SUMMARY Full-thickness segments of the trachea have been removed from dogs and the defects bridged by glass or metal tubes. The tubes were tolerated well by most animals. Examination of the tissue about these tubes at intervals of from two weeks to 14 months following operation revealed that small islands and rings of new cartilage were growing in the granulation tissue. It is believed that this cartilage develops from fibroblasts growing in the granulation tissue. 1 Several other types of operative procedure have been carried out on dogs. The following observations were made:
 1) Longitudinal incisions in the dog's trachea heal without residual deformity of the tracheal wall. Complete transverse division of the trachea and end-to-end suture results in healing with rather marked stenosis in the neck whereas firm healing occurs with much less evidence of stenosis in the thoracic trachea. 2) Transplants of patches of tracheal wall, about 1 cm. square and containing parts of three tracheal cartilages were successfully used to fill defects of similar size. These grafts appeared to be tolerated equally well whether taken from the same animal or transplanted from the tracheas of other dogs. The cartilage gradually disappeared from most of these transplants, the grafts finally being composed of fibrous tissue. In two animals the cartilage did not change in appearance and in two others it appeared that new cartilage was being formed. 3) Segments of the entire trachea, 1 cm. long, which contained three cartilage rings were removed from the thoracic trachea of two dogs and then replaced by suture. These animals had no respiratory difficulty after operation and were sacrificed at the end of three weeks. The incisions were found to be well healed and histological examination revealed the tissues in the grafts to be normal in appearance. Similar transplants in the cervical trachea became partly necrotic and were rapidly replaced by scar, with contracture of the graft and marked stenosis of the trachea. Transplants from one animal to another, in both the cervical and thoracic portions of the trachea, also were replaced by scar and in those animals stenosis developed so rapidly that most of the dogs were sacrificed within two weeks of the operation because of respiratory obstruction.


GLIMM'S THEOREM [5, THEOREMS 1 AND 2]. Let A be a separable C*-algebra. The following conditions are equivalent; (i) A is postliminar (= GCR); (ii) A is type I; (iii) A has no type II representation; (iv) A has no type III representation; (v) for every irreducible representation iof A, r-(A) contains 20e(H,) (H, Hilbert space of i7r); (vi) if 71, 72 are two irreducible representations of A with the same kernel, -x and 7r2 are (unitarily) equivalent; (vii) the Mackey Borel structure on A is standard; (viii) the Mackey Borel structure on A is metrically countably sepcarated.


Since the road infrastructure is an important factor for the economy and safety, the continuous monitoring of the road condition is a necessity. Compared to the widely used costly, time consuming and labour-intensive road condition monitoring using measurement vehicles all over the country, the potential of SAR polarimetry to remotely monitor the road surface roughness, cracks and potholes are investigated in this study. The polarimetric analysis of fully polarimetric X-band radar datasets acquired over the Kaufbeuren test site with DLR's airborne sensor F-SAR revealed that the anisotropy and coherency matrix (T3) elements are sensitive to the road surface roughness and can be used to retrieve the vertical surface roughness. The cross-polar sigma nought images show a considerable increase in their magnitude over the cracks and potholes on the road surface. The initial experimental results obtained from this study are discussed in this paper.


ABSTRACT A mathematical model is presented to predict the drying rates and energy consumption for the process of impingement steam drying of paper during the constant-rate drying period. Preliminary experiments have verified the validity of the simulation model. The predicted results show consumption may be as low as 640 kJ/kg water evaporated while hot air Yankee dryers typically consume 5020 to 7100 kJ/kg water evaporated


Tree Regular model checking is the name of a family of techniques for analyzing infinite- state systems in which states are represented by trees and sets of states by tree automata. From the verification point of view, the central problem is to compute the set of reachable states providing a given transition relation. A main obstacle is that this set is in general not computable in a finite time. In this paper, we propose a new CounterExample Guided Abstraction Refinement technique that can be used to check whether a set of state can be reached from the initial set. Contrary to existing techniques, our approach relies on equational abstraction to ease the definition of approximations and on a specific model of tree automata to avoid heavy backward refinement steps.


Diabetes, a condition where a person's blood sugar level is too high because their body is unable to control it properly, is a chronic disease on the increase.


Abstract This study compared findings on the benefits associated with AA attendance across eleven clinical sites in Project MATCH. The largest benefit associated with AA attendance was increased abstinence, followed by reductions in alcohol-related consequences. The magnitude of these benefits did not differ between sites. A positive association was also found between AA attendance and increased purpose in life, but the size of this relationship was very small and was statistically significant only after controlling for measurement error. Several explanations are offered to reconcile findings in this study with earlier work concluding that: (1) treatment setting moderated subsequent AA benefit, and (2) AA attendance was associated with psychosocial improvement.


Cardiovascular risk means the degree of risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular pathology, predictable by quantifying the risk factors (RF) existing in each individual. Global cardio-metabolic risk is the overall risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and/or CVD, including myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke, which is due to a bundle of risk factors. The cardio-metabolic risk is based on the concept of continuous risk. The importance of cardiovascular / cardio-metabolic risk is particular because controlling its components may affect atherogenesis and its clinical consequences: chronic ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral arteriopathy, but also diabetes mellitus (DM). Currently there is no method to use all the known risk cardio-metabolic factors to quantify cardiovascular risk or diabetes risk.


theological dispute. One of the contributors (Moss) characterizes evil-rightly, I think, as hurt, i.e., unnecessary hurt, deliberately inflicted. Perhaps the most significant connection in the entire book is made by Eigen between evil and demoniacal anality. He may not be exaggerating in saying that this 'is really the disease of modem times'. This subject needs a book to itself but especially a good writer. The sulphurous smell associated with the Devil is not mentioned. I assume that evil, as a reality, is created by human beings without aid from Jarweh; but whether it is a characteristic of individuals or of groups I do not know. I am inclined to think that primarily it characterizes groups but that individuals can pick it up very quickly. And-not to go on about something I have written about more extensively elsewhere-that the purpose behind perpetrating evil is to establish masculinity. In this connection I suppose that the ultimate charge ascribing the source of evil to women contains this grain of truth that the little boy-baby, in order to become a boy, has to do some deal with his mother (which, following Stoller, the baby girl is exempt from).


Constituting the Slovene parliament and government in the 90s was deeply marked by the transition and polarization of Slovene political space. This paper spatially and temporarily frames the historical event and then focuses on a case study of parliamentary and government constitution. It analyses the formal perspective of the process and informal arrangements that crucially shaped the constituting process. This kind of research reveals the depth of parliamentary parties' polarization. The political discourse was woven around for identifications that manifested the polarization. Left-leaning parties, Liberal democratic party (Liberalna demokracija Slovenije) being the most dominant, understood themselves as pro-Europe parties that will bring West-type normality, while right-leaning Slovene people's party (Slovenska ljudska stranka), Slovene Christian democrats (Slovenski krscanski demokrati), and Slovene democratic party (Slovenska demokratska stranka) named themselves spring parties. The first group understood the opposing parties as hindrances to the normalization process, while right-leaning parties feared continuity with socialism and marked the left-leaning parties as old forces. The repeating defeat of right-wing parties (with a few months' exceptions in 2000) reinforced their negative discourse, which fully emerged after the end of the transition.


Didier Fassin's When Bodies Remember: Experiences and Politics of AIDS in South Africa. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2007 Noreen Giffney and Myra J. Hird's Queering the Non/Human. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2008 In When Bodies Remember: Experiences and Politics of AIDS in South Africa, Didier Fassin concludes with a warning about the thought- stifling effects of the "imperious necessity to act in the world" (276). Comparing the temporalities of academic work to a journalist producing a newspaper friendly snapshot of South African society, Fassin eloquently defends an arduous and indefinite process of bearing witness. Similarly, in the preface to Queering the Non/Human, Michael O'Rourke asks that we heed the exhortation by editors Noreen Giffney and Myra J. Hird to get "tangled up in re-making and re-creating a world, [to] open ourselves to the spaceing of the world" (xxi). In juxtaposing these two disparate works through the lens of their creative responses to the shared impersonal demand to better account for the complexity of an uncanny world, this review will illuminate the ethicopolitical stakes of such ontological redescription. Can new queer materialisms, confronted here by the deadly materiality of AIDS, not only help resist the blunting of critical thought but also produce new ways of engaging struggles for survival? To grapple with such a question, Queering the Non/Human pushes queer theory to the limits of recognizability while defending its continued relevance. The editors emphasize the uneasy instability of queer as an academic methodology and political orientation and insist that queer itself must be submitted to a radical critique through the encounter with the non/human. Acknowledging the danger of a disciplinary biopolitics where once disruptive categories and terminology become a manageable mode of scholarly regeneration, this dedication to non/humaning the queer is the most ambitious and provocative part of the book. Claire Colebrook's opening piece, "How Queer Can You Go? Theory, Normality, and Normativity," takes us to the heart of this tension. She argues we have never truly been queer theorists, but instead have performed queer studies, or the use of theory for a pre-given queer politics that contests normativity within certain theoretical boundaries. A truly queer theory, based on her generative reading of Deleuze's radical transcendentalism, would be thought without an image, "to think of the emergence of qualities, potentialities, or Ideas that effect an aleatory point" (22). Why invest in notions of queerness or sexual difference if the goal of theory is to map the traces of ungraspable and groundless relations? One is left wondering how to effect the movement from queer studies to queer theory if we are truly to theorize without the aid of pre constituted commitments. In other words, what new modes of relation, unpredictable in advance, emerge from nonhumaning the queer? Didier Fassin's sensitive ethnographic work in When Bodies Remember provides an interesting response to this question because it is suspended somewhere between queer studies and queer theory as outlined by Colebrook. He uses the new descriptive tools of the latter to simultaneously bring into relief the political commitments lost in the frothy wake of such a profound movement. Fassin believes that his descriptive project is a necessary step in opening up new political possibilities in South Africa, where the controversy over so-called AIDS denialism has spiraled into mutual recriminations and accusations of bloodied hands. The question subtending his project is how to balance the deadly urgency of AIDS with the need for new descriptive tools, without allowing the ethicopolitical stakes to subsume his ontological approach or vice versa. Fassin ensconces his testimonial and narrative evidence of the ravages of AIDS within the dense field of South African political ecology. …


The procurement decision tool ("the Tool") is developed, empirically tested and successfully trialled to significantly advance Value-for- Money in the delivery of infrastructure.The development and empirical testing of the Tool occurred as part of an Australian Research Council grant (ARC Major Infrastructure Procurement 2009-2013). The Tool is cited by Australia's Productivity Commission (in their final report on Public Infrastructure in 2014) and cited by the International Transport Forum (ITF) at the OECD, as part of the "way forward" (in the biggest ever inter-governmental report on infrastructure in 2018). Additionally, the Tool is highlighted as part of a review of procurement choices in an upcoming publication by the National Bureau of Economic Research, USA.The Tool is also trialled and validated on two major infrastructure projects, comprising a case study of a major road project (this report) and a major hospital. These case studies form the basis of the Tool's forthcoming user guide to be published by Infrastructure Australia.This research report presents the case study application and validation of the Tool on a major road, namely, the Toowoomba Second Range Crossing, Queensland, Australia. (Austroads Project No. APD6174)


Title: Cochlear Implants in Children: Ethics and Choices Authors: John B. Christiansen & Irene W. Leigh Publisher: Gallaudet University Press, 2002 Cost: $49.95, hardcover ISBN: 1-56368-116-1 Title: Ethics in Mental Health and Deafness Author: Virginia Gutman (editor) Publisher: Gallaudet University Press, 2002 Cost: $65.00, hardcover ISBN: 1-56368-120-X Reviewer: Simo Vehmas


The purpose of this publication is to explain the basic value of democracy, which is to
participate in the general elections. Issues raised are intended to explain the reasons for targeting
citizens to participate in elections, as one of the basic tasks of a responsible, aware of their rights of
society. A general election is an important aspect in the lives of citizens, which should not be underestimated.
In this way they are expressed aspects such as membership, interest in current affairs, opinion,
responsibility. All these factors have a huge impact on shaping the direction in which it is to be in
Poland in the future. This responsibility rests precisely on society through their conscious choice. Lack
of involvement in social life by not participating in the elections could have negative effects impacting
on future generations. Play an important role in raising awareness of state institutions that perform functions citizens. In cope with such tasks, these institutions should arrange a variety of actions, designed to encourage citizens to participate actively in the selection of candidates, deciding on the most important issues in the country. It is this attitude and commitment is the basis of conscious striving for democracy


The FAA has been given the authority by Congress to license commercial launch or reentry activity to ensure protection of public property, the national security interests of the United States and to promote U.S. Commercial Space Transportation. To meet this responsibility the FAA performs a safety evaluation of an application to launch a vehicle from any launch site in the world by a United States citizen or corporation. In this example, the FAA performed a safety analysis using risk analysis tools developed by ACTA Inc. and the FAA, to determine the risk to the uninvolved public as a result of a launch of a SpaceX Falcon 1 rocket from a launch pad on Kwajalein Atoll, which is governed by the Republic of the Marshall Islands. This paper addresses the considerations given to determine the risk to the uninvolved public, in particular trajectory considerations, debris considerations, population considerations, and methodology considerations. The FAA assessed the risk to the uninvolved public in the Marshall Islands and South America from the flight of the SpaceX Falcon 1 rocket. This paper shows that calculated risk is sensitive to population exposure models and propellant venting capabilities.


Potassium extracting process from potash feldspar by fused sodium chloride and calcium chloride was studied.The results show that the optimal reaction conditions corresponded to different solvent and the reaction temperature change from 850℃ to 1 000℃.The quality ratio of sodium chloride and calcium chloride to potash feldspar are 1.5 and 1.9 respectively.This study will provide fundamental data for the extracting potassium from insoluble potash ore.


This paper presents an optimized single phase DC-AC converter with RCD snubber circuit. The proposed converter has an optimized number of levels per number of switches (nL/nS) which is by far the best relationship among the converters proposed in literature. The most important characteristics of the proposed configuration are: (i) reduced number of semiconductor devices, while keeping a high number of levels at the output converter side, (ii) only one DC source without any need to balance capacitor voltages, and (in) reduced semiconductor losses and as a result higher efficiency. The principle of operation, RCD snubber design, modulation technique, and modeling of the proposed converter are presented in this paper. The proposed multilevel DC-AC converter topology is simulated and validated experimentally.


unique properties of strong and selective binding of metal ions 1,2 The binding is determined primarily by the compatibility of the size of the macrocyclic ring and the radius of the cations' involved. However, complexation of neutral crown ethers with metal cations generally requires the presence of large lipophilic counter anions in order to transport the complex efficiently from aqueous phase into organic phase. To overcome this problem, a negatively charged functional group may be added to crown ethers


in CRC patients. MetS was statistically significantly associated with CSS (pooled HR=1.80, 95%CI 1.04 – 3.12) but was not with OS (1.04, 0.94 – 1.15) or PFS (1.12, 0.89 – 1.42). Between-study heterogeneity was insignifi-cantly modest in OS studies. Conclusions Our findings suggest that MetS is associated with worse CSS but not with OS, PFS or cancer-related post-surgi-cal complications in CRC patients. Studies on recurrent adenoma or occurrent CRC post adenoma resection are lim-ited. Varying definitions of MetS made comparison of studies difficult and a standardised definition should be developed. Well-designed research is required to better understand the association of outcomes between MetS and colorectal neoplasia.


The study aimed to identify the contemporary use of artificial intelligence applications among Islamic education teachers in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates. The study used the descriptive survey approach to achieve the objectives of the study. The sample of the study consisted of (76) male and female teachers in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates, and the two researchers prepared a questionnaire as a study tool. The questionnaire included two topics; the first topic included twelve statements, while the second included six statements. The tool was applied to the study sample in schools in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. The results of the study showed that the topic of Islamic Education teachers' tendencies towards utilizing applications of artificial intelligence in teaching Islamic Education has scored (4.29). The topic of difficulties facing Islamic Education teachers in utilizing artificial intelligence applications has scored (3.93). The results did not find any statistically significant differences attributed to the effect of gender or educational qualification, whereas there were statistically significant differences attributed to the effect of experience in the field of education, specifically favoring more than ten years of experience. In light of these results, the study recommended employing the use of artificial intelligence applications in teaching Islamic Education.


IL‐17 participates in the development of many autoimmune diseases by promoting the expression of some chemokines. Chemokine C‐C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) is an important factor at the infiltration of mononuclear cells in the myocardial tissue of viral myocarditis (VMC). It was found that IL‐17 could aggravate myocardial injury by upregulating CCL2. But the underlying mechanism involved in CCL2 secretion induced by IL‐17 in cardiac myocytes remains unclear. This study investigated the role of transcription factor AP‐1 in IL‐17 induced CCL2 expression. The results showed that IL‐17 mediated the activation of Act1, TRAF6, p38MAPK and c‐Jun/AP‐1 not Wnt or PI3K signalling pathway to upregulate CCL2 expression in cardiac myocytes. After blocking Act1/TRAF6/p38MAPK cascade and interfering AP‐1 with Curcumin or c‐Jun siRNA, CCL2 expression induced by IL‐17 was significantly attenuated at both mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of c‐Jun was suppressed when cardiac myocytes were treated with Act1 siRNA, TRAF6 siRNA, SB203580 (p38MAPK inhibitor) or SP600125 (JNK inhibitor) in cardiac myocytes. In conclusion, IL‐17 could stimulate the expression of CCL2 in cardiac myocytes via Act1/TRAF6/p38MAPK‐dependent AP‐1 activation, which may provide a new target for the diagnosis and treatment of VMC.


In the TURKISH MARKAL model studies; energy carriers and resource technologies in use and might be available in the future, process-conversion technologies and demands are determined, their interactions and positions in MARKAL hierarchy is identified, a general and simplified network of energy from source to end-use which means a "Reference Energy System" is constructed. This network is identified with numerical data; energy balance is named in general terms as a Base scenario. An indigenous Energy Model is developed for Turkey, which is available to analyze alternative scenarios in order to see their possible effects on our energy system.


A plasma opening switch (POS) requires the use of a source to inject plasma, usually into the vacuum section of a transmission line of a pulsed power generator. The injection point is typically just upstream of the generator load. A flashboard, which consists of a network of flashover gaps built into a stripline geometry, is capable of providing the drifting plasma source used in the POS. This paper details a series of measurements aimed at optimizing this source plasma in order to obtain improved performance of the combination POS‐load system.


To develop media such as e-modules, a comprehensive understanding of the applications used to create them is necessary. It is essential to comprehend the features of using e-module applications to ensure their effectiveness in the development of superior e-modules in the future. The objectives of the present study were showing that mobile learning by e-module using different applications, i.e. Kodular and Flipbook, are valid, practical, effective and finding differences between the characteristics of e-module development to get a comprehensive idea for future development for researchers who want to develop e-module using both applications. The present study is a research and development study. The selected development model was ADDIE i.e. Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation. The Subject e-module learning media users were junior high school students. The validity of e-module media by Kodular is 92.55%, which is very good. The validity of e-module media by Flipbook is 90.35%, which is very good. The test result on the respondents who used e-module by Kodular is 83.45% feasible to use and the result of e-module by Flipbook is 86.39% also feasible to use. The Kodular e-module had an average student learning outcome score of 78.28, while the Flipbook e-module had an average score of 70.67. The two e-modules from the application were examined, and five differences were identified in the characteristics of e-modules from Kodular and Flipbook, in order to support the continuous development of e-modules.


Introduction Sound absorption in porous materials with rigid frame and open porosity can be very effectively estimated by applying the Johnson-Allard model [1] in order to substitute a porous medium with an equivalent effective fluid and then utilise the Helmholtz equation for time-harmonic acoustics.The model uses several parameters which characterize the micro-geometry of porous material from the macroscopic perspective; they are: the total porosity, the viscous permeability and its thermal analogue, the tortuosity, and two characteristic lengths -one specific for viscous forces, the other for thermal effects. These parameters can be measured experimentally, however, recent computational powers allow to calculate them from the microstructure of porous medium [2,3,4] provided that a good representation of usually very complex micro-geometry can be found. Inverse identification of these parameters is also possible [5]. The microstructural approach is based on the Multiscale Asymptotic Method and leads to two uncoupled micro-scale Boundary-Value Problems (BVPs) [3,4]. The first one is a harmonic, viscous, incompressible flow, with no-slip boundary conditions on the skeleton walls, driven in the specified direction by the pressure gradient of unit amplitude, uniform in the whole fluid domain. The second one is a harmonic thermal flow with isothermal boundary conditions on the skeleton walls and the uniform source of unit amplitude in the whole fluid domain. A scaled Laplace problem should also be solved in order to calculate some of the parameters. All BVPs must be solved using the same periodic cell representative for the microstructure. Use of COMSOL Multiphysics® COMSOL Multiphysics® offers two extremely useful features which makes this numerical environment very suitable for such microstructure-based modelling of periodic media representative for porous materials; they are: the periodic boundary conditions and a very convenient possibility of implementation of new mathematical models, or modification of the implemented ones, using symbolic expressions. To illustrate this the acoustic absorption for a layer of freely packed assemblies of small rigid spheres was measured and compared with the result calculated from the microsctructural analyses using COMSOL Multiphysics® (see Figure 3). The FE analyses (see Figure 2) were carried out using periodic representative volume elements (RVEs) of regular sphere packings [2,4], for example, the so-called body-centered cubic (BCC) adjusted to match the actual porosity of 42\% (see Figure 1). The discrepancies between the numerical and experimental results although not very big (see Figure 3) suggest that better microstructural representations are necessary. Such RVEs may be constructed, for example, by using techniques for random generation of periodic representative volume elements which have been recently advocated by Zielinski [6]. Acknowledgements Financial support of Structural Funds in the Operational Programme Innovative Economy (IE OP) financed from the European Regional Development Fund Project "Modern Material Technologies in Aerospace Industry", No. POIG.01.01.02-00-015/08-00 is gratefully acknowledged.


Social movement actors are seeking alternatives to the highly industrialized, global food system through alternative agri-food initiatives to counter the conventional practices of the industrial food system. Many of these initiatives have proven successful. Social movement researchers have documented the importance of the roles and services social movement organizations provide for movement constituents to realize their success, emphasizing human and financial capital as key components for mobilizing collective action. Researchers have also documented the value of interorganizational networks, and the benefits of collaboration to expand the share of resources, and perhaps more importantly design social movement frames to direct collective action for social change. However, what local food movement research has yet to address are some of the potential barriers that minimize collaboration among organizational leaders as it relates to social capital and collective identity. This paper takes a cross-sectional network analysis of social movement organizations working to increase the sustainability of various areas within the local food system in Marin County, California, a historically agricultural region serving a number of urban communities. Findings from the mixed-methods research reveal evidence of collective identity and social capital as enhancing collaboration among particular types of organizations while reducing potential collaboration among and between other social movement organizations. By analysing the collective identity and dichotomous nature of social capital among social movement organizations, this research contributes a clearer understanding of the existing gaps for increasing the sustainability of a local food system.


To the Editor:

An 11-year-old boy presented with a restriction of rotation of the forearm. He did not complain of any pain, and there was no swelling, redness, or tenderness on local examination. His family history was insignificant and he could not recall any history of injury. Pronation of the forearm was restricted to 60 degrees and supination to 20 degrees. Flexion and extension of the elbow along with the motion of the wrist was not restricted. The results of the remainder of the clinical examination were unremarkable.

Although plain radiography was insignificant, clinical symptoms suggested an intraarticular lesion. Since lesions of the elbow often …

Address correspondence to Dr. M. Susa, Sarcoma Molecular Biology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, 70 Blossom Street, MGR J 1115, Boston, MA 02114, USA. E-mail: msusa{at}partners.org


The radiative frequency shift of an exciton in a thin semiconductor film, like its radiative level width, is shown to be superradiatively enhanced. Unlike the latter, however, a finite frequency shift can only be obtained after proper renormalization for the correlated system. The shift is found to be inversely proportional to the square of the factor k 0 d and proportional to the film thickness T; k 0 =Eqn/hc, E qn being the exciton energy gap and d the lattice constant of the semiconductor


In the coal combustion products realm there is a growing trend towards requiring dilute phase pneumatic conveying as a rule. The first hurdle to meet with this mindset is to actually define dilute phase. A widely accepted definition available for dilute phase flow is a two phase flow where all of the conveyed particles are carried in suspension [1]. From a practical standpoint this definition is useless as, short of installing sections of transparent pipe, there is no way to verify whether 100% of the conveyed material is being carried in suspension. The next logical step is to determine some measurable properties to serve as the delineation between dense and dilute phase. Commonly gas velocities and pressure drops are selected to serve this purpose. The problem with such a definition is that for it to hold true for a range of materials, the values need to be very conservative. For example, it is not unusual to hear a plant engineer or operator state that a pressure conveying system that operates with air velocities over 3000 ft/min or overall pressure drops of less than about 15 psi is indeed a dilute phase system. The question you should be asking yourself is "Is this cost effective?"


This article selects the typical soil samples under different land use types to conduct soil nutrient research,soil p H,organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,and soil salinity were determined. Soil nutrient status and development was analyzed. The research results show that the soil organic matter,total nitrogen and total phosphorus are presented gradually reduce with the increase of the depth of soil profile content,total potassium remained relatively stable; soil organic matter,total nitrogen and total phosphorus amount show differences in different land use types significantly,total potassium show no significant differences in different land use types; organic matter content in the condition of the soil fertility evaluation in the standard is " a bit short" or " short"; most of total nitrogen content is at level 6,the"very short",be badly in need of a large number of supplement,from the point of total phosphorus content,are at level 4 to 5,namely " a bit short" or " short",should fill phosphate; total potassium content is evener,all at level 2,namely " a bit rich" type,ideal.


The article aims to analyze and justify educational services, as instruments of support and supplement the regular educational performance. The conceptual framework of educational services as such, its character as an instrument and source of support and supplement the regular educational performance is analyzed, concluding with the different types according to the relevant education authorities. It is complemented with legal and regulatory references given in the regulatory provisions in force at both national and regional level. And also the situation in the next European environment (France).


The molecular structures, electron affinities, and dissociation energies of the SeFn/SeFn- (n = 1−7) species were examined using hybrid Hartree−Fock/density functional theory (DFT). The three different types of electron affinities reported in this work are the adiabatic electron affinity (EAad), the vertical electron affinity (EAvert), and the vertical detachment energy (VDE). The first Se−F dissociation energies of the SeFn and SeFn- species were also been reported. The basis set used in this work is of double-ζ plus polarization quality with additional s- and p-type diffuse functions, and is denoted as DZP++. Four different density functionals (BHLYP, B3LYP, BP86, and BLYP) were used in this work. Among these, the best for predicting molecular structures and energies was found to be BHLYP, whereas other methods generally overestimated bond lengths. Neutral SeF7 was found to have no structures that were significantly bound with respect to dissociation. SeF7- structures with D5h, C4v, and C3v symmetry wer...


Monitoring the septic system at a single family home provides quantitative information on geochemical evolution of septic tank effluent along its travel path In both the unsaturated and saturated (groundwater) zones, microbiological and chemical reactions occur that bring the effluent closer to equilibrium with the subsurface conditions In the unsaturated zone, 90% of the DOC is removed from the effluent, mostly by aerobic oxidation, and NH+4 in the effluent is almost completely ox ldized to NO−3 As these reactions occur in the tile field, the oxygen content of the soil gas is partially depleted Calcite dissolution from the soils in the unsaturated zone buffers the acidity of the oxidation reactions and increases Ca2+ concentrations In the saturated zone, organic carbon oxidation in the effluent plume apparently decreases dissolved oxygen concentrations to <10 mg/L Potassium is retarded relative to other cations, and dissolved PO43 from the effluent is detectable in the ground water directly beneath the tile field but appears to be advancing very slowly, if at all, within the plume In addition NO3− concentrations remain above drinking-water standards (10 mg/L NO3 N) in the groundwater plume


This article examines yeonhaengnok which was written by Hwang Jae (黃梓). Hwang Jae went to Beijing in 1734(甲寅Gabinn) and 1750(庚午 Gyeongo), he wrote two books, Gabinn-yeonhaengnok (『甲寅燕行錄』)과 Gyeongo-yeonhaengnok(『庚午燕行錄』). These are among the collected works of Hwang Jae, Piruijaeyugo(『畢依齋遺稿』) which is possessed by Toyo Bunko(東洋文庫) in Tokyo. This paper principally traces Hwang Jae`s biography and deals with two yeonhaengnok. This paper aims to study Hwang Jae`s views on the situation of China during the Yongzheng and Qianlong Period. He was very interested in the emperor of china, so he compared the governing of Kangxi(康熙), Yongzheng(雍正) and Qianlong(乾隆) and evaluated them. Hwang Jae observed Han chinese, Manchu people and Mongols who were consisted of Qing. He had a very positive thought of Manch people, it was similar to his friend Kim Changeop(金昌業). It means Hwang Jae was influenced by Kim Changeop`s Yeonhaeng-ilgi『燕行日記』. On the other hand, he did not showed an interest in Western learning such as Catholic Church. There is a broad distinction between Hwang Jae and Hong Daeyong(洪大容). We can assume the views on the situation of China in the middle of the 18th century through Hwang Jae`s two yeonhaengnok.


A highly sensitive thermoluminescence (TL) phosphor based on Ba1−xCaxSO4 : Eu (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) has been prepared using the chemical co-precipitation technique. It has been found that the TL sensitivity of the material changes on varying the value of x with the maximum coming at x = 0.03. For this value of x the sensitivity is even more than that of the commercially available phosphor CaSO4 : Dy (∼2.3 times more). Photoluminescence (PL) and XRD studies of the material show that the maximum TL sensitivity obtained at x = 0.03 is due to the conversion of Eu3+ to Eu2+ being highest in this case. Moreover, the phosphor Ba0.97Ca0.03SO4 : Eu has a constant glow curve shape and a linear gamma-ray dose response over the range 0.1–50 Gy which makes it suitable for radiation dosimetry.


The special edition on the neurobiology of addictions (Vol. 12, Num. 3/4, 2000) contributes significantly to the understanding of addictions as a brain disorder. The commentary entitled "Neurobiological Aspects of Addictions'' should be required reading for all nursing students, especially those in Advanced Practice Programs. By initiating understanding and expertise in the pathophysiology of addictions at the student level, nurses can have a tremendous influence on other health care workers to better treat addictions and thus improve patient outcomes. As a Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner student, I found the papers critical in helping me formulate methods to treat patients with addictions and related problems such as violence and mood disorders. Drug addiction and dependence is not only a serious health problem, but incurs massive costs to society in terms of violence, crime, lost earnings and productivity (Nutt). With the 90s and the "decade of the brain," health care providers have an excellent opportunity to make a significant impact on addiction recovery by utilizing the information that is cited in your journal regarding brain chemistry and the changes that happen in the brain receptors. Historically, addicts have been stigmatized and treatment options were limited to behavior modification only. Now though, we have agents to stimulate, inhibit or change the release of serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine and acetylcholine as well as other neurotransmitters (Naegle). If all health care providers had to learn this basic content during their course as a student, many would implement treatment modalities aimed at addictions as easily as prescribing antihypertensives for high blood pressure. Thank you for such a wonderful and informative issue!


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method of forming nickel ferrite film onto carbon steel member by which a period of time required for forming a nickel ferrite film can be further shortened. SOLUTION: The method of forming nickel ferrite film to carbon steel member comprises: a process (S1) of connecting a film forming device to a water-feed piping made of carbon steel of BWR plant; a process (S4) of injecting chemicals containing nickel ion and formic acid into an aqueous film forming solution heated to a temperature in the range of 60 to 100°C, whereby the aqueous film forming solution is supplied to the water-feed piping and a nickel metal film is formed on the inner surface of the water-feed piping; processes (S5 to S7) of injecting chemicals containing iron(II) ion and formic acid, hydrogen peroxide and hydrazine into an aqueous film forming solution containing nickel ion and formic acid, whereby an aqueous film forming solution containing iron(II) ion, hydrogen peroxide, hydrazine, nickel ion and formic acid is supplied to the water-feed piping and a nickel ferrite film is formed on the surface of the nickel metal film in the water-feed piping. COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT


Internet Referral Services, hosted either by independent third-party infomediaries or by manufacturers serve as "lead-generators" in electronic marketplaces, directing consumer traffic to particular retailers. In a model of price dispersion with mixed strategy equilibria, we investigate the competitive implications of these institutions on retailer and manufacturer pricing strategies as well as their impact on channel structures and distribution of profits. Offline, retailers face a higher customer acquisition cost. In return, they can engage in price discrimination. Online, they save on the acquisition costs, but lose the ability to price discriminate. This critical tradeoff drives firms' equilibrium strategies. The establishment of a referral service is a strategic decision by the manufacturer, in response to a third-party infomediary. It leads to an increase in channel profits and a reallocation of the increased surplus to the manufacturer, via the franchise fees. Further, it enables the manufacturer to respond to an infomediary, by giving itself a wider leeway to set the unit wholesale fee to the profit maximizing level. Interestingly, our results show that the manufacturer even benefits from the presence of the competing referral infomediary. Consistent with anecdotal evidence, our model predicts that while it is optimal for an infomediary to enroll only one retailer, it is optimal for a manufacturer to enroll both retailers. We discuss implications of referral services on channel coordination issues, and whether a two part tariff can be successfully used to maximize channel profits. Contrary to prior literature, we find that when retailers can price discriminate among consumers, the manufacturer may not set the wholesale price to marginal cost to coordinate the channel. Based on publicly available data, we numerically examine the predictions from our analytic model, and obtain results in accordance with anecdotal evidence. Our paper also has implications for the integration of the e-supply chain with the distribution chain, in industries such as the auto industry.


This study presents the effect of slenderness ratio on inelastic buckling behavior and residual strength of H-section steel column member under axial compression loading. Both end pinned H-section steel column constraining rotation on the weak and strong axis was studied. When column members subjected to unexpected compression load (other than design load) will buckle if the applied load exceeds the critical load that induces buckling. To evaluate the effect of slenderness ratio and the influence of constraining rotation in different axis on the structural behavior of H-section steel column member, explicit nonlinear FEM analysis were carried out with reasonable accuracy. To verify the nonlinear finite element analysis, compression test was conducted and both inelastic deformation and the relationship between load-displacement curves were compared. The cumulative energy curve calculated from the load-displacement relationship curve has also been compared and satisfactory result was obtained. From the analysis result the part total energy (the total energy absorbed by the flanges and web) for the two constrain conditions was presented. Furthermore, based on the deflection theory, the relationship between load and displacement was also proposed.


We present a dynamical analysis of the central $\sim$ 1.3 square degrees of the galaxy cluster Abell 1367, based on 272 redshift (of which 118 are new measurements). From the analysis of the 146 confirmed cluster members Abell 1367 appears as a young cluster currently forming at the intersection of two filaments.To search for other articles by the author(s) go to: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html


The article discusses humor and the tourist experience, with a particular focus on formal humorous experiences when tourists visit comedy festivals or comedic TV and film locations. The article describes the three phases of the tourist experience in relation to humor (i.e., before travel, during travel, and after travel). The article reflects on the importance of understanding the role of humor in the tourist experience, particularly in relation to the management of humorous sites such as comedic TV and film locations.


In this study, a cotton disease diagnosis method that uses a combined algorithm of case-based reasoning (CBR) and fuzzy logic was designed and implemented. It focuses on the prevention, diagnosis and control of diseases affecting cotton production in China. Conventional methods of disease diagnosis are primarily based on CBR with reference to user-provided symptoms; however, in most cases, user-provided symptoms do not fully meet the requirements of CBR. To address this problem, fuzzy logic is incorporated into CBR to allow for more flexible and accurate models. With the help of CBR and fuzzy reasoning, three diagnostic results can be obtained by the cotton disease diagnosis system (CDDS) constructed in this study: success, success but not exact and failure. To verify the reliability of the CDDS and its ability to diagnose cotton diseases, its diagnostic accuracy and stability were analyzed and compared with the results obtained by the traditional expert scoring method. The analysis results reveal that the CDDS can achieve a high diagnostic success rate (above 90%) and better diagnostic stability than the traditional expert scoring method when at least four disease symptoms are input. The CDDS provides an independent and objective source of information to assist farmers in the diagnosis and prevention of cotton diseases.


The voltage variation in a remote system is large when the system is connected by long‐distance AC cables due to the cable capacitance. In Japan, the longest 54‐km 66‐kV AC submarine cable interconnection between the Kyushu mainland and Goto Islands was commissioned in 2005. It was requested to mitigate the voltage variation caused by switching off and on one circuit of the two circuits in the AC cables when a fault occurs. Since the conventional voltage control methods such as transformer tap changer or shunt capacitor and reactor banks are not sufficient because of their slow response time, a static var compensator (SVC) was installed on the Goto Islands. In such an application, an SVC control method should be developed so as not to override the existing voltage control systems. This paper describes the SVC control method developed for the Goto Islands AC interconnection project, which can be applied to similar situations. The effectiveness of the control method was verified by the results of effective value simulation and of field testing, which was implemented before the SVC was commissioned in 2007. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(3): 19–30, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22337


analyses. Many of the pieces are very recent, which lends the volume a welcome contemporary feel. Some texts included in the selection are autobiographical, while others are literary or historiographical. The volume is divided into seven parts, the first of which deals with 8 September 1943 and the seventh with 25 April 1945. In between, sections deal with the 'choice' (i.e. the decision to join the partisans), Resistance action, violence and relations with the Allies. The longest of these is the one dedicated to violence and it is also the most powerful. After opening with an extract from Pavone, it goes on to include short pieces by Gatto, Vittorini, Pavese, Fenoglio, Natalia Ginzburg and others. The most interesting, however, are the least well known. 'Era notte' by Lucano Bolis recounts the author's failed attempt to commit suicide to avoid revealing under torture the names of his fellow partisans. On the other side, 'Prima che scendesse la tregua' by Giosfe Rimanclli, an intellectual who fought with the Fascists, presents a horrific account of the torture and execution of a young partisan. Of the many extracts reproduced in the other parts of the book, I was particularly struck by the 'Prontuario del Sapista' which takes the reader inside partisan action with a set of instructions on how to conduct propaganda in a tram, distribute leaflets in a bar or public place, or hold an improvised rally. It is a pity, in many ways, that the nature of the series in which this book appears means that it will not be used by students of history or politics, who are obliged to rely on secondary sources. But Cooke is to be congratulated for having produced a volume which will bring students of Italian into contact with the Resistance in many of its facets. The only thing that they will miss is any discussion of the way the development of the Resistance tradition in postwar Italy relates to social and cultural dynamics, since the Introduction positions it only in relation to political events. But perhaps that would be expecting too much. A further issue concerns the extent to which the tradition can be said to be still alive and to have a future. Cooke is optimistic on this score and he concludes by quoting Scoppola and Rusconi who broadly share the view that a renewed tradition stripped of the romanticization and mythical renderings of the past will forge a more solid basis for an Italian national identity. But one is bound to wonder if such embroidering of the historical events was not an intrinsic and necessary part of the memory of the Resistance. Without romance and untarnished images of heroism could the tradition have acquired the following that it did, at least in the Centre— North of the country? Ultimately, all traditions which are bound up with specific events and which rely for their perpetuation on the witness borne by veterans are finite and the Resistance is unlikely to be an exception. Indeed, some might say that the controversies of recent years are not so much a proof of vitality as a sign that the phase in which the myth of the Resistance was a vital column of civil life in Republican Italy is coming to a close. But this does not detract in any way from its historical or cultural significance or from the value of this welcome collection.


It is a common way in Europe to transform dismissed buildings into auditoria, especially for musical performances. In Italy there is a lack of concert halls specially designed for music, due to the historical tradition of Opera. Therefore, a strong request of concert halls requires converting more building than in foreign Countries. Among all, in Italy there are a large number of churches that cannot be used for their original purposes (i.e. messes or religious meetings) and due to economic reasons they require to be transformed into auditoria. In this paper an ancient church (which dates back to 16 th Century) located in Imola (30 km far from Bologna), which is planned to be converted into Auditorium, is analyzed. The church is already utilized for musical performances but the acoustics requires to be improved. A measuring campaign was carried out by means of binaural and 3D microphones and omni-directional loudspeaker. The measurements were finalized to relate sound quality to different configuration of acoustical panels and sound source position in the stage. In the following step, an acoustic design was realized and proposed for the refurbishment of the church. The results of the measurements and of the simulation are presented.


The excitation of internal gravity waves by penetrative convective plumes is investigated using 2-D direct simula- tions of compressible convection. The wave generation is quantitatively studied from the linear response of the radiative zone to the plumes penetration, using projections onto the g-modes solutions of the associated linear eigenvalue problem for the perturbations. This allows an accurate determination of both the spectrum and amplitudes of the stochastically excited modes. Using time-frequency diagrams of the mode amplitudes, we then show that the lifetime of a mode is around twice its period and that during times of significant excitation up to 40% of the total kinetic energy may be contained into g-modes.


To help curb global warming, clean energy, rather than fossil fuels, has been used increasingly in recent years. Markets for new types of energy (wind-power generation, solar-power generation) capable of supplying electric power without emitting green house gases (CO2) are growing rapidly, and the inverter systems used in these fields are trending toward higher power capacities. The main power device in industrial-use high-power inverter systems is the GTO (gate turn-off) thyristor, which easily handles high voltages and currents. However, as a result of outstanding advances in technologies for increasing the voltage and power capacities of IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor) modules, GTO thryistors in high-voltage and high-power applications are being replaced by IGBT modules which have an insulated structure that facilitates assembly, handling and maintenance inspections. Fuji Electric has expanded its IGBT product lineup by developing high-power IGBT modules for industrial, high-power applications. Targeting applications in the growing field of new energy, Fuji Electric has newly developed 1,200 V and 1,700 V high-power IGBT modules equipped with U4 chips, an improved version of the U-series chips, and that feature enhanced thermal characteristics and significantly improved environmental durability. This paper presents an overview and discusses the technical development of the modules.


We propose that the dynamics of Kerr black holes is strongly constrained by the principle of gauge symmetry. We initiate the construction of EFTs for Kerr black holes of any integer quantum spin s using St¨uckelberg fields, and show that the known three-point Kerr amplitudes are uniquely predicted using massive higher-spin gauge symmetry. This symmetry is argued to be connected to an enhanced range of validity for the Kerr EFTs. We consider the closely related root-Kerr electromagnetic solution in parallel, for which the dynamical interactions with photons are also constrained by massive higher-spin gauge symmetry. Finally, the spin- s Compton amplitudes are analyzed, and we discuss contact-term constraints at s = 2 from Ward identities.


Fluorescent DNA dye, and indirect excitation of the labeled primers and PCR amplification using a probe, preferably in the LATE-PCR period or after the homogeneous detection improves reproducibility and quantification. Fluorescent DNA dye, and indirect excitable mismatch-tolerant labeled probe asymmetric PCR amplification using, preferably LATE-PCR, the period during or after the low temperature homogeneous detection, To enable the analysis of complex target. Sequencing sample preparation methods after LATE-PCR amplification to reduce the complexity, it enables the "single tube" process.


Discusses the short story as a literary form and presents selections by such authors as Edgar Allan Poe, Robert Cormier, Kurt Vonnegut, and John Updike. Discussion questions follow each story.


This thesis examines a fourteenth century manuscript of the Roman d'Eneas, currently held at the Bibliotheque nationale in France, for significant textual changes against the other surviving manuscripts. Careful study of the manuscript exposed considerable modifications to characterization and genre. Examination of the textual changes present in the manuscript, BnF 60, revealed an amplification of female figures and subtle developments of romance elements. In BnF 60 most changes occur in the exposition and the revised ending. The writer of this version appears to draw from copies of both the Roman d'Eneas and Virgil's Aeneid. It demonstrates the inconsistencies present in manuscripts of the Roman d'Eneas. Illustrations in the manuscript reinforce the textual differences and connect the Roman d'Eneas to other romans d'antiquite. Themes of the illustrations range from chanson de geste to romance in representation of the text. The manuscript reinforces the view many scholars hold about the mixing of genre in medieval literature. In BnF 60 the Roman d'Eneas expands into a story focused on the love match that is part of a cycle of histories. The text indicates the importance of imitating Classical works to medieval France's literary development.


T HE problem of the effect of changes in investment on income and employment has been the subject of voluminous literature. Yet, the question of whether one should distinguish, in this connection, between net investment and replacement investment has received relatively little attention.2 What changes in the level of economic activity could be brought about by accelerating the process of replacing equip-


This study investigates multimodal emotion signal recognition by using odors as a stimulus material to explore the influence of the odor on human emotions. It is conducted in the context of traditional electroencephalography and electrooculography fusion for emotion recognition. We designed an experimental paradigm involving visual, auditory and olfactory senses, adding odors to traditional audiovisual medias to enhance emotion elicitation, and built a multimodal emotion dataset. The dataset contains electroencephalography and electrooculography data obtained from 15 subjects in video-odor stimulation and video-only stimulation experiments. 90 video clips and 10 odors were selected as stimulus materials. Besides, the Transformer classifier was adopted to classify the three categories of emotion, and give the average classification accuracy for the different features. Under differential entropy features, the multimodal average classification accuracy under video-odor stimulation was 3% higher than that under video-only stimulation. The results indicated that olfactory stimuli can be combined with video stimuli to enhance multimodal emotion recognition ability.


Mastering academic subject (Physics and Chemistry in particular) is inextricably linked to laboratory works. However, the nature of these works should change upon academic progression. This article justifies necessity of such changes and thoroughly describes laboratory works performed by Master's degree students in the RTU. In the course of these works, students are given an opportunity to perform in parallel their first scientific research. All of this, firstly, helps to understand the academic subject better; secondly, it gives student a chance to participate in real scientific experiments. This article also thoroughly reviews theoretical part of these laboratories works, whether it's based on well known facts or original scientific research performed by the article's authors. It describes in details manufacturing polyisoprene-nanostructured carbon composite, as well as a feasibility of using it as a pressure sensor. It provides a description of an original experimental plant for piezoresistivity effect research.


Abstract Traces of Cadmium can be quantitatively extracted from aqueous thiocyanate solutions into 2‐Benzoylpyridine‐2‐Pyrididylhydrazone (BPPH) Methyl‐Isobutyl‐Ketone (MIBK) solution. Very small amounts of Cadmium can be recovered from a large volume of sample and determined directly by flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. A new procedure for Cadmium determination in environmental and biological samples was developed. The proposed scheme for Cadmium determination was found to be simple, selective, sensitive and accurate.


FIELD: methods of initial calibration or recalibration of the second spectrometer in light of the first spectrometer, or, respectively, of itself. SUBSTANCE: during calibration use is made of selection and processing of spectral data obtained both from the first and also from the second instruments. In calibration, use is made of selection and processing of spectral data from the same first instrument which are obtained both, before and after necessity in recalibration arises. Instead of modification of corresponding characteristics of the first and second instruments or the first instrument, before and after arising of necessity in calibration, the present invention modifies the equation of calibration of the second instrument or recalibrated instrument for obtaining results compatible with the results obtained from the first instrument or by the first instrument before it comes out of calibrated state. Equation of calibration is such equation which converts the spectral data of concrete specimen in multitude of wave lengths in compliance with calculated value for some chemical or physical property. Usually the form of such equations of calibration is linear combination of spectral absorbing ability or mathematic conversion of values of absorbing ability measured by the first and second instruments for each specimen. EFFECT: preserved or in some cases even improved accuracy of primary calibration or recalibration of instrument. 10 cl, 8 tbl


The value of selecting the best forecasting model as the basis for empirical economic policy analysis is questioned. When no model coincides with the data generation process, non-causal statistical devices may provide the best available forecasts: examples from recent work include intercept corrections and differenced-data VARs. However, the resulting models need have no policy implications. A 'paradox' may result if their forecasts induce policy changes which can be used to improve the statistical forecast. This suggests correcting statistical forecasts by using the econometric model's estimate of the 'scenario' change. An application to UK consumers expenditure illustrates the analysis.


Our analog laser harp is a unique combination of a synthesizer, laser harp and Theremin. Like a laser harp, it consists of several lasers which, when broken, create a different sound. Like a synthesizer, the pitch of these different voices. And like a Theremin, the pitch is controlled without physically touching the instrument. Jordan was responsible for designing the distance sensing and laser detection scheme, Matthew designed the different synth voices, and Chad designed a power-efficient Class G amplifier to connect the harp to an external speaker.


Abstract : Theoretical predictions of wave growth by closure modelling have been hindered by the ambiguity about the interface conditions and the lack of knowledge of the dynamics of wave-turbulence interaction. The present experimental program was undertaken in an attempt to clarify the interface flow structure, as well as the closure relations, and to study the dynamic response of wave perturbations to the imposition of air modulations.


ABSTRACT Perchlorate (ClO4-) contamination of surface and groundwaters is widespread in the United States, particularly in the arid southwestern states. Perchlorate can be completely reduced to chl...


The implementation of "one-charge system",is an important transition of rural education school running cyctem.It has remarkablely achieved by relieving farmers'burden practically.However,it still(can't solve) the problem of insufficiency of educational funds.To ensure the comdulsory educational investment of rural area,and to increasingly deepenthe reform of it,"one-charge system" must be unceasingly developed,and it is necessary to adhere to the principle that government manages compulsory education,set resonable charge standard,strengthen the management of educational funds,and it also calls for the synthesis overall plan and multiplex educational funds investment according to the specifics of different regions.


Purpose: To describe the management of patients with syndromic craniosynostosis using the monobloc frontofacial advancement technique currently used in Venezuela. To analyze the morphometric changes in patients with syndromic craniosynostosis, who underwent monobloc with facial bipartition advancement with internal osteogenic distraction devices and quantification of the vectors of movement by pre-and post-surgery CT scan and radiograph analysis. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of cases diagnosed with syndromic craniosynostosis who underwent for surgery correction at the Dr. Ángel Larralde University Hospital in Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela from 2018 to the present year, without distinction of gender, age, type of syndrome, was carried out. Describing the protocol currently used in our


PURPOSE: An optical functional film is provided to achieve the improved optical property by forming the first and the second optical absorption patterns of the lattice form. CONSTITUTION: The first optical absorption pattern(130) is formed in one side of the base film(110). The first optical absorption patterns are parallely extended in the first direction. The second optical absorption pattern(150) is formed in one side of the base film. The second optical absorption patterns are parallely extended in the direction different from the first direction. The first and the second optical absorption patterns are formed by the material which has the index of refraction smaller than the base film. The first groove(115) and the second groove(117) of the multiple are formed in one side of the base film extended in the first direction. The first and the second optical absorption patterns are formed inside the first and second grooves. The first pattern layers include the second pattern layers of the material which have the index of refraction smaller than the first pattern layers.


Exemplary embodiments are directed to methods and devices for fee-based wireless power. The method includes the steps of subscribing to the wireless electronic plan may include the step of receiving wireless power on one or more electronic devices in accordance with the wireless power subscription.


Background: Central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) is commonly used to identify global oxygen uptakedelivery mismatches. A level above 70% was the declared goal in early resuscitation of septic shock for over a decade. Recent evidence leads to doubts and levels higher than 80% may represent harmful conditions. This study ´s aim was to identify favourable ScvO2 levels in treatment of septic shock.
Methods: Electronic data of patients suffering from septic shock who have been admitted to the surgical intensive care unit of a university hospital were analysed surveying a period of six years with focus on the association of ScvO2 levels with in-hospital mortality.
Results: Data from 238 individuals were included. No difference was found comparing initially measured values of ScvO2 of survivors to non-survivors. Patients whose levels of ScvO2 never exceeded 70% (n=28) had a higher mortality rate (73.2% vs. 54.3%, p<0.05). On day three patients with values above 75% (n=32) had higher mortality rates (59.4% vs. 38.5%, p<0.05). A mortality rate of 100% was detected if ScvO2 levels exceeded 84% (n=6).
Conclusions: ScvO2 develops from a therapy guiding parameter to a prognostic marker. Reaching levels of at least 70% within the first 72 h of disease is favourable in regard to prognosis. Exceeding 75% after day two is associated with higher mortality. These findings require further confirmation. At this point it can be assumed that a varying, time-dependent ScvO2 approach might be required for clinical decision-making.


Interstitial photodynamic therapy (iPDT) describes the use of implanted optical fibers for delivery of treatment light to activate photosensitizer in regions that can be located deep within the body. Since sensitive healthy structures are often located nearby, this requires careful treatment planning that is dependent on tissue optical properties. Determination of these values usually involves the insertion of additional fibers into the volume, or the use of flat-cleaved optical fibers as both treatment sources and detectors. The insertion of additional fibers is undesirable, and cylindrical diffusers have been shown to offer superior treatment characteristics compared to flat-cleaved fibers. Using cylindrical diffusers as detectors for spectroscopic measurement is therefore attractive. We describe the determination of the detection profile for a particular cylindrical diffuser design and derive the scatterer concentration gradient within the diffuser core. This detection profile is compared to previously characterized diffusers, and is shown to be dependent on the diffuser design. For diffusers with a constant scatterer concentration and distal mirror, the detection profile is localized to the proximal end of the diffusing region. For diffusers with variable scattering concentration along their length and no distal mirror, the detection profile is shown to be more uniform along the diffusing region. We also present preliminary results showing the recovery of optical properties using arrays of cylindrical diffusing fibers as sources and detectors, with a mean error of 4.4% in the determination of μeff. The accuracy of these results is comparable to those obtained with other methods of optical property recovery.


We demonstrate extreme nonlinear optical properties leveraging epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) effect in plasmonic conductive metal oxide thin films. With the aid of high-mobility indium-doped cadmium oxide as the gateway plasmonic material, we show ultrafast all-optical switching and efficient UV high-harmonic generation.


The massive Wolf–Rayet stellar system HD 5980 in the Small Magellanic Cloud entered a sudden and brief ∼ 1–3 mag eruptive state in the mid-1990s. The cause of the instability is not yet understood, but mechanisms similar to those in luminous blue variables are suspected. Using a previously unreported set of spectroscopic data obtained in 1955–1967 and recently acquired optical and HST/STIS spectra, we find that (1) the brief eruptions of 1993 and 1994 occurred at the beginning of an extended (∼ decades) high state of activity characterized by large emission-line intensities; (2) the level of activity is currently subsiding; and (3) another strong emission-line episode appears to have occurred between 1960 and 1965, suggesting the possibility that the long-term cyclical variability may be recurrent on a ∼ 40 year timescale. These characteristics suggest the possible classification of HD 5980 as an S Doradus-type variable. The effects due to binary interactions in the system are discussed, and we tentatively suggest that the short duration and relatively hot spectral type (WN11/B1.5I) observed during maximum in the visual light curve may be attributed to these interactions.


Abstract The ratio of sulfur dioxide to nitrogen oxides (RSN = SO2/NOx) is one indicator of air pollution sources. The role of this ratio in source attribution is illustrated here for the Ashdod area, located in the southern coastal plain of Israel. The main sources of pollution in the area are the tall stacks of the Eshkol power plant, the stacks of oil refineries, and areal sources (stationary and mobile). The factors that affect RSN are studied using four regression models: a binary regression tree in original scale, a tree in logarithmic scale, a data partition produced by a combination of the two trees, and a linear regression model. All models have similar relative prediction error, with the combined partition best highlighting the sources of variability in RSN: (a) very low values (interquartile range of [0.12, 0.48]) are associated with traffic, (b) low values ([0.43, 1.00]) are attributed to the power plant and to daytime emissions of local industry, (c) medium values ([0.74, 1.90]) are associate...


We investigated in situ the mechanical reduction of silver chloride with aluminum using synchrotron X-ray diffraction with thermography at SPring-8 BL02B2. A mechanically induced self-sustaining reaction (MSR) was observed for...


This paper presents an integration of a game system and the art therapy concept for promoting the mental well-being of video game players. In the proposed game system, the player plays an Angry-Birds-like game in which levels in the game are generated based on images they draw. Upon finishing a game level, the player also receives positive feedback (praising words) toward their drawing and the generated level from an Art Therapy AI. The proposed system is composed of three major parts: (1) a drawing recognizer that identifies what object is drawn by the player (Sketcher), (2) a level generator that converts the drawing image into a pixel image, then a set of blocks representing a game level (PCG AI), and (3) the Art Therapy AI that encourages the player and improves their emotion. This paper describes an overview of the system and explains how its major components function.


This inspection plan describes the activities that shall be conducted for a general inspection of the Hanford Facility. RCRA includes a requirement that general facility inspections be conducted of the 100, 200 East, 200 West, 300, 400, and 1100 areas and the banks of the Columbia River. This plan meets the RCRA requirements and also provides for scheduling of inspections and defines general and specific items to be noted during the inspections.


Editor's Note: In this issue, our guest reviewer is Michael Wogan, Ph.D., who is Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Rutgers University. Dr. Wogan first became interested in cross-cultural issues in clinical work in the early 1970s, when he was at the Mental Health Service at the University of Connecticut. He has continued with this interest since then and has had the opportunity to work with a number of international students over the years.


Carbon nanotubes(CNTs) supported by Ni2P nanoparticles were prepared and used as a counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs) for the first time.The CNTs-Ni2P composite was prepared by the heat treatment of a mixed precursor including nickel chloride,sodium hypophosphite and CNTs in argon atmosphere.The X-Ray diffraction(XRD) results indicate that the as-prepared sample consists of hexagonal Ni2P and carbon nanotubes.No peaks of other nickel phosphides are observed in the XRD pattern.Microstructure of the Ni2P-CNTs composite was investigated using transmission electron microscopy(TEM).It is shown that the Ni2P nanoparticles with a size of about 10 nm are dispersed on the surface of CNTs.In addition,electrochemical impedance spectra(EIS) and photovoltaic conversion performance of counter electrodes for DSSCs are analyzed in detail.It is demonstrated that the Ni2P-CNTs composite presents an obviously low charge-transfer resistance and diffusion impedance as compared with those of individual CNTs and Ni2P.Accordingly,the DSSCs using the composite as a counter electrode have a comparable photovoltaic performance as compared with the conventional FTO/Pt counter electrode,due to the effective combination of the high electrical conductivity of carbon nanotubes and superior electrocatalytic activity of Ni2P nanoparticles.


This article examines the possible consequences of rising divorce risks for the pattern of married women's labour supply in the Australian labour market. An extension of Becker's (1965) model of time allocation is used to inform an empirical analysis of this issue based on the 1997 Negotiating the Life Course Survey data. The empirical analysis in the article features a model that controls for the possibility of an endogenous relationship between women's involvement in paid work and the risk of divorce. Results show a significant positive relationship between the risk of divorce and the probability that a woman will be involved in full-time work.


P2P(Peer-to-peer) technology is a new communication model.It is developing rapidly in these years,and widely used in the sharing of network resources,instant communications,etc..While P2P is promoting Internet's development,it is also bringing about many issues such as too much bandwidth occupying and network security problems.Since more and more P2P applications are using dynamic random port numbers,the traditional port matching technology is becoming useless.Being different from the C/S(Client/Server) structured networks,in a P2P network,each peer is playing both the server and the client dual roles.While it initiates connections to other peers,it also opens listening ports for other peers connecting to it.Besides,while it downloads data from other peers,it uploads at the same time.Basing on these facts,this paper designed and implemented a new P2P traffic detection technology based on flow characteristics.


In the study of spin dependent magnetic tunneling junctions, the switching stability of the magnetically hard layer is a crucial issue for long-term use in magnetic random access memory. After N switching cycles of the soft layer, the hard layer would be demagnetized due to the stray field from the domain wall created during switching of the soft layer. Therefore, reducing the stray field from the soft layer is the way to increase switching stability. In this study, we propose a structure which replaces the usual soft layer (typically permalloy, Fe, or Co) with an artificial ferrimagnet to reduce the stray field. The artificial ferrimagnet consists of a trilayer with an interlayer that antiferromagnetically couples two ferromagnetic layers of unequal thickness. The total stray field from the artificial ferrimagnet structure can be approximated as the sum of the stray fields from the two ferromagnetic layers. Since the sign of the stray field of the two layers is opposite, due to antiferromagnetic coupling...


assess homicide as frequent or infrequent, for instance) must be related to the size of the observed population and the range of variation which would be expected from chance. For most of the above questions, Naroll suggests simple scoring methods and then applies them individually and in combination to the estimates of homicide, suicide, drunken brawling and attribution of witchcraft, in which he is interested. From this he concludes that none of the explored sources of potential bias appeared to be of importance in assessing drunken brawling, and that the influence on homicide assessments is slight. Bias at the interpretive level, i.e. in the


ur predecessors have left us a great inheritance, much knowledge and the courage to fight against diseases, and concomitantly they have given the next generation several important issues. Furthermore, the next generation has met their expectations with new technologies. Although nobody knows what human beings can get at the end of this continuous trip of a pursuit between generations, this chain of knowledge has definitely saved lives and improved disease outcomes. However, this, too ironically, has resulted in an aging society which has increased not only the prevalence rate of disease but also the various related socioeconomic problems. Considering our predecessors' achievements, we now have to undertake any and all possible measures for this society.


Objective: To investigate health data of different gender and age groups and the distribution of BMI and waist circumference of adult residents in Chongqing.Methods: From January 1st,2009 to October 31,2009,a cluster sampling method stratified random sample was established including 20000 people,aged from 19 to 60 years in Chongqing.Subjects were divided into 4 groups by age: 18 ~ 29 years old,30 ~ 39 years old,40 ~ 49 years old and 50 ~ 59 years old;2 groups by sex: male group and female group;2 groups by place of residence: urban areas and non-urban areas.Results: Women anemia rate was higher than that of men(F = 20 000,P 0.01).18 ~ 60 years of anemia among different age groups had significantly different rates(F =130.087,P 0.01),with 39 to 49 years old group the highest rate of anemia.Except that the 18 ~ 29 age group had difference(F =28.209,P 0.01),population from urban areas and non-urban areas showed little difference,and had no statistical significance.Conclusion: Gender and age of adult residents in Chongqing significantly affect the rate of anemia.The overall rate of anemia in women is higher than that in male.The rates of anemia in all age groups from 18 to 60 years are quite different,and 39 to 49 age group is the most obvious.


To the Editor:

Winkler and colleagues1 have published an epidemiological study on the platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) and coronary artery disease. The authors stated erroneously in the Introduction that PAF-AH releases arachidonic acid, a precursor of eicosanoid production including prostaglandins and leukotrienes. On the basis of this assumption, the authors suggest in the Discussion that PAF-AH possesses proinflammatory functions within the atherosclerotic plaque because it is preferentially associated with small dense LDL2; the latter may thus contribute to atherogenesis by functioning as a reservoir of the essential substrate (ie, the arachidonate-containing phosphatidylcholine), and the source of crucial enzyme activity necessary for prostaglandin synthesis. In addition, the authors emphasize that this concept would confer an …


In this study, the Bacillus licheniformis B-1 with good degradation capacity on β-cypermethrin(β-CY) was used. Effect of Tween-80, Brij-35, SDS, SDBS and β-cyclodextrin on the strain growth, the β-CY dissolving capacity and the β-CY degradation by this strain were investigated. It was found that Tween-80, Brij-35 and β-cyclodextrin had rarely effects on the strain growth, and SDS and SDBS significantly inhibited the strain growth. β-CY could be well dissolved in the solution containing Tween-80 or Brij-35. Brij-35 could significantly improve the β-CY degradation, and when its content was 2.4 mg/m L, the β-CY degradation was 89.42%, which was 46.95% higher than that in black control.


The paper summarized the characteristics of the seasonal landscape and the principles of aesthetics about Chinese classical gardens in South and north.Humble Administrator's Garden,Hangzhou West Lake Scenic Area,Yuanmingyuan and Jingyi Garden were taken as examples,it conclude that seasonal landscape was one of the major enjoyments both in North and South classical landscape;climatic was the main factor limiting the species selection of plants,as well as culture directly affected the forms of planting.We could see beautiful scenery in south classical gardens all over the year,tend to appreciate the summer and autumn.In north,spring scenery was the most important,winter scenery wasn't ignored as well.All of those had some reference value for modern China's urban construction.


In extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) process, the melt flow rate (MFR) of material plays a significant role in determining the suitable process parameters for printing parts. MFR of the polymers varies on the addition of fillers which eventually leads to alteration in the pre-set values of process parameters. The present study deals with the evaluation of MFR of aluminium (Al) filled acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer matrix composite using melt flow index tester for extrusion-based AM process. L16 Taguchi OA method was used to design the experiments considering three factors and four levels. Extrusion temperature, extrusion load and filler loading (wt.% of Al) were considered as the input factors, while MFR was selected as the measured response. Furthermore, the significance of each factor was determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and signal-to-noise (SN) ratio techniques. Experimental results indicated the improvement in the MFR for 10 wt.% Al filled ABS composite. However, the opposite trend in MFR was observed for other combinations of ABS/Al. Based on obtained MFR results, process parameters were established to print parts of developed ABS/Al composite through a customised extrusion-based AM process. The present study may be useful in the fabrication of customised lightweight conductive structures.


Pocket electronic dictionaries (PEDs) are gaining in popularity with an increasing number of EFL learners in Chinese colleges and universities and making an impact on the Chinese dictionary scene which is too great to ignore. This study compares patterns of use and perceptions of PEDs and paper dictionaries (PDs). It also examines the effects of dictionary use on vocabulary acquisition under PED and PD conditions. Some different patterns of use between PEDs and PDs are identified, which seem to result from design features of different types of dictionaries. PEDs and PDs are perceived as with different advantages and disadvantages. It is also found that there are no significant differences between PED and PD use in comprehension, production and retention of vocabulary although the speed of the former is significantly faster than the latter.


AIM
To study the impact of the genes of donor killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and HLA-KIR ligands on overall (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) rates in patients with myeloid leukemia after transplantation with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells (allo-HSCT) from HLA-identical related and HLA-compatible unrelated donors.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS
The investigation enrolled 29 patients who had undergone allo-HSCT from KIR-genotyped donors at the Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hematology Research Center (see symbol) in 2010-2013. OS and EFS rates after allo-HSCT were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method.

RESULTS
The main predictor of recurrence and survival in patients after allo-HSCT was a recurrence-risk group the patient belonged to before transplantation. The standard-risk group patients whose donors had telomeric gene-content motifs of KIR-B haplotypes had higher EFS rates than those whose donors lacked these genes. The standard-risk patients homozygous for HLA-1 alleles (i.e. without HLA-C2 ligand) tended to have higher EFS rates, so did the patients without HLA-Bw4 ligand.

CONCLUSION
The donors having telomeric gene-content motifs of KIR-B haplotypes are more preferred for allo-HSCT for patients with myeloid leukemia as the presence of donor telomeric KIR-B genes increases EFS rates in standard-risk patients.


In this paper, we review the current development of stencil lithography for scalable micro- and nanomanufacturing as a resistless and reusable patterning technique. We first introduce the motivation and advantages of stencil lithography for large-area micro- and nanopatterning. Then we review the progress of using rigid membranes such as SiNx and Si as stencil masks as well as stacking layers. We also review the current use of flexible membranes including a compliant SiNx membrane with springs, polyimide film, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer, and photoresist-based membranes as stencil lithography masks to address problems such as blurring and non-planar surface patterning. Moreover, we discuss the dynamic stencil lithography technique, which significantly improves the patterning throughput and speed by moving the stencil over the target substrate during deposition. Lastly, we discuss the future advancement of stencil lithography for a resistless, reusable, scalable, and programmable nanolithography method.


Summary form only given. This keynote presentation will highlight the unique research issues and challenges in the emerging field of smart living and cyber-physical-social systems, and also discuss novel solutions to address some of these challenges. The proposed solutions will be based on a rich set of theoretical and practical design principles, such as situational-aware data collection and fusion algorithms, uncertainty reasoning and information-theoretic results, context-aware models, game theory, trust models, graph theory, and stochastic optimization. Illustrative examples, applications and experimental results will be provided where possible. The presentation will be concluded with directions for future research collaboration.


Heterogeneous information network (HIN) has shown its power of modeling real world data as a multi-typed entity-relation graph. Meta-path is the key contributor to this power since it enables inference by capturing the proximities between entities via rich semantic links. Previous HIN studies ask users to provide either 1) the meta-path(s) directly or 2) biased examples to generate the meta-path(s). However, lots of HINs (e.g., YAGO2 and Freebase) have rich schema consisting of a sophisticated and large number of types of entities and relations. It is impractical for users to provide the meta-path(s) to support the large scale inference, and biased examples will result in incorrect meta-path based inference, thus limit the power of the meta-path. In this paper, we propose a meta-path constrained inference framework to further release the ability of the meta-path, by efficiently learning the HIN inference patterns via a carefully designed tree structure; and performing unbiased random walk inference with little user guidance. The experiment results on YAGO2 and DBLP datasets show the state-of-the-art performance of the meta-path constrained inference framework.


A detailed study of the results of correcting BCS approximation for the effects of particle-number projection and blocking has been carried out. A low-seniority shell-model approximation was used as the frame of reference for investigating the mixing of one- and three-quasiparticle states in odd-mass Ni isotopes and in odd-mass N = 82 isotones. We discuss the results obtained for the energy spectra and electromagnetic decay properties. Effects of seniority-five configurations on the low-lying states have also been studied through the comparison of the low-seniority shell-model results with those which arose from the corresponding full shell-model calculations.


With the continuous development of industrial technology, the weak current plays an increasingly important role in all fields of life. In order to facilitate the user to carry, the study of contactless weak current measurement technology is also emerging. This article's design idea is based on two-dimensional reluctance sensor device built non-contact weak current detection system. The system uses the reluctance sensor HMC1002 to collect the current signal and the temperature sensor DS18B20 to compensate the temperature. The signals collected by the reluctance sensor and the temperature sensor are extremely weak. After being amplified by the amplifying circuit, the signal is conducive to subsequent detection and processing. Filter circuit can filter out interference signals to achieve the goal of improving accuracy. After the corresponding algorithm of the microcontroller will convert the signal voltage, easy to read and store, thus designing a non-contact current measurement capable of detecting weak currents and achieving higher accuracy.


The work is devoted to the development of a method for approximating discontinuous functions using the operator of interlination of two variables functions. These operators reconstruction functions ( possibly approximately ) from their known traces on a given line system. It is such experimental data that are used in remote remote methods, in particular, in computed tomography. That is, they provide an opportunity to build operators whose integrals over the indicated lines (linear integrals) will be equal to the integrals of the function being restored. So, interlination is a mathematical apparatus naturally associated with the task of restoring the characteristics of objects from their known projections. There are many practically important scientific and technical branches in which objects of research are mathematically described by values that have a discontinuity. Such objects often arise also in tasks using remote methods. To date, there is no general theory of descriptions of phenomena and processes described by discontinuous functions. The paper constructs and explores discontinuous interlination operators for approximating discontinuous functions of two variables according to its known traces ( projections ) on a system of lines using arbitrary triangular elements. On the basis of the created spline- interlinants, a method is constructed for approximating functions that have discontinuities of the first kind and whose domain of definition is divided into triangular elements. Moreover, the constructed discontinuous structures include, as a special case, the classic continuous interlination splines. The experimental data are one-sided traces of a function on a system of given lines; precisely such data are used in tomography. The paper presents theorems on interlining properties and errors of constructed discontinuous structures. The constructed approximation method allows us to approximate the discontinuous function, avoiding the Gibbs phenomenon. The examples confirming the effectiveness of the proposed method are considered. The proposed method for approximating discontinuous functions can be used for mathematical modeling of discontinuous processes in medical, geological, space and other studies.


A general analysis is provided for the jitter performance of a delay clock regenerator as a function of various system parameters such as modulation format, channel filtering, signal-to-noise ratio, and line delay. The novelty with respect to previous works on the same subject is that we find an expression for the jitter variance of the regenerated clock, while other studies have dealt with an upper bound to such variance. Numerical results have been checked by computer simulations.


Conditional on the Shin (Economic Journal, 103, 1993) model, the incidence of insider trading is estimated in two different British betting markets: those for horse-racing and the 1997 general election. Formal testing confirms that insider trading is significantly lower in handicap than non-handicap races.


Objective: To investigate the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on brain injury in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CI-R). Methods: A total of 104 SD rats were randomized into sham-operation (n=8), model-Ⅰ (CI-R-24 h, n=16), EA-Ⅰ (n=16), medication (melatonin, 3.2 mg/kg, i.p. n=8; Red Sage Injection, 0.3 g/kg, i.v., n=8), EA+medication (n=8), EA-prevention (n=8), model-Ⅱ(CI-R-120 h, n=8) and EA-Ⅱ(n=8) groups. CI-R model was established by right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 60 min and reperfusion for 24 hours or 120 hours. EA (3 Hz, 2~4 mA, continuous waves) was applied to "Dazhui" (GV 14) and "Baihui" (GV 20) for 30 min. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) activity,and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of the serum and hippocampus, striate body and cerebral cortex tissues were detected separately by biochemical methods. Results: Compared with sham-operation group, the activity of GSH-Px of serum and the aforementioned 3 cerebral regions of model-Ⅰ and model-Ⅱ groups decreased significantly (P0.01), while MDA contents of these two model groups increased considerably (P0.01). In comparison with model-Ⅰ group, GSH-Px activity of serum and the 3 cerebral regions of EA-Ⅰ group increased significantly (P0.05~0.01), while MDA levels of EA-Ⅰ group lowered significantly (P0.05). The effects of EA+red sage injection in raising GSH-Px activity and lowering MDA levels of both serum and brain tissue were markedly superior to those of EA-Ⅰ group (P0.05~ 0.01). No significant differences were found between EA-Ⅰ and medication groups in these two indexes ( P 0.05). Compared with model-Ⅱ group, GSH-Px activity of EA-Ⅱ in serum and the 3 cerebral regions increased significantly (P0.05~0.01), while their MDA contents decreased significantly ( P 0.05~ 0.01). Conclusion: EA of GV-14 and GV-20 can prevent or inhibit CI-R-induced decrease of GSH-Px activity and increase of MDA in both blood and cerebral tissues, suggesting a good effect of EA in resisting lipid peroxidation reaction and oxygen free radical injury of CI-R, i.e., resisting oxygen stress and protecting the brain from CI-R damage.


Recently a new structure for isolated word recognition was proposed based on the ideas of vector quantization (VQ). In this scheme a separate VQ codebook, for each word in the vocabulary, was designed, based on a training sequence of several tokens of each word by one or more talkers. In the original implementation, the recognizer chose the word in the vocabulary whose average quantization distortion (according to its particular codebook) was minimum. In the proposed implementation, the word-based VQ's are used as a front end preprocessor to eliminate word candidates whose distortion scores are large; a DTW processor then resolves the choice among the remaining word candidates (i.e. those which are passed on by the preprocessor). Both of the above schemes work very well for small vocabularies; however the major flaw is the lack of temporal information in the word-based VQ processor. As such, as the vocabulary for recognition grows in size and complexity, the ability of the VQ processor to resolve among similar sounding words decreases dramatically, and the effectiveness of the proposed recognition structure similarly decreases. To alleviate this difficulty a technique for incorporating temporal structure into the preprocessor is also proposed. In particular, the probability density function of the time of occurrence for each vector in the codebook is estimated from the same training sequence used to derive the codebook vectors. In the recognizer, the spectral distance score of the VQ is combined with a (scaled) temporal distance score, for each frame in the word. An evaluation of the proposed recognizer showed good performance on both the digits vocabulary, and on a vocabulary of 129 airlines terms.