Current literature suggests that among students with disabilities, students with emotional and behavioral (EBD) disturbances are the most challenging to include. This study surveyed the perceptions of school psychologists and other professionals nationwide regarding this issue. Respondents indicated that students with EBD are still spending a large amount of their day outside of the regular education classroom. Rural districts reported a significantly higher amount of students with EBD being included in regular education, compared to urban districts. Individual student needs and "district vision, beliefs, and philosophy" ranked as the most important factors influencing attempts to educate students with EBD in a least restrictive environment. To enhance the inclusion of students with EBD, respondents reported the need for effective training, systematic support, and modification of the perceptions of regular education teachers. Urban and rural district respondents ranked the availability of grant money whenmaking placement decisions as significantly more important than suburban districts. As years in practice decreased among the respondents, the reported need for effective training significantly increased. However, the importance placed on dedication, a clear vision, and philosophy/beliefof district significantly decreased with fewer years in practice. The Inclusion of Students with EBD 3 Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1997, all children, ages 3 to 21, are entitled to a free and appropriate public education. These children are to receive this education to the fullest extent possible, in an age-appropriate regular education classroom, and with non-disabled peers (IDEA, 1997). Within the last ten to fifteen years, the US has seen substantial movement towards the inclusion of these students. The current trend of inclusion for students with disabilities is reflected in the data provided in the Twenty-secondAnnual Report to Congress (US Department of Education, 2000). Although the statistics in this report showed that the overall population of disabled students is included more often, the population of students with an emotional or behavioral disturbance (EBD) continued to receive most of its education outside the regular classroom. This may be due to the exceptional academic, social, and behavioral needs of these students (Brigham & Kauffrnan, 1998; Handwerk &Marshall, 1998; Hendrickson, Smith, & Frank, 1998; Kauffrnan, 1993; Lloyd & Kauffrnan, 1995; MacMillan, Gresham, & Forness, 1993), as well as how they have effected teachers (Gunter, Jack, Depaepe, Reed, & Harrison, 1994; Kauffrnan, 1993; Macmillan, Gresham, & Forness, 1996; Long, 1994; Nelson, Maculan, Roberts, & Ohlund, 2001). Supporters of the inclusion movement believe that students with EBD could benefit from being included (Cheney & Harvey, 1994). According to the U.S. Department ofEducation (2000), in 1998-1999, the number of children ages 6 to 17 served under IDEA increased to 5,259,430. Children ages 6 to 17 with EBD accounted for approximately 8.65% of these students. Secondary students The Inclusion of Students with EBD 4 with EBD (ages 12 to 17) accounted for 65.43% of the EBD population, while elementary age students with EBD (ages 6-11) accounted for 34.57%. During the 1997-1998 school year, 97.78% of all elementary age students with disabilities attended a regular education placement, while 2.22% of these students attended separate facilities (i.e. public or private separate facilities, residential facilities, or hospital home environments). Similarly, 94.65% of all secondary age students with disabilities attended a regular education school, while 5.35% attended separate facilities. Among all elementary and secondary age students classifiedwith a disability, the largest percentage spent less than 21% of their day outside the regular education classroom. Among children classified specifically as EBD, 88.82% of students ages 6 to 1 1 attended a regular education school. Almost 40% of these students spent 60% or more of their day outside the regular education classroom. In addition, 11.1 9% of children with EBD ages 6 to 1 1 were served in separate facilities. For students ages 12-17, 78.7% attended a regular education school, although over 30% of these students spent more than 60% of their day outside the regular education classroom. Furthermore, 21 .3% were served in separate facilities. These statistics revealed several trends. First, a greater percentage of all students with disabilities attended regular education schools than did the EBD population, and many students with disabilities were outside the regular education classroom for 21% or less of their day. Within the EBD population, although 88% of elementary age students remained in a regular education school, a large percentage of them spent 60% of their day or more outside the regular education classroom. Almost twice as many secondary students (21.3%) than elementary students (1 1.9%) with EBD attended separate facilities. The Inclusion of Students with EBD 5 Teacher Perceptions Empirical studies, which adequately and consistently indicate whether selfcontained classroom or regular classroom placements are more beneficial for students with EBD, do not exist (Detterman & Thompson, 1997). Many existing studies suggested that regular education classrooms and teachers are unprepared to meet the needs of students with EBD (Cheney & Barringer, 1995; Harvey 1996; Heflin & Bullock, 1999; Martin, Lloyd, Kauffrnan, & Coyne, 1995). Teachers have indicated that a lack of support, training, and time to make curricular modifications and to collaborate with team members are barriers to successful inclusion of students with EBD (Heflin & Bullock, 1999). In addition, some teachers have indicated that they have little say in placement decisions and that administrative processes interfere with appropriate service (Martin, Lloyd, Kauffrnan, & Coyne1995). Many teachers agreed that placement and intervention planning should be done on an individual basis (Cheney & Barringer, 1995; Harvey, 1996; Heflin & Bullock, 1999; Martin, Lloyd, Kauffrnan, & Coyne, 1995); however, teachers believed that individualized instruction and behavior management plans are less developed in regular classrooms (Harvey, 1996). As a result, teachers indicated that all students with EBD might not be able to receive the individualized education they need in regular classrooms (Heflin & Bullock, 1999). Based on these findings (Cheney & Barringer, 1995; Harvey, 1996; Heflin & Bullock, 1999; Martin, Lloyd, Kauffrnan, & Coyne, 1995), inclusion in a regular classroom might not be the most appropriate placement for all students with EBD (Heflin & Bullock, 1999). More or better available resources and more effective teaching The Inclusion of Studentswith EBD 6 methodsmay help self-contained classrooms to be better prepared to meet the needs of these students (Harvey, 1 996). Many interactive factors can determine whether a studentwith EBD will succeed in a regular classroom. These include individual student characteristics, administrative views and policies, teacher training and support, adequate and appropriate staff, parental support, adequate resources, and time. Teachers have stated that instructional support, training in collaboration, and careful intervention planning and implementation are necessary for the successful inclusion of studentswith EBD in regular classrooms (Heflin & Bullock 1999). Evidence indicated that direct consultation is essential to enhance successful inclusion (Heflin & Bullock, 1999; Summer et al., 1999). Summer et al. (1999) found that interventions for students with EBD in regular classrooms were successful only after consultative supportwas provided to staff. An intensive inservice for students alone that included training in self-management, social skills, problem solving, peer tutoring, and cooperative learningwas unsuccessful in serving most students with EBD (Summer et. al., 1999). When consultative support was included, 70% of the students in the study maintained or increased time in regular classrooms (Summer et. al., 1999). Clearly, training and resources alone are not enough to serve studentswith EBD in the regular classroom; consultative support services are a crucial ingredient for successful inclusion. PossibleMotivating Factorsfor Inclusion Some educators believe the purpose of the inclusionmovement is to enhance social development for those students with EBD (Macmillan, Gresham & Forness, 1996). Other educators have stated that the real goal of the inclusion movement is to reduce The Inclusion of Studentswith EBD 7 funding by eliminating special education services (Long, 1 994). Students with EBD are in need ofmore services than typical students; therefore, the inclusion of these students should not be a means to reduce funding but a reallocation of funding (Cheney & Harvey, 1994). Eliminating or reducing the services and support that students with EBD will decrease the chance that these students will succeed in regular classrooms. Hallenbeck & Kauffrnan (1996) compared the elimination of special education services from students with EBD to taking intensive care units away from ill patients. (Essentially, patients in critical conditionwould not fairwell in basic care units just as students with EBD would not fairwell without special education services.) Unfortunately, the inclusion movement often appears to be enforced by administrative decisions that are motivated by political and financial factors. Decision-making has excluded the input of educators (i.e. teachers, school psychologists, social workers, teacher aides, etc..) in careful planning and restructuring therefore decreasing the likelihood for appropriate placement and services for students with EBD (Martin, Lloyd, Kauffrnan, & Coyne 1995). Overall, students with EBD present an immense challenge to schools. Determ


By way of analysis on " two classes " teaching reform in same kind of colleges, the problems existed and reform scheme for higher vocational education are put forward in the paper.


Self-injurious behavior(SIB) is a dangerous problem behavior,which not only brings direct damage to the body,but also heavy psychological pressure.SIB is also considered to be the most pressing issue for special children.This paper reviewed the definition,prevalence,influencing factors,causal factors and behavioral approaches to the treatment of special children's self- injurious behaviors.


Intercultural competence needs to be possessed by students to become part of a global society. In line with that, the need for Japanese language learning that integrates between cultures is getting bigger. Original videos can be one of the sources of cultural literacy to expand intercultural experience and understanding. The objectives of this study are to (1) describe video-based cultural literacy activities by implementing intercultural pedagogic principles and (2) describe students' intercultural competencies, including the components of values, attitudes, and knowledge. The learning procedure is managed by intercultural pedagogic practices, which consist of (1) interaction, (2) paying attention, (3) comparing, (4) reflection, and (5) tentative conclusions. The research methodology used is descriptive qualitative. This study shows that the use of video in Japanese intercultural learning is beneficial as a source of information. Furthermore, implementing pedagogic practices is also helpful in providing clear guidelines for teaching and learning activities. Students' perceptions, as outlined in written sentences, can be known and analyzed based on the components of intercultural competence. Students can expand intercultural knowledge and improve intercultural understanding and competence through the use of video-based cultural literacy by implementing intercultural pedagogic practices
Keywords :
Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Jepang Japanese Education JournalIntercultural CompetenceJapanese LiteratureJapanese Language Education


A preparation of autologous peripheral blood T-lymphocytes (PBTLs) that have been genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for the B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, idecabtagene vicleucel specifically recognizes and kills BCMA-expressing tumor cells. BCMA, a tumor-specific antigen and a receptor for both a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and B-cell activating factor (BAFF), is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) and plays a key role in plasma survival; it is found on the surfaces of plasma cells and overexpressed on malignant plasma cells.


The theories at present widely accepted regarding the connection between the SIMOLIIDAE and pellagra have brought this family of blood-sucking flies very much to the front in recent years, and have rendered it highly desirable that accurate information should be available concerning the different species, their distribution and habits. It is in the hope that the facts brought forward may be of use at some future time, and that the way may be cleared for further research, that the present investigation has been undertaken. The writer has examined over 1,000 pinned specimens, including the material in the British Museum, the Cambridge Museum and the Edinburgh Museum, together with a large number of additional specimens kindly lent by various private correspondents. The result of this examination will, it is believed, go some way towards an elucidation of the European species of this family.


Each volume of the Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics acquires a unique flavor, from the initial choices of topics and authors by the Editorial Committee through to the submission of final manuscripts, and we try to capture that flavor in the Introduction. Two themes stand out in this year's volume: the "industrialization" of astronomical data in quantity and the strategy of understanding the average by studying the extremes. Collectively, this volume summarizes a series of remarkable advances on a wide range of astronomy's most fundamental problems. The theme of "industrial data" is sounded explicitly in the title, "Accuracy and Precision of Industrial Stellar Abundances," by Jofré, Heiter & Soubiran. For years, we have known that stellar element abundances carry the fingerprints of Galactic evolution, but among all stellar parameters, they have been the most elusive to measure. We are now entering an era when abundances are available in quantity, but how accurate are they? This review grapples with this fundamental question. Interior stellar rotation speeds have not quite reached the "industrial" level, but hundreds if not thousands of measurements are now available from asteroseismology, and prospects for further expansion are great. The review on "Angular Momentum Transport in Stellar Interiors" by Aerts, Mathis & Rogers assesses the impact that knowledge of this last unmeasured input variable has had on stellar models. Star clusters have been the classic proving ground of astronomy, where collections of objects at approximately the same age, abundance, and distance have provided the definitive tests of stellar models, but the birth stories of clusters themselves have remained largely obscure. The review entitled "Star Clusters Across Cosmic Time" by Krumholz, McKee & Bland-Hawthorn offers the first scenario for the life cycles of young clusters based on a comprehensive synthesis of disparate data. At the extreme end of galaxy luminosities, dwarf galaxies, like star clusters, preserve a unique record of galaxy formation. Their properties, particularly their small numbers, are thought by some to pose the last major challenge to the CDM (lambda cold dark matter) galaxy-formation paradigm. "The Faintest Dwarf Galaxies" by Simon reviews the properties of these objects from all angles and points to coming data that will permit a definitive census to be made. The review on "The Most Luminous Supernovae" by Gal-Yam is yet another example in this volume's array of extrema. Systematics are finally emerging from the growing body of observations, potential explosion mechanisms are being debated, and there are even prospects for converting at least some of these unusual objects into useful cosmological probes.


The utility model relates to the photovoltaic application field, in particular relates to a high-efficiency photovoltaic photo-thermal assembly, which comprises a cell plate, high-transparent film arranged at the top end of the cell plate, and heat conducting glass arranged at the bottom end of the cell plate, wherein the top end of the high-transparent film is provided with an upper thermal insulation layer, a lower heat preservation layer is arranged below the heat conducting glass, an empty cavity is reserved between the lower heat preservation layer and the heat conducting glass, and a plurality of heat-absorbing tubes are arranged in the empty cavity side by side. The photovoltaic photo-thermal assembly considers the comprehensive utilization of solar energy, has an ingenious heat preservation and thermal insulation design for the assembly, can utilize the solar energy for generating power, collects and utilizes the heat generated by the solar energy, and utilizes the solar energy comprehensively and efficiently. When the dual-glass hollow structure adopted by the photovoltaic photo-thermal assembly is integrally used with photovoltaic buildings, excellent thermal insulation, sound insulation and heat preservation effects can be achieved.


On the base of the analysis of the principles of the differential capacitance sensor and the relationship between the output voltage and the varied capacitance values of the detecting electrode,the relationship between the varied ca- pacitance values and the micro—displacement of the gyroscope rotor is deduced and analyzed in this paper.This analy- sis proves that it is possible to apply the differential capacitance sensor to measure the deflection of the rotor and the scheme of this kind of measurement of the gyroscope rotor's deflection with eight-electrode is presented.


Boceprevir and telaprevir‐based triple therapy is now the standard of care for the treatment of genotype 1 patients. However, dual therapy with pegylated interferon and ribavirin should be discussed in treatment‐naïve patients with good predictors of response. A recent published trial has shown in non‐cirrhotic patients with low viral load at baseline, similar efficacy of a 24‐week course of dual therapy vs a 24‐week course of boceprevir‐based triple therapy in case of rapid virological response. Accordingly, addition of protease inhibitor should be discussed after 4 weeks of dual therapy in this easy‐to‐treat population.


Abstract Slovenian national minorities in the four Slovenia's neighboring countries are represented as a whole by the so-called umbrella organizations. Such status is recognized to these organizations by the countries where these communities live, as well as by the Republic of Slovenia. But among members of these Slovenian communities there are also very critical views that umbrella organizations do not have the necessary legitimacy and that such a system is not appropriate. The article first summarizes the historical reasons why the existing organizations established themselves as umbrella organizations, and then we present and compare the views of selected interviewees who are critical about the legitimacy and effectiveness of such an arrangement. We conclude with a reflection on possible reforms of representation of Slovenian minorities.


We perform the characterization program for the supersymmetric configurations and solutions of the supergravity theory coupled to an arbitrary number of vectors, tensors and hypermultiplets and with general non-Abelian gaugings. By using the conditions yielded by the characterization program, new exact supersymmetric solutions are found in the SO(4, 1)/SO(4) model for the hyperscalars and with SU(2) × U(1) as the gauge group. The solutions contain also non-trivial vector and massive tensor fields, the latter being charged under the U(1) sector of the gauge group and with self-dual spatial components. These solutions are black holes with AdS2 × S3 near horizon geometry in the gauged version of the theory and for the ungauged case we found naked singularities. We also analyze supersymmetric solutions with only the scalars ϕx of the vector/tensor multiplets and the metric as the non-trivial fields. We find that only in the null class the scalars ϕx can be non-constant and for the case of constant ϕx we refine the classification in terms of the contributions to the scalar potential.


In the first experiment, guinea pigs were fed diets containing graded levels of ascorbic acid (AsA) from deficient to excess (0, 6, 60, 600, 6, 000, and 12, 000mg/kg of diet) for 15 days after pre-feeding with a low AsA diet (60mg/kg) for one week. Pentobarbital sleeping time measured on day 9 was shortened in the 600- to 12, 000-mg AsA groups as compared with the two AsA deficient (0 and 6mg) and 60-mg AsA groups. Liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 content increased with a dose-response relation to the dietary AsA level except in the excess AsA group (12, 000mg/kg). However, cytochrome b5 content and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity showed no significant response. Activities of aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase showed the same response as seen in cytochrome P-450 content, but to a lesser extent. In the second experiment, guinea pigs were fed the diet containing the normal level of or excess AsA (300 or 24, 000mg/kg of diet, respectively) for 4, 9 or 15 days after a pre-feeding with the normal AsA diet for one week. No significant differences in the time courses of those responses described above were shown between the two AsA groups. In conclusion, the liver microsomal mixed function oxidase activity did not change even transiently during a short period after administration of a large excess of AsA such as 24, 000mg/kg of diet, and 300mg AsA/ kg of diet is enough to ensure normal levels of the liver microsomal mixed function oxidase system in guinea pigs.


Metal lattice materials are important new lightweight multifunctional materials possessing periodic cellular structure.The classification of metal lattice materials and the fabrication techniques of three dimensional metal lattice materials,including the connection technique employed,are focused.Recent investigations on mechanical properties of the metal lattice materials are depicted briefly.They can be used not only as structural materials,but also as function materials.The applications of the metallic lattice truss materials and prospects for their future research are also presented.


Purpose – This chapter describes the problem of and approaches to ex-inmates with psychiatric disabilities exiting correctional custody. Although all ex-inmates must find housing and employment, persons with psychiatric disabilities require linkages to various health-related services and supports. These linkages are necessary, but it is unknown whether they are sufficient because discharge planning services and transition programs for ex-inmates with psychiatric disabilities historically lack an evidence base.

Approach – After a decade, the first-generation re-entry programs for ex-inmates with psychiatric disabilities have yielded little in the way of empirical data, but they have provided models for program expansion and imperatives for second-generation program assessment. Related research findings for first- and second-generation programs are highlighted with an emphasis on a unique statewide program in Massachusetts.

Findings – A review of the first- and second-generation programs suggests that progress has been slow in identifying empirically supported best practices for this population. There is a growing evidence base that community reintegration outcomes for ex-inmates with psychiatric disabilities are the result of demographic and criminal history variations, yet implications of these variations needs further exploration in the realms of service access and receptivity as well as variations in postrelease adaptation.

Implications – More knowledge and innovative research is needed on the experience of ex-inmates with psychiatric disabilities and social integration. Resources for cost effectiveness studies as well as long-term follow-up qualitative studies are necessary.


Abstract This study describes an efficient production and purification system developed for large-scale production of biologically active recombinant dengue virus type 3 envelope domain III (rDen 3 EDIII) protein. Process optimization was carried out at small scale for enhancement of recombinant protein production. Under the optimized conditions, 100L pilot-scale fermentation was carried out to produce a large amount of biomass for purification. The recombinant protein was renatured using an on-column refolding process. This protein was purified using affinity and cation exchange chromatography processes. Approximately 29 mg of pure and biologically active rDen 3 EDIII protein were obtained per gram of dry cell weight. The purified protein was used for immunization in mice. Biochemical characterization of purified rDen 3 EDIII protein was performed by Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The results demonstrated that the purified rDen 3 EDIII protein could react with anti-Den 3...


To date, interdisciplinary research is becoming increasingly popular because it combines the achievements of diverse disciplines, having the potential of providing a completely new angle to pertinent research problems. Using increasingly sophisticated tools allowed obtaining large sets of high resolution data but also created the challenge of using this information effectively and interpreting it in a reliable way. Searching for "simplicity in complexity" inspired by engineering and computer sciences, is a new trend in biological sciences, which allows integrating the vast amount of existing knowledge. Single cell analysis is a good example of interdisciplinary research: dissecting a cell population to specific individuals is at instances necessary in order to obtain information on heterogeneity and cellular dynamics, which might be obscured when investigating, for instance, protein levels in extracts obtained from cell populations. In this thesis I have presented quantitative and time resolved measurements of cellular and nuclear volume, as well as protein shuttling, enabled by the development of a microscope platform dedicated to this type of measurements. I have investigated the response characteristics of the High Osmolarity Glycerol (HOG) pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an example of a MAP kinase network, such as the time scale and amplitude of nuclear Hog1 accumulation, correlated with biophysical changes. I have also performed experiments on cell populations, aimed at the quantitative characterisation of the downstream effects of the HOG pathway activity, namely glycerol accumulation. In combination of mathematical modelling employing time varying response coefficients, this information allowed us to characterise the importance of each glycerol accumulation mechanism, on different time scales. In summary, in this thesis I investigated the quantitative aspects of yeast osmotic regulation, providing precise, time resolved information about the biophysical characteristics of osmotic regulation. This work also provides new insight into the network properties of the HOG pathway, indicating the limitations of the response linearity range and the quantitative characterisation of the consequences of HOG activity, namely the interdependence of glycerol accumulation mechanisms. While achieving these goals, I contributed to the development of the single cell analysis platform, dedicated to analysing sub-cellular protein shuttling, correlated with measurements of cellular and nuclear volume.


In a single-helix helical long-period fiber grating (SHLPG), due to the inherent one-fold azimuthal symmetric structure of the fiber core, it is very hard to obtain an efficient high-order azimuthal mode coupling. In this letter, we have proposed and demonstrated theoretically a phase-sampling approach to overcome this obstacle, which is realized by periodically inserting phase shifts in the azimuthal direction of the SHLPG. As results of the proposed method, high-efficient couplings between the fundamental mode and the second- and third-order azimuthal modes in a SHLPG have been successfully demonstrated. The proposed method can be applied to generate and convert high-order orbital angular momentum modes even with the SHLPG.


Introduction: The oral health needs of intellectually disabled are complex and may be related to underlying congenital or developmental anomalies as well as the inability to receive adequate personal and professional care to maintain. This research suggests that people with Intellectually Disability such as Mental retardation, are more likely to have poor oral hygiene, periodontal diseases and high incidence of trauma and possibly more likely to have caries than people without Intellectual disability.
Aim: The study aims to assess the oral hygiene status and prevalence of malocclusion among special children in tribal population of Southern India.
Materials and Methods: Mouth mirror, periodontal probe, straight explorer were used to examine the children.
Results: The obtained data are subjected to chi-square test to compare between demographical variables. Statistical significance was fixed at p-value <0.001.
Conclusion: We hereby conclude that the maintenance of oral hygiene is difficult among mentally disabled children due to their improper level of understanding. Therefore it is also essential to enlight or to bring awareness and knowledge among the parents, caregivers, about maintaining the proper oral hygiene status and preventive measures.

Keywords: Mental Retardation, Malocclusion, Dental Caries, Periodontal Diseases, Treatment Intervention.


This study aimed to investigate the different item functioning (DIF) of the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018 information, communication, and technology (ICT) questionnaire items based on country, gender, Economic, social, and cultural status (ESCS) variables. The sample included 29,277 15-year-old students from Eastern Europe and Central Asia (EECA) countries. The study employed the generalized partial credit model with lasso penalization, a machine learning approach, to evaluate DIF. The findings showed that two out of 21 items exhibited DIF based on country, gender, and ESCS overall. There were seven out of 21 items that showed DIF in favor of males and six out of 21 items that showed DIF in favor of females. According to ESCS, only three out of 21 items displayed DIF. All items exhibited DIF based on countries. According to the GPCMlasso coefficient, when reference group Bulgaria and focus group Georgia, Croatia, Kazakhstan, and Turkey are compared, 28%, 71%, 33%, and 33% of all items hold DIF, respectively. In pairwise comparisons, the most DIF-prone items were found between Bulgaria and Croatia, while the fewest were between Bulgaria and Georgia.


To predict the compressive strength and tensile strength of polymer bonded explosives,a micromechanicsbased prediction model to calculate the strength performance of explosive was established using APDL parametric programming language in ANSYS program.The calculated results of the compressive strength and tensile strength of the polymer bonded explosives were obtained using the stress-strain curves under the compression and tensile state obtained by LS-DYNA code.The calculation results accorded with the experimental ones and the error between them is less than 15%,showing that the method can be used in the prediction of mechanical properties in the formulation design stage of mixed explosive.


Special Character Areas (SCAs) in Auckland, New Zealand, are areas with distinctive aesthetic, physical and visual qualities. Preservation policies entail controls on the design and appearance of new buildings, and on demolition, additions and alterations to existing buildings. To promote densification of the city, the Auckland Unitary Plan (AUP) removed SCA preservation rules in certain areas. This article assesses the trade-off between SCA preservation and housing development. We employ hedonic prices models to about 85,000 sale transactions between 2012 and 2016 and find that in 2012, the SCA price premium was 11.4% whereas the premium on upzoned properties (those with increased development allowances under the AUP) was zero. Over time, the SCA premium decreases, and by 2016 it was down to about 4.3%. At the same time, upzoning premiums increased to about 5% in 2016. These results reveal a demand shift from the protections of SCA towards flexibility on the development options of land.


P methoxyphenyl) 7 methoxy 1 hydroxy 3 naphthalenecarbonylic acid is a new pharmaceutical intermediate.It was synthesized from equimalar anisole and anisole acid enpenienced Friedal Crafts reaction to produce 4,4′ dimethoxybenzophenone which then through Condensation with diethyl succinate,dehy dration,Friedal Crafts cyclization,hydrolysis under catalytic amount of quaternary ammonium salt,had a yield of 41.9% by the Purity of 99.7%.


A 76-year-old man with a history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus presents to an ophthalmology clinic for an evaluation before cataract surgery. Shortly after arriving, he …


The data on application in feed of commodity carp of mixed fodder with the opti-mum level of raw fat are given. It is established that the application of mixed fodder with a fat level of 5% of dry matter contributes to an increase in the total body weight of fish by 24.5%, and the optimization of digestion processes contributes to a decrease in feed costs by 28.4%per unit of growth. It is shown the profitability of fish products production with the application of sunflower  meal (instead of an equivalent of meal amount) in the feeding of carp and quantitative indicators of the edible part of fish, in second group they are higher by 5.3% in relation to the control.


In this paper, the authors made an effort to place the connotations of socialist harmonious society in the background of the Party's layout for modernization in China. They analyze some main challenges to the social harmony, and point out that it should be taken for not only an instrument of development, but also the purpose itself of development to construct a harmonious society. Moreover, they give some advice to build such a society in China.


This paper describes a novel ground development facility that is currently being built at the European Space Agency. The facility can be used to develop and test new man-machine interfaces for tele-control of dexterous space manipulators. Furthermore, the facility allows comparing performance of existing input devices, such as conventional joysticks, with novel devices, such as exoskeletons. The ground testbed allows conducting tele-manipulation experiments with a real robot and to measure performance metrics during remote operations. The experimental comparisons planned to be undertaken with the test-bed are outlined


In the food industry, most fruit species are D bounding box of the mangoes and the Monte Carlo evaluated based on many qualifications, among which weight is Integration [5] to calculate the approximation of a solid one. Various methods and approaches to weight estimation object whose surface area is known [6]. have been done using both 2-D and 3-D image analysis Fig. 2. The principal axes of bounding box [2] techniques. In Vietnam, the application of these approaches will bring tremendous benefits to the agriculture industry by automating the sorting process for exporting fruit to foreign countries. This paper will present an analysis of the performance contributions of the different geometric parameters to the weight estimation process, with the target fruit being Hoa Loc mango.


Following the global financial crisis and repeated scandals, US and UK state managers made substantial efforts to reform the culture of their banking sectors. This book argues though that they focused on an extremely narrow definition of bank culture. They did so for two reasons: firstly, because the structural pressures of financialization—which are a far more important driver of the problematic features of bank culture in Anglo-America—are harder to remedy; but secondly, state managers also used their bank culture response to tackle a legitimacy crisis facing their institutions of government. In so doing they abdicated responsibility for the real problems—of inequality and instability—associated with their respective financial systems. Drawing on interviews with over 150 bankers this book explains the strategies employed by state managers before then examining what has and has not changed in the culture of banking in the US and UK.


In this paper we present the design and measurements for a novel configuration of a membrane supported coplanar waveguide band-pass filter for W band applications. The topology is based on identical symmetrical elementary cells connected in cascade. The design process is based on the image impedance representation and a full-wave 3D electromagnetic (EM) model is developed. A two-cell test structure was fabricated through silicon micromachining. The measured pass-band is of 28 %, centered around 91.5 GHz. The measured losses are of 3.77 dB at the central frequency and the reflection losses go down to -20 dB, in good agreement with the simulated results. This structure was designed to be easily adapted to the BiCMOS technology with localized back-side etch (LBE) process.


The administration of phenylbutazone together with warfarin to dogs resulted in an elevation of the free fraction of warfarin in the plasma from 2·6 to 8·0% thus providing direct support for the notion that phenylbutazone induced inhibition of warfarin binding to plasma proteins. This inhibition as evaluated by a kinetic method was accompanied by a two‐fold decrease in the plasma half‐life of warfarin from 18·4 h in control animals to 9·6 h in phenylbutazone‐treated animals. Marked increases in warfarin‐induced hypoprothrombinaemia were observed when at doses up to 8 mg kg−1 (orally) it was given with phenylbutazone (50 mg kg−1, orally). The unbound fraction of warfarin in canine plasma ranged from 1·7 to 4·3% indicating individual differences in the extent of the plasma binding of warfarin in the dog.


Miao 5 reservoir in Majiapu,Liaohe Oil Field is a low permeability viscous crude oil reservoir,and it has low formation pressure and temperature,low formation energy and poor flowability of crude oil.In order to seek a suitable recovery technology for it,steam flooding test was made.The result of the test shows that the rate of oil production is increased to 2.78% from 1% before.At the same time,a set of recovery technology is gained suiting for similar reservoirs.


We study a new decoding strategy of multi-block SC-LDPC codes motivated by data-storage applications. To decode a sub-block out of the full code block, our proposed decoder accesses a small number of sub-blocks around the desired sub-block. We call this decoding strategy "semi-global decoding", and parametrize it by its access cost: the number of accessed sub-blocks. We provide a theoretical characterization of decoding performance, and evaluate this performance for random-access SC-LDPC ensembles.


Contents of ABA,GA3,IAA,CTK in the root of 1/2(A),1/3(B) and 1/4(C) of main root-cutting seedling of one-year Platycladus orientalis were measured compared with the intact seedling(CK).The results showed that the content of ABA incresed quickly one day after the start of the experiment,and the more cut,the more in creased.Then,it gradually decreased,which might be responsible for the restoration of root system.The content of CTK decreased quickly one day(1/2 root-cutting) or four days(1/3 and 1/4 root-cutting) after the start of the experiment, and then gradually increased.The more root was cut,the smaller difference was from the control,which is because the content of CTK in root is affected not only by the synthsis rate,but by the transport capacity to the shoot.After root-cutting,root IAA content gradually declined.On the other hand, a peak value of root IAA content emergenced 1 d after cutting,and this might we aken the inhibition to root growth from the increase of root ABA.The root GA3 content was not affected by root-cutting significantly,but gradually declined during the subsequent days of the experiment with similar decrcase rates.


This study describes the distribution of hepatitis C genotypes among 106 intravenous drug users and 949 non‐drug users in Hong Kong. Genotypes were identified by multiplex RT‐PCR targeting the core region of viral genome. The accuracy of this typing system in identifying genotypes 1b and 6a was assessed by phylogenetic analysis. The distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes amongst non‐drug users was 63.6% for genotype 1b, 23.6% for 6a, 4.5% for 1a, 3.9% for 3a, and 3.1% for 2a; whereas amongst the intravenous drug users, it was 58.5% for genotype 6a, 33.0% for 1b, 5.7% for 3a, 0.9% for 1a, and 0.9% for 2a. The proportion of genotype 6a was significantly higher (P < 0.001), whereas that for genotype 1b was significantly lower (P = 0.001) for the intravenous drug user group. Multivariate analysis revealed significant independent associations for the distribution of HCV genotypes 1b and 6a with age, sex, and intravenous drug user status. The co‐circulation of a common (1b) and a rare (6a) HCV genotype in Hong Kong provides a unique opportunity for future studies to compare their transmission efficiency, clinical course, and response to treatment. J. Med. Virol. 78:574–581, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The author will cover the questions one might ask in selecting a transmission system in complex systems followed by the available hardware on the market. A short discussion of optical techniques and actual hardware sytems will be given. Special attention is paid to fiber optic systems. (AIP)


Due to the indiscriminate use of hair dyes generally has shown a tremendous growth for a long time. The compounds used in their formulations have shown commercial interest, because some of these hair dyes have mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Among these dyes that we studied are the 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine and 4-nitro-ophenylenediamine, which are used in commercial formulations as semi-permanent hair dye. The present work explores methods to build sensors that have sufficient sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of analytes used in the cosmetic industry for hair dyes. The sensor for the 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine, shows more promising results, which was constructed using a nanostructured gold surface modified with monolayers of sodium mercaptopropanossulfonato (MPS) to obtain a surface with a negative charge, followed by the steps for the formation of multilayer with chitosan, sodium dodecyl sulphonate (SDS), and nickel phthalocyanine (TsNiPc) obtained by the technical layer-by-layer (LBL) in alternating fashion. Some parameters such as pH (3.5), number of multilayers (n = 10) and supporting electrolyte (Britton-Robinson buffer 0.1 mol L), were optimized to obtain the best performance of the sensor. The sensor response was evaluated in batch by Square Wave Voltammetry and flow injection analysis, obtaining a detection limit of 1.2 μmol L and 1.3 μmol L -1 respectively. For the application of sensors, the recovery of the analyte in a sample of tap water contaminated on the purpose was 97%, and the value found in a commercial sample showed an error of 4.5% in relation to the reference value.


Gene therapy offers the possibility of new approaches to cancer treatment. The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of suicide gene therapy for oral cancer. The human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line HSC4 was infected in vitro with recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) containing the LacZ marker gene. Expression efficiency of the LacZ gene was 26.9•}1.74% at an MOI of 2000 and 100•}0% at an MOI of 20000. The HSC4 cell line was then infected with AAV containing the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene and was incubated with ganciclovir (GCV). Transfection of HSV-tk gene and administration of GCV distinctly promoted tumor cell killing. In addition, a bystander effect was demonstrated in vitro. These results suggest that AAV-tk vector may be useful for gene therapy against oral squamous cell carcinoma in humans.


With the development of web 2.0 , the Internet has from the single to single, and then transformed into many groups of people interact ; And such interaction is villages and tribes as early society, because people have a common interest or goal together, and share information and messages at the same time. The Internet created interactive transformation, also takes up a lot of the development of the online community. People will the Internet as a medium, even if not directly face to face conversation with people, also can to personal information or idea through the community; With social networks Facebook as an example: Facebook has enough personal development space, users can use the provided platform, create a belong to their own sharing circle or fans discuss and share information together. This study found that user or group in the FB fan pages; operators will make "justice" of the move and is interested, whether such a practice can bring what benefit? Or we do in order to achieve certain goals? Therefore, this study proposes a research plan will be divided into the formation, growth, harvest as discussed with three stages, and collect network case to verify and analysis. Finally offered to justice as the technique way of marketing, is indeed can improve their image and status in the community of a kind of practice.


Oral contraceptives (OCs) are the most popular method of birth control among teenage women in Canada. This study measured short- and long-term OC compliance among 477 adolescent women attending birth control centers. In addition the authors assessed the association of 21 sociodemographic relationship and sexuality variables with continuance of OC use at 3 and 12-month follow-ups. At the 3-month follow-up data were obtained from 98.5% of the original sample with 76.2% reporting that they were continuing OC users. Multivariate analysis indicated that at 3-month follow-up higher grade at school mothers support for birth control use having a boyfriend and frequency of sexual intercourse were predictive of OC compliance. At the 12-month follow-up data were obtained from 87.4% of the original sample with 48.9% reporting that they had remained compliant OC users. Multivariate analysis indicated that at 12-month follow-up higher grade at school being a non-smoker and fathers support for birth control use were predictive of OC compliance. The findings are discussed in relation to the provision of birth control services to adolescent women. (authors)


The article analyzes the experience of the project «School of Muslim leader «Mahalla 2.0.»» implemented by secular and religious institutions of Tatarstan. The initiative is of interest as a successful model of social integration of young Muslims. The results of the activities of the school deserve a detailed analysis, because the experience brings to the problems of the state policy in the sphere of religious education, interaction with the spiritual institutions of Tatarstan and communication with the secular part of the Tatar community.


In this paper, the STIRPAT model has been used for quantitative research of the driving factors of building energy consumption in China. We use the ridge regression method to obtain the regression equation between building energy consumption and five key driving factors, including population, urbanization rate, household consumption level, per capita living space, and the development of the tertiary industry. The results show that the comsumption level has higher influence on building energy consumption in China than the other four factor, and the influence of the tertiary industry and building area factors is inferior. The influence of population factor on the growth of building energy consumption is small, but the distribution of urban and rural population factors (urbanization rate) have greater influence than the total population factor.


Analysis of trends in thermoelectricity development is provided. Progress and prospects for growth of the figure of merit of thermoelectric materials, including functionally graded ones are considered. Formulation and solving the problems of computer design of thermoelectric devices is analyzed. Approaches to constructing physical models of thermoelectric power converters are described. Possibilities of expanding practical applications of thermoelectricity are demonstrated. The paper is based on the investigations by Institute of Thermoelectricity of NAS Ukraine and proceedings of ХII International Forum on Thermoelectricity. Thermoelectric material research It is generally known that the central task of thermoelectricity is to increase the figure of merit of thermoelectric materials. The major part of research in thermoelectricity is aimed at solving this task. The summary of achievements in this line is given in Fig.1. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 193


Children who are classified as either emotionally disturbed or behavior disordered appear to stress school systems perhaps more intensely than any other handicapping condition. The behavioral characteristics of this population of students are extremely aversive to peers and adult social agents (teachers, parents) who must interact with them on a daily basis. Frequently, these children disrupt the instructional process for themselves and others, defy the teacher, and engage in forms of social behavior that are considered either inappropriate to the school setting (tantrumming, disturbing others, fighting) or are severe violations of social norms (stealing, self abuse).


This paper proposes a novel symbol-to-bit demapping algorithm for Gray-labeled phase shift keying (PSK) constellations. Unlike the Max-Log-MAP demapper, the proposed algorithm does not perform exhaustive search operations, but directly computes the soft information by exploiting the binary search and the symmetry of the Gray-labeled PSK constellations. Hence its complexity is remarkably reduced from the order of O(2m) of the Max-Log-MAP to O(M), where M denotes the number of bits per symbol. A pair of recent methods are used as bench markers in this paper. One of them reduces the complexity without any performance loss, while the other is a recursive method that reduces the complexity by approximating the original bit metric. It is shown that the proposed algorithm achieves a more substantial complexity reduction than the former bench marker. The proposed algorithm achieves a similar complexity reduction to the latter bench marker and yet, it does not suffer from any performance degradation.


We encourage primary school students in the grades 4-6 to challenge themselves on exploring light in everyday life. At the beginning, we bring in the critical-thinking approach where we use open-ended questions in applications of photonics around them. Later on, we engage them to our photonics lessons via our "Long Len" photonics kit. With our educational kit, we observe that most students in 21 schools from different parts of Thailand are amazed about photonics. They try to play with our kit in their ways, enjoy learning with their friends, and give us back many interesting questions. Based on their evaluations on our approach, 90-98% of them understand more about topics they already know. They also gain new knowledge and can see how it is applied to everyday life. The remaining percentage relates to students who are shy to interact with us.


Magnetic Field-Induced Phase Transformation and Power Harvesting Capabilities in Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys. (December 2009) Burak Basaran, B.S., Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey; M.S., Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey; M.S., Texas A&M University, Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Ibrahim Karaman Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys (MSMAs) combine shape-change/deformationrecovery abilities of heat driven conventional shape memory alloys (SMA) and magnetic field driven magnetostrictives through martensitic transformation. They are promising for actuator applications, and can be employed as sensors/power-harvesters due to their capability to convert mechanical stimuli into magnetic response or vice versa. The purpose of the present work was to investigate magneto-thermo-mechanical (MTM) response of various MSMAs, under simultaneously applied magnetic field, heat and stress. To accomplish this, two novel testing systems which allowed absolute control on magnetic field and stress/strain in a wide and stable range of temperature were designed and manufactured. MTM characterization of MSMAs enabled us to determine the effects of main parameters on reversible magnetic field-induced phase transformation (FIPT), such as magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy, Zeeman energy, stress hysteresis, thermal hysteresis, critical stress to start stress induced phase transformation and crystal orientation. Conventional SMA characteristics of single crystalline Ni2MnGa and NiMnCoIn and polycrystalline NiMnCoAl and NiMnCoSn MSMAs were investigated using the macroscopic MTM testing system to reveal how these conventional properties were linked to magnetic-field-induced actuation. An actuation stress of 5 MPa and a work output of 157 kJm were obtained by the field-induced martensite variant


Hygroscopic composite materials like wood keep on changing their internal moisture contents according to the surrounding atmosphere which in turn result in varying their physical as well as mechanical properties. The present study describes the use of gamma radiation techniques to determine the mass attenuation coefficients of Eucalyptus species and Pinus roxburghii wood samples at various moisture levels using 137Cs radioactive gamma source and the variation of these mass attenuation coefficients with relative moisture content of the selected wood samples. The moisture content of the samples was varied by keeping the samples in an electric oven for fixed durations. The measured mass attenuation coefficients were plotted against relative moisture content of the samples and a linear trend was obtained. These mass attenuation coefficients were found to be increasing with decreasing moisture content in the samples indicating that conclusion benefit i.e., the mass attenuation coefficient was minimum for completely wet state and maximum for oven dry state (state where density of the sample becomes constant) of the samples.


Atomistic calculations on the electric-field effect in quantum nanostructures are rare. In this work, field-induced energy shifts and wave function variations in InP quantum films of different orientations are calculated using an atomistic pseudopotential approach. The Stark shifts obtained from the atomic approach are found to be strikingly larger than what are obtained from conventional continuum theory. The field effects in In-terminated and P-terminated InP(001) films of the same thickness are found to be unexpectedly different. A strong field-induced coupling between the surface state due to the In dangling bond and bulklike state is revealed.


INTRODUCTION 'JUPITER' sugars India LTD was founded in the year 1941 in southern India as a private sugar factory. Later it has enhanced its production from 1000 TCD to 8500 TCD in the year 1962. It was amalgamating of many sub units and multi locational products into its main unit. The company has focussed its attention on various projects and substantial resources. Subsequently, they have decided to organise the company into two units one in southern India and one in northern India. Sugar industry is one of the most important agro-based industries in India and is extremely accountable for creating major impact on rural economy in particular and country's economy in broad-spectrum. Sugar has been yield in the Indian subcontinent since ancient times and then it spread to other parts of the world1. Sugarcane is a native of tropical Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Sugar industry ranks second amongst major agrobased industries in India. In India, sugarcane is planted thrice a year in October, March and July depending on part of the country. The majority of the sugar production in India takes at local Cooperative Sugar mills2. After Independence, India made serious plans for overall industrial development of sugar industry3. The Indian sugar industry is independent in its energy needs and further makes additional exportable power through cogeneration. The different byproducts of sugar industry likewise add to the economic development of the nation to advancing various additional industries. Sugarcane has developed as a multi-product crop utilized as an essential raw material for the manufacture of sugar, ethanol, paper, electricity and besides a cogeneration of subsidiary product. The taking care of dairy cattle of sugarcane is significant source of bio-vitality and more demand in rural area. Molasses is an essential sustain stock for distilleries. The ethanol necessity of the nation is going up progressively. In sugar industry, creation of power utilizing biogases was the typical option and utilization of biogases as a substitute raw material for wood pulp for monetary and ecological sustainability.


The long-anticipated preliminary report of the U.S. on 20 April.The comment period extends through 21 May.

The commission, which was established by Congress in 2000, will present recommendations for a coordinated and comprehensive national ocean policy.


The Northampton ironstone contains the paramagnetic minerals siderite and berthierine and a trace of the ferrimagnetic mineral magnetite. The magnetic fabric of this sedimentary rock, as defined by the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, is controlled by bedding compaction but is inverse (i.e., the maximum susceptibility axes are normal to the bedding plane). This inverse fabric is attributed to the dominating presence of siderite. The rocks were incrementally heated to 600°C, and the magnetic fabric was measured at room temperature and at near liquid nitrogen temperature after each heating step; cooling the samples in liquid nitrogen enhances the paramagnetic contribution to the magnetic fabric. After heating the samples above 250°C, the room temperature magnetic fabric became normal with the minimum susceptibility axes perpendicular to the bedding plane. The low-temperature magnetic fabric remains inverse until the samples are heated to about 500°C. After heating to higher temperatures a normal fabric was observed at both room temperature and low temperature. Rock magnetic evidence shows that magnetite is created during the heating. The start of mineralogical changes in the rock was detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy, powder X ray diffraction, and acquisition of isothermal remanence. Berthierine starts to break down at approximately 250°C and is totally oxidized by 500°C. The creation of magnetite in the heating experiments corresponds with this mineralogical change. The change in the room temperature magnetic fabric is associated with the decomposition of berthierine, part of which alters to magnetite. The new magnetite phase has a normal magnetic fabric which overprints the inverse magnetic fabric of siderite.


I feel very honored to have been asked to deliver this year's Timbers lecture, sponsored by the Rockefeller Center at Dartmouth College and named in honor of William Timbers, a marvelous judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals. Before I went on the bench, I had the privilege of appearing many times before Judge Timbers. He was very smart and very gracious. Occasionally, he even ruled my way. That's when I knew that he was getting old. I want to talk today about science and the law, and because my talk very much grows out of my own experiences on the bench, I will refer at times to some of the cases that have come before me. But I want to make clear at the outset that nothing I say here is being said in my judicial capacity. Accordingly, I will try to make my remarks as injudicious as possible. I start with what I think is obvious: science in all its forms—hard science, soft science, even so-called "junk" science—has in recent years invaded the courtroom to an unparalleled extent. You probably already have a sense of this, whether from reading about DNA exonerations or from watching CSI on television. But I see it in my courtroom in almost every case, whether it be in the latest chemical tests for detecting narcotics in drug cases, or in the innovative technology for swapping files in copyright cases, or in the developing psychiatric tests for determining post-traumatic stress in tort cases, or in the sophisticated use of regression analysis to calculate loss in securities cases. The effects are often far-reaching. In one case, I even concluded that DNA testing had so exposed the imperfections of our legal system that I had to declare the death penalty unconstitutional, since a meaningful number of people sentenced to death would


New research sheds light on the long-standing puzzle of how and why soil water density differs from free water density.


This dissertation provides a critical reflection on the author's published work over 30 years to forge an understanding of the indivisibility of cultural and natural heritage values, both tangible and intangible, in the Australian landscape. There are prospects for establishing a distinctively Australian conservation management of cultural landscapes.


There have been various predictions about the future of laboratory medicine and its subspecialties, both general and specific. The article "Future of Laboratory Medicine" by Larry J. Kricka, Tracey G. Polsky, Jason Y. Park and Paolo For tina presents an overview of previous predictions that have already become a reality and some future predictions that are expected to play a critical role in this specialty. Back in 1969, Tom Whitehead, the first Chair of Clinical Chemistry at the University of Birmingham identified five eras of clinical chemistry in his lecture "A view from a bridge". These include: • the complicated era from 1920 to 1940; • the simplified era from 1940 to the early 1950s; • the crisis era in the late 1950s; • the sophisticated era in the late 1960s; and • the profile era in the 1970s. For the future, each of these predictions has merit, and many have already become a reality. More recently pharmacogenetics has been revolving around the slogan "right patient, right drug, right time" and the future of laboratory medicine is characterised by buzzwords like nanotechnology, biosensors, genomics, proteomics and microchips.


The first list identifying environmental 'hot spots' in the Russian part of the Barents region was prepared in 1995. An updated report, prepared by the Nordic Environment Finance Corporation in collaboration with the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme in 2003, lists 42 hot spots and proposals for 52 investment projects to mitigate the environmental impact of these hot spots, which are given priority based on appreciation of the impacts they have on ecosystems and population. The Barents Hot Spots Facility (BHSF) programme, which receives funding from the governments of Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, aims to reduce the environmental problems described in the hot spots list. The nuclear safety sector is not included. From October 2007 to February 2008, a project concerning pollution abatement opportunities in the waste management sector in the Archangelsk region was carried out within the BHSF programme. The objective of the project was to analyse toxic solid waste in the hot spot of Archangel...


In this paper, we propose a high accuracy fingerprint-based localization scheme for the Internet of Things (IoT). The proposed scheme employs mathematical concepts based on sparse representation and matrix completion theories. Specifically, the proposed indoor localization scheme is formulated as a simple optimization problem which enables efficient and reliable algorithm implementations. Many approaches, like Nesterov accelerated gradient (Nesterov), Adaptative Moment Estimation (Adam), Adadelta, Root Mean Square Propagation (RMSProp) and Adaptative gradient (Adagrad), have been implemented and compared in terms of localization accuracy and complexity. Simulation results demonstrate that Adam outperforms all other algorithms in terms of localization accuracy and computational complexity.


In cross passage construction in soft soils with high water content, Artificial Ground Freezing has been widely adopted to generate frozen walls to act as temporary support for excavation. Freezing of soil is a complicated process that involves multiphysics of temperature, water flow, stress and the coupling thereof, and which brings on significant alteration in thermophysical properties. Work of this paper is based on laboratory efforts and field observation of cross passage #1 in Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel. Variation of soil properties with temperature including specific heat, thermal conductivity, and modulus of elasticity were obtained and adopted in the coupling analysis, which studied the growth of temperature field and frost heaving during the period of 40-day active freezing. Enclosure of ice columns occurred on the 14th day. Temperature and thickness of frozen soil wall developed quickly in the first 20 days and later the inner surface expanded more quickly while the outer surface very slow. Final thickness of the frozen wall could reach 5.14m. because of the frose heaving effect, the center of cross passage had a displacement of 2.35cm upward. Compressive stress within the frozen wall was remarkably concentrated, counting 2 times that of the adjacent unfrozen soil.


The present work describes the neurochernical activity detected in the nigral complex of the adult human using the acetylcholinesterase histo chemical technique. Such activity is seen at cell level in the pigmented neurons of the pars com pacta of the substantia nigra, and, to a lesser degree, in the paranigral neuronal groups (ven tral tegmental area and retrorubral field). There is also considerable enzymatic activity in the neu ropil of the substantia nigra. However, the pars lateralis and overall the ventromedial portion of the substantia nigra present a relativeJy low acetylcholinesterase content, though both have so me acetylcholinesterasic neuronal bodies. A series of studies in different species suggested that in the substantia nigra, AChE is released almost exdusively from dopaminergic nigrostria tal neurons and precisely from their dendrites, which protrude widely into de pars reticulata. In addition, previous findings made in the cat and in the monkey reported a direct correlation bet ween nigral AChE activity and nigrostriatal con nections. The non-uniform distribution of AChE activity within the human nigral complex repor ted here may indicate the modular organization of the intrinsic neurons of the substantia nigra and their mesostriatal projections.


Engineering design is a creative process in which the experience and knowledge of the designer and the design specifications are combined. Facing a new design task, an experienced designer will easily recall a similar case which he or she met before and make an appropriate adaptation of the previous design solution to fit the new situation. This paper proposes a methodology for automating the use of previous design situations and their solutions to plan the synthesis of new designs. Using Experience To Plan The Synthesis Of New Designs M.L. Maher and F. Zhao Department of Civil Engineering Carnegie-Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA Engineering design is a creative process in which the experience and knowledge of the designer and the design specifications are combined. Facing a new design task, an experienced designer will easily recall a similar case which he or she met before and make an appropriate adaptation of the previous design solution to fit the new situation. A less experienced designer may go through much trial and error before a suitable design solution is achieved. The difference between the two is experience. This paper proposes a methodology for using previous design situations and their solutions to plan the synthesis of new designs. The area of application is the preliminary structural design of buildings. A popular way of using experience to solve new problems is to develop an expert system that contains an appropriate representation of the relevant experience. Though there are several expert systems in practical use, the development of expert systems is still at a primary stage. Most of the successful expert systems, such as MYCIN, DIPMETER, etc., are diagnosis or classification systems. Design problems are more difficult to solve using existing expert system techniques because they require complex representations and strategies. However, knowledge based expert system techniques have been used to develop design assistants for the preliminary structural design process The techniques employed have relied on the definition of a knowledge base containing objects representing structural subsystems and rules representing the appropriate way to combine the objects and compare the solutions. This paper describes a methodology for expanding the knowledge that is used during the structural design process to include experience in the form j previous building design situations and solutions. Specifically, this knowledge is used to plan :>--} synthesis of alternative structural systems for a given building design problem. This paper is organized into four sections. The first section introduces structural design j d highlights the phases relevant to this paper. The second section provides a brief overview f knowledge based approaches to structural design and relevant strategies. The third sec: :n describes a methodology and prototype implementation for using design experience directly. F ' : . Section 4 provides a summary of the work and some preliminary conclusions. University Libraries Carnegie Mellon University irtsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 11 July ' •": 1. Structural Design The structural design process starts with the definition of a need to transmit loads in space to a support or foundation, subject to constraints on cost, geometry, and other criteria. The final product of the design process is the detailed specification of a structural configuration capable of transmitting these loads with the appropriate levels of safety and serviceability. The design process may be viewed as a sequence of three stages, as illustrated in Figure 1-1 and described below. (1) PRELIMINARY DESIGN (conceptual design) involves the synthesis of potential structural systems satisfying a few key constraints, and the selection of one, or at most a few, systems to be pursued further. Synthesis requires a knowledge of structural subsystems and their appropriateness for different situations. (2) ANALYSIS is the process of modeling the selected structural system and determining its response to external effects. This process involves transforming a physical structure to a mathematical model, analyzing the model, and interpreting the results of the analysis in terms of the actual physical structure. (3) DETAILED DESIGN is the selection and proportioning of the structural components such that all applicable constraints are satisfied. There may be significant deviations between the properties of components assumed at the analysis stage and those determined at the detailed design stage, which would necessitate a reanalysis. Cther major and minor cycles of redesign may also occur. The process continues until a satisfactory (or optimal) design is obtained. The conceptualize-analyze-detail cycle is typical of many Jos.yn paradigms. PROBLEM DEFINITION SYNTHESIS


The problems of attraction of investors to the territory of the Volgograd Region are considered in the article. Special attention is paid to the role of foreign capital in the development of industry. The list of activity types of enterprises mostly attractive for investment is presented.


Extracellular laccase was isolated from the residual substrate of Pleurotus oestreatus (oyster mushroom), without the addition of aromatic inducers, in order to investigate its potential as an effective tool for the biochemical transformation of lignified and polyphenol-containing crop residues. The crude enzyme was purified by subjecting samples to ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel filtration chromatography using Sephadex G-75, and anion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The laccase was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity and it exhibited chemical characteristics similar to those of laccases in other studies. The purified laccase was estimated to have a molecular mass of 78 kDa. The laccase oxidized dimethoxyphenol optimally at pH 5.0 and significantly over a
wide pH range (4.5 to 8) and showed maximum laccase activity at 50 oC. These findings provide an important opportunity for the isolation of laccase from the residual substrate of Pleurotus ostreatus on a commercial scale. More importantly, treatment of crop residues with laccase will make available feed ingredients that contain minimal levels of lignin and polyphenols. Journal of the Ghana Science Association Vol. 10 (2) 2008: pp. 78-84


Abstract Diffusion in an (n+1) -component system is described by Onsager's flow equations the integration of which leads in the case of quasi-stationarity to the differential equations d(Δc)/dt=-βD̅Δ c (Δc: vector of concentration differences between the compartments of the cell, D̅: matrix of integral diffusion coefficients, β: apparatus constant). Several procedures are known to determine these diffusion coefficients from such equations but all of them have certain disadvantages. In this paper a new method is described to compute the integral diffusion coefficients, which starts from the associated equivalent system of integral equations. The mathematical formalism is simple, and its numerical performance does not become more difficult with an increasing number of components of the system.


Abstract This article has two objectives: (1) to identify problems and pitfalls of the "weak Philippine state" discourse, and (2) to explore an alternative perspective for analyzing contemporary Philippine political development. It is therefore divided into two parts. The first part provides a critical examination of the "weak Philippine state" discourse in which the central state is argued to be tarnished by the selfish local strongmen and their conceived predatory networks. At first, it identifies its origins by tracing its intellectual tradition. Then, it identifies its weaknesses in explaining Philippine political development. The second part of the article outlines a research strategy, namely, an anthropology of the modern Philippine state through three perspectives: political decentralization, internal pacification, and the Strongmen as state builders.


PurposeA diffusion-reaction-deformation coupled model is employed and implemented as a user-defined element (UEL) subroutine in the commercial finite element software package ABAQUS.Design/methodology/approachChemical reaction and diffusion are treated as two distinct processes by introducing the extent of reaction and the diffusion concentration as two kinds of independent variables, for which the independent governing equations for chemical reaction and diffusion processes are obtained. Furthermore, an exponential form of chemical kinetics, instead of the linearly phenomenological relation, between the reaction rate and the chemical affinity is used to describe reaction process. As a result, complex chemical reaction can be simulated, no matter it is around or away from equilibrium.FindingsTwo numerical examples are presented, one for validation of the model and another for the modeling of the deflection of a plane caused by a chemical reaction.Originality/value1. Independent governing equations for diffusion and reaction processes are given. 2. An exponential relation between the reaction rate and its driving force is employed. 3. The UEL subroutine is used to implement the finite element procedure.


This chapter on the influences of parameters at vehicle rollover is from a comprehensive textbook on occupant and vehicle responses in rollovers. The authors use numerical simulation to evaluate the influence of vehicle and driving situation parameters, including critical sliding velocity, lane change, embankment, steering angle, ramp test (corkscrew), spring characteristic, curb trip (frontal and lateral), damper characteristics, tires, static rollover, obstacle geometries, and road condition. Both sensors and an algorithm for the deployment decision are necessary for the restraint systems to provide effective occupant protection. All the different cases of rollover situations were divided into 6 test configurations for this simulation research. The computer programs ADAMS and MADYMO were used for the rollover simulation. The authors caution that in real world rollover events with variations in the rollover parameters (i.e., vehicle speed, angle, etc.), the algorithm has to be robust to cover all requirements. However, the authors conclude that their investigations demonstrate the importance and capability of simulation in the automotive safety development process for actuators, vehicle behavior in an accident, sensor development, and algorithm development for electronic control units.


This research work is based on simple concepts on elementary geometry, driven by a pattern in numbers.. The simplicity defies the diversity, it is through a combination of fixed, almost rigid and constant symmetry with limited, asymmetric variables. From the original computer generated imagery of DNA by the pioneering Robert Langridge over 20 years ago, we analyzed and subsequently deconstructed the image pattern into a number of geometric forms.. The DNA double helix molecule accomplishes such feats by means of the very same self-recognizing. The series of concentric double pentagons which inform the composite axial view of the DNA double helix are shown to contain a vast self-replication and growth potential built into the molecule itself. Mathematicians, artists, designers and engineers have known for centuries astonishing, almost magical, patterns in prime and geometric series, magic squares, and the special sequences and proportions such as Pascal's Triangle, the Golden Mean, the Fibonacci and Padovan series, to name a few. Incorporating, combining and ultimately exceeding much of the same number magic, the DNA double helix also exhibits a surprising.


Provincial Ocean & Fisheries Information Sharing Service Platform is the important part of government information sharing resolving scheme. This paper has put forward an Ocean & Fisheries information sharing scheme in FuJian province under the background of Digital Ocean. It focuses on the three main aspects: information sharing structure, database sharing scheme, data exchanging in developing the Information Sharing Service Platform. This scheme can be used in other resources information sharing. Keywords-Information Sharing;Ocean & Fisheries Information;Information Service Platform;Digital Ocean


This work discusses a pricing-based distributed network power minimization approach for multicarrier networks. The aim is to allocate the powers of transmitters over available carriers, such that all Transmitter-Receiver (Tx-Rx) links meet a rate constraint and the total transmit power of the network is minimized. We seek to find a local optimum of the total transmit power by solving the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) optimality conditions in a distributed way. Each transmitter minimizes the weighted sum of its powers over carriers, subject to a fixed rate constraint, by a weighted waterfilling principle. The weights consist of interference pricing terms received from interfered links. The exchange of information among the Tx-Rx links enables a non-selfish response that reduces mutual interference. Performance is evaluated in a Small Cell Network (SCN) and compared to a baseline non-cooperative approach. The results show that the proposed algorithm can guarantee a higher rate than the baseline approach, while reducing significantly the total transmit power of the network.


Traditionally, reinforcement learning methods predict the next action based on the current state. However, in many situations, directly applying actions to control systems or robots is dangerous and may lead to unexpected behaviors because action is rather low-level. In this paper, we propose a novel hierarchical reinforcement learning framework without explicit action. Our meta policy tries to manipulate the next optimal state and actual action is produced by the inverse dynamics model. To stabilize the training process, we integrate adversarial learning and information bottleneck into our framework. Under our framework, widely available state-only demonstrations can be exploited effectively for imitation learning. Also, prior knowledge and constraints can be applied to meta policy. We test our algorithm in simulation tasks and its combination with imitation learning. The experimental results show the reliability and robustness of our algorithms.


Bearing capacity of pile foundation bearing capacity is influenced by several factors, such as the amount of applied loads and non-homogeneous soil characteristics. To determine the bearing capacity of single pile foundation the static method is used on the basis of CPT data and dynamic methods based on dynamic pile and PDA tests. Pile foundations of the Pelawa bridge used in this study are located in the District of Parigi - Moutong. The study of literatures and secondary data such as the data of driven pile equipment, driven piles , CPT, dynamic pile tests, and PDA tests are used for analyzing the pile bearing capacity . Meyerhof method, Aoki de Alencar, LCPC, Price and Waldre, and Schmertmann are used to determine the bearing capacity of pile based on sondir (CPT) data. The dynamic pile tests data are used to calculate the bearing capacity of the piles by using methods of Hiley, Olsen and Flaate , Enginering News Record (ENR) , Janbu Mansur and Hunter , and AASHTO . The results show that  the lowest dan the highest of the ultimate bearing capacities  for static methods (CPT data) are  114.096 tons (Aoki De Alencar) and 305.479 tons (Schmertmann) respectively. Kalendering method (dynamic pile data) show that the lowest value of 284.22 tons were obtained from equation given by Hiley and the highest 1450.26 tons were obtained from equation given by  Janbu.The range of 171.2 tons - 174.5 tons were given for PDA test data. The ratio between CPT to PDAs results that are closest to the value of 1 which is 0.938 is the value that obtained from Meyerhof's equation, while the ratio between dynamic method (kalendering) to PDAs results that are closest to the value of 1 which is 1,660 is the value that obtained from Hiley equation Keywords: single pile bearing capacity, CPT, dynamic pile test, PDA test


Abstract Objectives Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to global health and is driven partly by overprescription of antibiotics. Point-of-care tests (POCTs) can reduce antibiotic prescribing by distinguishing different types of infections and the sensitivities of pathogens to antimicrobials. Although evidence for their clinical efficacy is mixed, they may be highly cost-effective interventions when their benefits in reducing the burden of AMR are considered. We aimed to systematically evaluate the cost effectiveness of different POCTs in reducing AMR for the first time to inform national and global health policies. Methods A systematic review was conducted in line with the PRISMA framework, and the protocol was registered on PROSPERO. MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar were searched from January 2000 to November 2022 for studies that (i) were trial- or model-based economic evaluations, (ii) focused on POCTs aimed at reducing AMR or inappropriate antimicrobial prescription, (iii) included a cost-benefit metric and (iv) were original research written in English with full text available. Methodological quality was assessed using the Consensus of Health Economic Criteria. Results 157 studies were retrieved of which 20 were included after screening. These included both trial (n = 9) and modelling-based (n = 11) evaluations. Most focused on POCTs for respiratory infections (n = 9) with sexually transmitted infections and febrile illness other common conditions evaluated. A majority of studies utilized C-reactive protein POCTs (n = 11) with others utilizing pathogen-specific PCR tests or procalcitonin. Most evaluated the cost effectiveness of POCTs at reducing antimicrobial prescribing, with only 3 studies considering the societal cost of AMR. Most studies found that POCTs reduced antibiotic use, but with varying cost effectiveness: 16 studies showed cost efficacy by the threshold or other standards stipulated by the study, with POCTs for group B streptococcus and urinary tract infections notably not found to be cost effective. The reporting and methodological quality of the included studies was mixed: good (4), moderate (13) and low (3). Conclusions There is limited research on the cost effectiveness of POCTs in reducing AMR, and most studies do not account for the wider societal costs of AMR. Current forecasts estimate that AMR will cause 10 million deaths and cost the world 100 trillion USD per year in 2050: consequently, it is vital that evaluations of POCTs include the significant benefits from reducing AMR additional to the short-term benefits of avoided antibiotic prescriptions. Given the rising burden of AMR, such interventions merit further evaluation and integration into healthcare policy.


This paper describes the development of a novel wearable laparoscope manipulator which is put on the surface of the patient's hypogastric region, using the artificial muscles. The manipulator was composed of a Stewart-Gough Platform with six degrees of freedom. This manipulator is compact and very lightweight. Its weight is 364g. This manipulator can be sterilized and cleaned, and this manipulator can use general laparoscope.The manipulator's concept is designed with two major criteria: safety and adaptability.


Moti .ated in part by impending consolidation, a Chapter I reading t acher in an economically depressed rural community asked her middle-school students (n=30) to interview one person who had attended a community school in the past. Questions centered around school buildings, teachers, classes, and special activities. The students read the questions to the interviewees and wrote down their responses. Students put the responses in paragraph form and discussed the results in class. Comments about the school buildings suggested that school maintenance was poor and there was a lack of money. Positive responses about community schools involved school values and rituals, and specific memories of things such as cafeteria food, teachers, and activities. One respondent recalled integration during the 1960s as a "wonderful time". There were hints that the quality of education received at commlnity schools was not always the best. Lccal middle school and high school students now attend large consolidated schools with more class offerings, newer facilities, and the latest in technology. Nevertheless, although these students are surrounded by people, they go through school alone with no sense of community to guide them. Despite poor school conditions and the lack of resources, students and teachers in the community schools of the past knew each other, learned together, and felt secure in their environment. (KS) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document. ***********************************************************************


Positron emission tomography with (F-18) fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) scan has provided non-invasive measures of regional cerebral glucose utilization which are directly related with levels of functional activity in regions of the brain. The FDG technique was applied to the study of brain activity thought to be impaired in 6 chronic schizophrenics (SCH) and 6 depressed (D) patients in comparison with 6 healthy age-matched controls (C). Local cerebral metabolic rates of glucose utilization LCMRglc were determined for 8 regions in both left and right hemispheres and were expressed in reference to a person's mean CMRglc. Multivariate comparisons of the 16 measures showed no significant differences between the 3 groups; follow-up step-down analyses and t-tests failed to specify any regional or global LCMRglc reliable to separate patients from controls. They also did not differ in any of 18 multidimensional tests of memory and decision, except for lower delayed verbal recall in D patients. When both SCH and D were classified into those with CT large and those with CT small ventricles, there were no multivariate differences. Only partial LCMRglc separated large from small ventricle patients (F(1,7) = 6.12, p<0.042), but finding no multivariate significance makes this result questionable. The ventricular grouping of SCHmore » alone may reveal a marginal difference in global CMRglc t(4) = 2.58, p<0.06, given a larger patient sample. In contrast to recent reports, indices to brain activity in schizophrenic and depressed patients do not seem to be abnormal.« less


The tectono-metamorphic signature of the oceanic-derived units marking orogenic suture zones provides key elements to decipher modes and regimes of oceanic subduction and continental accretion, and to constrain tectonic reconstructions at paleo-convergent margins. The remnants of the Tethyan oceanic realm form the most remarkable of these suture zones, running from the Mediterranean through East Europe, Middle East to Asia. These ophiolitic rocks record a polyphase and prolonged history of oceanic construction (the Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic Paleo-Tethys and the Mesozoic-Tertiary Neo-Tethys oceanic realms) and consumption during a sequence of Late Paleozoic to Cenozoic subduction/obduction/collision stages localized along the Eurasian active plate margin (e.g. Stampfli and Borel, 2002). The Iranian ophiolites are an integrant part of this evolving scenario, with the Neotethyan remnants distributed to mark diachronous closures of various oceanic branches during the Alpine-Himalayan convergence history. Despite these peculiar characteristics, few modern studies have addressed the characterization of the tectono-metamorphic evolution of the Neotethyan Iranian ophiolites. Furthermore, most of these studies focused on the Zagros orogen (e.g. Agard et al., 2006), and the ophiolitic mélanges surrounding the Central East Iranian Microcontinent are still lacking of a full petrological and geochronological characterisation. The ophiolitic mélange exposed in the Sabzevar Range of NE Iran is a remnant of one of the Neo-Tethyan oceanic branches of Central Iran, closed during the Paleocene-Eocene Arabia-Eurasia convergence. In this study, we document occurrence of km-scale, variably retrogressed mafic high-pressure granulitic (Am + Grt + Cpx + Pl + Qtz) slices embedded within this suture zone. Granulites record an episode of amphibole-dehydratation melting and felsic (tonalite/throndhjemite) melt segregation at 1.1 ± 0.1 GPa and 810 ± 80 °C. In situ U(-Th)-Pb geochronology of zircon and titanite grains hosted in melt segregations points to an Early Cretaceous (Albian) age for the metamorphic climax. This provides evidence for an unknown episode of high-grade subduction zone metamorphism in the region and argues for juxtaposition of an older ophiolitic suture along the Paleocene-Eocene Sabzevar orogen. When combined with the existing reconstructions, these new data (i) impose reconsideration of the current paleotectonic models of the Eurasia convergent margin during the Early Cretaceous, and (ii) argue that punctuated events of subduction of short-lived back-arc oceanic basins accompanied the long-lasting history of the Neotethyan subduction in the region.


This script provided the basis for a short DVD produced in 2010. The script and DVD were products of research into the introduction of 'minimum threshold' academic standards to Australian Universities. Learning and teaching academic standards are publicly defensible statements about academic standards in all disciplines, intended to establish 'baseline expectations' for undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. The script was developed using an 'anti-model' approach to character and narrative. This produced a set of deliberately skewed perspectives on the standards initiative, which are intended stimulate discussion and debate on the topic. The DVD has been shown to a range of stakeholder audiences in a variety of academic forums.


In this CEPS Commentary, Michael Emerson surveys recent developments in the case against Julia Temoshenko in Ukraine and its implications for the country's relations with the EU.


This article is a part of wider investigation. Its goal is to reconstruct the view of Plungė (in the 18th century – Plungėnai) parish community structure, the interaction of its social groups and routine life. The main source of research is three Plungė Catholic parish register books from 1697 to 1741. One of these books was written in Lithuanian (Samogitian). The study should be described as a local social micro-history. In the period from 1697 to 1741, Plungė town and parish experienced drastic changes. The growth of population number started from the second half of the 17th century was cut off in the middle of 1710. Plungė plague outbreak occurred in June–July of 1710. It reduced the population of the parish apparently by half and stopped the growth potential for about 25 years. In most cases all babies of the period were baptized just a few days after birth. The time of infant baptism and marriage showed that the community functioned following religious norms: sexual activity reduction during the Advent and Lent. The number of illegitimate children generally was not large. The striking increase in the number of illegitimate children in the 1st decade of the 18th century seems to have been associated with the dislocation of military units in the town.The registers of the period concerned show a high percentage of widows' marriages: 39% of all marriages were held between persons either one or both widowed. On average, the wedding age was 20.5 years for girls, and 23.1 years for boys. Metrics records showed great geographical mobility of Plungė parish population, particularly striking the migration from village to town and back. Nearly a third of all the marriages were concluded between representatives of different parishes (mostly from Samogitian diocese). There were arrivals from distant countries: Rus', Poland, Moskovia (Russia), Livonia and Germany. Often, they married locals and settled in Plungė parish. Social mobility occurred relatively freely migrating from peasant status to townsfolk status (due to marriage). We can suspect quite frequent lower nobility (from okolicas) marriage with peasants and town inhabitants, whereas high nobility did not enter such marriages.