Nanoimprint Lithography [1][2][3] has been proven to be a production technology for various applications ranging from the production of microlenses (e.g. [4]) to the use in the fabrication of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) [5]. In most of these cases nanoimprint is performed on wafer scale. To go to larger areas rollerbased nanoimprint has been proposed very early on [6]. A lot of work has been done on roll-toroll based Nanoimprint [7][8][9], much less on roll-to-plate NIL using rigid substrates. To address the challenges of large area nanoimprinting on rigid and also non-transparent substrates, we are currently setting up and testing a roll-to-plate UV-based nanoimprint tool. It is based on [10] and comprises a transparent roller and a substrate translation stage. A transparent stamp or printing plate can be mounted on the roller. The UV light-source is located inside this roller. The light of a water cooled array of UV-LEDs is focused the nip, i.e. to the point where roller and substrate meet. The tool is designed to handle substrates up to 30x60cm2 in size with a thickness of up to 10mm. The printing speed can range from 1m/min to 10m/min. The device is not completely finished at the moment, as inkjet printing and slot die coating devices still have to be installed to directly include large area coating capabilities. We nevertheless can already do first printing tests. To perform these tests a glass plate was mounted on the granite substrate table. A polymer foil was placed on top of the glass-plate and coated with a UV-curable imprint material. We successfully replicated features with a broad range of dimensions. Figure 1 shows a linescan of a microptical teststructure, while figure 2 a linescan of a test-hologram. The height as well as the period of the features differs by several orders of magnitude. Figure 3 shows a typical printed hologram structure. In Figure 4 a photograph of the tool during UV-imprinting including the printing plate can be seen. With the material combinations that were tested separation was very easy, actually the foils didn't need to be fixed on the glass plate at all to allow successful automatic separation after the imprinting. We used printing plates made from UV-curable resin material or a UV-curable PDMS and Stensborg's X29 imprinting resist. For both combinations separation was automatic, so the foil separated itself from the printing plate. We will present further printing results with a wider range of microand nanoscale features and also first results on the large area coating of the UV-curable materials. The authors acknowledge funding from the rollerNIL and ePaper projects (funded by FFG, the Austrian Research Promotion Agency).


It is reported that villagers at the villages electrified by micro hydro power (MHP) show more favorable attitudes, intentions, and behaviors toward forest conservation. They initiated a community-based agreement regulating forest cutting, reduced trees chopped from the forests, reduced intention toward forest cutting, and even participated in reforestation. The present study is supposed to test this phenomenon and to find out which variables are determining intentions to behave more favorably toward forest conservation. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is applied to explain the behavior in question. TPB suggests that intention is the best predictor of behavior and it is determined by attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. These concepts, together with descriptive norms and past behavior, are compared between participants from a village with MHP and participants from a village with no electricity. A comparison between participants from another village with MHP and those from a village with grid electricity is also conducted. The results reveal that MHP inconsistently predicted participants' beliefs, attitudes, norms, perceived control, intention, and behavior toward forest conservation. Participants from the village electrified by MHP for 4 years showed more concern toward forest conservation than participants from the village without electricity. However, participants from the villages electrified by MHP for a year showed less concern toward forest conservation than participants from the village, which has been grid electrified for 10 years. Regrouping the villages into electrified and non electrified villages gave evidence that rural electrification, regardless of its sources, positively shaped participants' beliefs, attitudes, norms, perceived control, intention, and behavior toward forest conservation. Regression analyses showed that intentions to behave toward forest conservation were determined by subjective norms, past behavior and educational background.


Pericardial effusion (PE) is a potentially life‐threatening complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT). A higher incidence of early‐onset PE, unrelated to graft‐versus‐host disease, before day 100 after HCT has been reported in pediatric patients, but the pathogenic mechanism is poorly understood. Aiming to determine the pathogenesis of early‐onset PE in pediatric patients, we analyzed the cytokine concentration and cell population in the pericardial fluid of four pediatric patients with PE.


Remote sensing of oceanic and atmospheric quantities, such as the waveheight spectrum and wind velocity, depend largely on the interaction of electromagnetic radar waves with ocean surface waves in the short gravity and capillary range. The propagation of such ripple waves upon the ocean surface is strongly affected by the presence of surface films which constitute the ocean microlayer. In order to understand the impact of surface films on oceanic and atmospheric remote sensing, it is necessary to have an accurate and, if possible, convenient model relating film properties with the propagation and damping of ripple waves. This study examines two different methods of obtaining the damping coefficient of short gravity and capillary waves. One method, developed by Bock and Mann, utilizes numerical techniques based on the modified Levich characteristic equation to accurately yield complex roots governing the propagation of Laplace transverse and Marangoni longitudinal waves on the air-sea interface. The other method, developed by Cini and Lombardini, involves finding an approximate analytical solution of the Levich equations using a perturbational technique. A comparison of the two methods yields tolerance ranges of various parameters, including frequency, modulus of surface dilational viscosity, and modulus of surface dilational elasticity, over which the two methods agree to 5–10%. To make our comparison concrete, we apply both methods to a specific surface film sample collected by Garret. Both theoretical results are compared to experimental results.


The consumption of fruit plays important roles as a health protecting factor. Grape and mangosteen fruit are structurally diverse, from simple molecule to oligomers and polymers usually designated as tannins. This beneficial effect is mainly associated with the antioxidant activity of the phenolic compounds which are largely present in this fruits. This study was to quantitatively estimate the total phenol content in the developed nutraceutical product with the combination of grape seed extract and mangosteen extract. The developed nutraceutical contains a desirable amount of phenols. Spectrometry in the ultraviolet region is a useful tool for the analysis of polyphenols. So the developed nutraceutical is analyzed by proposed Ultra Violet-Visible Spectrophotometry method. In this study the result shows both grape seed extract and mangosteen extract analysed by Ultra Violet visible spectrophotometer contain some amount of


The striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) is not a common cetacean species in the northern Adriatic Sea. Its presence is generally related to deeper offshore areas beyond the continental shelf. Despite this fact, the analysis of data collected over the past 5 years indicates unusual site fidelity of a single individual in the relatively shallow Vinodol Channel of the northern Croatian Adriatic Sea. Summarizing the available data on its recent occurrence, this paper contributes to the current limited knowledge on striped dolphin presence and associations not only in this region.


This document accompanies the paper: "Spatio-temporal Event Classication using Time-series Kernel based Structured Sparsity". We provide implementation details of the Kernel Structured Sparsity (KSS) method for FISTA (fast iterative shrinkage-thresholding algorithm) (2). We also show scaling results on the 6D Motion Gesture Database (3). Note that information given in this document is not necessary to under- stand the content of the main paper.


presence of a hands-on cook in the kitchen" (167). Thus Peg Bracken, despite her status as the patron saint of women who hated to cook. did not really scorn the importance of competent horne cooking. Shapiro concludes her book with a fascinating discussion of the parallels and intersections between the impact of Julia Child on American home cooking and the impact of Betty Friedan's The Feminine iVIystique on American discussions about gender and domestic roles. The two appeared on the American cultural scene at virtuallv the same time: Child's wildly popular 'IV show, "The French Chef", first aired in 1963, eight days before the release of The Fenzinine Mystique. Child and hiedan both knew how to communicate their message to a broad audience, and they both significantly altered the discourse in their chosen fields. Child convinced millions of Americans that fresh, authentic [<'reneh cooking could and should be a worthy culinary goal of anv home cook. Friedan's work verv publiclv articulated what millions of American women alreadv knew: the ideal ization of women's domestic and familial role bore little resemblance to their frustrations and aspirations in cbily life. Both women, according Lo Shapiro, espoused the same kind of message: "You can do this yourself, with your brains and your own two hands.You don't need to get it from a package. You can take charge. You can stand at the center of your own world and create something very good, from scratch" (248). Sometlzillg from the 01!en is a pleasure to read. Shapiro is a talented writer and journalist, with a sense of humor about her subject matter and a careful eye for the interesting and instructive details about the rise of the processed food industry. She is careful to acknowledge the power of that industry in shaping American diets, noting in her epilogue that today Americans are facing a genuine health crisis precipitated by the intluence of the processed and fast food industries. But she is a fierce optimist in regards to home cooking. She concludes: "Convenience products are entrenched in most kitchens and show up on manv a dinner table, but thev haven't redefined what we know as cooking or flattened the culinary terrain" (252). Jessamvn Neuhaus, State Ullil'ersit) of Nell' )(Jr/::,Pliltts/mrgh.


Conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a qualitative method for obtaining images of softtissues in patients. Conventional MRI is the standard method used today and it results in gray-scal ...


A search for patterns in grade retention rates across grades 1-12 to construct simulation research models is described in this paper. Aggregate data from Shepard and Smith (1989) on grade retention rates from 12 American states for the year 1979-80 and from 11 states for 1985-86 were examined for across-grade patterns, supplemented by Dade County School District data for 4 consecutive years, 1982-83 through 1985-86. First, the elementary level pattern is explored. A process to explain the pattern is described and a mathematical function derived from the explanation is proposed to fit the data. Next, a pattern is sought for the highest magnitudes of retention rates, and the elementary grade function is extended to provide a proposed comprehensive fit. Fluctuations in the states' data are accounted for, enhancing the model's credibility. Finally, median summaries of the data by grade are presented and compared to an across-grade model. Findings are as follows: (1) uhe pattern of the rate magnitude distribution in grades 1-6 suggests a negative exponential function as the target population is depleted across the grades; (2) the retention rate magnitudes show a pronounced tendency to peak at the beginning of each grade level; (3) this finding is supported by shifts in the magnitude of the peaks following the move from a junior high to middle school configuration; and (4) simple equations fit the patterns logically and empirically. A conclusion is that the simulation approach offers an unobtrusive way to investigate patterns of different populations in the retention pool. Five figures are included. (6 references) (LMI) *Staa******************************************************************* * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ***************aaassamatkaamessamassassass***************************** Comparative Aggregate Patterns of Grade Retention Rates


This article presents the use of two different computational platforms (RTDS & MATLAB/Simulink SimPowerSystems) as tools for the analysis and comparison of harmonics, power quality (PQ) and the dynamic response of a HVDC system. The electric grid used in this study is a modified CIGRÉ HVDC Benchmark System model. The paper shows that the applications of these tools allow the comparison of results between platforms in order to better understand the operational consequences of a recloser located on a 13.8kV feeder on the inverter side of a HVDC system. A short-circuit is applied in the AC network to verify the propagation of a voltage sag across the distribution feeder and the HVDC link. In addition, simulations help one to understand the dynamic behavior of an AC/DC system interaction.


Impact assessment and social licence both derive from the discourse of business and society, following related concepts such as corporate social responsibility. However, they have different emphases, implying an organisational focus on impacts and relationships respectively. Using a case study of a large coal-seam gas project in Australia, this paper considers prospects for better integration of these concepts in practice. We interviewed 37 stakeholders – affected landholders plus representatives of government, councils, business and community-based organisations – to ascertain perceptions of impacts and relationships. Participants' perceptions are described in terms of 'impact narratives' and 'relationship narratives'. Impact narratives concern long-term security of artesian water and complex trade-offs between economic and social/environmental domains. All participants perceive both positive and negative impacts; many had difficulty deciding whether to support or oppose the project as a whole. Relationship narratives concern trust in local company staff and capacity to influence company decisions. Perceptions of both impacts and relationships appear to shape the level of social licence. In turn, impact assessment may best reflect stakeholder concerns when it explicitly incorporates relational constructs.


Two approaches are proposed for Chinese signature verification in this article. The topological approach, which extracts the static topological features of the Chinese signature characters such as blocks, holes, segments, end‐points, and cross‐points, is first presented. Based on this approach, an automatic Chinese signature verification system is designed and implemented. Experimental results demonstrate a recognition rate of 94%. Two new algorithms for this approach are proposed in this article. The waveform matching approach to measure the similarity of waveforms is then presented. This approach cuts the waveforms into a string of valley and peak (V‐P‐V) units and calculates the distance between two strings by using insertion, deletion, and substitution to obtain the similarity of two waveforms. The time complexity of this algorithm is O(n × m), where n and m are the unit numbers of the two waveform strings, respectively. The V‐P‐V algorithm used in a Chinese signature verification system achieves a recognition rate of 90%. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 10, 355–362, 1999


A patterning device for use in a lithographic apparatus (e.g., mask), the process comprising the polyether (PFPE) liquid pellicle to the blank layer, perfluoro covering a patterned layer of opaque material and the surface on the surface of the blank layer. Method of manufacturing a patterning device, the blank layer and to form a PFPE liquid layer by applying the PFPE liquid to the surface for covering the step, and the surface providing a patterning device having a non-transparent material layer is patterned on the surface of the blank layer , and removing at least a portion of the PFPE liquid layer. In the cleaning method of the patterning device for use in photolithographic projection apparatus, the patterning device is the way to have a non-transparent material layer is patterned on the surface of the blank layer and the blank layer, it is of the blank layer that covers the surface by applying the PFPE liquid on the surface to form a PFPE liquid layer and removing at least a portion of the PFPE liquid layer.


The microstructure of binary copolymers prepared by initiation of copolymerization by transition metal diketonates was studied in relation to the composition of the mixture of monomers and other synthesis conditions. The correlation of the parameter of block structure (Harwood factor) and other characteristics of the microstructure with the the glass transition temperature of copolymers was shown. The possibility of directed change of the microstructure of copolymer chains to obtain materials with preset properties was established.


The need for a global ethics has its origin in the human situation as such (i.e. in the fact of hominisation that has dismissed us from the natural security of animal instincts and thrown us into the state of freedom) and especially in the present situation of humankind that is characterised by an extreme increase of external challenges to our co-responsability, brought about by the results of natural science, technology, politics and economy, and - as it appears - lacking internal resources of ethical reason. The present book tries to show that the transcentendal-pragmatic approach to discourse ethics can reconstruct the genesis of this situation and provide a rational response to the external challenges to and the internal deficits of global ethics.


A novel, Analytic Non Dispersive Raman analyzer (ANDRaS®) capable of detection of traces of organic compounds with isotopic specificity will be presented. The system is designed to measure the rate of nitrification in the Gulf of Mexico. During nitrification bacteria oxidize ammonium ions ( NH 4 + ) to nitrite ( NO 2 − ); this is subsequently oxidized by other bacteria to nitrate ( NO 3 − ). The primary source of ammonium in the Gulf of Mexico is water discharged by the Mississippi river. The rates of oxidizing reactions are so fast that concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the Gulf can drop below 2 ppm and large hypoxic zones have been observed as a result of oxygen depletion. The Marine Science Institute at Port Aransas has been studying the seasonal variations in nitrification rates in the Gulf of Mexico using isotope labeling techniques for many years. In order to get a reliable global data set multiple places have to be visited by boats and samples collected, preferably several times a day. The collected water is quickly frozen and analyzed in the laboratory at Port Aransas. The established procedure to measure the rate of nitrification by microbes is based on an isotope transfer diagnostic using 15N [1]. The samples are doped with a known amount (4 µM) of 15NH4 and after 24 hours of reaction time, the retention concentration is recorded using high performance cation exchange liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two probes from each sample are analyzed along with a reference sample, and the results of the two probe samples are averaged. This procedure is automated and the basis of our current understanding of the hypoxic zone.


Black hole attack is a category of denial of service attack in mobile ad hoc network (MANET) which broadcast itself as having the freshest or optimal route to deliver the packet from source to destination and all these kinds of attack happens due to the dynamic behavior of the wireless network. It is self configuring and infrastructure less network and uses different routing protocols to deliver the packet from one to another end such as AODV, DSR, DSDV and ZRP etc. In this paper, literature study of detection techniques of black hole attack in AODV based routing protocol is explaining also discusses some counter measures for the analysis of black hole attack in mobile ad hoc network.


Related-party (RP) transactions are said to be commonly used opportunistically in business and contribute to corporate failures. While periodic disclosure is widely accepted as an effective means of monitoring such transactions, research is scant, particularly in countries where business dealings may be more susceptible to corruption. This study investigates the nature and extent of corporate RP disclosures across six countries in the Asia-Pacific region. The key finding indicates that companies in countries with stronger regulatory enforcement, shareholders' protection, and control for corruption, have more transparent RP disclosures. This evidence potentially contributes to reforms aimed at strengthening RP disclosure and compliance.


— The aim of this study was to analyze the variability of coordination during gait of sedentary young people and practitioners of physical activities, at different speeds (Pre-ferred walk speed (PWS), 120% of PWS and 80% of PWS) using the Vector Coding technique (VC). Thirty young people participated in this study, of which 15 are sedentary and 15 practiced exercise regularly at least three times a week. They performed a protocol of walking 1 minute at each speed for data collection on a treadmill in a randomized order. For the Pelvis-Thigh segment, the angles were computed during four phases of the gait (first double support, single support, second double support, and swing) in the sagittal plane. The data were analyzed with a customized MatLab code. Significant differences were observed in 120% and 80% of the PWS for both groups, with greater variability in 80% of the PWS, suggesting that walking at slower speeds is a greater challenge for the neuromuscular system, when compared to higher speeds.


The compressional (Vp) and shear (Vs) wave velocity structure of the Kapuskasing uplift have been determined as a function of depth, propagation direction, and polarization from laboratory velocity measurements to confining pressures of 600 MPa on oriented samples from known structural levels of the complex. Based on the relative field abundances of the lithologies measured, the three principal terranes exposed in the uplift are characterized at depth by the following average values of Vp, Vs, and apparent Poisson's ratio, σa: (i) Michipicoten greenstone bell (greenschist, depth 0–6 km, Vp = 6.6 km/s, Vs = 3.9 km/s, σa = 0.235); (ii) Wawa gneiss terrane (amphibolite, depth 6–17 km, Vp = 6.5 km/s, Vs = 3.8 km/s, σa = 0.24); and (iii) Kapuskasing structural zone (granulite, depth 17–23 km, Vp = 6.9 km/s, Vs = 3.9 km/s, σa = 0.27). Although anisotropic lithologies such as paragneiss or mafic gneiss are present at all levels and tend to increase in abundance with depth, only in the deepest level (the Kapuskas...


population trends of specific areas of northern Mexico between 1830 and 1846? How long did the settlements that George Ruxton and others reported deserted due to Indian depredations remain abandoned? Did Texans and others oppose Article 1 1 of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo merely because they "appreciated how difficult it would be to prevent Indian raids into Mexico" (295), or did they harbor commercial and political interests in the continuation of those raids? This brilliant work will certainly please the scholarly reader. DeLay's smooth narrative and transparent style make it also accessible to the educated non-specialist. The book is richly annotated with references to a wide array of Englishand Spanish-language primary and secondary sources, including Mexican official documents, newspapers, and archival sources hitherto untapped by American scholars. DeLay's discussion benefits from the abundant quantitative data that he has compiled and presents in a magnificent appendix. The book includes informative maps, a good selection of images, and a carefully crafted index. All in all, DeLay's superb scholarship has culminated in a nuanced yet lucid narrative that will doubtless become a required reference for U.S., Mexico, Native American, and Borderlands scholars for a long time.


An industrial energy-budget for a Rainbow Trout farm shows that 93% of the energy costs of production are incurred in feeding the fish, seven-tenths of which is due to fishnieal incorporated in the food pellets. Only one-tenth of the input energy is converted into fish, but the energy subsidy of the farming operation compares favourably with conventional fishing and is 423 input megajoules per kg of output fish protein (55 MJ per kg wet-weight of fish landed). However, if the Trout could be fed on a diet composed of suitable vegetable protein, this performance would be improved to an overall conversion efficiency of one-third, and a subsidy of about 160 MJ per kg. A smaller but similar improvement could result if the Peruvian anchovy fishery regained its former production level. As these improved energy-costs are comparable with those of crops of potatoes, and with those of bread and milk production, a 2-men Rainbow Trout farm yielding 25 tonnes per year on one hectare would become an attractive protein-producing enterprise in localities where the necessary water-supply is available.


Between the second and the eighteenth century CE, a form of political society located in the household was that of an eminent or skilled teacher and his coresidential disciple or student. I call this order "monastic governmentality" on the strength of the epigraphic, numismatic, and narrative evidence of societies in eastern India. In the essay that follows, I argue that monastic governments existed all over eastern and Himalayan India until the late eighteenth century, when colonial law eroded privileges associated with them. This process impoverished women in the households and inverted the terms in which these women had earlier been remembered by grateful clients. Colonial politics, driven by a liberal political economy and an evangelical Christian morality in the early nineteenth century, disabled and disavowed precolonial women's histories. Postcolonial scholarship, formed at the juncture of liberal and evangelical notions of law, agency, and history, has persisted in this disavowal. It has mislaid the responsibility for misogyny. Instead of looking closely at eighteenth-century European laws and commerce, it blamed Hindu or Muslim "traditions" for what is, in fact, a hypermodern colonial misogyny. These misattributions were manifest in 1987, when a woman's death in Deorala sparked off a flurry of scholarship on women's immolations (sati). Very few scholars who participated in this exchange had either researched the precolonial political order or reinvestigated the minutiae of late eighteenth-century colonial economics. This essay challenges postcolonial scholarship and its methodologies in three ways: it re-presents overlooked evidence, it reinterprets that evidence from a perspective informed by monastic texts, and it locates the genealogy of postcolonial amnesia in liberal and colonial misogyny. The essay is also structured to conform to this tripartite goal. The first two segments outline precolonial monastic governmentality and establish colonial misogyny; the third establishes the genealogy of postcolonial amnesia.


In this study, we attempted to synthesize organic-soluble silver nanoparticles in the concentrated organic phase with an environmentally friendly method. The fully organic phase system contains silver acetate as a silver precursor, oleic acid as both a medium and a capping molecule, and tin acetate as a reducing agent. Monodisperse silver nanoparticles with average diameters of ca. 5 nm can be easily synthesized at large scale. Only a small usage of tin acetate (<0.05 eq.mol) resulted in a high synthesis yield (>90%). Also, it was investigated that the residual tin atom does not exist in the synthesized silver nanoparticles. This implied that tin acetate acts as a reducing catalyst.


This paper describes our research on the synthesis of the sorbent with chemically bonded ketoimine groups, and, furthermore, using this sorbent in the SPE technique to extract and preconcentrate trace amounts of metal ions in water samples. Surface characteristics of the sorbent were determined by elemental analysis, NMR spectra for the solid phases (29Si CP MAS NMR), and analysis of pore size distribution of the sorbent and nitrogen adsorption-desorption. The newly proposed sorbent with ketoimine groups was applied for the extraction and preconcentration of trace amounts of Cu (II), Cr (III) and Zn (II) ions from the water from a lake, post-industrial water and purified water unburdened back to the lake. The determination of the transition-metal ions was performed on an emission spectroscope with inductively coupled plasma ICP-OES. For the batch method, the optimum pH range for Cu (II) and Cr (III) extraction was equal to 5, and Zn(II)–to 8. All the metal ions can be desorbed from SPE columns with 10 mL of 0.5 mol HNO3. The detection limits of the method were found to be 0.7 µg L−1 for Cu (II), 0.08 µg L−1 for Cr (III), and 0.2 µg L−1 for Zn (II), respectively.


Local-density approximation calculations are performed to predict properties of compressively strained hexagonal ScN. This material is found to exhibit a large electromechanical response, a structural phase transition from a nonpolar to a polar structure, and a variation of the band gap in the entire visible light range when continuously changing the compressive strain. Microscopic effects responsible for these anomalies are revealed and discussed. Suggestions on how to practically grow ScN-based materials having such unusual properties are also provided.


This book provides evidence that the high-level state capture and business capture have an adverse effect on the economic development and growth. In this regard, it studies the shadow economy as a negative consequence of grand corruption. The author proves that the shadow economy hinders the attraction of foreign direct investment (FDI), which is considered as a major stimulator of transition period, into economy. For the purposes of the above-mentioned studies, the author uses a microeconomic model in which the negative externalities of the shadow economy caused by the state and business capture are explained using microeconomic variables, namely the consumer, the producer, the consumer surplus, the producer surplus, and the equilibrium volume of goods and services. The main hypothesis of the model is that the imposition of indirect taxes (resulting from the state capture and business capture practices) leads to the growth of the shadow economy which adversely affects the growth of GDP and economy as a whole.


The invention relates to novel ink and a production method thereof. The novel ink composition mainly comprises 10-15% of coloring agent, 12-20% of sizing material, 2-4% of wetting agent, 2-3% of brightening agent, 5-10% of oxidizing agent, 10-15% of stabilizing agent, 3-5% of preservative and the balance water according to percentages by weight. The novel ink adopts latest product structures and overcomes the problem that existing ink is not enough in brightness and fastness. Main addition of the brightening agent effectively improves brightness of the ink, and simultaneously, addition of the oxidizing agent in an auxiliary matched mode enables collagen in the ink to be synchronous reacted with the brightening agent and the oxidizing agent under association of water, thereby enabling the ink to improve writing and adhering fastness while greatly improving the brightness.


Background: Oxidative stress is known to be a key factor in several diseases and was reported as a result of radiation exposure in human and experimental animals. Royal jelly contains free amino acids, proteins, sugars, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins, which are reported as a preventive treatment of a wide range of disorders. Aim: The present study was designed to determine the possible protective effects of royal jelly against gamma (γ-) radiation-induced oxidative stress in male rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty two rats were divided into four groups (n=8), control, treated (rats were administrated by RJ (250 mg/kg/day) by stomach tube for 15 days, irradiated (rats were exposed to (10 Gy) whole body gamma radiations as a fractionated dose (2Gy X 5 times), treated irradiated, (rats were administrated by RJ (250 mg/kg/day) by stomach tube for 15 days before exposure to whole body gamma irradiation (10 Gy) as a fractionated dose (2X5). Serum reduced glutathione (GSH) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and lipid peroxide [malondialdehyde (MDA)] levels were assessed as well as serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), High density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), creatinine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI). Also, histopathologic and histochemical changes were assessed. Results: The results showed that, GSH content, SOD activity and HDL-C were highly significantly decreased, while there was marked highly significant increase in MDA, TC, TG, LDL-C, CK-MB and cTnI due to irradiation. Numerous histopathologic changes were detected in the heart tissue of rats of the irradiated group with altered cardiac muscle fibres of the radiation-exposed group. These changes manifested good amelioration in the exposed groups that supplemented with RJ (250 mg/kg/day). Conclusion: Royal jelly has a beneficial role in reducing oxidative stress and cardio-toxicity induced by radiation exposure.


Skills training is one of the skills required to be developed in 21st century competencies. Skills training is a very important social skill for students to have, especially in learning science. Science learning requires students to understand scientifically so that students get direct experience. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using disaster integrated digital supplement books on students' skills in excretion system material at SMPN 32 Padang. The research method used is quasi-experimental. The instruments used in this study were questionnaires and observation sheets. The data analysis technique of this research is adjusted to the qualitative data analysis flow. Based on the results of the research, it means that the use of digital supplement books is integrated with the impact of disasters on students' skills on excretion system material at SMPN 32 Padang. In both classes there are also significant differences in scores between the experimental class and the control class. Based on the average of the two classes, the experimental class that was treated had a higher average of 72 compared to the average of the control class, which was 65.


ABSTRACT Regional ecosystem monitoring is a central form of knowledge sharing and collaboration amongst scientists and decision makers on environmental health, land use change, and science-policy development. Despite the proliferation of such research networks on long-term monitoring on many continents, little has been achieved in Africa. This study aims to assess and examine the spatiotemporal trend and categorical patterns in ecosystem monitoring-related research in Africa for the benefits of conserving biodiversity and sustaining natural resource sectors for well-being and livelihood security, environmental planning, and ecological stewardship. A systematic review was conducted using bibliometric tools. Based on a set of search terms and peer-reviewed publications retrieved from various ecosystem monitoring networks and journal databases, further analysis was conducted using social network approaches, mapping tools, and content analysis. About 1442 scientific publications on ecosystem monitoring and related research were documented from 1987 to 2014 mostly published in English. The number of publication increased progressively since 1992 after the Convention on Biodiversity was signed and this trend peaked till 2008. South African Journal of Science was the most leading journal and Nature the most cited. Internationally coauthored and collaborative articles represented majority of the findings with the United Kingdom at the central position in the research network due to colonial relationships. Regional collaboration amongst countries is limited owing to language barriers and other institutional constraints such as funding and short-term projects. These findings have implication for prioritizing national and regional policies toward biodiversity science and its contribution to human well-being, food security, and global change responses.


The presence of combined joint contractures, the development of secondary protrusive coxarthritis (PC), severe osteoporosis and bone destruction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis produce a number of technical difficulties during the implementation of total hip arthroplasty (THA). In this article we have presented a clinical case of bilateral cementless THA performed in a patient with RA and secondary PC. Before surgery the functional Harris score was 20 points, and the DA-S28 (disease activity score) was 3.1. The patient had PC of the third degree on the right and the second degree on the left side. During THA on the right side we applied the technique of impact bone autoplasty. Four years after surgery, the functional Harris score was 73; DAS‑28 was 2.7. Thus, the combination of conservative therapy and surgical treatment improves patient's clinical and functional state and also helps to maintain low activity of RA.


In this paper, we address the solution of three‐dimensional heterogeneous Helmholtz problems discretized with second‐order finite difference methods with application to acoustic waveform inversion in geophysics. In this setting, the numerical simulation of wave propagation phenomena requires the approximate solution of possibly very large indefinite linear systems of equations. For that purpose, we propose and analyse an iterative two‐grid method acting on the Helmholtz operator where the coarse grid problem is solved inaccurately. A cycle of a multigrid method applied to a complex shifted Laplacian operator is used as a preconditioner for the approximate solution of this coarse problem. A single cycle of the new method is then used as a variable preconditioner of a flexible Krylov subspace method. We analyse the properties of the resulting preconditioned operator by Fourier analysis. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm on three‐dimensional applications. The proposed numerical method allows us to solve three‐dimensional wave propagation problems even at high frequencies on a reasonable number of cores of a distributed memory computer. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Openings in sandwich panels generally require additional girders as support. Besides the common solutions, this report introduces a supporting frame which can reinforce openings in sandwich structures. The use of lengthwise aluminium profiles that are thermally separated is discussed and initial test series are presented. First results indicate that these additional structures are able to achieve the same load bearing capacities as not weakened panels. 1. State of the art Sandwich panels with flat or lightly profiled faces are frequently used as "load bearing" wall construction units. "Load bearing" here refers to the admission and transmission of wind loads and climatic effects. Sandwich wall panels are mostly used for industrial buildings, but also e.g. for office buildings and halls with special application (e.g. exhibition and sales halls). It is obvious that in many buildings, walls necessarily also need to have "openings" like windows and doors. The "official" state of the art concerning openings within wall constructions with self-supporting sandwich panels is always a "replacement", i.e. an additional support of the wall panels in the range of openings. Thereby, all applied loads on window and door openings are transmitted to the spaced structural supports (e.g. framework) by longitudinal and cross beams (e.g. steel sections) (see fig. 1). This means however that a replacing, e.g. of a window opening, always is a substantial effort. Above all, concerning the use and the visual effect, this is not requested. A replacing however is at present the only "official" solution for openings within sandwich panels because there are no accepted procedures in technical approvals or in the European standard prEN 14509, including openings in sandwich panels. If openings are designed without replacing, that would be an application of the panels beyond the approved rules, what is clearly not permissible. This, in particular, also applies to the use of allowable spans, which were intended for panels without open-


This article describes a psycholinguistic research into the mechanisms of perception and comprehension of a foreign text based on the psycholinguistic method applying the modified "counter-text" technique developed by A. I. Novikov. The experiment is based on the physiological principle of dominant by A. A. Ukhtomsky. Within this article, a post in the translation Internet community acts as an incentive text, and comments on it play the role of reactions, a kind of "counter-texts". It is supposed that "counter-texts", to some extent, allow establishing and verbalizing the dominants that exist in the minds of those who perceive the text; the authors also believe these dominants to influence the process of meaning formation and translation results.


DUV lithography using 248 nm light is a viable option for manufacturing deices with 130 nm features. A pertinent issue is generating an acceptable common process window for features of different pitches at this nominal dimension. Not only does the process latitude for any given pitch need to be acceptable; the bias in dose to size for these features must be minimized in order to create acceptable common process latitude. Demonstrated for pitch ratios of 1:1.5 and larger is the set-up of illumination, process OPC required to produce common process windows of 0.5 micrometers focus latitude at 10 percent EL. Simultaneously, scattering bars bring the isolated line process latitude to a level comparable to the 1:1.5 pitch features, greatly improving the performance over that of the isolated lines alone.


An anomalous branch of the cavernous carotid artery, not reported previously, is described. Its appearance and distribution were unlike those of any known cavernous branch, originating at the level where the trigeminal artery is usually found but having no communication with the basilar artery. Its distribution approximated that of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery. The author believes that this is an unusual form of persistent embryonic communication between the carotid artery and the vessels of the posterior fossa.


Background: Participation in exercise improves function, restores fitness, and enhances quality of life in survivors of breast cancer. There is robust evidence regarding resistance and aerobic training for women at risk for and with breast cancer–related lymphedema; however, the effect of yoga on impairments and functional outcomes has not been well documented. The purpose of this systematic review is to examine the effect of yoga on arm volume, strength, range of motion, function, and quality of life among women at risk for and with breast cancer–related lymphedema and create evidence-based recommendations. Methods: This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (Prospero registration number: 42022311574). EMBASE, PubMed, CINAHL Complete, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched from January 2010 through December 2021. Quality and bias of included studies were assessed using the American Physical Therapy Association's Critical Appraisal Tool for Experimental Intervention Studies. Results: A total of 132 articles were screened for eligibility and 9 studies met inclusion criteria. Based on 3 acceptable and 6 low-quality studies, this review found that participation in yoga demonstrated a positive effect on arm range of motion, strength, function, and quality of life among women at risk for and with breast cancer–related lymphedema. No safety issues, including new onset or exacerbation of lymphedema, were found in the reviewed studies. Conclusion: Integration of yoga into a therapeutic plan of care is supported. Variations in yoga type, mode, duration, and frequency currently make it challenging to generate specific guidelines. Adherence and an ongoing commitment to yoga practice may promote long-term effects.


This paper has briefly discussed the relationship between denotation, meaning and quality of public signs in source language and those in target language during the process of translation with reference to some of the translated terms of public signs in Wuxi Stadium. The causes of the incorrect and mechanical translation of these public signs have been explored and the corresponding methods to improve the public signs translation have been introduced in this paper.


An expert system for treatment planning in cast clasp partial denture cases is presented. The system may be used both to verify the construction principles of proposed clasp constructions and to develop new constructions. At first, it is intended to use this expert system for teaching in university dental schools.


This article explains how to approach searching for paramedicine research, and the order in which you should consider types of sources, from synthesised sources to individual studies. Databases and sources for literature are covered and common issues about the search process are addressed, including when a search is complete and finding a gap in the literature.


The paper presents a model predictive control (MPC) algorithm for a three-level neutral point clamped converter connected to the grid via an LCL filter. The proposed long-horizon MPC, formulated as a multi-criterion quadratic program (QP), simultaneously controls the grid and converter current as well as the filter capacitor voltage, while meeting the relevant grid standards. To achieve the latter, a carrier-based pulse width modulation (CB-PWM) stage is employed. Finally, soft constraints are included to ensure operation of the system within its safe operating limits, particularly with regards to a potential overcurrent or overvoltage trip during transient operation. The presented results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.


This article discusses the change in the Minangkabau political orientation from the Dutch colonial era to the present. They pose the Minangkabau language as a political issue in the national interaction. This paper is on how Minangkabau people view their mother tongue as a part of national identity, how they make it as the ammunition for the movement of resentencing to fight against the central government, how Minangkabau people make their mother tongue a part of ethnic identity politics; and how language policy of the Dutch colonial and Republic of Indonesia government influenced the change in Minangkabau political orientation. The analysis proves that language has become inseparable from regional history dynamism and Minangkabau regional-political life. The language attitude of the Minangkabau people in the colonial era showed a high national spirit.


This study compared the effectiveness of Confidence Scoring Method (CSM) and Logical-choice Weight Method (LWM) of scoring objective tests in Chemistry. It examined which of the two scoring methods is more effective, reliable and valid. These were with a view to enhancing the reliability and validity of Chemistry objective test for standard assessment. The population for the study comprised of Senior Secondary School two (SSS II) students in Osun State. The sample consists of 280 SSSII Chemistry Students in their intact classes from four randomly selected schools and in four randomly selected local government areas of the state. The classes were randomly assigned to the two scoring methods. The instruments used for the study were Chemistry Multiple-choice Test type A and B (CMTA and CMTB). The 40-item Chemistry multiple-choice test was administered on the students in each school. Two scoring methods were used to score the test items. Data collected were analyzed using Kuder- Richardson (KR-21) formula and Fisher z-test. Results obtained revealed that significant difference existed in the reliability coefficient of CSM and LWM of scoring (z2=7.82; p DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n2p387


Anion channels are involved in several physiological processes , including housekeeping functions such as maintenance of cytoplasmic ion composition, pH regulation, and cell volume regulation (Nilius and Droogmans, 2003; more specialized physiological functions such as trans-epithelial electrolyte/fluid transport in absorbing and excreting epithelia (Larsen, 2011) and muscle contraction and excitability (Jentsch et al., 2002; Hartzell et al., 2005). Furthermore, intracellular Cl  channels are important for maintaining electroneutrality when protons and Ca 2+ ions are transported into intracellular compartments (Jentsch et al., 2002). These functions are maintained by various types of Cl  channels whose mechanisms of activation and molecular identities are often not known. Activation stimuli include ligand-gating, cAMP-dependent phosphorylation, voltage-gating, cell swelling, and increases in intracellular Ca 2+ 2+-activated Cl  channels (CaCCs) were first described in Xenopus laevis oocytes (Miledi et al., 1982; Barish, 1983) and Sal-amander rods (Bader et al., 1982) and have since been found in many cell types where they have important functions in, e.g., membrane excitability in cardiac muscle and neurons (André et al. regulation of vascular tone (Angermann et al., 2006), and photoreception (Lalonde et al., 2008). At low Ca 2+ concentrations, CaCCs are characterized by time-dependent outward rectification and activation in a voltage-dependent manner by raised intracellular concentration of free Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] i). At subsaturating [Ca 2+ ] i , CaCCs are slowly activated and deactivated by depolariz-ing and hyperpolarizing plasma membrane potentials, respectively. A higher Ca 2+ sensitivity at depolarizing potentials contributes to the outward rectification (Nilius et al., 1997). At saturating [Ca 2+ ] i , the channels are fully activated at all physiologically relevant membrane potentials , and rectification is decreased with the current-voltage relationship approaching linearity


A five membered cyclic pyrido[1,2-a]quinoxaline phosphate has been first synthesized in one step in a good yield by phosphorylation of the quinoxaline derivative of sugar 1a with (PhO)P(O)Cl2. Phosphorylation of the tetrols (1a and 1b) and the diol acetals with other phosphorylating agents, however, affords a dehydration product 2-(2-furyl)quinoxaline.


Response surface design has been used to optimize the concentration of adhesion promoter in wood fiber-filled polypropylene composite in relation to maximiza tion of mechanical properties and thermal stability of modified composites. The method has also been used to find an empirical correlation between product composition and inter molecular bonding that has taken place due to the reactivity of itaconic anhydride modified polypropylene in the composite system studied. The adequency of the correlation is fur ther justified by FTIR and DSC results. The heat of fusion data of polypropylene in com posite which was used as a relative measure of change in degree of crystallinity in polypro pylene matrix, fairly explains the observed effects of response variables on degree of chemical bonding and mechanical properties. The controlled variables selected in design ing the experiment, however, suggests that a further study is needed in the higher concen tration range of wood fiber and modifier to optimize the cost and performance of product. Results in this study also revealed that a ridge analysis should be performed to find an unique extreme in the experimental region which will show the direction to proceed to find the optimum in further experimentation. Overall, this study demonstrated that response surface methodology could be used to find a quantitative correlation between composite composition and mechano-chemical properties.


This paper delves into the substantial challenges faced in end-to-end computer vision applications where optical systems are jointly optimized alongside downstream data-driven models, and explores available solutions.


Even though much effort has been given to attracting female students to engineering in Taiwan, they only consist about 12% of all college engineering students. Never the less, we know very little about how women engineers start and thrive in engineering professions; or leave after all. In this research, we focus on the professional experiences of Taiwanese women engineers in three extremely masculine industries: shipbuilding, mechanical and construction. In-depth interview were conducted to gain understanding of their work life balance, professional performances, dealing with workplace culture and self-imaging. Interviewees' education backgrounds, family status, work years, job requirements are also taken into consideration when analysing. The interviews reveal women engineers who work in an office setting feel marginalized by the workplace culture, which worships field experiences and male perspectives. A common thread among many of them is the non-existence of passions for engineering. They separate work and personal life definitely, some spend great effort in pursue personal interests. Other field women engineers tell different stories. They immerge in the harsh field conditions using their own feminine ways for protections, or non-protection at all. They eagerly seek opportunities to be involved and interact with colleagues and subordinates of both genders. Attitude towards dealing with field practical work is clearly one of the key factors, among many found in this research, for women in engineering seeking a pleasant professional life. The result can be used to design a greater scale study in the near future.


This thesis aims at analyzing the identity condition of Mozambican 'assimilados', both during the colonial state and during the socialist revolution that followed. For this, the thesis was theoretically guided by the constructionist sociology perspective, which assumes that the experiences and interactions of individuals with others in everyday life, contribute to the formation of their identity, not coincide exactly to those suggested by social institutions. Having worked on the most diverse sources of research, such as official records, in-depth interviews, and letters published in the journal Tempo, the research suggests, first of all, that the colonial state played an important role in "assigning" an identity to the 'assimilados'. The state regarded 'assimilados' as the black or mestizo Mozambican who had surpassed the status of indigenous "uncivilized" subject, taking him as a Portuguese citizen, like the Portuguese settlers. The research, however, shows that, unlike the expectation of the state and the colonial elite, the 'assimilados' did not completely abandon indigenous practices and customs. They used to negotiate their identity. After the independence of Mozambique and the unleashing of a socialist revolution aimed at eliminating all traces of the colonial society, the assimilated 'assimilados' became associated with that past and, as such, were the target of a symbolic attack. In spite of this, due to their educational, professional and linguistic condition inherited from the colonial period, they saw their earlier socioeconomic condition reproduced or even increased, inasmuch as they came to occupy important social and professional positions left vacant by the Portuguese settlers that the revolution had expelled. This situation has an influence on the way individuals constructed their identity, stressing it with the promises of the revolution. While 'assimilados' began to feel unwanted, although useful to the revolution, the Mozambicans of indigenous origin began to feel, subjectively, that they had not surpassed their previous condition.


The present invention includes culturing the iPS cells in the presence of culture supernatant of cancer cells, to a method of obtaining a cell population comprising cancer stem cells.


Anterior-posterior [a] and lateral [B] computed tomography radiographs; T1 [c] and T2 [d] weighted magnetic resonance images of the lumbar spine demonstrating the lesion in the L4 vertebra. attempt to induce delivery. However, due to failure of both mechanical and pharmacologic means to bring on an active labor over a 48 hour period, together with the patient's overall exhausted state, a cesarean section was performed under general anesthesia. The operative course was uneventful. Since her complaints persisted postoperatively, she was referred to an orthopedic consultation. Initial physical examination revealed diffuse tenderness in the regions of the lumbar spine and left buttock. h emangiomas are among the most common benign tumors involving the spine, usually presenting as an incidental finding on magnetic resonance imaging or even on plain radiography [1]. First described by Virchow in 1867, this lesion is estimated to have an overall incidence of 10–12%, as based on several cadavers and spine film reviews [2]. The lesion may involve any portion of the spinal column, but is more prevalent in the thoracic and lumbar spine segments. The mechanism of growth underlying this often slowly developing lesion is not fully understood. Pregnancy, however, is a well-documented risk factor accompanying its symptomatic conversion, often necessitating surgical decompression. We report the case of a spinal hemangioma during pregnancy, with unusually severe intraas well as postoperative complications.


The biological function of proteins is largely determined by the three-dimensional structure they adopt in vivo. It is a great challenge for theory to predict this structure which is determined by a delicate interplay between various non-covalent forces. To verify that theoretical models describe the underlying physics correctly, comparison with benchmark experiments is essential, and the most rigorous test is perhaps to compare theoretical and experimental data on small peptides in the gas phase.


Rapid urbanization in developing countries today has increased the interest in the historical experiences of developed countries. Through a case study on Sweden, it is hoped that further insights will be gained about the complex interaction of economic and demographic variables during a country's industrialization phase.

This paper presents the model which will be used for an analysis of Swedish demoeconomic development. This general equilibrium model has been designed to capture specific Swedish characteristics, especially the extent and pattern of foreign trade and emigration which have been given an explicit treatment and a crucial role in the model. The analysis of these aspects will be carried out through counterfactual simulations for the 1870-1914 period.


To evaluate the importance of positive Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) status in intestinal biopsy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), its association with active disease and immunosuppressive (IM) therapy and its influence on the clinical evolution of IBD.

 We retrospectively analysed patients with IBD who were tested for EBV in intestinal mucosa between November 2009 and June 2017. Pathologists decided EBV testing based on the presence of severe histologic activity with/without prominent lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate or refractory disease to various treatments. We analysed phenotypic characteristics, previous treatments, active therapies at the time of EBV testing, EBV status by immunohistochemistry, presence of lymphoma, treatment decision making after EBV testing and subsequent clinical evolution based on hospital admissions and treatment escalation requirement.

 We included 56 patients, 28 with Crohn's disease (CD) and 28 with ulcerative colitis (UC). The predominant phenotype of patients with CD was A2L3C1. Regarding patients with UC, 14 patient had left-sided and 14 extensive colitis.
 EBV was positive (EBV+) in 26 cases (46%), one of them associated with a lymphoproliferative disorder. EBV+ status was associated with clinically active disease (53.3% vs. 25%, p = 0.08); severe endoscopic (54.5% vs. 37.5%, p = 0.02) and severe histological activity (72.2% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.007) and the presence of a prominent lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate (68.8% vs. 16.7%, p < 0.0005). In addition, active steroid treatment, but not IM and/or biological therapy, at the time of EBV testing was associated with EBV+ status (61.5% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.03). Only the presence of a prominent lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate showed significant association with EBV+ in the multivariate analysis (p = 0001). IM therapy was de-escalated in 6/26 EBV-positive patients. In EBV- patients, IM treatment was escalated in 10/30. After a mean follow-up of 53.3 months, 17 patients required hospital admission and 26 escalation of therapy. Both risk of admissions and escalation of treatment during follow-up were higher in EBV+ patients (38.5% vs. 23.3%, p = 0.2; and 65.4% vs. 30%, p = 0.008, respectively). Only female sex was associated with a greater possibility of hospital admission and EBV+ with the need for treatment escalation (p = 0.03) in the multivariate analysis. None of the patients developed lymphoma during follow-up.

 EBV+ status in intestinal mucosa is associated with histological activity. Prominent lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate is the only factor associated with EBV+ status independently of immunosuppression status. EBV+ is associated with subsequent poor clinical evolution and a greater need for escalation of IM therapy.


A microcircuit interconnection system has been developed which utilizes the advantages of a met,sl substrate for heat conduction and power distribution combined with a superimposed logic interconnection plane fabricatesd on 25 ,um polyimide film. The copper substrate component: of the as- sembly is capable of dissipating 4 W/cm2 to a water-cooled duct and maintaining a chip surface temperature of 45'C above ambient. It supports an expansion matched glass ce- ramic film which electrically insulates the power (distribution plane. All the signal connections are formed by 125 I.tm gold conductors supported on the polyimide film in which throughconnections are formed by etched and metallized 38 pm holes. Direct connections to the emitter coupled logic chips are formed by etching away areas of the polyimide film under the conductor tracks to leave beam leads. Finally, in assembly, the back of the chips supported on the polyimide film are soldered to prepared cavities in the substrate. Test assemblies have demonstrated a threefold increasls in system speed for 1 ns integrated circuits as compared with their performance in comparable assemblies on standard printed circuit boards.


In digital video coding, the 2D block-based Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) has been widely used, combined with the quantisation techniques of DCT coefficients, for the purpose of compression of video data. When coarser quantisation is employed, the DCT blocks become prominent in the reconstructed images and this affect is called block-edge artifact. Several linear filters have been proposed in the video coding literature to reduce this artifact, however, these techniques blur the block edges and thus reduces the signal-to-noise ratio of the filtered images compared to the reconstructed images. In this paper, a new non-linear filtering technique has been introduced and it reduces the block-edge artifact using the changes in local statistical characteristics of the pixels along the block edges. This technique reduces the block-edge artifact while minimising the blur along the block edges and thus gives an increased signal-to-noise ratio in the filtered images.


The paper refers to the experience for developing the underground space in large and medium cities at home and abroad,points out the idea for developing "underground new city of Chongqing Peninsula" by combining the topological landscape with typical mountainous cities in Yuzhong District of Chongqing,and explores the development of "underground new city of Chongqing Peninsula" from the "creation of the landscape image of Chongqing Peninsula" to the "relief of the traffic pressure in Chongqing Peninsula",so as to have the important significance for the speedy development of the city.


Benzyl methylene signals, which split into an AB quartet and a singlet and show temperature dependence, are obtained at various temperatures and are simulated with the use of two independent rates of rotation. Certain limitations of accuracy are found in this method. The uncertainty becomes less if additional data are provided from other sources, but never becomes negligible. Contribution of the slower process is found difficult to detect especially when the population involved in the process are the less.


Worldwide, the prevalence of diabetes was estimated to 382 million in 2013; and is projected to reach 592 million by 2035. This represents 8%–10% of the global population (1). Diabetic nephropathy (DN), on the other hand, is becoming the most frequent cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in most countries. It is characterized by pathological magnitude of urine albumin excretion and loss of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Structural changes includes mesangial expansion, thickening of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and characteristically, nodular glomerulosclerosis (Kimmelstiel–Wilson nodules) (2). Pathogenesis of DN, not surprisingly, has been studied from different aspects. It consists of, but not limited to: (a) Hemodynamic: Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) role, has been well known in the pathogenesis of DN (3). (b) Metabolic: Oxidative stress and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage DNA and proteins (4). Besides activation of the polyol pathway, by converting excess glucose to sorbitol, contributes to aforementioned phenomenon (5). Moreover, formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) by non-enzymatic binding of glucose to proteins lead to alteration of proteins structure and function (6). (c) Growth factors/cytokines: Activation of TGF-β and its downstream cytokine, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), induces extracellular matrix formation and fibrosis. (d) Cellular organelles: Mitochondrion, the power plant of cell, is directly involved in and injured by oxidative stress. Deficient mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and decreased mitofusin-2 expression in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity have been found (7). The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in diabetic kidney disease has been confirmed, as well (8). (e) Trace elements: Zinc, and chromium have been shown to significantly decrease in blood samples of DN cases compared to healthy subjects (9).


Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) moth catch-weather relations were established based on eleven years' data (1985 to 1995) recorded at Nagpur of Maharashtra under rainfed cotton growing zone of Indian subcontinent to aid in population predictions. Aggregate and mean models predicting the moth catches were developed through step down regression analyses. Qualitative approach of evolving criteria by comparing moth catches and weather factors of normal and epidemic years together, besides curve fitting of current moth catch abundance alongside of epidemic year were tested. While, quantitative models indicated negative influence of evening relative humidity of previous two weeks on the P. gossypiella, the criteria of maximum temperature greater than 34oC during 40th standard week, minimum temperature less than 17oC in 44th standard week, evening and morning relative humidity less than 33 and 70% in respect of 44 and 46 standard weeks, and dry spell followed by rains coinciding with 41 and 42 standard weeks predicted the severity of P. gossypiella. Validations of prediction approaches over four years (2001 to 2004) revealed over as well as under estimations of the quantitative models.


A review on graphene geopolymers hybrid is presented, focusing on the mechanical properties and piezoelectric effect. The method and way of mixing graphene with geopolymers are discussed, including form of graphene that frequently being used by researchers which is graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Type of geopolymers being focused in this paper is fly ash and kaolin. The flexural and compressive strength, fracture toughness and stiffness are highlighted in terms of mechanical properties after mixing with geopolymers. The piezoelectric effects on geopolymer is emphasized as graphene acted as conductive filler. Research findings revealed that graphene geopolymer hybrid displayed improvement in mechanical properties despite agglomeration and some defects that need to be rectified. Geopolymers such as metakaolin exhibited piezoelectric effect after being compressed cyclically with the migration of ions and by incorporating graphene nanoplateletes.


Since its invention, the term workflow has defied clear definition and analysis.It's time to invent a new phrase that better describes what workflow is all about


The problems of Finsler metrizability in dimension two is analyzed and solved
completely. Thereafter the famous Landsberg problem concerning the existence of
Landsberg spaces whose the sprays do not correspond to linear connection is consid-
ered. It is argued in dimension two that the answer to this question is a±rmative and
it is explained why it is di±cult to produce a concrete example. Some of the results
are extended to arbitrary dimension and ¯nally a comparison is made with recent
alternative investigations into the Landsberg problems.


The article suggests a scientific and methodological approach to the evaluation of the infrastructural component's effectiveness in the anti-money laundering system due to digitalization. Structural modelling is the basis for the mentioned approach implementation, which consists of several steps. First, the input data is selected in terms of the effective regulation of the financial services market, law enforcement and judicial activities, and digitalization. Next, the moving average method is used to identify the growth rate of missing values in the available data series. Then, the selection of relevant factors for financial services market regulation, law enforcement activity, judicial activity and digitalization is based on the principal component analysis. After reducing the input array of data to a comparable form, a structural equations system can be constructed to reflect the impact of the digitalization level on the latent integral characteristics of the directions of anti-money laundering work done by regulatory authorities. Finally, the model is checked for adequacy. The result of this research can serve as an information base for further strengthening the digital vector in the development of regulation institutions and law enforcement agencies overseeing the financial services market, as well as for the radical transformation of courts in Ukraine since digitalization currently negatively affects them.


This article analyses narratives of nation and belonging developed by transnational migrants who are characterised as maintaining strong ties across the countries of origin and of immigration. Most literature on the issue suggests that transnational migrants develop new forms of deterritorialised belonging, recognising themselves in imagined communities and nations unbound. Against such an interpretation, this article argues that certain cities still play an important role in the process of nation-making. Drawing from the example of the Senegalese diaspora in Italy, I shall present evidence of migrants' strong tendency to congregate in urban settlements that become collective modes of reference, or translocalities. The article then explores the role of such translocalities in the construction, among migrants, of new narratives of identification and belonging.


Plasma thyroxine 15 of the male pheasant grown up is determined for their varying of cycling year.The result showed that plasma thyroxine of the male pheasant grow up in Apl., May,June,July is rarereduced than the other time,and it's concertration is highest in Oct.,Nov.,Dec.,and Jan,the level is more signficant than the other time. It is negative relationship between concentration of plasmathyroxine in the male and temperature of surrounding.The thyroxine can add up the physiological action of producing heat in body,ratio of consuming that can increase to oxidize,improve basis ratio of metabolism and promotegrowth.


Although the number of emergent bilinguals (EBs), also known as English language learners (ELLs) in U.S. K-12 schools is growing at an increasing rate, K-12 mainstream teachers remain predominantly white and monolingual and receive little training for working with such learners. In addition, many states mandate "English-only" policies that prevent EBs from accessing grade-level content and academic language. Given digital inequalities, remote learning as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic may put them even further behind academically. Moreover, EBs may not have adequate at-home parental support to develop language skills in literacy. Recent studies (García & Li, 2014) have indicated that translanguaging offers great potential to close the academic achievement gap and facilitate home-school connections by embracing EB students' home language and culture. This article discusses a qualitative participatory action research study that examined how monolingual elementary preservice teachers (PSTs) constructed a translanguaging stance and enacted it in a digital service-learning (DSL) setting in an undergraduate ESOL methods course at a southeastern university in the U.S. The article also offers insights into curriculum development and implementation as to preparing monolingual mainstream PSTs to support linguistically and culturally diverse students and families through translanguaging.


Purpose: The aim of the paper is to determine the influence of the isothermal holding temperature in a bainitic range of medium-carbon steel on the stability of retained austenite. Design/methodology/approach: The heat treatment of the medium-carbon steel in order to obtain a bainitic structure with the retained austenite was realized. A range of the holding temperature of the steel under isothermal bainite transformation conditions was from 250 to 550°C. To investigate the structure, optical and transmission electron microscopy were employed. An amount of the retained austenite was determined using X-ray diffraction. The mechanical stability of retained austenite was determined by means of the tensile test. Findings: It was found that after the optimum heat treatment the investigated medium-carbon steel has a structure of the ferritic bainite with a 19% fraction of retained austenite. Increasing the isothermal holding temperature results in obtaining the lower (350°C) and upper bainite (450°C). The retained austenite occurs as regular grains or thin foils between bainite laths. The steel is characterized by an excellent strength-ductility balance. A kinetics of the strain-induced martensitic transformation of the retained austenite has a two-stage character. Research limitations/implications: To determine with more detail the stability of retained austenite the knowledge of the austenite carbon content as a function of the isothermal holding is required. Lattice parameter measurements with X-ray diffraction is planned for this purpose. Practical implications: The established heat treatment conditions can be useful for manufacturing crash-related elements in the automobile industry. Originality/value: It should be stressed that the developed conditions of the heat treatment concern the medium-carbon steel, compared with usually investigated low-carbon steels. The kinetics of the strain-induced transformation for TRIP-aided bainitic steel was determined, too.


A range of demographic and socioeconomic factors are known to account for enormous disparities in the uptake of maternal health care in low- and middle-income countries. In contrast, contextual factors such as child marriage are far less explored as a deterrent to the uptake of maternal health care. The present study aimed to assess the total effect of child marriage on the utilization of maternal health services in Nepal. This study drew on data from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016. The study restricted its analysis to a subsample of 3,970 currently married women of reproductive age who had at least one live birth in the five years preceding the survey. After descriptive analysis, logistic regression models were constructed to estimate adjusted odds ratios. The results of logistic regression controlling for confounders suggested child marriage decreased the likelihood of antenatal care visits (AOR 0.74; 95% CI 0.63–0.86), skilled attendance at delivery (AOR 0.66; 95% CI 0.56–0.78), facility-based delivery (AOR 0.65; 95% CI 0.56–0.77), and postnatal care use (AOR 0.80; 95% CI 0.67–0.96). The findings of this study reinforced the existing evidence for the adverse effect of child marriage on maternal health-seeking behaviors. Women's restricted access to household resources, limited autonomy in decision-making, social isolation, and the dominant power of husbands and mothers-in-law may play a role in the findings. Addressing women's social vulnerability as a barrier to accessing health care may help to increase the uptake of maternal health services.


Daily in our practice we use terms of anatomy. Some of these terms are directly linked to the name of their discoverer. Very often, we ignore or have forgotten the history of these anatomists. The author, with a short repertory refreshes our memory.


This paper aims to evaluate the socio-economic impact of video games on consumers, but also the implications they bring as a result of the interaction with this industry regarding the experience received in video games, but also the psychological effects that can be manifested in this industry. The aim of the research is to gather information regarding consumer motivation and consumer expectations and to critically analyze the possibilities to manage the experience offered and satisfaction received with video game consumption, taking into account side effects that may appear before, during, or after consumption.


SOME instructors of modern foreign languages are sure that maximum virtue resides in an oral-aural approach. They would use the foreign language, even for grammatical explanations, as the language of the classroom. Among them there are degrees of stringency in applying the prescription, some allowing occasional lapses into English to appease the backward, others, rasher, granting no concessions to ignorance or unpreparedness. The more fanatic "oral-aural" practitioners are mainly the native-born German, Spanish, etc., in our schools, whose language departments they have in many places practically taken over, and American-born instructors who have studied for comparatively long periods in a single foreign country. Another group of instructors (to which I belong) is of opinion that talking a language is the spire of the edifice, so to speak. They feel that, while many can acquire ability in school to read acceptably in a foreign language, given a sufficient conditioning training in English, nearly all of those who begin a foreign language with the thought of very soon using it in the same manner as their own are doomed to disappointment, and quit its study without residual impressions that might inspire love of the foreign language and its literature. This group of instructors has particularly upon its conscience the fact that language and literature are inseparable concepts; that linguistic art is very long indeed, and extremely various, so much so that the student must proceed with attention fixed equally on all the processes involved. Such teachers are, in other words, against a segmentation of processes as ultimately unproductive. Many of the first group have undoubtedly the ideas of group two as regards end-results. Assuming indifference to bandwagons (the present endorsement of the lay public and educational prescribers, themselves generally without foreign-language experience) they are as sincerely lovers of the foreign language and literature (though probably not of English) as the fourfold-emphasis propagandists of the second group. For a third united (and well united) band there are the linguistic scientists, or linguisticians, resoundingly introduced some years ago to a gullible public by Fortune and The Reader's Digest. They were headed by the redoubtable Professor Leonard Bloomfield, master of a certain abstruse art of describing and analyzing language. Already thirty-five years ago this "scientific methodist" was demanding a new scientific concentration upon the child studying foreign language in the grades. The devoted victim should have, according to the professor, a minimum of at least eight hours a week of the teacher's personal ministration, or then and there give up hope of satisfactory learning of a foreign language.


This paper describes the velocity fluctuation of flow around a rectangular cylinder, when the free stream velocity changes in time. This change is made by a flow control device placed at the exit of the wind tunnel. In this report we focused on the case where the free stream was decelerated, in Re number, from 4000 to 0 and then was accelerated up to 4000 again. Experimental results obtained by means of a hot-wire anemometer were processed by through wavelet transform in order to examine the relation between the free stream velocity and the fluctuation frequency spectrum which indicates the scale of vortices shed from the cylinder. Flow visualization was also carried out by the smoke wire method. Results show dearly the developing and collapsing process of vortices in the wake according with the velocity change. Especially, with respect to the vortex developing with the free stream acceleration, noteworthy differences were observed in beginning of vortex shedding according to whether the acceleration was following to the deceleration or not.


The invention discloses a crude oil reduced pressure distillation method for reducing yield of residual oil. Atmospheric tower bottom oil is introduced into a first stage flash tank for separation after being heated in a first stage gasifier; a liquid phase is introduced to a second stage gasifier and then to a second stage flash tank after being heated; the liquid phase is introduced to a third stage gasifier and then to a third stage flash tank after being heated; the liquid phase is introduced to a reduced pressure flash section; gas phases obtained in various stages are introduced to the upper, the middle and the lower fractional distillation sections of reduced pressure tower; lateral line products are pumped out from lateral lines of the reduced pressure tower; a part of residues at the bottom of the tower is introduced to the flash tanks in the various stages, wherein at least two rotary evaporation coils are arranged in a gas phase zone in the upper part of the reduced pressure flash tower; tank walls between the two rotary evaporation coils are provided with baffle plates for preventing wall flows; and the rotary evaporation coils are fixed on a rotary shaft at a longitudinal shaft center position of the tank body. The method provided by the invention can obviously reduce the yield of the reduced pressure residual oil, increase economic benefits of the apparatus, reduce energy consumption of the apparatus, and save investment for the apparatus.


Spiking neurons represent the most accurate model of the neural cells by using pulses and timing for information processing and adaptation. Visible light communication can be leveraged to establish a wireless link between neurons in spiking networks even when neural areas are in relative motions. Typically, parallel transmission in electro-optical spiking neural networks is performed using wavelength division multiplexing, which is limited by the number of wavelengths used and multiple bandpass optical filters. This paper explores the possibility of using multi-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) in multi-input-optical-axons (MIOA) integrated by the parallel neural paths in a spiking neuron network (SNN). To evaluate PAM-MIOA, we implement an electro-optical SNN that controls the force of two anthropomorphic fingers actuated by the shape memory alloy (SMA)-based actuators. The voltage threshold level in PAM is automatically adjusted based on the reference optical power. Results show that the electro-optical SNN is able to hold an object when using PAM-MIOA even with the link misalignment.


Urbanization in developing world is unprecedented, and in coming few years the number of urban dwellers is expected to exceed rural dwellers. In India, due to unprecedented and unplanned urbanization the slum areas in urban society are rapidly increasing posing serious threat to sustainable development of the country. The objective of the present study is to map out major slum areas of an urban centre, the environmental conditions in and around of those slum areas and the impact of environmental condition on health profile of the dwellers. The analysis is based on primary data collected at two points of time i.e. November-December 2001; May-June 2009 with the help of a questionnaire through a comprehensive survey of ten major slum areas of Aligarh city, India. The analysis reveals that these areas are characterized by complete absence of basic amenities and facilities like drinking water, toilets and bathroom, drainage system and garbage disposal facilities, and no improvement has been observed over the period of seven years. Various infectious non-communicable and communicable diseases especially respiratory infections (60.22%), tuberculosis (31.26%) and diarhoea/dysentery (54.23%) were observed to be very common health problems that showed positive relationship with the use of traditional fuels (p<0.01), poor personal hygiene (p<0.01) and contaminated drinking water (p<0.01) respectively. The paper concludes with policy-oriented discussion of the relationship between urbanization, increasing number of slums and health challenges before the developing nations.


In an interview "with himself", Dambudzo Marechera recalls some childhood memories about reading and writing in Rusape, the small Rhodesian town where he was born. ...there was the rubbish dump where they dumped the garbage from the white sections of the town – a very small-minded very racist town. I scratched around in the rubbish with other kids, looking for comics, magazines, books, broken toys, anything that could help us kids pass the time in the ghetto. But for me it was the reading material that was important. You could say my very first books were the books which the rabidly racist Rusape whites were reading at the time. Ha-ha my most prized possession was a tattered Arthur Mee's Children's Encyclopedia – very British Empire orientated and nonetheless a treasure of curious facts about the universe and the earth. There were jingoistic British Second World War comics. Superman. Batman. Spiderman. Super this, super that. Mickey Spillane, James Hadley Chase, Peter Cheyne, Tarzan things and Tarzan thongs. I had these two friends, Washington and Wattington, twins. They had built 'offices' of mud and tin and cardboard, offices about two and a half feet high. They had a children's typewriter. They were the Chairman and General Manager. I was the office boy. We had a library there – of books and comics salvaged from the dump. Every day it was the rubbish dump – and then the office. Washington typed down meticulous records of each day's acquisitions. See what I mean? There was the typewriter, there were these books. After school everyday that was what we did. (Veit-Wild 1992:2-3)


In this doctoral thesis, consideration is given to Orlando Furioso and his visual and moral interpretations of the 16th century by examining the many editions of the period, whose rich paratext, images, allegorie, argomenti, has had a great impact on their 'moralised' reception et on the circulation of the work.By analysing the interaction of the paratextual elements, attention has been given to the concept of 'depicted vice', that is to say images of dwarfs, giants and animals charged with an important moral role and having a strong visual impact. Indeed, the editors have given special attention to all the paratextual elements qui make Orlando Furioso an exemplary work from the perspective of its language, style, rhetoric and ethics and these have contributed to the canonisation of the poem.Moreover, this canonisation went through one of the fiercest debates in Italian literary history in the second half of the 16th century. Through a new analysis of the principal treatises of the 16th century on poetry and rhetoric, it was possible to see that those involved in this debate, the 'classicists' and the 'modernists', have put at the heart of their diatribe Ariosto's ability to bring a concept into a visual form, whilst at the same time associating this visual power of author's writings with the moral discussion of the poem and its ability to 'delectare' in order to 'docere' better.These results have also been confirmed by two of the most important interpretations of Orlando Furioso by Campanella and Montaigne, whose interpretations are both 'visual' and 'moral'.The influence of the Italian editions on other editions published beyond the peninsula's border has also been verified. By following the phases in the circulation of the Italian version of Orlando Furioso in France, but also in a foreign language, it has been possible to confirm the importance of paratextual factors on the circulation and the reception of the work. Starting from a textual (the editions) and formal (the paratext) approach and moving through an interpretative study (the analysis of the "visual" and "moral" value of the paratextual elements), it is concluded that, through successive editions, Orlando Furioso gradually becomes a repository of moral guidance and iconic fragments – raw materials, giving it a new coherence in rhetoric, art and ethics.


This paper is concerned with the foundations of fuzzy reasoning and its relationships with other logics of uncertainty. The definitions of fuzzy logics are first examined and the role of fuzzification discussed. It is shown that fuzzification of PC gives a known multivalued logic but with inappropriate semantics of implication and various alternative forms of implication are discussed. In the main section the discussion is broadened to other logics of uncertainty and it is argued that there are close links, both formal and semantic, between fuzzy logic and probability logics. A basic multivalued logic is developed in terms of a truth function over a lattice of propositions that encompasses a wide range of logics of uncertainty. Various degrees of truth functionality are then defined and used to derive specific logics including probability logic and Lukasiewicz infinitely valued logic. Quantification and modal operators over the basic logic are introduced. Finally, a semantics for the basic logic is introduced in terms of a population (of events, or people, or neurons) and the semantic significance of the constraints giving rise to different logics is discussed.


Abstract Language as a living thing is the subject of constant adaptations and it evolves in line with the social changes. Every new situation that humanity faces leads to the creation of new words. This paper deals with the terms used in the newspaper to describe all aspects of the coronavirus situation. The idea is to examine which morphological processes have been applied to create these new terms pertaining to coronavirus. The aim is to determine which morphological processes are currently productive in word formation processes. As the analysis has shown, those are the processes of affixation, compounding and blending and some other processes that will be discussed here. The main focus of this analysis is to determine the most productive word formation process in creating words related to coronavirus nowadays. Also, the goal is to represent certain syntactic features of each process involved in creating new words related to coronavirus pandemic in media.


In recent years, with the vigorous development of e-commerce, the logistics industry has also developed rapidly and has gradually become one of China's important industries. This paper takes 49 listed companies in the logistics industry in China as the research object and uses the DEA-Malmquist index method to measure the technology progress index of the logistics industry based on their panel data for a total of 10 years from 2008 to 2017. In this way, this article explores the impact of technological progress in the logistics industry and provides a reference for solving the contradiction of employment structure in China


Screen (subtitling) translation is different from the general (literature) translation in that the former is carried out by the conveying meaning system through multiplex channels. Therefore screen translation attaches much importance to the economy principle to overcome the spatio-temporal restrictions and the readability principle to lighten the cognitive load of the audience. And this paper highlights the fact that the screen translation strategies must be based on these two principles.
The purpose of this study is to explore economy and readability, the two important principles, through the case study on English-Korean screen translation. The translation sentence examples are divided into two groups -- examples with no context and examples in the context. And following each group, a few exceptions based on the creativity principle are suggested.
In conclusion, this study emphasizes the two facts: One is that we are under the necessity of studying on the screen translation because the 21th century is the age of image on screen, and the age of screen translation. The other is that, through the practice of screen translation delivering dynamic equivalence, we can overcome so-called translationese expressions and carry out a successful translation with natural expressions and effective strategies.


Abstract : This report summarizes major theoretical aerodynamic and acoustic developments and experimental findings aimed at providing a better understanding and a detailed mathematical specification of the noise-producing sources of simple exhaust jets. A review is given of calculation procedures for shock wave structure and flow field properties of simple circular jets. Results of new theoretical acoustic developments illustrating the influence of a jet's mean flow shrouding on jet acoustic radiation for unheated and heated jets are outlined. Additional discussions of interesting insights regarding the classical turbulent mixing theory of jet noise and the aeroacoustic formulations for a jet's orderly structure are given. Summaries of a series of high velocity, high temperature velocity field measurements using a General Electric developed laser velocimeter are discussed, and the application of the velocimeter for performing turbulence spectra and in-jet to far-field cross-correlation type measurements is reviewed. Key experiments illustrating the influence of swirl and combustion roughness on jet noise generation/reduction are presented. Results of high velocity and high temperature refraction experiments are also discussed, as well as discussions concerning jet flow amplifying effects of injected low frequency noise. Additionally, suggestions concerning shock-related noise as related to full-size engines are given. And finally, recommendations for future investigations are given.


This study aimed to analyse the risk income of fish business in Ranau Lake of South Sumatera Indonesia. The location is determined by purposive on the banks of Ranau Lake, South OKU, South Sumatera Province, Indonesia. The method of this research is case study method, and simple random sampling as the sample method, with take 62 samples of 81 total population. The result showed that the income from this business is Rp 148.459.460 a year. Risk analysis showed that this business will not face risk significantly, which is indicated by the coefficient of variation of 0.0892004791 with a lower limit value of the income is Rp 121.974.150.081.