THE RESULTS of treatment presented in this paper are those obtained in Northern Ireland in certain cases of breast cancer during the years 1955 to 1959. The year 1955 was chosen for the start of the study, as in that year for the first time a sufficient number of simple mastectomies for comparison with radical mastectomies was carried out. For various reasons it was not possible to initiate a random trial though it is fully recognised that such a trial would have been the proper way to investigate the value of each treatment method.


Introduction: Image contrast in magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is based on mechanical properties of tissues [1]. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the area of MRE of the brain. So far, MRE has shown to be the only suitable noninvasive method for determining elastic [2-4] and even viscoelastic [5-7] properties of the human brain parenchyma in vivo. However, data reported in several studies varies substantially, e.g. the shear modulus varies between about 1 and 15 kPa. Among other reasons these variations are most likely caused by (i) the use of different elasticity reconstruction techniques and (ii) various experimental settings used for the challenging problem of mechanical wave generation in the brain and motion encoding in the phase of the MR signal. The latter is influenced by the type of mechanical excitation devices and the driving frequencies. Two different excitation modes are commonly used to induce mechanical shear waves in the brain tissue by generating either a vibrating nod [6,7] or nay [4,5,8] motion of the head. The objective of this study was to investigate whether it is possible to simulate the wave field characteristics of these different excitation modes with a 3D finite element analysis to get a better understanding of the transfer mechanisms of mechanical head vibrations into shear wave propagation inside the brain.


The geographical distribution of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) depends on the incidence and prevalence of related etiological agents in different places. This has led to the creation of a map upon which the charac- teristics of these causal entities can often be matched. The most important are hepatitis B, hepatitis C and even alcohol in some regions. The statistics are also reported in terms of race, age and sex and are heavily relied upon in these cases as well. In some cases the data may be similar which is well worth remembering.


Abstract: Research investigating competitive anxiety is typically based on the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 ( Martens, Burton et al., 1990 ), its revision, or its derivatives in other languages. The psychometric quality of these scales as a whole has been determined according to classic test theory but it has not been assessed at the item level. Thus, the present research assessed the psychometric properties of the German derivative of this instrument, the German Wettkampfangst-Inventar-State (WAI-S; Ehrlenspiel et al., 2009 ) at the item level and tested a revised and extended version of the WAI-S by using an analytical approach based on item response theory. In Study 1, graded response models (GRMs) were fitted to the three subscales of the WAI-S using the original dataset collected for its development. We provided evidence indicating the sufficient psychometric properties of the somatic subscale, but we also identified some unfavorable properties of items in the cognitive anxiety and the self-confidence subscales. Thus, in Study 2, a revised and extended 16-item version of the WAI-S with 10 new items was generated and administered to a new sample of 322 German athletes. On the basis of the GRM results, we identified items with poor quality. We subsequently selected 12 appropriate items to generate a revised version of the WAI-S with stronger psychometric properties than the original instrument. We believe that the revised version of the WAI-S will increase the usability of competitive state anxiety assessments in both research and practice.


scientists (pace Keith Joseph). Liturgy and Change is an advance from previous publications by sociologists, in that the methodology is tighter and the language more restrained. It is important that dialogue is really made; Gordon Davies' helpful opening essay ('Opposition to Liturgical Change') ends on a suitably impartial note: 'The nub of the matter is ... what are the appropriate forms of worship for today.' One senses here (and elsewhere in the collection) that recent revisions have a provisional character, but, then, so had the great compilations of antiquity, like the Gregorian Sacramentary. The two most ambitious essays are by Ian Hammet ('Idolatry and Docetism') and George Worgul ('Sociology's Contribution to an Understanding of Liturgical-Sacramental Efficacy'). Hammet suspects 'liberal' (i.e. modern) liturgy of Pelagianism (he is not the only recent writer to think so). But it is surprising that he does not support this contention by pointing to the frustrated utilitariansim of many of our congregations, who are going to come out of Church asking 'What must we do?', regardless of the liturgical texts they have just used. Worgul, on the other hand, cannot really get to grips with sacramental efficacy, because (like many sociologists with liturgical interests) his sacramental conceptual framework is traditionally Catholic. The underlying question of this important set of studies is the way liturgy grows; and the implicit conclusion is the same one we have heard before, that recent revision has followed ephemeral fads and has been applied in an authoritarian manner. Would that life were so simple. Second thoughts are in the air at the moment; but many of the criticisms of these essayists would be met by greater attention on the part of leaders of worship to context rather than text, to the significant intangibles which make up the total experience of worship. Their enduring message is that we are meant to relate to worship, rather than understand it. These books show that liturgical study has a wider and more enduring remit than a Curial Study-Group or a Revision Committee of Synod, and that such studies on doctrinal and pastoral fronts are important in their own right, and could even serve to deepen historical studies. The reviewer hopes that future work on both these fronts will not only enrich the cognoscenti but the rest of the Church as well.


In this dissertation, we demonstrate strong support for the antagonistic pleiotropy view of aging, reveal the illusion of sirtuin mediated longevity in 32 long lived alleles (hopefully steering the field farther from sirtuin research and toward more interesting things), show that there is indeed a conserved aging factor between CLS and RLS, indicate that aging in yeast is complex like any other organism and use phenotype clustering to show afg3∆ was within the Gcn4 pathway of lifespan extension, and finally bring nuclear tRNA and Gln3 into the lightshowing that these could positively affect lifespan without reducing translation.


The first question refers to the data in Table 1. Unfortunately, during review of the paper a data table from another paper became interchanged with the one intended for this paper. A copy of the correct Table 1 is shown here. It lists nine material systems rather than seven. Pour of these (including RC-1) are based on the use of aluminum oxide as the abrasive ceramic phase. The corrected Table 1 also indicates the binder used where applicable. Mr. Pinkin is correct in assuming that an organic based binder, such as epoxy, is unsuitable for the intended application. No tests were


BACKGROUND
The role of free radicals in alcoholic liver injury remains uncertain. These experiments were conducted to measure radical formation in rats that were fed alcohol along with either fish oil or saturated fats, which cause different types of liver pathology.

METHODS
Liquid diets containing alcohol or isocaloric dextrose were administered to rats by intragastric infusion for 2 weeks. Radical intermediates detected by spin trapping were measured in bile.

RESULTS
In rats that were fed alcohol plus fish oil, biliary concentrations of trapped radicals, which most likely originated from lipids, were 6-fold higher than in controls that were fed fish oil plus dextrose. High rates of radical formation persisted 24 hr after alcohol withdrawal, when all alcohol had been metabolized. In contrast, diets containing alcohol and medium chain triglycerides did not stimulate lipid radical formation.

CONCLUSIONS
High rates of lipid radical formation were observed only in rats that were fed alcohol in combination with a fish oil diet, and a persistent flux of radical formation continued after alcohol withdrawal. These radical phenomena precede serious liver pathology, which develops after longer periods of fish oil plus alcohol diets.


Introduction: Nasal inferior turbinate hypertrophy is one of the most common causes of nasal obstruction. Many different surgical methods are currently available. The aim of this study was to review the efficacy and results of radiofrequency turbinatoplasty as a new method in the treatment of the large inferior nasal turbinate. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 50 patients with symptoms and signs of nasal obstruction associated with inferior turbinate hypertrophy refractory to medical therapy. The turbinoplasty was performed using the radiofrequency method. Effectiveness of treatment, signs and symptoms before surgery compared to the first week, first and third month after surgery and possible complications were evaluated. Nasal endoscopy and visual analogue scale (VAS) were used to assess treatment outcomes at the end of week 1 and months 1 and 3 after surgery. Results: In this study the average age was 24 years old. 27 male (54) and 23 female (46) are included in this study. The etiology was vasomotor rhinitis (28 cases) and allergic rhinitis (22 cases). Turbinate edema and secretions decreased significantly (P<0.0001) 1 month after surgery. Concerning the nasal obstruction and related symptoms such as nasal obstruction, snoring, headache, sneezing, itching, nasal turbinate edema, secretions and crust, significant improvement was observed at 1 month after treatment in all patients (P<0.05) and continued up to 3 months after surgery (P<0.0001). No major postoperative complication was observed in patients. Conclusion: Radio frequency turbinatoplasty technique is recommended as an effective method with no adverse effects such as pain treatment for hypertrophic inferior turbinate.


Objective To study the effects of Irbesartan and Perindopril on coagulative and fibrinolytic system in essential hypertension. Methods Plasma levels of fibrinogen(Fbg), D-dimer(D-D), antithrombin Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ) were examined before and after treatment in 48 patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension and 23 controls. 48 patients were randomlyassigned to Irbesartan(150 mg/d, n=22) or Perindopril(4 mg/d, n=26) for 6 weeks. Results Compared with controls, the levels of Fbg, D-D were significantly higher(P0.01, respectively), and the levels of AT-Ⅲ were significantly lower (P0.05) in patients with essential hypertension. After 6 weeks'treatment with Irbesartan and Perindopril, significantly reduction in blood pressure and levels of Fbg, D-D(P0.01, respectively) was found which was associated with elevation in levels of AT-Ⅲ(P0.05). Conclusion Antihypertensive treatment with Irbesartan and Perindopril could improve the impairedcoagulative and fibrinolytic system in patients with essential hypertension.


Distribution efficiency was measured using a short-term coheating technique before and after aggressive air sealing retrofits in six Pacific Northwest homes heated with gas furnaces. These houses were selected to have a large amount of air lost from the supply side of the duct system to outdoors. Additional measurements included duct and house leakage, distribution system pressures, and temperatures inside and outside the home as well as in the buffer spaces where the ducts were located. Physical characteristics of the ducts and buffer spaces, including surface area and insulation levels, were also measured. These additional measurements provide the inputs to a duct efficiency model developed by Ecotope, which accounts separately for supply- and return-side losses and for conduction and leakage losses. The model also accounts for duct losses recovered to the house via regain and the interaction of duct leakage with natural infiltration. This paper presents the measured results of the coheating tests and compares them to the predictions provided by the model. Estimates of the reduction in energy use caused by the retrofits are also calculated from both the coheating measurements and the model.


The heats of solution of a series of n-alkylhexaoxyethylene glycol monoethers have been measured calorimetrically at 25°C and compared with those of the n-alkanols. There is a marked difference in the magnitude of the heats due to the different head groups but the effects of chain length on the heat of solution are similar for both series of compounds. The difference in the behaviour of methylene groups proximate to the polar groups compared to those further removed has been ascribed to their different interactions with the solvent.


In Reply.— We thank the authors for their comments and agree that depressed AT III levels may be the result of thrombosis rather than the cause. We do not think that this was the case in the patients we presented. The first patient was at least three weeks away from any short-term process when his AT III level was noted to be depressed. The second patient was noted to have low AT III levels four months after her vascular occlusion and well before gangrenous changes appeared. Although Marciniak et al reported increases in AT III levels by functional assay after warfarin administration, they did not report immunoassay data. More recently, there have been reports1,2of patients with well-documented familial AT III deficiency whose immunologically measured AT III levels increased to normal or near-normal levels after warfarin therapy. Other workers3have reported increased functional but not immunologic levels of


The performance of three different combined systems for noise reduction and acoustic echo cancellation is compared in this paper. This comparison is made in the specific context of hands-free radiotelephony in cars, where both noise and acoustic echo highly degrade speech quality. This article shows that the best system is based on a cascaded combination of a conventional echo canceller with a filter reducing noise and residual acoustic echo. Nevertheless, recent novel approaches based on the use of a single Wiener filter are to be efficient enough in the specific context of hands-free sound pick-up in cars.


The Research Communication Studio at the University of South Carolina nurtures undergraduate learning in engineering through guided interaction among student peers, near-peer graduate mentors, and faculty members. The RCS bases its pedagogical approach on Dorothy Winsor's concept of thought and knowledge as a network distributed among members of a group with shared goals. Possessing various levels and aspects of expertise, the RCS staff and students together construct knowledge by communicating their understanding—or gaps in understanding—of the participating undergraduates' research and related deliverables during the small, weekly meetings of interdisciplinary studio groups.


KR languages based on logic have repeatedly proven their usefulness, e.g. Horn clauses, ASP, or FO logic. As the demand for more powerful and rich KR languages grows, we propose a KR language based on Second-Order (SO) Logic. As SO Logic is more expressive than SAT or ground (disjunctive) ASP, we propose Quantified Boolean Formulas (QBF) as a target language for our specifications. In this paper, we describe SOGrounder, a system that can ground SO Logic specifications to QBF. We start with a basic approach and suggest further techniques for reducing grounding, for example by introducing Binary Quantification as a language construct that takes two formules: One formula generating variable instantiations and one formula that must be instantiated. Finally, we show how to model a real world problem that is not reducible to first-order, and evaluate the performance of SOGrounder w.r.t. grounding time, grounding size and solving time as compared to existing encodings.


The invention relates to a multi-phase direct voltage converter and a method for controlling a multi-phase direct voltage converter having at least two parallel, time-offset controlled coils (3, 4; 41, 42), at least one control unit (7) for actuating the coils (3, 4) and at least one magnetically sensitive sensor element (8; 8') for registering a magnetic field generated by the current flow through the coils. According to the invention, the control unit (7) controls the current flow through the coils (3, 4; 41, 42) depending on an output signal of the at least one sensor element (8).


High-Level Synthesis (HLS) for Field-Programmable Logic Array (FPGA) programming is becoming a practical alternative to well-established VHDL and Verilog languages. This paper describes a case study in the use of HLS tools to design FPGA-based data acquisition systems (DAQ). We will present the implementation of the CERN CMS detector ECAL Data Concentrator Card (DCC) functionality in HLS and lessons learned from using HLS design flow. The DCC functionality and a definition of the initial system-level performance requirements (latency, bandwidth, and throughput) will be presented. We will describe how its packet processing control centric algorithm was implemented with VHDL and Verilog languages. We will then show how the HLS flow could speed up design-space exploration by providing loose coupling between functions interface design and functions algorithm implementation. We conclude with results of real-life hardware tests performed with the HLS flow-generated design with a DCC Tester system.


A short description of the X-ray structure of photosystem II at 3.8 Å resolution is presented. Following these results, functional aspects are discussed.


Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with impairments in several cognitive domains. People with depression also tend to focus on and think about their problems ("ruminate") more than people without depression. Recent studies indicate that depressive rumination is connected to cognitive impairments in MDD. However, there is little scientific understanding of the role of rumination in these deficits. Sampling and Methods: The current study examined the performance of 62 outpatients suffering from unipolar major depression with a low tendency to ruminate versus outpatients with a high tendency to ruminate using a neuropsychological battery covering the 5 cognitive domains: attention, memory, working memory, executive functions and processing speed. Results: The results indicated that high ruminators show a lower performance than low ruminators with regard to processing speed and executive function tasks with low effect sizes. However, these findings were not significant after Bonferroni correction. Hierarchical linear regression revealed that the effect on processing speed could be partially attributed to rumination, but an effect on executive functions was not established. Conclusions: The current study is the first to systematically investigate the impact of rumination on cognitive impairments in MDD, exploring a broad range of cognitive domains. The results partially support the hypothesis that rumination has an impact on single cognitive domains and highlight the necessity for further investigations in order to generalize these findings.


1. A method for producing a compound of longitudinal wooden structural elements, wherein at least two beams (1, 2) of laminated wood dock with one another preferably via a universal joint tapered studs, characterized in that it comprises the following other characteristics: - the beam to be joined (1, 2) of plywood each provided with, at least on the outer or lower side (9, 10) separate recess (A1, A2),! - after docking to each other, at least two beams to be joined (1, 2) is filled with a form fit is formed from two separate recesses (A1, A2) common recess (A) of the liner (5),! - the insert (5) is glued in the recess (A) with the outer or lower sides (6, 7), at least two to be connected beams (1, 2) of laminated wood, so that between the insert (5) and corresponding beam ( 1, 2) of laminated wood, starting from the zone (E1, E2) stick out and the transition insert (5) in the direction of the end (3, 4) of the respective beam (1, 2) of laminated wood, occurs at least in part the length of the liner (5) compound (5 ', 6') by splicing the beveled ends with an angle (α) of inclination. ! 2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the insert (5) which has to match the underside of the at least two beams to be joined (1, 2) of laminated wood straight, concave or convex lower side ( 5a), or it has a lower side (5a), which comprises a straight, concave or convex portions. ! 3. A method according to any of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that on the underside or outer side (5a) of the insert (5) and / or on the lower or outer side (9, 10) of the respective beam (1, 2) laminated Drewes


In December 2019, Wuhan, China, experienced an unidentified viral pandemic of pneumonia. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the finding of a new corona virus, SARS-Cov-2, on January 9, 2020. In the Covid-19 pandemic situation education sector has faced enormous provocations. More than 200 countries across the world have been distressed with the covid-19. Conforming to UNESCO, above 32 crore Indian students have been concerned by the covid-19 led lockdown. Following the shake of Covid-19, HonorablePrime Minister of India Sri.Narendra Modi declared a lockdown beginning on March 25, 2020 and lasting until May 31, 2020. This lockdown has severely disrupted India's education sector, forcing students and faculty to remain at home and continue their education online.
The Commissioner of Collegiate Education in Telangana State formally began Online Classes during the Lockdown period. The present paper is an attempt to a comparative study and analyzes the Satisfaction level of Degree students on online classes during covid 19 situation of Rural and Urban area in Bhadradri Kothagudem district, Telangana State. It also aims to investigate the students' opinions and issues encountered during online classes. The Online survey was carried out with the help of Google Form send to students' through e-mail and WhatsApp and collected responses from about 140 Degree students of Government and Private colleges in Bhadradri district, Telangana State. It demonstrates that the majority of students attending to online classes using smart phones with Android operating systems. For e-learning, the majority of students have used the Zoom online platform. Students have experienced a variety of issues, including Live streaming and Audio disruptions, insufficient data, power outages, lack of clarity in lectures, missing face-to-face connection, and a general lack of enthusiasm. During this Covid-19 circumstance, students from rural areas have had a difficult time accessing online lectures and study materials.


Neurological disorders like Parkinson disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), epilepsy, stroke, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, etc., are increasingly recognized as signifi cant causes of death and disability globally. All these neurological disorders have several similar causes, such as disturbance in Ca2+ homeostasis and misfolded proteins deposition in the brain through impairing the function of a no. of ion channels, including TRP channels. TRP channels superfamily consists of a broad collection of non-selective Ca2+ permeable channels that plays a crucial role in regulating intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. These channels function as cellular sensors and are stimulated by a variety of physio-chemical stimulus, and endogenous and exogenous ligands. Numerous neuronal diseases are caused by disturbances in the activity of TRP channels, which are abundantly expressed in neuronal cells. When the activity of TRP channels is disturbed under pathological conditions, there is disruption of the homeostasis of neurons via oxidative stress, Ca2+ dyshomeostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, these channels act as promising therapeutic candidates for pharmacological interventions in several neurological disorders. Thus within this review, we emphasize the function of TRP channels in neurological disorders and highlight the pharmacological modulators that target TRP channels


Every student has different understanding of a concept. To achieve expected cognitive abilities, so it needs a good understanding of concept. Based on preliminary research understanding of thermochemistry concept is low. This low ability caused of majority of student still have misconception. This misconception should be removed, one of the way to remove is using predict-observe-explain (POE) strategy. The aim of this research is to find out profile of student conception after implementation of POE strategy. The subject was 36 student of science class at 11th grade of SMA Kemala Bhayangkari 3 Porong. This research was using three tier diagnostic test to know student's conception. Generally the result was student's conception changed. It indicated with the result of pre-test, initially 72.80% student have misconception, 15.14% didn't know the concept and 12.78% knew the concept, while the result of post-test changed become 92.78% knew the concept, 3.06% didn't know the concept and left 4.17% with misconception. So it can be concluded that student's conception profile after implementation POE strategy generally changes become knew the concept and student conception who didn't know the concept and misconceptions showed low percentage.


Matthew Weiner has recently argued in this journal that not all conversa tional implicatures are explicitly cancellable and he has inferred from this that Grice's familiar 'cancellability test does not help determine when an implicature is present' (2006: 129). Bearing in mind that the cancellability test has traditionally been considered the most reliable and effective crite rion for distinguishing conversational implicatures from other linguistic phenomena - such as conventional implicature, semantic entailment and semantic presupposition - Weiner's conclusion is of great importance for much of contemporary linguistics and philosophy: as a brief look at the literature demonstrates, Grice's cancellability test has been brought to bear not only in linguistics and the philosophy of language but also in areas as diverse as ethics, epistemology, metaphysics and the philosophy of mind.1 Thus, considering the pervasiveness of the cancellability test in philosophi cal debates and its resultant importance for philosophical methodology, Weiner's arguments surely deserve a more thorough examination than they have received thus far. Let us begin the discussion of Weiner's views by taking a closer look at Grice's cancellability test. Here is a quotation from Grice: [A] putative conversational implicature that p is explicitly cancellable if, to the form of words the utterance of which putatively implicates that p, it is admissible to add but not p, or J do not mean to imply that p, and it is contextually cancellable if one can find situations in which the utterance of the form of words would simply not carry the implicature. (Grice 1975: 44)


The present invention discloses a surface modification method for improving pervaporation membrane separation selectivity for water, specifically refers to a method for chitosan polymer film, a polyvinyl alcohol polymer film for a surface modification treatment. The present invention is employed as an acetone solution of maleic anhydride-modified liquid, chemical reaction in a predetermined time of chitosan film, polyvinyl alcohol film surface, the film surface obtained serves to effect modification, and then the film is modified some washing, drying and other processing sequence, to complete the modification process. Advantage of the present invention is chitosan film, polyvinyl alcohol film is selected through further improved performance, while maintaining constant flux or further improved, thus effectively reducing the energy consumption and the like. The present invention can be widely used in the separation of liquid mixtures and the like.


This talk will explain to our admins what steps were necessary to bring Cielo under Cfengine control and help understand the nature of the beast.


Purpose Recent guidelines for the Medical Student Performance Evaluation (MSPE) have standardized the "dean's letter." The authors examined MSPEs for linguistic differences according to student or author gender. Method This 2009 study analyzed 297 MSPEs for 227 male and 70 female medical students applying to a diagnostic radiology residency program. Text analysis software identified word counts, categories, frequencies, and contexts; factor analysis detected patterns of word categories in student–author gender pairings. Results Analyses showed a main effect for student gender (P=.046) and a group difference for the author–student gender combinations (P=.048). Female authors of male student MSPEs used the fewest "positive emotion" words (P=.006). MSPEs by male authors were shorter than those by females (P=.014). MSPEs for students ranked in the National Resident Matching Program contained more "standout" (P=.002) and "positive emotion" (P=.001) words. There were no differences in the author–gender pairs in the proportion of students ranked, although predominant word categories differed by author and student gender. Factor analysis revealed differences among the author–student groups in patterns of correlations among word categories. Conclusions MSPEs differed slightly but significantly by student and author gender. These differences may derive from societal norms for male and female behaviors and the subsequent linguistic interpretation of these behaviors, which itself may be colored by the observer's gender. Although the differences in MSPEs did not seem to influence students' rankings, this work underscores the need for awareness of the complex effects of gender in evaluating students and guiding their specialty choices.


This paper presents a robust and optimal Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) placement scheme for real time power system monitoring under both normal and contingency cases. The single branch outage and single PMU loss are considered as contingencies. Initially the Virtual Node Reduction Technique (VNRT) is applied to reduce the system nodes. The virtual nodes are neither physically present nor suitable for PMU placement. Then, the optimal PMUs are obtained using Biogeography Based Optimization (BBO) with the reduced system nodes. In the PMU placement study, the virtual node reduction technique is applied for reducing the scale of the system. Developed placement algorithm is illustrated using IEEE standard systems to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.


In this article we consider using random mappings to solve sparse binary subset sums via collision search. A mapping is constructed that suits our purpose and two parallel algorithms are proposed based on known collision-finding techniques. Following the applicability of binary subset sums, results of this paper are relevant to learning parities with noise, decoding random codes and related problems.


The mnemonic "PICO" was originally coined to help guide a standardized and disciplined way of formulating a clinical research question, carrying out a thorough literature search to answer that question (particularly through the MEDLINE/PubMed) and resultantly generate a fulfilling and all encompassing evidencebased answer to the constructed clinical query. The elements of the PICO question included "P" for problem or patient or population, "I" for intervention or exposure, "C" for comparison and "O" for outcomes. The PICO question was recommended to be phrased into appropriate search strings to find out all the relevant published quality literature available on the cyberspace.1-3 The PICO framework is absolutely laudable for the purpose for which it was originally introduced. We modify it into PICOS model to further extend its scientific utility for the logical and thorough description of the methodology part of the scientific manuscripts. We include "S" for representing an equally important component of the research exercise. i.e. the statistical analyses employed for analyzing the data obtained from the study and the subsequent conclusions inferred there from. The advocated addition of "S" to the mnemonic PICO modifies it into PICOS, ensuring reproducibility and more robust expression of the study protocol followed in any particular scientific research.1-3 The crucial concept of statistical analyses in research studies is well established, however quite often researchers are unaware of its significance and logical implications. Resultantly their reported studies suffer the lack of robust reproducibility and translation to the general population at large.4,5 The proposed PICOS approach is intended to serve as a guide for the authors and help them efficiently and thoroughly describe their research methodology while reporting their original studies. Additionally it will also serve as a checklist guide for the reviewers and editors to more thoroughly review the manuscripts under their evaluation and hence ensure their scientific validity and statistical robustness. By ensuring uniform methodological standards and objectivity, the overall scientific value of the published literature will certainly enhance.4,5 Following is a brief summary of the proposed PICOS model for describing the methodology employed in any research pursuit: P---Patient population: The patients or subjects who were studied in the research pursuit are specifically highlighted. This Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan


Variations in stomatal frequencies within a given species are commonly attributed to variations in environmental factors. In seeking information concerning the effect of certain environmental factors or the relative importance of various factors which determine the number of stomata it becomes evident that there is a considerable difference of opinion between authorities. It was thought, therefore, that further investigation of certain aspects of the problem would be of value.t For this reason a study was undertaken to determine the stomatal frequencies of several species and to investigate the effect of light and moisture conditions on those frequencies. The investigations were made in the vicinity of Lawrence, Douglas County, Kansas.


The invention relates to a method and system for network access. The method for network access comprises the following steps that a WAN building connection request is obtained; according to the connection request, an MAC address for WAN connection is configured to be a specific MAC address; according to the specific MAC address, WAN connection is achieved. According to the method and system for network access, due to the facts that the MAC address for WAN connection is configured to be the specific MAC address and WAN connection is achieved through the specific MAC address, WAN connection can be achieved through the specific MAC address even on the conditions that computers are replaced and a plurality of computers request to have access to the internet, and network access cannot be limited.


Phototaxis denotes swimming towards (positive) or away (negative) from light. The suspension containing phototactic algae is illuminated by both the diffuse and collimated solar radiation. The algae absorb the incident light and scatter it. We use the phototaxis model of Ghorai et al. ["Bioconvection in a suspension of isotropically scattering phototactic algae," Phys. Fluids 22, 071901 (2010)] and investigate the onset of bioconvection with particular emphasis on the effects of diffuse irradiation. The basic equilibrium state of the bioconvective governing system is defined by assuming that the bulk velocity of the fluid to be zero and the up and down swimming, caused by the positive and negative phototaxis, is balanced with the diffusion. For some values of the parameters, the bimodal steady-state profile transits to a unimodal equilibrium state as the diffuse irradiation is increased. For a small scattering albedo, at the onset of bioconvective instability, this model differs significantly from the up-...


The 120 mm ingots of 7050 alloy were prepared through a new process,i.e. LFEC(low frequency electromagnetic casting).Investigates how the low frequency electromagnetic field affects the structure and mechanical properties of the as-cast ingots.Then,the microstructure and mechanical properties of the ingots after extrusion and heat-treatment were studied in comparison with those prepared through DC casting.The results showed that LFEC can get grain refining and homogenize structural distribution to improve as-cast tensile strength and elongation.After solution and ageing treatments,the tensile strength/percentage elongation of extruded specimens through LFEC process and conventional DC process are 677.5 MPa/13.2% and 676.5 MPa/11.2% respectively.A conclusion is thus drawn that the LFEC process has no significant effect on final tensile strength of extruded 7050 alloy rods,but can improve their final percentage elongation.


After the First World War, Australians began to notice a new trend among the Aboriginal population. Within their own enclaves, people of mixed descent were reproducing faster than white Australians. Remarking on this trend, demographer Jens Lyng observed in 1927 that 'the idea of the White Australia ideal eventually being shattered from within cannot be dismissed as altogether absurd'. Lyng's wording was guarded, and there is no evidence to suggest that the Australian public was alarmed by halfcaste reproduction rates or fearful that it posed a threat to the national ideal. Some administrators of Aboriginal affairs were alarmed and fearful, however or at least their statements on the issue were alarmist and fear-provoking. Two administrators in particular Western Australia's Chief Protector of Aborigines (later Commissioner of Native Affairs), AO Neville, and the Northern Territory's Chief Protector of Aborigines, Cecil Cook elevated the 'half-caste menace' to their highest priority.


The invention provides a household garbage harmless pyrolysis treatment system. The system comprises a garbage pouring tank, a feeding mechanism, a drying mechanism, a pyrolyzing furnace, a combustion chamber and a draught fan, and also comprises a garbage crushing machine connected with the garbage pouring tank through the feeding mechanism, wherein the drying mechanism is a cylinder body with a hollow interlayer; the hollow interlayer is provided with a gas inlet and a gas outlet; gas produced in the combustion chamber is not directly discharged to the atmosphere, but enters the hollow interlayer of the drying mechanism along a pipeline embedded into wall bodies of the pyrolyzing furnace and the combustion chamber; the garbage crushing machine is connected with the pyrolyzing furnace through the feeding mechanism; the gas outlet of the hollow interlayer is connected with a condenser. The system sufficiently utilizes waste heat, and is more suitable for treating household garbage with high moisture content, and the temperature of gas which is burnt is rapidly reduced, so that the yield of dioxin is greatly reduced.


In the world where knowledge and talent management are vital, to attract and retain high performers and committed employees is the key to success. With the technological advancement, increased globalisation, demographic shifts, changing career norms and the on-going transition to a knowledge-based economy, employee mobility will continue to increase. The shift from the old "win or lose scenario", urges companies to adopt holistic perspective leading to economically beneficial business relationships. Boomerang employees well versed in organisational change, organisational design, management change and leveraging technology is one of the best options for enhancing social capital. The study focuses on effective methods to be followed for fruitful boomerang employment and optimal talent management through rehiring. This study aims to focus on boomerang employment as a talent retention strategy in competitive corporate world having changing workforce and workplace.


Some theoretical aspects related to intranet portals like information systems, the importance of information and knowledge management at the university as well as others related to the framework and information management in the development of intranet portals are briefly exposed. Some of the main difficulties present in these portal types interfering with an adequate information management at the university are also exposed. Certain bases for the information framework architecture in the development of intranet portals aiming to achieve a better result in the information management at the university are proposed.


Radiographic inspections were conducted on full-scale models of three reactor vessel nozzle designs with simulated defects in the attachment welds and nozzle walls. The tests revealed all defects in the recirculation inlet nozzle model and most but not all of the defects in the control-roddrive nozzle model, while multiple exposures at different angles revealed all the defects in the instrumentation nozzle model. (D.L.C.)


Digital audio devices have been changing music entertainment environment. Those devices are bundled with music jukebox software, such as Apple's iTunes, Sony's CONNECT player. Jukebox software not only enables us to recode, play, search, purchase music on PC, but also to manage playlist. Anybody can make his/her own playlists, and play music according to the list. In this paper, we focus on iTMS (iTunse Music Stroe) playlists and use them as the data mining resources for a music recommendation system, then developing correlation measuring methods. We have retrieved about 13,000 playlists, and analyzed the frequency of artists/songs, co-occurrence of artists/songs in the playlists. Through the result data, we found out that all graphs we drew are follow the Zipf's law. Furthermore, we have analyzed the hierarchical relation between songs according to their popularity. We proposed a basic idea of popularity measuring method


Under the current situation, the physical education in colleges and universities is presenting diversified trend of development:taking "health first" as the guiding ideology, which makes the student form the habit of participating in sport all his life;the inspection and education of student constitution and health are being strengthened;the teaching mode of sport club is welcomed by college students;the sport association development of college students is quick and many high level athletes come from university;and the education of sport culture gets popular with Olympic as representative.


The purpose of this paper is to show how linear programming model can help to design dietary plan in developing brain functions for the children undertaken by dietician in health care. For the development of the whole body and mental development, child nutrition is very important. In this paper, the constraints of problem, specified objective, structured mathematical model are detailed. The required data are sought and systematic review was done by searching engine with words like nutrition, food, diet, etc. In this paper, food items such as fish, egg, tomato, orange, peanut and oats corresponding to the nutrients are considered and calculated. Excel Solver is used to solve the LP model. From these results, the children can achieve by following the dietary plan.


A description is given of a graft (1) for implant after excision of the IPP (induratio penis plastica) plaque due to Peyronie's disease characterised in that it is formed by a loom woven fabric (2), with low porosity, deriving from a monofilament or multifilament yarn of fibres of resorbable polymer in PGA (polyglycolide).


Formed by a kind of bacteria called Gluconacetobacter, bacterial cellulose (biocellulose, BC) membrane, compared to cellulose from plants, has superior properties for the strength, toughness, durability and elasticity. The subjects of this study are bacteria being able to produce Bacterial cellulose in Spirulina medium. The study aims to investigate the influences of some ecological factors on the Bacterial cellulose membrane forming process in Spirulina medium, and then find out appropriate nutritional media and conditions for the fermentation in Bacterial cellulose forming process. The study has some major findings: (1) Select two strains of bacteria: Gluconacetobacter xylinus T6 and Gluconacetobacter xylinus T9, which prove to be capable of producing cellulose membrane to be used in making nourishing face masks for its thinness, smoothness, toughness and uniformity; (2) Find out the appropriate medium for the formation of Bacterial cellulose membrane, including (NH4)2SO4: 0,5 (g), KH2PO4: 1 (g), glucose: 10 (g), algae powder: 20 (g), and distilled water: 1000 (ml). Successful fermentation for membrane production could be done in appropriate pH of 5 and appropriate temperature of 32C. The ratio of surface area per volume of fermentation (S/V) is 0.8, and the membrane can be collected after 5 days.


Solidification of metal foams was studied by in-situ X-ray radioscopy. Precursors were prepared by uni-axial hot compaction of metal/blowing agent powder blends, foamed in a X-ray transparent furnace and were then solidified. Foam evolution was continuously monitored. The cross-section of the foam at any instant was determined from the images by automatised image analysis. During cooling of the sample an unexpected small transient expansion stage was observed. In order to explain this behaviour different possible effects are proposed and evaluated. Experiments were carried out for alloys with and without blowing agent, for different heating times and cooling rates to separate the various possible mechanisms. It was observed that the transient expansion strongly depends on heating time and cooling rate. Some transient expansion is also observed for alloys without blowing agent demonstrating that the effect can only be partially ascribed to the behaviour of the blowing agent.


A new mechanism for exciting the Broadband Electrostatic Noise (BEN) in the strong spectrum branch (ω - ωeh) has been proposed in this paper. Satellite observations show that the local and transient dawn-dusk electric fields (LTEF) are often present in the plasma sheet boundary region of the magnetotail. Because the motion of the electrons in LTEF is adiabatic in the time scale τ (τ~'ωeh1-), while the orbits of ions may approximately be regarded as straight lines. The electron and ions will suffer different response to the LTEF, causing the appearence of charge seperation between electrons and ions in the plasma sheet boundary region where the plasma is inhomogenous. A new kind of plasma instability will thus be excited which can lead to the generation of the BEN in its strong spectrum branch.


The single crystal Ni-base superalloys were widely used for manufacturing advance gas turbine blades,but the ignored weakness of these alloys to date is that the extent of primary creep at intermediate temperature is much higher than that at high temperature.Moreover,compared with high temperature creep,the primary creep strain at intermediate temperature is extraordinary sensitive to changes in the orientated deviation,composition and the heat-treated microstructure.Although the high-density dislocations introduced by pre-creep treatment can restrict the intermediate temperature creep,it is difficult for application in practice.As single crystal alloys are selected as manufacturing turbine blades,it is considered that the resistance to deformation of the second or the third generation single crystal superalloys at intermediate temperature is inferior to first generation alloys and the excessive extension of blade root could take place at the service environment of intermediate temperature and high stress.


Cancer is the second most common cause of death in our country and also worldwide. In the cancer treatment are used many methods such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormone therapy. Despite these methods, a decrease is not observed in cancer cases and in the mortality. In addition, cancer drugs cause serious side effects. Therefore, there is a need for new anticancer drugs. Chalcones have broad anticancer activity against various cancer cells. In this study, the anticancer activities of the chalcone compounds were investigated against PC3 (Human Prostate Carcinoma Cell) and HT29 (Human colon colorectal adenocarcinoma) cell lines. The anticancer activity tests were performed using the BrdU ELISA method. 5 - Fluorouracil (5 - FU) was used as the positive control. Compound 1-7 ( except Compound 3 ) were determined having higher anticancer activity than 5 - FU against PC3 cancer cells. IC 50 values of the compounds 1-7 against PC3 cancer cells were 2.53±0.02 µM ; 4.40±0.03 µM ; 5.86±0.02 µM ; 4.36±0.03 µM; 1.76±0.02 µM ; 1.78±0.03 µM ; 2.31±0.03 µM , respectively.


Spinal accessory nerve plexus includes the spinal accessory nerve with all its Intra- and extracranial connections to other nerves. Neck dissection is an important technique for the treatment of cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with head and neck cancer. Due to the adverse effects of radical neck dissection, a progressively more conservative functional neck dissection including preservation of the spinal accessory nerve is no longer an exception. Iatrogenic injury to the spinal accessory nerve can have medico-legal implications. Despite the presence of many described techniques to locate the nerve, it still remains vulnerable to damage during neck dissection due to its variations in the course and relations with other structures. Since the introduction of functional neck dissection, various modifications have been made to reduce the adverse effects of radical neck dissection. This paper describes the variations of the spinal accessory nerve in the neck and surgical significance which will guide head and neck oncosurgeons in imbibing adequate knowledge and using efficient techniques during surgical neck dissections.


The Xiaolangdi Multipurpose Project is key to the harnessing and development of the Yellow River The river closure for the Project was completed in October 1997 and the first generating unit was put into operation and connected with the power grid on January 9, 2000 The construction and management of the Project were carried out in accordance with the management modes of international bidding project For several years, with the concerted efforts of the Owner, Supervisor, Designer and Contractor, a lot of good experience have been gained for the international project construction and management in China, which also could be used in the construction of other projects at home for reference


Despite the availability of synthetic thyroid hormone for therapeutic use, a significant number of patients with hypothyroidism do not feel well on replacement doses of thyroid hormones suggesting that better-individualized therapy is needed. For this reason, hypothyroidism resulting from congenital lack of functional thyrocytes, surgical tissue removal, or gland ablation, represents a particularly attractive endocrine disease target that may be conceivably cured by transplantation of long-lived functional thyroid progenitors or mature follicular epithelial cells.

 To generate thyroid follicular progenitors from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), we sought to develop a directed differentiation approach by activating or inhibiting endogenous developmental signaling pathways previously identified in the mouse. To facilitate tracking and purification of candidate human thyroid progenitors, we engineered a hiPSC-line carrying a tdTomato reporter targeted to the PAX8 locus and a GFP reporter targeted to the NKX2-1 locus.

 We adapted our published in vitro differentiation protocol previously used to differentiate mouse PSCs into thyroid progenitors and observed tdTomato/GFP co-expressing cells first emerging from our hiPSC line by day 12 of culture and persisting for at least 2 months of further culture in thyroid maturation media, supplemented with TSH. Thus, we profiled all cells deriving from hiPSCs by single-cell RNA sequencing >6,000 cells captured on days 12 and 29 of in vitro differentiation. At day 12, tdTomato/GFP co-expression was observed in 12% of all cells and these cells appeared to be early thyroid follicular progenitors as they uniquely co-expressed the tetrad of thyroid lineage selective transcription factors, NKX2-1, PAX8, FOXE1, and HHEX. By day 29 tdTomato+/GFP+ cells represented 69% of all cells and had upregulated TG, TSHR, NIS and TPO expression in addition to the previously described four thyroid lineage markers, suggesting time-dependent differentiation and maturation of thyroid follicular epithelial cells.

 Thus, we have employed a novel hiPSC line to optimize a protocol able to generate human thyroid progenitors and mature follicular epithelial cells, representing a purifiable source of human thyroid lineage cells whose functional and thyroid reconstituting potential can be tested in vivo in animal models of hypothyroidism.


Four high-starch diets (20%) varying only by the source of starch (wheat = diet W; barley = diet B; maize = diet M; extruded maize = diet EM) were given ad libitum before weaning (at 29 d old) from 18 days of age, to 8 litters (2 litters per diet) of 8 rabbits caged separately from their mother. Starch concentration in the ileal digesta and caecal fermentative characteristics were assessed at weaning and at 50 d of age, while faecal digestibility was measured between 46 and 50 d of age. The energy digestibility coefficient was the highest for the barley based diet while the lowest were observed for wheat and maize based diets (P 10% DM) with the maize based diet, while it decreased for the other groups (less than 6% DM). The faecal digestibility of the glucidic fraction (NNCC) was almost complete (> 92%) and significantly higher with the EM diet followed by the B diet. NNCC digestibility was negatively correlated with ileal starch concentration (r = -0.63, P < 0.001). The fibre and protein digestibility remained unaffected by the dietary treatment, and no sig- nificant correlation was detected between the ileal starch level and fibre digestibility (NDF or ADF). Caecal VFA concentration increased by 11 mmol (+20%) from weaning to 7 weeks of age, while ammonia level decreased by 15%. Compared to weaning, at 7 weeks of age, the butyrate proportions were 5 units higher. The starch source did not significantly affect the caecal traits or fermentations, except for a slight increase in the empty caecal weight for EM and B compared to the W and M diets (P < 0.05). The ileal starch concentration was not correlated with caecal fermentative activity. rabbit / digestion / starch nature / extrusion / caecal fermentation


The Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) drawn up when the World Trade Organization came into force s ix years ago in 1 January 1995 is inequitable and heavily loaded in favour of developed countries. Though the developing countries expected to gain handsomely from the multilateral trade agreement in agricultural products, they have hardly anything to cheer about. The government should, in the next Ministerial Conference in Doha impress upon the developed countries the need to rewrite certain clauses of the AoA to make it fa ir and non-discriminatory which is the spirit of WTO. The three Bills the Indian Patents Act, 1970 (Second Amendment) Bill 1999, Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Bill 2000, and Biological Diversity Bill 2000which are with the Joint Members of the Parliament for their suitable recommendations in conformation to TRJPS Agreement should be passed as early as possible so that we do not fall behind in the competition with the rest of the countries. As it is, the foreign countrymen are depriving us of our bio-wealth by patenting our rich biodiversity.


To the Editor. —The controversy in the "Letters to the Editor" section in theArchivesin which Dr Leviton defends his use of migraineur for a female patient against Dr Jonas' suggestion of the correct use migraineuse concerns the problems I have also had with that phony pseudo-French term: it also goes against my grain. The truth is that you will find migraineur in no French dictionary: it is an English invention. The Oxford English Dictionary Supplement , on the other hand, traces the word to the London Times of January 25, 1971. The French ending - eur refers to a doer, not to a sufferer, eg, as in voleur —the female is indeed une voleuse . But the French may use their adjective migraineux , migraineuse as substantives. While I sympathize with Dr Jonas' offended ear, I would find it a little hard to support a solution suggesting the honest but demeaning English


The paper aims to delineate certain issues on the nature of influence in the early works and practice of El Greco. It briefly looks at the cultural co


—This work deals with the design optimization of electrical machines under the consideration of manufacturing uncertainties. In order to efficiently quantify the uncertainty, blackbox machine learning methods are employed. A multiobjective optimization problem is formulated, maximizing simul- taneously the reliability, i.e., the yield, and further performance objectives, e.g., the costs. A permanent magnet synchronous machine is modeled and simulated in commercial finite element simulation software. Four approaches for solving the multi- objective optimization problem are described and numerically compared, namely: ε -constraint scalarization, weighted sum scalarization, a multi-start weighted sum approach and a genetic algorithm.


Prior tagging studies at Atlantic coastal sites in New Jersey and Virginia suggested that fall migrant monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L., Nymphalidae: Danainae) of the eastern North American population have lower recovery rates at overwintering sites in Mexico compared to the overall recovery rates reported by Monarch Watch for monarchs tagged throughout the late summer breeding range. Here we present the results of the first quantitative study that compares the probability of recapture in Mexico of monarchs tagged at coastal sites with inland sites that are east of the Appalachian Mountains. During the 2001–2006 fall migrations, we tagged 1,008 monarchs along the Appalachian piedmont in Virginia, of which 13 (1.29%) were recovered in Mexico. In contrast, out of 1,216 tagged at Atlantic coastal locations in Virginia, only 2 (0.16%) were recovered. This eightfold lower recapture rate of the coastal monarchs is highly significant. The data also indicated that monarchs migrating along the piedmont on the eastern side of the Appalachians are nearly as likely to reach Mexico as are those that migrate west of the Appalachians. We conclude that migrating along the Atlantic coast per se is more risky than migrating inland either east or west of the Appalachians. The recovery data also determined that both sexes of the piedmont migrants reached Mexico, but, for unknown reasons, females were more successful. Since coastal migration occurs regularly and involves very large numbers of monarchs, the Atlantic coast is not an aberrant migratory route as the Urquharts maintained. Why then do fewer coastal migrants reach Mexico? Some continue southward and may become incorporated in and help sustain breeding populations in south Florida, Cuba and perhaps in other Caribbean islands and the Yucatan. To explore other possible reasons for the lower success of coastal monarchs in reaching Mexico, we compared wing lengths and wet masses of 483 inland with more than 140 coastal monarchs. The latter had slightly but significantly smaller wing lengths and, even after accounting for variation in wing length, they weighed less than the inland monarchs. The lower wet mass reflects lower lipid and/or lower water contents which we argue may be a consequence of anthropogenic degradation of much of the native flora and nectar sources along the Atlantic coast. We consider various hypotheses that may account for the coastal migrants' smaller wings than the inland migrants, including the controversial idea that the longer winged migrants may be blown out to sea. Additional key words: tagging and recapture rates, wet mass, wing length, nectar availability; Atlantic coastal ecosystem deterioration, risky fall migration route. Qualitative knowledge derived from the recoveries of tagged fall migrant monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus, L.) has indicated that their success in reaching the overwintering areas in Mexico is substantially greater when the butterflies are tagged west compared to those tagged east of the Appalachian Mountains (Urquhart & Urquhart 1979a, b; Urquhart 1987; Monarch Watch 2006). An unexplored aspect of this difference is whether monarchs migrating along the Atlantic coast per se have a lower probability of reaching Mexico, or whether all monarchs migrating east of the Appalachians, including the piedmont and the coastal areas, are less successful. To obtain quantitative data on the fall migration along the Atlantic coast, Walton (1999), Walton & Brower (1999) and collaborators initiated a tagging program in Cape May Point, New Jersey. In the fall of 1998, they tagged 7,541 monarchs (number corrected by Brower et al. in prep), of which seven were subsequently found at the Mexico overwintering sites, a recapture frequency of 0.093%. In 1998 Garland & Davis (2002) started a second coastal tagging program on the southern tip of the Delmarva Peninsula in Virginia. They released 2,190 monarchs over three years (1998–2000), of which one was found in Mexico, a recapture frequency of 0.046%. In contrast, of an estimated 1.1 million monarchs tagged by Monarch Watch participants from 1992 through 2006 in the eastern US and southern 190190 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY Canada, 12,000 to 14,000 were recaptured in Mexico, a recovery rate of 1.09% to 1.27% (Taylor pers. com. 2007; Monarch Watch 2006). Using Monarch Watch's lowest recovery rate as a rough estimate of the overall eastern rate and dividing it by each of the above coastal rates (1.09% / 0.093% = 11.7; and 1.09% / 0.046% = 23.7) indicates that the coastal monarchs have only 1/12th to 1/24th of the chance of being recaptured in Mexico (see also Taylor, in McNeil 2006). This much lower probability of coastal monarchs reaching Mexico raises four questions that we address in this paper. First, are all monarchs that migrate along the eastern side of the Appalachians less likely to reach Mexico than monarchs that migrate west of the Appalachians? Or, second, do those monarchs that migrate along the piedmont that stretches eastwards from the Appalachians to the coastal plain (Atwood 1940; Raisz 1957) have a success rate similar to migrants west of the Appalachians? Third, if the coastal migrants per se are less successful, do these monarchs exhibit differences in physical properties from the inland piedmont migrants? Fourth, if there are physical differences between the coastal and inland piedmont monarchs, what factors might account for the differences? To answer the first two questions, we compared the number of recaptures in Mexico of monarchs collected and tagged along the eastern edge of the Appalachian piedmont in northern Virginia with recaptures of monarchs collected and tagged during the same years along the Atlantic coast in southern Virginia. We addressed the third question by comparing wing lengths and adult weights (wet mass) of sub-samples of the tagged inland and coastal monarchs. We addressed the fourth question by relating the wing length findings to greater coastal losses due to wind and possible other causes, and by relating the wet mass findings to anthropogenic changes in habitat quality along the Atlantic coast. MATERIALS AND METHODS Collecting sites. Over six years (2001–2006) between the last week of August and the last week of October, Brindza collected fall migrant monarchs from one or more coastal and inland sites in Virginia. The collection dates overlapped with the timing of the fall FIG. 1. Location of coastal and inland study sites in eastern Virginia and average wet masses of fall migrant monarchs in eastern North America. The coastal sites were located on the southern tip of the Delmarva Peninsula (small square in the lower inset box). The inland sites were centered around the town of Woodbridge on the piedmont of the Appalachians (small circle in the lower inset box). The numbers on the map indicate average wet masses (mg) of males and females combined of fall migrant monarchs from this study and from other published studies (Brown and Chippendale 1974; Gibo and McCurdy 1993; Borland et al. 2004). The upper left inset shows the approximate range of the eastern North American monarch population, with the location of theMexican overwintering area. VOLUME 62, NUMBER 4 191 migration along both the Atlantic coast in Virginia (Garland & Davis 2002; Gibbs et al. 2006) and through an inland site on the eastern edge of the Blue Ridge Mountains at Sweet Briar College, Virginia, about 275 km west of the coastal area (Brower et al. 2006). In the fall of 2001, Brindza concentrated on tagging the butterflies and, from 2002 through 2006, he also weighed and measured the forewing lengths of subsamples of those that he tagged and released. The coastal samples were collected at Kiptopeke State Park, on the Eastern Shore of Virginia National Wildlife Refuge and Fisherman Island National Wildlife Refuge. These areas are surrounded to the west by Chesapeake Bay and to the east and south by the Atlantic Ocean (Fig. 1). Both are good locations for capturing migrating monarchs because of the funneling effect of the peninsula (Garland & Davis 2002). The inland monarchs were collected along the Piedmont about 190 km northwest of the coastal area within a 10 km radius of Woodbridge, VA (38o 38' 08" N, 77o 15' 44''W), 20–30 km SW of Washington, D.C. (Fig 1.). The collecting site in 2001 was solely in Lorton, while from 2002–2006, the butterflies were collected in Lorton, Gunston Cove, the Occoquan Bay National Wildlife Refuge and Mason Neck State Park. Collecting methods. Brindza netted most monarchs while they were nectaring on several species of composites growing in open fields or in flowerbeds, and on cultivated and native shrubs. About 2% were collected from roosts. Immediately after capture, he removed each monarch from the net and placed it in a 5.1 × 7.6 cm glassine envelope. Successive captures were accumulated for about 10 minutes in a small plastic box and kept out of direct sunlight. Brindza made all plant identifications based on Newcomb (1977), Peterson & McKenny (1968) and Lobstein (1990). We followed the USDA plant data base to standardize the common and scientific nomenclature (Anon. 2007a). Composites (Asteraceae), on which many butterflies were nectaring, included bearded beggar ticks (Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britt.), woodland sunflower (Helianthus divaricatus L.), bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.), other thistles (Cirsium spp.), false boneset (Brickellia eupatorioides [L.] Shinners), white snakeroot (Eupatorium rugosum = Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H.E. Robins), seaside goldenrod (Solidago sempervirens L.), Solidago spp., hyssopleaf thoroughwort (Eupatorium hyssopifolium L.), late flowering thoroughwort (Eupatorium serotinum Michx.), orange cosmos (Cosmos sulphureus Cav.) and garden cosmos (C. bipinnatus Cav.). The shrubs on which they were nectaring included butterfly bush (Buddleia davidii L., Buddleiaceae), Russian olive (Ela


Richard M. Hessler is Associate Professor, Department of Sociology and Family and Community Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia. Peter Kong-Ming New is Professor of Sociology, Department of Behavioral Science, University of Toronto. J. Thomas May is Assistant Professor of Human Ecology, Department of Human Ecology and Environmental Health, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City. The research on which this paper is based was supported by Contract # HSM-110-60-255. Health Services and Mental Health Administration, USPHS, and by Grant # IRO INH 21 742-01. National Institute of Mental Health. All interpretations are solely those of the authors. We wish to thank Donald Granberg, (University of Missouri-Columbia) for his valuable suggestions involving the researcher-sponsorsubject distinction. Martha Bartlett assisted in preparing the manuscript. Special thanks to Peter Singlemann for his advice. This paper is a much revised version of two earlier papers presented at the Midwest Sociological Society meeting, St. Louis, Missouri, April, 1970, and at the Society for Applied Anthropology meeting, Sun Diego, California, April, 1977. A FEW YEARS AGO our attention was focused on the problem of designing a research methodology which would serve two purposes that we felt to be of major importance to the future of behavioral science research as a component of community development. The two areas occupying so much of our attention at the time were (1) the problem of gaining entry into closed or highly restrictive social settings, and (2) the issue of doing research on powerless people so as to increase their access to power and control over research decision making and application of research findings. Five papers were written in which these two areas were addressed and the research commune model was developed and tested (Hessler and New 1972a, b; New, Hessler, and Kemnitzer 1972; New, Hessler, May et al. 1973; Hessler and Walters 1976). Subsequent to this work several sociologists formulated the concept o f conflict methodology (Lundman and McFarlane 1976; Lehmann and Young 1974; Sjoberg and Miller 1973; Spencer 1973; Young 1971, 1973; Galliher 1973; Nolan and Galliher 1973). Much debate ensued and the opposition countered with approaches which have been labeled consensus methodology. Basically the consensus methodologists assert that conflict methodology is inherently unethical (Blau 1964; Warwick 1974). In reply the conflict methodologists accuse the consensus people of doing the dirty work for the power elites, thereby helping t o suppress the poor, powerless, and exploited classes of society. Our observation is that this debate has raised very important methodological and ethical issues for behavioral science research. However, there are conceptual weaknesses in the way the debate has been presented and we have identified what appears to be a major issue which the conflictconsensus dialogue simply cannot resolve. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the debate and define this issue which we call the research development link. The exchange model is presented as a third strategy representing a more differentiated approach which allows the researcher t o address fundamental research-development issues which the conflict/consensus dichotomy precludes. In doing this we have divided our paper into the following three parts: (1) Conflict-consensus methodologies and the research-development issue; (2) Exchange methodology as a conceptual tool for developing the research-development link; and (3) Implications of the exchange model for the role of the behavioral science researcher in community development and social change.


ABSTRACT Montmorillonite-supported zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI-montmorillonite) were prepared by liquid-phase reduction under ambient atmosphere. Transmission electron microscope images indicated that the presence of montmorillonite decreased the aggregation and the size of iron nanoparticles. A portion of the gaps in the supporting material was filled with nanoparticles. Irregular angular shaped shells were also observed. X-ray diffraction indicated that the reduction rate had a substantial effect on the morphology and size of nanoparticles. nZVI-montmorillonite showed higher adsorption capacity for Zn(II) (9.9038 mg/g) compared to nZVI (9.4190 mg/g), montmorillonite (1.8835 mg/g), and zero-valent iron powder (5.8568 mg/g). The material can be used for several repeated applications.


A surge relief valve includes a piston housing and a piston located within the housing for reciprocal motion. The surge relief valve also includes a position sensor to resolve the axial position of the piston relative to the piston housing. The position sensor includes a sensor body coupled to the piston housing and a movable element configured to move linearly relative to the sensor body and configured to move axially with the piston. At a least portion of the sensor body is located within the piston housing.


Human stress brings changes in both physical and mental health which leads to chronic illness or injury, hypertension, cardiac arrest. It also causes emotional problems such as anxiety, depression, anger, grief, guilt, low self-esteem which affects normal healthy life. This paper presents the design, development and testing of a biomedical measurement system for detecting human mental stress using machine learning approach. This paper investigates the measure of heart rate variability from am ECG signal for detecting human stress by using Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier technique and ultra-short term HRV analysis method. MITBIH multi-parameter database is also used in this paper to load ECG signals for extracting the time domain features for detection of human mental stress. The different experiments have been carried out with 60 segments of RR interval in both normal state and stress state condition by ultra-short term HRV analysis method. The implementation of SVM classifier with RBF kernel provides the accurate detection of mental stress level. The measurement result indicates that the proposed techniques achieve the mental stress classification accuracy of 91%. From the results, it was concluded that the proposed methodology provides a promising way to detect mental stress in an individual.


The midstream float method is a standby flow measurement method adopted by hydrological stations when the river floods are rising and falling sharply and the flow meter is difficult to measure or special water regime occurs. In this paper, based on the Years of measured flow data of Xiaolongtan Hydrological Station of Nanpanjiang River, the Midstream Buoy Coefficient in the natural river course of Nanpanjiang River Basin is calculated and analyzed. The average buoy coefficient is calculated by measuring the actual flow divided by the imaginary flow and the average value is 0.76 and the maximum variation is less than 14%. This method can solve the actual needs of high flow measurement. The results can provide technical basis for sudden flood, special water regime, emergency monitoring, flood prevention and early warning. The flow measurement under the condition of insufficient testing personnel.


Given the increasing clock signaling rates used by digital memory subsystems, it has become progressively more important that DDR3 SDRAM provide well-controlled impedance to the signal transmission path. The DDR3 specification requires flexible termination, and conformance to analog timing specifications under various operating modes is necessary to ensure reliable system operation. The direct measurement and test of these timings is not possible using simple pass/fail voltage comparators, in the absence of purpose-built hardware (to measure the linear-extrapolated voltage slew rates as defined in the specifications sheet). To get around this limitation, these timing limits are tested in the backend component test flows with two test comparator strobes (per spec) placed at alternative timing and voltage positions. These strobes judge and ensure compliance to MIN and MAX (fastest and slowest) ODT transition timings. The selection of voltage-level and timing-edge offsets requires time-consuming analysis of "shmoo" charts, which are test comparator pass/fail results plotted out across different voltage and timing sweep positions. In this paper, we will share the theory behind an algorithm to visually recognize and extract various signal transition metrics, including slew rates, spec/test points, test-point, and voltage/time offsets from shmoo charts automatically.


The growth of e-commerce and online marketplaces has had a significant impact on businesses and consumer behaviour. Competition authorities worldwide are increasingly focused on assessing…


Neoplastic tissue in general shows a high rate of glucose consumption under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Using positron emission tomography (PET) we measured the rate of uptake of the glucose analogue 18fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (18FDG) in 12 patients with carcinoma of the lung. The tumor types were six squamous cell, two large cell, two oat cell, one adenocarcinoma, and one undifferentiated carcinoma. In each patient a transaxial plane was selected that contained the bulk of the tumor tissue. Regional density and blood volume were measured. Following the intravenous injection of 18FDG, the rates of uptake in the tumor and normal lung tissue were assessed from sequential scans over 1 hour. In each patient the rate of uptake of 18FDG in the tumor tissue was significantly increased relative to normal lung tissue. For the group the rate of uptake by the tumor was 211.4 ± 69.4 ml/100 g/hr (mean ± SD) compared to 31.9 ± 13.2 in the contralataral lung (P < 0.05). The tumor‐to‐normal tissue ratio of 6.6 (range, 2.7 to 14.6) was higher than previously reported ratios for brain and liver tumors. In contrast to brain tumors there was little correlation between tumor type and rate of 18FDG uptake. Measurements of glucose metabolism taken in vivo in human pulmonary tumors may lead to advances in screening, staging, and therapy.


With the advance of the technology in the application of horizontal wells, skewed or with arbitrary trajectory, some authors have been developing methodologies in order to calculate an accurate well index, so that most of Peaceman's model assumptions can be avoided. In these works, the mathematical formulation is more complex than the usual and the model is less restrictive. However, none of them show clearly the differences in the solutions that may exist between these recent models and the classical model when non-isolated and partially penetrating wells are employed. The objective of the present work is to evaluate Peaceman's formulation in situations where three of its assumptions are violated, namely: isolated well, fully penetrating well and steady-state flow. Thus, the evaluation is done for partially penetrating wells near the boundaries and operating during the transient regime. For this purpose, a semi-analytical solution is obtained, based on Green's function, and used as reference. The results demonstrate that Peaceman's model is not exact when non-isolated wells are used, e.g., horizontal wells in thin reservoirs. Furthermore, this model also presents errors for partially penetrating wells, especially in vertical wells, as his formulation does not consider the spherical flux in the extremities of the well. Rio Oil & Gas Expo and Conference 2010 2


: The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need for an in-depth investigation of young people's position in the Russian Federation and the prospects for political socialization due to its importance to society and the degree of participation in the current transformations in the country. Transformations cannot be considered successful if they do not allow young people to fully enter the world of politics. The transformations globalize the vision of young people, which is based on the principles and standards of democracy, reflects the present political climate and takes the experience of previous generations into account. The purpose of the study was a detailed political analysis of the essence, priorities, and features of the political socialization development of modern Russian youth, and the development of recommendations for the optimal activity of youth policy management institutions in the Russian Federation. The study analyzed the features of the political socialization of youth in Russian society due to changes in the value paradigm of youth development. Political pluralism is common in the modern democratic political culture. Therefore, the authors provided reasoning for the thesis that the political socialization involves young people in democratic political values. Therewith, it is necessary to promote an intolerance to any hostility and violence that contradicts the civilized forms of human life. This base allows performing the role of an active political subject of transformations in Russian society.


As the second generation of Chinese polar-orbiting meteorological satellite missions, the Fengyun (FY)-3D satellite provides the latest multi-frequency brightness temperature (TB) of FY-3 series satellites. The microwave radiation imager (MWRI) boarded on FY-3D has similar sensor configuration as Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2), and thus the intercalibration of these two sensors can make their TB data more consistent and continuous to facilitate their joint applications. In this study, the FY-3D H-pol and V-pol TB at five frequencies from 10.7 to 89 GHz during 2019 to 2020 were calibrated against AMSR2 TB over land. Two categories of intercalibration methods were compared, including global intercalibration method, i.e., global linear regression, and per-pixel-based intercalibration methods, i.e., per-pixel linear regression joint global linear regression, per-pixel linear regression joint inverse distance interpolation, per-pixel linear regression joint nearest neighbor interpolation, and global per-pixel linear regression. Furthermore, the effects of diverse environmental variables (i.e., land cover and its heterogeneity, climate types, water body fraction, terrain and its complexity, soil texture, and vegetation coverage) on FY-3D calibration accuracy were fully investigated. The results indicate that all five approaches can reduce the bias between FY-3D and AMSR2 TB, and the root-mean-square difference (RMSD) also reduces accordingly. Among them, the global per-pixel linear regression method performs the best with the lowest averaged RMSD of 2.93 K (at ascending overpass) and 2.34 K (at descending overpass), followed by the per-pixel linear regression joint inverse distance interpolation. The global linear regression method performs the worst with the largest RMSD of 4.69 and 3.82 K at ascending and descending overpass, respectively. The RMSD is relatively larger in temperate and polar climate zones, as well as in grasslands and croplands than in other climate and land cover types. The calibration errors generally decrease as the altitude increases, while they increase with the increase in land cover heterogeneity. The water body fraction exerts the greatest impact on the calibration accuracy, and the RMSD reaches 3 K when the water body fraction is greater than 15%. Soil texture, terrain complexity, and vegetation coverage generally have little influence on the calibration accuracy. These findings can provide a good reference for the intercalibration of satellites with similar configuration to generate long-term climate data records.


In economics, models, rather than theories, seem to be the fundamental units of appraisal and practitioners seem to hold in high esteem the criterion of 'robustness'. In this paper we shall try to explicate the multifarious notion of robustness, and articulate it on three different dimensions. In order to show their relevance to concrete economic practice we shall apply these notions of robustness to a particular case: the "old" vs. "new" growth theory. Special attention will be paid to the robustness of the implied causal mechanisms, due to its substantial role concerning the possibility of deriving sound policy prescriptions from models.


Environmental policy integration (EPI) refers to the incorporation of environmental concerns in non-environmental policy sectors. EPI aims to avoid conflicts between environmental and other policy objectives and to enhance environmental policy by directly targeting the driving forces of environmental degradation. In practice, however, the potential of EPI has not been fully utilized. Scientific knowledge of EPI is found in several, largely isolated, bodies of literature (on EPI, climate policy integration and environmental impact assessment/strategic environmental assessment) and does not provide an adequate answer to the question of what EPI strategies work, where and why. A systematic framework based on comparative empirical research is required to contribute to more effective EPI strategies. In this paper we formulate a research agenda for the development of such a framework on the governance of EPI that is robust, i.e. builds on other theories of environmental governance and policy change and that envisages large-scale, international comparative empirical analysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment


The influence of confining material on dynamics of laser induced plasma and shock waves when confined in lateral direction in a rectilinear geometry is presented. Glass, polystyrene and aluminum were used as boundaries to confine the air plasma. Experimentally, the plasma and shock waves (SW) are generated via laser induced breakdown of air using second harmonic Nd:YAG laser pulses of 10 ns width for intensity of 10 GW/cm2 (200 mJ). The reflection of the shock wave from the boundary walls has led to squeezing of the plasma which is effectively changing the hot core air plasma and the resulting SW dynamics. The hydrodynamics of the plasma and SW evolution inside the tubes are compared to that in the unconfined geometry (free expansion) using FLASH 2D1 radiation hydrodynamic code. The experimental and simulations od spatio-temporal evolution of SW inside the glass tube and found to be in line each other. An enhancement in the plasma parameters: average electron number density (Ne), average pressure (P) and peak electron temperature (Te) were effectively increasing for aluminum when compared to polystyrene and glass tubes when compared to that in the unconfined geometry. The enhancement factor in electron temperature is observed to be 1.9, 1.75, 1.6 times for aluminum, polystyrene and glass respectively when compared to unconfined geometry. The life time of plasma has increased to $\sim 10\ \mu\mathrm{s}$ (from $< 5\ \mu\mathrm{s}$ for unconfined geometry) in all the three cases. Confinement of the plasma plume and the SW also had a wide range of applications in aerodynamics and aero acoustics2, transportation applications to mitigate blast or shock impact3 to name a few.


The private enterprise plays more and more important role in the economic life of our country , and after going through the earlier stage development at a high speed, the private enterprise is faced with contradiction that management standard does not adapt with the enlarged enterprise scope and rapid development speed , the enterprise organizational structure does not adapt each other with the enterprise scope, the enterprise faces the complicated environment and changes should be done , and the management on enterprise foundation is weak etc, these questions must be studied and settled, in order to go on pledging the private enterprise development.


Some control applications require the use of piecewise constant or impulse-type control signals, with as few changes as possible. So as to achieve this type of control, we consider the use of regularized model predictive control (MPC), which allows us to impose this structure through the use of regularization. It is then possible to regulate the trade-off between control performance and control signal characteristics by tuning the so-called regularization parameter. However, since the mentioned trade-off is only indirectly affected by this parameter, its tuning is often unintuitive and time-consuming. In this paper, we propose an equivalent reformulation of the regularized MPC, which enables us to configure the desired trade-off in a more intuitive and computationally efficient manner. This reformulation is inspired by the so-called ε-constraint formulation of multi-objective optimization problems and enables us to quantify the trade-off, by explicitly assigning bounds over the control performance.


This work provides a novel strategy for constructing a corrosion-resistant material by designing a 2D structure based on high-order carbon rings.


Thermoelectric β-FeSi2 was successfully fabricated by mechanical alloying followed by sintering process. The influence of milling time and sintering conditions on alloying progress was studied by X-ray diffraction. The electrical and thermoelectric properties of undoped β-FeSi2 and Mn-doped β-FeSi2 were both measured for comparison. The results show that the powder,which is mechanically alloyed by milling for 50 h,is completely changed into β-FeSi2 phase after sintering at 890 ℃ for 15 h in Ar atmosphere. The maximum value of power factor of Fe0.92Mn0.08Si2 is 28.5 μW·m-1·K-2 at 600 ℃,while that of FeSi2 is only 6.6 μW·m-1·K-2.


Many wireless sensor network (WSN) applications require both security and quality-of-service (QoS) to be guaranteed simultaneously. However, ensuring both security and QoS is not trivial in WSNs since security normally has bad impact on QoS. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient secure forwarding method that minimizes energy consumption while meeting both security and QoS requirements at the same time. To accomplish this goal, we alternatively use hop-by-hop security for conserving energy through data aggregation and end-to-end security to satisfy the QoS requirement. We further analyze why hop-by-hop security with data aggregation provide better energy efficiency than end-to-end security without aggregation in detail. The simulation result shows that our proposed method outperforms other scheme in terms of energy efficiency while meeting both QoS and security.


With social and economic development and the increasing demand for energy,solar photovoltaic technology becomes more widely used in daily life.This paper presents a bus station system based on solar power and the system design in the case of Suzhou district.Calculations show that the solar bus station can effectively save city electricity.It has good social,economic and environmental benefits.


Background: Cancer results from complex interactions of multiple variables at biological, individual and social levels. However, comprehensive, empirical methods to assess social and neighborhood-level effects are limited. We propose a Neighborhood-Wide Association Study(NWAS), analogous to a genome-wide association study(GWAS), to comprehensively identify neighborhood signatures associated with disease. Methods: Pennsylvania State Cancer Registry data from 1995-2005 were linked to the 2000 U.S. Census data. In a successively more stringent multiphase approach, we evaluated the association between neighborhood exposures(n = 14,663, standard deviation adjusted census variables) and prostate cancer aggressiveness (n = 6,416 aggressive Stage>3/Gleason grade >7 cases vs. n = 70,670 non-aggressive Stage Results: From 14,663 census variables, 17 variables that were most significantly associated with prostate cancer aggressiveness were identified. The top two hits related to transportation (OR = 1.05;CI = 1.001-1.09) and poverty (OR = 1.07;CI = 1.01-1.12). Significant associations between prostate cancer and income, housing, employment, and immigration were also found. Conclusions: This NWAS methodology addresses gaps in neighborhood and cancer research by proposing a standardized, agnostic evaluation of neighborhood using readily accessible data from the U.S. Census. This approach has implications for health disparities research and can be applied broadly to large-scale, public health data. Citation Format: Shannon Lynch, Nandita Mitra, Michelle Ross, Craig Newcomb, Karl Daily, Tara Jackson, Charnita Zeigler-Johnson, Harold Riethman, Charles Branas, Timothy Rebbeck. A neighborhood-wide association study (NWAS) in prostate cancer: A new methodologic approach. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4351.


Laparoscopic surgery is indispensable from the current surgical procedures. Conventional laparoscope (endoscope) systems produce 2D colored video images which do not provide surgeons an actual depth perception of the scene. In this work, the problem was formulated as synthesizing a stereo image of the monocular (conventional) laparoscope image by incorporating into them the depth information from a 3D CT model. The current method was applied to the laparoscope video at the rate of up to 5 frames per second to visualize its stereo video. Correlation coefficients between the depth maps calculated with our method with those from the shape from shading algorithm were within the range of 0.70 to 0.95 (P <; 0.05).


Summary: Amphotericin B (Amph B), ketoconazole (KTZ) and fluconazole (FLZ) were compared for activity against yeast phase H. capsulatum in vitro and in Swiss albino mice. A quantitative spleen culture technique for yeast phase colony forming units (CFU) was used to evaluate the antifungal effects of these 3 drugs in vivo. In contrast to the in vitro indications, all 3 drugs showed fungicidal activity as demonstrated by the exponential decreases in CFU from spleens of infected mice. When relating the fungicidal activity obtained by this technique to the ED50 or ED100 values, KTZ and FTZ appeared to be the most active drugs. Fluconazole compared favorably to KTZ. At twice the ED100 Amph B had no significant effect upon viable yeasts recovered until after day 3 or infection (p ≤ 0.01). Thereafter, the drug was fungicidal. Based upon these studies, FLZ would appear to hold promise in the clinical management of histoplasmosis.