Summary
Foods which have been dried to the point where microbiological growth is inhibited can still deteriorate through chemical, biochemical and physical changes. Keeping foods cool and dry is normally the best way of minimizing these changes but this is not universally the case. Some exceptions are discussed in relation to the scientific principles underlying storage practice with flour, fats, yeast, sugar and dried milk. The mechanisms involved in loss of baking quality of flour, β-carotene deterioration in fats, loss of gassing power in yeast, syrup formation in sugar and loss of solubility in dried milk are discussed.


Patterns of student retention and attrition have been of increasing interest to the higher education sector in recent years. In a changing higher education climate demographic projections are increasingly important to institutional academic and resource planning. In terms of the professions, especially vocationally oriented professions such as teaching and nursing, enrolling and retaining a supply of potential employees is critical for continuing professional viability and quality.


This paper studies the entrepreneurial optimism and debt decisions for business start-up. By analysing a sample of 160 business start-up and by using the panel data estimation, we study entrepreneurs' optimism and its impact on debt decision of business start-up. The measure of entrepreneurial optimism is based on the entrepreneur earnings forecasts initiated by Lin et al. (2005). Meanwhile, the nature of entrepreneurial experience (serial and portfolio entrepreneur) has an effect on entrepreneurial optimism and leads to more or less optimistic entrepreneur. The results reveal that optimistic entrepreneur prefers equity in funding the financial deficit. Serial entrepreneurs tend to use more debt funding. In the dynamic model, the entrepreneur acquiring business concurrently adjusts slowly to debt ratio. Nevertheless, the sequential entrepreneurial experience leads to more optimism and so on more debt use. Given the governance role played by banks, the high adjustment cost for start-up is a consequence of the efficiency of the quality of control exercised by banks that in spite of entrepreneurial optimism, the entrepreneur does not convince the financiers to be so confident on the prospect of the business.


Virtual machines (VMs) enable the distribution of programs in an architecture-neutral format, which can easily be interpreted or compiled. A long-running question in the design of VMs is whether a stack architecture or register architecture can be implemented more efficiently with an interpreter. We extend existing work on comparing virtual stack and virtual register architectures in three ways. First, our translation from stack to register code and optimization are much more sophisticated. The result is that we eliminate an average of more than 46% of executed VM instructions, with the bytecode size of the register machine being only 26% larger than that of the corresponding stack one. Second, we present a fully functional virtual-register implementation of the Java virtual machine (JVM), which supports Intel, AMD64, PowerPC and Alpha processors. This register VM supports inline-threaded, direct-threaded, token-threaded, and switch dispatch. Third, we present experimental results on a range of additional optimizations such as register allocation and elimination of redundant heap loads. On the AMD64 architecture the register machine using switch dispatch achieves an average speedup of 1.48 over the corresponding stack machine. Even using the more efficient inline-threaded dispatch, the register VM achieves a speedup of 1.15 over the equivalent stack-based VM.


Learning Objectives: Infections within the intensive care unit (ICU) are an ever persistent problem in the critically ill. Pneumonia can almost be perceived as an inevitability amongst patients in the ICU. Pneumonia, particularly viral pneumonia, has already been established as having seasonal variations. We attempted to evaluate the seasonal variations and prevalence of pneumonia amongst the critically ill in the state of Florida. Methods: A retrospective analysis amongst all patients admitted to the ICU within the state of Florida was performed between 1997 to 2017. Patients who were admitted for trauma and who had a pneumonia were identified. We also studied the prevalence and seasonal variations of pneumonia within the geriatric population (age >65 years). Multivariate regression analysis was performed. Time periods were broken up between the seasons; summer, winter, spring and fall. Confounders evaluated were age, gender, ICISS, race, and payer type. Pneumonias were further classified into bacterial or viral. Results: A total of 869,553 trauma patients were identified. The majority of the patients were male (57%) and of white ethnicity (83%). The most common viral pneumonia was influenza and the least common was SARS. The most common bacterial pneumonia was Staphylococcus and the least common was Bordetella Pertussis. When divided by season, pneumonia was found to have a seasonal variation. Compared to summer, winter was found to have a statistically higher incidence of pneumonia overall (AOR 1.13). When broken down into bacterial versus viral, viral pneumonia was more pronounced in the winter (AOR 3.79), spring (AOR 1.60), and fall (AOR1.77) while bacterial pneumonia showed an increased incidence (AOR 1.05) in winter. Of note, in the geriatric population (>65 years; n=416,473), pneumonia was again more prevalent in the winter (AOR 1.22) with viral infections being more pronounced (AOR 4.79). Conclusions: Pneumonia, both viral and bacterial, is seen more frequently within the ICU during winter. These results are replicable in the geriatric population.


The formula proposed recently by Vuks for the polarization field associated with strongly anisotropic organic molecules has been applied to evaluate the orientational order in p-azoxyanisole, p-azoxyphenetole and their mixtures in the nematic phase. It is found to yield accurate results as is confirmed by the internal consistency of the calculations. The degree of order S plotted against the relative temperature (T c - T) gives a set of nearly parallel curves, and for a given relative temperature, S is greater the higher the nematic liquid transition point T c . The degree of order in the mixture is expressible as p 1 S PAA + p 2 S PAP where p 1 , p 2 are the mole fractions of the pure compounds.


This paper presents a brain-computer interface game that controls a spacecraft that has to avoid obstacles in a space route. The neural mechanism is based on steady state visually evoked potentials (SSVEP) combined with phase tagging. Two flickering stimuli are used to move the spacecraft to left or right. The stimuli are tagged with a phase offset of 180° between them. Phase extraction is applied to narrowband frequency of SSVEP. The stimuli frequencies were selected in a 3-5 Hz range that provides a high level of comfort. The game is being developed to be tested as a neurotherapy tool for children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1, showing attention deficits. Since usability is a major issue in clinical use, the game was designed to be controlled with a single electroencephalographic (EEG) channel, and requiring a calibration time less than two minutes. Pilot experiments were performed with a group of five healthy adults that tested the game, achieving performances above 95% accuracy for 5 second trials.


Micro-service architecture, a new cloud deployment technique for applications and services, provides an effective means to build an integrated system and helps to realize the universality and compatibility between information systems. Targeted at refactoring a monolithic system, this paper proposes Spring Cloud Framework as a solution to the micro-service architecture. The construction process of the system was detailed with an example of inventory management system. The system was constructed in the following steps: 1) service classification and seam recognition; 2) service development and packaging; 3) Spring Cloud Framework configuration; 4) service deployment. Through the verification of the system functionality, it is confirmed that the micro-service architecture system has stronger robustness than the monolithic system.


Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mercia) was grown in chambers under light and temperature conditions similar to the UK field environment for the 1990/1991 growing season at two levels each of atmospheric CO2 concentration (seasonal means: 361 and 692 μmol mol−1), temperature (tracking ambient and ambient +4°C) and nitrogen application (equivalent to 87 and 489 kg ha−1 total N applied). Total dry matter productivity through the season, the maximum number of shoots and final ear number were stimulated by CO2 enrichment at both levels of the temperature and N treatments. At high N, there was a CO2-induced stimulation of grain yield (+15%) similar to that for total crop dry mass (+12%), and there was no significant interaction with temperature. This contrasts with other studies, where positive interactions between the effects of increases in temperature and CO2 have been found. Temperature had a direct, negative effect on yield at both levels of the N and CO2 treatments. This could be explained by the temperature-dependent shortening of the phenological stages, and therefore, the time available for accumulating resources for grain formation. At high N, there was also a reduction in grain set at ambient +4°C temperature, but the overall negative effect of warmer temperature was greater on the number of grains (-37%) than on yield (-18%), due to a compensating increase in average grain mass. At low N, despite increasing total crop dry mass and the number of ears, elevated CO2 did not increase grain yield and caused a significant decrease under ambient temperature conditions. This can be explained in terms of a stimulation of early vegetative growth by CO2 enrichment leading to a reduction in the amount of N available later for the formation and filling of grain.


Atmospheric pressure surface discharge is shown to have great prospects for a number of industrial applications.To acqu/re better results in application fields and considering that the study of the basic parameters includingelectron temperature and electron density is desirable, we develop an equivalent circuit model and the diagnostictechniques based on optical emission spectroscopy and electrical measurement in our laboratory. The electrontemperature has been determined to be about 0.7eV by a Fermi-Dirac model. The electron density has beencalculated to be near 10^10 cm^-3 from a time resolved electrical measurement (Ohmic heating method).


Since 1970, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has increased rapidly in Western populations, whereas the incidences of gastric cardia and gastric non‐cardia adenocarcinoma have increased moderately and declined, respectively. The Swedish Cancer Register and Total Population Register provided opportunities for a valid update of incidence trends of these tumors including the year 2008. Joinpoint regression was used to assess any shifts in trends with calendar time. The esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence reached a peak in 2005, and then showed a decrease. During the period 2001–2008, the joinpoint regression analysis indicates a virtually stable incidence (annual percentage increase 1.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] −2.7 to 5.1). The cardia adenocarcinoma incidence has slightly decreased after 1990 (annual percentage decrease −1.0, 95% CI −1.6 to −0.3). The decreasing incidence of gastric non‐cardia adenocarcinoma has continued steadily during recent years (annual percentage decrease −4.9 (95% CI −5.2 to −4.7). Thus, an encouraging break in the rising incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has been seen in Sweden since 2005, whereas the corresponding incidences of gastric cardia and non‐cardia adenocarcinoma have been stable and decreasing, respectively.


Virus thermotherapy of a clonally selected, high yielding but leaf-roll infected Muscadelle selection resulted in significantly greater yield and vegetative growth. There were more berries per bunch and heavier bunches in each year and a greater weight of annual prunings of heat treated propagules in 3 of the 4 years reported. No consistent differences in selected maturity components were observed.


The effects of erosion and thermal degradation on the Space Shuttle Redesigned Solid Rocket Motor (RSRM) nozzle's structural dynamic characteristics were analytically evaluated. Also considered was stiffening of the structure due to internal pressurization. A detailed NASTRAN finite element model of the nozzle was developed and used to evaluate the influence of these effects at several discrete times during motor burn. Methods were developed for treating erosion and thermal degradation, and a procedure was developed to account for internal pressure stiffening using differential stiffness matrix techniques. Results were verified using static firing test accelerometer data. Fast Fourier Transform and Maximum Entropy Method techniques were applied to the data to generate waterfall plots which track modal frequencies with burn time. Results indicate that the lower frequency nozzle 'vectoring' modes are only slightly affected by erosion, thermal effects and internal pressurization. The higher frequency shell modes of the nozzle are, however, significantly reduced.


The performance and robustness of a sensorless controller strongly depends on how quickly and accurately the feedback is obtained. For this reason, the purpose of this paper is to introduce an improved load angle estimator that provides feedback on the ability of the stepping motor to follow the imposed position/speed setpoint. The novel estimation dynamics is compared theoretically and experimentally with dynamics of similar estimators.


Nordic cooperation is analyzed within a trans-governmental perspective of inter-state relations, where governmental subunits interact fairly independently across national boundaries. A brief outline of the structural framework of Nordic interactions is offered. The major participants are identified as national ministers, parliamentarians and officials, and Nordic ministerial and parliamentary officials. The forms, means, and frequency of regional interactions are examined. The importance of informal interactions is stressed. The joint policy-making process in the region is analyzed by relating each actor type to a particular policy-making role. Roles included are: initiators, vetoers of policy, controllers, and brokers of the decision-making process. Finally, the implications of the intensive trans-Nordic relations for national policy coherence and control are discussed.


This study aims to determine the effect of village apparatus competence, internal control, and organizational commitment to the potential for fraud in the management of village funds in Serdang Bedagai Regency. This type of data in this study is quantitative data using a questionnaire as a means of obtaining data. This research was conducted in the village of Perbaungan sub-district Serdang Bedagai Regency as many as 24 villages. The population and sample in this study were 120 people, 5 people each in each village. The data analysis method used in this study is the method of multiple linear regression analysis carried out with the help of SPSS software. The results of this study found that apparatus competence have a significant influence on the potential for fraud in the management of village funds in Serdang Bedagai Regency. While internal control and organizational commitment have no effect on the potential for fraud in the management of village funds in Serdang Bedagai Regency. On other results, it can be seen that simultaneously all independent variables have a significant influence on the potential for fraud in the management of village funds in Serdang Bedagai Regency.


Multi-type birth-death processes underlie approaches for inferring evolutionary dynamics from phylogenetic trees across biological scales, ranging from deep-time species macroevolution to rapid viral evolution and somatic cellular proliferation. A limitation of current phylogenetic birth-death models is that they require restrictive linearity assumptions that yield tractable likelihoods, but that also preclude interactions between individuals. Many fundamental evolutionary processes -- such as environmental carrying capacity or frequency-dependent selection -- entail interactions, and may strongly influence the dynamics in some systems. Here, we introduce a multi-type birth-death process in mean-field interaction with an ensemble of replicas of the focal process. We prove that, under quite general conditions, the ensemble's stochastically evolving interaction field converges to a deterministic trajectory in the limit of an infinite ensemble. In this limit, the replicas effectively decouple, and self-consistent interactions appear as nonlinearities in the infinitesimal generator of the focal process. We investigate a special case that is amenable to calculations in the context of a phylogenetic birth-death model, and is rich enough to model both carrying capacity and frequency-dependent selection.


This control device (20) comprises a first terminal (26), movable, and a second terminal (28), said terminals (26, 28) being distinct from each other and adapted to communicate with the other by communication means son (30A, 30B). The first terminal (26) incorporates a non-son communications system (32) for reading data carried by a device, installed on board a vehicle, a fee collection system. The second terminal (28) includes a main computer (42) for interpreting the read data, and a display (44) for displaying the interpreted data. The first terminal (26) is adapted to transfer the read data to the second terminal (28) via the no son communication means (30A, 30B).


The multi-access orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDMA) technology has drawn a lot of attention in next generation wireless mobile communications. It is well-known that carrier frequency offsets in OFDMA systems can destroy the orthogonality among subcarriers and produce intercarrier interference (ICI) and multiuser interference (MUI). In our previous works, we proposed a common carrier frequency offset (CCFO) correction scheme at the OFDMA receiver, which can reduce the ICI/MUI effect and the bit error rate. In the scheme, the CFO correction can be performed by adaptively converging the MSE between the demodulated output and the decision feedback data. This paper studies the minimum MSE solution for the CCFO value, and the result is exploited to verify the adaptive CCFO estimation algorithm by means of the decision feedback. Simulation results show that the adaptive decision feedback scheme for CCFO estimation is effective and the minimum MSE performance is well achieved.


The quest for symmetry seems a very persistent human preoccupation. Man has ever been a system-building animal in response to the chaos and disorder with which nature seems to have confronted him. This tendency has assisted him to adapt to and subsequently exercise some control over his environment. A product of this tendency has been a symbolic treasure house of past experiences and some very instrumental conceptual schemes which have enabled man to construct ever more sophisticated systems.


Over the past few years, Convolutional neural networks (ConvNets) is emerging as computer vision discipline within deep learning. ConvNets is a key strategy for addressing computer vision problems, yet the theories behind their effectiveness in the processing are not yet fully understood. ConvNets have attained a state of the art-performances on various datasets for computer vision tasks such as remote sensing images scene classification, face recognition, and object detection. This is attributed to their effectiveness in image feature processing. This work reviews the major advances on ConvNets for effective processing in computer vision from some dimensions which include, convolutional layer design configurations, pooling layer strategies, network activation functions, loss functions, network regularization techniques, and ConvNet optimization methods. Further, this works surveys the application of ConvNets on three computer vision tasks, i.e. remote sensing images scene recognition, face recognition, and object detection to demonstrate the effectiveness of convNets in image feature processing. Additionally, datasets for evaluation and benchmarking purposes with the aforementioned computer vision tasks are briefly discussed.


P.L. Bruckner, J.E. Berg, D.L. Nash, W.E. Grey, and A.T. Dyer, Dep. of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT 59717-3140; N. Riveland, Williston Research Extension Center, 14120 Hwy. 2, Williston, ND 58801; J.L. Eckhoff, Eastern Agricultural Research Center, 1501 N. Central, Sidney, MT 59270; D.M. Wichman, Central Agricultural Research Center, HC90 Box 20, Moccasin, MT 59462; K.D. Kephart, Southern Agricultural Research Center, 748 Railroad Hwy., Huntley, MT 59037; G.R. Carlson, Northern Agricultural Research Center, 3848 Fort Circle, Havre, MT 59501-8409; G.D. Kushnak, Western Triangle Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 974, Conrad, MT 59425; R.N. Stougaard, Northwestern Agricultural Research Center, 4570 Montana 35, Kalispell, MT 59901; Y. Jin, USDA-ARS, Cereal Disease Lab., 1551 Lindig St., St. Paul, MN 55108-6052; X. Chen, USDA-ARS, P.O. Box 646430, Pullman, WA 99164-6430. Registration by CSSA. Received 12 Dec. 2006. *Corresponding author (email@example.com). 'Yellowstone' (Reg. No. CV-1012, PI 643428) hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station and released in September 2005. Yellowstone was released for its high yield potential and broad adaptation to Montana winter wheat production environments. Yellowstone was named in commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the Lewis and Clark expedition. William Clark explored the Yellowstone River of Montana, spanning the state from the continental divide near Yellowstone Park to its confl uence with the Missouri River in western North Dakota, in 1806, during the return voyage of the Lewis and Clark expedition. Yellowstone was selected from a composite of F2 seed from two closely related populations: 'Promontory' (PI 555458; Hole et al., 1995)/'Judith' (PI 584526; Taylor et al., 1995) and Judithdwarf/Promontory. The initial crosses were made in 1993, the F1 populations were grown in the fi eld during 1994, and the composite F2 spaced-plant population was grown at Fort Ellis, MT, in 1995. The F3 bulk population was planted at Sidney, MT, in 1996. Winter survival of F3 populations was extremely low, and only seven plants were harvested from the composite bulk population. In 1997 the seven F3:4 plant rows were grown in Bozeman, MT, and 93X542c-C6 was selected based on visual criteria for uniformity, productivity, and acceptable agronomic type and harvested in bulk after reselection of seven individual heads from the row. An F5 reselection headrow, 93X542c-C6-6, was selected at Fort Ellis in 1998 and harvested in bulk. 93X542c-C6-6 was subsequently tested in the 1999 Single Rep Observation Nursery B (SROB) grown at Bozeman and Fort Ellis. In 2000 93X542c-C6-6 was assigned experimental number MT00159 and subsequently evaluated in the MT Preliminary B yield trial (2000), the MT Advanced yield trial (2001), the Montana Intrastate trial (2002– 2006), the Montana Off-station trial (2003–2006), and the USDA Northern Regional Performance Nursery (NRPN, 2004). Quality has been evaluated in multilocation Montana trials since 2000. MT00159 was named Yellowstone in 2006. Yellowstone is an awned, white-chaffed, medium maturity, intermediate height hard red winter wheat with good winter hardiness and high yield potential in Montana. Yellowstone has medium maturity, 165.0 d to heading from 1 January (n = 29), later (LSD0.05 = 0.7d) than Promontory (163.6d) and 'CDC Falcon' (PI 619610; 163.6d) and slightly earlier than 'Neeley' (CItr 17860; 166.2d) and 'Pryor' (PI 634564; 165.9d). Yellowstone is relatively tall (85 cm, n = 30), shorter than Neeley (89 cm; LSD0.05 = 2 cm) but taller than CDC Falcon (76 cm), Pryor (79 cm), and Promontory (83 cm). Coleoptile length of Yellowstone (69 mm, n = 4) is relatively short, shorter than Neeley (84 mm; LSD0.05 = 5 mm) and similar to Promontory, Pryor, and CDC Falcon (66–69 mm). Yellowstone has excellent straw strength and has occasionally lodged only under irrigated, high-yield management systems. Winter survival in 10 trials showing differential survival was 60% for Yellowstone compared with CDC Falcon (63%, LSD0.05 = 8%), Pryor (55%), Neeley (55%), and Promontory (47%). Yellowstone is susceptible to stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn) races TPMK, QTHJ, TTTT, RCRS, and QFCS and susceptible to leaf rust (caused by P. triticina Eriks.) isolates CBMT, MCDS, MBDS, MHDS, MCRK, THBJ, and TNRJ. Yellowstone has shown an intermediate to high level of fi eld resistance to stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Eriks.). It was highly resistant (infection type 2 on a 0–9 scale and 5% severity) at Mount Vernon and showed intermediate resistance (infection type 5 and 40% severity) at Pullman, WA, in 2004. Average stripe rust severity (0–100%) at Bozeman and Kalispell, MT, in 2005 and 2006 (n = 4) of Yellowstone was 3.8% compared with Promontory Published in the Journal of Plant Registrations 1:18–19 (2007). doi: 10.3198/jpr2006.12.0788crc © Crop Science Society of America 677 S. Segoe Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA


Recently, Type-2 (T2) Fuzzy Logic Systems (FLSs) gained increased attention due to their capability to better describe, model and cope with the ubiquitous dynamic uncertainties in many engineering applications. By far the most widely used type of T2 FLSs are the Interval T2 (IT2) FLSs. This paper provides a comparative analysis of two fundamentally different approaches to defuzzification of IT2 Fuzzy Sets (FSs) — the deterministic Karnik-Mendel Iterative Procedure (KMIP) and the stochastic sampling defuzzifier. As previously demonstrated by other researchers, these defuzzification algorithms do not always compute identical output values. In the presented work, the concept of centroid density of an IT2 FS is introduced in order to explain such discrepancies. It was demonstrated that the stochastic sampling defuzzification method converges towards the center of gravity of the proposed centroid density function. On the other hand, the KMIP method calculates the midpoint of the interval centroid obtained according to the extension principle. Since the information about the centroid density is removed via application of the extension principle, the two methods produce inevitably different results. As further demonstrated, this difference significantly increases in case of non-symmetric IT2 FSs.


This present research is intended as a synthesis of the current state of research in the comparative study of ancient Near Eastern texts and the Hebrew Bible. This will involve a discussion of new texts that have been discovered, as well as the many reevaluations of texts found in previous decades. Beginning with a brief study of the nature of comparative research, this study will then survey textual material from each of the traditional ancient Near Eastern regions: Syria-Mesopotamia, Egypt, Anatolia, and Syria-Canaan, emphasizing documents that come from the sixth century bce or earlier. One can conclude that new ancient Near Eastern discoveries continue to supply important material for furthering our historical understanding of the Hebrew Bible.


In this paper, sufficient conditions are presented for the existence of an H/sup /spl infin// filter with a state dimension less than the plant. The conditions are expressed in terms of the solution to a Hamilton-Jacobi inequality which is exactly the one used in the construction of the full-order H/sup /spl infin// filters. Both affine and general non-affine nonlinear systems are examined. The development uses only elementary concepts of dissipativity and differential games; thus, the proofs given are simple and clear.


To check the effect of corona virus disease 2019, we operated this research.Different charts and percentage analysis were used to finalize the statistical analysis.To make this research a successful, we first planned a questionnaire consisting of 5 questions related to the effect of covid-19 on poor people and sent this to audience via Facebook WhatsApp messenger, and other social media applications. We sent this questionnaire to approximately 544 folks and received only 200 comebacks. So, the response rate remains only 37% which the drawback of online survey.It was concluded that majority of folks thinks that the lockdown is the burden on poor people, and it doubles the poverty rate. Further government did not give any relief on daily use stuff or items and the compensation is not enough for a month.


A new integrated high voltage power PNP (IC ¿ 600mA) has allowed to implement a very low drop (0.6V) voltage regulator withstanding ± 80V transients. A trimmed (± 2%) reference makes possible a precise "power on/off reset".


A practical synthesis of the title pheromones is described. The features of the synthesis include high optical purities of the target compounds, utilization of easily accessible materials and employment of operationally simple and facile reactions.


In this research uplift resistance of square anchor plates embedded in cohesionless soils was investigated by conducting previous works. Horizontal square anchor plates with 10 different size and geometries were used in the last works. The previous experimental studies indicated that behavior of horizontal square anchor plates embedded in cohesionless soil has been investigated by small-scale model and field tests from last forty years until now. The paper is reviewed previous experimental works of horizontal square anchor plates in cohesionless soil. The horizontal square anchor plates are used in different applications including transmission towers, foundations, pipe lines and etc. The previous results indicated that horizontal square anchor plates significantly increases the stiffness of the soil. Based on previous results, critical values were discussed and recommended.


This paper reports upon attitudes, initiatives and hurdles in the incorporation of prior learning in the discipline of planning within one higher education institution in Wales in the UK. Incorporation of prior learning in higher education (HE) is placed as a normative value within the context of increasing diversity in HE promoted through widening access policies, the internationalisation of education and the drive towards interdisciplinarity. It documents challenges that staff face at the delivery end of teaching, the ways in which they attempt to negotiate the difficulties they face, and the institutional resources that come/do not come into play to aid this process. By focusing on the delivery end, this systematic documentation brings together otherwise disparate knowledge, allowing for a fuller appreciation of HE provision in contemporary UK. These descriptions it is argued, can also help generalise and normalise ways in which diversity might be addressed through learning, teaching and assessment in higher education.


Mesoporous materials constitute a promising class of nanomaterials for a number of applications due to their tunable pore structure. The synthesis of most mesoporous materials involves a surfactant ...


This Pre-experimental research with pre-test and post-test was applied to nurses of the Neonatal
Intensive Care Unit of the Victor Lazarte Echegaray Hospital, between September and November
2016, in order to determine the effectiveness of the educational program at the level of knowledge
of nurses on Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition. The sample consisted of 24 nurses. For the data
collection, the instrument was used: level of knowledge of nurses on administration and manipulation
of parenteral nutrition, the information obtained being processed and analyzed by: the statistical test
"student's t". The results found that prior to the application of the educational program, 41.7 percent
of nurses obtained a low level of knowledge, 33.3 percent of nurses obtained a medium level of
knowledge and 25 percent of nurses reached a level of high knowledge After applying the educational
program, 100 percent of nurses reached a high level of knowledge. It was concluded that the
educational program was effective in improving the level of knowledge of nurses, obtaining a
student's t-value of -10,887 with a probability of 0.000 being highly significant.


The imagery of water and flowers in classical Chinese poetry shows the aesthetic characteristics of the profound significance of language,and has become the embodiment of Chinese aesthetic mentality.The ancients symbolized time as water,expressing their yearning and pity for the swift passage of time.In addition,the smoothness,openness,abundance and extensiveness of the flow of water shows a peculiar understanding by the ancients about nature and the human world.In a similar way,the ancients symbolized spring as flowers,which beautified the environment and brought people so much pleasure.However,the poets expressed their sentiments of sadness and pity for the vanishing of spring which signifies the brevity of beauty and youth,and the vicissitudes of life.People's understanding of water and flowers has been elevated from the senses of sight and touch to the level of emotion.


: Dhikrullah as a vibrational activity to recite Allah's name repeatedly, according to the Koran can give a calm effect to the brain and heart as a mental center, but the study of dhikrullah from the approach of religiosity and psychotherapy based on vibration as the millennial mental therapy has not yet been completed. This study is an academic response to the mental approach of religiosity and psychotherapy by using dhikrullah vibration. The study used qualitative data from 4 informants to find the dhikrullah model and quantitative data from 10 subjects were obtained through Electro encephalo graf to see the effects of dhikrullah on brain waves. The results show that there is a strong relationship between dhikrullah vibration with brain waves. Dhikrullah contains hyperventilation to detect disturbances in the brain. Dhikrullah is vibration produce alpha waves in the brain. Therefore, the authors conclude that this study is a new approach to utilize dhikrullah vibration as a mental therapy approach. The WHO can use a solution from a religiosity approach to help people who need a solution through dhikrullah vibration.


Abstract: In electrical impedance tomography (EIT), an estimate for the cross‐sectional impedance distribution is obtained from the body by using current and voltage measurements made from the boundary. All well‐known reconstruction algorithms use a full set of independent current patterns for each reconstruction. In some applications, the impedance changes may be so fast that information on the time evolution of the impedance distribution is either lost or severely blurred. We have recently proposed the formulation of EIT as a state estimation problem and the recursive estimation of the state with the aid of the Kalman filter. In this paper, we study the so‐called smoothing extension of the Kalman filter in the estimation of the time‐varying impedance distribution. We will also discuss how to implement prior spatial information on the solution to the state space formalism. The enhanced performance of the proposed approach is verified with the aid of a simulation.


This paper investigates how to take advantage of the known position of a point at which a single frequency GPS receiver is located. Using this reference point and a single frequency receiver, a precise relative positioning method is developed. This method is particularly suited for the applications whose accuracy requirements are relaxed as time passes. In some circumstances, one requires a far better accuracy than a single frequency receiver using standalone GPS or WAAS provides. Further, typical precise positioning methods such as differential GPS (DGPS), real time kinematic survey (RTK), and precise point positioning (PPP) cannot be used due to hardware or cost limitations. This difficult situation can be overcome with the new algorithm, precise relative positioning (PRP), described in this paper. The PRP method requires raw measurements (e.g. pseudo ranges, carrier phase measurements, and ephemeris) from a single frequency receiver. It also requires a reference point. The reference point can be an initial position of a receiver (or any position during navigation for postprocessing) that can be obtained by using various techniques, for example, the use of other sensors. The PRP has two modes. One is Iono-Free (I-F) PRP, the other one is Carrier-Based (C-B) PRP. The I-F PRP significantly mitigates the effect of multipath and ionosphere delays and cancels out user receiver clock errors by using combinations of pseudoranges and carrier phase measurements between satellites. On the other hand, C-B PRP uses only carrier phase measurement as ranging sources. Therefore, the I-F PRP can achieve better stability than standalone GPS or WAAS can provide, and the C-B PRP provides precise position solutions in a short-time application. The PRP is particularly well suited to the problems of accurate aircraft position determinations such as flight inspections. Preliminary results show a centimeter to decimeter level of stability in horizontal and vertical planes


ABSTRACT The article reads Schmitt's Die Buribunken as a text that points to and names the enemies of the political who attempt to deny or hide the necessity and the unavoidability of politics, decision, and sovereignty. In this regard, the significance of the satirical essay consists in that it links Schmitt's early works on the limits of positivism to his later writings on political theory thereby extending the criticism of a contemporary legal scholarship into a theoretical and polemical grasp of politics. The Buribunken-essay sets fiction against positivist factuality the key feature of buribunkology, the science of the buribunks to make the case for the repoliticisation of the antipolitical trends of the age. The article places the Buribunken-essay in the context of some works written between the 1910s and the late 1930s to argue that it should be read as an early version of Schmitt's political theory.


ABSTRACT Most walking-related travel behaviour studies have defined walking behaviour using a single measure of travel and have almost focused on single trips actually taken rather than entire tour. These studies usually neglect the mediating role and the indirect effect of explanatory factors on walking behaviour. This paper tries to understand the walking behaviour in work-tour(s) instead of work trips and presents a definition of walking behaviour using total time of walking and having at least one walking trip in work-tour(s) as two measures of travel simultaneously. Using data collected in the city of Rasht, Iran in 2015 from 432 working commuters, a structural equation model (SEM) was calibrated. Our findings indicate the necessity of addressing subjective factors in walking-related studies in addition to built environment characteristics and the importance of not ignoring the indirect effect of factors which can be quite misleading in interpreting the walking behaviour of commuters.


Microparticles (MPs) are small vesicles shed from the plasma membrane that retain unique markers and mediators of their parent cell, enabling them to exert independent functions. Elevated levels of circulating MPs are associated with a number of cardiovascular and inflammatory pathologies, yet the extent of their contribution remains uncertain. An intriguing notion is that MPs originating from different cell types or after different stimulation can exert deleterious or protective effects. Proteomic analysis of neutrophil-derived MP - generated from cells stimulated in two different settings - revealed >400 hits of which only ∼50% were identical. Coupling proteomic to western blotting and flow cytometry analyses allowed us to identify Alpha-2-Macroglobulin (A2M) as a novel determinant of the CD66b+ MP fraction in plasma samples of patients suffering from Giant Cell Arteritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis and sepsis, with over double the levels measured in healthy control or osteoarthritis plasma (n=10-15; P<0.01). An interesting dichotomy emerged from septic patients who survived the event and those who did not survive. A series of experimental investigations demonstrated that A2M/CD66b+ neutrophil-derived MP activated endothelial cells under flow, preserved neutrophil chemotactic receptors and, ultimately, afforded protection in a model of sepsis. In summary, the take-home-message of this work are that: i) neutrophil-derived MP are heterogenous in their nature, and could be generated in a stimulus-dependent fashion, to elicit a variety of biological functions; ii) plasma Alpha-2-Macroglobulin/CD66b+ MPs could become a novel biomarker for systemic inflammation in human pathologies and could be quantified to monitor progress and clinical management. Funding British Heart Foundation, Arthritis Research UK and The Wellcome Trust. Disclosure of Interest None Declared


In This Paper I propose a brand new style for largescale multi-media content protection systems. Our style leverages cloud infrastructures to supply price potency, speedy readying, measurability, and snap to accommodate variable workloads. The projected system will be wont to shield totally different multimedia system con-tent varieties, together with 2-D videos, 3-D videos, images, audio clips, songs, and music clips. The system will be deployed on nonpublic and/or public clouds. Our system has 2 novel components:(i) technique to form signatures of three-D videos, and (ii) distributed matching engine for multimedia system objects. The signature technique creates sturdy and representative signatures of three-D videos that capture the depth signals in these videos and it's computationally economical to work out and compare yet because it needs tiny storage. The distributed matching engine achieves high measurability and it's designed to support totally different multimedia system objects. we tend to enforced the projected system and deployed it on 2 clouds: Amazon cloud and our non-public cloud. Our experiments with quite eleven,000 three-D videos and one million pictures show the high accuracy and measurability of the projected system. additionally, we tend to compared our system to the protection system employed by YouTube and our results show that the YouTube protection system fails to notice most copies of three-D videos, whereas our system detects quite ninety eight of them. This comparison shows the necessity for the proposed three-D signature technique, since the progressive business system wasn't ready to handle three-D videos.


The GIS project education took place on primary school for the
period of six months. Pupils solved easy, but also difficult
assignments, which lead to gaining and fixing basic
geographical knowledge. This paper informs about course and
results of this work and develops a discussion on a motion
whether GIS education can be realized in practice.


In this article we raise the issue of whether research on individual differences contributes to personality theory. Conventional wisdom has long held that it does. In this article we defend the opposing view. We demonstrate that the fundamental and irreparable problem is that statistical knowledge produced through studies of individual differences variables produces knowledge about groups of organisms, not individual organisms. Our epistemological analysis has implications for three historically basic themes in classical nomotheticism: (a) the search for basic human tendencies, (b) the debate concerning the (in)consistency of personality, and (c) behavioral predication and the establishment of nomothetic 'laws'  of personality functioning.


There is speculation that the exposure of the contents of online newspapers satisfies readers' need for information and slows down the drive for the print versions. This study examined readers' motivations towards reading online newspapers and whether they commented after reading. The study employed descriptive survey method in which questionnaire was administered to a randomly selected sample of 400 online newspaper readers. The findings demonstrated a high overall motivation level of the readers towards reading online version of newspapers. A further analysis of the findings revealed that readers were motivated to read online versions of newspapers because they had access to the internet. Also, readers were motivated to read online versions of newspapers because theyare interactive and provided timely updates. The study concluded that online newspapers were gaining popularity in the newspaper industry. Therefore, newspaper publishers should strategize ways to fully regulate and moderate online discussions on online newspapers' comment sections. Keyword : Internet, freedom of expression, online readers, newspaper comment section DOI : 10.7176/NMMC/81-07 Publication date :June 30 th 2019


This study was conducted to determine the effect of falcon breed on semen quality traits. A total of 12 sexually matured males from three breeds of falcon (4 falcon males from each breed), which were Gyr, Saker and Peregrine falcons, were used in this study. Birds were reared at typical falcon houses which were provided with all standard requirements for falconry. During the reproductive season (January – April) all males were trained on semen collection procedure by using special protocol to handle these birds. Semen samples were collected from all males on a fortnightly basis. Semen traits involved in this study were ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, total number of spermatozoa, mass motility, individual motility and percentage of dead spermatozoa, abnormal spermatozoa and acrosomal abnormalities. Result revealed that there are significant differences between three breeds of falcons in regards to the semen quality characteristics involved in this experiment. Peregrine falcon recorded the highest values (P ≤ 0.05) with respect to ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, total number of spermatozoa, mass motility and individual motility followed by the results of Saker falcon, while Gyr falcon recorded the lowest values as concerning these traits. Results also indicated that Peregrine falcon surpasses (P ≤ 0.05) Saker and Gyr falcons concerning the percentages of live spermatozoa, normal spermatozoa and normal acrosomes. However, there were no significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) between Saker and Gyr falcons with relation to mass motility and percentages of dead spermotoza and acrosomal abnormalities. In conclusion, results of this study clearly indicated that there were significant differences between Gyr, Saker and Peregrine falcons regarding semen quality traits involved in this study and Peregrine falcon excelled the other two breeds of falcon in relation to these semen traits.


Detailed in this account are our efforts toward the total synthesis of vinigrol. A highly expedient and convergent synthetic approach made possible by the use of a strategic oxidative dearomatization reaction coupled with a series of ensuing substrate controlled transformations is discussed.


This study aims to obtain evidence whether the fulfillment of economic-socio-ecological responsibilities is a determinant that can drives financial performance sustainability. Fulfillment of economic-socio-ecological responsibilities is proxied by the disclosure index of economic responsibility, environmental responsibility, and social responsibility based on General Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards; while the financial performance sustainability is proxied by earnings persistence. This study sampled 69 Indonesian public companies that are included in five industrial sectors, with an observation period of 10 years. Multiple univariate regression models are applied to test each hypotheses. The results of this study show that the fulfillment of economic-socio-ecological responsibilities drive corporates financial performance sustainability. The results of this study open implications for business practices. First, fulfilling the economic-socio-ecological responsibilities is important for companies to obtain stakeholder legitimacy and support. Second, fulfilling economic-socio-ecological responsibilities is important to be disclosed to the public so that stakeholders can assess the risks and prospects of the company based on social and environmental factors.


ABSTRACT Using a novel cDNA microarray prepared from sources of actively responding immune system cells, we have investigated the changes in gene expression in the target tissue during the early stages of infection of neonatal chickens with infectious bursal disease virus. Infections of two lines of chickens previously documented as genetically resistant and sensitive to infection were compared in order to ascertain early differences in the response to infection that might provide clues to the mechanism of differential genetic resistance. In addition to major changes that could be explained by previously described changes in infected tissue, some differences in gene expression on infection, and differences between the two chicken lines, were observed that led to a model for resistance in which a more rapid inflammatory response and more-extensive p53-related induction of apoptosis in the target B cells might limit viral replication and consequent pathology. Ironically, the effect in the asymptomatic neonatal infection is that more-severe B-cell depletion is seen in the more genetically resistant chicken. Changes of expression of many chicken genes of unknown function, indicating possible roles in the response to infection, may aid in the functional annotation of these genes.


Clinical components are very important in the curriculum of nursing education. One of the barriers in learning is stress caused by many tasks, financial issues, exams, and lecturers. This study aimed to find out the level of distress among the students of nursing profession of Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang and was to explore the experience of stress.This study used a descriptive. A questionnaire was administered to all 38 students the intern year in conjuction with the 28 item version of the general health questionnaire in first week and fourth week community stase. Semi-structured interviews were subsequently undertaken with two volunteers. Results of this study a pproximately 43,7% of respondents reported levels of severe stress. There were differences in distress between first week (4,41) and fourth week (7,27). That indicates elevating stress in fourth week. . It happened elevating stress in fourth week. It is recommended  academic counselors, good support system and academic environment. Keywords: level of distress


Osteosarcoma rarely occurs in the hand. We report a case of osteosarcoma arising in the fourth metacarpal and review of the literature.A 40-year-old man suffered from the pathological fracture of the fourth metacarpal while playing volleyball. Bone tumor of the fourth metacarpal was found in radiographs of the fracture of the left index finger 15 years ago.Serological examination results including alkaline phosphatase were within the normal range.Pathological diagnosis of the incisional biopsy indicated possible mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. Wide resection and reconstruction with fibula graft were performed.Final pathological diagnosis was osteosarcoma, fibroblastic grade 4. Following surgery, chemotherapy was done. One year after surgery, bone union was achieved and the patient showed no local recurrence nor distant metastasis.


The interaction between the bone and immune cells plays a crucial role in bone pathologies such as disturbed fracture healing. After a trauma, the initially formed fracture hematoma in the fracture gap contains all important components (immune/stem cells, mediators) to directly induce bone regeneration and is therefore of great importance but most susceptible to negative influences. Thus, reliable in vitro models are needed to study the underlying mechanisms and to predict the efficiency of novel therapeutic approaches. Since common bioengineering approaches exclude the immune component, we introduce an in vitro 3D fracture gap model which combines scaffold-free bone-like constructs with a fracture hematoma model consisting of human peripheral blood (immune cells) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Our in vitro 3D fracture gap model provides all osteogenic cues to induce the initial bone healing processes, which were further promoted by applying the osteoinductive deferoxamine (DFO). Thus, we were able to distinctly mimic processes of the initial fracture phase and demonstrated the importance of including the crosstalk between bone and immune cells.


Using an approach developed by one of the authors, approximate solutions of the null-Dirichlet problem for the forced Nagumo equation are obtained. It is shown that these solutions are chaotic whatever the values of the control parameter in this equation. It is also shown that in the absence of the external force the solutions are chaotic for negative values of the control parameter. However, these solutions are quasi-periodic for large time scales.


Abstract This paper's primary alternative hypothesis is Ha: profitable exchange-traded horserace betting fund with deterministic payoff exists for acceptable institutional portfolio return—risk. The primary hypothesis challenges the semi-strong efficient market hypothesis applied to horse race wagering. An optimal deterministic betting model (DBM) is derived from the existing stochastic model fundamentals, mathematical pooling principles, and new theorem. The exchange-traded betting fund (ETBF) is derived from force of interest first principles. An ETBF driven by DBM processes conjointly defines the research's betting strategy. Alpha is excess return above financial benchmark, and invokes betting strategy alpha that is composed of model alpha and fund alpha. The results and analysis from statistical testing of a global stratified data sample of three hundred galloper horse races accepted at the ninety-five percent confidence-level positive betting strategy alpha, to endorse an exchange-traded horse race betting fund with deterministic payoff into financial market.


Teniposide (VM‐26) was reported to have activity in small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). The authors performed a Phase II study of teniposide as a treatment for patients with previously untreated extensive SCLC.


Hitherto financial drivers of human development have been unexplored by the UNDP. This paper assesses determinants of human development from financial dynamics of depth, efficiency, size and activity on data from 38 developing countries. While the importance of financial activity, size and depth (in decreasing order) is significant for inequality adjusted human development, financial allocation efficiency significantly undermines welfare. As a policy implication results do not support financial allocation efficiency as a driver of human development.


The provision of stable electricity supply remains the backbone of economic, social, and political developments of any nation, especially in the current digital-driven economy. In recent years, the Nigerian Electricity Supply Industry (NESI) has been struggling to achieve a productivity factor of 0.29, which is far below the international standard of 0.80. This abysmal achievement is far contrary to the huge financial commitments and socio-technical driven policies that have been formulated by successive governments to address continuous electricity grid collapse for over four decades. In order to address this endemic and epileptic electric supply, previous research efforts were directed to studying the individual components of NESI or policy formulations amongst others. To the best of our knowledge, research to holistically investigate all the components, their interactions and the effects of formulated policies on NESI operational efficiency is yet to be undertaken. Thus, this paper finds NESI to be a component of a System of Systems (SoS). Hence, it presents a novel framework that is premised on a SoS and digital twins. Also, the framework employs system engineering best practices to holistically analyse the problems bedevilling NESI operations with the primary aim of increasing productivity factor while reducing the rate of grid collapses. In reality, the supply of uninterrupted electricity to all sectors and citizenry is not negotiable for Nigeria to achieve the desired economic transformations and diversifications.


The signal in the nature ofsingularity is always caused by mechanical fault of CNC machine tool.It is important to recognize the singularity correctly for mechanical fault diagnosis. This paper deals with the wavelet t ransform and the relation between the modulus maxima and the singularity detection , and based on the excellent property of the Hermitian wavelet , poses the conception that applies it in fault diagnosis of the high speed spindle. On the base of analyzing singularity characters and wavelet detection mechanism of the singular signals ,the Hermitian  continuous wavelet transform is applied in extraction and analysis of the fault signals.Fault detection and positioning of high speed spindle is completed by the modulus maxima point distribution in transform.Results of simulation verify the effectiveness of the method.


Abstract Fluorescence spectra and decay times were measured for anthracene crystals grown from the vapour and from the melt, and for anthracene dissolved in polymethylmethacrylate (PMM). The decay times were corrected for reabsorption. The procedure for determining the correction is described. It was facilitated by recording the spectra in digital form on magnetic tape and using a computer to calculate and plot the area accumulated under the fluorescence spectrum as a function of wavelength. Sets of accumulated area curves not only allowed the reabsorption correction to be made but also indicated the relative number of physical defects present in the crystals. They also showed changes in reabsorption with temperature. The corrected fluorescence decay times of anthracene crystals showed little variation with method of growth or with temperature. They were 5 ± 1 nsec at 2°K and increased by 1–2 nsec as the temperature was raised to 350°K. The variation with temperature was much less than the correction for ...


It is the responsibility of management to provide a workplace that is safe and comfortable. But it also depends on how occupant react to the facilities provided. Green building has been known as a building that can reduce the environmental impact, reduce electricity usage, manage water efficiently and provide many benefits to its occupants. Green building initiative in Malaysia was introduced by Green Building Index (GBI) in 2008. This index has been extended to government building in 2012 by Public Work Department of Malaysia namely Green Recognition Assessment Scheme or PH JKR. The four major criteria used as an assessment scheme of government green building is based on the energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, material resources and water efficiency. The sustainable site planning and innovation criteria has been excluded in the research for they are not related directly to the concerns and comfortability of building occupants and the building may not sustain. Previous studies suggested that management and occupants have their own preference. If the preference are not identified, this will affect the comfortability among the occupants and the performance of the building. The objective of this research intends to investigate the differences between occupants and management preferred green building criteria and propose optimum green building profiles for the implementation and promotion of green workplace. Total 120 set questionnaires have been distributed and collected among the management and occupants of Johor Port Authority in which, 106 from the occupants and 14 is from the management. Choice-Based Conjoint (CBC) Analysis is used to analyses the collected data. Through conjoint analysis, a combination of preferred green building criteria by the management and occupant are revealed. Findings showed that both stakeholders shared the same preferred green building criteria whereby indoor environmental quality has become their top priority followed by water efficiency, energy efficiency and lastly material and resources. The surprising findings that there are no differences in between the management and occupants may due to the building is publicly owned, the construction and maintenance budget are not derived from the company itself. Same opinion will benefit the organization and this study can be a good reference to Johor Port Authority and Public Work of Department for continuous improvement.


Abstract : The depth to the seafloor and the sediment thickness were observed with the SIO-MPL Deep Tow system from an altitude of 100 m on the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near the FAMOUS area, 37 N, providing what is probably the most appropriate high resolution data set available at this time for roughness studies of the abyssal hill terrain of the Western North Atlantic. We have re-analyzed the original Deep Tow sonar record at a 3-m horizontal sample spacing. Along the MAR Deep Tow profile, individual sediment ponds of thickness up to 15 m are detected, although approximately half the profile has less than 1 m of sediment cover. A histogram of the original data shows that 77 percent of all slopes are less than 22 degrees, but 3 percent are greater then 71 degrees. The fall-off of the power spectrum is consistent with a fractal dimension D = 1. 0 over the wavelengths 8 km to 10 m.


A fluid formed by suspending Nano-scaled metallic or non-metallic particles in base fluids is called a nanofluid. Laminar forced convection heat transfer of the CUO-water nanofluid in a pipe with a return bend is analysed by using a finite volume method. The effects of nanoparticles concentrations and Reynolds number are investigated on the flow and the convective heat transfer behaviour. The results show that the average Nusselt number increases with increasing Reynolds number, and the increment of specific heat in the nanofluid contributes to the heat transfer enhancement. The average Nusselt number in the return bend appears higher than that in the inlet and outlet pipes due to the secondary flows. However, the pressure drop in the pipe largely increases with the increment of nanoparticle volume concentration.


Power dividers are the most important tools in microwave systems such as mixers, frequency multipliers, and feeding networks in antennas. So far, in designing power dividers, various methods have been used to reduce the size and eliminate unwanted harmonics. In this paper, using a resonator structure and low pass filter, a Wilkinson power divider with I-shaped structure is designed, simulated, and fabricated. According to the results of the simulation, this structure has 6-harmonic elimination. The size of the designed power divider, due to the use of resonators, has dimensions of 0.06 × 0.07 λg2, which reflects a size reduction of 65% and indicates one of the advantages of this divider. The guided wavelength at the working frequency of the resonator is calculated at 0.97 GHz. This structure also has a relative working bandwidth of 42%, which indicates its wide operation band. The isolation value is −31 dB, which is another benefit of this power divider. This divider has been built and measured on the Rt-duroid 5880 substrate, where the responses from the simulation and real implementation have good match.


This paper investigates the effect of culture and home country self-employment rates on immigrant self-employment in the United States, post-migration. This study analyzes the effects for both men and women, focusing on the gender gap in self-employment. The empirical results show that home country effects have a small impact on self-employment, but most of this relationship is unexplained. Because the explanatory power of home country effects is so low, it is unlikely that culture significantly influences self-employment. I find that, contrary to my hypotheses, women from countries with high female self-employment rates are likely to see a larger decrease in self-employment than their male counterparts or women from countries with lower self-employment rates. The gender gap in self-employment increases in the U.S. because self-employment declines more for women than men. However, I do find that men from countries with high male self-employment will also see a larger decline in self-employment than men from other countries. Thus, I reject the home country self-employment hypothesis with regards to women and men. I find some evidence that immigrant self-employment rates are more related to stage of economic development in the host country than culture in the home


It has been shown that, in aged boric acid-coated reactors at temperatures between 613 and 653/sup 0/K, the oxidation of alkanes in the presence of decomposing hydrogen peroxide vapour may be interpreted in terms of a simple, nonchain mechanism.


OBJECTIVE To explore the correlation between the use of antibiotics and the puerperal infections after the cesarean section so as to reduce the incidnce of puerperal infections.METHODS A total of 2160 patients undergoing cesarean section in 2011 were analyzed retrospectively,totally 86 with puerperal infections were divided into the group A,B,C,and D according to the antibiotics application programs.The clinical data and postoperative puerperal infections of the four groups of patients were taken for statistics analysis.RESULTS The puerperal infections occurred in 86 of 2160 patients with the infection rate of 3.98%.In the group A,the temperature recovery time was(79.5±11.8) h,12 cases were of puerperal infections,the infection rate was 2.32%,and the drug cost was(350±13)yuan;in the group B,the temperature recovery time was(73.3±13.5)h,and 32 cases were of puerperal infections,the infection rate was 4.71%,and drug costs was(110±26)yuan;in the group C,the temperature recovery time was(46.6±17.2)h,5 cases were of puerperal infections,the infection rate was 1.10%,and the drug cost was(280±20)yuan;in the group D,the body temperature recovery time was(98.7±15.3)h,37 cases were of puerperal infections,the infection rate was 7.28%,and the drug cost was(60±12)yuan.The average time of the body temperature back to normal was 3 to 5 days,which was extended in the group D as compared with other groups,the difference was statistically significant(P 0.05),the difference in the drug cost amung the four groups was statistically significant(P0.05),the incidence rate of the puerperal infections in the group D patients was significantly higher than that of the group A and C,the difference was statistically significant(P 0.01).CONCLUSION The reasonable use of antibiotics after giving birth can reduce the incidence of the puerperal infections,which plays an important role in maintaining the maternal life and health.


This paper aims at discussing the concepto social and cultural reproduction throhgh scholling, analyzing their actual potential and contributions to the construction of a discourse of resistance in education. It aspires, from a comparative method, verify the presence of connections between the paradigms of reproduction and resistance. For the success of our purpose, we exposed the main features of both sets theory, sometimes confronting them with the aim of finding common theoretical elements, "with the objective of comprehending the influence of the educational reproduction theory and follow up the own journey of the educational sociology during XX century. To accomplish that, we will dialogue with the main representatives of such paradigms and with some of the most influence commentators that have dedicated to study the theme. This way, we expect to find out the difficulties related to the so relevant theme to the field of education.


Introduction Results of studies revealed that there is relationship between cardio-vascular diseases and sedentary lifestyle. According to these results, the new markers of cardio-vascular diseases are more sensitive in predicting these diseases. The purpose of this study was to compare the inflammatory marker of HS-CRP and TG, LDL-c and HDL-c in active and non-at HS-CRP, TG, LDL-c, HDL-c, activemiddle-aged women ive and middle-aged women.  Materials and Methods The present research was causal-comparative. A total of 30 women with the mean age of: 41/34±3/51 year, heigh: 158/89±5/136 cm, weight: 76/69±4/749 kg, BMI: 27/61±1/96 kg/m2 participated in this research. They were randomly divided in to two groups (active group, n=15, non-active group, n=14). Active group of women had regular physical activity for one year and non active group didn`t have any physical activity in the past year. In this study, the Kulumogrof-Smirnof test to assume normality of data and also independent groups T-test were used to compare means.                                                                                Results Findings showed that there were significant differences in the level of Hs-CRP (P=0/001) and HDL-c (P=0/001) in active and non-active groups. But there was no significant difference between the two groups in the level of LDL-c (P=0/982) and TG (P=0/777). Conclusion According to the results regular physical activities can probably be effective in preventing cardio-vascular diseases in overweight middle-aged women.


AUTO LAMPS-enabled Sound is a form of an electronic circuit that the output light by giving voice input sensitivity can be adjusted using a potentiometer. This circuit uses DC voltage 12 Volt and -12 Volt to activate it. Incoming voice signals on the circuit was confirmed by the IC LM 741, while IC 555 functions to regulate the flame, or whether the lights and adjust the length of the lamp to be lit. IC 555 timer here also serves as a timer. Old lights are also determined by the capacitors and resistors, the greater the capacity of capacitors are used, then the longer the lights too. In this circuit there are two potentiometers that serves to set the sensitivity of the incoming sound on the circuit. Transistors and SCR components on this circuit only functions as an electronic switch


The purpose of this study is to explore student nurses' perceptions of nursing, their perceived goals as nurses and their future career pathways. The study involved a cross sectional approach using Ford's (1986) taxonomy of human goals as a theoretical framework. This paper presents a part of a larger study that involved two groups of nursing students, however the findings from one group only are reported. A questionnaire was administered to 126 nursing students enrolled in the first semester of a nursing degree program. Results revealed four main goals students hold as a nurse: first, Happiness (satisfaction for self and others), second, Evaluation (self efficacy), third, Social Validation (opportunity to help others), and, fourth, Safety (job security). Results also indicated that nursing provides opportunity for travel and the participants had a limited perception of career paths. Findings have implications for nurse education (long and short term) especially in regard to providing a realistic view of nursing as a profession and future career pathways. These findings are especially significant given the current shortage of nurses. (author abstract)


Main principles of the reliable storage of radioactive wastes (RAW) inside the layers of magmatic rocks have been discussed. The most important problem is a proper choice of a mineral phase to immobilize the RAW, a suitable rock to enclose the mineral, and a ceramising agent necessary to obtain matrices. Results of experimental work as well as studying technological properties of a variety of materials show that the best way to achieve this goal is sintering a mineral-concentrator of a radioactive element (RAE) with the powder of a vitrified rock.


This article describes our extended and generalized approach to detection of periodic signals in image sequences. These signals appear in a small number of pixels of an image sequence as periodic fluctuations in the temporal domain. Neither the shape of a signal, nor its fundamental frequency is assumed to be known, but the fundamental frequency is assumed to be localized in some narrow range. The frame sequences cover only a few periods of each signal under discussion. We consider groups of these signals relative to our sampling operator, that is defined by its sampling frequency and integration (exposure) time. For each group the appropriate coherent basis is used: Fourier basis or periodized gaussians. Not unusually, under the sampling operator the signals and basic functions loose periodicity, and the bases loose orthogonality. The problems that arise are treated by some version of matching pursuit. Our approach to signal accumulation from adjacent pixels by spectrum-specific version of principal components is generalized by using projection onto more general class of subspaces. Normally, the computationally expensive processing sketched above is performed for less than 1% of pixels only. The remaining 99% are rejected by simple and fast procedures. The algorithm was tested by processing simulated image sequences, as well as several real ones.


The purpose of the present invention is to provide a curable composition which is cured by an energy ray or heat and exhibits high adhesion. This curable composition contains (A) one or more kinds of (meth) acrylic modified oligomers which have one or more (meth) acryloyl groups at an end or in a side chain of each molecule and are selected from the group consisting of polybutadienes, polyisoprenes and hydrogenated products of these compounds, as well as (B) 1-10 parts by mass a carboxyl group-containing (meth) acrylate, (C) 0.01-3.5 parts by mass of a radical thermal polymerization initiator, (D) 0.01-15 parts by mass of a radical photopolymerization initiator and (E) 0.01-5 parts by mass of an antioxidant, respectively per 100 parts by mass of the total of the component (A), (F) a polyfunctional (meth)acrylate that is contained if necessary, (G) a monofunctional (meth); acrylate having a saturated alicyclic hydrocarbon group that is contained if necessary and (H) a hydroxyl group-containing (meth) acrylate that is contained if necessary. It is preferable that the component (C) has a 1-hour half-life temperature of 127 DEG C or less and a maximum storage temperature of 26-40 DEG C, while being in a liquid state at 25 DEG C.


The invention discloses an ionized layer irregular shape body diffraction imaging method based on p band satellite borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR), and relates to a radar imaging technique. The steps are as follows. (1). An ionized layer signal is separated from a time domain echo signal of satellite borne p band SAR. (2). SAR diffraction imaging is used to confirm a rough range and a location of a target. (3). The relationship between radar echo and ionized layer electron density is built according to an electric-field integral equation. (4). Diffraction imaging method is used to image an irregular shape body. The ionized layer irregular shape body diffraction imaging method based on p band satellite borne SAR is simple and easy, and solves a problem of a big calculated amount and a big storage volume in an ionized layer irregular shape body diffraction imaging method.


Exacum ritigalensis (Gentianaceae) (Sinhalese: Binara or Ginihiriya) has a potential to develop as a potted plant by improving the size of the flowers and inflorescence. The aim of the study was to establish an efficient and effec-tive system for the production of tetraploid plants through colchicine treatment. Single nodal cuttings (0.5 cm) from aseptic plantlets were established on Murashige and Skoog basal medium (MS) supplemented with 2 mgL-1BAP and different colchicine concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg-1). They were kept in different durations (0, 7, 14 21 and 28 days) and transferred into 10ml of MS basal medium containing 2 mgL-1 BAP. After one month, they were transferred to MS medium containing 2mgL-1Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) for rooting. Then root tips were collected from treated plants to observe chromosome number. Afterwards the selected diploid and tetra-ploid plants were acclimatized and transferred to field to observe the morphological characters. Factorial Com-plete Randomized Design (FCRD) with 10 replicates was used for each treatment and statistical analysis was car-ried out using Duncan's Multiple Range Test of SAS program (9.1.3).The highest percentage of tetraploid plant-lets (26.6%) was observed from nodal cuttings treated with MS basal medium with 2mgL-1 BAP + 30mgL-1 colchi-cine for seven days. The chromosome number of diploid and tetraploid E. ritigalensis determined as 28 and 56 respectively. Cells of the tetraploid plants were comparatively larger cells than diploids plants. The stomata size of the tetraploid (2.96*2.27 μm2) were larger than those of the diploids (1.94*1.48μm2). Leaf shape of diploids was lanceolate while it was ovate or narrowly elliptic in tetraploids. Flower petals of diploid plants were overlapping along their entire length while in tetraploids flower petals were not overlapping. The plants height was significantly higher in diploid (67.00±9 cm) than in tetraploid (38.00±4 cm). Newly produced polyploids of E. ritigalensis have a potential to popularize as a potted plant in the floriculture trade.


The goal of this work is the exploring analysis of the self-mutilation, in order to investigate the mental representation and the meanings within this act, over the referential theory of Psychoanalysis according to Sigmund Freud's perspectives and correlated authors that use this referential to question about the symptoms on modern society. The study subjects are stories and information from a Brazilian group that proclaim to practice self-mutilation with razor edge and piercing objects, found in a widely publicized and under public domain social network, known as Orkut, under the nickname Self-Mutilation Addicts. The gathering of data will be divided between Variable Descriptive Data (Group homepage), that illustrates the basic requirements held by the website for the inclusion on Orkut; collection of exposed data on the web community SelfMutilation Addicts; some members quotations from the homepages and the choice of some books and movies that further more will be analyzed according to the psychoanalytic interpretation, using fundamental theory parameters over symptoms formation: the torment, the rite and the repetition urge described by Freud and other authorities such as Lacan and Laplanche, as well as historical, social and cultural time analysis described by authors such as Slavoj Zizek, Joel Birman, Nelson da Silva Junior, Gilles Lipovetsky and others. This research seeks to find greater understanding on the self-mutilation symptom and hopes to assure its ongoing studies even after its conclusions.


Battery storage pod that includes a body formed of a lightweight material. The body has an interior cavity formed in the aerodynamic outer shape, and light weight materials, the size and shape of the cavity is designed to accommodate at least one battery pack. Smooth outer coating is covered with an outer shape of the body, and, and the mounting structure is formed on the body or within the body for permitting the body to be coupled to the vehicle. Other implementations are also disclosed and claimed.


Tax return is a way of tax collection,adopted by modern tax countries.There are also regulations on tax return in the Administration of Tax Collection Law.In fact,Tax is one debt in public,so the legal status between taxpayer and country is equal.Taxpayer not only has the obligation of tax payment,but also has the right to specify the contents of tax debt by tax return,and the right to amend tax return defect.This essay dissusses the theoretical basis of tax return defect amendment,drawes other country's advanced system and explores the perfection of our tax return defect amendment,so as to implement the concept of tax equality,to protect taxpayers'right in tax collection,to increase the efficiency of tax collection.


Randy Albelda is Professor of Economics and Senior Research Associate at The Center for Social Policy at University of Massachusetts Boston. Albelda writes on poverty, paid family leave policies, racial and gender divisions in occupations, and the distribution of family income and earnings. Her recent work includes the co-authored report Women in the Down Economy: Impacts of the Recession and the Stimulus in Massachusetts and the co-edited volumes The Dilemmas of Lone Motherhood: Essays from Feminist Economics and Lost Ground: Welfare Reform, Poverty, and Beyond. She recently served as Vice President of the International Association for Feminist Economics.


We discuss resummation of large logarithmic terms that appear in the cross-section of semi-inclusive DIS in the case when the final-state hadron follows the direction of the incoming electroweak vector boson in the c.m. frame of the vector boson and the initial-state proton.


This paper proposed to apply the Bi-dimensional Empirical Mode Decomposition (BEMD) to the dense disparity estimation problem. The BEMD is a fully data-driven method and does not need predetermined filter and wavelet functions. It is locally adaptive and has obvious advantages in analyzing non-linear and non-stationary signals. Firstly we decompose the original stereo images by 2D-sifting process of the BEMD respectively. Through this procedure, a serial of Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) and a residue are achieved. The residue denotes the DC component of the signal. Secondly, subtract the residue from original image. The resulting two dimensional signals can be thought of being free of disturbing frequencies, such as noise and illumination components. Subsequently, to obtain robust local structure information of the images, the plural Riesz transformation is utilized to achieve corresponding 2D analytic signals of the images. Thirdly, extract local phase information of the analytic signals. The similarity of local phase of stereo images, instead of local intensity information, are taken as the basis of calculating matching cost, which could reveal local structure with more robustness. At last, dense disparity map is estimated based on the proposed method. The winnertakes-all (WTA) strategy is applied to compute disparity of each pixel separately. Comparative experiment is conducted to compare the performance of the method with intensity-based methods. Rather good results have been achieved.


In 1999 newly elected Prime Minister Helen Clark surprised many observers by taking the cultural portfolio, a bone previously thrown to junior ministers or ministers outside cabinet. This cartoon from 2000 pokes gentle fun as the minister of arts, culture and heritage dishes out an $86.8-million...


In this article, we have reviewed the opinions of the Spanish writer "Pio Baroja",in his work the struggle for life , which was reflected through his personal attitudes while living in Madrid , in which he addressed the contradictory nature of society, where disparate ideas as well as class differences in society . The research was divided into three parts of the forms of conflicts: intellectual and class, as well as ethnic. Undoubtedly, the analysis of the writer's positions and aspirations was characterized by some challenge, due to the ambiguity of his positions and contradictory ideas that did not imitate the concept of reform that was characteristic of the members of the generation of '98.


The experiment is designed to study the technical condition of polysaccharide extraction by Hot-water extraction and ultrasonic extraction.The experimental results show:the optimum technological conditions of Hot-water extraction are solid-liquid rate 1:50,temperature 40 ℃,the total time 6 handtimes of extractions.The extraction yield can be up to 5.96%.The optimum technological conditions of ultrasonic extraction are solid-liquid rate 1:30,power 360 W,The total time 35 min of extractions.The extraction yield can be up to 5.38%.Hot-water extraction is better than ultrasonic extraction.


The invention relates to a cell phone remote measurement and control electrical device system based on an execution unit and an implementation method thereof. The cell phone remote measurement and control electrical device system based on the execution unit comprises a measurement and control network management center, a measurement and control terminal unit and the execution unit. A binding relationship is built between the measurement and control network management center and a cell phone, the measurement and control terminal unit is in communication with the measurement and control network management center, and the execution unit is in communication with the measurement and control terminal unit. The method includes the steps that the measurement and control network management center accepts registration of a cell phone user, builds a binding relationship between the cell phone user and the measurement and control terminal unit, and builds a transmission link relationship between the registered cell phone user and a measurement and control electrical device according to a measurement and control instruction; the measurement and control terminal unit receives the measurement and control instruction of the measurement and control network management center, carries out adaptation processing on the measurement and control instruction, and transmits the measurement and control instruction to the execution unit; the execution unit converts the measurement and control instruction sent by the measurement and control terminal unit into an instruction which the electrical device can recognize to control working states of the electrical device. The cell phone remote measurement and control electrical device system based on the execution unit and the implementation method thereof improve safe reliability, bring more convenience to a user in actual operation, and achieve the purpose that several cell phones control the same electrical device or one cell phone controls several electrical devices.


A brief description of some of the activities at the xvii World Road Congress held in Sydney, October 1983 is given.


As one of the most common fungal food, Flammulina Velutipes (FV) is an important source of food in China. At the same time, the popularization of industrialization has greatly improved the yield of FV. However, in its industrialized production, there are still many artificial factors in the selection and classification of the FV. It will bring about mistakes after the workers' long hours working, which will increase the classification error rate, low production efficiency, thus resulting in low production of FV and damage to the factory interests. In order to solve these problems, we use machine instead of workers to complete the classification of FV via its heads by adopting the currently popular Deep Learning (DL) of computers. And the corresponding methods are as follows: (1) Collect the data of FV heads and then make a dataset according to the classification standard proposed by the "FV Factory" in this paper. (2) Preprocess the image, augment and normalize the dataset. (3) Retrain dataset of the FV heads respectively in the following three convolution neural network models as in Alexnet, Vgg-16, Resnet-50 as well as an improved Resnet-50 one by using the Transfer Learning method. (4) By analyzing and comparing the three network training models, this paper comes to a conclusion that the results obtained by Data Augmentation in the improved Resnet-50 model with a test accuracy of 79.9%, are superior to that of the other neural networks.


Prior research (Follstad, B. D.; Wang, D. I. C.; Stephanopoulos, G. Mitochondrial membrane potential differentiates cells resistant to apoptosis in hybridoma cultures. Eur. J. Biochem. 2000, 267, 6534–6540.) identified mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) as a marker of hybridoma subpopulations resistant to apoptosis caused by a variety of apoptosis inducers. In this study, we investigated the viability of hybridoma cell cultures inoculated with cells of varying MMP in regular fed‐batch operation. A hybridoma cell population was separated using FACS into subpopulations based on their mean mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) as measured using the common mitochondrial stain, Rhodamine 123 (Rh123). These subpopulations showed dramatic differences in their apoptotic death kinetics. Fed‐batches inoculated with a high MMP subpopulation reached higher viable cell concentrations and viabilities that were maintained for prolonged periods of time relative to fed‐batches inoculated with low MMP subpopulations. These results underline the heterogeneous nature of hybridoma cell cultures and suggest that mitochondrial physiology is a critical parameter determining culture performance.


Recent empirical studies use the returns of attribute-sorted portfolios of common stocks as if they represent risk factors in an asset pricing model. If the attributes are chosen following an empirically observed relation to the cross-section of stock returns, such portfolios will appear to be useful risk factors, even when the attributes are completely unrelated to risk. We illustrate this result using a parable and argue that the moral of the story is important in practice.


Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects of sodium ozagrel and kakkonein in unstable angina pectoris.Methods: One hundred and twenty patients with unstable angina pectoris were enrolled.Study group were given sodium ozagrel and kakkonein in addition to conventional therapy,control group were served with danshen zhusheye complex and routine therapy.Clinical situation,ECG and haemorheology were observed before and after management.Results: Angina pectoris,myocardial ischemia and some haemorheological indexes in study group were improved obviously.Conclusion: Sodium ozagrel injection and kakkonein can treat unstable angina pectoris effectively.


An heuristic facility and costing model is developed for over the road coal transport at varying distances and tonnages. Cost data are based on industry sources. Road use costs are estimated. An example is presented.


Low apparent density superfine silver powder was prepared by reducing the silver nitrate with formol under the presence of rosin dispersant and cladding. The mechanism and trait of the production process was analyzed and discussed. Also the application performance of the silver powder have been introduced by contrast.


In this paper,fig-pollinating wasp(Ceratosolen solmsi marchali) was collected from the fig Ficus hispida in the Xishuangbanna tropical area at different time to study the temporal dynamics of its population within a natural fig,and three foundresses were introduced to a single fig in different periods to know the temporal dynamics of the population size of the fig-pollinating wasp in controlled experiments.The results showed that the population sizes of the fig-pollinating wasp were varied in different years,months and days,and the numbers of female had a greater change than those of male.Some significant differences in the means of pollinators within a single fig were observed in different years and months,and the possible limiting factors were the development status of fig trees,climate,and non-pollinating fig wasp.But,there was no significant difference in the means of pollinators within a single fig in different days of a month,which was thought to be the adjustment of the vitality and lifespan of foundresses,and the figs of different spaces.This study could provide scientific basis for controlling experiments in the future.


This paper describes a newly-developed approach for simulating the hot electron effect of submicron LDD n-MOS devices. The conventional drift-diffusion (DD) method tends to overestimate the impact ionization rate by comparing with experimental data. In particular, divergency is frequently incurred while calculating the continuity equations inclusive of impact ionization terms. To cope with this difficulty, a new simplified Hydrodynamic (HD) model, incorporating an analytical energy balance equation solutions, will be proposed. In the present method, a simple and efficient approach to obtain the effective electric field distribution is used so that accurate impact ionization rate can be determined. With the calculated impact ionization rate, substrate current can be accurately predicted. Excellent agreement has been achieved for a wide range of bias conditions and channel lengths.


It is ironic that most digital money is delivered through very analog agent networks. These networks are defined by large field teams, stacks of paperwork and layers of cash management logistics. The problems the first generation of agent networks faced ten years ago are still issues today, and the tools companies are using to manage networks are so antiquated that they limit the evolution of the whole industry.
As a result, only about half of digital finance agents are active, agents still commonly run out of liquidity, and the customer experience and level of compliance with company policies vary greatly by agent outlet. Further, most providers have little idea how well their agents are trained, monitored or branded.
This paper argues that strategic investment in technology for agent network management can not only improve the quality of service these agent networks offer but can also lower the requirements for building networks enough to encourage new players to enter the industry. These new players could be distribution companies that are incentivized to disseminate products for everyone, not just those of their own brand. This is the most likely scenario for getting innovation to market in digital finance.


of paper read at American Dental Association, August, 1897. In connection with Section VII, Dr. W. C. Barrett, chairman, placed on exhibition an immense collection of human and com parative odontology which Dr. Peirce described as presenting an array of landmarks rarely seen in a meeting or an association of professional individuals, unless of a strictly scientific character. He said: Each one of these representations has a history, and from each one, the nearest akin* but more complex, has derived some organ, trait or peculiarity essential to his being, and this is true from the most simple to the most complex—from the Batrachian to Man. The organs which are held in common indicate the road that has been traveled from the most primitive to the most highly specialized. The general plan of construction was a unit: the divergencies in response to the necessity of adaptation to environ ment, intensified by inheritance. It is a recognized fact that any change in the circumstances, that is, in the sum total of influences affecting any organism, will be likely to work some alteration in that organism or in its descendants, or in both. The teeth are of more interest to the dental profession than any other set of organs considered separately, and yet these or gans subserving nutrition cannot be studied without a marked correspondence with organs being noted. A suggestive query is, " Are the teeth, with other organs of living beings, adaptive or non-adaptive ? Are they machines especially fitted to meet the demands of their environment, or are they not?" The question, " Did the occasion for its use fol low the appearance of the structure, or did the need for the structure precede its appearance ? " is answered in the words of the late Prof. Cope, "Animals and plants are dependant for existence on their environment; " "Changes in environment oc cur without any preparation for them on the part of living things; " " The influence of environment is brought to bear on life as it is or has been and special adaptations to it on their part must follow, not precede, changes of climate, topography, population, etc. " Another important consideration is the well-known and recognized influence of use, motion on nutrition—the law of use and effort —kinetogenesis. In the study of teeth it is not difficult to recognize that there are certain central or primitive types, from which it is easy to derive other related forms of dentition by simple addition, subtraction or modification of parts already possessed. The socalled teeth of the invertebrates are enderonic in origin—an oral armature with nothing in common with the teeth of vertebrates except their similar functions. The teeth of the vertebrates are enderonic in origin, in shape and function ranging from a simple cone for seizing and retaining, to the incisors for cutting, canines and carniverous molars for tearing or lacerating, and tubercular for crushing, and the complex grinding molar of the omniverous and herbiverous for the trituration of food.


Based on the analysis on the phenomena of crime,the article indicates that the crime is a morbidity phenomenon which originates from the society and does harm to the society.As a result,prevention of the crime is a fundamental policy to eliminate the social morbidity phenomenon.The social prevention of the crime needs the common effort of all the society to abandon various measures and approaches.