Resonant core spectroscopies are applied to a study of the excited electron transfer dynamics on a low-femtosecond time scale in systems of aromatic molecules (isonicotinic acid and bi-isonicotinic acid) adsorbed on a rutile TiO 2 (110) semiconductor surface. Depending on which adsorbate state is excited, the electron is either localized on the adsorbate in an excitonic effect, or delocalizes rapidly into the substrate in less than 5 fs (3 fs) for isonicotinic acid (bi-isonicotinic acid). The results are obtained by the application of a variant of resonant photoemission spectroscopy.


Since it was introduced in 1972, the concept of rhetorical sensitivity has generated much interest among communication scholars. However, the theoretical assumptions underlying the concept remain unarticulated. This essay identifies the assumptions implicit in the concept of rhetorical sensitivity and examines how these assumptions extend traditional rhetorical thought in useful ways to interpersonal communication.


With his first three books, written between 1949 and 1951, Manuel Maria developed a high-quality poetic work already in his early twenties. Muineiro  de bretemas symbolizes, on the one hand, the continuity of Galician literature, being the first book published by a young author after the Civil War; and on the other hand, it inaugurates the Escola da Tebra (School of Shadows).  Morrendo a cada intre is an even more invaluable book, where powerful writing of surrealist design is combined with existential angst. Rather than following foreign trends, it is a deeply authentic and personal expression in the miserable and oppressive environment of Francoism. And Advento became the culmination of this first period of Manuel Maria's poetic work: in line with the existentialist vein of his previous book, the poet achieves a more elegant and smart expression in the service of a more modulated, rich, as well as elegant sentimentality. This makes the author of this paper consider Advento to be one of the most beautiful books of Galician poetry of all time.


The practice of engineering, in the context of the current society, is an extremely complex enterprise. This paper argues that a framework for ethical decision-making must consider corporate, social and global goals, as well as the objectives of the individual engineer. The ethical education of the engineer must be through collaboration among academic institutions, business interests, and professional engineering organizations. This paper recommends adoption of a single thread of ethics education, beginning early in life and continuing throughout the academic training and subsequent professional career of the engineer. Examples of current and proposed collaboration are given to illustrate the concept of single thread of ethics education.


Background: Health literacy and the use of complementary and alternative medicine are two important factors that should be evaluated the management of type 2 diabetes.
Objectives: To examine the relationship between the health literacy of patients with type 2 diabetes and the use of complementary and alternative medicine.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out with 1076 patients with type 2 diabetes. The data were collected using a descriptive information form and the Health Literacy Scale.
Results: It was found that 61.4% of the patients used complementary and alternative treatments. Patients' total score from the Health Literacy scale was 48.90±19.92. The use of complementary and alternative therapy increased in the presence of another chronic disease or diabetic neuropathy and decreased with increased age and health literacy (R2 =050; Model: x2= 40.656, p=0.00).
Conclusions: It was determined that the health literacy of patients with type 2 diabetes was not enough and that the use of complementary and alternative treatments was high. With the increase in patients' health literacy, the use of complementary and alternative medicine decreased. It is recommended that health professionals evaluate patients' health literacy and use of complementary and alternative therapies and provide counselling to ensure effective diabetes self-management.
Keywords: Health literacy; complementary and alternative medicine; type 2 diabetes mellitus.


Chapter 1: What is Value? Chapter 2: The Customer Value Line Chapter 3: Basic Theory - What you really need to know Chapter 4: Conventional Pricing Approaches - Cost Based Pricing Chapter 5: Conventional Pricing Approaches - Competition Based Pricing Chapter 6: Measuring the Triad Chapter 7: Building the Value Based Price Chapter 8: Review of VBP methods Chapter 9: Building the Value Proposition Chapter 10: Value Based Selling Chapter 11: Building a VBP strategy Chapter 12: Today's pricing issues Chapter 13: Legal issues in pricing in Europe


The current study attempted to determine the techniques used to render swear words and the translation quality. The present study's findings will help address the gaps in the literature and the translation practices related to translating taboo expressions and swear words. The study adopted a mixed method to conduct the analysis. The qualitative techniques of the study focused on identifying the strategies employed when working with audiovisual rendering, while quantitative techniques focused on quality assessment. It is important to note that no quantitative tests were carried out in the analysis to measure the quality of the study. From the investigation, the study confirmed that the most used translation techniques were omission and euphemism. Another reason to use omission as a translation approach is that some swear, and taboo words collide in English but not Arabic. Omission as a tactic may be appropriate if the translation does not create a vacuum on the screen that prevents viewers from thoroughly enjoying the film. Besides, the translator euphemistically interpreted various curses and forbidden phrases to contain such subtle offensiveness and vulgarity. This method is acceptable if it does not alter the essence of meaning. On quality, the study found that most of the subtitles are of low quality. While the approach provides a quantitative assessment, a qualitative assessment is also essential. Previous research on subtitling swears words and prohibited terms needs to be expanded. A paradigm that governs the tactics employed in Arabic-to-English subtitling is also required.


Every category of mental disorders in the World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (ICD-10) is associated with type 2 diabetes. Concurrent mental disorders add an additional £1.8 billion annually to the costs of type 2 diabetes care. This chapter will summarize those mental disorders most commonly associated with type 2 diabetes (depression, eating disorders, psychotic disorders, and dementia). Practical advice for non-specialists in recognizing these disorders and initiating first-line therapy will also be given. Finally, novel interventions to achieve better integration between mental and physical healthcare and improved biomedical outcomes and outlook for patients will be suggested.


This paper presents a new three-port ac-dc converter topology based on the bidirectional version of the three-state switching cell (3SSC) and neutral point clamped (NPC) with Dual Active Bridge (DAB) feasible to interconnect an AC link, a DC link and photovoltaic panels. The three port converter operates as solid state transformer (SST). It the primary side switches voltage and current stresses are reduced due to NPC and 3SSC characteristics. Some operating ranges presented Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS). Modulation strategy and control are presented. For the drive control was implemented five control loops: PFC (Power Factor Correction); full voltage and balancing voltages acroos port 2 capacitors; magnetization current and voltage on port 3. A 33.33 kW converter with the peak value of the AC voltage is 9.35 kV and DC voltage at port 3 is 800 V with a DC bus voltage at port 2 of 22 kV has been simulated. A comparative loss studies with other converter topologies is also made. The proposed topology presented efficiency of 97.2%.


The application of non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT/NDE) methodologies in civil engineering has raised a growing interest during the last years because of its potential impact in several different scenarios. As a consequence, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) technologies have been widely adopted as an instrument for the inspection of the structural stability of buildings and for the detection of cracks and voids. In this framework, the development and validation of GPR algorithms and methodologies represents one of the most active research areas within the ELEDIA Research Center of the University of Trento. More in detail, great efforts have been devoted towards the development of inversion techniques based on the integration of deterministic and stochastic search algorithms with multi-focusing strategies. These approaches proved to be effective in mitigating the effects of both nonlinearity and ill-posedness of microwave imaging problems, which represent the well-known issues arising in GPR inverse scattering formulations. More in detail, a regularized multi-resolution approach based on the Inexact Newton Method (INM) has been recently applied to subsurface prospecting, showing a remarkable advantage over a single-resolution implementation [1]. Moreover, the use of multi-frequency or frequency-hopping strategies to exploit the information coming from GPR data collected in time domain and transformed into its frequency components has been proposed as well. In this framework, the effectiveness of the multi-resolution multi-frequency techniques has been proven on synthetic data generated with numerical models such as GprMax [2]. The application of inversion algorithms based on Bayesian Compressive Sampling (BCS) [3][4] to GPR is currently under investigation, as well, in order to exploit their capability to provide satisfactory reconstructions in presence of single and multiple sparse scatterers [3][4]. Furthermore, multi-scaling approaches exploiting level-set-based optimization have been developed for the qualitative reconstruction of multiple and disconnected homogeneous scatterers [5]. Finally, the real-time detection and classification of subsurface scatterers has been investigated by means of learning-by-examples (LBE) techniques, such as Support Vector Machines (SVM) [6].


A new method using approximate contour integration to accurately compute direct illumination from diffuse area sources in presence of curved obstacles is presented. All visibility tests are done using ray tracing so the method can be applied to a large class of objects. Computation of illumination on a pixel by pixel basis is necessary to accurately capture sharp shadows. However in soft penumbra zones many shadow rays are needed to quantize the penumbra finely enough and avoid banding artifacts. Furthermore, these zones usually cover lots of pixels. We make use of the fact that silhouettes of objects in a scene are smooth for the most part to replace them by polygonal lines in source space. The method allows the estimation of intensity gradients. Penumbras with no aliasing are obtained with fewer rays than with usual adaptive sampling techniques.


A European collaborative programme has been organised between TNO (Holland), PTB (Germany) and NPL (UK) by the Bureau Communautaire de Reference (BCR). Its objective was the development of reliable methods of measurement for characterising the output and performance of ultrasound therapy equipment. Fundamental to these methods is the determination of the effective radiating area of the ultrasonic transducer utili sing small hydrophones to map the pressure distribution in the acoustic field. This report details studies undertaken by NPL to assess the accuracy of measurements of effective radiating area using a new, improved definition of the radiating area. Experimental results are presented for a range of normal and defective therapy transducers and important sources of measurement uncertainty identified. Studies undertaken to assess the influence of the measurement system and measurement procedure are presented. The implications of the study for the revision of IEC 150: 1963 are discussed in detail.


New model potentials are constructed for Na+-H2O and H2O-H2O, using quantum mechanical calculations of the monomer wavefunctions. One parameter in each model potential is fitted to experimental dimer properties. The resulting Na+-H2O potential is consistent with published thermodynamic and ab initio data, and the H2O-H2O potential reproduces the structure and energy of the water dimer at equilibrium, and the second virial coefficient of steam, within experimental uncertainties. The donor-acceptor interchange tunnelling pathway on the water dimer potential energy surface has a lower energy barrier than the acceptor-acceptor interchange, in agreement with recent spectroscopic studies. When a simple non-additive induction potential is included, calculated thermodynamic properties of solvated sodium ions are in agreement with experimental data. For small clusters in the gas phase, the first solvation shell of the sodium ion is predicted to contain four water molecules.


The wood pellet is an alternative energy source suitable for use at various large scale as well as domestic pellet stoves. The main negative side in this type of biomass usage during combustion process is the fine particle (PM1 defined as a particles with median aerodynamic diameter da ≤ 1 μm) and gaseous emissions. Therefore it is important to develop low emission biomass combustion devices. The aim of this work was to study the potential of condensing heat exchanger (CHX) for simultaneous fine particle precipitation and efficient heat recovery. Experiments with a condensing heat exchanger were performed for optimal fine particle precipitation. The heat exchanger was operated in two different modes: floor heating and high temperature heating with incoming and outcoming water temperatures of 24,1 – 25,7 ̊C and 54,3 – 57,5 ̊C, respectively. Reference measurements were carried out with a conventional tube heat exchanger. The condensing heat exchanger was installed in the combustion reactor which consists of a 40 kW solid fuel burner and a ceramic insulated combustion chamber. The CHX was equipped with water scrubbing system to keep the heat exchanger walls clean. The temperatures of a flue gas and water upstream and downstream the CHX were monitored continuously as well as pressure drop over the CHX. The flue gas composition was analyzed with FTIR (Gasmet) and single gas analyzers (ABB) which continuously were measured CO2, CO, O2 and NOx. The condensate which was collected in the bottom of CHX was weighed and later on analyzed for the content of inorganic compounds. Before particle measurement the sample air flow was diluted by a porous tube – ejector dilution system (dilution ratio 23 32). After dilution sample was divided by the different instruments. PM1 fraction particles were collected by the pre cut – off impactors. The filters were weighed and analyzed for OC, EC and inorganic compounds. Particle number size and mass size distributions were determined by ELPI (Dekati), DLPI (Dekati) and SMPS (TSI). During the experiments the air to fuel ratio ranged from 1,9 to 2,3 at floor heating mode and 1,7 to 2,0 at high temperature heating mode. The CO, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in all measured cases were very low, showing nearly complete combustion conditions. The PM1 were mainly composed of K, Na, SO4, Cl and Zn. The condensate analysis showed a similar chemical composition as shown for the particle emissions. The average of PM1 emissions is presented in Figure 1. Summarizing, the experimental set up with CHX generated 32 % lower PM1 emissions in the high temperature heating case and 36 % of PM1 lower emissions in floor heating case compared to the reference boiler case. The results showed that the thermal efficiency in floor heating mode reached over 100 %, due to released heat by water condensation. The usage of the scrubber increased the PM1 emissions in comparison to the CHX operated without scrubber. The heat exchanger thermodynamics and fine particle desposition was also simulated with a computational model. Theoretically CHX was predicted to have PM1 precipitation of 56 and 50 % in floor and high temperature heating modes, respectively, based on thermophoretic and diffusiophoretic forces. The reference boiler was simulated to have a PM1 precipitation of 19 %. Thus, the experimental findings between the conventional reference boiler and the CHX were in good agreement with the simulations. The results indicate that a condensing heat exchanger in small scale biomass-fired boilers can be designed for fine particle reduction with simultaneous high thermal efficiency. The tested system is especially suitable for floor heating operation and for moist fuels, for example wood chips.


The local to global property for an equation $\psi$ over a group G asks to show that $\psi$ is solvable in G if and only if it is solvable in every finite quotient of G. In this paper we focus that in order to prove this local to global property for free groups $G=F_k$, it is enough to prove for k less or equal the number of parameters in $\psi$. In particular we use it to show that the local to global property holds for m-powers in free groups.


This is a prelude to a book which I intend to publish. This paper describes my temporary thoughts on Einstein's pathway to the special theory of relativity. See my papers on my thoughts on Einstein's pathway to his general theory of relativity. Never say that you know how Einstein had arrived at his special theory of relativity, even if you read his letters to his wife and friends, and some other primary documents. Einstein gave many talks and wrote pieces, but at the end of the day, he told very little geographical, historical and biographical details pertaining to the years he had spent in the patent office. I thus bring here my jigsaw puzzle and warn the reader again, this is my creation and not Einstein's...


Descarte&'s rule oi signs implies that the number of non-vamshmg real zeroes of a non-zero polynomial / m one variable with real coefficients is> at most 2k, if fc+1 is the number of non-zoro terms of / In this paper the following non-archimedean analogue is obtamed Let p be a prime number, L a field that is a fmile extension of tho field of p-adic numbers, and k a positive integer Ihen there exists a positive integer B = B(k, L) with the followmg property if / 6 L[X] has at mo&t fc+1 non-zero terms, and / φ 0, then / has at most B non vanishmg zcroes m L, countmg multiphcities Foi cxample if L is the field of 2 adic numbers, and k — 2, then one can take B = 6 As a consequence, it is shown that for any three positive mtegers m, k, and d theie exists a positive integer A = A(m,k,d) with the following propeity Suppose that K is an aigebraic number field of degree at most m over the field of rational numbers, that / e K[X] is a non-zero polynomial with dt most fc + 1 non-/ero terms, and that g 6 K[X] is a factor of / such that each irreducible factor of g has degree at most d and such that g(0) ̂ 0 Then the degree of g is at most A The value for A given by the proof satisfies A(m,k,tf) = O(fc2 2md md log(2mdfc)), the O-constant bemg absolute and effectively computable 1991 Mathematics Subject Classifk ation Pnmary 11R09, 11S05


The shape of the leading and trailng edges of aero-engine blades has a significant influence on its aerodynamic performance. At present, the method of manual inspection based on the standard pattern is mainly used to analyze the shape of the leading, and trailing edges, which has the problems of low efficiency, poor repeatability and inconsistent evaluation results. An automatic shape evaluation method based on eigenvalues is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the blade profile and its mean camber line are segmented and fitted. Then, evaluation indexes are given for the five unqualified edge shapes respectively according to the curvature characteristics and profile variation characteristics. Finally, the shape of the blade edge is evaluated with the eigenvalues calculated. Experiments show that the proposed method can realize the automatic shape evaluation of blade leading and trailng edges, and can adapt to different types of blades and different acceptance standards, which effectively improves the efficiency of blade profile quality inspection.


The study was conducted to assess the effect of household processing methods such as washing, sun drying, cooking/ frying and blanching on the decontamination of bifenthrin and profenofos residues in experimentally grown bitter gourd. Simple washing of bitter gourd with tap water reduced the residues of bifenthrin to 50.62% and that of profenofos to 53.66%. Subsequent washing with detergent solution indicated a reduction of 59.78 and 65.85% in bifenthrin and profenofos residues respectively in the bitter gourd. Blanching as a processing tool has exerted a more protective effect with a drop of 80.71% in bifenthrin and 78.05% profenofos residues. A significant decrease in bifenthrin (89.65 %) and profenofos (87.92%) residues was also observed by plain washing followed by sun drying. Frying appeared to be the most ef- fective technique to minimize bifenthrin and profenofos residues to the extent of 93.41% and 88.68%, respectively, suggesting that frying is the most potent protective food processing approach to curtail bifenthrin and profenofos in bitter gourd.


Purpose – The main purpose of this paper is to highlight the significance of automated service factors, customer trust, and delight in customer commitment within the United Arab Emirates (UAE) banking context.Design/methodology/approach – The relative importance of automated service factors to customer delight, trust, and commitment was examined. The paper then proposed a conceptual model of the relationship between automated factors, customer delight, trust, and commitment within the UAE banking context. A survey was designed and data collected through the mall intercept method. AMOS 6 was used to test the hypothesized relationships.Findings – Most of the automated factors have no direct relationship with customer commitment, but an indirect one through customer trust and delight. Automated factors have a direct and positive influence on customer delight, which in turn has a direct influence on both customer trust and customer commitment. Customer trust is also related positively and directly to customer...


We evaluated the BER dependence on distance in a 1.28-Tbit/s (320-Gbaud PDM-DQPSK) single-channel Nyquist pulse transmission for different roll-off factors α. A 3000-km transmission was achieved with α=0.5, which is 300-km longer than with α=0. © 2021 The Author(s)


The paper presents the literature data and own observations, showing a high information content, safety and acceptability of office hysteroscopy for diagnosing endometrial pathology in women with reproductive disorders. An examination of 485 patients with recurrent miscarriages at 51.3% were diagnosed chronic endometritis, 22% polyps of the endometrium, 2.8% endometriosis uterus, 0.5% Asherman syndrome, a 2.4% a malformation.. High efficiency and compliance investigations can be recommended for widespread use in prenatal clinics.


9 Connections between proof complexity and circuit complexity have become major tools for obtaining lower 10 bounds in both areas. These connections — which take the form of interpolation theorems and query-to- 11 communication lifting theorems — translate efficient proofs into small circuits, and vice versa, allowing tools 12 from one area to be applied to the other. Recently, the theory of TFNP has emerged as a unifying framework 13 underlying these connections. For many of the proof systems which admit such a connection there is a TFNP 14 problem which characterizes it: the class of problems which are reducible to this TFNP problem via query- 15 efficient reductions is equivalent to the tautologies that can be efficiently proven in the system. Through this, 16 proof complexity has become a major tool for proving separations in black-box TFNP . Similarly, for certain 17 monotone circuit models, the class of functions that it can compute efficiently is equivalent to what can be 18 reduced to a certain TFNP problem in a communication-efficient manner. When a TFNP problem has both a 19 proof and circuit characterization, one can prove an interpolation theorem. Conversely, many lifting theorems 20 can be viewed as relating the communication and query reductions to TFNP problems. This is exciting, as 21 it suggests that TFNP provides a roadmap for the development of further interpolation theorems and lifting 22 theorems. 23 In this paper


In 1950 David and Elizabeth Lack chanced upon a huge migration of insects and birds flying through the Pyrenean Pass of Bujaruelo, later describing the spectacle as combining both grandeur with novelty. The intervening years have seen many changes to land use and climate, posing the question as to the current status of this migratory phenomenon, while a lack of quantitative data has prevented insights into the ecological impact of this mass insect migration and into the factors affecting it. To address this, we revisited the site in autumn over a 4-year period and systematically monitored diurnal insect species and numbers. We document an annual mean of 17.1 million day-flying insects from 5 orders moving south, with 'mass migration' events associated with warmer temperatures, the presence of a headwind, sunlight, low windspeed, and low rainfall. Diptera dominated the migratory assemblage and annual numbers varied by more than fourfold with larger annual migration flows associated with higher autumn temperatures in Northwest Europe. Finally, using observed environmental thresholds for migration, we estimate an annual 'bioflow' of at least 14.6 billion day-flying insects migrating south over the whole Pyrenean Mountain range, highlighting the importance of this route for seasonal insect migrants.


Science relies strongly on the publication of articles in scientific journals and it is clear that decisions concerning which papers merit publishing should be based on a process of manuscript selection that is as objective, repeatable, reliable and transparent as possible. Manuscript selection, however, has many practical downfalls. There is considerable controversy concerning issues such as whether or not the process should be blind both for authors and reviewers in order to prevent biased selection in relation to country of origin (Budden et al., 2008), sex (Young et al., 2008) or research topic (Michaels, 2008). Another critical point is the imbalance between supply and demand of manuscripts as this likely leads to biased selection (Young et al., 2008). Also important is the issue that following rejection, the editor and reviewers of the new journal selected for would-be publication by the authors start the process from scratch, as if the opus had not already passed through a thorough process of peer review. Such rules of play seem to promote the role of sheer luck in the process of manuscript selection. Authors of a rejected paper have the growing hope of 'greater luck' the next time regarding reviewer assignment as they believe in the quality of their work. For the correct advancement of science I consider there should be a common global database available to editors, where each manuscript which has been subjected to an SCI journal is recorded. It should include a copy of the editor's and reviewers' comments, and also the authors' replies. Hochberg et al. (2009) recently expressed their concern regarding the fact that authors usually think that manuscript submittal is a stochastic process, whereas in fact reviewers usually focus on the same set of criticisms. To solve this problem they suggest a) having colleagues reviewing a manuscript before submission, and b) requiring authors to state in a cover letter that reviewer comments from the previous submittal were taken into account. Option b is suggested as an alternative to obliging authors to declare whether or not their submission was previously rejected by another journal, because they think this could prejudice the evaluation of the new submission. However, I believe that the system I propose here would prevent prejudiced evaluations because authors would have the opportunity to upload the response to reviewer's comments so that second-round reviewers would have the chance to see both the problems previously detected in the manuscript and the defence offered by authors. Although not a perfect system its benefits would probably outweigh the caveats. Such a system would improve the quality of the final paper and facilitate the work load for second-round reviewers and editors. Indeed, some journals already seem to be implementing a solution which is fairly similar to our proposal, asking authors of rejected papers for permission to forward reviewer reports to the new journal chosen by the authors to submit the revised work (see Hochberg et al., 2009). Proposals to reward or punish reviewers depending on their rapidity to elaborate their reports (Hauser & Fehr, 2007) does not foster accumulated quality improvement. Science quality would undoubtedly gain from making previous information concerning a manuscript's review available to new reviewers, as in a Bayesian framework of inference (Martin et al., 2005) because starting a new each time, as if previous information did not exist, is simply not an efficient way to proceed in science


During the past four years the authors have studied preparative variables which affect the surface composition of supported bimetallic clusters. In particular, they have focussed their attention on metal precursor-support interactions in the preparation of model supported Pt-Ru bimetallic clusters. In performing these studies they have concluded that in addition to thermodynamic considerations which stress the importance of enthalpies of sublimation in predicting the surface enrichment of one metal in preference to the other, a kinetic effect which predicts surface enrichment in the metal whose precursor interacts more weakly with the support must also be considered. Central to this model, it is envisioned that the metal whose precursor interacts more strongly with the support anchors the bimetallic cluster. The second metal is then deposited on the surface of the metal which anchors the cluster. If pretreatment temperatures are such that thermodynamic equilibrium is not achieved, the surface composition may be quite different from that which would be expected on the basis of an equilibrium thermodynamic phase diagram.


Today's sensor technology provides the increased opportunities for automation and improvement in data acquisition and construction processes. However, many current field practices at construction sites still rely on manual processes for asset tracking and information handling. Previous technologies, such as radio frequency identification and global positioning systems, do not provide a solution to automated asset tracking because of their limitations in terms of applicability and performance in a typical construction environment. This paper introduces a new development of an embedded sensor system for construction asset tracking by combining radio and ultrasound signals. We present the detailed hardware and software architecture and have implemented outdoor experiments to examine the accuracy and performance of the designed system. The results obtained showed the accurate distance and position estimation with enhanced networking flexibility. The findings and lessons learned from this research demonstrate the potential for future practical deployment of similar systems in many civil engineering applications.


This paper investigates whether there has been risk sharing between a main bank and borrowing companies in Japan. Horiuchi, et al. (1988) claim that systematic relationships indicating the existence of risk-sharing between them cannot be generally observed. However, contracts conditional on operating profits as in Horiuchi, et al. (1988) may not be feasible because of the moral hazard problem. As Christopher (1982) suggests, indexed contracts are one way to circumvent the moral hazard Here, an optimal indexed contract involving risk sharing is derived, and is shown to be consistent with the behavior of com paniesin the Japanese chemical industry.


Eu3+ doped porous nanostructured SrTiO3 films and powder fabricated by sol-gel route without using any precursor template are characterized by different morphology and phase composition. The films and the power show red and yellow luminescence with the most intensive photoluminescence (PL) bands at 612 nm and 588 nm, respectively. Raman, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of undoped nanostructured porous SrTiO3 films showed the presence of TiO2, SrO, and SrTiO3 phases and their components. The undoped porous SrTiO3 films are photosensitive and demonstrate resistive switching. The capacitance-voltage hysteresis loops with the width of about 6 V in the frequency range of 2 kHz—2 MHz were observed.


The cyclin‐dependent kinase CDK9 is an important therapeutic target but currently available inhibitors exhibit low specificity and/or narrow therapeutic windows. Here we have used a new highly specific CDK9 inhibitor, LDC000067 to interrogate gene control mechanisms mediated by CDK9.


Lycopene is a pigment that causes red color in tomatoes. This research successfully isolated lycopene by using chloroform solvent followed by antisolvent crystallization. The samples used were ripe tomato juice. Lycopene extract was obtained through extraction method at 65oC. Crystallization was performed by addition of methanol as antisolvent in lycopene extract under supersaturated conditions. From result of research by using chloroform solvent, the total lycopene content is 4.87 mg / 100 g. The functional group analysis using Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy detected C = C group at wavelength 1648,47 cm -1 , CH2 group was detected at 1463,03 cm -1 , R-CH = CH-R detected at a wavelength of 959.24 cm-1. While the C-C and C-CH groups were detected at wavelengths of 1170.95 cm -1 and 1378.08 cm -1.


A solar thermal membrane distillation pilot plant was operated for over 70 days in field conditions. The pilot plant incorporated a single spiral wound permeate gap membrane distillation style of module. All energy used to operate the unit was supplied by solar hot water collectors and photovoltaic panels. The process was able to produce a distillate stream of product water with a conductivity less than 10 µS/cm. Feed water concentration varied from 2,400 µS/cm to 106,000 µS/cm. The process is expected to find application in the production of drinking water for remote island and arid regions without the consumption of electrical energy.


The transport and chemical conversion of atmospheric pollutants are simulated using new generation air quality models system Models-3 developed by Environmental Protection Agency in heating duration of Shenyang in 2002, and the results of simulated NO2, SO2 and PM10 concentrations and the observed ones are analyzed. The results display that the model can simulate the transport and chemical conversion of atmospheric pollutants better and variation features of the simulated and observed values are more identical. The results also shows that the model is able to simulate the spatial distribution and variation features of atmospheric pollutants better,which provides a useful tool for further developing numerical forecast and studying transport diffusion of atmospheric pollutants in Shenyang.


SUMMARY: NMFS issues regulations to revise the at-sea scales program for catcher/processor vessels (C/Ps) and motherships that are required to weigh catch at sea. This action makes three major changes to current regulations. First, this action requires enhancements of daily scale testing for flow scales used to weigh catch at sea and requires electronic reporting of the daily flow scale test results. Second, this action requires that vessels required to use flow scales to weigh catch have electronics capable of logging and printing the frequency and magnitude of scale calibrations, as well as the time and date of each scale fault (or error) and scale startup. Third, this action requires that vessels use video to monitor the flow scale and the area around the flow scale. In addition, this action revises minor technical regulations related to equipment and operation regulations and removes certain regulations that are no longer applicable; and improves the accuracy of catch estimation by the C/Ps and motherships using at-sea scales and reduces the possibility of scale tampering. This action is intended to promote the goals and objectives of the Fishery Management Plan for Groundfish of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands Management Area, the Fishery Management Plan for Groundfish of the Gulf of Alaska, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, and other applicable laws. ADDRESSES: Electronic copies of the proposed rule, the Categorical Exclusion and the Regulatory Impact Review (Analysis) prepared for this action may be obtained from http:// www.regulations.gov or from the NMFS Alaska Region Web site at http:// alaskafisheries.noaa.gov. An electronic copy of the Guidelines for Economic Review of National Marine Fisheries Service Regulatory Actions may be obtained from http:// Written comments regarding the burden-hour estimates or other aspects of the collection-of-information requirements contained in this final rule may be submitted by mail to NMFS, or by fax to 202–395– 7285. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: NMFS manages the U.S. groundfish fisheries of the exclusive economic zone off Alaska under the Fishery Management Plan for Groundfish of the Gulf of Alaska and the Fishery Management Plan for Groundfish of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands Management Area. The fishery management plans (FMPs) were prepared by the North Pacific Fishery Management Council and approved by the Secretary of Commerce under authority of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, 16 U.S.C. 1801 et seq. (Magnuson-Stevens Act). The FMPs are implemented by regulations at 50 CFR parts 679 …


OBJECTIVE
To elucidate the pathogenesis of Greyhound meningoencephalitis by evaluating gene expression in diseased brain tissue.

ANIMALS
Cadavers of 3 diseased (8- to 15-month-old) and 3 (10-month-old) control Greyhounds.

PROCEDURES
Samples of RNA were extracted from brain tissue of all dogs and evaluated by use of a canine-specific microarray.

RESULTS
A unique profile involving significant alterations in expression of 21 genes was evident in diseased dogs, compared with expression in control dogs. Most genes with up-regulated expression were related to immune function, with the remaining genes involved in ligand binding, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, and formation and transportation of proteins including enzymes. Of notable involvement were genes encoding for major histocompatibility complexes, small inducible cytokine A5 precursor, myxovirus-resistant proteins, and components of the classical complement pathway, which are all genes common to pathways of viral infections and autoimmunity.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Although results of microarray analysis did not clearly define a potential etiology of Greyhound meningoencephalitis, they did highlight a consistent gene alteration signature that would suggest a common etiology and pathogenesis for this condition.


Li, Wenjun. M.S., Purdue University, May 2014. Career Intentions of International Master Students in Hospitality and Tourism Management. Major Professor: Howard Adler. The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate career intentions of international master's students in hospitality and tourism management (HTM) in the United States. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of 19 participants at two different U.S. institutions. Interview questions were designed to better understand students' career intentions upon graduation and the determinants behind the plans. Results indicated that student's career intention should include measures of career decision self-efficacy, academic and career outcome expectations, and career exploration intentions. Unique personal background (e.g., gender and marital status, length of time in the U.S.), industrial working experience (e.g., internships), and multiple external factors (e.g., school counselors, the booming tourism industry in developing countries) increase the diversity of career intentions of the target population


Purpose: There is an inverse relationship between diagnosis to initiation of treatment interval and outcome of cancer treatment. A significant number of diagnosed cervical cancer patients don't receive timely treatment in low resource settings. The Cervical Cancer Chemotherapy Access Program (C3AP) is one of End Cervical Cancer Nigeria Initiative's interventions to IMProve Access to Cervical Cancer Treatment (IMPACT) in low resource settings. This report provides documentary evidence of the evolution of the implementation of the C3AP and highlights best practices that can be scaled up.
 Methods: The C3AP was conceptualized to increase the proportion of diagnosed cervical cancer patients that receive timely treatment by exploring adjuvant and neoadjuvant role of chemotherapy in the management of cervical cancer patients in settings where access to radiotherapy services can not be guaranteed.
 We instituted Plan Do Study and Act (PDSA) quality improvement cycle for the C3AP and used RE-AIM framework to study the implementation processes to be acted upon as part of the PDSA quality improvement process towards improving reach of the program.
 Results: The C3AP supported treatment of only 4 patients over the reporting period of 5months. Poor referral to the program is a major hurdle the program is battling. Only 2(17%) of the 12 confirmed cases of cervical cancer diagnosed in the facility within the 5month study period were able to access chemoradiation, suggesting a missed opportunity for 6/10(60%) that couldn't afford chemoradiation. The program evolved over a PDSA cycle to eliminate social eligibility in the criteria to access the support thereby able to shorten application -support interval to same day with potential positive impact on prognosis.
 Conclusion: Providing equitable support for indigent cancer patients should be beyond the emotion to help humanity. We recommend the use of structured quality improvement for all programs providing support to indigent cancer patients to ensure implementation fidelity.
 Citation Format: Qudus Lawal, Kasimu Umar Adoke, Jummai Jimeta Tuko, Aminu Magashi Garba, Ishak K. Lawal. Implementing Equitable Cancer Support Program: Lessons From Cervical Cancer Chemotherapy Access Program (C3AP) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual Symposium on Global Cancer Research; Closing the Research-to-Implementation Gap; 2023 Apr 4-6. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 53.


A Simple and reproducible spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of Ezetimibe in bulk and in dosage forms. The λmax of Ezetimibe was found to be 234 nm. Linearity for this method lies in the range of 5-20 μg/ml. The proposed method is sensitive, accurate, reproducible and useful for the routine determination of Ezetimibe in tablet dosage form. No interference was observed from the excipients.


At present, mastering the knowledge and skills of scientific writing is essential for newly graduated university professors and researchers. In line with this, the graduates and teachers of the University of Granma in Cuba, present deficiencies in the necessary knowledge for the composition and publication of scientific articles. Instructing them to acquire these skills is essential if one considers that there is no strategy to develop these skills in them. In this sense, this article offers the main experiences about a Blended Learning course implemented in the aforementioned institution, for this purpose. It is concluded that, as a result of its development, the participants reached the knowledge and skills necessary to produce quality scientific manuscripts that can be published in indexed journals and comply with ethical principles.


The utility model discloses a blowing off-line impulse bag type dust collector for a closet, which comprises a purifying box. A plurality of perforated plates are transversely arranged on the upper part of the purifying box, the purifying box is separated into an upper air purifying chamber and a lower filter pocket chamber by the perforated plates, the air purifying chamber is communicated with a discharge pipe, a plurality of dedusting filter pockets are arranged in the filter pocket chamber, and the tops of the dedusting filter pockets are arranged on the perforated plates; an ash bucket is installed on and communicated with the bottom of the filter pocket chamber, and an air inlet is arranged on the ash bucket; an ash cleaning mechanism is further arranged at the position of the top of the air purifying chamber which is corresponding to the dedusting filter pockets, a blow pipe is further installed and communicated with the ash cleaning mechanism, the blow pipe is transversely arranged over the dedusting filter pockets, and an air outlet is arranged on the pipe wall of the blow pipe, and the positions of the air outlets are corresponding to dedusting filter pockets one by one. The blowing off-line impulse bag type dust collector can reduce the resistance of a gas circuit and improve ash cleaning effect.


Multi-voltage value output transducer unit for modular comprises a modular multiple 2 with terminals multi-voltage value output transducer subordinate device connected in series, and a modular controller. Module 2 with terminals multi-voltage value output transducer subordinate apparatus type is connected to at least two output phases circuit modular. The first output phase circuit modular defining the total inductance value, and a positive arm and a negative-side arm. Modular control system is communicatively coupled to the modular first module a plurality of second terminals with multi-voltage value output transducer subordinate apparatus type of the output phase circuits. Modular controller selectively below a modulated switching function signal is reassigned (1) and (2) :( 1) 2 modular positive-side arm of the first output phase circuit modular terminal with multi-voltage output transducer lower apparatus, (2) modular first negative-side arm of the module 2 with terminals multi-voltage value output transducer subordinate apparatus type of the output phase circuit, a given one It is granted in the time cases. By selectively re-assign switching function signals modulated, the charge of each capacitor modular 2 with terminals multi-voltage value output transducer subordinate device connected in series with forced predetermined rate allowed to equilibrate. .FIELD 4


High blood pressure (HBP) is a disease with high morbidity and mortality worldwide and is considered one of the main etiological factors of multiple cardiac pathologies. One of the regulatory mechanisms of blood pressure is the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS). It is important consider adjuvant therapies to improve the outlook and quality of life of patients with HBP. One therapy that has been shown clinically to improve the condition of patients with HBP is hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO), that consists in subjecting a subject at a pressure greater than 2 atmospheres absolute with 100% oxygen. This therapy has been shown to improve vascular smooth muscle relaxation, increasing oxygenation of hypoxic tissues, decrease the degree of fibrosis, among other beneficial effects.


The validity of the muricid subfamily Ergalataxinae has recently been confirmed with molecular data, but its composition and the relationships among its constituent genera remain unclear. In order to investigate this, we use four genes (28S rRNA, 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) to construct a Bayesian phylogeny of 52 ergalataxine species in 18 genera, representing c. 40% of the currently accepted species and 86% of the genera. This is the most complete phylogeny of this taxonomically confusing subfamily yet produced. Our results indicate the polyphyly of many traditional genera, including Morula, Pascula and Orania. In order to improve the correspondence between classification and phylogeny, we restrict the definition of Morula, resurrect Tenguella and elevate Oppomorus to full genus, but describe no new genera. Several species in this analysis could not be identified and may be new, but we do not describe them. Further molecular and morphological analyses, in the context of this framework, should help to resolve the remaining ambiguities in the classification of this subfamily. The oldest fossil member of the Ergalataxinae known to us is of Early Oligocene age.


This research aims to find out how the application of the contextual teaching and learning model can improve learning outcomes in mathematics content regarding sides, angles and edges of geometric shapes in class 2A MI Masyhudiyah students. This type of research is classroom action research or PTK. This research design uses the Kemmis and Mc. Taggart model which consists of 4 components, namely planning, implementing actions, observing and reflecting. The research subjects that will be used in this classroom action research are 25 students in class 2A MI Mashhudiyah, consisting of 15 male students and 10 female students. Data collection techniques in this research used interviews, observation and tests. This research data analysis technique uses quantitative descriptive. The criteria for success in this classroom action research are based on increasing student learning outcomes in each cycle. The criteria used to see the success of the action are in the form of increasing student learning outcomes. Students are declared to have improved if a minimum percentage of 70% of all students meet the KKM score of 70. The results of the research show that student learning completeness in the pre-test was 8% with an average score of 43.2%, then in cycle 1 it was 56% with an average score -an average of 68.8 and in the second cycle it was 64% with an average value of 69.2 then in the post test of third cycle it was 80% with an average value of 75. From these data it clearly shows that student learning outcomes have increased and indicators of success have been achieved


This study aims to identify the effect of designing a proposed training program, combining weight and flexibility training of shot-put female players with F56 disabilities on the physical qualities and digital level. It identified the effect of designing a proposed training program-combining weight and flexibility training on the physical qualities and digital level of shot-put players with F56 disabilities. An experimental method was used conducting this study, a sample of seven female players with disabilities from Al-Jazira Sports Club for Athletics for Persons with Disabilities. The study results revealed that weight and flexibility training improved both the physical qualities and the digital level. Muscle power of legs improved by 46.02%, muscle power of arms improved by 23.79%, maximum muscle strength of arms improved by 32.33%, muscular endurance of arms improved by 49.85%, flexibility improved by 29.83%, further, the digital level of shot-put improved by 15.18%, The significance of this study lies in firstly the combining weight and flexibility training, secondly revealing to what extent the aspects of physical qualities and the digital level of the shot-put female players with F56 disabilities have improved. Thus, the proper planning of any subsequent training programs ultimately aims to achieve advances in sports and sports competitions. The researchers recommended that it would be significant to continue implementing and developing the proposed program.


TTL (Translation Template Learner) algorithm learns lexical level correspondences between two translation examples by using analog-ical reasoning. The sentences used as translation examples have s i m i l a r and diierent parts in the source language which m ust correspond to the similar and diierent parts in the target language. Therefore these correspondences are learned as translation templates. The learned translation templates are used in the translation of other sentences. However, we need to assign conndence factors to these translation templates to order translation results with respect to previously assigned conndence factors. This paper proposes a method for assigning conndence factors to translation templates learned by the TTL algorithm. Training data is used for collecting statistical information that will be used in conndence factor assignment process. In this process, each template is assigned a conndence factor according to the statistical information obtained from training data. Furthermore, some template combinations are also assigned con-dence factors in order to eliminate certain combinations resulting bad translation.


An order recursive algorithm for minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimation of signals under a Bayesian model defined on the steering vector is introduced. The MMSE estimate can be viewed as a mixture of conditional MMSE estimates weighted by the posterior probability density function (PDF) of the random steering vector given the observed data. This paper derives an adaptive closed form Kalman-filter implementation that updates the weight vector by successive incorporations of data collected from additional array elements in the steering vector. The performance of the Bayesian beamformer is compared against several robust beamformers in terms of mean square error (MSE) and output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR)


The present invention relates to a process for varying a trait of monocot plants, wherein the process comprises the step of transforming a monocot plant with a recombinant plasmid containing an OsCc1 promoter and a desired nucleic acid.


The college students' basic differences in PE and their weakness in "three basics" resulting from improper high school PE teaching Present new reform topics about traditional FE teaching and "Optional Event" Based on the "credit system", the " system" teaching classification and evalua-tion model in the teaching management at the institution of higher Learning are intended for teaching reform, achievement of FE teaching goal and improvement of PE teaching quality. The fact show this teaching model is not only practical, but also effective.


A method for encapsulating the information in the database, the message may be divided into a plurality of hierarchical object entry in the database. Object hierarchy entries each of which can form part of a plurality of object layers with one layer of the object of having a predetermined hierarchical structure in the database. One or more pointers may be generated. Pointers specify at least one of a plurality of object hierarchy entry. Layer object entries may be stored in non-adjacent storage locations within the database. At least one of the plurality of object hierarchy entry is stored with the generated at least one pointer, the at least one pointer is stored with the pointer, as determined by the object hierarchy in a hierarchical higher level than the at least one object hierarchy entry the entry specifies the object hierarchy.


Aqueous extraction for protein isolation from oilseeds is a promising alternative to the conventional hexane-based solvent extraction widely used in the industry. However, during aqueous extraction, a stable oil-inwater emulsion is produced that results in decreased oil yield. We demonstrated the conversion of this aqueous extract into renewable hydrocarbons on 20%w/w Ni/C at 315 C and at an initial hydrogen headspace pressure of 1.95 MPa. Moderate yield (>50%) and selectivity (~70%) of hydrocarbons within the diesel range were obtained within 12 hours of reaction without additional external hydrogen input. It was also shown that a prolonged experimental run at 305 C can result in near-complete conversion of triacylglycerol oil into diesel-range hydrocarbons (70%) and oxygenates (9%) with selectivity of ~80%. Although the study demonstrates for the first time the possibility of integrating aqueous extraction of protein with renewable diesel production in a hydrothermal medium, the limitations and challenges experienced during this initial study justify additional work that is presently underway.


Human Rights and the Global Marketplace is the first U.S. textbook to focus primarily on economic, social, and cultural human rights and the implications of globalization for all human rights. The text is appropriate for law school, political science, and other classroom contexts as well as reference use. The book adopts both international and comparative approaches. It examines issues arising under the UN human rights system, regional systems, and the domestic implementation of human rights standards in jurisdictions as diverse as India, Venezuela, Jamaica, Europe, South Africa, and the United States. The many topics addressed include the philosophical, cultural, political, and religious foundations of rights norms; neo-liberal and, critical approaches to human rights; poverty and the justiciability of social and economic rights; the human rights implications of trade and development policy; the rights of indigenous peoples; racial, gender, and disability discrimination; the rights of children; and culturally-specific and universal approaches to rights.


Soil erosion threatens long-term soil fertility and food production in Q'eqchi' communities native to the Sierra Yalijux and Sierra Sacranix mountain ranges in the central highlands of Guatemala. Environmental factors such as steep topography, erodible soils, and intense precipitation events, combined with land subdivision and reduced fallow periods as a consequence of population growth, contribute to severe erosion and strain soil resources. The preservation of the region's cloud forests hinges on enhancing production of staple crops through agricultural intensification while maintaining soil fertility through implementation of soil conservation measures.


The aim of this research is to illuminate a circulatory system between community work and social capital and to understand the process of the change from a local community to a cooperation system. The roles of Korean community welfare have been limited to income security and provisi...


Objective To investigate the correlation of blood homocysteine level and carotid atherosclerosis degree in the patients with cerebral infarction.Methods 46 cases were determined patients with cerebral infarction and 40 healthy controls blood Hcy level and at the same time testing its blood fat,blood sugar and folic acid and vitamin B12levels,and the carotid artery color doppler ultrasound,record the number of carotid atherosclerotic plaque and the intimamedia thickness(IMT).Results Cerebral infarction of the blood of the group Hcy were significantly higher than those in the control group,serum folic acid and vitamin B12 were significantly lower than those of the control group,and there's no difference between the two groups in terms of blood sugar and blood fat level.According to the carotid artery color doppler ultrasound plaque,the cerebral infarction group is divided into the number of no plaques group,a single plaques group and multi plaques group.There's a difference between the Hcy level of the groups with a statistically significance(P0.05),and the differences of folic acid and vitamin B12 levels have no statistically significance.Blood Hcy level and IMT values are positively correlated with a statistically significance(P0.05),folic acid and vitamin B12levels and IMT values into negative relationship but was not statistically significant.Conclusions Hyperho mocysteinemia is one of the risk factors for the formation of carotid atheromatous plaque and it's also one of the causes to lead the rising of IMT value.


In this paper, we show that parameters of a neural network can have redundancy in their ranks, both theoretically and empirically. When viewed as a function from one space to another, neural networks can exhibit feature correlation and slower training due to this redundancy. Motivated by this, we propose a novel regularization method to reduce the redundancy in the rank of parameters. It is a combination of an objective function that makes the parameter rank-deficient and a dynamic low-rank factorization algorithm that gradually reduces the size of this parameter by fusing linearly dependent vectors together. This regularization-by-pruning approach leads to a neural network with better training dynamics and fewer trainable parameters. We also present experimental results that verify our claims. When applied to a neural network trained to classify images, this method provides statistically significant improvement in accuracy and 7.1 times speedup in terms of number of steps required for training. Furthermore, this approach has the side benefit of reducing the network size, which led to a model with 30.65% fewer trainable parameters.


Mn: 0.8 ~ 1.5 mass%, Cu: 0.05 ~ 0.20 mass%, Fe: a 0.3 to 0.7 containing a% by mass, and balance of Al and inevitable impurities battery current collector of aluminum alloy composed of a rigid foil, a total of the battery house and the aluminum alloy is 9 ~ 20μm thickness of the foil for light, and sub-grain is 30 or more in the thickness direction, and a tensile strength of 280 ~ 350MPa, also the elongation of more than 3.5%. With this configuration, high strength as well as being having excellent elongation.


Abstract : The potential for aggressive energy savings is achievable today. This discussion will look at setting and following through with goals working within financial constraints. We will also explore how new technologies help push the envelope for energy savings including better information flows and technologies. The key is putting the pieces together and aligning the technologies and the decision makers.


Free space optics (FSO) as an optical wireless communication gained great attention to manage the disaster problem by providing license-free highly secure transmission with low-cost deployment and high bandwidth. Besides all these, atmospheric turbulence-induced fading can become a major challenge for FSO systems as it affects their performance. This paper proposed a novel design for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) FSO and hybrid wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) with multiple beams FSO systems by considering the rain, fog, dry snow, scintillation loss, geometric loss, and Rytov variance over Gamma-Gamma distribution. The results are offered in the form of Bit Error Rate (BER), Quality Factor (QF), and Eye Diagrams.


Partial dynamic reconfiguration enables designs with increased functional density and lower power consumption, but on the other hand it increases the complexity of the design process. This paper describes a methodology and design flow for designs with dynamic reconfiguration in the DSP and control domain. The described design flow starts with a description in Matlab/Simulink that is converted to Handel-C and then compiled through VHDL to EDIF, and finally to FPGA configuration. The methodology and design flow are demonstrated on implementation examples with simple floating point IP cores targeting the Atmel AT94K FPSLIC device


The current study was aimed to find the effect of NAA on rooting of cuttings in Duranta erecta L. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Block Design (CRD) with 3 replications, including six treatments of various concentration of Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) solutions viz., 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm, 3000 ppm and control (without any treatment). Minimum days for sprouting (11.52 days), rooting percentage (85.63%), number of roots per cutting (8.15) and root length (9.56 cm) are recorded maximum NAA 3000 ppm. All the NAA treatments are on par with each other and significantly higher than control in survival percentage. From this experiment we conclude that, the rooting and survival capacity of hardwood stem cuttings of Duranta erecta under mist chamber conditions, can be improved by quick dipping of basal portion of cuttings on NAA with 3000 ppm concentration.


The widespread recognition that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) represents an important risk factor for motor vehicle accidents, which is reversed by successful therapy with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), has led to a revision of Annex III of the European Union (EU) Directive on Driving Licences. This directive was the result of recommendations from a Working Group established by the Transport and Mobility Directorate of the European Commission in 2012 (McNicholas, 2013). The new Directive, which is subject to mandatory implementation by all Member States from 31 December 2015, states:


This paper shows friction characteristics for a combination of automatic transmission fluids and a paper-based wet friction material measured in a low velocity region, which appears to be boundary lubrication regime and a rheological model for the boundary friction characteristics. For the positive slope friction characteristics obtained by friction tests, a numerical simulation using non-linear Maxwell model with Eyring viscosity element was carried out. Moreover, for the boundary film, the exceptive characteristics that cannot be explained by this rheology model could be explained by "phase change model" of boundary film. The friction in the rheology characteristics presented in this study is similar to the traction characteristics in hard EHL and the friction in ultra thin film.


riter identification is use a lot in forensic and biometric field. This proves that
entification has a wide variety of application, such as security, financial, forensic rs. The
purpose of this research is to compare activation functions for neural in order to develop
better performance of identification in writer identification. lt obtain from the testing
will be analyzed to determine which has better nce on writer identification. The two activation functions are sinusoidal n function and optimized sigmoid function. The
activation function is use to its weighted input signal and applying and output for better
classification. The ows that sinusoidal activation function has better performance compare to
the
d sigmoid function with 3.28798% accuracy higher than 1.52761% accuracy.


The immobilization tool is used to minimize the movement caused while doing irradiation, one of the immobilization tools is the Lower Extremity Positioning System (LEPS) which is used to minimize movement in the Pelvis area. This research was conducted at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Central General Hospital. The type of this research is analytics quantitative. This research used 15 samples with secondary data, which were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria's. The secondary data will be analyzed namely the consistency between the Set-Up value (Couch Position before verification) and the MVCT (Couch Position after verification) value using the Non-Parametric Wilcoxon statistical test, and evaluating the shifting values of X, Y and Z with tolerance standards from AAPM TG-148 which is 2 mm. The results obtained are based on statistical analysis of the Set-Up value with the MVCT results obtained that there is no significant difference, and based on the overall substance, the total that exceeds the tolerance of X coordinates is 92 times with a percentage of 68%, from Y coordinates that is 80 times with a percentage of 59%, from the Z coordinate which is 51 times with a percentage of 38% there is a shift that exceeds tolerance. The conclusion is that the results of MVCT verification still occur that exceed the tolerance standard so that LEPS is still not effective in preventing shifts that occur during radiation therapy.


Introduction: Esophagectomy is the main form of curative treatment for esophageal cancer and has a high morbidity rate. Neoadjuvant chemo(CT) or chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is employed to increase long-term survival. To improve perioperative care the effects of measures taken to improve surgical exposure i.e. one-lung ventilation (OLV) and the effects of adding radioto chemotherapy needs to be understood.


Abstract An integral part of many elastomer compounding recipes is the wax since it contributes significantly to the performance characteristics of the vulcanizate. Frequently the only quality control tests applied by the user are a simple melting point range and a percent insolubles. This work demonstrates two analytical techniques that can provide much improved quality control monitoring of waxes. Differential scanning calorimetry and gel permeation give not only data on the melting characteristics but also supply information on the chemical structure and size distribution of the waxes. Using these methods replacement waxes can be selected on a technically sound basis.


Two major techniques are used to embed pilots into data, time-division multiplexed (TDM) and superimposed (SIP). In this paper, we compare these two techniques in an informative consideration under time varying fading channels. Besides the ordinary SIP without dealing with the interference, we also study two different kinds of performance improved iterative SIP: interference subtraction (IS) and interference exploitation (IE). Using Wiener filtering and accounting estimation error, the capacity lower bounds and BER expressions are derived. Numerical results show that great potential benefits are brought by SIP if the interference is utilized properly. With this potential exploited, SIP shows great superior to PSAM, especially in high speed environments.


In pregnancy, if the woman has a cardiovascular disease, her fetus has an increased risk of inherited cardiac genetic disorders. Aim of this study was to evaluate electrocardiographic alternans (ECGA, $\mu V)$ of 23 pregnant women, comparing 12 mothers of fetuses with normal rhythm (Mum_NRF) and 11 mothers of arrhythmic fetuses (Mum_ArrF). ECGA is a noninvasive cardiac electrical risk marker able to reveal heart electrical instability. ECGA manifests in the ECG as P-wave alternans (PWA), QRS alternans (QRSA) and/or T-wave alternans (TWA). Analysis was performed by the enhanced adaptive matched filter method. ECGA distributions were expressed as: median (interquartile range). Comparisons were performed by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Although showing similar heart rate (Mum_NRF: 85 (19) bpm; Mum_ArrF: 90 (13) bpm), ECGA was higher in Mum_ArrF population than Mum_NRF one (PWA: 9 (7) $\mu V\ vs. 14 (14) \mu V;$ QRSA: 9 (10) $\mu V\ vs$ . 17 (16) $\mu V$, TWA: 12 (14) $\mu Vvs. 28(17) \mu V)$, but only TWA distributions were statistically different. Moreover, TWA was higher than in a female healthy population (on average $18\mu V)$in 70% of Mum_ArrF, vs. 33% of Mum_NRF. Thus, higher TWA in our Mum_ArrF seems to reflect a more unstable heart electrical condition of arrhythmic fetuses' mothers than normal-rhythm fetuses' mothers.


The equations governing monochromatic internal or inertial waves in an enclosed two-dimensional basin lead in two dimensions to a hyperbolic equation in spatial dimensions. The wave rays have a fixed slope with respect to gravity or the rotation axis, depending on the frequency of the wave as compared to the strength of the stratification and the rotation rate of the fluid. This angle is conserved on the wave's reflection at the boundary. The slope of the rays is denoted by κ. Depending on κ and the geometry, either all wave rays are periodic (standing wave), no characteristic is periodic, or there is a limited number of periodic orbits to which wave rays are 'attracted'. In this study, the boundary is formed by the convex part of a third degree curve. Depending on a parameter ε, this curve varies between a circle ( ε = 0) and a triangle ( ε = 2), for ε < 2 it is completely smooth. The axis of symmetry ( z-axis) is parallel to the direction of gravity/rotation axis, which are taken antiparallel. For the triangle and the circle the behaviour is well known: the corners of the triangle can attract wave rays, for the circle either all wave rays are periodic, or no wave ray is periodic, so that attractors do not exist. In the (κ, ε)-parameter space, investigation of the strength of convergence of characteristics yields Arnol'd tongues, stemming from ε = 0, broadening for increasing ε and finally all converging toκ = √3 for ε = 2. Tongues with attractors are bounded by values ofκ for which wave rays either connect the top and bottom of the boundary or connect its critical points, where the wave ray is directly reflected back onto itself. As compared to nonsmooth geometries, corners are a degenerate form of critical points. Only forκ = √3 all wave rays return back onto themselves for all values of ε due to an additional symmetry, resulting in standing wave behaviour. If the symmetry of the curve with respect to the z-axis is removed by rotating it, the ordering of the periods of successive attractors changes and there is no standing wave mode. A general criterion, based on first order perturbation theory, is derived that states whether attractors exist for geometries that are small perturbations of the circle. For the geometry under consideration, first order perturbation theory is inconclusive and second order perturbation theory is used to verify the existence of the strongest attractor and to describe the Arnol'd tongue for small values of ε. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 47.35. +i; 47.54.+r; 92.10.Dh


The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for coding and decoding an image. The apparatus for coding and decoding an image includes: a parameter calculation unit for calculating a brightness compensation parameter on the basis of at least one first pixel adjacent to the current block and second pixels adjacent to at least one movement anticipation block obtained using an anticipation movement vector; a target pixel sorting unit for sorting a target pixel for performing brightness compensation among the pixels within at least one anticipation block, wherein the target pixel is determined by the movement vector with respect to the present block using peripheral pixels adjacent to the at least one movement anticipation block; and an anticipation coding unit applying the brightness compensation parameter to the sorted target pixel to generate a compensation anticipation block with respect to the at least one anticipation block, thereby performing anticipation coding.


The parasitic shunt resistance, bias dependence of the photocurrent and phenomena causing a second exponential term in the current density ( J )-voltage ( V ) equation reduce the open circuit voltage, V oc , of illuminated solar cells below the ideal value predicted by the J - V equation having only a single exponential term. This study reports an approximate closed-from solution of the transcendental V oc equation which directly reflects these losses. The solution estimates V oc as a weighted parallel combination of the limiting V oc values corresponding to the domination of one of the several terms of the V oc equation. The solution allows quick design calculation of the V oc of a wide variety of cells in terms of all physical parameters, and provides insight into the influence of losses owing to various factors.


Differential scanning calorimetry has shown that the metastability of polymers is strongly modified by Rheomolding®. The thermally stimulated current technique has been applied to the characterization of conformational states in the amorphous phase. The corresponding enthalpic relaxations have been studied independently from the volumetric ones. Around the glass transition, Rheomolding has been found to enlarge the distribution function of the order parameter. Above the glass transition, the liquid-liquid transition is shifted towards lower temperatures. This modification is due to a spectacular decrease of the critical temperature from 40 to -22°C. This variation explains the observed improvement of impact strength in Rheomolded polystyrene.


The relation of acid production by bacteria present in the oral cavity to the etiology of dental caries has received attention for a long period (1). More recently a number of publications have described the kinds of aciduric organisms in oral cavities (2, 3), while others have assayed the frequencies with which various species occur (4, 5, 6). Considerable information has been accumulated regarding the nutritive factors necessary for the growth of bacteria of various species (7-12). For some organisms, such as Lactobacillus case, it has been shown that the quantity of acid produced is correlated with the process and the extent of growth (13). This relation has become the basis of analytical methods for measuring the quantities of certain vitamins (14) and amino acids (15) in artificial media. Quantitative data regarding the chemical factors necessary for the nutrition of any of the aciduric organisms present in the oral cavity are almost nonexistent. Hill and Kniesner (16, 17) have stated that pantothenic acid and dextrose are necessary for the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus. These are the only reports on the nutrition of oral bacteria of which we are aware. Therefore, it seemed desirable to acquire as much information as possible regarding the growth requirements of a typical microorganism from the human mouth for any contribution which such a study might make to the important problem of dental caries. It was thought too, that such an investigation might lead to information as to the usefulness of this microorganism in biochemical assay. For the initial study the organism selected was Lactobacillus acidophilus. The strain used has been identified bacteriologically and has been grown repeatedly on synthetic media in which the constituents are largely known chemical substances.


Use of an electronic ID card as a membership card, in particular as a loyalty card, in an affiliate program processing device, which of indentity card is provided with a first memory in which is stored a first identification number identifying a holder of the identity card and Assign ownership by a government body, which device comprises reading means arranged to read said first identification number stored in the first memory and means arranged for encrypting encrypts said first number to a enformer attibuee encrypted data to said holder, said means of encryption are connected to a second memory arranged to store said data encrypted attibuee said holder, which device comprises a profile generator said holder arranged to produce a series of profiles of the holder each time taking the choice of tit ular, wherein the profile generator is connected to the second memory which is arranged to store said series of profiles of the holder by associating it with the encrypted data to said attibuee holder.


In previous reports by the author, evidence was presented to show that the common malignancies of childhood may be heritable disorders controlled by genes in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Furthermore, i


Pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) is a waste product of pineapple cultivation. This fibre has potential as reinforcing fillers in thermosets, thermoplastics, and elastomers and exhibit excellent mechanical properties. However, PALF reinforced natural rubber has not been reported in literature. Therefore, the mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) reinforced rubber composite have been studied. The objectives in this study were to investigate the effect of fibre loading, addition of coupling agent and fibre treatment in rubber composite by comparing the mechanical properties. PALF and rubber were compounded in two roll mill machine and hot press to form composite sheet. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) was used as treatment agent and Vinyl trimethoxysilane (VTMO) as a coupling agent. The mechanical properties were analyzed by standard testing namely Tensile Test (ASTM D412) and Hardness Test (ASTM D2240). Tensile and hardness properties basically show improvement. Tensile strength decreased with increasing fibre loading. Meanwhile, hardness and the YoungÂ's modulus are increased with increasing fibre loading. Moreover, by the addition of coupling agent, tensile strength and hardness were improved. The results also showed that rubber composite filled with treated fibre had higher tensile strength and hardness than untreated fibre at similar loading.


Computers increasingly popular as entertainment by various parties, especially the children. Making an interactive fairy tale is aimed at helping a child to know the tales of domestic or foreign, other than that a child can also understand the basics of using the introduction of computer applications in manufacturing, the author uses Macromedia Flash Professional 8. The contents of this interactive fairy tale is illustrated tales that give voice to train checkers game whether a child truly understand the story.


In this paper, the bifurcated limit cycles from centre for a special three dimensional quadratic polynomial system and the Lü system are studied. For a given centre, the cyclicity is bounded from below by considering the linear parts of the corresponding Liapunov quantities of the perturbed system. We show that five limit cycles and two limit cycles can bifurcate from the centres for the three dimensional system and the Lü system respectively.


INTRODUCTION: Health professionals are in constant risk of developing burnout syndrome, a process that exhausts physical and emotional resources, create depersonalization and diminished personal accomplishment of treatment performance, generating a negative self-conception, loss of interest in patients and negative attitudes towards work. OBJECTIVE: To describe the burnout syndrome levels in collaborators of the Centro de Rehabilitacion Infantil Teleton Estado de Mexico, in relation with its three factors: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment. Also, to determine if there are significant differences between sex, years of service, shift, work area and clinic, regarding burnout level. METHODS: We investigated burnout syndrome in 243 professionals from different areas of a pediatric rehabilitation center. The Maslach Burnout Inventory was applied. RESULTS: Of the three factors, emotional exhaustion was the most frequent factor, since 56.79% presented this component with moderate or high levels. The work area is that with more significant differences, associated with emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment. CONCLUSION: Emotional exhaustion was the most common component of the burnout syndrome. We can infer that if the professionals of the health area are exhausted, if their needs are not met and their welfare is not seek, not also cater your needs and seeking their welfare, patients will not receive an optimal care.


The user interface is essential for making a successful application. Nonetheless, studies have shown that a large percentage of the software development effort can be dedicated to the interface, which is not a sustainable solution. The software industry invested in the creation of development tools to overcome this issue. There was a particular interest in model-based methodologies, since they reuse artefacts of the application's development to automatically create the interface. However the automation on these methodologies tend to have a negative impact on the interface and its implementation. The MODUS (Model-based Developed User Systems) approach is a solution for this problem. Its main premise is to assume that, for specific domains, the interface can be built from a description of the application data. The business models allow the creation of solid skeletons for the interface, which can be iteratively refined by the designer. The prototype was tested and proved to increase the efficiency, accuracy and quality of the interface implementation. From the computer engineer to the user interface enthusiast, MODUS may be your solution for a faster and easier interface development.


This article discusses the specifics of creative educational environment as a socio-cultural environment and conditions for personal development. The authors define the basic problems of creative interaction between a teacher and students in an educational process of a rural school, in which interests and values of an individual are a dominant component of meaningful learning activities.


ABSTRACT Latest research on karst waters in Slovenia and their significance In this paper an overview on recent research on karst waters in Slovenia is presented. In recent years a great emphasis was given to the investigation of water flow and transport in karst aquifers and questions regarding the protection of karst water. In paper, the results of a series of studies, such as tracer tests, GIS methods, hydrological time series analysis are discussed, as well as their contribution to the scientific knowledge. The results of the studies show that only continuous research of karst waters with the use of different investigation techniques is a guarantee for efficient protection of karst water, which is becoming strategically important natural resource.


....................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ........................................................................................... viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 Tactile Communication ................................................................................................... 2 Personality....................................................................................................................... 5 Linking Pectoral Fin Contact and Personality ................................................................ 7 Current Study ................................................................................................................ 10 Hypothesis 1.............................................................................................................. 11 Hypothesis 2.............................................................................................................. 11 Hypothesis 3.............................................................................................................. 11 Hypothesis 4.............................................................................................................. 12 CHAPTER II – MATERIALS & METHODS ................................................................. 13 Subjects and Facility ..................................................................................................... 13 Materials and Procedure ............................................................................................... 14 Pectoral Fin Contact Behaviors ................................................................................ 14 Personality Assessment ............................................................................................. 15 vi Data Analysis ................................................................................................................ 17 CHAPTER III RESULTS ............................................................................................... 20 Hypothesis 1.................................................................................................................. 21 Hypothesis 2.................................................................................................................. 22 Hypothesis 3.................................................................................................................. 23 Hypothesis 4.................................................................................................................. 24 CHAPTER IV – DISCUSSION........................................................................................ 29 Hypothesis 1.................................................................................................................. 29 Hypothesis 2.................................................................................................................. 30 Hypothesis 3.................................................................................................................. 32 Hypothesis 4.................................................................................................................. 33 Limitations .................................................................................................................... 34 Future Research ............................................................................................................ 36 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 38 APPENDIX A – Dolphin ICC Estimates .......................................................................... 39 APPENDIX B – Personality Questionnaire ...................................................................... 41 APPENDIX C – IRB Approval Letter .............................................................................. 43 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 44


The static exchange between the cobalt and cesium resinate and their ions in solutions of various concentrations was studied. It was found that the exchange equilib nium is more difficult to attain in the case of bivalent cobalt than in the case of the cesium monovalent ion. The dynamic exchange phenomena between Cs, Co (II), and Pr resinates in solutions containing their ions at various concentrations were followed in columns. The dynamic exchange in the case of Co(II) resinate and Co/sup 2+/ ions in the organic solvents acetone and alcohol was studied, and it was found that in the case of large amounts of the organic solvent (90 to 100%), the exchange is strongly decreased. The scheme of a probable mechanism is given. (tr-auth)


Insects are able to navigate through a wide variety of complex terrain by climbing and turning to overcome and avoid barriers; these are known as transitional behaviors. They do this through tactile and visual sensing of their environment using head sensors, the antennae and the eyes respectively. Sensory input is sent to the brain, processed, and used to direct appropriate actions in the legs. The specific area of the brain that controls transitional behaviors is not yet fully understood, and therefore of particular interest. Previous findings have suggested that the central complex (CC), a cluster of interconnected neuropils located on the midline of the protocerebrum (comparable to the cerebellum), is important in turning behaviors. Contact with a barrier can result in an imbalance of sensory information coming from the left and right antennae. In this study, it is hypothesized that the CC processes this information and sends descending instructions to the thoracic ganglia, a collection of sensory and motor neurons in the leg segments, which then directs the necessary leg movements to move around the barrier. The goal is to disrupt small regions of the CC to alter descending signals and affect transitional behaviors. Discrete electrolytic lesions were created in the CC of cockroaches of the species Blaberus discoidalis to damage specific brain regions, and the subsequent behaviors of the cockroaches were observed and compared to their performance in the normal state. Abnormal behaviors included those that affected walking, turning, and climbing. Some cockroaches displayed no abnormal behavior. Although all lesions were targeted to the CC, each lesion hit a different area of the brain, with some missing and some hitting within the CC. It was found that lesions in the CC caused significant abnormalities in turning and climbing behaviors, while those outside of the CC caused abnormal walking. Motor deficits varied in type and degree of severity depending on the exact lesion location. These results not only further demonstrate the role of the CC in locomotion, but also show that different regions within the CC have distinct effects on transitional behaviors.


The six-arm star-shaped amphiphilic block copolymers poly(e-caprolactone)-b-poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)(6sPCL-b-PHEMA) were prepared by a combination of ring-opening polymerization(ROP) and atom transfer radical polymerization(ATRP).The synthesis procedure was composed of three step reactions:First,6sPCL homopolymers were prepared via ring-opening polymerization of e-caprolactone by using dipentaerythritol with 6 hydroxyl functional groups as an initiator;Second,6sPCL was functionalized to get macroinitiator 6sPCL-Br for ATRP;Third,atom transfer radical polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate(HEMA) from the macroinitiator 6sPCL-Br was conducted by using copper(Ⅰ) bromide(Cu(I)Br) and 2,2′-bipyredine(Bpy) as catalyze system to synthesize the star block copolymer 6sPCL-b-PHEMA.Molecular structure of 6sPCL-b-PHEMA was confirmed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance(1H-NMR) and Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy.Thermal behavior and hydrophilicity of obtained 6sPCL-b-PHEMA were measured by DSC and water contact angle,respectively.The melting point(Tm),crystallization temperature(Tc) and crystallinity(Xc) of the 6sPCL-b-PHEMA were reduced with an increasing of the length of the PHEMA block until the polymers changed into amorphous,in addition,the hydrophilicity of the polymers increased visibly.


The cause of the improper trip of 4 pole circuit breaker was analyzed. A subsidiary power voltage is applied to solve the problem. It is proved in practice that this measure is feasible and effective.


With voters heading to the ballot box to decide whether the UK should remain within the European Union or not, Bob Ward writes that it is striking how the Vote Leave campaign has used the same tactics to deny the economic dangers of Brexit as lobbyists who refute the risks of climate change.


O ver the past two years the Journal has published more than a dozen articles about exercise in older people. Moreover, literally hundreds of articles have been published in the top medical and scientific journals throughout the past 10 years on the topics of exercise, aging, and health. Taken together, this body of literature supports the hypothesis that exercise, and, more broadly physical activity, is an important determinant of health and independence in old age. Several points regarding the relationship of exercise and aging have been established. First, there is strong experimental evidence to show that healthy older people can exercise safely and that regular exercise will improve measures of physical fitness such as aerobic power, strength, balance, and flexibility."?' Furthermore, there is accumulating evidence that frail, chronically ill older people are able to exercise and improve their physical fitness.:; Second, both experimental and observational studies affirm that older people who participate in an exercise program have improvements in risk factors (lipids, insulin resistance, bone density, etc.) for many of the major chronic diseases.T" Third, epidemiological evidence suggest that high levels of physical activity are associated with lower rates of incident adverse health outcomes such as physical disability, falls, hip fractures, and mortality.IO-14 Additionally, a recently published experimental study has shown that older persons assigned to one of several exercise programs had fewer falls than those in a control group. 15 Given the consistent evidence that exercise is good for older people, are there new areas of research to be pursued? The study by LaCroix et al. in this issue of the Journal is indeed a step forward.l" In their study, 1645 communitydwelling older adults, who were members of an HMO and did not have cardiovascular disease, were followed for a period of 4.2 years to determine if the total time spent walking in all activities was associated with a reduced rate of hospitalization for cardiovascular disease. The results showed that people who walked more than 4 hours per week were 31 % less likely to be hospitalized for cardiovascular disease than those who walked less than 1 hour per week. The association was present in both sexes, all age groups, and in people with physical limitations. One interpretation of these findings is that people who walked more, did so because they were healthier or that walking was a marker for participation in more vigorous exercise. However, the association of walking with decreased hospitalizations for cardiovascular disease persisted after adjusting for potentially confounding variables such as measures of health status, and the association was found in people who did not participate in vigorous physical activities.


This review summarizes recent information about the marginal costs for using Sweden's infrastructure and the relationship between the sum of marginal costs and charges for each mode. It is demonstrated that the tax on petrol used by private cars is higher than the marginal costs for emissions, accident risk and road wear and tear. The diesel tax is, on the other hand, not sufficient for internalization of heavy vehicles' externalities. Neither trains nor aircraft or ships pay for their marginal costs. For railways, this confirms previous observations that Swedish track user charges are low in an international context. Except for a low level of charges, several examples are given of the strong motives for differentiation of charges in time and geography. The rapid technical development makes the cost motive for not differentiating the charges increasingly irrelevant.