This study aims to formulate a buffer stock-adjusted make-to-stock (MTS) parts forecasting heuristic, which has the potential to ease the tight dispatch lead time issue facing first tier suppliers in vehicles import supply chain. The research is motivated by an issue of justin-time (JIT) parts dispatch to auto companies partly due to inadequate lead time given to the first tier suppliers. Compiling secondary data from industry sources, we estimated the overseas shipment time and parts dispatch lead time while developing heuristics to forecast vehicles parts requirement with due care for buffer stock. Results suggest a strategic hybrid approach combining MTS parts ordering with JIT supply to auto manufacturers. MTS will help first tier suppliers to source and stock parts in-house that can be supplied just in time to help completing vehicle fitment. This approach is likely to ease the lead time pressure of first tier suppliers without affecting JIT supply to the automotive companies. The study concludes with theoretical and practical implications for Australian first tier parts importers as well as automotive companies.


The first realization of a new power se miconductor device is presented. The device is basically a vertical JFET operated in the bipolar mode (BJFET), and with normally-off characteristics. With a suitable choice of epilayer doping and of gate and source geometries, high blocking capabilities can be attained. The device shows an on-resistance lower than that of competing devices (COMFET, IGT, BJT), due to the conductivity modulation effect induced by minority carrier injection, coupled with fast switching times and operation at high current densities.


In many emerging applications, a dc–dc converter with a wide range of voltage conversion is necessary to equalize the output voltage level from various low voltage sources. To meet this purpose, as well as to reduce the number of power conversion stages in high step-up operation, a wide range of voltage gain dc–dc converter is proposed in this article. This converter is structured as an optimized integration of active switched-inductor configuration, and ladder-type voltage multiplier is merged with the regenerative-boost arrangement. Thereby, due to such an organization of structure, the proposed converter is developed the extremely high voltage-gain with comparatively fewer components. It has the advantages of clamped the input peak current, and higher voltage gain can be achieved at lower duty-ratios. This article describes the comprehensive steady-state analysis and performance characteristics in detail. Moreover, a detailed comparative performance analysis is carried out with existing recent literature. Finally, to validate the theoretical analysis and test feasibility and suitability of the proposed dc–dc converter, experimental results were observed using a 300 W fabricated prototype model.


It is suggested that much confusion has been caused in modern physics by failure to distinguish different coordinate frame origins within different equations. The Magnetic Force I. The solution for the B vector in Maxwell's equations is B = (1/c²)vXE. It differentiates under the curl operator to yield Ampere's circuital law precisely. See section VII of 'The Unification of Gravity and Magnetism' at, http://www.wbabin.net/science/tombe15.pdf The inverse square law inherent in the Biot-Savart law is by virtue of the Coulomb force solution to the E vector, and based on the inverse square law of the Coulomb force, it is traditionally assumed that the inverse square law can be extrapolated throughout electromagnetic forces generally. We are overlooking two very important factors. The first of these factors concerns the origin of the coordinate frame of reference. Traditionally we link the origin of the coordinate frame in the Biot-Savart law to the electric circuit that generates the magnetic field. However, we cannot do this in the case of a B vector that is deep in space and that is linked to electromagnetic radiation. In such a case we are left with no choice but to centre the coordinate frame on an individual rotating electron positron vortex. It would therefore follow that perhaps we ought to be doing this in every situation, and that the inverse square law in electromagnetism is something that only occurs on the microscopic scale. We have got absolutely no basis whatsoever to assume that the inverse square law continues to hold on the large scale when we sum over the entire sea of electron positron vortices.


Thermoelastic damping TED is an inherent energy dissipation mechanism in micromechanical resonators which imposes an upper limit on the quality factor. Micromechanical resonators with very high quality factors are essential for many applications. Electrostatic actuation is a very common mode of actuation for microresonators and microstructures referred to as electrostatic microelectromechanical systems . The nonlinear electrostatic actuation force can significantly alter the nature of thermoelastic damping, and hence the quality factor QTED of the microstructures, from that predicted by the classical theory of thermoelastic damping developed by Zener Phys. Rev. 52, 23


Cross-shaped tube bundle is proposed for a lower plenum structure in a next generation LWR. Vibration response of cross-shaped tube bundle in cross flow has been measured in water tunnel tests. First, small-scale test was conducted. Tests were conducted with 3×3 flexible tubes as well as single flexible tube in rigid tube bundle. The flexible tubes could vibrate in lift, drag, and torsional direction. The effect of arrangements of tube bundle and the natural frequency ratio of bending and torsional vibrations were considered. Second, a large-scale test was conducted for only one case to check the effect of Reynolds number, in which Reynolds number was 10 times larger than that of small-scale test. In all the cases, large amplitude vibration could appear when the flow velocity became larger than a critical value, and a self-excited vibration was found to occur. The nondimensional critical gap velocity of the large-scale test agreed well with that of the small-scale test, which suggested that the effect of Reynolds number was not so large. A design guideline to prevent self-excited vibration was proposed for cross-shaped tube bundle.Copyright © 2002 by ASME


A smart grid (SG) is a sophisticatedly integrated hybrid power generating system which allows bidirectional energy as well as management data exchanges. In this paper we look at improving energy efficiency in large scale cooperating power consuming as well as power generating systems. We discuss a clustered as well as hierarchical power scheduling algorithms that are geared towards optimizing the management of power tariffs, storage and distribution in a cooperative environment. From a generation perspective, solar intensity prediction is proposed for power generation forecasting and whereas from a power consumption perspective, we evaluate and model the power consumed by these distributed systems (consumers) and propose improving resource allocation, scheduling and network traffic management so as to make network and computing resources more power efficient.


Cadmium (Cd)‐contaminated soil has affected the fruit production safety. To decrease the Cd accumulation in the fruits, the effects of intercropping with the potential Cd‐hyperaccumulator Solanum photeinocarpum and its post‐grafting generations on the Cd uptake in cherry (Cerasus pseudocerasus) were studied by the pot experiments. Intercropping increased the biomass of cherry seedlings to some extent, and decreased the biomass of S. photeinocarpum and its post‐grafting generations. Intercropping decreased the Cd contents in cherry seedlings, and increased the Cd contents in S. photeinocarpum and its post‐grafting generations. Compared with their respective monoculture, intercropping decreased the shoot Cd content in cherry seedlings by 31.37%–60.70%, and increased the shoot Cd contents in S. photeinocarpum its post‐grafting generations by 18.50%–28.76%. In addition, intercropping also decreased the root‐to‐shoot Cd translocations in both plant species, and decreased the Cd content in the branches and fruits of fruiting cherry trees and the Cd extractions of S. photeinocarpum and its post‐grafting generations. Therefore, intercropping with S. photeinocarpum and its post‐grafting generations can be used to reduce Cd accumulation in cherry for fruit production safety.


By manipulating tens of thousands of internet-of-things (IoT) enabled high-wattage electrical appliances (e.g., WiFi-controlled air-conditioners), large-scale load-altering attacks (LAAs) can cause severe disruptions to power grid operations. In this work, we present a rare-event sampling approach to identify LAAs that lead to critical network failure events (defined by the activation of a power grid emergency response (ER)). The proposed sampler is designed to 'skip' over LAA instances that are of little interest (i.e., those that do not trigger network failure), thus significantly reducing the computational complexity in identifying the impactful LAAs. We perform extensive simulations of LAAs using the Kundur two-area system (KTAS) power network while employing the rare-event sampler. The results help us identify the victim nodes from which the attacker can launch the most impactful attacks and provide insights into how the spatial distribution of LAAs triggers the activation of ERs.


INTRODUCTION
Survival of patients with testicular cancer has changed dramatically over the last two decades. This is mainly related to more successful chemotherapy, using combinations of drugs including cisplatinum. Therapy with cisplatinum was started in 1978 in Iceland. The survival of Icelandic men with non-seminoma testicular cancer, before and after this change in therapy, is not known.

OBJECTIVE
Therefore a retrospective population-based study was carried out on all Icelandic males diagnosed with non-seminoma testicular cancer between 1971 and 1995.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Fifty-seven males with an average age of 29.1 years (range 17-52) were included in the study. Clinical information was obtained from the Icelandic Cancer Registry and hospital records. All specimens were reexamined by a pathologist and the modified staging system of Boden and Gibb was used for staging the disease. Crude survival was evaluated with the Kaplan-Meier method.

RESULTS
Age standardized incidence for non-seminoma testicular cancer was 1.8 / 100,000 males per year for the whole period. Among the 57 patients, testicular swelling (93%) and pain (56%) were the most common symptoms at diagnosis. All 57 patients underwent orchiectomy, and 37 received chemotherapy as well. The most common histological type was embryonal carcinoma (44%) and average tumor diameter was 4.3 cm with a range of 1-12 cm. Tventy-six (51%) patients had stage I disease at diagnosis but 10 (17%) had stage IV. Crude five and 10 year survival for the whole group was 85% and 83%. From 1971 to 1977 the crude five year survival was 36% but 98% for the period 1978-1995. In December 1995 seven (64%) of 11 patients diagnosed between 1971-1977 have died of the disease. On the other hand only two patients (4%) diagnosed after 1977 have died as of december 1995. One because of acute myelogenic leukemia, nearly seven years after diagnosis of testis cancer. The other died of teratocarcinoma 12 months after diagnosis despite intensive chemotherapy including cisplatinum.

CONCLUSION
Survival of patients with non-seminoma testicular cancer in Iceland has improved dramatically after the introduction of cisplatinum based chemotherapy in 1978. Of 46 patients diagnosed after 1977 only one (2%) has died because of the disease and median follow up was eight years. The incidence is low compared to other Western countries if Norway and Danmark are not included, were the incidence is much higher. Clinical presentation of the disease is similar between these countries.


In biomedical research it is difficult to perceive tumors or cells and perform biopsies manually. Robotics technology can offer a reliable solution for accurate needle insertion. A novel 5 degrees of freedom (DOF) robot for inserting needles into small animal subjects was developed. The robot can realize dexterous alignment of the needle using two parallel mechanisms, and has a syringe mechanism to insert needles to subjects. Operations on small animals require high accuracy positioning during needle insertion. In this paper, kinematic calibration of the 5 DOF robot using an optical tracker as an external sensor is performed to enhance accuracy of the system.


An experiment was conducted at Temora Agricultural Research Station to assess the potential for producing heavyweight lamb carcasses from breeds currently used in the prime lamb industry. Growth to slaughter, dressing percentage and carcass measurements of lambs from six breed crosses were compared over a range of carcass weights. The lambs were the progeny of Dorset Horn and Border Leicester rams joined to Merino, Corriedale and Border Leicester x Merino first-cross ewes. Within each breed combination, lambs were allocated to be slaughtered at 34, 44 or 54 kg liveweight. Lambs sired by Dorset Horn rams were slightly larger at birth and weaning, and reached their slaughter weights at a younger age, than lambs sired by Border Leicester rams. Lambs from Border Leicester x Merino ewes grew 10% faster than lambs from Corriedale ewes. The progeny of Merino ewes were always slowest-growing, and this was more marked at higher weights. Carcasses from the slower-growing genotypes tended to be larger in skeletal size and had a lower dressing percentage than carcasses from faster-growing genotypes, when adjusted to the same carcass weight. Fat depth at the 12th-13th rib increased, on average, by 20% for each 10% increase in carcass weight, over the range of carcass weights examined. The rate of increase in carcass fatness was significantly lower in lambs sired by Dorset Horn rams and lambs from Merino ewes, compared with lambs of the other breeds.


ABSTRACT Background: Combinations of beta-lactams plus aminoglycosides have become standard therapy for suspected infections in patients with profound neutropenia. However, it is not clear whether such combinations are advantageous over therapy with a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Objective: To assess the clinical effectiveness and the cost-effectiveness ratio of empirical therapy of febrile neutropenia with imipenem/cilastatin (I/C) versus piperacillin/tazobactam plus amikacin (P/T+A). Research design and methods: Prospective, multicenter observational study with 2 matched parallel cohorts treated with I/C (500 mg/6 h iv) or P/T+A (P/T: 4 g/6 h iv; A: 20 mg/kg/day iv). Main outcome measures: Therapeutic success was defined as the resolution of fever following ≥ 7 days of unchanged antibiotic treatment. An economic comparison was conducted focusing on the daily treatment costs, and the management of its toxicity. Results: There were 343 eligible patients (180 I/C, 163 P/T+A), of whom 290 were evaluable for the primary clinical effectiveness analysis. Follow-up information beyond 7 days of study inclusion was only available for 52% of all evaluable patients. Treatment success was observed in 42% of I/C patients compared with 31% of P/T+A patients (95% CI: –0.01, 21.4). The incidence of drug-related adverse experiences was 13% for I/C and 6% for P/T+A, with no differences in moderate or severe adverse experiences nor in those causing discontinuation of antibiotic therapy. Treatment costs were 189.55 euros (95% CI: 127.46–251.46) lower per episode of febrile neutropenia for patients treated with I/C. Conclusions: The clinical effectiveness of I/C was similar to that of P/T+A. In both treatment groups toxicity was low and did not limit antibiotic therapy. Resource consumption was lower with I/C.


Objective: To determine family food insecurity status and its related socioeconomic and nutritional factors among northwest Iranian high-school students.
Methodology: This descriptive, analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 480 students (277 boys and 203 girls; aged 14-17 years) along with their mothers from high schools in the spring 2015 in East Azerbaijan, Iran. During random cluster sampling, general socio-economic questionnaires, 18-items food security questionnaires and food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) were completed through face to face interviews. Weight and height of participants were measured.
Results: The prevalence of household food insecurity was 48.3%. Among the variables, family size, education level of parents, parental job status, household economic status, size of home, parents age, height-for age z-scores and mothers body mass index (BMI) were significantly associated with food security status (P


Fan-Out Wafer-Level-Packaging (FOWLP) has an increased interest because of its lower cost substrate-less and lower footprint driven by the need for higher-density, higher-bandwidth chip-to-chip connections. However, FOWLP process is facing many challenges such as wafer warpage and die shift. Wafer warpage occurs mainly when the temperature changes during processes, due to the mismatch in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the constituent materials. Large warpage of the reconstructed wafers leads to difficulties in wafer handling and tool limitations.This study aims to investigate the evolution of wafer-level warpage during FOWLP process. A Finite Element (FE) model considering the viscoelastic behavior of the mold and adhesive materials is presented. The linear viscoelastic behavior of the mold is characterized using nano dynamic mechanical analysis in a frequency domain at different temperatures. The obtained materials properties were validated using FE modelling and warpage measurements of molded wafers during a heating/cooling experiment.


Process simulations, or mathematical models, are widely used by plant engineers and planners to obtain a better understanding of a particular process. These simulations are used to answer questions such as how can feed rate be increased, how can yields be improved, how can energy consumption be decreased, or how should the available independent variables be set to maximize profit? Although current process simulations are greatly improved over those of the `70s and `80s, there are many reasons why a process simulation doesn`t match the plant. Understanding these reasons can assist in using simulations to maximum advantage. The reasons simulations do not match the plant may be placed in three main categories: simulation effects or inherent error, sampling and analysis effects of measurement error, and misapplication effects or set-up error.


This paper presents a technique for estimating finite population mean of the study variable in the presence of two auxiliary variables using two-phase sampling scheme when the regression line does not pass through the neighborhood of the origin. The properties of the proposed class of estimators are studied under large sample approximation. In addition, bias and efficiency comparisons are carried out to study the performances of the proposed class of estimators over the existing estimators. It has also been shown that the proposed technique has greater applicability in survey research. An empirical study is carried out to demonstrate the performance of the proposed estimators.


NURSES ARE to be included in the yellow card scheme for reporting adverse drug reactions, the government announced last week.


Took the optimization design of cooling coil for example,analyed the whole process of optimization design:establish the mathematic model,confirm constraints,choose the optimize variables,make program to analyze structure parameter's influence on operating costs and investment costs.Make reference for the design of cooling coil.


At the Cumberland assizes, August 4th, John Thompson was tried before the Lord Chief Baron Wilde, for the murder of his wife in the city of Carlisle. The parties had been married for about twenty years ; they had gone to reside in Carlisle not much more than a year before the death of the wife, and no mention is made of a family. In the month of September, Thompson accidentally became acquainted with a widow to whom he represented himself as a widower,


On the freezing semen chicken cryoprotectants required to overcome the damage of spermatozoa due to cold shock. This study aims to get the best concentrations of cryoprotectants glycerol concentration of 5%, 7% and 9% in freezing Sentul chicken semen. The semen used in this study came from three chickens Sentul and be repeated nine times. Semen was collected by  messase methods for three times a week. Semen was evaluated macroscopic and microscopic. Furthermore spermatozoa diluted with egg yolk and the addition of three concentrations of cryoprotectants glycerol (5%, 7% and 9%). Semen diluted 0:25 ml is packed into straw. Then equilibrated at a temperature of 5°C for two hours. After equilibration to evaluate the motility and viability of spermatozoa. Furthermore, frozen in liquid nitrogen vapor for 10 minutes. Frozen semen is then stored in liquid nitrogen containers with temperature -196°C. After 24 hours, semen is thawed at 37°C for 30 seconds. The results showed that the percentage of sperm motility and viability of frozen semen cock Sentul using glycerol cryoprotectants 5% better P (<0.05) compared with the use of glycerol 7% and 9%. The use of glycerol 5% at this stage of equilibration and storage can reduce the damage of spermatozoa in the semen of chicken Sentul. Neither glycerol 5% could increase recovery rate after thawing


The synthetic steroid l7o-Methyltestosteron (MT) is commonly used as a fbecl aclditive to procluce male population of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis ruiloticus). The use of synthetic testosterone hoimone is not recommended in lndonesia. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of natural testosterone hormole in bull testes meal (BTM) on the rnasculinization of Nile tilapia using validated aceto carmine squash metho6 *f gonads of the fish. Experimental design was utilized two factors experiments i1 cornplet-ely ranciomizectr design. Fry kept in 40-L glass aquaria at a densify of 40 frylaquarium. Fry (7 dph) receivecl the tsTj\,4 for '7 days(Tl), 14days(T2)and2ldays (T3)anddoses0oz (D1),3%(D2),6%'(D3),and g%(D4). When treatment was these results, indicated that significant (P20.05) masculinization occuffed only in the group treated of BTM and no treated of BTM. In the group treated of BTM, doses and duration treatment is not significant. The percentage of male fish 83.3% (9o/o-7d, 90 -21d, 6%-2ld: doses and duration, respectively), higher than all group. Survival rate of fry (95-99.5%) is not affected by treatment BTM (no significant P>0.05). Fish growth was significantly affected by treatment BTM with no treated of BTM. The highest growth performance of fiy were obtained with the 9%BTM.


We present the design of a standalone optical probe integrated with a Time-Gated Single Photon Detection module and Pulsed Light Emission unit. The detection module is capable of detecting photons in specific time windows, thus enabling the measurement of very faint optical signals. The pulse repetition frequency extends up to 100 MHz with a gate-ON time range up to 35ns. The module is user-configurable via a PC interface and can be integrated in any optical setup. The pulsed light emission unit uses a 50 GHz GaAs Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser diode. Experimental characterization was conducted for all the building blocks of the module to ensure its proper functioning. The module was also employed in a real-life application, heart rate monitoring by illuminating the index finger of a volunteer. The novelty of the proposed miniaturized optode lies in the development of a simplified interface for portable Brain-computer interfaces which can be effectively used in applications such as Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and functional brain imaging.


Due to increasing advertence of hazards of chemical colours, biocolours produced by pigment producing microorganisms can be helpful option to be used commercially. In the current study it was attempted to isolate pigment producing bacteria from solid food waste samples which are rich in microflora. Three isolates designated as IS-1, IS-2 and IS-3 were obtained which were later tentatively identified as Staphylococcus roseus (red pigment), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (pink pigment) and Micrococcus luteus (lemon yellow pigment), respectively on the basis of morphological and biochemical characteristics. Each pigment was further extracted and its antimicrobial activity was checked against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The pigment produced by Staphylococcus roseus showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Hence, this red pigment has potential to be used in food industry and also in skin creams. Further work on this pigment for its feasibility in above use is in process.


The article reviews formation of a foreign student's linguistic personality in a Russian technical uni- versity. The relevance of the study is motivated by the attractiveness of technical education in Russian universities for students arriving from African countries. The novelty of the study is related to the fact that some Arabic-speaking students are fluent in French, the language of international communication in their home countries. This point was the basis for involving the teachers of French into the process of teaching Russian, who use it as an intermediary language. Along with the existing textbooks of the Russian language for French-speaking people, educational materials have been used that are compiled on university issues in the field of urban planning. Students are offered parallel texts in French and Russian based on popular science articles, reference books, media texts, documentary texts containing current information on urban planning, as well as a series of exercises on various aspects of the language. The theory of linguistic personality, theory of secondary linguistic personality, document linguistics serves as the methodo- logical basis of the research. According to the concept of secondary linguistic personality, mastering a foreign language contributes to the formation of a secondary linguistic professional personality, ready for communication and self-development. The purpose of the research is to identify the features of the formation of textual competence of students at the classes of Russian as a foreign language (RFL) based on the interlingua. In this paper, the formation of textual competence is regarded as an integral component of the formation of the language of a person as a whole. As a practical result of the work, the development of a draft textbook for students containing texts in French and Russian on urban planning is considered, where linguistic features and culturological comments on Russian texts are presented in French, which will help students in learning


10048 Background: The impact of treatment era and chronic health conditions on health-related unemployment among childhood cancer survivors has not been studied. Methods: Childhood cancer survivors (age ≥25 years) enrolled in the CCSS (3,420 diagnosed in the 1970s, 3,564 in the 1980s, and 2,853 in the 1990s) were matched 1:5 on sex, race/ethnicity, census bureau division, age, and year of survey to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a nationally representative population. Among survivors, health-related unemployment was defined as self-reported unemployment due to illness/disability and for BRFSS participants as self-reported inability to work. To standardize follow-up, health-related unemployment was assessed either in 2002-05 or 2014-16 for both cohorts. Sex stratified standardized prevalence ratio (SPR) and relative SPR (rSPR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for health-related unemployment were estimated using multivariable generalized linear models, with BRFSS background rates to assess the impact of treatment era and moderate to severe health conditions (per the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events). Results: Prevalence of health-related unemployment in survivors (median age 9 years [range 0-20] at diagnosis and 33 years [25-54] at follow-up) was significantly higher compared to BRFSS participants (females: 11.3% vs 3.7%; SPR 3.0, 95% CI 2.7-3.3; males: 10.5% vs 3.0%; SPR 3.5, 95% CI 3.1-3.9). Health-related unemployment risks declined among survivors in more recent decades (ptrend< 0.001) for females: 1970s SPR 3.8, 95% CI 3.2-4.5, 1980s SPR 2.9, 95% CI 2.5-3.5, 1990s SPR 2.5, 95% CI 2.1-3.0; and males: 1970s SPR 3.6, 95% CI 2.9-4.4, 1980s SPR 3.8, 95% CI 3.1-4.7, 1990s SPR 3.0, 95% CI 2.5-3.7. Among survivors, multivariable models identified associations between presence of specific health conditions and elevated health-related unemployment (Table) adjusting for all statistically significant health conditions, race/ethnicity, treatment era, age at survey, and diagnosis. Among females, rSPR for endocrine conditions differed between 1970s and 1990s (interaction p = 0.04); fewer significant health conditions remained in the final model for males. Conclusions: While prevalence for health-related unemployment has declined over time, childhood cancer survivors remain at higher risk compared to the general population. These elevated risks are associated with chronic health conditions and affect female survivors more than male survivors.[Table: see text]


Current stratigraphic names are assigned to localities from which corals were described by the writer in 1960. The stratigraphic position of some of the corals is corrected, and morphologic differences leading to the assignment of caninoid corals of the region to 4 main groups are described. The collecting localities listed in 1960 for White Pine County are now referable to the Pequop Formation [Permian], Arcturus Formation [Pennsylvanian], Reipetown sandstone [Permian], Riepe Spring Limestone [Permian], and the Hogan Formation [Pennsylvanian].


Electric vehicle (EV) is one of the current research focuses due to its environmental friendliness, but the inaccuracy in remaining driving range (RDR) estimation lowers the consumers' confidence on EVs. This paper introduces a remaining driving range estimation method based on information fusion (RDRIF), in which the RDR is determined by the fusion of the calculated range (calculation of the present battery and vehicle consumption states) and the cumulated range (cumulation of the real-traveled distance) to provide a accuracy RDR result. The RDRIF algorithm was embedded in a type of pure electric vehicle, and a set of vehicle experiments was carried out on a dynamometer test system. Two urban driving cycles representing normal and aggressive driving conditions are implemented in the tests to validate the effectiveness of RDRIF. The results show that the RDRIF could provide a stable and convergent estimation result under both driving conditions compared with the traditional methods, and the estimation error could be rapidly limited to ±5%, which effectively reduces the passengers' range anxiety.


The exponential growth in demand for Internet service is reshaping telecom industry and driving the model for next generation infrastructure towards converged, multiservice network with IP-over-glass at its heart. Current vision of the Internet transport network is a model with routers, switches, optical crossconnects (OXCs), DWDM optical line systems (OLSs), and add-drop multiplexers (ADMs) that use a common control plane [e.g., generalized MPLS (GMPLS)] to dynamically provision resources and to provide network survivability using protection and restoration techniques. The idea is to base this common control plane on existing IP/MPLS technology. Some new protocols have to be created (like LMP), and also some existing protocols have to be enhanced (like OSPF and IS-IS). In this article we point out needed modifications and also discuss some issues that still need to be solve.


Objective To develop a nested-polymerase chain reaction(PCR) to identify G and P genotypes of group A rotavirus. Methods Primers designed based on the common VP4 and VP7 gene sequence of group A rotavirus were utilized for the first run of PCR.The other primers that could identify group A rotavirus with G or P genotypes were adopted for the second run of PCR.The standard group A rotavirus with different genotypes and the G,P genotype of 70 stool specimens from patients with group A rotavirus diarrhea were detected. Results Different sizes of PCR products were amplified for standard group A rotavirus.G3 and P8 were the predominant genotypes in 70 stool specimens from patients with group A rotavirus diarrhea and other minor genotypes were also found. Conclusions Nested-PCR is sensitive for the detection of group A rotavirus genotypes.It is simple,rapid and particularly useful for clinic detection.


Radon is generally regarded as a naturally occurring radiological hazard but we report here measurements of significant, hazardous radon concentrations that arise from man-made sources, including granite ornaments/artefacts, uranium glass and glazed objects as well radium dial watches. This presentation concerns an examination and assessment of health risks from radium and uranium found in historical artefacts, many of which were once viewed as everyday items, and the radon that emanates from them. Such objects were very popular in industrialised countries such as the USA, UK and European countries) particularly between and including the two World Wars but are still readily available.


An understanding of self-harm among various occupational groups who may be involved in caring for and supporting people who self-harm was investigated. A questionnaire was constructed to assess understanding of self-harm. It was completed by a number of occupational groups including psychiatrists, psychologists, medical workers (general practitioners and nurses) and social/community care workers. It was also completed by a group of individuals who engage in deliberate self-harm. The results showed psychiatrists and medical workers have a poorer understanding of self-harm in comparison to self-harmers and workers with psychological or social/community care training. Psychology workers, self-harmers and social/community care workers did not differ significantly in their understanding of self-harm. It was concluded that there is a need to enhance awareness and understanding of self-harm among psychiatrists and medical workers so that the referral and treatment process may be more accurately targeted towards the needs of the individual.


A pure boron chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technology, which forms delta-doped boron surface layers during diborane B2H6 exposure at 700degC, has been successfully used to fabricate silicon-based p+n photodiodes for radiation detection in the extreme-ultra-violet (EUV) spectral range. Outstanding electrical and optical performance has been achieved in terms of extremely low dark current (< 50 pA at reverse bias of 10 V), near theoretical responsivity (0.266 A/W at 13.5 nm wavelength), and excellent stability to high radiation doses (< 1% responsivity degradation after 0.2 MJ/cm2 exposure). Therefore, the diodes are suitable candidates for photon detection functions in the next-generation EUV lithography systems.


It is considered that the solar activity may affect the global climate,but the correlation mechanism is still not understood. One of the possible mechanisms for the correlation is the cloud formation by the galactic cosmic rays, which are modulated by the variation of solar activity. This relation was clearly indicated by the good correlation observed for the galactic cosmic-ray intensity and the global low-cloud amount. This hypothesis includes the ion-induced nucleation model, in which new particles in the atmosphere are created efficiently through atmospheric ions produced by cosmic rays, and finally these particles grow up to the size of cloud condensation nuclei. In this study, a laboratory experiment for verification of the hypothesis has been conducted with a reaction chamber. A flow of clean air, water vapor, ozone and sulfuric dioxide was introduced to a metallic chamber, where we irradiated UV light for solar irradiance and beta-rays or accelerator beam for cosmic rays. The beam of the heavy ion accelerator HIMAC at National Institute of Radiological Sciences was used in the present experiment. As a result, ions produced by the ionizing radiation and increased particle density were observed for beta rays. Some results with the accelerator beam are the following. Ion density in the chamber increased as the beam intensity and particle density increased with ion density. Particle size distribution was measured and the peak particle size and the particle density became to larger with time after start irradiation, but the density stopped to increase or decreased after irradiation stopped although the peak size continued to increase. It is shown that our system is ready for more detailed measurements.


Under the background of global climate change,extreme precipitation events have been happening,which caused a serious influence and damage to human living.Spatiotemporal distributions of extreme precipitation indices were quantitatively analyzed using ClimDex model and ensemble empirical mode decomposition(EEMD)based on the data of daily precipitation in Xinjiang basin,Jiangxi Province from 1960 to 2005.The results showed that all kinds of extreme precipitation indices presented an upward trend at different degrees,especially for extreme precipitation(R95P).The IMFs of extreme precipitation indices showed the quasiperiods of 2.56~2.88 years,5.11~6.57 years,9.20~11.50 years,22.59~36.48 years,and the largest contribution belongs to IMF1 variance,the IMF3 oscillation period was more significant.A comparison of three extreme typical precipitation event years for five-day extreme precipitation(RX5day)and extreme precipitation(R95P)revealed a slightly higher'values' in the central basin than the surrounding areas,and the two indices were higher in the extremely rainy years than in normal and extremely dry years,extreme precipitation events in extremely rainy years had a relative high occurrence frequency in the central basin.


The melanocortin (MC) system is composed of peptides that are cleaved from the polypeptide precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Recent pharmacological and genetic evidence suggests that melanocortin receptor (MCR) signaling modulates neurobiological responses to ethanol and ethanol intake. Agouti‐related protein (AgRP) is synthesized by neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and is a natural antagonist of MCRs. Because central administration of the functionally active AgRP fragment AgRP‐(83–132) increases ethanol intake by C57BL/6 J mice, we determined if mutant mice lacking normal production of AgRP (AgRP−/−) and maintained on a C57BL/6 J genetic background would show reduced self‐administration of ethanol relative to littermate wild‐type (AgRP+/+) mice. AgRP−/— mice showed reduced 8% (v/v) ethanol‐reinforced lever‐pressing behavior relative to AgRP+/+ mice in daily 2‐h sessions, but normal sucrose‐, saccharin‐ and water‐reinforced lever‐pressing. Similarly, AgRP−/− mice showed reduced consumption of 8% ethanol in a two‐bottle limited access test (2 h/day), although this effect was largely sex‐dependent. Using drinking‐in‐the‐dark (DID) procedures, AgRP−/— mice showed blunted binge‐like drinking of 20% (v/v) ethanol which was associated with lower blood ethanol levels (85 mg/dl) relative to AgRP+/+ mice (133 mg/dl) after 4 h of intake. AgRP−/− mice showed normal ethanol metabolism and did not show altered sensitivity to the sedative effects of ethanol. These observations with genetically altered mice are consistent with previous pharmacological data and suggest that endogenous AgRP signaling modulates the reinforcing properties of ethanol and binge‐like ethanol drinking.


THE development of Japanese medicine an be roughly divided into 2 periods by the year of 1945. During the period before 1945, it was mostly influenced by German medicine. German articles were read widely. After 1945, in the postwar period, American medicine has greatly affected the Japanese medicine; for example American ideas have come to be used for the classification of diseases. In the field of electrocardiography, though we can see the similar tendency to some extent, it is not manifest as in general medicine. Even before 1945, the articles written in English were read more commonly than the German articles. This seems to be due to the historical fact that the main current of electrocardiography flowed from Einthoven to Lewis in England, and then from Lewis to Wilson in America. It is true that reports by Weber, Schutz, Samojloff and others, which were written in the German language, gave us considerable influences, but most of the Japanese electrocardiographists were more intrigued by the ideas of Lewis and Wilson which were more practical. As early as around 1940, studies based on doublet theory were made also in Japan, but these were not known in foreign countries because of the world war. On the other hand, most electrophysiologists in Japan were influenced by German electrophysiology, which made them stick to what is called "Differenztheorie" (theory of algebraic summation) and made it difficult for them to understand the idea of Lewis and Wilson-the explanation of electrocardiograms by the theory of current distribution in the living body. Consequently, the efforts to make them understand the doublet theory had been continued by clinical electrocardiographists until the first half of the nineteen-fifties. Some of the physiologists in Japan are still not satisfied by the doublet theory and are endeavoring to analyze the curves of the clinical electrocardiogram on basis of the action potential of individual muscle bundles. These studies are being made independently of the studies by Schaefer or


SUMMARY

Young seedlings of Zea mays L. scarcely grow at temperatures of 15 °C or lower. The leaves are yellowish, the chlorophyll concentration being lower than 10 μg (a+b) per cm2, and the rate of photosynthesis is negligible. When a period of low temperature is given to older plants, which already have some green leaf surface, the reduction in relative growth rate and photosynthesis is less severe. Only those leaf parts that elongate during the cold treatment are yellow.

It can be shown that the day temperature is the important factor in influencing the chlorophyll concentration in growing leaf parts. Plants subjected to low night temperatures remain fully green and their growth rate is virtually unaffected. The data suggest that photosynthesis rate is reduced at concentrations of chlorophyll (a+b) below 40μg per cm-2. When plants are brought back to temperatures of 20 ° or higher both photosynthesis rate and growth rate soon reach values normal for this temperature.


The purpose of the work is an application of complexing agents to establish an analytical method to the detrmination of fluoride by means of the fluoride ion-selective electrode, when the presence of interfering elements does not allow a direct potentiometric analysis. The elements considered as interfering were those which present a great affinity with the fluoride such as aluminium, iron, magnesium, calcium, uranium, thorium, zirconium and rare earths. Several complexing agents were studied, such as citric acid, citrate, phosphohc acid, EDTA, CDTA, triethanolamine, sulphosalisilic acid, tris or trizma) trishydroxymethilaminomethane) and aluminon (triamonium aurine tricarboxylate). The performance of the masking agents in relation to the interfering elements were evaluated from various point of view, viz, masking hability, detection limit of electrode, reprodutibility of the potential, response time pH effect and stability of the complex formed. The analytical method was applied to the determination of fluoride in uranium effluents, dolomite and environmental samples, as well as in NIST/AIEA standard samples. The sensitivity, precision and accuracy of the method are also discussed.


Honey product is one type of product that provides many economic and health benefits so that it is in great demand by all citizens of the world, even animals. There is a gap between production and consumption globally so that every country competes to increase its production not only for domestic needs but also to meet world demand for honey products. There are still many honey producers whom individuals or families manage so that the volume produced is still minimal, either for own consumption or directly sold to consumers. To meet global honey needs, the interests of medium-large companies are essential but still empower honey producers or individual honey farmers. The study aims to maintain its commitment to quality and halalness and corporate analysis strategy following the new institutional economics approach.  This study uses descriptive qualitative research using literature studies. The study results found that the company is very committed to product quality assurance and halalness and implementing the company's strategy at level 4 as new institutional economics, namely economic order 3 with resource efficiency, the formation of marginal prices and structures, and business sustainability.


Since its modernization, China's New Deal of the late Qing Dynasty have brought about municipal administrative reforms in such aspects as town autonomy. This article reviews the modernization and westernization process of China's modern urban administrative system, based on which it explores the municipal administrative system's reform and changes in urban form, the construction of laws and regulations concerning antiquities preservation, as well as modern urban plans in relation to city wall demolition in traditional Chinese cities. Finally, the article refl ects on a series of historical facts, including the publication of the Encyclopedia of Municipal Administration through which the introduction of Western planning theories was refl ected, as well as on the modern municipal planning practices carried out by Sun Ke and other historical fi gures, thus illustrating the practical signifi cance of historical research on China's modern urban planning.


Power curve of a wind turbine depicts the relationship between output power and hub height wind speed and is an important characteristic of the turbine. Power curve aids in energy assessment, warranty formulations, and performance monitoring of the turbines. With the growth of wind industry, turbines are being installed in diverse climatic conditions, onshore and offshore, and in complex terrains causing significant departure of these curves from the warranted values. Accurate models of power curves can play an important role in improving the performance of wind energy based systems. This paper presents a detailed review of different approaches for modelling of the wind turbine power curve. The methodology of modelling depends upon the purpose of modelling, availability of data, and the desired accuracy. The objectives of modelling, various issues involved therein, and the standard procedure for power performance measurement with its limitations have therefore been discussed here. Modelling methods described here use data from manufacturers' specifications and actual data from the wind farms. Classification of modelling methods, various modelling techniques available in the literature, model evaluation criteria, and application of soft computing methods for modelling are then reviewed in detail. The drawbacks of the existing methods and future scope of research are also identified.


Through analyzing the two cases of protection malfunction due to incorrect connection of open-delta connection of busbar voltage transformer,the importance of correct connection of open-delta connection when earthing fault occurring in a power system was explained.


To investigate the effect of nonionic surfactant and emulsion stabilizer on O/W emulsions, various emulsion formulations with different types of nonionic surfactants and emulsion stabilizers were prepared and their rheological properties were compared. In this study, polysorbate 60 (Tween 60), PEG-60 hydrogenated castor oil (HCO 60), octyldodeceth-16 (OD 16), and cetear-eth-6 olivate (Olivem 800) were used as hydrophilic nonionic surfactants, whereas cetyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate, and stearic acid as emulsion stabilizers. Phase separation occurred only in the emulsion formulation with octyldodeceth-16 and all other emulsion formulations maintained a stable phase. The viscosity, hardness, and creaminess of emulsion formulation using a mixture of ceteareth-6 olivate and cetyl alcohol were the highest, and the emulsified droplet size was also the largest. These results are due to the formation of a network structure texture with the development of a large amount of liquid crystal in the O/W emulsion. In this formulation, the value of elastic modulus was large and the thixotropic behavior, in which the viscosity varies with the history of external force, was observed.


This demo presents a mobile wireless sensor system for debris flow monitoring. The objective of this system is to realize long-term and effective debris flow surveillance using low cost wireless sensors. In the system, a set of robust wireless sensors are designed to deploy on riverbed and cooperatively observe the moving debris flows. Our mobile sensors are intended to be carried along by the debris flow. As the sensors move along, they are able to measure the internal parameters, such as vibration frequency, amplitude, moving direction and velocity, of the debris flow. By utilizing the proposed energy-saving mechanism on the WSN platform, the mobile sensors can continuously operate up to six months with merely two alkaline D cell batteries. The proposed system provides the abilities to collect high-fidelity data for civil engineering applications to analyze and determine the occurrence of debris flows, as well as estimate the damage.


The widespread integration of renewable energy resources (RES) brings significant challenges to microgrid on establishing a dispatch decision due to intrinsic randomness and intermittent of RES. To this end, a two-stage robust optimization (TSRO) model is developed for the micro grid to hedge against the uncertainties of RES and load considering the constraints of gas turbine, energy storage, power balance and demand response vector. By giving uncertain intervals on TSRO, the optimal economical dispatching scheme maximizing the operation cost under the worst scenario can be obtained. A column constraint generation algorithm is proposed to decompose the problem into the main problem and sub-problem. By this way, the problem with an integer variable can be solved alternately so that an optimal solution can be effectively obtained for the original problem. The reliability of the model is verified by simulation, and a more reasonable economic scheduling scheme is obtained.


Granuloma annulare (GA) is a benign self-limited granulomatous cutaneous disorder of unknown etiology. Clinical variants include localized, generalized, perforating, and subcutaneous. Generalized or disseminated GA is an uncommon variant displaying some clinical features that differentiate it from the localized form, including later age of onset, inadequate response to treatment, and less tendency to spontaneous resolution. The treatment modalities used for localized GA (topical or intralesional steroids, freezing with liquid nitrogen, or surgical excision) cannot be successfully applied to the large numbers of lesions seen in GA's generalized form. Systemic treatments have included dapsone, chlorambucil, isotretinoin, systemic steroids, cyclosporine, salicylates, chloroquine, and PUVA. These treatments have potentially serious side effects in the long term and have not demonstrated consistent results. Literature overuse of pentoxifylline in the treatment of GA is limited. Here we report three prospective cases of generalized GA showing resolution with oral pentoxifylline.


In recent years, there has been a tremendous renewal of interest in incorporating the N-fixing creeping legume, Mucuna bracteata, in the oil palm production system. Although a considerable amount of work has been done on M. bracteata, the N-fixing capacity of this legume has not been fully studied. Hence, an experiment using the 15N isotopic dilution technique was laid out to quantify the N fixed by M. bracteata in a 3-year-old oil palm plantation where P. conjucatum and mixed broad-leaf weeds were used as non-N-fixing reference plants. The results revealed that M. bracteata planted on Jawa Series soil derived 67%-84% of its N from N-fixation. The finding confirmed that M. bracteata has the potential to contribute to the N pool of the oil palm cropping system, and has potential to be used as a green manure or even as an alternative N source to inorganic N. The high percentage of N fixed by M. bracteata also indicates that competition for applied N and soil N between M. bracteata and oil palm, if any, would be insignificant.


This paper proposes the use of an overloaded hybrid MC-CDMA system to improve the spectral efficiency of Cognitive Radio (CR) network. The overlay transmission in the unused parts of the spectrum is full-loaded MC-CDMA signals with scrambling. The underlay signal, using a separate scrambling code from the overlay signals, utilizes the whole spectrum taking into account of the interference threshold of the Primary User (PU). On the receiver side, chip-level MMSE is used for overlay detection, interference reconstruction and cancellation. Symbollevel MMSE is then used to detect the underlay. Since overlay is performing chip-level equalization and data detection, there is no need for other users' signatures. Therefore, the proposed system does not add complexity to the overlay system in comparison with the conventional MMSE receivers. Simulation results show that the underlay transmission does not affect the overlay performance while achieving good performance for different PU occupancy levels. It is also shown that it is less sensitive to PU interference level and significantly outperforms previous methods.


We report the absorption/transmission properties of thin copper films slightly below the percolation limit produced by laser ablation; these samples show randomly positioned islands. Two types of films are grown: in the first type, copper is deposited on glass, and it is shown that as the amount of deposited copper approaches the percolation limit, the samples show enhanced light transmission; in the second set of samples, made of TiO$_2$/Cu/TiO$_2$ layers, the presence of titanium oxide inhibits light transmission enhancement, even though the same amount of copper has been deposited compared to the samples deposited on glass. We also present numerical calculations based on the discrete dipole method to simulate the optical behaviour of the copper films. The enhanced light transmission of the samples presented in this work resembles the Extraordinary Optical Transmission (EOT) observed in periodic metallic structures. The similarities and differences between experiment and numerical calculations and the possible use of these films as sensors are discussed.


In this paper,the quantitative analysis of human resource allocation is carried out by using the matrixing method.A moderate person-to-post matrix is generated by the descriptive multiplication of matrices.Besides,a comprehensive and flexible weighting system is set up,and a principle of determining weighting in practical application is established.Meanwhile,the optimization mathematical model of human resource allocation and a matrix job algorithm characterized by conversion-adjusting are constructed.


Three-dimensional effects in turbulent duct flows, i.e., side-wall boundary layers and secondary motions, are studied by means of direct numerical simulations (DNS). The spectral element code Nek50 ...


Seoul tried to attempt to conduct the stands of bicycle in train as a policy for bicycle by the government, but effectiveness was not enough. For this reason, a field observations and a poll were performed to find out the substantial needs of user, and it was combined with meaning -analysis of the interaction net. As a result, the redesign of bicycle spaces in train is recommended for the convenience of all subway users.


The optimal event-triggered control of nonlinear continuous-time systems by using input and output data is a challenging problem due to system uncertainties, non-availability of state vector and event-based sampled outputs between the plant and the controller. Therefore, a novel reinforcement learning-based approach is proposed to solve time-based near optimal event-triggered control of nonlinear continuous-time systems. First, by using measured input and output data, nonlinear continuous-time system is represented in the input-output form that is suitable for data-driven control. Then, an online neural network (NN) identifier is developed to estimate the control coefficient matrix from the input-output data which is subsequently utilized along with the critic NN to obtain a time-based near optimal event triggered control scheme in a forward-in-time manner. Novel apeiodic update laws are derived for NNs by using event trigger error while a novel event-trigger condition is designed to ensure the overall stability of proposed scheme. Eventually, Lyapunov analysis is utilized to demonstrate that all closed-loop signals and NN weights are ultimately bounded (UB).


Why should a regulator be invited to talk about education and training? The Legal Services Board, of which I am the Chairman, has now been in existence for just over two years. We were created by the massive piece of legislation called the Legal Services Act 2007. This followed a period of enquiry and then a Parliamentary process that lasted for four or five years. The basic purpose of the Act was to bring about a new system of regulation for legal services – a system of regulation by which the consumer – in all forms – was recognised as the essential beneficiary and which provided for the first time that self-regulation was both given objectives relating to those who received legal services and a new degree of oversight to ensure that this happened. In essence existing legal regulators were forced to recognise that regulation needed to be separated from representation of the interests of the providers. And the legislation further provided that new forms of business models could be created – within a clear regulatory framework – enabling external investment to be made, reducing barriers to entry, and widening consumer choice. Interestingly, the legislation set statutory objectives for the new regulator – my Board – which was created to sit over the existing regulators. We share those objectives with those frontline regulators. And one of those underpinning statutory objectives is to encourage an independent, strong, diverse and effective legal profession. That is my locus for taking a deep interest in the education and training of lawyers. How can that legal profession be created without an education and training framework that is founded on the principles of independence and diversity? On an understanding of effectiveness and the ability to deliver for the consumers good advice and workable solutions? So I do not bring to this lecture the degree of specialist knowledge to the subject that the distinguished previous speakers have. But as a still relatively new face on the scene, I can share my emerging thoughts on


Inspired by the work of Adcock, Landsman, and Shushi (2019) which established the Stein's lemma for generalized skew-elliptical random vectors, we derive Stein type lemmas for location-scale mixture of generalized skew-elliptical random vectors. Some special cases such as the location-scale mixture of elliptical random vectors, the location-scale mixture of generalized skew-normal random vectors, and the location-scale mixture of normal random vectors are also considered. As an application in risk theory, we give a result for optimal portfolio selection.


The humidity resistance mechanism is inquired.It is considered that the organic PP can wrap on the surface of moulding sand by heating to solidify at the temperature of slightly above softening point,the attacking of water molecular at the chemical bond between cation and oxygen ion is prevented,it results that the humidity resistance of sand is improved remarkably.


The guarantee of the human right to access to potable water implies, beyond its positivation, an ethical aspect in the political and social will for its fulfillment. The lack of this element is manifested, as in the case of Mexico, in various economic, social and legal circumstances that represent unfavorable contexts for the realization of the right. The present document contains an approximation to these situations and their consequent affectations, both quantitative and qualitative, to the population in the exercise of the human right to access to drinking water, and those related to it.


The progress of the studies of gold supported thiol-lipid bilayers(TLB) is reviewed.The stability,structural and electric properties of TLB are presented and the electron transfer mechanism across TLB is also discussed.


This article studies the air-to-ground ultra-wideband channel through propagation measurements between 3.1 to 4.8 GHz using unmanned-aerial-vehicles (UAVs). Different line-of-sight (LOS) and obstructed-LOS scenarios and two antenna orientations were used in the experiments. Multipath channel statistics for different propagation scenarios were obtained, and the Saleh–Valenzuela model was found to provide a good fit for the statistical channel model. An analytical path loss model based on antenna gains in the elevation plane is provided for unobstructed UAV hovering and moving (in a circular path) propagation scenarios.


The question of whether Basque is or is not an ergative language might be regarded by some to be a nonissue, for Basque is often cited as a prototypical example of an ergative language, as in Comrie 1973, for example. However, Anderson 1976, in an oft-cited paper, has put forth the provocative claim that Basque does not display ergative syntax at a l l ,1 and thus is not a fully ergative language. Given this controversy, then, we plan to present here material relevant to the question of the extent to which Basque displays ergative characteristics in its syntax, and more generally, to address the question of how much evidence is needed in order to conclude that Basque--or any language, for that matter--is indeed ergative or not.2


The sociology of food and eating is becoming something of a speciality in its own right. It has not yet attracted the numbers needed to create a section of its own in the ASA, but there are already other networks and groupings for those working in the field. By the early 1990s, it was judged to have generated a sufficient body of research for the International Sociological Association's journal Current Sociology for the first time to commission one of its lengthy survey articles (which was also published as a short book: S. J. Mennell, A. Murcott, and A. van Otterloo, The Sociology of Food: Eating, Diet and Culture [Sage, 1992]). The new subdiscipline comes of age, however, with the publication of McIntosh's long-awaited and altogether more ambitious full-length book. What McIntosh seeks to provide is not just a survey of current knowledge in the field—though he does that very well—but also an application of recent sociological theories to problems of food and nutrition. "My goal," he writes (p. v), "is to persuade others to see the relevance of food and nutrition studies for further development of sociological theory." Food and foodways are indeed relevant to many of the eternal problems of sociological theory, thanks to food being—on the one hand—a basic biological necessity of life and—on the other hand—one of the most sensitive markers of cultural difference and cultural change. McIntosh's survey of theoretical approaches to the field before the last decade or thereabouts is rather laconic and may not be fully comprehensible to undergraduate readers (though the graduate student part of the intended audience will, one assumes, have enough theoretical background to make sense of it). McIntosh excuses his brevity on the grounds that others, including Anne Murcott and I, have presented critiques of functionalist approaches (e.g., Audrey Richards's work), structuralist approaches (Lévi-Strauss's, Mary Douglas's, and Claude Fischler's work), and developmentalist approaches (Marvin Harris's, Sidney Mintz's, and my own work). Another excuse could have been that, prior to the mid1980s, more theoretically inspired work had been done in this area by anthropologists than by sociologists. Nevertheless, a little too much is perhaps taken for granted in these early pages of McIntosh's book. He


This paper supplies that the human capital revenue in our country is not as high as mentioned in the classical human capital theory.In fact the reason is the moral hazard in the human capital investment.Then this paper gives a principal-agent model to prove that the Pareto improvement is that the university deserves the entire hazard.It's a consideration for our education system reformation: to establish an Insurance Corporation and University.


On March 13th a patient at a Toronto area hospital died of an unexplained respiratory illness. Initial investigation revealed that his mother had died of a similar illness the previous week after returning from Hong Kong. Epidemiological investigations rapidly identified six other cases of this illness, termed severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), all of whom had direct contact with the index case or other related cases. Of the eight cases, six were family members, two of whom had traveled together to Hong Kong. The other two cases involved a family doctor who had direct, unprotected exposure to three of the cases, and a patient on an adjacent stretcher in the ER to one of the cases before the outbreak was recognized and isolation precautions instituted. These cases were the beginning of the "Toronto SARS outbreak" and part of a country outbreak of pneumonia now known to be due to a new human coronavirus. Initial cases of this illness were reported from the Guangdong province of China, and related outbreaks have been recognized in Beijing, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and Hanoi. Experience with these outbreaks suggests that the incubation time of this illness is 2-10 days. The illness usually begins with fever and malaise, with or without myalgias, headache, and chills. Although sore throat may be present, other upper respiratory symptoms are notably absent. The fever may improve transiently on day 2, but then becomes persistent and usually >38.5C. On day 4 to 5, some chest tightness and/or a mild cough may develop; by day 7, chest x-ray infiltrates are usually present, and shortness of breath appears. On admission, the white cell count is usually normal but may be low, lymphopenia is common (but a non-specific finding), LDH is often elevated, about 40% of cases have a mildly elevated CPK, and nearly 60% are somewhat hypocalcemic. Although the first two Canadian cases died, the overall mortality has been reported to range between 3 and 10%. Age and underlying illness are strong predictors of mortality; however, deaths have been reported in healthy adults under the age of 50 (including one to date in Toronto). Treatment is generally supportive; ribavirin and steroids have been used, but whether they are efficacious is unknown. The most common means of transmission are droplet and/or contact spread. Although there has been no widespread community dissemination of this illness, transmission within household and health care settings has been substantial and very difficult to control. In particular, there has been explosive transmission from very ill patients in hospital to health care workers; contact with a single patient in Toronto with unrecognized disease over a three day period was associated with more than 20 cases of illness in health care providers and visitors. Strict isolation precautions has dramatically reduced the likelihood of spread in hospitals, but some transmission to health care workers in Toronto has occurred despite compliance with very strict precautions. Evidence is accumulating that this disease is caused by a novel coronavirus, although some variability in transmissibility and pathogenicity remains unexplained, and some experts believe that a co-pathogen may be involved. In the meantime, public health efforts are being directed towards raising public awareness, identifying contacts and assessing and managing probable or suspected cases. All health care workers should be aware of SARS and should consider SARS in the diagnosis of any patient presenting with a compatible clinical illness if they have recently returned from an area where disease has been reported to occur (e.g Hong Kong) or have had direct contact with a known probable case. Suspected cases should be put into contact and airborne isolation and local public health authorities contacted immediately. Additional information about this outbreak is being reported daily, and this report will likely be out of date prior to its publication. Updated information will be available on the Health Canada website as well as through the WHO and CDC. These sources, as well as public health, should be consulted for up to date information on case definitions and approaches to management. Donald E. Low, MD, FRCPC


—Recently, Small Base Stations (SBSs) are added to macro-cell layout to extend network coverage and increase system capacity. Whereas, most of the users incline to connect to Macro Base Stations (MBSs) due to their overwhelmingly higher transmit power. As a result, the imbalanced distribution of load leads to the underutilization of the resources of SBSs, which may deteriorate the network performance. The small Cell Range Expansion (CRE) aims at solving the problem by setting a positive bias factor. Although this technology turns out to be effective, it's not easy to understand the corresponding effect on network performance. Therefore, the average area weighted load per cell is derived to address this issue. Meanwhile, we utilize Area Weighted Spectrum Efficiency (AWSE) and Area Weighted Energy Efficiency (AWEE) to observe the effect of bias factor from the perspective of cells per tier. Further, the efficiency (SE) and efficiency (EE) of different tiers are calculated on tier level. Simulation results show that there is a tradeoff between the overall SE and EE with varying bias factors, which provides a new insight into the analysis of network performance.


After China's entry into the WTO, the real estate industry is faced with both opportunities and challenges. It has five influences on China's real estate industry including bringing prosperity to real estate market and promoting the design level of China' real estate industry. In the meantime, it will also bring great impact on China's real estate market and lead to the failure of some enterprises. Therefore, proper countermeasures must be made.


ABSTRACT Objective: to identify toddlers' eating habits. Method: a cross-sectional study of quantitative analysis, with a sample of 808 toddlers who attended day care centers in the district of Viseu, Portugal, between November 2018 and September 2019. Data were collected using a questionnaire directed at parents. Results: the prevalence of children who ate six meals a day was 42.8%, and 42.5%, those who ate five meals. It was found that 2.0% of children consumed chocolates, 1.0%, desserts, and 0.4%, carbonated beverages, daily. On average, dairy product (M=5.61; SD=2.62) and meat/fish/egg (M=4.80; SD=3.57) consumption was higher than recommended, while fat (M=0.48; SD=0.40), legume (M=0.49; SD=0.45), vegetable (M=1.18; SD=0.87) and water (M=0 .51; SD=0.29) consumption was lower. Conclusions: there was a higher or lower consumption than recommended for some foods, highlighting the need to implement nursing intervention programs aimed at promoting healthy eating habits in toddlers and families.


II At what may have been the first educational media conference ever held in the field of music, Percy A. Scholes, in 1925, expounded the virtues of the player-piano and the reproducing piano for music education. In a demonstration of the many educational possibilities of these "extraordinary mechanical contrivances," he concurred with Alexander MacKenzie, chairman of the Committee on the Educational Use of Piano-Player Rolls, that "All musical educationists of standing are today agreed as to the high value of the ordinary 'Pianola' Roll, and 'Duo-Art' Roll, and the Gramophone Record."! Few music educators will recall that forty years ago the Pianola held as much educational promise as the phonograph recording. Mechanical aids for storing and reproducing musical sounds have come and gone during the last thousand years. As a means of bringing music to a broader audience, mechanical instruments have a history that is inseparable from developments in music education. Perhaps the most effective and far-reaching "music educator" at the present time is the


Beauty is a special activity of life. Such an activity of life and emotion has in nature embodied the feature of sublimation. Actualization of aesthetic judgment is based on the sublimation of the practical value and its limited and present existence for the purpose of realizing esthetic freedom. Art is an existence of sublimation, and embodies in nature the sublimated feature of beauty creation. There is an inherent connection among beauty, esthetic judgment, and beauty creation.


Interest for mass customization (MC) is constantly growing in industry and academia. However, a number of failures in adopting MC has been reported. It seems that the academic knowledge accumulated on MC is transferred to practice to a limited extent. MC implementation guidelines is a type of academic research that is specifically designed to transfer this knowledge to practice. However, it is still unclear what MC implementation guidelines characteristics should be. This paper reviews relevant literature in order to identify characteristics of MC implementation guidelines currently available. It also defines directions for the future research on MC implementation guidelines development.


The Big Sky Partnership, led by Montana State University, is comprised of research institutions, public entities and private sectors organizations, and the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes and the Nez Perce Tribe. Efforts during the second performance period fall into four areas: evaluation of sources and carbon sequestration sinks; development of GIS-based reporting framework; designing an integrated suite of monitoring, measuring, and verification technologies; and initiating a comprehensive education and outreach program. At the first two Partnership meetings the groundwork was put in place to provide an assessment of capture and storage capabilities for CO{sub 2} utilizing the resources found in the Partnership region (both geological and terrestrial sinks), that would complement the ongoing DOE research. The region has a diverse array of geological formations that could provide storage options for carbon in one or more of its three states. Likewise, initial estimates of terrestrial sinks indicate a vast potential for increasing and maintaining soil C on forested, agricultural, and reclaimed lands. Both options include the potential for offsetting economic benefits to industry and society. Steps have been taken to assure that the GIS-based framework is consistent among types of sinks within the Big Sky Partnership area and with the efforts of other western DOE partnerships. Efforts are also being made to find funding to include Wyoming in the coverage areas for both geological and terrestrial sinks and sources. The Partnership recognizes the critical importance of measurement, monitoring, and verification technologies to support not only carbon trading but all policies and programs that DOE and other agencies may want to pursue in support of GHG mitigation. The efforts begun in developing and implementing MMV technologies for geological sequestration reflect this concern. Research is also underway to identify and validate best management practices for soil C in the partnership region, and to design a risk/cost effectiveness framework to make comparative assessments of each viable sink, taking into account economic costs, offsetting benefits, scale of sequestration opportunities, spatial and time dimensions, environmental risks, and long term viability. Scientifically sound information on MMV is critical for public acceptance of these technologies. Two key deliverables were completed this quarter--a literature review/database to assess the soil carbon on rangelands, and the draft protocols, contracting options for soil carbon trading. To date, there has been little research on soil carbon on rangelands, and since rangeland constitutes a major land use in the Big Sky region, this is important in achieving a better understanding of terrestrial sinks. The protocols developed for soil carbon trading are unique and provide a key component of the mechanisms that might be used to efficiently sequester GHG and reduce CO{sub 2} concentrations. Progress on other deliverables is noted in the PowerPoint presentations. A series of meetings held during the second quarter have laid the foundations for assessing the issues surrounding the implementation of a market-based setting for soil C credits. These meetings provide a connection to stakeholders in the region and a basis on which to draw for the DOE PEIS hearings. Finally, the education and outreach efforts have resulted in a comprehensive plan and process which serves as a guide for implementing the outreach activities under Phase I. While we are still working on the public website, we have made many presentations to stakeholders and policy makers, connections to other federal and state agencies concerned with GHG emissions, climate change, and efficient and environmentally-friendly energy production. In addition, we have laid plans for integration of our outreach efforts with the students, especially at the tribal colleges and at the universities involved in our partnership. This includes collaboration with the film and media arts departments at MSU, with outreach efforts at LANL, and with student section of the ASME. Finally, both Pam Tomski, outreach coordinator, and Susan Capalbo, PI for the Big Sky Partnership will be involved in future U.S.-Norway bilaterals in an effort to provide for an exchange of research and students/faculty.


Various wearable sensors capturing body vibration, jaw movement, hand gesture, etc., have shown promise in detecting when one is currently eating. However, based on existing literature and user surveys conducted in this study, we argue that a Just-in-Time eating intervention, triggered upon detecting a current eating event, is sub-optimal. An eating intervention triggered at "About-to-Eat" moments could provide users with a further opportunity to adopt a better and healthier eating behavior. In this work, we present a wearable sensing framework that predicts "About-to-Eat" moments and the "Time until the Next Eating Event". The wearable sensing framework consists of an array of sensors that capture physical activity, location, heart rate, electrodermal activity, skin temperature and caloric expenditure. Using signal processing and machine learning on this raw multimodal sensor stream, we train an "About-to-Eat" moment classifier that reaches an average recall of 77%. The "Time until the Next Eating Event" regression model attains a correlation coefficient of 0.49. Personalization further increases the performance of both of the models to an average recall of 85% and correlation coefficient of 0.65. The contributions of this paper include user surveys related to this problem, the design of a system to predict about to eat moments and a regression model used to train multimodal sensory data in real time for potential eating interventions for the user.


The temperature field of an underground cable line can be analysed in a simply connected region. Axial symmetry of the temperature distribution of the cable interiors enables them to be extracted from the region dealt with by the finite element method. This transforms the region into a multiply connected one. In this paper, the boundary procedure which replaced the cable interiors was derived. This procedure has the form of the boundary condition of the second kind. The only way to take into account the temperature dependence of the heat losses inside the cables in a simply connected region is to use an iterative process, which is time consuming. A multiply connected region is more effective in that respect, since only modification of the boundary procedure to the boundary condition of the third kind is needed for it. The temperature field of a cable line is an unbounded one. Therefore, the authors developed another boundary procedure in uniform earth which was based on the second Green formula. Numerical experiments confirmed that finite element analysis of the cable temperature field in a multiply connected region is more efficient than in a simply connected one.


The title compound, C19H22N2O4, was synthesized by the reaction of 2′-hydroxyacetophenone with 1,3-bis(aminooxy)propane in ethanol. Intramolecular O—H⋯N and weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds stabilize the three-dimensional structure. A twofold rotation axis passes through the molecule.


The optogalvanic spectra of uranium and thorium observed in commercial hollow-cathode lamps provide convenient lines for dye-laser wave-number calibration. We describe a simple procedure by which a single-frequency cw dye laser can be set on such lines with an accuracy of a few parts in 108. We report wave numbers for 16 U and 16 Th lines distributed over the wavelength range 5750–6920 A. The estimated uncertainty of the measurements is 0.0003 cm−1 for U and 0.0004 cm−1 for Th. The results are compared with previous U and Th measurements and are found to be in good agreement with recently reported emission wave numbers determined by Fourier spectroscopy.


At present,GPS or TPS methods have been widely used in the monitoring of landslides or dams.Most of their applications exhibit good effect.However,the monitoring of high cutting slopes in large urban areas is undeveloped,for the monitoring of these areas is characterized by large monitoring area,too many widely distributed monitoring points,complicated network and the need for the integration of several methods.This paper studies the methods of network installation,the professional monitoring and data processing based on an example in Badong county,Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Monitoring data analysis result indicates that the methods discussed are suitable for the monitoring in the area;the displacements of monitoring points are deeply impacted by the rainfall;and the displacements of each direction represent strong time coherence.


In order to reduce the error rate and improve communication quality,this paper put forward a method of blind equalization of underwater acoustic communication based on genetic neural network.Firstly,the parameters of BP neural network was optimized by genetic algorithm to solve the defects of neural network,then the optimized neural network was used for blind equalization of underwater acoustic signals.The simulation results show that,compared with the traditional blind equalization algorithm,the proposed algorithm accelerates the speed of blind equalization for underwater acoustic communication,and reduces the communication error rate to improve the quality of underwater acoustic communication.


This report documents the program and the outcomes of Dagstuhl Seminar 22301 "Algorithmic Aspects of Information Theory". Constraints on entropies constitute the "laws of information theory". These constraints go well beyond Shannon's basic information inequalities, as they include not only information inequalities that cannot be derived from Shannon's basic inequalities, but also conditional inequalities and disjunctive inequalities that are valid for all entropic functions. There is an extensive body of research on constraints on entropies and their applications to different areas of mathematics and computer science. So far, however, little progress has been made on the algorithmic aspects of information theory. In fact, even fundamental questions about the decidability of information inequalities and their variants have remained open to date. Recently, research in different applications has demonstrated a clear need for algorithmic solutions to questions in information theory. These applications include: finding tight upper bounds on the answer to a query on a relational database, the homomorphism domination problem and its uses in query optimization, the conditional independence implication problem, soft constraints in databases, group-theoretic inequalities, and lower bounds on the information ratio in secret sharing. Thus far, the information-theory community has had little interaction with the communities where these applications have been studied or with the computational complexity community. The main goal of this Dagstuhl Seminar was to bring together researchers from the aforementioned communities and to develop an agenda for studying algorithmic aspects of information theory, motivated from a rich set of diverse applications. By using the algorithmic lens to examine the common problems and by transferring techniques from one community to the other, we expected that bridges would be created and some tangible progress on open questions could be made.


Physical inactivity is a very important risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). The benefi t of increased physical activity in the primary prevention and rehabilitation / treatment of cardiovascular disease are well documented in several meta-analyses. Exercise is therefore not only recommended in prevention but increasingly also in rehabilitation of patients with chronic diseases. Targeted exercise therapy is felt to be an essential part of the therapy not only for cardiovascular disease but also in pulmonary, psychological, orthopaedic and particularly in metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. The benefi t of specifi c exercise therapy is comparable to drug or interventional therapy, possibly even superior. Studies have shown the advantageous effects of specifi c exercises on the vessel wall: improvement of endothelial function and potentially also of repair mechanisms via mobilisation of endothelial progenitor cells. For patients with a high cardiovascular risk or already existing CAD specifi c advice on physical activity should be considered an important part of their therapy. This includes advice on the type, intensity, duration and frequency of the advised exercises, taking the individuals Schl ü sselw ö rter k ö rperliche Aktivit ä t Koronare Herzkrankheit


The article shows that beneficial microbes is separated from traditional produce of pu'er tea , applying to solid fermentation produce . Study shows that it is directly relation of microbial effect to formation of pu'er tea flavor.


This contribution traces the history of the sciences of work, from their early origins in the 18th century, to their apogee in the first decades of the 20th century. The first section shows that if the scientific study of human labour is an old-established tradition, it is only by the end of the 19th century that this knowledge was put to the service of industrial development, with the generalisation of salaried employment and the rise of the modern business corporation. The second section presents the developments of the sciences of work in France at the turn of the 20th century. It is argued that this scientific discourse, far from being a pale imitation of taylorism, was on the contrary one of its major critics. The final section concludes on the failure of the science of work to provide the social dialogue between workers and employers with neutral and indisputable scientific bases.


Shallow-water numerical simulations show that the atmospheric circulation of the close-in extrasolar giant planet (EGP) HD 209458b is characterized by moving circumpolar vortices and few bands/jets (in contrast to ~10 bands/jets and the absence of polar vortices on cloud-top Jupiter and Saturn). The large spatial scales of moving circulation structures on HD 209458b may generate detectable variability of the planet's atmospheric signatures. In this Letter, we generalize these results to other close-in EGPs, by noting that shallow-water dynamics is essentially specified by the values of the Rossby (Ro) and Burger (Bu) dimensionless numbers. The range of likely values of Ro (~10-2 to 10) and Bu (~1-200) for the atmospheric flow of known close-in EGPs indicates that their circulation should be qualitatively similar to that of HD 209458b. This results mostly from the slow rotation of these tidally synchronized planets.


A photodegradable process for the purification of polluted water, by compounds based ethers, characterized by the following steps: (a) pretreating the water contaminated with an inorganic acid to a pH within a range ranging from 4, 0 4, 5, with the elimination of carbon dioxide thus formed; (B) dispersion in the water, solid particles of a semiconductor metal oxide or dissolution of a consistent ozone in pure oxygen or air stream. (C) irradiation of the dispersion or solution obtained in step (b) with ultraviolet light to degrade the ether-based contaminants.


CWM was isolated from suspension-cultured tobacco cells and was fractionated into EDTA-soluble, 5% potassium hydroxide-soluble, and 24% potassium hydroxide-soluble fractions, and α-cellulose fraction. Sugar composition and methylation analyses of the CWM and each fraction were performed and the following polysaccharides were suggested to be present; rhamnogalacturonan, arabinant, galactan AXG, GGM, (4-O-methylglucurono)xylan, cellulose and glycoprotein containing hydroxyproline-arabinosides.


Abstract As a kind of long fibre reinforced thermoplastic, a new glass mat thermoplastic (GMT)-like material is introduced. It is designed to be suitable for various polymers and high glass fibre (GF) content, which might be a promising attempt to overcome the limit of conventional GMT material (PP matrix and maximum 40 wt-% GF). The concept is based on a multi-layered hybrid structure consisting of several thin GF sub-layers and polymer films having an inherently high viscosity. They are then needle-matted all together. The capability of higher GF content was derived from the porosity changes under pressure and the cross-sectional view after impregnation. It was finally confirmed by measurement of flexural properties up to 70 wt-% of GF content in PP grade. Moreover, PA6 grade was investigated to show the other capability of multi-layered hybrid mat for various polymers.


This article analyses the debate and passage of the Traditional Leadership and Governance Framework Act of 2003. Through an examination of the passage of this Act, I demonstrate how traditional leaders, the ANC-led government, and civil society organisations each imagine the role of 'tradition' and chieftaincy in South Africa and how these different notions were accommodated in the final legislation. After the recognition of traditional leaders in the interim (1993) and final constitutions (1996), there has been a great deal of confusion concerning the responsibilities of traditional leaders in South Africa's new democratic dispensation. This Act sought to clarify this issue. In addition, the Act was meant to 'transform' chieftaincy so that it was consistent with those newly established democratic values and institutions. Despite these goals, I argue that the Act fails to clarify the precise nature of 'traditional' authority. Instead, the Act formally links chieftaincy with local government institutions and its developmental goals. By doing so, the 'transformation' envisioned in the Act is limited and it has simply codified those informal links that have been developed over the last decade.


This invention relates to certain 5-HT4 receptor modulators, particularly 5-HT4 receptor antagonists, represented by Formula I:wherein Z is formula (A) or (B):wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 and the other substituents are as defined in the specification; or individual isomers, racemic or non-racemic mixtures of isomers, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof. The invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and methods for their use as therapeutic agents.


The young globular star clusters in the LMC offer us insights into the formation and early dynamical evolution of globular clusters which are unobtainable from the old globular clusters in our Galaxy. Because these young clusters are so young and populous, they provide an opportunity to measure the upper end of the initial mass function by direct means and also through the dynamical effects of stellar mass loss on the structure of the clusters.


Abstract : The State of Israel is fighting terrorism which has been trying to undermine the foundations of its sovereignty since its establishment in 1948. Over the years, Israel tried to make peace with its enemies while continuing to fight simultaneously for independence. The Israeli - Palestinian conflict is perhaps the most intensive struggle of all. In recent years, a dialogue process began between the parties. This dialogue was supposed to set the permanent situation between the parties. Since then, the first and second intifada broke out and negotiations between the parties continued while the I.D.F conducting its counter-terrorism campaign. The purpose of this essay is to examine the role of the military and the strategy that is required to conduct a counter-terrorism campaign while negotiating peace. The essay will examine the historical processes, key events and milestones that have affected negotiations from a military perspective; it will specify the dilemmas facing military leaders; and analyze the special military- political relationship. All in order to examine their efficiency and offer an alternative strategy that supports and serves the Israeli national policy.


An accurate picture of how energy is used in the nation`s stock of commercial buildings can serve a variety of program planning and policy needs of the US Department of Energy, utilities, and other groups seeking to improve the efficiency of energy use in the building sector. This report describes an estimation of energy consumption by end use based upon data from the 1992 Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). The methodology used in the study combines elements of engineering simulations and statistical analysis to estimate end-use intensities for heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting, refrigeration, hot water, cooking, and miscellaneous equipment. Statistical Adjusted Engineering (SAE) models were estimated by building type. The nonlinear SAE models used variables such as building size, vintage, climate region, weekly operating hours, and employee density to adjust the engineering model predicted loads to the observed consumption (based upon utility billing information). End-use consumption by fuel was estimated for each of the 6,751 buildings in the 1992 CBECS. The report displays the summary results for 11 separate building types as well as for the total US commercial building stock. 4 figs., 15 tabs.


Demonetization in India of stripping Rs.500 and Rs.1000 notes as no longer as legal tender is highly affected the common people of the country but, it paves the way for the digital push towards cashless economy and digital banking. The digital banking revolution has made it possible to provide ease and flexibility in banking operations for the benefit of customers. Technological innovations such as mobile money, e-wallets, payment aggregators, etc., have also helped in bringing the people online. Digital or E-wallet refers to an electronic, internet based payment system which is a store house for financial value as well as personal identity. Such electronic payment systems empower a customer to pay online for the goods and services, including transferring funds to other, by using an incorporated hardware and software system. In this study, an attempt has been made to explore the underlying dominant dimensions of e-wallet usage purposes and its determinants. The result reveals that deliberation and design are dominant dimensions of e-wallet usage purposes. The perception of e-wallet users started using e-wallets in the pre and post demonetization period have significant differences with respect to different usage purposes. This research paper found that increased use of technological products in an payment industry gives new outlook to banking industry as well as helps to work in efficient and better way. E-wallets saves more time and are found to be convenient by the customer through their mobile phones at any point of time as a form of digital platform. To conclude, e-wallets are really a catalyst towards expedition of cash to cashless economy especially, in the aftermath of demonetization.