Nations in the world have mutually set and agreed upon. There are
17 goals on which the entire world is focusing at present to ensure
sustainable development. For attaining these goals, local self-governance
is used at the grassroots levels and in India the machinery is
Panchayati raj Institutions. These institutions operate from central
and state government level and include all the villages in it.
These villages have panchayats and it is maintained by Gram
Pradhans i.e. elected representatives, Secretary and other members
of the gram panchayats. Though a lot is being done at grassroot
level by these Gram Pradhans, under the mechanism of Panchayati
raj institution and other administrative bodies, however it is not
free from challenges. The present case study is a descriptive study
which focuses attention to identify different challenges the elected
representatives experience, in Panchayati raj institutions in India,
which contribute directly for the sustainable development.


Research background: Industry 4.0, also known as the Fourth Industrial Revolution, describes the digitisation of the manufacturing industry. The transition to 4.0 is crucial for manufacturing companies to maintain a competitive advantage and take advantage of new opportunities. This article contributes to research with a framework for the description, analysis, and classification of Canvas B.M. for 4.0.
Purpose of the article: The following report provides a review of the literature to expand our knowledge of how Industry 4.0 affects business models. This article aims to specify and map the level of knowledge about the Canvas business model and its application in the new revolutionary era of the digital world in the manufacturing industry 4.0. The findings deepen the understanding of how 4.0 affects the manufacturing industry, B.M., and the behaviour of the current economic environment.
Methods: A literature review. Then the comparison of the author's views on the use of the business model, innovation, and adaptation under the influence of digitisation. The literature survey was conducted in articles indexed in the Web of Science and Scopus to carry out a critical analysis of collected data and the exposition of some conclusions and future research opportunities.
Findings & value added: A lot of research in the field of industry 4.0 using Canvas B.M., but very often, the view of the Czech business environment is neglected. Focusing on this area may lead to future research. This literary review focuses on the latest literature.


This paper introduced broadband fiber access network system and some main access methods in particular compared the merits and demerits of these access technologies in application, then presented our suggestion and expectation.


Active case detection and treatment of malaria in a selective age group of children up to the age of fifteen was carried out to control malaria in a coastal village in North Sumatra, Indonesia from September 1983 to July 1984. A combination of chloroquine for three days with primaquine for three or five days was more effective than only chloroquine for three days. The spleen rate, the parasite rate of P. falciparum, the parasite formula of P. falciparum and the parasite density index were reduced by this activity. The parasite rate and the parasite formula of P. falciparum did not rise up in July 1984 (12.3% and 14.3%, respectively) without any vector control activities, although the parasite rate used to rise up to 27-61% and the parasite formula of P. falciparum was 50-86% in July to September every year (1980-1983). Most of the patients in July 1984 were considered to be recurrent or inadequately treated cases of P. vivax. Furthermore the density of P. falciparum gametocyte in pre-school children was higher than that in school children. We should pay a special attention to pre-school children to interrupt malaria transmission aiming at the gametocyte stage. Detection of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency was done at the same time and malaria patient with G6PD deficiency was not given primaquine.


Many years ago, Arons pointed out the incomprehension science students exhibit of the basic mathematical operations multiplication and division and the need to address the problem in physics classes to assure student understanding of the physical world. McDermott et al.'s Physics by Inquiry program does address this need directly and in detail (by defining two meanings for division). However, in the author's classes many students had relatively low scores (ranging from 60–80%) when trying to explain simple operations. Reported in this paper are ways to supplement the text that force students to address the actual meaning of division by stressing the relation between a "whole" and a "package," and connect that meaning with previously learned operational definitions for area and volume.


ABSTRACT In this paper, we present a hyperspectral image classification method based on Quadratic Fisher's Discriminant Analysis (QFDA) and Multi-class Support Vector Machine (M-SVM). QFDA has been utilized for feature extraction and dimensionality reduction of a high dimensional hyperspectral image and M-SVM is used for classification purpose. The suggested scheme is compared with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with SVM scheme and it is observed that the proposed method is superior with respect to classification accuracy. Further, it is observed that QFDA preserves the class discriminatory information in the reduced features as compared to PCA.