Part V of the Review analyses adaptation as a response to climate change. Climate is a pervasive factor in social and economic development – one so universally present and so deeply ingrained that it is barely noticed until things go wrong. People are adapted to the distinct climate of the place where they live. This is most obvious in productive sectors such as agriculture, where the choice of crops and the mode of cultivation have been finely tailored over decades, even centuries, to the prevailing climate. But the same is true for other economic sectors that are obviously weather-dependent, such as forestry, water resources, and recreation. It is also evident in how people live their daily lives, for instance in working practices. Adaptation will be crucial in reducing vulnerability to climate change and is the only way to cope with the impacts that are inevitable over the next few decades. In regions that may benefit from small amounts of warming, adaptation will help to reap the rewards. It provides an impetus to adjust economic activity in vulnerable sectors and to support sustainable development, especially in developing countries. But it is not an easy option, and it can only reduce, not remove, the impacts. There will be some residual cost – either the impacts themselves or the cost of adapting. Without early and strong mitigation, the costs of adaptation rise sharply. • Chapter 18 outlines key adaptation concepts and sets out an economic framework for adaptation. • Chapter 19 examines the barriers and constraints to adaptation identified in this chapter. It sets out how governments in the developed world can promote adaptation by providing information and a policy framework for individuals to respond to market signals. • Chapter 20 explores the particular issue of how developing countries can adapt to climate change. Developing countries lack the infrastructure, financial means, and access to public services that would otherwise help them adapt. The chapter shows the importance of support from the international community, and the need for investment in global public goods such as the development of resistant crops.


A discussion of a paper with the aforementioned title by Youd and Holzer, published in this journal (Volume 120, Number 6, June 1994), is presented. Discussers Scott and Hushmand examine the instrumentation at the Wildlife site in Imperial Valley, California, where two earthquakes shook the area in November 1987. Four transducers at the site provided unusual data, which the authors initially explained as a result of delayed pore pressure response. Since then, however, the authors have found a mechanism proposed by Zeghal and Elgamal (1994) that better explains the behavior of the transducers. Scott and Hushmand provide comprehensive discussion that discounts the piezometer and its response at Imperial Valley. Discussion is followed by closure from the authors.


"You'll find out here pretty soon I have PTSD" Examining how a Vietnam Veteran Copes With Trauma by Matthew L. Stockett, Master of Art Utah State University, 2015 Major Professor: Dr. Shane Graham Department: English This thesis is rooted in understanding trauma. Through a series of interviews with Zach Stockett, my grandfather and medical helicopter pilot in the Vietnam War, I identify his unique coping strategies. Zach uses humor, religious beliefs, and his ability to contribute meaningfully to the war effort to cope with the traumas he experienced. I drew from trauma theorists such as Maurice Halbwachs, Dori Laub, Cathy Caruth, Ruth Leys, Dominik LaCapra, and Marianne Hirsch to build a framework for understanding the different aspects of trauma that Zach experiences. On a personal level, these interviews provide insight into my own personal identity by seeing how Zach's coping strategies influence familial social relationships. On a larger scale, these interviews and experiences do not completely coincide with the national collective memory surrounding the Vietnam War. Because of this disparity between the accepted canon of Vietnam media and Zach's personal narrative, he did not feel the need to share. Veterans like Zach need an outlet to tell their stories because although they may not fit the national collective memory, they most certainly add to it and create a more accurate collective memory. Telling these stories also allows the veterans to work through their traumatic experiences.


3-Dimentional (3D) printers were first used in the early 1980's for the production of rigid materials such as polymers, ceramics and metals. Subsequently, this technology has started to be used in the fields of medicine, food and pharmacy. The food market is one of the most important sectors affecting the world economy in the first place. Nowadays, 3D printer has been successfully used in production of food products with complex production conditions. Important food components are lost due to the food processing technologies. 3D printers seem to have potential to prevent such losses in food products at high rates. Using 3D printers in foodstuffs, in addition to the production of 3D food in just one step, brings a different design quality to food. This technology has the ability to develop food in appearance, design, taste and structure as the consumer desires. Since the early 2000's, a wide sort of food products including chocolate, cheese, some cereal products, gels, dough and candies have been successfully produced by using 3D printers. On the other hand, it is also seen that safe and healthy foods can be produced with this technology. In the future it is clear that this technology will have a significant share in the economy market. It is predicted that 3D printers worldwide market shares of $ 3.7 billion in 2015 will exceed $6 billion by 2019. In this research, the current status of the 3D printer in the food industry and its future, the areas of use and the most commonly used printer types will be discussed.


This study evaluated the effects of topically applied axitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in an experimental model of corneal neovascularization (CNV).


A new Constructive Method for Four-Index Orientation of Hexagonal Crystals was drawn out based on four-index reciprocal lattice.The feasibility of this method was proved theoretically.


Civil Aviation passive coherent location system and method are disclosed. Receiver subsystem receives a reference signal transmitted from the transmitter uncontrolled. Receiver subsystem, a transmitter uncontrolled and sources, and also receives scattered transmitted signal scattered by airborne objects. The received transmission signal reaches the frequency difference is compared to determine the measurement difference such arrival time difference and the angle of arrival. From this measurement difference, the state estimation value of the object is determined. Previous state estimate may be updated by state estimate this to the obtained. Processing subsystem determines the measured difference and the state estimates.


In order to scientifically and reasonably select the field operation machinery in wheat-maize double cropping system, first, the selection evaluation index system was constructed through the existing national standards and industry standards. Then the selection evaluation model was established based on the improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. And the method of subjective weight and objective weight was used to overcome the drawbacks of the previous single weighting method that could not take into account the subject and object information of each indicator, and the weight value of each index was obtained in the evaluation system. Finally, the tillage process was used as an example, the field experiment was carried out to obtain the evaluation index value, and the model of selection evaluation was verified. The selection results of moldboard plough and rotary cultivator were as follows: the order of the comprehensive evaluation results of the moldboard plough results was ranked from high to low as 1LFK-435 (IIM), 1LFK-535 (IM), 1LF-342 (IIIM), 1LFT-445 (IVM), 1LFT-545 (VM), and the best machine type of the moldboard plough was IIM; the order of the comprehensive evaluation results of the rotary cultivator was ranked from high to low as 1GQKGN-240 (IIIR), 1GKNSM-250 (IVR), 1GKN-230K (IR), 1GKN-250K (IIR), 1GQKGN-220 (VR), and the optimal model of the rotary cultivator was IIIR. The experimental results showed that the results obtained by the evaluation model were in agreement with the local actual situation. The evaluation model will provide a scientific method for the selection of wheat and maize double cropping field operation machinery.
Keywords: wheat-maize double cropping system, agricultural machinery, parts selection mode, evaluation system, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, combination weight
DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20211404.6383

Citation: Zhang F, Chen T H, Teng S, Wang J J, Xu R L, Guo Z J. Model construction for field operation machinery selection and configuration in wheat-maize double cropping system. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2021; 14(4): 82–89.


The purpose of this paper is making the difference between Job-Changes handled by Public Employment Service and that handled by Private one clear by analyzing the data of Working Person Survey. Specifically, we note that whether features of individual characteristics and outcomes of Job-Change which contain changes of income, industry, occupation and firm-size are different. With results of analyses, we obtained mainly three findings as follows. First, the individual characteristic of those who is searching new job by Public Employment-service is obscure. Nevertheless, people who had changed their job by Public Employment-service are limited with specific characteristics which are less-education, less-income, and more aged. In contrast to this, people who are searching new job by Private Employment services and had changed their job by Private Employment-service are limited with specific characteristics which are younger and higher-education.Second, Job-change with using Public Employment-service causes industrial and occupational change more frequently than with using Private Employment-service. In addition, in the case of changing by Private Employment-service, possibility of changing to bigger firm was noticeably significant. Contrary with Public Employment-service, Firm-size slightly became smaller.Finally, Job-Change by Private Employment-service makes income mostly higher, but by Public Employment-service income likely to become smaller. This finding isn't different from what previous papers stressed. Although the new finding from our analysis is that if firm-size is same before and after the Job-Change, the income-effect of both Public and Private Employment-service are not found clearly.


We investigate the extent to which the azimuthally–averaged fields from a three‐dimensional, non‐hydrostatic, tropical cyclone model can be captured by axisymmetric balance theory. The secondary (overturning) circulation and balanced tendency for the primary circulation are obtained by solving a general form of the Sawyer–Eliassen equation with the diabatic heating, eddy heat fluxes and tangential momentum sources (eddy momentum fluxes, boundary‐layer friction and subgrid‐scale diffusion) diagnosed from the model. The occurrence of regions of weak symmetric instability at low levels and in the upper‐tropospheric outflow layer requires a regularization procedure so that the Sawyer–Eliassen equation remains elliptic. The balanced calculations presented capture a major fraction of the azimuthally–averaged secondary circulation of the three‐dimensional simulation except in the boundary layer, where the balanced assumption breaks down and where there is an inward agradient force. In particular, the balance theory is shown to significantly underestimate the low‐level radial inflow and therefore the maximum azimuthal‐mean tangential wind tendency. In the balance theory, the diabatic forcing associated with the eyewall convection accounts for a large fraction of the secondary circulation. The findings herein underscore both the utility of axisymmetric balance theory and also its limitations in describing the axisymmetric intensification physics of a tropical cyclone vortex. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society


The present invention discloses a data collection method and a system switching signal, comprises a voltage value of the switching signal of the inputted sequence is compared with the size of the N threshold voltage value; wherein, of N threshold voltage values of N predetermined threshold obtained by the digital to analog converter; N preset threshold in ascending order of a first threshold value, the second threshold value to the second threshold value N, extending to both sides of a first threshold value and the threshold value N threshold interval are composed of wiring fault condition , remaining between two adjacent threshold values were composed of the N-1 is the state of the switch threshold value interval, N being a natural number greater than 3; and when the voltage value of the switching signal is greater than equal to the threshold voltage value, the first level as the comparison value output; switching signal when the voltage value is less than the threshold voltage value, the second level as a comparative value output; wherein the total number of the comparison value is N; in accordance with a first level and / or the second level, the switching signal belongs is determined state threshold value interval.


Companies have been outsourcing software development activities at an increasing rate lately. The aim of this study is to find information to assist in the selection of software subcontractors, one of the initial steps in software outsourcing process. This study focuses on software outsourcing for research and development type of projects and addresses, how the nature of the project affects the selection of subcontractor. This study presents subcontractor analysis that is divided to three major parts being: company analysis, software process analysis and know-how related assessment. Offshore outsourcing is covered as a possibility for outsourcing software and special characteristics of offshore subcontracting are covered. The study also tries to assess, which types of projects are suitable for offshore outsourcing.


Starting from the chloride migration permeability and chloride diffusion depth test,the influence of SCC anti-chloride diffusion ability and the freeze-thaw damage on the chloride diffusion performance is studied.The results show it is notable that chloride diffusion performance and freeze-thaw damage ability from the SCC compared with concrete.The SCC are better improve reinforcement corrosion and concrete durability.


The article originates in a response to discuss 'How Is Anthropology Going?'. Perceiving a new pattern in the almost 90 years looking backward and forward from my own undergraduate training, I concentrate on the recurrent concept of human 'possibility'. Its changing referents are traced over four 20-year cycles, starting with Malinowski and Benedict (1920s and 1930s), moving to Gellner's Thought and Change (1965), Marcus and Fischer's Anthropology as Cultural Critique (1986), Graeber's Possibilities (2008) and Rabinow's Marking Time (2008). Particular attention is paid to the temporal horizons implied in the term and the forms of ethical, political and aesthetic agency one can infer from the orientations, tensions and attractions that horizons of possibility have inspired.


Markovic, in the first chapter, treats Cantor's celebrated continuum problem. After a thorough philosophical discussion there is a description of Godel's and Cohen's independence results. Unfortunately, due to the nature of these theorems, the proofs are rather sketchy and a more ambitious reader would have to consult some of the references for a more complete treatment. Godel's incompleteness theorems and Gentzen's proof of the consistency of arithmetic are dealt with in the second chapter. This chapter, written by Dosen, also mentions some recent independence results in arithmetic due to Kirby and Paris. The last two chapters are written by Mijajlovic. They give a rather complete account of Matijasevic's solution of Hilbert's tenth problem, and Robinson's approach to the seventeenth problem via model completeness, respectively. Some other recent applications of model theory are discussed as well. The book is written with care and in a lively expository style. Thus, it is likely to attract a sizable number of mathematics students to logic. In may opinion, the only drawback, aside from a rather obscure discussion of the foundation of mathematics in Chapter 3, is that it somewhat sacrifices details of proof for philosophical loquacity. This was perhaps necessary due to the wide range of the intended audience.


Prostate cancer (PC)‐related anxiety is associated with clinically significant declines in health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and psychological well‐being. This longitudinal study investigates course and predictors of PC‐related anxiety in long‐term PC survivors treated by radical prostatectomy (RP).


In this paper I provide evidence that initial occupational assignments a¤ect the ability revelation of young workers in the labor market. Di¤erences in employer learning about worker's ability carry two implications: First, the growth in wage dispersion with experience will di¤er across initial occupations; Second, the growth in the coe¢ cient of a variable that employers initially do not observe, such as the Armed Forces Quali…cation Test (AFQT) score, will also vary across occupations. Empirically, I …nd that occupations with high growth in the variance of residual wages over the …rst ten years of the worker's career are also the occupations with high growth in the AFQT coe¢ cient. In contrast, the results for occupations with low growth in the variance of residual wages suggest that employers have learned about the worker's AFQT score at the time of hire. I also investigate the informational role of race across occupations. The coe¢ cient on the Black variable in occupations with low growth in the residual variance is positive and decreases over time, but the racial gap widens over time in occupations with high growth in the residual variance. These results have implications for di¤erent topics in labor economics, such as occupational mobility, and the signaling value of education. JEL Codes: J24, J31, J71, J62


The increased need to use distance and online forms of training in the modern world forces teachers to seek, develop and use new and diverse teaching models. The pursuit of adequate fair assessment of students' knowledge and skills, their active participation in the learning process, their independent work on projects and case studies has also posed new challenges for teachers. The article presents models for hierarchical multicomponent assessment of students, aimed at comprehensive assessment of various thinking skills of high and low order, theoretical knowledge and practical skills, etc. A fuzzy evaluation approach is used to formalize the assessor's subjective logic.


Coastal policy in the Netherlands is characterised by three scale levels. The smallest scale is aimed at the preservation of safety agaisnt flooding by maintaining a minimum dune strength; the middle- and large scales at preservation of sustainable safety and of functions in the coastal zone by maintaining the coast line, respectively the sand volume in the coastal foundation. The definition of three scales basically implies a pro-active approach, based on the idea that the larger scale sets boundary conditions for the smaller scale. This pro-active approach appears to be succesful: nourishments since 1990 not only have resulted in maintaining the coast line, but also in an extension of the dunes, contributing to an increased safety against flooding. The succes has been achieved by a yearly nourishment volume of 12 Mm3.
Recent studies have indicated the need to upscale the yearly averaged nourishment volume. A recent update of the sediment balance of the coastal foundation shows a negative total of ca. 20 Mm3 per year; so apparently 12 Mm3 nourishments per year is insufficient to maintain the total active sand volume of the system. Besides, in a study on future adaptation options to climate change in the Netherlands, the authoritive Deltacommissie (2008) even recommends a raise of nourishment budgets up to 85 Mm3/year until the year 2050, taking into account an ultimate worst case scenario of a sea level rise of 13 cm in 2100.
To investigate innovative ways of nourishing larger volumes of sand, a Pilot project Sand Engine has been developed. The pilot implies a mega-nourishment of approximately 20 Mm3 (~ 10000 m3/m) on the coast of Holland, between Hook of Holland and The Hague. In the design phase of the pilot, a morphodynamic Delft3d model has been used to calculate morphological effects of several alternatives. The Environmental Impact Assessment EIA has decided on a shore attached cross shore bar with a length of ca. 1.5 km, as the preferent alternative. Implementation is planned for 2011, starting december 2010.


cently observed 1;, Oph using the new combination of the long camera and the CCO detector. Although 1;, Oph is quite bright, and the column density of CH is quite high the equivalent width of the CH R, (1) line is expected to be only about 0.005 mA. Using a spectral resolution of 150,000, such a line would require a signal-to-noise in the stellar continuum of 10,000 : 1 for a 2 standard deviation detection. Needless to say, this is a very difficult project and the results will depend critically on the details of CCO performance. Even if we don't detect the line, we feel confident that we can provide a useful upper limit on TeBR at 0.559 mm that will serve to constrain the models for the thermal history of the Universe.


The invention discloses a low-temperature refrigeration control device of a single-phase motor in an air conditioning unit, which comprises a motor control module, a first pressure switch and a second pressure switch, wherein the closed pressure valve value of the first pressure switch is higher than that of the second pressure switch; an N-wire interface of the motor control module is connected with zero line and the zero line interface of the motor driving an outdoor blower; an L-wire interface is connected with a fire line; an HF interface and an LF interface are respectively connected with a high speed/low speed running control port of the motor; a PS1 interface and a PS2 interface are respectively connected with one ends of the first pressure switch and the second pressure switch, and the other ends of the first pressure switch and the second pressure switch are connected in parallel and connected with the COM interface of the motor control module; and the low-temperature refrigeration control device controls the rotating speed of the motor by collecting the air pressure value at the outlet of a condenser, and leads the pressure of condenser to fluctuate in a normal range, thus avoiding dangerous conditions of incomplete evaporation of the system, frosting or even frost cracking of an evaporator and the like caused by over-low condensing pressure due to low temperature, and improving the running conditions of low-temperature refrigeration of the air conditioning unit.


Flume experiments demonstrated that bones had varying hydraulic transport potentials depending on whether the bones were wet or dry, articulated or disarticulated when placed into a water flow. Dry and articulated bones demonstrated the greatest transport potential, while wet and disarticulated bones demonstrated the least. The velocity at which bones were transported was plotted against a range of attributes such as the shape, weight, volume and density of the bones with varying degrees of success. Although several attributes did prove to be significant as indicators of bone transport potential, no single attribute emerged as more useful than another.


The current crisis in the Maldives can be seen as an opportunity for India to regain its lost influence in the country, and subsequently in the region. Although challenges are far greater than opportunities writes Sarral Sharma.


This article describes for the first time the fabrication of an asymmetric device, which is based on negative Ti3C2Tx (MXene)–multiwalled carbon nanotube (MCNT) electrodes and positive polypyrrole (PPy) coated MCNT electrodes. The approach involves the feasibility studies of new strategies for achieving enhanced electrochemical performance of high active mass (AM) MXene electrodes. Good material performance at high AM of 35 mg cm−2 is linked to the application of multifunctional chelating dispersants for co-dispersion of Ti3C2Tx and MCNT and advanced water insoluble hydrophilic binders. The experimental results reveal the effect of the chemical structure of the dispersants and binders on electrode performance. Another important finding is the ability of achieving high capacitance of PPy-coated MCNT positive electrodes in a complementary potential range. The analysis of cyclic voltammetry data in Na2SO4 electrolyte for Ti3C2Tx–MCNT electrodes shows areal capacitance of 1.93 F cm−2 which is substantially higher than literature results for pure Ti3C2Tx and Ti3C2Tx composites. Moreover, high capacitance is obtained at much lower electrical resistance. Especially important is the possibility of achieving higher capacitance equal to 0.94 F cm−2 for the asymmetric supercapacitor in 0–1.6 V window, compared to literature data for symmetric supercapacitors with significantly lower capacitances in smaller voltage windows.


The effect of a physical training course of 1-2 month duration using cycloergometer with the intensity of VO2 max 60%, 30 min per day was observed in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients. The results showed a decrease of plasma glucose and insulin levels, sigma PG and sigma IRI and an improvement of blood lipid constitution. These were accompanied by a decreased erythrocyte insulin receptor binding rate and a reduction of receptor binding sites of both high and low affinity receptors.


Natural fibers reinforced composites represent a sustainable alternative to synthetic polymer-based materials. However, natural fibers are susceptible to fungal degradation which reduces the lifespan of the composites in use. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of biochar (BC) on improving the resistance to fungal decay of polylactic acid (PLA) and hemp-PLA composites. The influence of incremental BC loadings (0, 5, 10, and 20 wt%) on physiological and morphological properties of the composites was evaluated. Weight loss, color stability, microscopic observations, and water contact angle measurements were performed during and after 5-months of exposure to white (Trametes Versicolor) and brown (Fomitopsis Betulina) rot fungi. We found that the addition of 10 wt% BC decreased the total weight loss in PLA and hemp-PLA composites by 93% and 34%, respectively in the case of exposure to white rot and by 66% and 83%, respectively in the case of exposure to brown rot as compared to neat PLA. BC addition improved the color stability of the composites. The color change in hemp-PLA samples loaded by 10 wt% of BC decreased by 44% and 37%, in the case of exposure to white and brown rots, respectively as compared to hemp-PLA reference. Moreover, samples containing BC (5 wt% and 10 wt%) had higher gloss after the decay test among all other samples. Micrographs revealed that white and brown rots invaded the surface of the composites at the beginning of the incubation period and then accessed the interior of the materials. Micro-cracks occurred in samples containing hemp fibers which enabled the fungi to invade the internal structure of the composites. At the same time, fungi grew on the surface of samples without hemp fibers except for PLA with 20% BC content which had a porous surface that allowed fungi to access the interior. The hydrophobicity of all samples increased during the first 3 months of the incubation and then decreased again by the end of the incubation as the surface of the composites started to be damaged. Our study provided a novel direction of BC as an organic additive in bio-composites. Uncovering the potential of BC in improving the resistance to fungal decay of natural fibers-reinforced composites paves the way for BC's utilization as a renewable additive in various applications such as bio-based packaging materials.


This study examines the experiences of women who work in the meat industry. Drawing from symbolic interaction and standpoint theory frameworks, this research focuses on how gender, race, and nationality influence work experiences and family life for women in comparison to men in the meat industry. This study is based on 15 in-depth interviews with men and women who work in management positions and in the processing rooms of meat companies where non-human animals are disassembled in the production of food. Data collection and analysis were performed using grounded theory methods of inquiry. Participants' stories highlight women's experience in adapting to the organizational culture of the meat industry, strategies of survival in everyday life in the organization, and the conflict between work and family. While women in management positions discuss the process of fitting into the maledominated organizational culture, women in the processing room experience gender segregation and inequality that prevents moving into the men's world of processing management, a separation that is built into the structure of the facility. This study contributes to the literature on work in the meat industry as well as the sociological research on gender and work, race and ethnicity studies and research on the family.


ZrB2 particles were synthesized by a Sol-Gel method using zirconium n-propoxide, boric acid, acetic acid and D-fructose. D-Fructose acts as both a modifier and a carbon source for carbothermal reduction reaction. For com- parison, both nascent state gel and aged gel were used to clarify the aging-time-dependent mechanism for ZrB2 synthe- sis. As a result, a single phase ZrB2 powder with a uniform size and shape distribution can be obtained from the aged gel with a boron and carbon to zirconium molar ratio of 3.5-4 and 7, respectively, after reduced at 1550 ℃ for 2 h. Besides, the synthesized ZrB2 particles exhibit prism-like morphology with average particle size of ca. 4-7 μm in length, 1 μm in diameter of excircle of the cross-section and 4-7 in aspect ratio, when initial raw materials ratio n(B)/n(Zr) is 3.5-4 and n(C)/n(Zr) is 7. The median diameter D50 is 6.46 μm and specific surface area is about 2.53 m 2 /g. Furthermore, a complete carbothermal reduction of ZrO2 can be achieved using the aged gel.


Abstract The use of lipophilic compounds in the study of signal transduction and other cellular processes is often complicated by the need to deliver compounds that are minimally soluble in water to cells in culture. A typical approach is to dissolve the lipophilic compound at high concentration in organic solvent and then to dilute the solvent in aqueous medium. However, such an approach usually results in precipitation of the compound in the aqueous medium and may minimize delivery of the compound to cells. Three techniques to keep the lipophilic compound In a nonprecipitated and stable form that will be readily available to the cells are described. They involve the use of protein carriers, liposomes, and emulsions. Particular attention is given to the use of emulsions, since this technique combines the advantages of a high capacity for lipophilic compounds, ease of assembly, and minimum contact between the lipophilic compound and water. Although the techniques differ with respect to the mechanics of combining the compound and the carrier, they all consist of a two-phase system dependent on partitioning between the carrier and the cells. Due to the need to take partitioning into account, all of these techniques differ from homogeneous solution-phase delivery. Therefore, in addition to descriptions of the techniques, criteria for both experimental design and analysis of data generated using two-phase systems are presented. In combination, the use of methods appropriate for delivery of lipophilic compounds to cells and the application of relevant calculations and analytical procedures provide the means necessary for design and Interpretation of experiments using lipophilic compounds.


A Multi-Zone Radiation method was employed in a conceptual simulator of gas turbine combustion chamber, which is configured as tubular, reverse flow and no film cooling, and equiped with a lean, premixed, low swirl and low Nox burner. Such simplified simulator is typically used for conceptual trade-off and optimization studies during the pre-design phase, when there is no experimental data available and when the number of runs can reach the order of hundreds or more. In the standard procedure, the convection heat fluxes of the annulus passage and combustion chamber liner are approximated by semi-empirical correlations; the thermal radiation flux is estimated by use of viewing factors between adjacent zones only; the heat conduction is estimated by a one-dimensional model. However, the present paper introduces a more accurate and theoretically rigorous estimation of the radiative heat transfer by adopting a Multi-Zone Method. The numerical code inputs are: the geometry; the flame burnout profile at the combustion region; and the mass fluxes through the dilution holes and the burner. The main outputs of the simulator are the average temperature and heat fluxes by conduction, radiation and convection of each zone. The present modeling strategy enabled the authors to assess the basic design characteristics of a conceptual model of combustion chamber, such as its length, its inlet air temperature, its combustion region equivalence ratio, its flame burnout profile, and its wall emissivities. Finally, it has advantages over the simplified radiation models because it takes into account the effects of temperature, burn-out and composition variations of all zones on each zone and vice-versa.Copyright © 2011 by ASME


Amy Gallant Sullivan, cofounder and executive director of TFOS, discusses what went into creating the DEWS II report with Optometry Times Chief Optometric Editor Ernie Bowling, OD, FAAO, at ARVO 2017 in Baltimore, MD.


Let Xn denote the space of all n × n matrices and Yn ⊂ Xn its subspace consisting of all n × n symmetric matrices. In this paper we will prove that a projection Pa : Xn → Yn given by the formula Pa(A) = A+A 2 is a minimal projection, if the norm of matrix A is an operator norm generated by symmetric norm in the space R. We will show that the assumption about the symmetry of the norm is essential. We will also prove that this projection is the only minimal projection if our operator norm is determinated by the l2 norm in the space R.


The real basis for Deng Xiao-ping's international strategic thought can be briefly summarized as follows:tendency of the development of the international situation late in 1970's ,setting a limit to dispute concerning ideology,the needs of socialist modernization of China and acting according to China's national strength.


A B ST R A C T Strychnos potatorum (Clearing nut), an important medicinal plant used in the traditional and folk medicine for treating several aliments including microbial infections, diarrhoea and diabetes. Some of its pharmacognostic studies such as fluorescent, organoleptic, ash and mineral contents of root, stem bark and seed (both collected and market) , and GC- alkaloid profiles of seed have been investigated. Considerable colour variations in the fluorescent behaviour of raw drugs were observed. The highest yields were obtained for the aqueous extracts followed by ethanol, petroleum ether and chloroform extracts. The colour of the extracts thus obtained have from ivory to dark brown and bitter to pungent bitter in taste. Higher values of the total ash and insoluble acid contents were recorded for the stem bark, followed by root and seed samples. Considerable amounts of iron and copper found in all parts of the plant. However, lead, a toxic element was found in trace amount in the market seed sample. Further, the GC-alkaloid profiles of seed samples have shown significant variation in terms of percent area of peaks. Furthermore, the co-TLC study has revealed the absence of strychnine and brucine from the seed sample.


Inappropriate use of antibiotics is a public health concern that promotes antibiotic resistance globally. This study aimed to investigate the patterns of antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in Jordan to encourage judicious antibiotic prescribing.


Prestressed hollow as the level of load-bearing elements in the architecture has been widely used.Over time,the prestressed hollow aging slab needs urgent reinforcement construction.In this study,compared are various reinforcements through mechanical analysis,control analysis and engineering examples.The results show that the paste on prestressed hollow steel beam reinforcement,the structure of the deflection reaching L/400,meet regulatory requirements,and this method is simple in construction,which heightens bearing capacity.


This article present the Gottlob Frege's conception of argument, truth and significance. The thought relation with truth or the meaning and reference. Argumentation, truth and significance, a current theme over the times, is an subject intrinsic to the logic and linguistic activity, ubiquitous in all spheres of human life. The theories are diverse, but all contribute to the understanding of argumentative practice, its strategies and provide the fundamental elements in identifying the mechanisms, techniques and intentions of argumentation. At the end of this article, is presented a Study of Case about the implications of argumentation in social media discourse


The main idea of this research is to study fibrewise pairwise soft forms of the more important separation axioms of ordinary bitopology named fibrewise pairwise soft T0 spaces, fibrewise pairwise soft T1 spaces, fibrewise pairwise soft R0 spaces, fibrewise pairwise soft Hausdorff spaces, fibrewise pairwise soft functionally Hausdorff spaces, fibrewise pairwise soft regular spaces, fibrewise pairwise soft completely regular spaces, fibrewise pairwise soft normal spaces and fibrewise pairwise soft functionally normal spaces. In addition we offer some results concerning it.


The objectives of labour dispute resolution are, and have for a long time been, speed, accessibility (in terms of geographical location, cost and relatively simple procedures) and legitimacy (which derives from representivity in the dispute resolution body, certainty and expertise). The raisons d'etre for these are fairly obvious: neither employers nor employees (especially those recently dismissed) can afford delays and they do not have an intimate knowledge of legal processes. Labour dispute resolution bodies have an important role to play in maintaining an appropriate balance between the rights and interests of employers and employees while maintaining relatively healthy industrial relations with minimal resort to self-help.
This contribution aims to critically examine the dispute resolution institutions and processes established by the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (the LRA) in order to assess the extent to which they have realised the objectives of promoting healthy industrial relations.We deal with the examination of these institutions in two parts: in the first, Craig Bosch deals with conciliation and arbitration in the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (the CCMA); and in the second, Anton Steenkamp deals with the labour court.


Epilepsy is a neurological disorder affecting a large scale of the population, which accounts for about 1% of the world's burden of diseases. A large number of agents called antiepileptic drugs are available to treat various types of seizures with the objective to reduce seizure frequency and severity within a framework of an acceptable level of side effects. There are number of drugs available for treatment of epilepsy in modern therapy. But the major disadvantage being faced is their chronic side effects. Treatment of epilepsy with herbal drugs as adjuvant seems to be more beneficial and is gaining more popularity due to their fewer side effects. Herbal drugs are acting at target site having same mechanism of action as that of synthetic drugs. There is still a need for new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), may be derived from natural sources, as the clinical efficacy tolerability, toxicity properties of existing synthetic AEDs may not be satisfactory. This review focuses on the use of natural products for control of epilepsy.


Orthogonal space-time coding techniques can significantly improve system performance through the use of transmit diversity strategy and the space-time coding schemes.However,the effective signal detection must be carried out with the accurate channel state information(CSI) in receiver.As for the complex wireless communications environment,sometimes this precondition is difficult to be met.Therefore,Sphere decoding algorithm can be used in the blind detection of orthogonal space-time coding system to solve this problem very well.Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the solution can decrease the system complexity caused by the channel coefficient of the coherent detection and cost.


Discovering and using valuable and meaningful data which is hidden in large databases can have strategic importance in the managerial decision making process for organizations to gain competitive advantage. With the increasing data flow, it has become more difficult for organizations to store this data and gain useful knowledge to manage their business operations and functions. Knowledge discovery process that is based on data mining methods has widely been used in business operations and management functions.This paper investigates formal concept analysis which is a powerful tool in knowledge representation and discovery and explains association rule mining based-on formal concept analysis. An experimental study is given for employee selection function ofHRM by using formal concept analysis method to model the qualifications of candidates which are needed for the job position. The qualifications of the candidates are modelled with concept lattices and the qualifications of the candidates are matched with the ones determined in the job specification.


Establish symmetrical curve hysteretic forming system model containing slowly varying parameter, solve and analyze by adopting asymptotic method, and carry on experimental study by utilizing specially designed indoor small vibrating forming organization. Compare theoretical data with experimental data. The analysis indicates that in condition of relatively small forming model the influence of vibration mass of materials on the system is little; the system resonance curve may offset as change of material rigidity and damping parameter, and the vibrating frequency changes; changing vibrating amplitude and frequency of the vibration generator to further change exciting force may increase material forming efficiency.


INTRODUCTION TO THIS VOLUME Women are a minority in prison. Currently, of the 10.35 million prisoners worldwide, 6.8% is female and their number is rapidly growing. Due to the comparatively low number of female inmates, prison policies have traditionally developed in response to the behavior of men. Little consideration has been given to the impact of those policies on women. Research on women in prison demonstrates, however, that female prisoners diverge from their male counterparts in that (i) they generally end up in prison for different reasons and, once in prison, (ii) they have other needs. For example, women are more frequently incarcerated for drug-related offences and less for violent crimes than men, women have an increased sensitivity to a whole range of mental problems and women rarely need the excessive security measures that many male prisoners require. The fact that prison systems are male-oriented, in combination with the different needs of female prisoners, raises questions as to the efficiency of current systems. Generally, prison policy has to work towards the goals of imprisonment, such as serving a sentence (including retribution), rehabilitation, re-socialization and deterrence (general and special prevention), and incapacitation. Yet the approach to attain these goals may be different in the case of women. Meanwhile, not only efficiency matters require attention with regard to women in prison, human rights concerns may be raised as well. Women in prison are a vulnerable minority. Other (or more) than men, they may have to deal with hygiene needs related to reproductive health, motherhood, lack of financial resources, intimidating male staff, abusive (ex-)partners and other gender-specific matters. The 2010 United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (Bangkok Rules) - the central theme of this volume - address both human rights matters and efficiency issues relevant to women in prison. The Bangkok Rules, for example, prohibit the use of instruments of restraint on women in labor (human rights), but also promote non-custodial measures for women, in order to fuel re-socialization (efficiency). Contained in a General Assembly resolution, the Bangkok Rules enclose soft law, in the words of the resolution "global aspirations … addressed to prison authorities and criminal justice agencies." However, as this volume demonstrates, many of the Bangkok Rules have already been implemented on a global level.


Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) is the core of medical information system in hospital. EMRs arises from the medical institution, and large amount of clinical data generated every day. Due to the EMRs contains many medical entities and clinical information of the patient, by analyzing and mining the texts data, medical knowledge which closely related to patients or certain diseases can be obtained. In this paper, we ues the EMRs of patients with Esophageal Carcinoma(EC), which include the clinical symptoms of the patients, tests they have undergone, results of the examinations, and the diagnosis and treatment plan. In this paper, word vector training is carried out for large-scale electronic medical record corpus by means of the skip model of word2vec deep learning tool. Then applying the features data to the k-means clustering algorithm to identifying medical entities about EC by word clustering. As the first step of medical knowledge mining, medical entity recognition is the premise of extracting the semantic relationship implied in medical text and structuring EMRs.


IL-13 and IL-4 are central T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines in the immune system and potent activators of inflammatory responses and fibrosis during Th2 inflammation. Recent studies using Il13ra1−/− mice have demonstrated a critical role for IL-13 receptor (IL-13R) α1 in allergen-induced airway responses. However, these observations require further attention especially because IL-4 can induce similar lung pathology to IL-13, independent of IL-13, and is still present in the allergic lung. Thus, we hypothesized that IL-13Rα1 regulates IL-4-induced responses in the lung. To dissect the role of IL-13Rα1 and the type I and II IL-4Rs in experimental asthma, we examined lung pathology induced by allergen, IL-4, and IL-13 challenge in Il13ra1−/− mice. We report that IL-13Rα1 is essential for baseline IgE production, but Th2 and IgE responses to T cell-dependent antigens are IL-13Rα1-independent. Furthermore, we demonstrate that increased airway resistance, mucus, TGF-β, and eotaxin(s) production, but not cellular infiltration, are critically dependent on IL-13Rα1. Surprisingly, our results identify a CCR3- and IL-13Rα1-independent pathway for lung eosinophilia. Global expression profiling of lungs from mice stimulated with allergen or IL-4 demonstrated that marker genes of alternatively activated macrophages are differentially regulated by the type I and type II IL-4R. Taken together, our data provide a comprehensive mechanistic analysis of the critical role by which IL-13Rα1 mediates allergic lung pathology and highlight unforeseen roles for the type II IL-4R.


Based on the published sequences of the Salmonella pullorum fliC gene in GeneBank,a pair of primers was synthesized.A Salmonella strain and other three non-Salmonella strains were extracted DNA and detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR).Through sensitivity testing,the results showed that the Salmonella specific PCR product occurred 600bp band,rather than others did not occur,which proved the primers were specific.PCR can detect more than 50pg DNA.Using the above techniques,10 feed samples and 12 suspected disease samples were determined by PCR,the results showed that the positive detection rate and sensitivity higher than conventional detection methods.Thus,PCR detection of Salmonella is a rapid,sensitive and highly specific diagnostic method.


This paper is concerned on the stabilization problem of continuous-time switched systems with random switching signal where the dwell time in each subsystem consists of a fixed part and random part. New sufficient conditions for stabilizing controllers including mode-independent case are provided in terms of LMIs, which could be solved directly. Finally, a numerical example is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.


Engineering programs commonly utilize ethics case studies as the basis for student discussions. Measuring the student learning resulting from the case study process is often very subjective and difficult to quantify. The Engineering Professional Skill Assessment (EPSA) was created as a direct method for eliciting and measuring ABET professional skills such as ethics. EPSA is a performance assessment consisting of: 1) a 1-2 page scenario about a contemporary, interdisciplinary engineering problem 2) a discussion period where a small group of students are asked to address a series of leading questions about the scenario; and 3) an analytical rubric which is used to evaluate the students' discussion. The EPSA project is currently in the third year of a four year National Science Foundation sponsored validity study. As part of this study the team of researchers has applied EPSA to test groups of students at Washington State University, the University of Idaho, and Norwich University. As a result of the work done on the validity study, faculty members from Norwich University who were not part of the project team were introduced to the EPSA method. These faculty members have independently started to utilize aspects of the EPSA method in their courses. This paper describes how the EPSA scenarios and EPSA rubric are being used in the "Ethics" section of a senior level "Professional Issues" course for engineering students. The EPSA Rubric provides a standardized means to evaluate the quality of student discussions and to help make the evaluation of students' work more consistent between the multiple sections of the course.


A network model for penetration state diagnosis based on the signal characteristics of arc sound in MIG welding is developed by recombining and improving artificial neural network,wavelet transform,and genetic algorithm.The arc sound signals,which are denoised by using wavelet transform and extracted by the frequency-band energy characteristics via wavelet packet decomposition and reconstruction,are used as the input eigenvectors of the wavelet neural network model,the genetic algorithm which has the ability of global optimization is adopted to dynamically modify the network structure and parameters and eliminate the rate tardiness of neural network training and relapse into local extremum,and then the complex nonlinear modeling and data mining are accomplished.The penetration state diagnosis result of the trained network model verifies the feasibility and validity of the modeling methods.


A method to solve such a problem that plasma will not ignite in restarting operation of a processing container that has not been operated with the inside kept drawn to vacuum. Gas containing oxygen is passed in a processing container (21), and ultraviolet light is irradiated to the gas while gas inside the processing container (21) is being discharged. After that, a remote plasma source (26) is driven to ignite plasma.


The present invention relates to an automatic guidance system using the RFID, to the user to recognize the user to the desired auditory useful information without the help of another person to time and location, it is an object visually. The present invention to accomplish this is to be installed on the target sought to be obtained the information, while receiving the electromagnetic wave transmitted from the outside to the antenna and to the electromagnetic wave in power of RFID code transmitter and the RFID code for transmitting a predetermined RFID code stored in the integrated circuit received in the storage medium that stores the user's answers to the RF receiver, and a variety of information to the query of the destination for the destination for converting a binary number, a sound reproducing and outputting the reproduced voice information for each destination stored in the storage medium device, and 2 searches for a file corresponding to the RFID code which is converted to a binary number transmitted from the storage medium is close to the RFID code transmitter installed on the target sought to be obtained the information to a control unit for output to the audio information through a sound reproducing device If it has done by a guide device for outputting the audio information corresponding to the RFID code.


The COVID-19 crisis has emphasized the need for scientific methods such as machine learning to speed up the discovery of solutions to the pandemic. Harnessing machine learning techniques requires quality data, skilled personnel and advanced compute infrastructure. In Africa, however, machine learning competencies and compute infrastructures are limited. This paper demonstrates a cross-border collaborative capacity building approach to the application of machine learning techniques in discovering answers to COVID-19 questions.


This story depicts a child's use of writing to cope with loss. This story can be used in educational and therapeutic capacities.


Zhejing 20, a new japonica variety with mid maturity, showed excellent traits of good grain quality and high resistance to blast (Piricularia oryzae) as well as such characters as thick stem of plant, reasonable type of plant and high yield. Gelatine consistency of its milled rice was evidently enhanced compared with 2 checks Xiushui 11 and Xiushui 63. Chalkiness degree was almost similar to Xiushui 11, but about 50% lower than Xiushui 63. Its cooked rice tasted soft, smooth and delicious. Blast resistance of Zhejing 20 appeared to be obvious superior to the above 2 checks, which was 0 in average and highest grade of leaf blast resistance, 1.3 and 3.0 in that of panicle blast resistance, and only 0.8% and 3.0% in damage rate of average and highest grade for panicle blast, respectively.


We show how to calibrate a prospect model of decision making under risk for an individual. The prospect model is empirically compared to a utility model on two criteria, verification of the postulates of each model, and predictive accuracy. The empirical comparison is performed via three experiments. In Experiment 1, predictive accuracy of the models is compared in nonparadoxical situations, those which favor neither model. In contrast the predictions in Experiment 2 are for paradoxical choices, those which favor the prospect model. In Experiment 1, the prospect model is compared to a model comprising a utility function which permits separate risk attitudes for gain and losses, and hence is more flexible than a utility model as traditionally assessed. In contrast the utility model in Experiment 3 is assessed as is traditionally done assuming constant risk attitude across gains and losses. Several calibration procedures are contrasted across experiments.

Our results show a high degree of consistency with the postulates of both models. On predictive accuracy the prospect model outperforms the utility model for paradoxical choices. However, for nonparadoxical situations there is little difference in the predictive ability of both models.


Architecture is undoubtedly one of the most prominent symbols of the civilization of any nation; arrangement type of the buildings and their interior or exterior design has close relationship with the community's culture and economy. Over the past several years, because of social, political and economic changes, many transformations have occurred in the type and residential tissue formation. These changes can emerge in the form of development or decline and death of cities throughout history. concerns of linking with past and fail in creation of a successful architecture process which could be accurately in direction and historical evolution of Iranian architecture value and have a share in contemporary world architecture and even be able to contribute to the advancement of today's architecture. Unfortunately, due to lack of strong link between architects and the exchange of ideas and thoughts, Despite the many common views and opinions of their work can be seen, This process has not yet given form and its theoretical basis is not set. The purpose of this paper is to encourage a return to the old architecture, but the main goal is to recognize architecture of the traditional houses and motivate for proper use of them in modern houses. Therefore, after evaluating the traditional architecture of Iranian houses, and compare it with the modern architecture, we will try to achieve a proper model for revival of concepts in contemporary houses with using of Iranian traditional architectural art.


Caution: Copyright Radix Theatre collective. This script is protected under the copyright laws of Canada and all other countries of the Copyright Union. Changes to the script are forbidden without the written consent of the author. Rights to produce, film or record in any medium, in any language, by any group, are retained by the author. The moral right of the author has been asserted. For performance rights, please contact Radix Theatre collective.


Micro and mesoporous materials have been a great focus of scientific and technological interest from almost half of the century. This is due to its large surface area and extremely high porosity which offers huge potential for its application in a variety of fields, ranging from materials science to biomedical research. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has classified porous materials into 3 groups (Davis, 2002): (a) Microporous materials (MiPMs), having pore diameters less than 2 nm; (b) mesoporous materials (MePM), having pore diameters ranging from 2 50 nm; and (c) macroporous materials (MaPM), having pore diameters larger than 50 nm. The term nanoporous materials (NPM) have been used for those porous materials with pore diameters of < 100 nm. Hence, the NPM is defined as a material having a pore size < 100 nm of any solid structural components whether or not the structure itself is nano size (i.e., < 100 nm). Hence, it covers porous materials lies in MiPMs, MePM and MaPM. Table 11.1 summarizes the classification of porous materials based on pore size.


In this paper we present a new, very large, rich, Comprehensive Scholarly Corpus (CompScholarCorp) as a platform and data source for future research. Our corpus contains records of 1,044,454 papers, 472,365 unique authors, and substantial publication meta-data for each record. We have integrated the data we collected from 276 publishers using a uniform and consistent XML data format within the corpus. The corpus is designed to be compatible with DBLP enabling existing research to utilise our new corpus directly. As an initial analysis of the corpus, we present a number of visualisations of the corpus to better understand the data, provide some analytics of the data, and present a rule-of-thumb we have observed for citations.


The present invention relates to a process for producing color-pure iron oxide red pigments as well as these pigments and their use.


PURPOSE: A food waste disposal apparatus is provided to make a driving force for a crushing and drying operation of the food waste and an annihilation fermentation operation be transferred from one a drive motor. CONSTITUTION: A food waste disposal apparatus comprises: a couple presser(20) mounted on an entrance of a housing hopper(10); a grinding screw(30); a waste water screen network which protects the bottom face of a compressing screw(31) of the grinding screw; a dehydration screen which protects a dehydration screw(32) of the grinding screw; a first and a second cleaning wipers(45,55) for washing the waste water screen net and an outer circumference of a dehydration screen(50); a jet nozzle(63) spraying high-pressured wash water on the dehydration screen; a discharge cap(60) forming a vent(61); a stirring tube(70) for evenly stirring the food waste using an agitating blade(72); a reflector(87) of high temperature; a halogen lamp(88); an induction heater; and a platinum catalyst metal net(86) installed at the upper part of the halogen lamp.


AbstractSeveral studies have documented the poleward shift of the midlatitude westerly jet of the Southern Hemisphere during the last decades of the twentieth century, mainly during the warm season. In this work the consistency between this change and the seasonal changes in frontal activity and precipitation are explored. The authors also attempt to identify the correlation between frontal activity and precipitation changes.Frontal activity is defined using the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) dataset for the period 1962–2001 as the temperature gradient times the relative vorticity at 850 hPa. Considering cyclonic systems only, an enhancement of the frontal activity at high latitudes in the last two decades is apparent. However, the pattern of frontal activity change is not zonally symmetric, with the zonal asymmetries consistent with the climate change signal of the zonal anomaly of the 300-hPa geopotential height.The pattern of precipitation change, ...


A lighting device having excellent heat dissipation, electrical and electronic equipment, to provide a method of manufacturing a heat radiating body and electrical and electronic equipment. An illumination device 10 includes a heat sink 12, by molecular adhesion bonded to the heat sink 12 via an insulating film, a conductor 14 to form a circuit pattern, the semiconductor light emitting element 16 is surface mounted on the circuit pattern, the provided. .FIELD 1


AssrRAcr The distribution of Fe; Mn, Ca and Mg has been examined in a suite of optically and texturally zoned garnets from regionally metamorphosed rocks, South Morirr, Inverness-shire, Scotland. At the garnet grade of metamorphism, smaller garnets (2-3 mm) are strongly zoned and have Mn-rich cores. Larger garnets from the same rocks (3-4.5 mm) havo homogeneous cores with lower concetrtrations of Mn. With increasing gade across the kyanite and sillimanite zotres, optical and textural zones gradually disappear, and garnetS of all sizes become progressively more homogeneous. Volume diffusion, during or after growth, provides the simplest explanation for the occurrence of the homogeneous garnets in both situations.


Farming practices and the conservation value of farmland are intimately interconnected. The recent policy debate has shed light on the need to address farming activities towards a more sustainable path, and has advocated for a reallocation of payments towards farming systems that provide public goods. This paper aims to explore likely HNV farms policy needs through the use of HNV farming system indicators.


The threat of commoditization poses a real challenge for service providers. Offering only a "plain vanilla" IP packet delivery service limits the options for competitive differentiation. Conversely, embedding additional functionality in the network carries a number of risks -- decreased robustness and increased complexity, for example. The key to addressing this challenge is the careful selection of appropriate functionality to embed in the network. Functions should be added to the network only when they offer value to a wide range of applications, and they should not inhibit the correct operation of applications that do not need them. This talk addresses the question of how novel, useful functions might be embedded "inside" the network, and how best to evaluate candidate functions for inclusion.
 For device designers, it is important to understand not only what functions are needed in the network today, but also which ones might provide the most benefit in the future. Because of the uncertainly about exactly what future networks will be expected to do, functions that are selected for inclusion in network devices must be as general as possible, and they should not interfere with the correct operation of the network when they are not needed. Some functions are best implemented as an overlay, leaving the essential network-layer functionality unaffected, while others will need assistance from the fast-path forwarding hardware. We will consider examples of various functions that have been or could be added to "core" networks, aiming to understand the tradeoffs both among different functions to add and among different implementation approaches.


Tobacco use among the country's adolescents has hit a new high despite all educational efforts, according to data from the CDC. A representative national sample of more than 16,000 high school students was questioned about past and current use of cigarettes, cigars, and …


Reaction of CuSiF6·xH2O and 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)-2-trifluoromethylbenzene (bpb-CF3) through liquid diffusion produces a porous SIFSIX-type metal–organic framework, [Cu(bpb-CF3)2(SiF6)] (UTSA-121) containing functional trifluoromethyl groups. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of UTSA-121 shows that bpb-CF3 can well substitute for the prototypal dipyridine ligand to form a non-interpenetrated pcu framework, which is highly porous (void = 65.7%) and contains three-dimensional intersecting channels with functionalized trifluoromethyl groups on the pore surface. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of the activated UTSA-121a is up to 1081 m2 g–1. Gas sorption measurements of UTSA-121a reveal high C2H2 and CO2 uptakes at room temperature. Furthermore, ideal adsorbed solution theory calculations reveal that UTSA-121a shows highly selective adsorption of C2H2 and CO2 over CH4 and N2 under ambient conditions.


57 ABSTRACT An adsorptive separation process for separating ethyl benzene from a feed mixture comprising ethylbenzene and a plurality of xylene isomers which process com prises contacting the feed mixture with an adsorbent comprising strontium and potassium exchanged type X or type Y zeolite, selectively adsorbing substantially all of the said xylene isomers to the substantial exclusion of the ethylbenzene and thereafter recovering high purity ethylbenzene. A desorption step may be used to desorb the adsorbed xylene isomers. The process can be either in the liquid or vapor phase.


To meet the requirements of visible-near infrared(VNIR)high-precision observation of solar spectrum,a calibration method for a novel solar irradiance spectroradiometer based on spectrally-resolving technology was developed.The relative calibration based on standard lamp was carried out in 400nm ~1 050nm,and the Langley method was carried out in the band satisfying Beer-Lambert theorem,where after the solar irradiance spectroradiometer was traced to the solar spectral irradiance on the top of atmosphere(TOA)in the whole bands.The experiments carried out in Dunhuang and Hefei showed,the observation results were consistent with the MODTRAN4.0theoretical model,and the deviations with CE318were less than 5%in the four aerosol observation bands,which validated the rationality of the calibration method.


Standard Galerkin approximations, using smooth splines on a uniform mesh, to 1-periodic solutions of the Korteweg-de Vries equation are analyzed. Optimal rate of convergence estimates are obtained for both semidiscrete and second order in time fully discrete schemes. At each time level, the resulting system of nonlinear equations can be solved by Newton's method. It is shown that if a proper extrapolation is used as a starting value, then only one step of the Newton iteration is required.


about correctionalism supplanting rehabilitation also are central considerations in any discussion of policy aimed at retooling sentencing guidelines, dismantling mass incarceration, and redistributing public resources to social services, as the state undoubtedly structures how we think (and rethink) social welfare and correctional policies at local and national levels. Finally Wilson's (1987) work on family life and marriageability would fortify our contemporary understanding of how these children are the truly disadvantaged given their defenselessness, class location, and collateral experiences of social inequality due to parental incarceration. Wakefield and Wildeman's work makes several important contributions to the field, principally, that contrary to widely held beliefs, the incarceration of a parent makes a bad situation worse not better. The incarceration of parents for trivial and nonviolent offenses alters the life-chances of children during a crucial period of their life-course development. By challenging popular assumptions about the types of parents likely to be incarcerated (i.e. the bad ones), Children of the Prison Boom shows us that the effects of parental imprisonment depend heavily on the structure of family life and familial relations before and after incapacitation, not on unfounded moral protestations. Policymakers and social scientists would be wise to read this book before advocating for, and tinkering with, criminal justice policies that affect families and communities. This book should be a required read in courses on social inequality, criminology and public policy, and mass incarceration.


The paradox of the study of medieval Sicilian history is that we have always known the Islamic component of its culture through the Arabo-Norman inheritance rather than through the traces left by the period of Aghlabid and Fatimid domination. In the last few years there has been arapid evolution of our knowledge, based particularly on the model of research in northern Italy where pottery studies have been decisive in shedding light on the organization of rural society, the structure of production and of exchangenetworks. It is now urgent that ceramic studies of the medieval Maghreb – and particularly those of the early Middle Ages – can multiply, systematize their acquisition, recording and methods of analysis and in so doing take part in an integrated scientific discourse.


The invention discloses a horizontal type immersion top blowing furnace used for smelting low-grade scrap copper. The horizontal type immersion top blowing furnace comprises a horizontal type furnace body, a bracket and a driving device, wherein a material inlet is arranged at the central position at the upper part of the furnace body, a copper outlet is formed in the lower part of the furnace body, charging ports are formed at two sides of the material inlet of the furnace body, a tubular spray gun which is led into the furnace to be immersed is fixed on the furnace body, a combustor is fixed on the side wall of the furnace body, a slag discharging port is formed in the side wall of the furnace body; the furnace body is movably connected on a bracket; the driving device is in transmission connection with the furnace body to drive the furnace body to rotate on the bracket. According to the horizontal type immersion top blowing furnace, the low-grade scrap copper can be smelted, the charging is safe, a brick lining of the furnace body can be protected, the charging mode is flexible, the size of the material is not limited, the operation mode is flexible, and not only the continuous operation but also the intermittent operation are realized.


Photolyses of a series of N-alkoxybenzoquinone imine N-oxides give products arising mainly from alkyl radicals, the solvent, and the several quinonoid species present in the reaction mixture. The alkyl radicals may be derived by fragmentation of the corresponding alkoxynitrenes which also rearrange to nitroso-compounds and hence to oximes.


Great Britain voted for the BREXIT. This situation affectsnearly all relevant areas of the economical and the juridical system. Also the higher educational law will be affected distinctly. Many changes will be the result, when the British higher education will get juridical "non-EU-education". Privileges within the EUwon'tbevalid for British academic degrees.


Objective Analyzing the character of 0.5-2.05 ppm regions of Proton MR Spectroscopy in the normal human hippocampus,in order to identify whether the hippocampus contain lipids or not,meanwhile to quantitate the 0.9 ppm metabolites.Materials and Methods Nine health volunteers were selected in the study.The metabolites of single volume MRS in left hippocampus were analyzed using short echo time STEAM sequence,VOI:15 mm×15 mm×20 mm,and the left cerebral cortex MRS was selected as the control.Six saturated bars were preset around the volumes of interest,and the LCModel was used for postprocessing.Results The MRS spectral lines in hippocampus and cerebral cortex were stable and high quality.Duplex-resonances were constantly appearred in the 1.2-1.4 ppm in all the hippocampus,whereas,only in 2 volunteers in cerebral cortex.The metabolites concentration of 0.9 ppm were(4.11±0.88) mmol/L in hippocampus and(4.65±1.18) mmol/L in cerebral cortex respectively.There was no significant difference between them.ConclusionThe elevated resonances appearred in the 1.2-1.4 ppm regions of MRS in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex(ascending frontal gyrus),may be caused by lipid prudced by themselves,and obviously individual difference exists in the cerebral cortex.Acquiring the 0.9 ppm metabolites will be helpful for the researches in hippocampus diseases.


In the last few years, remote sensing observations have become an useful tool for providing hydrological information, including the quantification of the main physical characteristics of the catchments, such as topography and land use, and of their variables, like soil moisture or snow cover. Moreover, satellite data have also been largely used in the framework of hydro-meteorological risk assessment and mitigation. Recently, an innovative Soil Wetness Variation Index (SWVI) has been proposed, using data acquired by the microwave radiometer AMSU (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit), flying aboard NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) polar satellites. The proposed index, developed by a multi-temporal analysis of AMSU records, seems able to reduce the problems related to vegetation and/or roughness effects. Such an approach has been tested, with promising results, on the analysis of some flooding events which occurred in Europe in past years. In this paper, preliminary results obtained by the analysis of data related to the flooding event occurred in Europe during April 2006 are presented. Preliminary outcomes achieved seem to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed indicator in detecting soil wetness variations in the space-time domain without the need of auxiliary or ancillary information.


The bipolar junction transistor is modeled using the thermodynamic theories. The main reason for using the thermodynamic theories is to ensure that the law of conservation of energy is maintained. Violating such a fundamental law is expected to result in errors in simulating the device performance. Although using some empirical parameters can reduce the severity of such deviations, such a process requires some guessing that cannot be guaranteed to be accurate in all cases. Using the thermodynamic theories, the transistor I–V relationships were derived and the device characteristics were simulated. The results show that the proposed model can predict the device performance without using empirical fitting parameters.


Mechanisms are indicated whereby fibre and polyols could reduce blood glucose and insulin concentrations and so potentially help to reduce the prevalence of diabetes, CHD, and certain cancers. Seven are identified independent of associated substances or antioxidant or lignans. Further, high cereal fibre intake additionally lowers the starch:fibre ratio thus lowering the glycaemic index of total carbohydrate; this may be helped by fiber as cell walls in whole grain causing some starch to be unavailable. It seems that glycaemic index expressed as g equivalents per g available carbohydrate does not account for the full effects of non-digestible carbohydrates on lowering of blood glucose in some circumstances, whereas glycaemic load in units of g glucose equivalents per day (or per unit food) would. Overall, the glycaemic load appears stronger at present than glycaemic index in several circumstances: the epidemiology on development of type-2 diabetes and heart disease when combined from different studies; the epidemiology of HDL, TG, and C-reactive protein; the epidemiology of haemorrhagic stroke; the interventions on body weight in ad-libitum studies; and the interventions on glycated proteins and fasting blood glucose in diabetics. Information appears more consistent than is generally discussed in the literature and appears independent of the concepts of whole grain and reduced energy density. Scope exists for a reduction in glycaemic load by replacing high glycaemic available carbohydrate with either low-glycaemic available carbohydrate or fibre or polyols and this potentially could reduce the prevalence of diabetes and CHD by up to thirty percent.


As the result of a research, this article is focused on the enunciation of social representations of researchers from Universidad de Antioquia Law program in relation to legal research. The technique used for reaching this objective was the semi-structured interview performed to principal researchers from Universidad de Antioquia Law program. In contrast with theory, ideas, points of view, perceptions, opinions, and behavioral patterns are shown before the research issue. The argument on why to research and how to research in the field of law the criteria for selecting the topics to be researched and researchers' intention before research practice is posed. A discussion is made on the way social environment, including professional and family fields, provides the legal researcher a possibility to bring out problems concerning legal research.


In this paper, we implemented a LED sensitivity illumination system, being driven in response to changes in the biological signals of GSR and PPG signal. After measuring biological signals of a human body from GSR and PPG sensor modules, MCU decided the state of relaxation or arousal of the subject, being based on the wake·relaxation identifying map proposed in this paper. A developed LED sensitivity illumination system makes the subject to reach a normal state by giving a change of the LED illumination color, corresponding to a state of the subject.


Recently Gulsuner1 described a rare single-nucleotide variant (SNV, rs72470545, G399S) in the HTRA2 gene in a very large Turkish family as causing essential tremor (ET) as well as ET with Parkinson disease (PD). We tested the hypothesis that SNVs in HTRA2 also might be the cause of classical ET without PD. We analyzed all eight protein coding exons of HTRA2 (NM_013247) and the exon/intron boundaries by Sanger sequencing in 29 unrelated, earlyonset, German patients with classic ET with at least three affected siblings (mean age at onset, 19.2 6 13.4 y [standard deviation (SD)], mean age at examination 64.2 6 18.2 y). All patients fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of classic ET. None of the patients was reported to have relatives suffering from PD. Ethics review board approval and written consents were obtained. We found one heterozygous exonic missense SNV in HTRA2 (rs72470544, A141S, NM_013247) in a single sample. This SNP had been mentioned as potentially associated with, but not causing, PD in the initial study associating genetic variants in HTRA2 with PD. However, later large-scale studies did not reveal any significant association between PD and rs72470544. Exome-Variant-Server data show that rs72470544 is quite common. Approximately 5% of all European Americans carry at least one minor allele, whereas rs72470545 is much rarer, with approximately 1% heterozygote minor allele carriers and 0/4300 homozygotes (http://evs.gs.washington.edu/EVS/). The Gulsuner study implicates HTRA2 in the pathogenesis of ET and ET with PD. However, replication and convincing functional evidence for rs72470545 will be needed to regard disease causation as proven, especially in light of the conflicting, largely negative data for this variant in PD. Gulsuner attributes the coexistence of ET with PD in the same patient to homozygosity for rs72470545 in HTRA2. We do not agree completely with this notion, because three patients with ET with PD are homozgous and two are heterozygous. We agree with Gulsuner that zygosity is a possible factor contributing to disease severity. However, age rather than zygosity might be the pivotal factor determining progression from ET to ET with PD. Patients with ET only (mean age, 53.3 y) were significantly younger than ET with PD patients (mean age, 77.2 y) (t test, P value: 0.013; data extracted from Fig. 1 of Gulsuner). This and the fact that very slow progression and FIG. 1. Substantia nigra MRI scan and striatal I-FP-CIT uptake in LRRK2 carriers. Target MRI of the SN (upper row) is obtained at the level of the inferior third of the red nucleus (left image) and at the level of superior cerebellar peduncles decussation (right image) Arrows point out the normal substantia nigra aspect. On the bottom row, the I-FP-CIT scan feature is appreciable. (A) Case 1, LRRK2 carrier. Target MRI of the SN shows the loss of nigrosome formation and trilaminar structure of the right SN with the preservation of the normal anatomy of the left SN at the red nucleus level. On the bottom row, bilateral abnormal I-FP-CIT scan, predominant on the right side, is appreciable (38% reduction in the right putamen, 25% in the left putamen). (B) Case 2, LRRK2 carrier. Target MRI of the SN shows normal aspect of nigrosome formation and trilaminar structure on both sides; on the bottom row bilateral abnormal I-FP-CIT scan, predominant on the right side, is appreciable (48% reduction in the right putamen, 40% in the left putamen). (C) Case 3, affected patient. Target MRI of the SN shows a complete bilateral loss of the normal anatomy of the SN. On the bottom row, bilateral abnormal I-FP-CIT scan is appreciable (86% reduction in the right putamen, 33% in the left putamen). MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; [123 I]N-x-fluoropropyl-2b-carbomethoxy-3b-{4-iodophenyl}nortropane, 123I-FP-CIT; Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, LRRK2; SN, substantia nigra. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com.]


The inner decoder of the Davey-MacKay (DM) construction for combating insertions, deletions and substitution errors, has high complexity and produces bursts of output likelihoods of greatest uncertainty in the vicinity of insertions and deletions. We therefore propose (i) a lookup-table-based implementation of the inner decoder to reduce its complexity, (ii) the use of interleaved LDPC codes as outer codes in the DM construction to spread the uncertain likelihoods produced by the inner decoder over several constituent LDPC codewords. Simulation results show that the proposed lookup table approach reduces the complexity of the inner decoder considerably while a significant improvement in frame error rate (FER) performance can be obtained with small interleaving depths. Our lookup table approach culminates in an iterative decoding scheme which yields improved FER performance over its non-iterative counterparts, yet with only a modest increase in decoding complexity, when the insertion/deletion probability is small.


The invention relates to a novel dyeing and finishing processing technology of a micro polyester fabric. The novel dyeing and finishing process disclosed by the invention is characterized by comprising the following steps of: (1) pretreatment, namely carrying out cold rolling and stacking processing comprising three stages, namely cold stacking, hot alkali treatment and high efficiency washing, on polyester gray fabric; (2) presetting, namely carrying out high temperature tentering and presetting on a pretreated fabric white body by utilizing a setting machine; (3) dyeing, namely dyeing the preset fabric white body by adopting superfine fiber leveling agent; and (4) cleaning, namely carrying out cleaning post-processing on the dyed fabric to remove disperse dyes which are not set after fibres are dyed. According to the novel dyeing and finishing processing technology disclosed by the invention, an environment-friendly and low-energy-consumption cold rolling and stacking pretreatment technology is used for carrying out pretreatment on the micro polyester fabric, on one hand, desizing effect is good and good dyeing and finishing processing conditions are provided for dyeing, and on the other hand, crease mark of the fabric can be effectively reduced; meanwhile, a formula of a dyeing process additive can be adjusted, albafluid U is added to reduce fabric dyeing scratch, and dyeing defects can be prevented from being caused.


We obtain the Weierstrass-Enneper representation for maximal graphs(whose Gauss map is one-one) in Lorentz-Minkowski space. For this we use the method of Barbishov and Chernikov, which they have used to find the solutions of Born-Infeld equation in hodographic coordinates. We could use their method in our case, because we realized that the maximal surface equation and Born-Infeld equation are related via a wick rotation in the first variable of the parametrising domain.


Nowadays, higher vocational education has taken a very important part in higher education in China, and social service hasalready become a very important index to evaluate the level of connotation construction in different higher vocational colleges.The Grain Engineering and Management Department of Jiangsu Vocational and Technical College of Finance Economics was taken as anexample.The significant effects of the basic-level party construction on promoting social service ability of higher vocational college were discussed.And the breakthrough points to enhance the social service ability by means of basic-level party construction were also putforward.


The paper concerns scattering of plane waves by a bounded obstacle with complex-valued impedance boundary conditions. We study the spectrum of the Neumann-to-Dirichlet operator for small wave numbers and long wave asymptotic behavior of the solutions of the scattering problem. The study includes the case when k  =  0 is an eigenvalue or a resonance. The transformation from the impedance to the Dirichlet boundary condition as impedance grows is described. A relation between poles and zeroes of the scattering matrix in the non-self-adjoint case is established. The results are applied to a problem of scattering by an obstacle with a springy coating. The paper describes the dependence of the impedance on the properties of the material, that is on forces due to the deviation of the boundary of the obstacle from the equilibrium position.


The vertical distribution of zooplankton was examined in Lough Derg, Ireland. Zooplankton was collected at one location every 2 m from the surface to the bottom during 24 hours at four-hour intervals. Zooplankton was identified to the species level and its density was calculated for each taxon, depth and hour. We recorded 9 rotifer, 3 copepod, and 4 cladoceran species. The highest total zooplankton density (rotifers, copepods, cladocerans, mysids and zebra mussel larvae) was recorded at 3 a.m. Rotifers preferred mainly a depth from 0 to 8 m, while copepods and cladocerans were observed within the whole water column during a 24 hour observation. It was a different pattern of diurnal migration than that Southern and Gardiner (1932) received, though they didn't study rotifers. Probably food concentration and/or predators, or other environmental factors could influence the diel vertical migration of zooplankton from Loug Derg.


The aims of the present study thus were (a) to further investigate the association between lithium levels in drinking water and suicide rates by adjusting relevant factors using the so far largest available dataset in Japan, (b) to confirm sex differences, (c) to estimate the effects of long‐term exposure to trace lithium, (d) to investigate the effects of drinking bottled instead of tap water, and (e) to exploratorily investigate which lithium levels may be associated with lower suicide rates.


The modern tropical Pacific Ocean is characterized by strong east-west asymmetry in sea surface temperature and subsurface thermocline depth coupled to easterly trade winds and zonal atmospheric, or Walker, circulation. Walker circulation and the "normal" east-west asymmetry of sea surface temperature and thermocline depth break down temporarily during El Niño events. Since these temporary deviations from the "normal" tropical climate state are known to have global impacts, it is important to consider whether permanent shifts in the mean tropical Pacific climate state are an integral part of global climate change on longer time scales. To understand the link between tropical conditions and global warmth, we focus our study on the early Pliocene, the most recent period in Earth's history of sustained global warmth relative to today. A data synthesis of tropical paleoceanographic data, including a new alkenone unsaturation index ( U 37 )–based sea surface temperature record from the eastern equatorial Pacific, indicates that, in the early Pliocene, the east-west asymmetry in sea surface temperature and thermocline depth was reduced compared to today and the tropical Pacific was in a permanent El Niño–like state. Thus, the "normal" mean state of the modern tropical Pacific is not a persistent feature of Earth's climate over long time scales. INTRODUCTION Studies of the el niño Southern Oscillation (enSO) phenomenon indicate that, through atmospheric teleconnections, small changes in the pattern of tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SSt) have a global impact on interannual time scales (Alexander et al., 2002). Although the mechanisms responsible for the enSO do not directly apply to studies of climate changes on longer time scales, enSO events provide a clear example of how changes in the distribution of SSt across the Pacific Ocean can have far-field climate effects such as higher than average rainfall in the southwestern United States and higher than average temperature in temperate regions of north America. the potential global effect of small, long-term changes in the tropical SSt pattern is substantiated by modeling studies (Yin and Battisti, 2001; Barreiro et al., 2005). However, while the impact of changes in the mean SSt pattern of the tropical Pacific on global climate is recognized, the circumstances under which they could occur are difficult to predict. For example, in simulations of future climate change forced with enhanced greenhouse gases, climate models do not give consistent results in the tropical Pacific: some predict no long-term changes; some predict el niño–like mean conditions; still others predict la niña–like mean conditions (cane, 2005; collins, 2005). Because the instrumental record is too short to examine multidecadal and longer-term climate changes, paleoceanographic studies are needed to establish whether modern mean tropical SSt patterns across tropical basins are stable over long time periods. these data-based studies can then be used to test and improve theoretical and computer models of long-term climate change, including those that are used to predict future climate change. While much can be learned from studying the extreme globally cool climate of the last Glacial Maximum (lGM), it is also important to focus on past periods of global warmth prior to the ice ages of the past few million years. Paleoceanographic studies generally indicate that the mean SSt of the Pacific tropical ocean was stable within a few degrees over millions of years, yet these studies rarely include enough data to characterize the east-west SSt difference across the Pacific. For example, the Pliocene warm period (ca. 4.5–3.0 Ma) (Fig. 1) has been the focus of much interest among paleoclimatologists because of the need to understand climate processes in past times of global warmth. landmark studies, such as those by the Pliocene research, interpretation, and Synoptic Mapping (PriSM) group, including compilations of oceanic and terrestrial data (Dowsett et al., 1996, 2005; thompson and Fleming, 1996) and modeling studies (Haywood et al., 2000; Sloan et al., 1996), indicate that the Pliocene was significantly warmer than today, especially in extratropical regions. However, the PriSM reconstructions include very little data from the tropical Pacific Ocean and therefore do not provide insight into changes in tropical SSt patterns. crowley (1996) pointed out the urgent need for more tropical data in order to further constrain the mechanisms that explain global climate conditions in the Pliocene, and in the last decade, several studies were conducted that focus on the tropical Pacific utilizing Pliocene-age material obtained by the Ocean Drilling Program.


With the main content of service industry and service trade,service economy's booming becomes the significant feature of the development of world economy after 1980s,and the international transfer of service industry also provides a new economic growth point for emerging market economic countries.Based on the development of world service trade in the context of international industry transfer,this paper did some research through comparative study among Beijing,Tianjin,Shanghai and Guangzhou according to their absorption of foreign investment in service industries,and finding comparative advantages.Finally,exploring the key factors that affecting absorption of foreign invests in service industrial and strategies for route choice.


A Study of X-tay Substructure in Rich Clusters o f Galaxies by Philip L. Rogers, Jr. Dr. George Rhee, Examination Committee Chair Professor o f Physics University of Nevada, Las Vegas comparison o f three tests to determine substructure in rich Abell clusters of galaxies was preformed and the results are presented in this paper. The data used are ROSAT PSPC X-ray images o f a sample o f 21 clusters drawn from the ACO catalog, and a subset o f the ESO Nearby Abell Cluster Survey done by Katgert et. aL The three methods used are: the 'center shift* method developed by Mohr et aL, the 'moment* method developed by Buote & Tsai, and a wavelet analysis developed by Starck et aL. Models were then created to check the significance o f our findings. The conclusions reached were that substructure and cooling flows are present in at least 50% o f our sample. In addition, although it is possible to get a generally accurate result using only one o f the above methods, the use of a multi-pronged analysis approach to achieve maximum accuracy is desirable.


Insectivorous bats spend approximately half of their lives in the roost. Most of them are cave-dwelling and use the caves as roosting grounds. Roosts are important for mating, hibernation, rearing young, and a place to socialise, while providing protection from predators in a thermo-stable environment. This study aims to assess the diversity of insectivorous bats at Madai caves in Kunak, Lahad Datu, Sabah over a temporal period of 8 years. The sampling of bats was conducted twice i.e. in August 2010 and in December 2018. Harp traps and mist nets were used to sample bats in all sampling sessions. Eighteen species of bats, including two fruit bats, Cynopterus brachyotis and Rousettus spinalatus, were identified from the study site. Four insectivorous bat species were found in both years consistently i.e. Hipposideros cervinus, Rhinolophus creaghi, R. philippinensis, and Chaerephon plicatus. The species list in 2010 and 2018 differed by more than 50%, which may be a cause of concern and warrants further investigation. Most of the listed species are categorised as Least Concern, under the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, except for Rousettus spinalatus, Hipposideros ridleyi and Miniopterus schreibersii which are listed as vulnerable. Only Hipposideros dyacorum is protected under Sabah Wildlife Enactment (1997). These findings will assist policymakers in making decisions on the importance to conserve the natural habitats of bats.


services, etc. Starting with a modest all upper case line printer outputs of author and keyword indexes they have gone a long way to computerize even the production of primary journals like the Journal of the American Chemical Society with all sorts of typographical variations. Some computerassisted indexes and directories have been brought out in India also by a few organizations concerned with scientific publications and information dissemination (1-8). Obviously, the computer-