This work investigates the airflow driven by dual axial-flow fans in an atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) wind tunnel and the expected entrainment of sand movement together. The present study is conducted via 3D numerical simulation based on modelling the entire wind tunnel, including the power fan sections. Three configurations of dual fans in the tunnel are proposed. Simulation results show that the airflow in the tunnel with dual-fan configuration can satisfy the logarithmic distribution law for ABL flows. The airflow driven by the dual fans placed together at the tunnel outlet is highly similar to that in the tunnel with single fans. Although the boundary layer thickness is reduced, the maximum airflow velocity (53.393 m/s) and turbulence intensity (12.02%), which are respectively 1.75 and 1.49 times higher than those under the single-fan configuration, can be reached when dual fans are separately placed at the tunnel inlet and outlet. The simulation and experiment manifest that the separated arrangement of dual fans in the tunnel should be suitable for the experimental study of aeolian sand transport. Some measures, such as wind tunnel construction adjustment and optimal roughness element arrangement, are necessary to guarantee the required boundary layer thickness in the wind tunnel.


It seems that the frequency of floods along the main rivers in Germany increased during the second half of the past century. A number of causes for this phenomenon have been suggested. We hypothesise that post war changes in agricultural land use also play a role. For example, the meadowland area in former West Germany decreased between 1951 and 1989 from 15.7 to 10.8%. Simultaneously, the small grain acreage grew from 18.5 to 22.3%. Additionally, nearly 20% of the agricultural land area was drained artificially during this period. We used the US Soil Conservation Service rainfall-runoff model for small drainage basins to estimate the possible increase in surface runoff during heavy rainstorms because of the observed changes in agricultural land use. Our model calculations suggest that increased surface runoff during large-scale heavy rainstorms may contribute substant ially to the present flood problem in Germany.


The cover of the present invention having a body (1) and connected to a security ring (2) on the lid. Applied to the security ring (2) and to enable the security ring (2) and the cover (1) are separated (lifted when the lid from the container) the hook (5) provided with a respective sliding wedge (8) . This wedge member is preferably in the middle of the hook member, the hook member extending longitudinally along the circumference of the cap. Wedge (8) having a sliding surface width (b), (11), a width approximately equal to a quarter of the hook member (5) length (L) of. Sliding surface (11) and the inner wall of the safety ring (4) The inclination angle is preferably 31 degrees, with the machine in order to improve installation and container cap, the sliding surface at the starting edge of the security ring (9).


The invention provides a novel thin knife blade for a paper shredder, of which a knifepoint has no step. The thin knife blade comprises at least one knife amplitude and at least one knife part, wherein the knife part is positioned on the periphery of the knife amplitude, the knife part comprises the knifepoint and a rib table which is a protrusion on the knife part and comprises a top, an inclined plane is extended between the top and the knifepoint, the inclined plane and the knife amplitude form an acute angle, preferably, the inclined plane is inversely triangular, the knife part also comprises a first bottom edge and a second bottom edge extending from the knife amplitude respectively and intersecting to the knifepoint, a first plane is extended between the top and the first bottom edge, the first plane intersects with the inclined plane, and the knife amplitude comprises at least one big rib table projecting in the same direction as the rib table. At the same time, the invention also provides a method for manufacturing the knife blade and a knife blade group consisting of the knife blade. By adopting the novel thin knife blade for the paper shredder, the knife blade group greatly reduces production cost and energy consumption while fully achieving the same paper shredding requirement as a common paper shredder.


The production of the neutral strange particles Λ, Λ[bar] and K 0 s at HERA has been studied with the ZEUS detector, using an integrated luminosity of 121 pb -1 . Differential cross-sections are measured in a High Q 2 DIS sample ( Q 2 ≥ 25GeV 2 ), a Low Q 2 DIS sample (5 ≤ Q 2 ≤ 25GeV 2 ) and a photoproduction sample. The photoproduction sample has Q 2 2 and at least two jets that satisfy E T jet > 5GeV and | η jet | P T and η , and additionally as a function of the event Q 2 and x in the DIS samples, and as a function of x γ in the photoproduction sample. The DIS cross-sections are compared to the ARIADNE Monte Carlo, which broadly describes the data. The photoproduction cross-sections are compared to PYTHIA, where the agreement is less good, particularly at low x γ . The baryon-antibaryon asymmetry, defined as (Λ-Λ[bar])/(Λ+Λ[bar]), is measured and always found to be consistent with zero, indicating little transfer of the Baryon Number from the beam proton to the Λ system in the detector region. The polarization of Λ and Λ[bar] is measured and also found to be always consistent with zero, indicating that there is no preferred frame in Λ production. The baryon-meson ratio (Λ + Λ[bar])/ K 0 s is studied, and is found to generally agree with ARIADNE in DIS, but give an excess over PYTHIA in photoproduction. The excess is particularly prominent at low x γ in events with no clear jet structure. This is interpreted as hadron production in this region depending on a more-than-one-dimensional overlap of quark wave functions. An excess of strangeness in this region at low x γ with no high E T jets would be significant. It is investigated by taking the ratio of strange particles to charged tracks but no excess is seen.


Super resolution (SR)-based spectral unmixing (SRSU) is a recently developed spectral unmixing approach. Some issues in SRSU, such as the role of training database, remain unclear. According to the example-based SR reconstruction, training databases impact the reconstruction and consequently may also impact SRSU. This study investigated how training databases affect the SRSU, so the training database can be designed appropriately. A Markov network model was employed as a way to implement SR reconstruction. Ten training databases, derived from different types of remotely sensed images and non-remotely sensed images, were constructed and each training database-based SRSU was evaluated with respect to unmixing accuracy. Surprisingly, the experiments revealed that the SRSU performance is not sensitive to the types of training databases, since different training databases resulted in similar accuracy in spectral unmixing.


The classical limit of a quantum system with one degree of freedom is examined in terms of the contraction of the underlying non-compact kinematical algebra w1 (the Weyl-Heisenberg algebra) to the three-dimensional Abelian algebra t3. An appropriate definition of the contraction of a Lie algebra and of a sequence of its representations is given. For some quantum systems with simple explicitly integrable dynamics, it is shown how the classical Poisson bracket and classical trajectories are obtained in the limit. Each trajectory is associated with a one-dimensional representation of t3 within a direct integral of such representations in a Hilbert space. Each of the corresponding generalized one dimensional subspaces is stable under the action of the limiting dynamics, and a superselection rule arises naturally between any two such subspaces.


It is proved by relative fire accident data that the key points of fire fighting is the prevention of urban fire accidents and large urban fire,and the key of that is the prevention of mass sacualties fire event.Based on the typical cases of mass sacualties fire event,the experiences of fire prevention and controlling were concluded,and 3 outlines of mass sacualties fire events prevention and controlling were discussed.


Urban bio-waste includes the organic parts of solid waste from restaurants and homes, and waste from gardens, parks and commercial food processing. Bio-waste has a cost, with management of private household food waste alone costing nearly 100 billion euros annually in the EU, but it is also a valuable resource: it can be used for compost or livestock feed, for instance, and can even be redistributed for human consumption.


An overview of the United States Space Shuttle Orbiter APU, which provides power to the Orbiter vehicle hydraulic system, is presented. Three complete APU systems, each with its own separate fuel system, supply power to three dedicated hydraulic systems. These in turn provide power to all Orbiter vehicle critical flight functions including launch, orbit, reentry, and landing. The basic APU logic diagram is presented. The APU includes a hydrazine-powered turbine that drives a hydraulic pump and various accessories through a high-speed gearbox. The APU also features a sophisticated thermal management system designed to ensure safe and reliable operation in the various launch, orbit, reentry, and landing environments.


This page provides an alphabetical list of definitions of terms used to denote key concepts, organising principles and approaches to teaching and learning in the Victorian Essential Learning Standards.


This paper presents the reliability analysis of a manual ultrasonic time of flight diffraction test system for characterization of surface breaking inclined cracks. Probability of detection (POD) and probability of sizing (POS) curves for the detection and sizing of such cracks have been developed from experimental data. In the development of POD and POS curves, it has been assumed and subsequently verified that the signal responses (â values for an angle of inclination of the crack 0) have a normal distribution. The effects of probe angle and probe center spacing on both POD and POS have been investigated. The curves obtained in this work can be useful in risk based test planning for simple geometry components, such as pipelines and boiler headers, using a manual/automated time of flight diffraction system.


We first explain the concept of dark matter,then review the history of its discovery and the evidence of its existence.We describe our understanding of the nature of dark matter particles,the popular dark matter models,and why the weakly interacting massive particles(called WIMPs)are the most attractive candidates for dark matter.Then we introduce the three methods of dark matter detection:colliders,direct detection and indirect detection.Finally,we review the recent development of dark matter detection,including the new results from DAMA,CoGent,PAMELA,ATIC and Fermi.


One important point in the determination of the automorphisms of the classical groups is the study of group-theoretic properties of the elements of order 2, that is, the involutions. The group of similitudes and the projective group of similitudes of a non-degenerate quadratic form Q are extensions of the orthogonal group and the projective orthogonal group, respectively. These extended groups may contain involutions which do not belong to the orthogonal group or the projective orthogonal group. To study the automorphisms of such groups, group-theoretic properties of some of these new involutions should be established. The aim of this paper is to give some properties of a similitude T of ratio ρ whose square T2 is equal to the scalar multiplication by — p (it is always assumed that we are dealing with a field of characteristic ≠2). If ρ = — 1, T is an involution in the group of similitudes and for any ρ the coset of T in the projective group of similitudes is an involution.


Objective: To quantify the childhood infectious disease burden and antibiotic use in the Northern Territory's East Arnhem region through synthesis and analysis of historical data resources.


According to the typical characteristics of Vietnamese modifiers post positioned, a Chinese Vietnamese statistical machine translation method that fuses language post positioned characteristic function was proposed. In this method, firstly we analyzed the grammar differences between Chinese and Vietnamese, and extracted the difference of attribute position, adverbial position and qualifier order. Secondly we defined ordering block based on those difference, and added mapping method of ordering block to decoding algorithm in phrase based statistical machine translation model, then recorded N-best candidate translations and its score P produced by decoding. Thirdly reordered ordering block with language post positioned characteristic reordering algorithm and estimated score D by unconditional maximum likelihood probability distribution. Finally we chose the best translation based on score P and score D. We used lexicalized reordering model based phrase statistical machine translation as contrast experiment. The results of experiment show that our method effectively improves the quality of translation.


A modeling study of C60 in nanotubes is presented, with focus on a new approach. We report on the elastic properties, energetics, and certain tribological issues, for C 60 inside (n, n) nanotubes, withn ranging from 5 to 10. A new combined molecular dynamics/continuum approach with account of both the nonbonded and bonded interactions was used. The elastic properties of the nanotube were analytically derived on the basis of the Tersoff-Brenner potential. The derived Young's modulus is consistent with experimental values. We have computed the case where the C 60 has zero initial velocity and is "sucked" into the (10, 10) or (9, 9) tubes due to the sharp force gradient present from the deep attractive potential at the tube inlet; C 60 then oscillates back and forth inside the (10, 10) and (9, 9) nanotubes. C 60 seems to make a perfect nanobearing system when in the (10, 10) tube. In a separate modeling study, C 60 was fired on axis at high velocity (from 400 up to 1600 m/s) toward the six different armchair nanotubes. Over this velocity range the C 60 could only penetrate into the (10, 10) and (9, 9) nanotubes, rebounding from the (8, 8), (7, 7), (6, 6), and (5, 5) tubes.


10 This paper is to study the unauthorized urban neighborhoods, which cause critical multifaceted difficulties. It explores the reasons that 11 have resulted in the unauthorized urban neighborhoods generally and in Chabahar city particularly. This paper has performed a case 12 study to analyze the socioeconomic, spatial, skeletal, and functional effects of the illegal neighborhoods in the Chabahar city with the 13 help of academic methods and field observations. It reviews various theoretical ideas and experiences could assist the rehabilitation 14 and reconstructing of the unauthorized urban districts. It discusses optimal strategic regional/urban revitalization planning procedures 15 to solve the problems in Chabahar. Finally, this paper suggests a renewal/rebuilding possible development program, including eight 16 mother projects. The results of the renewal program will be substituted with the present informal and eroded neighborhoods in the city. 17 The renewal program made progress in both physical features of the city and urban life quality indicators simultaneously. The model 18 suggested by this paper will be feasible in similar regions everywhere. 19 2016 The Gulf Organisation for Research and Development. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 20


A novel approach for precise interferometric measurements of small transient phase shift of any speckled wave is discussed. The technique is based on a recently discovered polarization self-modulation effect in photorefractive crystals. The essence of this effect is that any intensity pattern is recorded in the form of the space-charge field inside the crystal. Then the same pattern propagates in the self-induced spatially-non-uniform electric field. As a result, the polarization state of the transmitted pattern becomes spatially modulated. Any pattern displacement results in change of the transmitted polarization distribution due to the linear electrooptic effect. Polarization modulation is readily converted into amplitude modulation by installation of a polarization analyzer after the crystal. In the proposed method, the crystal operates as a self-induced electrooptic modulator. The model of the polarization self-modulation effect is presented. It is shown that the signal-to-noise ratio of the proposed technique approaches to that of the ideal homodyne interferometer. Comparison of the proposed method with two- wave mixing technique is given.


Aim at the high torsional torque building up on elastic shaft during the starting process of induction motor driving large inertia load, the reason of torsional torque oscillation and the effect of soft-starting on shaft torque were discussed in this paper, it showed that the torsional torque oscillation was substantially reduced with thyristor soft-starting without affecting the starting performance of the induction motor.


Abstract : The advent of the World Wide Web provided the feasibility of instant feedback between student and instructor analogous to the teaching methodology of ancient Greece. However, modern lecture halls or classrooms notably diminish the student's knowledge expectancy, suggesting a normal distribution curve. Research results affirm that learning is the sole responsibility of the student. However, unless the design team responsible for developing the distance education course addresses on-line variances and the instructors acknowledge their responsibility to provide motivation by putting a personal instructional touch into the "tube," the attainable two-sigma shift to the right will not be achieved. Therefore, has the Web's distance asynchronous on-line instruction defined a solution for the long-held dilemma of finding an educational methodology that will achieve results analogous to tutorial education and, if so, under what conditions would those similar results be achieved?


By restricting the spatial energy transmission of an electromagnetic wave, dielectric waveguides transmit light over long distances at sustained intensity. Waveguides have been used in the microwave and optical range to maintain strong signal intensities in connection with lasers, but guiding of intense short-wavelength radiation such as x-rays has proven more cumbersome. Here we investigate theoretically how tapered x-ray waveguides can focus and guide radiation from x-ray free electron lasers. Elliptical waveguides using a cladding material with high atomic number such as platinum can maintain an x-ray intensity up to three orders of magnitude larger than in free space. This feature can be used to significantly enhance resonant interactions of x-rays, for instance driving nuclear transitions up to transient nuclear population inversion. This could be the first breakthrough in nuclear state population control. Our results anticipate the important role of tapered x-ray waveguides in the emerging field of x-ray quantum optics with nuclear transitions.


S ince the 1970s, getting things done – or, to put it in more formal terms, implementation – in pursuit of public policy objectives has been the subject of enormous amounts of sometimes unilluminating literature. Most of this has focused on macro-level policy objectives – implementing government decisions. In this article I will summarise one outstanding but sometimes misunderstood and often neglected paper from this body of work. I will argue that its insights are just as applicable to implementing management decisions made in the middle of a hierarchy as to policy decisions made by government ministers. In order to explain the distinctiveness of this paper we must first characterise certain aspects of the literature from which it differs. Much implementation research finds it surprising that anything like policy ever gets implemented at all. Among the many reasons given for this are the impossibility of specifying from the top of a hierarchy exactly what is to be done at the bottom and the complexity of linkages between agencies, departments and hierarchical levels, each of which provides a potential barrier to implementation. In a groundbreaking paper, Elmore (1979) argued that the above problems derived from an approach to implementation that he termed "forward mapping". That is, one in which problems and objectives are defined at the top of the hierarchy, with a consequent passing downwards of solutions and instructions. According to such logic, the main remedies for implementation failure are a tightening of hierarchical discipline and increased specificity of objectives and instructions for implementation. When such remedies fail, says Elmore, the reaction is often to call for market or quasi-market solutions that aim to bypass the problems of hierarchy. Elmore asserts that such solutions bring their own problems (of market failure) and proposes instead a logic that he terms backward mapping. His core assumption is that the closer an actor is to the source of the problem to be addressed, the more likely a person is to be able to influence it, since it is at operational levels that the necessary skill and expertise are typically located. He writes:


The invention relates to a test device of a machine tool spindle, in particular to a machine tool spindle reliability test bed based on mixed loading of electro-hydraulic servo and a dynamometer, and aims to solve the problem that the conventional machine tool spindle reliability test device cannot truly simulate dynamic cutting force loading, static cutting force loading and cutting torque loading. The machine tool spindle reliability test bed mainly comprises a machine tool spindle supporting part, a torque loading part and a cutting force loading part, wherein the machine tool spindle supporting part is formed by combining a spindle box base plate (14) and an iron gasket (15); the torque loading part consists of a loading rod (12), an elastic diaphragm coupler (9) and the dynamometer (8), which are coaxially assembled; and the cutting force loading part employs two loading modes, namely a cutting resultant force loading mode and a cutting axial force and radial force separated loading mode. By performing reliability test for simulating true working conditions on the tested machine tool spindle, the failure of a product is stimulated and exposed, and practical basic data are provided for reliability growth and evaluation of the product.


The patterns of movement and foraging were investigated in larvae of the Chilean sympatric species D. melanogaster and D. simulans. Frequencies of 'rover', 'sitter' and 'digger' larvae, as well as locomotion and the angle size of turning were recorded in nutritive and non-nutritive environments. In these environments the sibling species differ in frequencies of 'rover', 'sitter' and 'digger' larval phenotypes. There are also differences in these frequencies between the populations of each species and across larval age. As development proceeds, the larvae of D. melanogaster and D. simulans become more diverse in their behaviours. Depending on larval age, strain and species, larval locomotion may be: i) similar in the presence and in the absence of food (D. simulans), ii) lower in yeast suspension than on agar (D. melanogaster), iii) higher in the presence of food than on agar (D. simulans). The angle size of larval turning also shows variability which depends on larval age, strain and species. Statistical significance of the correlation between locomotion and turning, and the regression of turning on locomotion in larvae of D. melanogaster and D. simulans depends on larval age, strain, species and the environment in which the larvae grow.


Background: The role of MB in tumors cells is yet unclear. Results: MB is induced by hypoxia in breast cancer cell lines, possibly by an alternative transcription start site. Knockdown of MB in breast cancer cells is functionally relevant and significantly alters cellular respiration. Conclusion: MB might impair mitochondria in hypoxic cancer cells. Significance: MB might have tumor-suppressive functions, not described so far. Recently, immunohistochemical analysis of myoglobin (MB) in human breast cancer specimens has revealed a surprisingly widespread expression of MB in this nonmuscle context. The positive correlation with hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) and carbonic anhydrase IX suggested that oxygen regulates myoglobin expression in breast carcinomas. Here, we report that MB mRNA and protein levels are robustly induced by prolonged hypoxia in breast cancer cell lines, in part via HIF-1/2-dependent transactivation. The hypoxia-induced MB mRNA originated from a novel alternative transcription start site 6 kb upstream of the ATG codon. MB regulation in normal and tumor tissue may thus be fundamentally different. Functionally, the knockdown of MB in MDA-MB468 breast cancer cells resulted in an unexpected increase of O2 uptake and elevated activities of mitochondrial enzymes during hypoxia. Silencing of MB transcription attenuated proliferation rates and motility capacities of hypoxic cancer cells and, surprisingly, also fully oxygenated breast cancer cells. Endogenous MB in cancer cells is apparently involved in controlling oxidative cell energy metabolism, contrary to earlier findings on mouse heart, where the targeted disruption of the Mb gene did not effect myocardial energetics and O2 consumption. This control function of MB seemingly impacts mitochondria and influences cell proliferation and motility, but it does so in ways not directly related to the facilitated diffusion or storage of O2. Hypothetically, the mitochondrion-impairing role of MB in hypoxic cancer cells is part of a novel tumor-suppressive function.


The exponential distribution is commonly used to model and examine lifetime data. When applying the exponential model, it is critical to develop efficient goodness of fit tests. In this article, we first propose some new entropy estimators for Type-II censored data and then introduce some goodness of fit test statistics for the exponential distribution based on Type-II censored data using different entropy estimators. The critical values of the tests do not depend on the scale parameter of the exponential distribution and therefore the proposed tests are exact. The critical values and powers of the tests are obtained. The Monte Carlo simulation study indicates that the proposed tests have higher powers than competing tests against the alternatives with monotone increasing hazard functions. Real-life data examples demonstrate the applicability of the proposed tests in practice.


Sihobuk peanuts are nuts originating from Sihobuk Village, Tarutung, North Tapanuli. Sihobuk is a brand name taken from the name of a bean producing village. Not different from other nuts, Peanut Sihobuk has a savory and crunchy taste. Peanut Sihobuk is a kind of snack / snack that can make the audience not want to stop eating it. It is believed that the Sihobuk peanut market will grow rapidly in the future. This was triggered by the designation of Lake Toba as a major tourist destination and the inauguration of Silangit airport as an international airport. Many tourists will visit the North Tapanuli area and will definitely look for local culinary delights, including Sihobuk beans. Copyright or Patent is a right to protect a product or a work. Where protected products are guaranteed by state law. This allows the product to not be imitated or plagiarized by other competitors who are competing in selling other regional specialties.


Persistent low level of beta-hCG (PLL) is defined as rising hCG level no more than two-fold over a three months period. Almost many types of PLL can lead to the wrong diagnosis. Here, we presented two cases of the retained product of conception (RPOC) with persistent low levels of beta-hCG. Both cases were presented with persistent low levels of beta-hCG and abnormal uterine bleeding since first-trimester pregnancy termination. Ultrasonography revealed a vascular mass with extension from the endometrial cavity to myometrium imitating gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) or arteriovenous malformation (AVM). The final pathologies of both cases were retained product of conception. Imaging features of RPOC can closely imitate those of an AVM or GTN; so, hysteroscopy is one of the best non-invasive procedures which may be helpful in diagnosis and selection of appropriate treatment especially in young patients who desire to preserve their fertility.


Samples of lead zirconate titanate Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 with europium (Eu) doping concentration of 0, 0.5, 1.5, 3 mol% (PEZT) were fabricated by sol–gel method. XRD spectra showed that the introduction of Eu into PZT favored the growth of (100) orientation. With 3% Eu content, the preferential orientation of the film converted from (111) to (100) orientation. The Eu-doped PZT films exhibited lower leakage current less than 10-9 A/cm2 and the behavior of leakage current was discussed in terms of defect chemistry theorem. When Eu content was 1.5%, the remanent polarization (Pr) increased to 28 μ C/cm2 which was much higher than that of undoped PZT film.


INTRODUCTION: Tracheostomies are performed to facilitate weaning trauma patients from mechanical ventilation (MV) Our previous data demonstrated that nine days are required to liberate a patient from the ventilator following tracheostomy We hypothesized that institution of a dedicated weaning protocol would decrease the number of days to liberate from the ventilator following tracheostomy METHODS: We prospectively collected data from consecutive trauma patients ≥18 years of age who underwent a tracheostomy after implementation of a weaning protocol March 1, 2020 through May 30, 2020 We excluded patients with cervical spinal cord injuries and patients with COVID-19 We compared this to a pre-protocol cohort The primary outcome was time from tracheostomy to liberation from MV, defined as ≥24 hours of continuous trach collar RESULTS: There were 17 patients who met criteria in the weaning protocol group and 99 patients in the pre-protocol cohort The protocol group was significantly older (59 yrs vs 45 yrs, p=0 002) and had a lower injury severity score (20 vs 32, p<0 001) There was no difference in sex, injury type, or days intubated prior to tracheostomy The protocol group was weaned from MV after 5 2±6 2 days and the preprotocol group, 8 7±6 9 days (p=0 042) There was also a significant difference in the pneumonia rate with the protocol group having a higher incidence (p=0 044) There was no significant difference in ICU or hospital length of stay, or death between the two groups CONCLUSIONS: Ventilator liberation occurred significantly faster in trauma patients after implementation of a dedicated weaning protocol despite having an older population and a higher incidence of pneumonia As ventilator days usually drive ICU utilization, it remains unclear why earlier liberation did not decrease ICU length of stay and warrants further investigation


Preservice teacher education curriculum development in Singapore has had to confrort the problem of more closely integrating theory with practice. In an effort to do this, the foundational studies curriculum was established in the National Institute of Education in Singapore. Foundational studies covers a broad range of compulsory subjects, such as educational philosophy, psychology, sociology, and certain required academic subjects. The paper describes attempts to bridge the theory-practice gap, using three historical phases of teacher education development in Singapore as the framework. The three phases are: (1) pre-1972, dominated by a traditional training model; (2) 1973-1981, characterized by change and qualitative improvements in the training curriculum; and (3) 1982-June 1990, marked by an effort to integrate programs and the introduction of the practicum curriculum. The latest revisions to the foundational studies curriculum include development of a course, "Principles, Issues and Practices in Education (PIPE)." The course ic designed !-.o provide a firm grounding in the theoretical underpinnings of sound educational practices crucial to the development of creative aril reflective teaching and responsible professional conduct. (AM) **%******************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ********************************************************************** DEPARTMENT OP EDUCATION OPhest 01 Educe [milli Research one Innoovemeni EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER IERICI Tel document has teen reproduceg as recened from the, 01SOn 01 0108,1.200n Ongnal,no Maio, changes have Dee" made Iv .nlotove tehroduChon twahly "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY


On the basis of analysing the advance of agritourism at home and abroad, and the practical significance and basis type of developing agritourism, this paper puts forward suggests to develop modern agritourism sustainably. These suggests are as follows: constructing the big circumstances of agritourism, carrying on the development of tourism resource and the protection of natural environment at the same time, combining "Three High Input" with "Three High Benefit" closely.


The MPC places considerable weight on its economic forecasts when setting monetary policy. But there is inevitably uncertainty around the outlook for the economy, and to communicate this, the MPC publishes its projections as fan charts. This article discusses some of the issues that must be taken into account when assessing those fan charts, it reports a range of formal and informal tests of various aspects of the MPC's fan charts, and it discusses developments in the economy that may have pushed outturns away from the MPC's central projections. With only six years of fan chart projections that can be compared with outturns, the sample is too small to draw strong conclusions. But to date, at most forecast horizons, inflation and output growth outcomes have been dispersed broadly in line with the MPC's fan chart bands. That suggests that the fan charts gave a reasonably good guide to the probabilities and risks facing the MPC.


The interaction energies of hcp and fcc helium are calculated by using a many-body expansion and cluster approach. The two- to six-body contributions are evaluated based on numerical solution of the Schrödinger equation for N-atomic clusters in the frame of the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. The convergence of the many-body expansion and its truncation position are discussed for the molar volume from 8.4 to 1.744 cm3 mol−1. It indicates that the five-body interactions become manifest at volume smaller than 3.0 cm3 mol−1, providing negative correction to the potential energy; while the six-body interactions emerge at volume smaller than 2.3 cm3 mol−1, with positive correction. With the use of the Einstein approximation for the zero-point contribution, the calculated 0 K equation of state is given up to 180 GPa and compared with measurements.


The global business environment has undergone a systemic transformation that has influenced the way we see and do business. Central to this transformation is the rising importance of environmental sustainability, social responsibility and sound corporate governance. Given these changes, leaders require training and education about building a values-based, ethical business platform in order to operate effectively. Therefore, it is imperative that business people are appropriately educated in the art of handling matters of this nature. The primary aim of this research study is to evaluate the impact of environmental, social and governance (ESG) education on future business leaders by comparing the expected outcomes of a specific educational curriculum with its actual real-world outcomes. The University of Stellenbosch Business School (USB) introduced a module called Business in Society in 2011. This duration of the module is one full semester. At the time, the course outline stated that the aim of the programme was to improve the decision-making ability of students about ESG issues in the business context. Participants who were busy studying or had graduated from the programme were expected, in reasonable measure, to be able to formulate appropriate responses to the challenges and opportunities inherent in matters of the environment, sustainability and governance. The primary aim of this study was therefore to review and assess both current student's and graduates' envisioned and practical application of theory, their environmental and social awareness levels and any significant changes in ethical outlook and values, or lack thereof. The secondary aim of the study was to assess the quality of the educational intervention itself. In order to review the impact of the programme on participants, the study focused on the subjective experience of the students, their perceptions of the programme and their subsequent behaviour in the workplace as an outcome. The research involved a two-tier approach. The first tier entailed the deployment of surveys to the randomly selected graduates of the programme. The second tier involved interviews with randomly selected respondents in the first round of surveys. These research participants were current and former students of the programme. The expectation was to find that these future business leaders were properly equipped and educated to make the right decisions concerning sustainability issues and ethical dilemmas. Based on the results of the survey, it was evident that the majority of students had come away with a positive experience of the Business in Society Programme, and that the course had had a positive impact on their lives both professionally and personally. The results of the interview analysis offered a holistic review of the experience of students in relation to their learning, the essential learnings and practical application, and the extent of the impact on their personal and professional lives. Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za


FIELD: glass industry; production of the hardened glass mainly used in automobiles. SUBSTANCE: the invention is pertaining to the glazings made out of the hardened glass and mainly used in automobiles. The glass thermally hardened up to the required standards is produced much more easily by hardening of the sheets of the window glass having the high coefficient of the thermal expansion (exceeding 93·10 -7 per one Celsius degree) and the low impact viscosity at destruction (less than 0.72 MPa·m 1/2 ). The suitable glasses are the glasses containing (in mass %) from 64 up to 75 % of SiO 2 , from 0 up to 5 % of Al 2 О 3 , from 0 up to 5% of B 2 О 3 , from 9 up to 16 % of the alkali-earth metal oxide, which is different from MgO, from 0 up to 2 % MgO, from 15 up to 18 % of the alkali metal oxide and at least of 0.05 % of the common iron (in terms of Fe 2 О 3 ). The hardening of such glasses conduct at the pressure of the cooling air of at least by 20 % less, than routinely used pressure of the cooling air. The technical result of the invention is the possibility to harden the glasses, including the thin glasses up to the automobile glass standard with the improved outputs, using the routine methods of hardening. EFFECT: the invention ensures the possibility to harden the glasses, including the thin glasses - up to the automobile glass standard with the improved outputs, using the routine methods of hardening. 18 cl, 6 ex, 4 tbl


Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) modality has had a limited success (<20%) in treating metastatic recurrent Head & Neck Oropharyngeal Squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs). To improve response rates to ICIs, tailored approaches capable to capture the tumor complexity and dynamics of each patient's disease are needed. Here, we performed advanced analyses of spatial proteogenomic technologies to demonstrate that: (i) compared to standard histopathology, spatial transcriptomics better-identified tumor cells and could specifically classify them into two different metabolic states with therapeutic implications; (ii) our new method (Spatial Proteomics-informed cell deconvolution method or SPiD) improved profiling of local immune cell types relevant to disease progression, (iii) identified clinically relevant alternative treatments and a rational explanation for checkpoint inhibitor therapy failure through comparative analysis of pre- and post-failure tumor data and, (iv) discovered ligand-receptor interactions as potential lead targets for personalized drug treatments. Our work establishes a clear path for incorporating spatial-omics in clinical settings to facilitate treatment personalization.


According to the source and characteristic of lipid c ontaining wastewater, several treating technology including grease trap, breakin g of emulsion, coagulation, gas floating and biochemical degradation were illust rated. Through these methods, the COD and oil content of the wastewater could be reduced and the quality of the treated water could reach the national standard of draining.


A conventional phase-shifted full-bridge (PSFB) converter is one of the most promising topologies in high-efficiency and high-power applications because of its small RMS current, inherent zero-voltage switching capability, and clamped voltage stress of the primary switches. However, when the PSFB converter operates with a small duty ratio, a large freewheeling current of an output inductor flows in the primary side, and it causes a large circulating current. In addition, it has a large voltage stress in the rectifier diodes due to a voltage ringing between parasitic components. To solve these problems, a new PSFB converter with a coupled inductor rectifier (CIR) is proposed in this paper. By adopting the CIR structure in the PSFB converter instead of the full-bridge rectifier, the proposed converter eliminates the freewheeling current in the primary side, which significantly reduces the primary circulating current. In addition, the two rectifier diodes of the CIR do not have voltage ringing. As a result, the proposed converter not only reduces the conduction loss in the primary side, but can also use two diodes in the rectifier with a low voltage rating. The effectiveness and feasibility were verified with a 320–400 V input and 56-V/12.8-A output prototype.


To investigate the cause of Alzheimer's disease (senile dementia of Alzheimer's disease type), we examined aluminium (Al) in the brain (hippocampus) of patients with Alzheimer's disease using heavy ion (5 MeV Si3+) microprobe particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis. Heavy ion microprobes (3 MeV Si2+) have several times higher sensitivity for Al detection than 2 MeV proton microprobes. We also examined Al in the brain of these patients by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). (1) Al was detected in the cell nuclei isolated from the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease using 5 MeV Si3+ microprobe PIXE analysis, and EDX analysis. (2) EDX analysis demonstrated high levels of Al in the nucleolus of nerve cells in frozen sections prepared from the brain of these patients. Our results support the theory that Alzheimer's disease is caused by accumulation of Al in the nuclei of brain cells.


INTRODUCTION: Obesity is an abnormal or excessive fat accumulation and is considered as a complex, multifactorial chronic disease. AIM: To access the changes in knowledge of obesity following educational interventions among school going adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A quasi-experimental study was conducted among 157 school going adolescent students of two private schools. (78 from control school and 79 from intervention school). A pre-designed questionnaire was prepared which included ORK-10 (Obesity Risk Knowledge Questionnaire). An integrated educational package for obesity was prepared and used for educational intervention. After one year, data were collected to assess the changes in knowledge related to obesity. RESULTS: A significant increase was observed in the total score in the students of intervention school from baseline to one year follow up. A significant improvement in knowledge regarding factors related to obesity among the students of intervention group was also reported. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that educational intervention at regular intervals resulted in good outcomes of knowledge, attitude and awareness towards obesity.


IN A PROVOCATIVE ESSAY of some years ago, M.l. Finley spoke with conviction and disapproval of "the silence of the women of Rome."l In his view upper class Roman women, with a few scandalous exceptions, led passive, repressed lives in the shadow of their fathers, husbands, and sons to a degree unparalleled in subsequent periods of high culture in the West. This somber picture of the social reality of the life of women under the late Republic and early Empire has been questioned, more recently, by Sarah Pomeroy, who asserts rather: "The momentum of social change in the Hellenistic world combined with Roman elements to produce the emancipated, but respected, upper class woman. "2 She argues that Roman rna trons had a range of choices in their roles and lifestyles as well as a demonstrable influence on the cultural and political life of their times.3 While this view seems rather optimistic, a careful study of the lives of several aristocratic women, as revealed in Cicero's correspondence, suggests that it may be closer to an objective picture. Two examples are Servilia and Caerellia. The former, mother of Brutus the Liberator and mistress of Julius Caesar, appears in the correspondence in a decidedly political role. Cicero seems, at any rate, to take her political influence for granted when he twice mentions her efforts to have the curatio frumenti, grain commission, removed from a Senate decree.4 Caerellia was a necessaria, or intimate friend, of the orator. She seems to have lived quite independently she had wealth of her own, including property in


Ian H. WittenDepartment of Computer Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New firstname.lastname@example.com C. ManzaraDepartment of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, firstname.lastname@example.com ConklinDepartment of Computing, City University, email@example.com paper appeared in Computer Music Journal, 18(1): 70-80, 1994. Reprinted 2003.1


This paper describes a passive time-transformation technique ('Stretch') that permits an exchange of signal time duration for bandwidth. It is not limited to electrical signals or to a particular portion of the spectrum. It is linear in the sense that the principle of superposition is applicable. Good waveform fidelity is preserved and signals that are resolvable at the input remain resolvable at the output, even though the bandwidth may be changed by a large factor. Signal/noise ratios are not affected by the transformation.The basic components of the system are: (1) the uniformly dispersive delay device in which envelope delay is a linear function of frequency and phase shift is a parabolic function of frequency, and (2) the heterodyne mixer in which the heterodyne signal is linearly modulated in frequency. By proper combinations of these non-linear phase and amplitude elements, systems can be devised to speed up, slow down, or reverse the time scale of the input signal.In much the same way that a transformer permits matching the impedance properties of a circuit, the technique permits matching of the bandwidth capabilities of the circuit. One of the most obvious applications is to enable the observation or transmission of extremely fast phenomena with economical, low-bandwidth equipment. Other applications include speed-up of signals to permit efficient time-division multiplexing and the generation of accurately controlled fast waveforms.Application of the technique to wide-bandwidth, wide-baseline directional systems will be discussed. Removal of most of the bandwidth takes place at the individual receiving sites. Because the phase and amplitude characteristics of the signals are preserved, remoting, combining, processing and recording of the information can be performed at practical bandwidths.


A new relative sea level curve for the Robeson Channel area contrasts with previously published curves for the area by inferring that rapid emergence may have commenced at ca. 7400 BP, as much as 1200 yr earlier than previously predicted. Subsequently, uplift may have occurred at much lower rates from ca. 6000 BP to present. A comparison of shell dates used for the relative sea level curve and dates on disseminated total organic carbon (TOC) fraction from lacustrine and marine sediments from sediment cores from emerged coastal lakes shows wide discrepancies. Furthermore, several inifinite TOC dates (> 27,750 to > 40,600 BP) from glaciomarine sediments may imply that the region was ice-free during the last glacial maximum, but the validity of the TOC dates from the sediment cores is questionable due to variable contamination with redeposited detrital organic matter.


Using primary documents (letters, diaries and memoirs), the author reconstructs the Russian army's daily life at the front during the First World War. This study analyses physical and psychological stress, diet and provisioning, goods and monetary allowances, housing, leisure organization and holidays, sanitary and hygienic conditions, etc. The effectiveness of the Russian army is shown from the point of view of "soldiers sitting in trenches" for whom any transport delay had bad consequences.


This study explores the utility of CBSL (community based service-learning) projects as a teaching method of ethics which this process supported by online communication tools in order to enhance progress of service learning and ethical development of undergraduate students and gather data during the research process. This study consists of an action research project and it employs case study method as it attempts to explore a unique phenomenon (CBSL projects) in Eastern Mediterranean University. Triangulation, which involves different methods to gather information, were preferred and the desired data were collected through pre-test, post-test, reflective papers and semi-structured interviews. This research identifies the critical question in the affective domain of learning such as the possibility of affecting students' ethical values in undergraduate years. The results of this study are noteworthy and clearly reflect that CBSL projects lead empowering and worthwhile experiences. Major findings are suggestive of a positive change basically in students' moral development, future awareness and empathy due to CBSL exposure.


Aiming at the uncertainty of design spectrum raised by the construction methods, a comparative study is conducted in which different methodologies performed calculations of seismic response spectra using the same set of ground motion data from recent large earthquakes. The results of the research allowed some estimates to be made of the scaling method and model uncertainty involved in these calculations. These results were compared with the uncertainty derived from the proposed spectrum of a double-parameter-based bi-normalized response spectrum (DPBNS) approach. It is concluded that the sources of uncertainty that the results reflected are mainly impacted by the spectral type, scaling parameters, as well as imposed fixed conditions adopted in the calculations, for the scaling of the design spectra. Then, a discussion is provided on the limitations of these predications, in particular, of the approaches adopted in the construction of seismic spectra.


The invention discloses an exposure method of an electroformed mask plate. The exposure method comprises the following steps of S10, putting a substrate pasted with a dry film on an exposure base platform in an exposure machine, and fixing the substrate by vacuum pores so that the substrate is flat and tightly fitted to the exposure base platform, S11, closing a cabin door of the exposure machine, and carrying out exposure of locating points and an open figure area according to an original file, S12, by CCD, recognizing the locating points, carrying out exposure of a whole substrate dry film area outside the open figure area, and S13, taking out the substrate, feeding the substrate into a developer, and cleaning the dry film in an unexposed area. The exposure method realizes exposure of the whole dry film in a deposition area of a coating rim so that the exposed dry film protects the deposition area of the original coating rim and thus metal ions are not deposited on a core mold and a rim knockout process is avoided and an electroformed finished product can be peeled conveniently and easily. Therefore, the exposure method reduces a deposition material use amount, waste and a cost, shortens a production period, and improves production efficiency.


shift of populations from areas in agricultural decline to new areas of investment—a massive long-term swidden system. Part three is entitled ' Ecological change and social conflict in Modern India ', and covers the British and independence periods. Whereas in other parts of the world European ecological imperialism introduced new seeds, weeds and diseases and created neo-Europes (in new temperate lands), in India and China it met with more ' ecologically resistant' civilizations. The new onslaught in India therefore aimed more at resources rather than new land for grain production, and the authors focus on colonialism's impact on forestry. Here the book gains more scholarly depth, with a detailed and less superficial treatment of the demands generated in India for shipbuilding timber and particularly for timber and fuel wood for the railways. In some areas the impact of private contractors meeting these demands was rapacious and destructive, forcing the state to intervene. But in the struggle for control of the forests a fierce argument was waged in the 1860s between those who recognized the customary and mostly beneficial rights of the villagers and those who sought total state monopoly and the possibility of commercial exploitation. The resultant Acts (1865, and more importantly 1978) promulgated Reserved, Protected and Village Forests and weighted the rights in favour of the state and the former, rather than local people and the latter. Forestry became separated from agriculture, and the rights of villagers to fodder and pasturage limited. Then in the first and second world wars the demands on forests to provide for whole theatres of war in the Middle East and South East Asia became insatiable. Yields were far above ' working-plan prescriptions ' (in modern parlance, roughly, ' sustainable'). The authors give many details of peasant resistance to the reservation and management of the forest, particularly by tribal groups who traditionally practised the now discouraged or forbidden jhum—shifting agriculture. But that practice even in the nineteenth century sustained only a small minority of the Indian population, and this detailed study seems here to lose sight of the broad lines of the opening chapters.


Transdermal drug delivery systems deliver drugs through the skin as an alternative to oral, intravascular, subcutaneous, and transmucosal routes. Potential advantages of transdermal delivery include, but are not limited to, elimination of first-pass metabolism, steady delivery/blood levels, better patient compliance, reduced systemic drug interactions, possible dose intervention, avoidance of medically assisted drug administration, prolonged drug administration, and overall better therapeutic efficacy. Patches were the primitive form of transdermal drug delivery systems with conceptually simple engineering. The first representative of the transdermal drug delivery system patch design was Transderm-Scop ® to treat motion sickness. The success of the scopolamine transdermal system was followed by approval of the nitroglycerin, fentanyl, estradiol, nicotine, and testosterone transdermal systems. Inception of trans


Low carbon development should be centered on reducing carbon source and increasing the carbon currency. The key point is to reduce carbon source in industry, architecture and traffic. Architecture reduction is conducive to industrial diversion, expansion of energy recycling and reduction of ineffective transportation.


This article is based on research undertaken for the degree of Doctor of Ministry. Its focus is the investigation of two phenomena raised by members of hospice staff as im- pediments to the delivery of spiritual care. These are the problems of discerning the spiri- tual aspect of interventions with patients, and the apprehension staff feel in being faced with the prospect of meeting those needs for which they consider themselves unprepared. These two phenomena were tested by sharing with staff, six pastoral conversations and re- cording the degree to which they were able to pick up the spiritual content of the conversa- tion. The research discovered that staff, although highly motivated, do not always have the confidence or the knowledge to address the spiritual needs of patients at an appropriate level of sophistication.


Tunneling processes between a multiple-quantum-wire (MQW) system and a two-dimensional electron-gas (2DEG) system, realised in GaAs-Al x Ga 1-x As-GaAs heterostructures, are investigated. Both the initial and the final states involved in a tunneling transition are quantised in such a way that no free momentum component exists in the direction of the tunneling current. Under these conditions, the tunneling probability and selection rules turn out to depend strongly on the profile of the confining potential and therefore on the shape of the one-dimensional (1D) wave function. In order to illustrate this effect, we performed calculations of the transition probability for a series of 1D quantum-wire potentials of different shapes, using a model based on the transfer Hamiltonian formalism


Tracer 18O studies have established that base hydrolysis of coordinated acetyl phosphate in [(NH3)5Co-OPO3COCH3]+ (kOH 0.53 mol-1 dm3 s-1, 25°C, I 1.0 NaClO4) proceeds with exclusive carbon-oxygen bond fission. The hydrolysis of acetyl phenyl phosphate monoanion is significantly catalysed by the exchange-inert hydroxo complex [(NH3)5Co-OH]2+ (kMOH 2.9 × 10-2 mol-1 dm3 s-1, 25°) which operates through a nucleophilic pathway involving attack at carbonyl carbon.


Shakespeare in Print. A History and Chronology of Shakespeare Publishing, by Andrew Murphy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Pp. xiii + 503. Cloth $75.00. One of the editors brought in by John Dover Wilson to help complete the New Cambridge Shakespeare, J. C. Maxwell, was well known for mailing cards or notes to fellow-toilers pointing out their errors. I remember receiving such a card, with no greeting, merely a few words to advise me that on some page or other of my edition of Henry VIII (or All is True, as the Oxford editors would have us call the play) I had incorrectly printed some date, let's say 1597, instead of 1598. Maxwell I think meant to be helpful, though his concern for scholarly accuracy could be seen as pedantic. A notable failed editor, John Crow, who spent years on the Arden 2 series Romeo and Juliet without getting past the collations, liked to claim that he possessed a copy of Maxwell's first printed paper, mocking his zeal for getting things right: Crow said it was entitled "Roman Chariot-races: Clock-wise or Anti-clockwise?" How is it that during the twentieth century editing Shakespeare has become a major scholarly industry, encouraging editors to be obsessive about textual accuracy, and to provide explanatory notes that sometimes explore matters as arcane and trivial as Roman chariot races? Andrew Murphy's Shakespeare in Print does not consider such matters head-on, but in its fine survey of the history of four centuries of Shakespeare editing in Britain and America such questions are implicit and surface explicitly from time to time. The history of Shakespeare editing is also a history of the problematic nature of scholarship, and of the ways in which Shakespeare's works have been valued and interpreted. Murphy provides a straightforward catalog as a "Chronological appendix" to his history, listing all single-text editions up to 1709 and all collected editions published up to 1821, the year that saw the final printing of Edmond Malone's great edition as completed by James Boswell. After this date the listing aims not at thoroughness but rather "to foreground the editions which helped to popularize Shakespeare as well as those which contributed to the advancement of the editorial tradition" (281). So it includes a "Sixpenny Shakespeare" issued by Ward and Lock in 1890 (without providing any more information than this title), and various school editions. The appendix also lists early editions of apocryphal plays, as well as editions of The Two Noble Kinsmen and Edward III. This appendix frees the author to concentrate in his narrative on the context in which editions have been constructed, to trace their purpose and their influence on later publications, and to show how editorial theory has changed and developed through four centuries. In broad outline the history of Shakespeare editing will be familiar to many readers. The first two chapters deal with the early quartos and folios, and are followed by two sections concerned with eighteenth-century editions, the Tonson cartel, and quarrels over the issue of copyright. The next two sections concern matters that are less well known, notably the impact of Irish and Scottish editors who could ignore English copyright laws. The next chapter focuses on American editions that began to proliferate from 1795 onward. Two further sections are devoted to the nineteenth century and the development first of popular editions, and secondly of scholarly ones. These in turn are succeeded by two chapters that neatly divide the twentieth century. The first describes the emergence of the New Bibliography and its influence on editing, while the second starts from Peter Alexander's one-volume edition of 1951 and ends with an account of the Oxford edition and its counterpart in America, the Norton Shakespeare (1997). A concluding section outlines ways in which the New Bibliography has been challenged in recent times, and ideas of editing have changed; it ends with the vision some have of electronic texts that would "not interpose an editor between the sources and the reader" (272, citing John Lavagnino). …


That the resolution of a set of proposals by majority rule may result in outcomes with which a majority of voters disagree in a majority of cases seems first to have been noted by Anscombe (1976). The following example, due to Gorman (1978), illustrates this possibility: (1.1) Proposals 1 2 3 Voters /r L 1 yes yes no 2 /no no no 3 no yes yes 4 yes no yes | 5 lyes no yes.] I Each of the first three voters disagrees with the outcomes, based on simple majority rule, in a majority of cases, voter 1 with the outcomes on proposals 2 and 3, voter 2 with those on proposals 1 and 3, and voter 3 with those on proposals 1 and 2. One senses that such situations materialize when issues are decided by a number of 'close' votes. Thus it is natural to ask how substantial, on average, prevailing coalitions I must be in order to preclude such situations. We find that when prevailing coalitions comprise, on average at least three-fourths of those voting, the set of voters disagreeing with a majority of outcomes cannot comprise a majority. In particular, the rule requiring ratification of amendments to the U.S. Constitution by at least three-fourths of the states guarantees that the set of states whose legislatures have rejected a majority of the amendments thus adopted can never constitute a majority.


The invention discloses a safe transmission method of TLS communication data. The method comprises that 1) a TLS execution environment of a client is divided into a safe environment and a common environment; 2) in the common environment, the client obtains an encryption suite, a TLS protocol version, a compression algorithm, a session ID and two sharing random numbers used by a session by negotiating with a server end; 3) the client transmits the needed parameters from the common environment to the safe environment, the client generates a pre main secrete key, a main secret key and a secret key group in the safe environment, and leads out a session secrete key according to the secret key group; 4) the client uses a public key to encrypt the pre main secret key in the safe environment, transmits the encrypted pre main secret key to the common environment, and sends the encrypted pre main secret key to the server end in the common environment; and 5) in the common environment, encrypted or decrypted data is transmitted to the safe environment for corresponding processing, and the in the safe environment, the processed data is sent to the common environment. According to the invention, the communication safety of the client is improved.


Abstract : A general procedure is presented which enables a design of limiters to be secured once overall specifications are known. Experimental results deal with performance achieved to date on low power prototype limiters for all three frequency ranges of concern. In addition, experimental data on broadband DC returns for the two lower frequency ranges is presented. (Author)


The 13C NMR spectra of 21 catechin derivatives substituted at C‐6/C‐8 by bromine and/or hydrogen and at oxygen by methyl, acetyl and/or hydrogen have been analysed in deuteriated acetone and chloroform. When a methoxy group is flanked by two bulky ortho substituents (6‐Br and C‐4), the MeO and ortho/para ring carbons (C‐4a, C‐6, C‐8) are deshielded owing to steric inhibition of resonance, which permits a distinction between 6‐ and 8‐substituted catechin methyl ethers. Hindered acetoxy groups do not give rise to this phenomenon.


Different concentrations of two different consistency fungicides: cupric complexes of glycine and cupric complexes of mixed amino-acid were supplemented to the media to culture Verticillium dahliae Kleb,Fusarium oxysporum Schl.f.sp.vasinfectum(Atk,) Snyder et Hansen,Fusarium oxysporum f.cucumerinum Owen,Helminthosporium turcicum,Botrytis cinerea Per,Botryosphaeria berengeriana f.sp.piricola.And their inhibiting effects on these six kinds of plant pathogenic fungi were determined.The results indicated that two fungicides both assumed inhibiting effect on six plant pathogenic fungi mentioned above,but cupric complexes of glycine was apparently better than the mixed cupric amino-acid complexes.


Purpose
Strong emphasis on learning can help organizations more closely engage with customers to co-create value for them. Collaboration is vital and leadership plays an important role in establishing the conditions needed for a collective approach to innovation across all levels of the firm.

Design/methodology/approach
This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context.

Findings
Strong emphasis on learning can help organizations more closely engage with customers to co-create value for them. Collaboration is vital and leadership plays an important role in establishing the conditions needed for a collective approach to innovation across all levels of the firm.

Originality/value
The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.


The specific actions taken to improve the health physics aspects of an Emergency Preparedness Program at a commercial nuclear power station are described in this article. Obstacles to the implementation of the improvements are discussed, as well as how these obstacles were overcome.


In this paper, we introduce and investigate new types of Alexandroff spaces using well known types of posets; under the conditions that the corresponding poset is complete lattice, distributive lattice and Boolean Algebra. We present some results about these types. Some characterizations of spaces, spaces, space and spaces are obtained and it mainly shown that a space is space if and only if it is homeomorphic to a product of  copies of Sierpinski space if and only if every join-irreducible element is an atom.


Practical lighting design has hitherto been seriously handicapped by the meagre amount of quantitative data on discomfort glare in most current lighting codes and handbooks. Much valuable fundamental information about glare is available, but before this knowledge can be transferred from the laboratory notebook to the lighting design handbook it must be converted into a form simple enough for the practising lighting engineer to use at the drawingboard stage of design, and it is with the solution of this and related problems that the present paper is primarily concerned. It is shown that by taking a realistic view of the accuracy required when specifying permissible luminance limits for general lighting luminaires, it is possible to devise a tabular method of specifying such limits which is exceedingly quick and simple to apply, yet subtle enough to take reasonable account of the known facts about glare. This new table of recommended luminance limits (for diffusing luminaires and bare fluorescent lamps used for evenly distributed general lighting in work places) has been incorporated in the new artificial lighting code (A.S. No. CA.30) recently published by the Standards Association of Australia.


T extension of the higher education "franchise" to significant numbers of young people with modest means and from underprivileged strata since the mid-1970s has had far-reaching social and political consequences for Palestinian society. This brief article will investigate how Palestinian institutions of higher education—primarily the four universities in the West Bank and Gaza Strip—were implicated in the formation of an influential and hegemonic generation of activist intelligentsia in the crucial two decades preceding the establishment of the Palestinian Authority. It will also discuss this generation's fortunes under the current social and political regime in Palestine. It is appropriate to locate the widening of opportunities for higher education in the mid-1970s within the general trajectory taken by the Palestinian national movement during the same period. It may be noted briefly that changes in the strategic thinking of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) after 1974 identified the Occupied Territories as the site of the future Palestinian state and the main arena for the struggle for its realization. Thus, the establishment of an infrastructure of national institutions as well as a network of political parties and front organizations to promote the struggle can be viewed as the cornerstones of the Palestinian state-building strategy. The few institutions of higher education existing in the Occupied Territories were thus "nationalized," and their rapid expansion after the mid-1970s was supported by funds channeled by the PLO into the Occupied Territories. Wide sectors of society took advantage of this unprecedented availability of highly subsidized "mass" university education, and enrollment in local institutions of higher education rose dramatically during the 1970s and 1980s. Although the PLO and some political parties were instrumental in providing university education in the Arab world and abroad (mainly through scholarships offered by some Arab and then-socialist countries), the bulk of university graduates in the Occupied Territories after the 1970s have been the products of the local educational system. Palestinian universities during the latter part of the 1970s and throughout the 1980s were the prime site for the formation of a cadre of political activists who at important junctures were in the vanguard of the national resistance to occupation. While such cadres were also being recruited and built within other institutions such as secondary schools, labor unions, and women's organizations, the universities were by far the most enabling medium for the crystallization of a politicized cohort of activists. Higher education has been perceived as, and has actually been, an avenue of social mobility for sons and daughters of peasants, refugees, and the urban middle and lower classes in Palestinian society. In this sense, graduates of local universities constitute a significant segment of the growing middle strata in Palestinian society, especially in the period after the establishment of the Palestinian Authority and the expansion of employment opportunities in the growing public and private sectors. What concerns us here, however, is how Palestinian universities were implicated in this process by constituting the environment par excellence for the elaboration of a politically hegemonic elite during the period prior to and after the establishment of the Palestinian Authority. The "nationalization" of the universities during this critical period meant above all that—by virtue of the fact that they were being supported by public, national funds (through the Palestinian Council for Higher Education)— they were part of the national project. As such, their administrations were expected (and often compelled) to allow full freedom of political activity and to align their institutions with the national movement. While political activity was largely conceived of as national, anti-occupation resistance, there was at the same time an increased student focus on internal university politics, embodied in activities such as the campaign for "Arabization" of the curriculum and the struggle for student representation in university bodies. Elected student councils succeeded in wresting a considerable degree of authority (and recognition of the legitimacy of that authority) from university administrations and became a powerful force in university life.


Based on the review of evaluation standard,indicator system,and research content of the desertification in China,the desertification research actuality in our countries was summarized and the developmenttrend of the desertification was studied for overview in past decades.The developmenttrend of the desertification could be represented in three aspects. Firstly,the combination of desertificationresearch with restoration ecology and the adoption of the theory of restoration ecology in the desertification research promoted the demonstration of combating the desertification base on ecosystem diversity,stability,energy flux,and material recycle.Secondly,landscape ecology theory and method by which the changing law of landscape structure in desertifiedareas had been indicated had been used to investigate the desertification process in regional scale.The dynamic mechanism of the occurrenceand development of desertification had been studied and supplemented according to landscape scale in order to provide new scientific proofs and methods for land use and management in the desertified areas.Thirdly,the close combination of hydrology and desertification research had became a very important trend for the desertification research.In this new field,lots of researchers focused on ecological water requirements in individual,population and community scales.Therefore,the restoration and combating desertification have been paid more and more attention by the public.It woulddefinitelybecome one of the principal parts of the global environmental problemsresearch.


Borges does not exist. A group of writers, led by Bioy Casares, is jointly responsible for his work and the notorious Argentinian himself has been played all these years by a second-rate Italian actor. So ran the rumour in Paris when the daily Liberation reported on the 1981 International Borges Colloquium at Cerisy-la-Salle. After Romain Gary's suicide revelation that Emile Ajar, the prize-winning novelist, was none other than his pseudonym, the Parisian hounds were obviously keen to sniff out a literary hoax. To English eyes the newsworthiness of such an item might seem bewildering. Indeed, some months ago, when I wrote to a leading British Borges specialist of the forthcoming colloquium, he expressed the view that the French had little new to say on Borges and 'besides, they're a funny lot'. In retrospect the lack of British and, more surprisingly still, of North American participants, was unusual enough for Cerisy but also speaks volumes on the respective receptions of Borges's work in two worlds often seen to be at odds in his writing itself, the Anglo-Saxon and the Latin.


Irradiation techniques were applied to investigate the effect of gamma irradiation on growth and yield of pearl millet ( Pennicetum glaucum L.) during the cropping seasons of 2014 to 2016 in Nyankpala, Ghana. Seeds of pearl millet were irradiated with gamma rays at 100, 200 or 300 Gy. The irradiated and some unirradiated control seeds were planted in 2014 in a randomized complete block design with four replications. At harvest, all M1 seeds for respective gamma ray doses were harvested and advanced to M2 generation during the 2015 cropping season. Mutant lines with desirable agronomic traits from the M2 generation were advanced to M3 during the 2016 season. Result of screening the M3 mutant lines indicated that mutagenesis followed by selection produced desirable agronomic characteristics. Number of productive tillers was the yield component mostly associated with total grain yield. The mutant lines especially those from the 100 and 200 Gy doses of gamma rays recorded significant improvement in earliness, number of productive tillers, seed weight and total grain yield. The early maturing and high yielding mutant lines are being evaluated in multilocational trials for possible release as varieties for northern Ghana. Keywords: Pearl Millet, Growth, Grain Yield, Gamma Irradiation, Induced Mutation


Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) being an assembly of hundreds or thousands of sensor nodes, each with sensing (temperature, humidity, sound level, light intensity, magnetism, etc.) and wireless communication capabilities, provide vast opportunities for monitoring and mathematical modeling the spatial information about a region of interest. Starting from the measurements collected by sensor nodes inside an investigated spatial distributed system, this paper offers a view upon the use of two interpolation techniques in system identification.


It is clear from the marked disparity between the ever-increasing population of female medical students (up to 70% in some medical schools) and the stubbornly low proportion of female consultant surgeons (approximately 6%) that surgery remains a profession in which women do not succeed at the same rate as their male colleagues. This is undoubtedly due in part to the profession's failure to attract the best women medical graduates but is also a result of the many obstacles along the career pathway that affect women more than men.


Green synthesized the silver nanoparticles from Carica papaya and Andrographis paniculata fresh and dried leaves extracts. The entire silver nanoparticles have been characterized by UV–visible spectrophotometer, SEM, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction method. The average size of fresh leaves Carica papaya and Andrographis paniculata silver nanoparticles between 5-30 and 40-60 nm and average size of dried leaves Carica papaya and Andrographis paniculata silver nanoparticles between 20-60 and 50-70 nm. The result showed that the particles were of spherical and cubic shape in case of fresh and dried leaves Carica papaya and Andrographis paniculata silver nanoparticles. Fresh leaves Carica papaya silver nanoparticles exhibited better antimicrobial and DPPH radical scavenging than the dried leaves Carica papaya silver nanoparticles. Similarly the fresh and dried leaves Carica papaya and Andrographis paniculata silver nanoparticles can cleave DNA completely compared to untreated DNA.


This study builds a two-sector growth model with endogenous wealth accumulation and land price. The economy consists of industrial and agricultural sectors. Methodology: The model is based on the neoclassical growth theory and Ricardian theory. The household's decision is modeled with an alternative approach proposed by Zhang two decades ago. By simulation, we demonstrate that the economic system has a unique stable steady state. The study conducts comparative dynamic analysis with regard to changes in the preference and the two sectors' output elasticities of capital. Findings: Our results demonstrate that economic growth is in tandem with land prices. Recommendations: We show this often-mentioned empirical conclusion in an integrated neoclassical growth theory and Ricardian theory.


Liberal pluralists have argued that minority cultural communities are necessary for the liberty of minorities. On the premise that individual rights are insufficient to protect these cultural communities, they argue that ethnic and national groups should be allocated some type of collective autonomy. In this article, we critically examine this claim through a discussion of policies regarding Hungarian minorities. We show that liberal pluralist approaches (1) privilege ethnic and national identities over other types of communal identities, (2) require that ethnic and national communities be clearly bounded, but do not address how lines should be drawn, and (3) increase the power of cultural communities over their members. Policies based on liberal pluralist ideas therefore violate principles of equality and are likely to harm the autonomy of individuals. Rather than looking to liberal pluralist theories as a panacea for minority concerns, we demonstrate why we should be sceptical about this effort to move beyond minority protections based on individual rights. © ASEN 2005.


Problems of poor performance in science and mathematics education have been related to language deficiencies, including writing skills. Writing to learn science is an important skill but is not easy to acquire, especially when children learn in a second language. In order to investigate possibilities for developing writing in South African and Swedish science classrooms a multiple case study design was employed using classroom observations, teacher interviews and samples of learners work produced in science second-language classrooms in both countries over a period of 6 months. The research questions were 'what text types do learners in a grade 6 Science classroom produce, and how are they assisted to produce such text types?' Four major themes emerged, namely, the use of pre-determined text types; evidence of a spoken text-type discourse; teachers' lack of knowledge about text types; and lack of support in assisting learners in producing written text. These themes have implications in terms of understanding the current situation and providing a point of departure for assisting teachers and children to develop the skill of writing to learn science, an implicit aim of the curricula in both countries.


Service learning is a teaching strategy used to connect classroom curriculum with service projects in the community (Skinner & Chapman, 1999). These opportunities enrich educational goals and enable students to apply what is learned in the classroom to meaningful service opportunities in their communities (National Commission on Service Learning, 2007). Service learning opportunities require a specific process in which students prepare and participate in the service opportunity as well as reflect and connect what was learned to classroom content (Eyler & Giles, 1999). Education is changing and evolving. Educators are responsible for meeting the needs of all students, with various abilities (Tomlinson, 2001 ). Service learning opportunities help educators meet the needs of all students. There are several academic, emotional, and social developmental benefits of service learning. Students can also learn civic responsibility and community involvement through service learning opportunities (Bringle & Phillips, 2003). Service learning opportunities enhance academics and help instill positive youth developmental characteristics in students. Service learning opportunities are supported by educators as well as stakeholders in the community (National Commission on Service learning, 2007). During a time when education reform is at the height of discussion, administrators, educators, parents, and stakeholders all support and recognize the benefits of service learning opportunities in schools and are willing to financially support such programs (Academy for Educational Development). Service Leaming 1 The Effects of Service Leaming on Students Education in the United States is changing and evolving (United States Department of Education, 2006). Educators continue to learn more about the way in which children learn. Current educational research has supported the idea that children learn differently. Researchers continue to present information to educators with the intention of heightening the awareness of students' varying learning abilities (Tomlinsom, 2001). The purpose of heightening awareness regarding students' learning abilities is so educators can meet the needs of all students, regardless of abilities. Thus, traditional teaching methods have changed and adjusted to accomplish this task. Educators are constantly searching for ways to differentiate their instruction and spark an interest in all students (Tomlinson, 2001). American classrooms are diverse consisting of students with varying needs and abilities (Balsano, 2005). Furthermore, education reforms such as the No Child Left Behind Act (2001 ), the push for integration into the regular education classrooms, and differentiated instruction have forced educators ·to change and adapt their teaching methods to meet the needs of all students in the classroom (United States Department of Education, 2006). With the implementation of these reforms, it is vital that educators use adaptations and different teaching methods to help all children succeed (Balsano, 2005). Service learning is one teaching method that helps address the needs of all students (National Commission of Service Leaming). Service learning creates opportunities for students to integrate classroom curriculum into service projects and tasks in the community. These opportunities are hands-on methods of teaching the Service Learning 2 classroom curriculum. Service learning opportunities reiterate classroom curriculum and help less advanced students better understand the content (Eyler & Giles, 1999). Furthermore, these opportunities allow more advanced students the opportunity to take classroom curriculum one step further. Advanced students plan, participate, reflect, and apply an experience to the classroom content (Eyler & Giles, 1999). Thus, service learning opportunities are a form of differentiated instruction (Tomlinson, 2001 ). There has been a shift in education from involvement in community service to implementing service learning (Muscott, 2000). Community involvement tends to be a one-time task in which students participate in a task without any preparation, reflection, or connection to the curriculum, whereas service learning requires preparation, participation, reflection, and application (Muscott, 2000). Thus, service learning, in a sense, more meaningful and purposeful than community service or volunteerism because students are applying what was learned to classroom content and integrating the core values learned through the service into their own life (Muscott, 2000). Service learning opportunities enhance academic curriculum and help promote awareness of social issues within the community. Both administrators and educators support these opportunities. The National Youth Leadership Council (2005) compiled a report entitled Growing to Greatness: The State of Service Learning projects in United States Schools. The report consists of compiled data from public school principals regarding the impact of community service and service learning in public schools. The results showed that nearly forty-six million schools in the United States implement some form of service learning requirement in the curriculum. Furthermore, during a time when Service Learning 3 improving education in the United States is a top priority, school principals and parents continue to support and value the purpose of service learning (Balsano, 2005). There are several academic, social, and emotional benefits to service learning. Furthermore, these opportunities help instill positive youth characteristics, which in turn, help decrease the likelihood of future negative behaviors (Bringle & Phillips, 2003). The following pages define service learning and present specific characteristics that differentiate service learning from community service and volunteerism. Different types of service learning will also be addressed as well as the various academic, emotional, and social benefits of participating in service learning opportunities. Finally, several researchers argue that service learning opportunities help instill positive youth developmental characteristics in students. Importance of Service Learning Improving the quality of education in the United States has been a top priority for several years (Fiske, 2001 ). Several educational reforms have been passed with the intention of improving education and meeting the needs of all students, regardless of their abilities and needs. The terms differentiated instruction, multiple intelligence, integration, accountability, standardized testing are all concepts and teaching methods that play an important role in educating children (Tomlinson, 2001). The Academy for Educational Development compiled a poll to determine Americans' perspective on the importance of service learning (Academy for Educational Development, 2006). The poll surveyed more than two thousand Americans. The results suggested that Americans believe strongly in the purpose of service learning Service Learning 4 (Academy for Educational Development, 2006). The results also suggested that Americans expect schools to prepare its students for the future by teaching advanced skills to succeed beyond formal education (Academy for Educational Development, 2006). Additionally, Americans believe that teachers should strive to connect information learned in the classroom to skills students will need to be successful at work and in the community (Academy for Educational Development, 2006). Therefore, during a time of budget cuts and focus on the core subjects including reading, math, and science, the polled Americans believe that service learning opportunities are important, beneficial, and help accomplish important academic goals. Furthermore, Americans believe that students learn the values and skills needed to be successful in school and in the community through service learning experiences (Fiske, 2001). Service Learning The definition of service learning is defined by specific characteristics. These characteristics differentiate service learning from community service and volunteerism in several ways (Richardson, 2003). The following section defines service learning and describes the specific criterion of service learning. Definition of service learning. Service learning is a teaching method that enhances classroom curriculum. Students apply the concepts learned in the curriculum to service projects in the community. Essentially, students combine learning objectives with genuine needs in the community. Service learning is education in action (Avenatti, Garza, Panico, 2001). Unlike community service, service learning allows students to apply classroom content, prepare for the experience through research or interviews, Service Leaming 5 participate in the service experience, reflect on the experience, and discuss ways to further integrate the concepts learned from the service experience (Avenatti, Garza, & Panico, 2001). According to the National Commission on Service Leaming (2006), service learning is defined as opportunities linked to academic content and standards which help young students determine and accomplish genuine community needs. Service learning opportunities are reciprocal, benefiting both the community and the student (National Commission on Service Learning, 2006). Furthermore, these opportunities combine a service experience with a learning experience, can be used in any subject area as long as it relates to the learning goal, and works with all ages (National Commission on Service Leaming, 2006). Service learning experiences are typically positive and meaningful to students participating. They can help develop skills of teamwork and encourage students to apply problem solving skills and critical thinking skills beyond knowledge learned in textbooks (Eyler & Giles, 1999). The learning from service learning opportunities tends to be more meaningful and emotionally driven than classroom learning alone (Eyler &


A 67-year-old man presents with a cough and history of weight loss of several weeks' duration. Chest imaging reveals the presence of a pulmonary mass. What is your diagnosis?


An experimental study of several models used to analyze the longitudinal dynamics of oscillations in launch vehicle propellant tanks, is presented. Several vehicle structural configurations are considered: hemispherical and spherical, cylindrical and spherical, and semiellipsoidal and ellipsoidal. Various bulkheads and flanges are used with each configuration. The results are given in graphs.


A Nature News article last week talked about the confusion that happens if a number of authors have the same or similar names (Scientific publishing: Identity crisis). This is apparently a special issue in China because of the difficulties transliterating ...


Relevance. About 5 million people suffered from the large-scale Chernobyl nuclear power plant (CNPP) accident in 1986, mainly citizens of Russia and Republic of Belarus. Governments of these states and the Union State of Russia-Belarus created on December 8, 1999 have been consistently implementing for many years a set of targeted programs and measures to provide special, including high-tech, medical assistance to the Chernobyl accident survivors. Features, profiles, types and amount of high-tech medical care for the Chernobyl accident survivors need to be summarized and are the basis for improving its budgeting within the Union State. Intention. To identify, on the basis of long-term data, the features, main profiles, types and amount of high-tech medical care for survivors of the Chernobyl accident in 2014-2020.Methodology. There were analyzed 843 medical records of Chernobyl accident survivors who received high-tech medical care in the multidisciplinary clinic N 2 of the Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, EMERCOM of Russia (St. Petersburg).Results and Discussion. High-tech medical care for Chernobyl accident survivors implies waiting lists and forecast parameters, preliminary treatment of comorbidities and medical rehabilitation afterwards. Profiles, types, amount of hightech medical care over 2014-2020 are described. Most popular high-tech care included cardiovascular, traumatology and orthopedics and ophthalmology interventions.Conclusion. Data provide an important basis for planning the types of high-tech medical care for the Chernobyl accident survivors within the framework of the targeted activities of the Union State.


While metabolic syndrome (MS) is rapidly expanding and dietary pattern, the known risk factor of MS, goes through heavy transition to western diet, not many researches have been done on the association between dyslipidemia and dietary factors in Korean adults. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between compliance with dietary guidelines and dyslipidemia among Koreans. The subjects of 399 adults who visited health examination center were classified into dyslipidemia (n = 180) and control (n = 219). Diagnosis of dyslipidemia was based on NCEP-ATPⅢ criteria (triglyceride > =150㎎/d, HDL-C < 50 ㎎/㎗ for male, HDL-C < 40 ㎎/㎗ for female). A questionnaire based interview was done to collect information on compliance with dietary guidelines, general characteristics and health related behaviors. Anthropometric variables were measured during the survey. Mean compliance score of dietary guideline was significantly lower in dyslipidemia group than in control. It was associated negatively with waist circumference and positively with serum HDL-cholesterol (p<0.05). Risks of dyslipidemia were significantly decreased in the group with highest dietary guideline score; high serum triglyceride levels (OR = 0.484, 95% CI = 0.268-0.875), abdominal obesity (OR = 0.296, 95% CI = 0.159-0.553), and dyslipidemia (OR = 0.481, 95% CI = 0.266-0.869). These results indicated that increasing compliance with dietary guidelines could be an effective strategy to lower the risk of dyslipidemia among Koreans.


The purpose of the present study was to analyze the characteristics of the speech of adolescents with profound hearing impairments. Three vowels (/a/, /i/, /u/) were recorded from a group of seven hearing impaired and three normal hearing adolescents. Samples were analy~ed by the speech analyzing system: TSUKUBA-FM (DANAC 7000, B/K 2032, HP216, HP2671G). From the results of this study, the following finding were observed. 1) the hearing impaired speaker tended to produce three vowels approaching the pattern for the neutral vowel, 2) the amount of overlap of the formant frequencies were typically much greater, 3) the distribution of the formant frequencies in the hearing impaired deviated from the normal range, 4) the third formant and the fourth fonuant of the hearing impared were lower than those of the normal hearing. The results can be used for planning programs for their speech therapy in the hearing impaired.


—Synthesizing kinematically feasible trajectories for legged robots becomes more and more challenging with the increase in the complexity of the obstacles to be traversed. In this abstract we propose an algorithm for the efficient assessment of the kinematic feasibility of center of mass trajectories for legged robots. This allows us to evaluate and optimize motion plans for quadruped robots over unstructured terrains online in a receding-horizon fashion.