In order to obtain the pullout parameters such as pullout friction and pullout cohesion between soil and reinforcement, pullout test is executed on the reinforced soil using the pullout test apparatus. And so far pullout testers with various sizes were developed and many research results were published. However these pullout testers have only 1-layer model box and so it is necessary to perform the test three times repeatedly. That is to say, model grounds with reinforcement should be made three times by testers. And it is a very laborious work to testers who perform the pullout test. Accordingly in this study the new pullout test apparatus with 3-layer model box was designed and produced. And it was called multi-layer pullout test apparatus. We can make the model ground at one time, with which three tests can be performed. That is, It can be said it is a very convenient apparatus and testers will be able to do easily the pullout tests. And in order to evaluate the applicability of the developed pullout test apparatus, various pullout tests were performed using Geosynthetics such as Fortrac grid, Toto grid and Strip reinforcement.


This brief proposed a dual-band bandpass filter (DBBPF) topology realized on substrate integrated suspended line (SISL) platform. In this topology, separated electric and magnetic coupling paths (SEMCP) is firstly applied between two different filter bands to generate additional zeros for better skirt selectivity. The proposed filters, featured with self-packaging advantage, use hybrid spiral structure to realize different electric and magnetic coupling scheme for dual-band, compact size and multiple transmission zeros. In addition, loss reduction approach to reduce both substrate and metal losses is used to achieve insertion loss reduction.


The origin of organsolv pulping and auto-catalyzed ethanol pulping, and the definition and fundamental principal of auto-catalyzed ethanol pulping are introduced.The technology,cooking process,delignification mechanism and dynamics of auto-catalyzed ethanol pulping are emphasized.Ethanol pulping of various kinds of fibers is studied.It is found that H~+ consistency plays an important role,bulk and residual delignification stages are observed for both wood and nonwood fibers,some arguments about delignification mechanism still exist althrough the breaking of α-O-4 ether bond in mild acidic environment is agreed.Achievements on ethanol pulping have been recognized,but some aspects still need to be further studied.


340 Munro, a. (2015). A Wilderness Station: Selected Stories, 1968–1994. New York: Vintage Books. roSenzWeig, S. (1936). Some implicit common factors in diverse methods of psychotherapy: "At last the dodo bird said, everybody has won and all must have prizes." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 6:412–415. WaMPoLD, B., & iMeL, z. (2015). The Great Psychotherapy Debate: The Evidence for What Makes Psychotherapy Work. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.


Aim:  With advent of reverse‐transcription (RT)/polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of the hepatitis E viral genome, we carried out retrospective examinations.


In this paper, an information navigation agent is proposed as a new interface for obtaining Web information in a mobile environment. A central task of information retrieval systems developed up to now has been to narrow down a great deal of information by displaying search results to a user, followed by refinement of queries on the basis of these results. These have been methods suitable for use in a desktop environment. In contrast, the authors' agent can navigate toward incrementally better information by generating approximating solutions based on constraints on the attributes of the search object and obtaining further information by dialogue with the user. A scheme in which the agent resolves search conditions by using association rules between keywords and adds new search conditions has been proposed. In addition, since a navigation failure occurs if the association rules are used inappropriately, refining the association rules by using statistical tests and graphic analyses has been proposed and its effectiveness has been verified. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(4): 12–20, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10120


Objective To investigate the frequency of CD4~+CD25~+FOXP3~+Treg cells in the peripheral blood of systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)patients and its association with disease activity.Methods Pe- ripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC)from 28 patients(including 18 active SLE)and 22 healthy controls were counted and stained for CD4,CD25 and intracellular FOXP3.Cells were examined by 3-color staining on the Epics XL-MC and data were analyzed using EXPO32 software.Disease activity was assessed by systemic lupus erythematousus activity index(SLEDAI).Results The frequency of CD4~+CD25~+FOXP3~+Treg cells was significantly decreased in patients with active SLE compared with patients with inactive SEE and controls [(1.08±0.43)%,(1.58±0.45)% and(1.66±0.34)%,P0.01,respectively].It was inversely correlated with SLEDAI scores(P0.01)and serum anti-double-stranded DNA level(P0.01).Conclusion This study demonstrates that CD4~+CD25~+FOXP3~+Treg cells are dec,teased in the peripheral blood of active SLE patients.It appears that CD4~+CD25~+FOXP3~+Treg cells are powerful modulators of immune system and appears to be impor- tant in the pathogenesis of SLE.


The Voigt function provides a rapid and easily applied method for interpreting the breadths of diffraction profiles in terms of specimen defects and for studying absorption or emission spectra. In the past, approximate methods have usually involved the assumption that the constituent profiles are either Cauchy (Lorentzian) or Gaussian, but a better representation of the experimental data is given by the convolution of these functions. The method is illustrated by analysis of the Cu Kαemission profile and of crystallite-size broadening in nickel powder.


The expanding information on agroforestry research and development around the globe shows that agroforestry is being promoted and implemented as a means to improve agricultural production for smallholder farmers with limited labor, financial, and land capital (Ajayi et al., 2007). In Africa, and particularly southern Africa, the main constraint to agricultural productivity is soil nutrient deficiency (Scoones & Toulmin, 1999; Sanchez et al., 1997). For this reason, agroforestry research in the region has focused on soil fertility replenishment (SFR) technologies over the years and the adoption and scaling-up of these practices is the main thrust of the ongoing on farm research (Akinnifesi et al., 2008; Akinnifesi et al, 2010). SFR encompasses a range of agroforestry practices aimed at increasing crop productivity through growing trees (usually nitrogen-fixing), popularized as fertilizer tree systems, directly on agricultural land. Fertiliser tree systems involve soil fertility replenishment through on-farm management of nitrogen-fixing trees (Akinnifesi et al 2010; Mafongoya et al., 2006). Fertiliser tree systems capitalise on biological N fixation by legumes to capture atmospheric N and make it available to crops. Most importantly, is the growing of trees in intimate association with crops in space or time to benefit from complementarity of resource use (Akinnifesi et al., 2010; Gathumbi et al., 2002). The different fertiliser tree systems that have been developed and promoted in southern Africa (see Akinnifesi et al, 2008; 2010) over the last two decades are briefly discussed below. The type of soil fertility replenishment (SFR) or fertilizer tree system appropriate for a particular setting is determined by a battery of ecological and social factors.


This slim volume must be seen in the context of long-term efforts by the Landscape Architecture Foundation (LAF), based in the USA, to develop a rigorous methodology for researching case studies of landscape architecture, so as to inform better practice. Such a laudable aim anticipated the current emphasis, in Britain at least, on evidence-based policy and practice and so is potentially of interest to an international audience. Mark Francis was instrumental in developing the vision for the LAF, producing the report on A Case Study Method for Landscape Architecture in 1999. The report included a recommendation to apply the method in three different types of study: place-based, issue-based, and hypothetical case studies (the last for teaching purposes). The LAF states that the Community Design Case Study Series should ''enhance the skills and knowledge base of the landscape planning professions, inform public policy and land development decisions, and provide material for public education'' (p. 57). Urban Open Space: Designing for User Needs is the first issue-based case study for LAF and is intended as a prototype or template. This is very much a North American publication and draws heavily on US-based studies and practice by a few key practitioners—Halprin, Olin, Hester, and Hood most notably. There is a digest of research, including previous case studies, with brief reference (sometimes only through a captioned photograph) to examples of urban open space, mostly American, to illustrate certain points. The only case expounded at length is Bryant Park in New York City. William Whyte's seminal work (1980) on the social use of urban spaces, including Bryant Park, is much cited, as are the concepts and practice promoted by the Project for Public Spaces (PPS), which he founded. The publication also draws to a significant extent on the book to which Francis contributed as co-author, Public Space (Carr et al., 1992) and in many ways summarises findings (e.g. the table showing a typology of urban open spaces on pp. 6 – 7) which are illustrated in more detail, and more engagingly, in this larger work. Other important studies are also referred to, including Gehl's work (1987) in Europe, but the focus is very much on conventional case study and post-occupancy evaluation; research that uses different models and methodologies, such as Space Syntax, is not included. Landscape Research, Vol. 33, No. 1, 141 – 150, February 2008


This paper deals with the depiction of Jewish themes in Slovak literature from the end of the 18th century until 1939 – the beginning of World War II, which fundamentally changed the view on Jewry. It points on the prevailing stereotypes about Jews in Slovak literature from this period, mainly the stereotype of Jew – trader and wandering Jew – Ahasver, which reflected the attitude of Slovaks towards Jews and which led to the formation of ideas of anti-Semitism in Slovak society.


To implement the personalized software service platform (YouFree), we use the Ruby on Rails Framework. Ruby on Rails is an excellent Web application development framework, usable for developing fast and agile web applications. It offers a number of integrated technologies and increases the productivity of web application. However, there were some weak points of ActiveRecord on Rails like limitation of find method, lazy loading problem, and so on. In this paper, we qualitatively evaluate the weak points of ActiveRecord. And we optimize the ActiveRecord to implement the YouFree. From these considerations, we can implement the more efficient YouFree system.


Conflicts are one of the essential features of labour relations. Labour disputes between employees and employers are one form of all social conflicts. They are imminent. The concepts of "labour dispute" and "labour conflict" quite often are used as synonymous both in Lithuanian and foreign legislation, practice and particularly scholalry writings. The problem of interpretation of these two concepts occurs also in labour law. There is no uniform approach towards their use. Authors differ on interpretation of the concepts of "labour conflict" and "labour dispute". The analysis of the most typical features of social conflicts arising in the area of public labour relations leads to a conclusion that a labour dispute and a labour conflict are not identical phenomena. The concept of a "labour dispute" constitutes a legal category, whereas the concept of "labour conflict" is more of a reflection of the sociological content of this phenomenon. Therefore only an institutionalised labour conflict with certain legal features should be considered as a labour dispute, with legal measures and procedures applied to resolve it. This article deals with theoretical problems of the concepts of labour disputes and labour conflicts. Analysing scholarly writings and international practice in this area this article analyses the system of labour disputes and the means of their settlement. This article also addresses the position of International Labour Organisation to labour disputes. The article concludes with a critical approach to the system of labour disputes in Lithuanian labour law and practice. The nature of current labour relations and the development of the system of labour relations determines the necessity to have a wider view to labour disputes, modify their types, content elements, as well as the ways and methods of their resolution. Therefore it is proposed that the doctrine and practice of Lithuanian labour law should develop a classification of labour disputes. This classification is of high theoretical and practical importance. It should be developed according to the objective and the subjective criteria. Labour disputes should be grouped into individual labour disputes, collective labour disputes over rights and collective labour disputes over interests.


During sweet and cultured cream butter making the minor constituents adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, inosine and uridine structurally assigned in raw milk were balanced. The ribonucleoside pattern allows the 3 butter types defined in the German Federal Butter Ordinance to be differentiated. In comparative studies on the ribonucleoside patterns in melted butter sera of commercial samples of the 3 different butter types it was shown that with the ribonucleosides original minor milk constituents, besides the known chemical indicators such as acetoin, diacetyl, citric and lactic acid, are analytically accessible which enables discriminating butter analysis and, hence a differentiation between the butter types


This study investigates the performance of a cognitive relay sharing system (CRSS) wherein two primary users (PUs) exchange the information bidirectionally. The overall transmission in CRSS takes place using an amplify-and-forward-based multiple access broadcast protocol. Herein, besides assisting the transmission of secondary users, the relay also provides an aid for the bidirectional communication between PUs. In addition, the secondary system employs an opportunistic user scheduling with multiple destinations to further ameliorate the performance of secondary network. Here, by considering Nakagami-m fading channels, the authors derive novel closed-form expressions of outage probability (OP) and average error probability for both primary and secondary systems. Based on the derived expressions of OP, the authors also quantify the average system throughput. With bidirectional primary communications, the proposed CRSS offers higher spectral efficiency and incentivises the secondary communication through multiuser diversity. Finally, numerical and simulation results are provided for the validation of the theoretical analysis.


The banking sector has typically operated in a highly competitive environment, which has increased significantly as a result of recent structural economic transformations. Such conditions require a more thorough exploration of one of the fundamental elements of a bank's strategic management, i.e its financial strategy, the proper construction and adherence of which will let it successfully adapt to existing and possible changes and ensure effective financial activities. This article systematizes the theoretical understanding of the main elements in the bank's financial strategy during strategic management, which include asset and liability management, risk management, revenue management, expenses and profit/loss. The author analyzes the history of the main object formation in the assets and liabilities management of the bank, as well as the peculiarities of financial analysis of assets and liabilities. In particular, the author studies the issue to ensure a sufficient level of bank liquidity, risk minimization and profit maximization as assets and liabilities management goals. While studying the features of revenue, expenses and profit/loss management, the main approaches and directions for their implementation are identified. As a result, the author of the article proposed to consider the bank's financial strategy in terms of its main elements, distinguishing such components as the regulation of financial status indices and financial activity results.

Key words: strategic management, bank, financial strategy, asset and liability management, risk management, revenue, expense and profit or loss management.


Purpose: To determine if respiratory gated radiotherapy is feasible for the treatment of livertumors.Method and Materials: The patient was a 70 year‐old woman with metastatic livercancer. We used the RPM system (Varian Medical Systems) to track the respiratory cycle of the patient and gate the beam at the end of the respiratory cycle. Three implanted gold fiducials were used for daily patient positioning with AP and Lateral electronic portal images. The fiducials were also used to verify the location of the tumor during treatment. Prior to the initial treatment, the patient underwent a mock treatment in which a series of portal images were taken to verify the respiratory cycle correlated with the position of the tumor at the end of expiration. Results: The patient's mock treatment was successful, with nearly all fiducial locations lying within a sphere of 2.5 mm. Analysis of the data obtained over the course of treatment (∼600 data points) showed that 95% of the fiducial locations stayed within a sphere of about 7 mm. The uncertainty due to set‐up was ±4.6 mm, while the precision in the gating window was ±2.2 mm. Conclusion: The location of the livertumor was well reproduced throughout the course of treatment. Our results suggest that we can use respiration to successfully track the motion of a livertumor and gate the beam at the end of the respiratory cycle.


Questions/Discussion Items to Consider 1. What are some of the biggest differences between your discipline and others mentioned in the readings? 2. Is there anything you can learn or adapt from other disciplines that might help in teaching and research in your discipline? 3. What are some of the things you can do while still at Stanford that will prepare you to interact more effectively with other disciplines once you leave campus?


In the presence of (1S,2S)-3-benzyloxy-2-morpholino-1-phenylpropanol derived readily from (1S,2S)-2-amino-1-phenyl-1,3-propanediol and nickel acetylacetonate, diethylzinc added to α,β-unsaturated ketones to give alkylated product in high optical purity (up to 95%ee). The effects of solvents and additives and the use of such ligands as a chiral catalyst were also investigated.


The scalable extension of the H.264/AVC video coding standard (SVC) demonstrates superb adaptability in video communications. Joint source and channel coding (JSCC) has been shown to be very effective for such scalable video consisting of parts of different significance. In this paper, a new JSCC scheme for SVC transmission over packet loss channels is proposed which performs two‐dimensional optimization on the quality layers of each frame in a rate‐distortion (R‐D) sense as well as on the temporal hierarchical structure of frames under dependency constraints. To compute the end‐to‐end R‐D points of a frame, a novel reduced trellis algorithm is developed with a significant reduction of complexity from the existing Viterbi‐based algorithm. The R‐D points of frames are sorted under the hierarchical dependency constraints and optimal JSCC solution is obtained in terms of the best R‐D performance. Experimental results show that our scheme outperforms the existing scheme of [13] with average quality gains of 0.26 dB and 0.22 dB for progressive and non‐progressive modes respectively.


The normative meaning and the variance of meaning of each of thirteen terms of number or amount were investigated and compared with similar data obtained by the senior author about 25 years earlier. Although this time has elapsed and although new subjects have been used and the section of the country from which most of them came was different, normative meanings found in the forties were strikingly similar to those of the seventies. The same is also true, with two exceptions, for the degree of variance or ambiguity. However, the variance or ambiguity of these terms of number or amount should warn writers and speakers to use such terms with caution, particularly where more precise quantitative descriptions can be given.


A multi-storey residential house is viewed as a product of urbanization of modern society and is an object of research of such specific branches of sociological knowledge, as sociology of city, sociology of architecture, and sociology of housing. Currently, urbanization processes have captured the majority of developed and developing countries worldwide; the portion of urban population residing in multi-storey buildings (including condominiums, apartments, etc.) is constantly growing. For the sociology of housing, of special interest ate the social prerequisites, patterns and trends of development of multi-storey residential construction, which became the object of this research. The article provides a historical-sociological analysis of evolution of multi-storey residential construction since the ancient times until the modern stage. The theoretical framework contains works of the authors in the field of sociology of city, as well as 12 volumes of the "General History of Architecture". The empirical base contains the data of the Russian Federal State Statistics Service, data of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat allocated on the digital resource the Skyscraper Center. The conclusion is made that urbanization process, reflected in the development of multi-storey residential construction, began way before modern stage of social development – in the Ancient World. The author determines the social factors (overpopulation of cities, development of capitalist relations, etc.), and current trends (high-rise construction, "smart" homes, etc.) in evolution of multi-storey residential construction.


Following successful pilot testing, the first commercial demonstration installation of Powerspan's Electro-Catalytic Oxidation multi-pollution control system is underway at the R. E. Burger coal-fired station. The multi-pollution approach, with one installation reducing SO 2 , NO X , mercury and particulates promises a number of advantages.


This manuscript recognizes the importance of rights-talk in the law of education, but encourages supplementing that rights-talk with a focus on some basic and largely uncontroversial personal and civic virtues; as well as on perfectionism in the sense of self-realization; and on genuine cultural progress over time. Each of these areas of emphasis I argue to be compatible with sound understandings of broadly liberal values, including freedom and autonomy; equality; dignity; and community. To illustrate both the problems and the possibilities of this expanded legal focus throughout the law of education, the manuscript then works through the example of the Supreme Court's Horne v. Flores case.


The author analyzes the history of Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited (HKEX) development and the possible consequences of Hong Kong autonomy liquidation. Since Hong Kong's economy is based on free-market principles and is notable for low taxation and state non-interference, the stock exchange is one of the main institutions contributing to the economic development of Hong Kong as a special administrative region. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the Chinese authorities have made active attempts to change the special autonomous status of Hong Kong. In 2003, mainland Chinese authorities tried to promote the Law on Protection of National Security. The initiative drew criticism from Hong Kong residents and led to large-scale protests. A wave of protests in Hong Kong in 2014 was provoked by Beijing's attempt to control local elections in the autonomous region. In 2019, the PRC government attempted to pass an extradition law, which triggered a new wave of social tension. Beijing's interventions affected the Hong Kong Stock Exchange Index and the economic health of the special administrative region. There are known cases in which the fall of a major stock index led to economic collapse. For example, the 1929 stock market crash, known as the Wall Street crash, caused the Great Depression in the United States, while the Dow Jones index drop of October 19, 1987, also had influence on the world economy by affecting the stock indices of other countries. In recent years, it has become increasingly difficult to separate Hong Kong's political autonomy from its economic strength. The current "one country — two systems" policy ensures the status quo for Hong Kong's stock exchange and prevents Beijing from regulating it. But the abolition of autonomy in 2047 will entail not only political but also economic changes that could affect all of Hong Kong's financial structures.


Objective:To explore the effect of inflammation reaction of HIBD rat model by infusing IκB gene into the rat model with adenovirus vector through the central vein.Methods:Forty rats were randomly divided into five groups:Group I(control group),Group II(HIBD 1d),Group III(HIBD 7d),Group IV(Ad IκB therapy 1d),and Group V(Ad IκB therapy 7d).The expression of NF-κB in the brain tisse was measured by Western-blot method.The levels of TNF-α and IL-1 in the brain tisse were recorded after injection at day 1 and 7.Results:After infusing IκB gene-tansported-adenovirus through central vein,the NF-κB expression in IκB therapy at day 1 and IκB therapy at day 7 was significantly lowered in comparison with that in HIBD 1d group and HIBD 7d group,and the cytokine level was significantly reduced(P0.05).Conclusion:It may be a new direction for therapy HIBD by increasing expression of IκB gene by infusing IκB gene-tansported-adenovirus through the central vein,and the possible neuroprotection mechanism of HIBD may be related to the activity of NF-κB.


The antibacterial and antifungal activity of volatile oil extract of Cupressus glauca was studied in vitro against 2 gram +ve , 2 gram -ve bacteria and 2 fungi human pathogenic strains by two- fold serial dilution method. The significant inhibition of growth of all bacterial and fungal strains was observed by Cupressus glauca extract and inhibition is comparable to that of standard antibiotics, Amoxycillin trihydrate and Amphotericin-B respectively. Infected wound healing by volatile oil extract of Cupressus glauca is comparable to that of commercial Nitrofurazone in Albino rats in vivo.


Order noise is an essential part of engine noise and a vital indicator of the vehicle's interior's sound quality. Based on the Kaiser window function and Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT), the synthesis techniques are proposed to extract and synthesize engine order sounds. However, using the Short-Time Fourier Transform algorithm to extract order noise is prone to spectral leakage and fence effects, affecting the accuracy of order tracking analysis. In this paper, the pitch-synchronous sinusoidal decomposition method is used to analyze the spectrum characteristics of some essential window functions and their differences. The Kaiser window function short-time Fourier transform, and the synthesis techniques are proposed for the extraction and synthesis of engine order sounds. A random phase correction algorithm is developed to conquer the problem that the phase discontinuity of a single harmonic component during order synthesis leads to the interference effect of the synthesized sound. After all, it improves the coherence of the synthesized sound. Moreover, MATLAB software and engine order-noise are applied for producing a sound modulation software to achieve order slicing, phase extraction, and sound synthesis of sound samples. The results show that: the engine order sound extraction and synthesis method can meet the requirements of synthesized sound accuracy; the proposed random phase correction algorithm can reduce the interference effect and improving the coherence of the synthesized sound.


In this paper, a choice of models for optimal control strategy is discussed for batch membrane processes. The system of lactose and salt in water is studied with the separation aim being concentration of lactose and simultaneous removal of salt. The most crucial part of the model is dependence of permeation rate on concentrations of components. Two models from literature and one data-based model are fitted to experimental data. An optimal control problem (OCP) is formulated to minimize processing time using diluant-to-permeate flow ratio as the control input. The optimal control strategy is found analytically and verified using numerical methods of dynamic optimization. The resulting processing times and the optimal input profiles are compared between all the models. Simulation case study confirms the attractiveness of the proposed approach.


Article type: Case Report Article Background: Acinetobacter species are the major cause of nosocomial infection especially in intensive care unit settings. This organism also gains its importance for its nature of showing resistance towards various classes of antibiotics. Methods: Conventional biochemical test and Microscan walkway automated system was used for identification of the isolate. Results: Here, we report an unusual finding of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumanii, isolated from cerebrospinal fluid due to the post antibiotics effect. Conclusion: Microbiologist should be vigilant while reporting the unusual morphology of bacteria as antibiotic pressure effect may change the morphology and important findings may miss by microbiologist so antibiotic history should evaluated. Article history: Received: 13 Jun 2019 Revised: 08 Aug 2019 Accepted: 24 Aug 2019 Published: 12 Sep 2019


In financial investment, risk and benefit coexist. How to balance the benefits and risks and find the optimal investment portfolio is a key issue to be considered by investors. In this research, BP neural network is used to predict the future return on equity (ROE) of asset; a multiobjective programming model of investment portfolio is established on the basis of Markowitz's portfolio investment theory; to select the optimal investment portfolio, a comparison is made on the benefit-risk ratio of the investment portfolio with the smallest risk and at different income levels; in addition, an empirical analysis is made on the basis of the quarterly ROE data of 5 stocks during 2002-2017. Keywords—portfolio; BP neural network; ROE (return on equity); multi-objective programming; benefit–risk ratio


The part boundary line of Tower Bar Inner was estimated by using DYNAFORM,the metal sheet forming simulation software.By considering the forward Forming procedure,the blanking shape and size was decided,and the blanking layout was designed.The coil's feeding、guide and location type、feed bridge setting、scrap out-flowing、die structure and the selection of die materials were introduced.It could be reference for the progressive blanking die design of vehicle body's cross member and thicker parts.


The integrated engine-generator concept consists of an electric generator located inside a turbojet or turbofan engine and both concentric with and driven by one of the main engine shafts. The electric power-conversion equipment and generator controls are conveniently located in the aircraft. When properly rated, the generator serves as an engine starter as well as a source of electric power. The available generating capacity permits use of electrically driven engine accessories. This reduces or eliminates the need for an external gearbox on the engine, thereby simplifying the engine and nacelle assembly and increasing aircraft design flexibility. The nacelle diameter can then be decreased, resulting in less aerodynamic drag and reduced takeoff gross weight.


In this paper the electrical performance of submicron MOS transistors at low temperatures is explored. This way we found that second-order effects like; the bias dependent series resistance, the second substrate current hump and some others, are amplified allowing so an easier way to study them and to determine their physical origin.


The effect of an insoluble surfactant on the gravity-driven flow of a liquid film down an inclined wall with periodic undulations or indentations is investigated in the limit of vanishing Reynolds number. A perturbation analysis for walls with small-amplitude sinusoidal corrugations reveals that the surfactant amplifies the deformation of the film surface, though it also renders the film thickness more uniform over the inclined surface. The effect of the surfactant is most significant when the film thickness is less than half the wall period. To explain the deforming influence of the surfactant, a linear stability analysis of film flow down an inclined plane is undertaken for two-dimensional perturbations. The results reveal the occurrence of a Marangoni normal mode whose rate of decay is lower than that of the single mode occurring in the absence of surfactants. Numerical methods based on a combined boundary-element/finite-volume method are implemented to compute flow down a periodic wall with large-amplitude corrugations or semi-circular depressions. In the case of a wavy wall, it is found that the shape of the film surface is described well by the linear perturbation expansion for small and moderate wave amplitudes. Streamline patterns reveal that, although the effect of the surfactant on the shape of the film surface is generally small, Marangoni tractions may have a profound influence on the kinematics by causing the onset of regions of recirculating flow.


Introduction: Pulmonary disease is one of the most frequent infections in human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV)-positive patients. Among them, the protozoal, viral, bacterial infections and tumors such as Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma involving lung often require indoor treatment in hospital. CD4 cell count is an excellent indicator of an HIV-infected patient's risk of developing opportunistic pulmonary infections presumably because it refl ects the stage of HIV disease and degree of immune compromise. Material and Methods: A total of 50 cases of HIV-infected patients showing clinical evidence of respiratory system involvement and admitted in a tertiary care center in Ujjain, from July 2010 to October 2013 were studied in the present study. Detailed clinical history was noted in each patient with special emphasis on history of major surgery, blood transfusion, genital ulcer, multiple sexual partners, occupational exposure, drug abuse history of tuberculosis, and AKT whether taken or not, history of antiretroviral drugs taken or not and history of pneumonia. Results: In the present study, the most common opportunistic infection (OI) was pulmonary tuberculosis 33 (66%) followed by bacterial pneumonia 12 (24%) and others were pneumocystis pneumonia 4 (8%), fungal infection seen in 1 (2%) of the cases. Conclusion: CD4 count is a sign of decreased immunity and higher chances of OIs. HIV and tuberculosis co-infection is a major problem in India. Early diagnosis of HIV infection and initiation of antiretroviral therapy can be helpful in preventing the patients from OIs.


Objective:To study initial factors of perihematoma inflammatory reaction in intracerebral hemor- rhage (ICH).Methods:24 patients with ICH who have been treated by micro-invasive drainage and aspiration were divided into interventional group and ordinary treatment group (n=12/group).Low molecular heparin was infused into the hematoma through the aspirating catheters after aspiration in interventional group.Perihematoma cerebral tissues in both groups were harvested and prepared for Hematoxylin Eosin staining and immunohistochemistry before counting the inflammatory cells and TNF-αpositive cells.Concentrations of IL-6 and IL-10 in the liquid drained 4 days after the operation were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results:The number of inflammatory cells is (174.00±7.281) and (123.10±5.342) every 5-visual-field under the microscope in the ordinary and interventional groups respectively(P0.01).There was no significant differences in number of TNF-αpositive cells and between two groups(P0.05).No remarkable changes of IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations was detected after operation in the ordinary group(P0.05),but significant differences in the levels of the factors above in the interventional group were observed(P0.01).Conclusion:There are inflammatory reactions in tbe perihematoma areas in ICH.Administration of low molecular heparin to the areas may ameliorate the infiltration of inflammatory cells and to decrease the expression of inflammatory cytokines.The activation of thrombin may act as a initial factor for starting the inflammatory reaction in ICH.


Background: Whereas coverage of antenatal iron supplementation is low and benefits are uncertain, there is evidence that it can increase the burden of malaria. We aimed to measure the effect of iron supplementation during pregnancy on maternal Plasmodium infection assessed at delivery, birthweight, gestational duration, fetal growth and maternal and infant iron status. Methods: 470 rural Kenyan women with singleton pregnancies, gestational age 13─23 weeks and hemoglobin concentration ≥90g/L were randomized to supervised daily supplementation with iron (60mg as ferrous fumarate) or placebo until 1 month postpartum. To prevent severe anemia, both groups additionally received 5.7mg iron/day through flour fortification. Intermittent preventive treatment against malaria was given as usual. Plasmodium infection was assessed at birth by dipstick tests, PCR and histological examination of placental biopsies. Results: We found no effect on Plasmodium infection risk (both intervention groups: 45%; difference, 95%CI: 0%, ─9% to 9%). Iron supplementation increased birthweight by 143g (95%CI: 58─228g) and reduced the prevalence of low birthweight (<2,500g) by 65% (95%CI: 13%─86%). The effect on birthweight was restricted to a prespecified group of women who were initially iron-deficient (250g; p-interaction=0.008), and seemed achieved mostly through better fetal growth. Iron supplementation resulted in improved maternal iron status at 1 month postpartum, and enhanced neonatal iron stores. Conclusions: In a mixed population that included women with anemia and iron deficiency at baseline, iron supplementation produced major gains in birth weight, with no apparent effect on Plasmodium infection. Coverage of universal antenatal iron supplementation must be increased. Submitted for publication


A simulation model of a series augmented railgun and a pulsed power source using crowbar circuit is established.The matching characteristic of the pulsed power source and the railgun is analyzed,including the influences of the parameters of each circuit,the number of branch circuit,and the ripple coefficient on current waveform and energy transfer rate.Simulation is conducted to support the design of pulsed power source for railgun.


Highway agencies and contractors aiming to better predict the future maintenance, rehabilitation, and other life-cycle costs of portland cement concrete pavements are finding that using performance-related specifications (PRS) can provide a key boost to their project planning. The PRS are similar to quality assurance (QA) specifications, but the acceptance quality characteristics they measure, which include concrete strength, slab thickness, and initial smoothness, have been determined to be more directly related to pavement performance. The PRS also have capabilities beyond the traditional QA specifications in use today. These include the ability to identify and specify an optimum level of quality that provides the best balance between costs and pavement performance, and the ability to provide a rational basis for determining pay adjustments for contractors when quality is above or below desired levels.


The so-called disclosure principle is a 'puzzle' in the accounting literature: Game theoretic models of financial markets show that in equilibrium firms should disclose all their private information. Yet, the result is not convincing. Researchers have therefore built sophisticated models in order to demonstrate for which reasons the disclosure principle might fail. This note shows that even in the original model there are multiple equilibria. In those equilibria good types disclose and bad types do not. The commonly known full disclosure equilibrium is a limit point of the equilibrium set. Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2003.


Approximately 512 bibliographies are presented for the time period from FY 77 to FY 79. Several non-SCR publications and a few papers not included in the last publication are included. Topics include propulsion, stratospheric emissions impact, materials and structure, aerodynamic performance, and stability and control.


1473 The Background Thirty years ago, the first report was published with intracel-lular recordings from motoneurons, trigeminal motoneurons, in chronically instrumented, behaving cats across the sleep-wake cycle. A major observation was that synaptic activity, both ex-citatory and inhibitory, declined during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in association with the characteristic motoneu-ronal hyperpolarization. However, subsequent intracellular recordings from motoneurons revealed that REM sleep was associated with the appearance of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) of which some had uniquely large amplitudes. The potentials were abolished by strychnine, an antagonist of chloride dependent , fast inhibition mediated by glycine, when the drug was administered by iontophoresis into the vicinity of the recorded motoneuron. 8 These results have led to a widely accepted concept that postsynaptic, glycine-mediated inhibition is the cause of motoneuronal hyperpolarization. In another study, using an indirect approach to assess the role of inhibitory amino acids, glycine, or GABA, in the REM sleep-related suppression of trigeminal motoneurons, evidence for a contribution of active inhibition was inconclusive. Concurrently , the study provided clear evidence that neurotrans-mitters other than glycine or GABA significantly contribute to the REM sleep-related depression of motoneuronal excitabili-ty. Some of the potential mechanisms considered included a REM sleep-dependent loss of Ia afferent-mediated activation and REM sleep-related withdrawal of aminergic excitation of motoneurons. Fifteen years ago, I coauthored a study titled " Suppression of hypoglossal motoneurons during the carbachol-induced ato-nia of REM sleep is not caused by fast synaptic inhibition. " 10 We used an unanesthetized, decerebrate cat carbachol model of the atonia of REM sleep in experiments designed to test whether antagonists of glycinergic or GABA A-receptors micro-injected into the hypoglossal motor nucleus can eliminate or diminish the depression of hypoglossal nerve activity elicited by microinjections of a cholinergic agonist, carbachol, in the dorsomedial pontine reticular formation. We found that each of the two antagonists used, strychnine and bicuculline, increased the baseline level of hypoglossal nerve activity and antagonized the reflexly elicited inhibition of hypoglossal motoneurons. We also found that neither antagonist diminished the magnitude of the depression of hypoglossal nerve activity during the atonia of REM sleep. While the properties of the carbachol models of REM sleep atonia are discussed elsewhere, three aspects of the experimental design used in our 1993 study 10 are relevant for our comments on the article by Brooks and Peever. 13 First, by increasing the doses of the antagonists injected into the hy-poglossal …


This paper proposes a symbolic description of music information, which includes folk music. The method aims at the high-level music information processing in the future with a high describing ability and a description handled easily by human ability.


The hybrid cellular automaton (HCA) algorithm is a gradient-free methodology that combines both local update rules based on the cellular automaton (CA) paradigm and the finite element analysis (FEA). The local update rules could determine the distribution of the material based on the local state information collected from cellular automaton paradigm. This paper proposes a modified update rule of field variable to suppress the mesh dependency and gray-scale elements problems occurred in topology optimization of continuum structures. Two typical numerical examples are presented to prove the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method in solving the numerical instabilities problem.


Abstract : One-half-inch- diameter aluminum spheres were fired into thin copper filaments (O.OO25inch diameter and O.75 inch length) at velocities to 16,000 feet per second, then recovered and sectioned to determine the damage. The principal variable was the filament angle of inclination. Microscopic examination of the sectioned targets and photographs revealed the various crater characteristics and penetration parameters for each shot. As the angle of inclination increased from O to 7, the depth of penetration decreased by a factor greater than 3 with most of the decrease occurring in the range from 4 to 5. Above 10 inclination angle, the penetration decreased more gradually to a final depth at broadside impact of approximately 1/10 that for end-on impact. The characteristic features of the craters also changed in these inclination ranges. Limited tests with filaments of 0.00l5-inch diameter showed a decrease in penetration approximately in proportion to the decrease in diameter. This result is very preliminary and may not be applicable to conditions other than those of this test. Incidental observations showed that small curvature of the filament may have a large effect on depth of penetration for end-on impacts but has essentially no effect for impacts of inclined filaments. The data are used to evaluate the probability of penetration greater than a selected depth for randomly oriented filaments.


The laser photoacoustic spectra of the 4 VN.H and 4 VC.H overtones of pyrrole, the 5vc-H of methyl isocyanide and acetonitrile, the 5VC-H and 6 VC-H of isobutane, and the 6 VC-H of cyclohexane were measured at temperatures up to 140 C (T 140) and compared to the room temperature (Trt) spectra. Hot bandc were identified by their temperature dependence in pyrrole, methyl isocyanide and isobutane. From the change in the relative intensities of the hot band to the main band going from Trt to TI40, the wavenumbers of the thermally populated states were 405±80,410±80 and 208±40 cm-1 for pyrrole, isobutane and methyl isocyanide, respectively. These values compam well to the bending motion frequencies in these molecules. Large red shifts of the hot bands from the main peak were observed, as expected for high overtone transitions due to large anharmonicities. The anharmonic constants determined from these shifts are -25 cm-1 for the N-H in pyrrole and -20 cm-I for the C-H in methyl isocyanide and isobutane. In the case of the N-H absorption the hot band was completely separated from the main transition. In the C-H overtone spectra these hot band absorptions were not separated and result in an apparent increased width of the overtone transition. Introduction The contribution of homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening in vibrational overtone spectra is still of great experimental and theoretical interest. Based on the local mode theory I the high frequency overtones of the C-H stretches in polyatomic molecules are largely uncoupled to the rest of the vibrational modes of the molecule so that structured bands are expected for these transitions 2. However, most of the observed overtone contours are broader (-200 cm1) and less structured than expected. Rotational and vibrational congestion, which leads to inhomogeneous broadening, arises from transitions out of excited rotational and vibrational states which are thermally populated. An absorption which originates from a thermally populated low lying vibrational level is called a hot band. Homogeneous broadening derives from the lifetime of the state and is not temperature dependent. For vibrational overtone levels the lifetime is governed by coupling of the bright state to nearly isoenergetic states which distribute the oscillator strength between them. This broadening reports on intramolecular vibrational relaxation (IVR) and is critical in the search for mode selective chemistry 3. 3/18/93 2 In the last 20 years, theoretical and experimental 4.20 studies have investigated homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening in overtone spectra. The usual procedure for differentiating between homgeneous and inhomogeneous broadening is to record the spectra of cooled samples. At low temperature the number of the thermally populated states and their contribution to the bandwidth is reduced, i.e. the inhomogenous contribution is decreased. Hydrocarbons can be moderately cooled while maintaining high enough vapor pressure to be detected using photoacoustic spectroscopic methods. Methane and trideuteromethane 21 and several small to medium-size hydrocarbons 22 have been studied using photoacoustic detection. Scherer et al.2 1 measured the fifth C-H stretch overtone of methane and CD 3H at 77K. The spectrum shows a significant reduction in congestion at the low temperature, Crofton et al.22 measured different C-H stretch overtone spectra of molecules ranging in size from methane to isobutane at 143K or 189 K and compared these to the room temperature contours. Overall the contours were temperature invariant indicating that the homogeneous linewidths were wide relative to the level spacing. The temperature independence correlated loosely with the density of states and the degree of saturation. This effect has been documented many times and now studies are underway to determine by direct measurement the density of states and the dark states which produce the line broadening 23-25. These studies necessarily begin at lower energies of excitation and involve cooling by supersonic expansion in order to make any progress. For some compounds supersonic expansion dramatically reduces the congestion in the spectra. Reilly and coworkers observed the Au--4 of the O-H stretch in water26 and hydrogen peroxide 27 under jet-cooled conditions using a optothermal bolometric detection method. The spectral linewidths of the overtone transitions are found to be Doppler limited at a few MHz. However, in the same experiment they were not able to detect the Au=4 of the N-H stretch in pyrrole28, which was explained by substantial vibrational state mixing which increased the homogeneous linewidth. Crim and co-workers studied the overtone spectra of jet-cooled hydrogen peroxide and tetramethyl dioxetane by observing the unimolecular decomposition products 29-30. While a dramatic reduction in the bandwidths of the vibrational overtone transitions was observed in H202, minor changes observed in the case of tetramethyl dioxetane, suggesting large homogeneous contributions to the bandwidth in the later case. Page et al.3 1, employed supersonic jet cooling with multiphoton ionization (MPI) doubleresonance detection to obtain the C-H fundamental, and first and second overtone spectra in benzene. The second overtone of benzene was reinvestigated by Bassi and co-workers 32 under supersonic cooling and optothermal detection. Both of these experiments with benzene show dramatic reduction of the overtone bandwidth at the low temperature of the beam. The large inhomogeneous contributions to the bandwidth in the overtone transitions of benzene will be discussed later. Indirect evidence for inhomogeneous contribution to the overtone bandwidth was shown in 1,3,5-hexatriene and allyl isocyanide33-34. The nonmonotonic dependence of the isomerization rate with energy in these overtone photoisomerization experiments was attributed to the contribution of hot bands. The above experiments indicate that since the homogeneous linewidth is large, extreme cooling is required to "open up "the spectrum. Unfortunately doing this reduces the vapor pressure of the 3/18/93 3 sample and the signal will be small beyond the experimental detection limits of photoacoustic spectroscopy. On the other hand if the sample is heated, vibrational hot band absorptions will grow in intensity relative to the other features in the spectrum without sacrificing photoacoustic signal. We have chosen this strategy in looking for vibrational hot bands, heating our samples as high as 140 C. The high temperature is limited by the sensitivity of the microphone used to detect the signal, as described in the experimental section. In addition we watch for band contour shape changes on the outside chance that there may be some effects. There is some precedence in this arena. The 3 VN.H overtone absorption of pyrrole vapor was photographed at 150 and 250 C by Zumwalt and Badger 35. At the high temperatures the band at 10111 cn"l (989 nm) increased in intensity relative to the main peak at 10185 cm-1 (981.8 rim). The authors concluded that the peak at 10111 cr-I was the first member of a sequence deriving from a low frequency vibration populated at the high temperature i.e. a hot band. A large shift of 74 cm-1 of the hot band to the red of the main peak was observed, indicating a large interaction between the NH stretch and the low frequency mode. High temperature spectra of the 5VO-H overtone in gaseous ethanol was studied by Fang et al. 36 using photoacoustic absorption spectroscopy. Increasing the temperature from room temperature to 80 C changed the relative intensity of the two peaks belonging to the two conformers in ethanol: trans or gauche configuration of the 0-H bond and methyl group. From this temperature dependence the enthalpy difference between the two conformers was determined. Vibrational hot bands derive their intensity from the main allowed transition and are observed to the red of the principal band due to anharmonicity. Their relative intensity depends on the temperature and the frequency of the low lying level which is thermally populated. The relative intensity expression is simply the Boltzmann description for the population of the level at a particular temperature. Anharmonicities for hot bands observed in the infrared are typically less than a few wavenumbers. These values reflect the harmonic nature of the vibrational potential even when this type of coupling is observed. The spectral shift of the hot band depends on the vibrational quantum numbers which in the infrared are always low values. Vibrational overtone spectra are characterized by local mode absorptions with large anharmonicities. Consequently, the hot band spectral shifts should be large in these absorptions. Baylor et al. 37 observed hot band transitions (v9 -> v9 + vvl) accompanying the first to the fifth acetylenic C-H stretch overtone transitions in propyne, where v9 is the C-=C-H bending mode. The anharmonic constant obtained from the spectra was -23±7 cm-I. In the present paper, we examined the 4 VN.H and 4 VC-H overtones of pyrrole, 5VC.H of methyl isocyanide and acetonitrile and the 5 VC-H and 6vC.H of isobutane at T120 or T140 and compared these spectra to those at Trt. Hot bands were identified in the case of pyrrole, methyl isocyanide and isobutane. In light of our results, we reexamined the second overtone of benzene 3 1-32 and the 4VC..H (acetylenic) and 5VC.H (methyl) overtones in propyne 22 which have been reported by previous workers. 3/18/93 4 Experimental The overtone absorption spectra were recorded using intracavity photoacoustic techniques as was described previously38 . A Pyrex cell. 20 cm long and 1.3 cm I.D.. outfitted with quartz windows oriented at Brewster's angle, and a microphone (Knowles BT-1751) at the center, was aligned inside the cavity of a Spectra-Physics argon ion pumped dye laser. The microphone signal was directed to a lock-in amplifier (EG&G PAR mode


Polylactic acid(PLA)has attracted much attention due to their biodegradability and biocompatibility properties. The organically modified montmorillonite or known as nanoclay namely Cloisite B30 (the montmorillonite modified with a quaternary ammonium salt) was used in this research. PLA nanocomposite was prepared by melt intercalation method. Morphological,thermal and mechanical analysis was investigated for both pristine PLA and PLA organoclay nanocomposite.The morphological analysis was observed using both X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Thermal stability for the nanocomposites were studied using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Glass transition temperature, T data has been collected and analyzed using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). Other than that,the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were observed from tensile test.From this research,a possible exfoliation of silicate layered of Cloisite B30 in the PLA matrix was demonstrated as there were no noticeable XRD peaks was observed.SEM images could not determine the nanoclay dispersion but the nanocomposite samples possessed large aggregates,whose role as stress concentrators.In thermal analysis,TGA resulted in the decrease of thermal stability with increasing loading of Cloisite B30.The glass transition temperature for the nanocomposites also has no improvement on Tg compared to pure PLA. Mechanical analysis of the nanocomposites was studied using Universal Testing Machine. A poor ultimate stress and ultimate strength but more elasticity of nanocomposites was observed compared to pure PLA.


tor any fungus {the plates were examined every 3 days and kept tor 2 5 days). Using standard laboratory methods. Lnciiiding the API 2()C Candida identitit-ation system, the yeast was identified as C. humicola. Repeated microscopy and cultures. 1 month and 2 months later, gave the same results. Bacterial cultures were repeatedly negative, The patient was treated with itraconazole. 200 mg twice a day for 7 days during the lirst week of each month, for 3 months. At the end of treatment, the pigmentation was more conspicuous, but only affected the distal portion of both nails (Fig. lb). The left nail plate was loose, so painless avulsion of the entire nail plate was performed. Multiple clusters of dark debris were seen, both on the distal portion of the nail bed and on the distal portion of the ventral aspect of the nail plate. These clusters were ecisily eliminated after superticial scraping and culture yielded C hwnicola (no other fungi or bacteria were isolated). Histological examination of the avulsed nail plate failed to demonstrate fungal elements. Clinical and mycologicai cure was obtained after (•> months of treatment (Fig. lc). The patient remained cured at a 12-month follow-up visit.


Abstract : A study was made to develop and demonstrate the techniques necessary to produce a Multi-Colour Electroluminescent (EL) and Matrix Display. The techniques were to be compatible with the production of larger arrays (1,000,000 elements). The concept considered to have the best chance of success involved the use of three colour triplets of EL material arranged in matrix form. A triplet would consist of EL materials emitting the primary colours of red, blue and green; each in one of three discrete areas within the triplet. Green and blue phosphors were used for the green and blue primaries; however, the red primary was produced by a green phosphor with a red fluorescent overlay. By activating the EL areas singly or in combination it is possible to produce six colours plus white. Silk screening techniques are readily applicable for the deposition of discrete areas of EL material. A block outline was used around the EL areas for contrast improvement. Good success was attained in electrical accessing of the electrodes for the individual EL areas. A glass cover with small holes etched through it was edgesealed to the EL substrate and conductive silver was introduced into the etched holes to form the electrical connections. Colour balancing was accomplished using an integrating sphere. The objectives of 50 fL white brightness and 1000 hours half life were not compatible. However, a panel emitting 8 fl white could be expected to reach its half life in 1000 hours.


The article describes the results of road tests of light commercial vehicle equipped by ESP where the effectiveness of the electronic program estimated in conditions curvilinear manoeuvres: start of the corner and line changing (in accordance with Russian Standard GOST 31507-2012). The main objective of the study is the analysis of behaviour of a vehicle equipped with ESP, determination of the moment of ESP activating as well as the effect of ESP influence on LCV dynamics. The object of study is a metal cargo LCV with total mass 4500 kg. During the road tests on dry asphalt the vehicle speed and yaw of the longitudinal and transverse accelerations as well as the steering angle were synchronized registered. The analysis of experimental data shows that during manoeuvre "start of the corner" the threshold of dynamic stabilization was found at 58...59 km/h, when in the "line changing" it was about 60...65 km/h, that close to speeds regulated by GOST binding for all types of LCV (regardless of ESP).


Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers, produced by electrospinning, represent attractive high‐surface‐area supports for olefin polymerization catalysts. Tethered with metal alkyls, PVA nanofibers immobilize a great variety of transition metal compounds, thus producing highly active nanofiber‐supported Ziegler‐, metallocene‐, and post‐metallocene catalysts. Whereas most conventional heterogeneous polymerization catalysts form particles, PVA‐nanofiber‐supported catalysts enable polyolefin nanofiber and nanostructure formation by mesoscopic shape replication using electrospun nanofibers as templates. At low ethylene pressure, linear correlation between average PE/PVA core/shell fiber diameter and polymerization time are made. At elevated pressure, this control is lost, accounting for the formation of reactor blends consisting of PE granules and built‐in PE/PVA nanofibers. Whereas conventional catalysts produce micrometer‐sized particles of ultrahigh molecular weight PE (UHMWPE), PVA‐nanofiber supported chromium catalysts afford new families UHMWPE materials. They range from UHMWPE/PVA core/shell nanofibers and nonwovens to hollow UHMWPE fibers and nanoporous UHMWPE, obtained by removing the PVA component.


Equipment for sensing damage of a platen belt is provided to prevent loss of a wafer by generating an inter-lock for halting process progressing, when the platen belt is cut. A polishing platen(20) is prepared for rotating a polishing pad(16). A motor(28) generates a power for rotating the polishing platen. A driving pulley(30) is installed on a rotation axis of the motor. A sub-pulley(32) is installed on a lower rotation axis of the polishing platen. A platen belt(26) installed between the driving pulley and the sub-pulley. An encoder(34) outputs a rectangular pulse and a current detector(36) detects a current value of the driving motor. A photo sensor outputs a pulse signal from the encoder. A controller(40) verifies rotation state of the motor and the platen for generating an inter-lock.


Polytypes have been simulated, treating them as analogues of a one-dimensional spin-half Ising chain with competing short-range and infinite-range interactions. Short-range interactions are treated as random variables to approximate conditions of growth from melt as well as from vapour. Besides ordered polytypes up to 12R, short stretches of long-period polytypes (up to 33R) have been observed. Such long-period sequences could be of significance in the context of Frank's theory of polytypism. The form of short-range interactions employed in the study has been justified by carrying out model potential calculations.


The present paper concludes that P. Oxy. 2463 contains remnants of a commentary on the Aitia of Callimachus. Identifying the commentary makes it possible to reconstruct the missing part of Heracles' conversation with Molorchus (SH 256–7), confirming its place in the Victoria Berenices and settling the latter's relationship to the Aitia. The argument takes its departure from a vexed passage in Lycophron.


The invention discloses a method for performing low temperature performance test on a joint strip by using a pull test machine. The pull test machine comprises a pull test machine, a low temperature device and a processor. The method comprises the following steps of: preparing a test piece of the joint strip; installing and pulling, namely placing the test piece in the low temperature device and preserving heat for preset time, and then installing on the pull test machine; and testing parameters, namely pulling the test piece of the joint strip opposite to each other bidirectionally by a pull rod structure of the pull test machine and automatically acquiring and displaying a stress-strain curve by using the processor in the testing process. The method realizes the test of the key technical index, namely low temperature performance of the joint strip, and provides guarantee for the mass production, wide application and performance improvement of the joint strip.


We prove a proposition that connects constant‐periodic autocorrelation function sequences and the corresponding Legendre pairs with integer power spectral density values. We show how to determine explicitly the complete spectrum of the ( ℓ ∕ 3 ) ‐rd value of the discrete Fourier transform for Legendre pairs of lengths ℓ ≡ 0 ( mod 3 ) . This is accomplished by two new algorithms based on number‐theoretic arguments. As an application, we prove that Legendre pairs of the open lengths 117, 129, 133, and 147 exist by finding Legendre pairs of these lengths with a multiplier group of order at least 3. As a consequence, 85, 87, 115, 145, 159, 161, 169, 175, 177, 185, 187, 195 are the 12 integers in the range < 200 for which the question of existence of Legendre pairs remains unsolved.


Radiation to Electronics (R2E) represents a crucial issue to be taken into account as design criterion of any high energy and intensity machine. The different effects on the concerned equipment and the microscopic mechanisms underneath are reviewed. Evaluation and mitigation strategies are presented, based on the support of dedicated Monte Carlo calculations. In the specific context of a future e+eHF, the relevant radiation sources and their possible impact are discussed.


SUMMARY The main objective of this study was to improve the tumour type diagnosis using immunohistochemical markers for epithelial (cytokeratins AE1/AE3) and myoepithelial cells (cytokeratins AE1/AE3, calponin, a-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA)) and for mesenchymal components (vimentin) in the case of canine mammary tumours. Tumours were obtained from 43 female dogs in different ages and breeds and were classified according to WHOAFIP after histopathological examination. The tumours were diagnosed as in situ carcinoma (3 cases), complex carcinoma (12 cases), tubulopapillary carcinoma (12 cases), solid carcinoma (1 case), spindle cell carcinoma (1 case) and carcinosarcoma (14 cases). Cytokeratins AE1/AE3 were expressed in all cases except in the spindle cell carcinoma and vimentin was expressed by mesenchymal cells in all cases except in the in situ carcinoma whereas a-SMA and calponin were specifically detected in complex carcinoma and in carcinosarcoma (88.5% and 69.2%, respectively). However, calponin immunostaining was generally moderate to strong whereas the a-SMA


The originators of primary care computer systems designed them to perform functions which were at the time of low quality, took considerable time, or were impossible with paper-based systems. They developed systems which provided them a service. For example, prior to the computerisation of primary care much of the clinical consultation with a person with a chronic illness would be spent trying to hand write repeat prescriptions and trying to amend the repeat prescription card while endeavouring to leave it still legible. It was impossible to search records to measure the quality of chronic disease management. Growth and development of primary care computing and the general adoption of technology was organic and not the result of planned project management. The first planned EPR system, launched in 1975 in Ottery-St.Mary, was a remarkable achievement but has not stood the test of time. And, although computers help with prescribing, prevention and screening and possibly costs, there have been persistent concerns that their use may undermine the clinician–patient relationship and impose a biomedical model on the consultation. The UKDepartment of Health is currently consulting on its information strategy: Liberating the NHS: An InformationRevolution. The document promotes a strategy which encourages standardisation of quality measures, or record structure and of terminologies including use of SNOMEDCT (SystematisedNomenclature of Medicine – Clinical Terms). It cites the importance of recording data in a way that computers can process, rather than stressingwe need systems that support the clinical task. Meanwhilemuch of software engineering is looking towards service orientated architectures (SOA). SOA design aims to overcome the problems we are very familiar with in health care: (1) Complexity, (2) Redundant and non-reusable legacy systems, and (3) Most importantly the ''Real Integration Killer'' trying to link or work with a multiplicity of interfaces. Instead of focussing on standardising the data item SOA focuses on the provision of a service with a published interface. Such services are interoperable with others but act independently. The advantage of an SOA approach is that services could be delivered by a best in class application; rather than as an add-on to the EPR system. For example, appointment booking services and electronic diaries, or even prescribing and drug interaction services could each be provided as a single service across the whole NHS by an industry standard service. The information strategy consultation provides the opportunity to think about service orientation and move away from expensive comprehensive single supplier solutions for whole institutions delivered from vaults to services provided from the clouds. We should be moving towards services, or some would say resources, accessible through a uniform interface. It is time to cast aside some of the current sacred cows of informatics:


Recent advances have led to an understanding of how eukaryotic mRNAs are exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. This process involves an elaborate machinery that is conserved from yeasts to humans and is coupled to upstream events in RNA metabolism. Eukaryotic pre-mRNAs are processed after synthesis in the nucleus by capping at the 5′ end, cleavage and polyadenylation to form the 3′ end, and splicing to remove intervening sequences. Following processing, mRNAs must be exported through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) to the cytoplasm for translation, which requires recognition by export factors to direct the mRNAs to nuclear export receptors for translocation through the NPC (17, 81, 108). A large body of evidence shows that TAP/NXF1, in conjunction with its heterodimeric partner, p15/NXT, is the nuclear export receptor for mRNAs in metazoans (5, 27, 33, 45, 48, 107) (Table (Table1).1). The yeast homologue of TAP/NXF1, termed Mex67p, has been shown to function as the mRNA export receptor in yeasts (44, 88, 91, 101). TAP/NXF1 and Mex67p have been shown to shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm, cross-link to poly(A)+ RNA, localize at the nuclear pores, and interact directly with nucleoporins (5, 37, 45, 88, 91). Further, overexpression of TAP/NXF1 in Xenopus oocytes or mammalian cells stimulated mRNA export (5, 37), and inactivation of TAP/NXF1 in Caenorhabditis elegans (103) and Drosophila (38) by RNA interference blocked nuclear export of poly(A)+ RNA, indicating a direct role in mRNA export.


The rapid development of science and technology sets high demands for schools and faculties in terms of educating students to be able to manage complex technological systems. On the other hand, the application of new technologies in modern industry requires the creation of real and virtual laboratories capable of producing the conditions for the rapid and reliable transfer of new knowledge and skills from teachers to students. Having this in mind, the main focus of this paper is the realization of a module as a combination of virtual and real learning systems. The advantage of these systems is reflected in a possibility of creating virtual laboratories using three-dimensional models that simulate real industrial systems. Research shows that the use of virtual didactic systems in modern education increases motivation for learning, reduces learning time and enables modelling and simulation of real systems. However, in order to improve professional competencies, an interaction of simulation models with real industrial systems is needed.


The latest advances in automotive and Internet of Things (IoT) devices continue to drive the complexity of today's mixed-signal designs, significantly challenging mixed-signal verification. Engineers require solutions that span from transistors to chips to systems, and they also need better ways to improve productivity. This article will examine the key trends, challenges, and emerging solutions in mixed-signal system design enablement, focusing on mixed-signal verification.


Present space transportation systems though, on the one hand, are able to solve many economical and managerial problems, on the other have given rise to some new ones of purely propulsive nature. In fact, the engines of these vehicles have to perform high thrusts and have to operate at very different altitudes (0 400 km ), therefore their nozzles have to generate high expansion ratios and, as a consequence, have to work for long time in over -expansion. Furthermore, the use of highly energetic pr opellants (H 2-O2), but easily dissociable (H 2), leads to heavy losses for frozen effect. Unconventional nozzles seem to meet very well these requirements, ensuring small losses in terms of specific impulse in overexpansion conditions and the almost total and immediate recombination of dissociated species. However one of the most serious problems of unconventional nozzles is the higher thermal stress on the wall, particularly in the throat region whose dimensions are very small. Then a cooling system is cert ainly required to ensure a long operation time. Actual numerical models concerning hot flow in advanced nozzles have to be improved and they need experimental tests that can show the feasibility of the realization of this kind of configuration, even from a technological point of view. For this reason a two -dimensional plug nozzle has been designed and constructed so that the thermo -fluid dynamic behavior of truncated plug nozzles can be tested in order to try of reducing the related technological troubles. The nozzle shape has been chosen following some basic criteria for making easier the plug cooling. In this paper some numerical results of the flow -field in over -expanded condition with turbulent reacting flow and the heat flux distribution along the plug have been reported. The nozzle will be tested on the hybrid rocket set up in the Propulsion Laboratory of DISIS, that allows to perform tests safely and cheaply at different running pressures up to 30 atm and different mass flow rates up to 0.3 kg/s . The acq uisition system employed allows to measure the motor thrust and to calculate the specific


)H how historians like to compare and contrast historical figures they have dug up! And if the persons themselves are not enough to make an argument, one can always disinter their ideas along with them. Although professors are fond of assigning this kind of exercise to their undergraduates, let us admit at the outset that there is some merit in the inquiry. For when the curious historian finds that a protagonist's ideas clash with those of a contemporary, as did the religious convictions of Roger Williams and George Fox, such a confrontation often explains as much about the character of the surrounding society as it does about each individual's particular contribution.' Roger Williams and George Fox may seem at the outset an unlikely couple for comparison. But why not? Their lives were almost parallel, although an ocean stretched between them. Each was a religious radical and a sharply unconventional thinker in a century rife with both. And despite the huge gulf that separated their spiritual beliefs, they saw eye-to-eye on a surprising number of issues facing seventeenth-century Englishmen in both realm and colonies.


High-temperature chlorine-induced corrosion is mainly responsible for the limitation of plant availabilities and electrical efficiencies of waste- and biomass-fired boilers. According to the current state of research, it is controversial if the flue gas velocity influences the corrosion on heat-transfer surfaces. References regarding the behavior of corrosion at different gas velocities are scarcely available, and the complexity in chemistry as well as the varying combustion conditions in conventional plants complicates the interpretation of observations. On the basis of this background, this paper aims to discuss the theoretical background of velocity-dependent corrosion and also investigates the influence of gas velocity on corrosion under ideal laboratory conditions. The work includes both experimental and numerical simulations to study the deposition and corrosion behavior at velocities of 0.6, 1.7, 2.8, and 3.9 m/s. The experimental corrosion tests were carried out in an electrically heated laborator...


Objective To investigate the clinical effects of small balloon dilatation in the treatment of moderate or severe benign postradiation esophageal luminal stenosis in patients with esophageal carcinoma.Methods Small dumbbell-type balloon dilatation was performed in 40 cases of moderate or severe benign postradiation esophageal luminal stenosis in patients with esophageal carcinoma under 500 mA X-ray machine and its DSA surveillance systems.Results The tecnicall successful rate was 100%.All the dysphagia symptoms alleviated or disappeared,and no severe operation related complications occurred.Conclusion Small balloon dilatation is a safe and effective method in the treatment of benign postradiation esophageal luminal stenosis in patients with esophageal carcinoma.


Cradock Public Library this morning. She had gone to considerable pains: photographs of the stone grave on Buffelskop, an edition of the Nuwe Afri kaner, photostats of documents. And suddenly, along with the smells of sun-baked stone and bruised spekboom leaves rising from the documents lying open before me, that sad summer rose up again before me: unbidden, with all the disagreeableness of unassimilated recollection. My intense love for that piece of earth first found expression in a brief newspaper report. In the small town library, my grazed knee still stinging after a game of bok-bok at school, I came across: "Olive's body was embalmed and placed in a teak coffin, zinc-lined, and after a simple service laid to rest temporarily at Woltemade No 1. Mean while the sarcophagus was being built on the top of Buffelskop out of iron stone, by a local stonemason, Joe Mann. When everything was ready, Olive's body was brought up by train and at De Aar, Cronwright was waiting with two small coffins. One of the baby and the other of their beloved dog, Nit a. "On 13th August a little procession of friends climbed up Buffelskop, the coffins being carried by ten staunch natives. "How good it was that Olive should sleep in nature's open temple with its magical beauty and vastness of space. "Cronwright Schreiner, who spoke a few moving words, ended by repeating a verse from Tennyson's 'In Memoriam':


The polystyrene ICF target material doped with nanometer magnetic Fe3O4 particle was prepared to fabricate the magnetic target without a support rod used in ICF experiment.The Fe3O4/PS magnetic composite target material prepared by bulk poly-merization process was characterized by FTIR,TG-DSC,SEM,VSM,respectively.As a result,the susceptibility,tensile strength and impact strength of the composite increase with the increasing of the content of nanometer magnetic Fe3O4 particle.The prepared magnetic composite target material can levitate in a weak magnetic field.


Isogeometric analysis (IGA) is a recently developed technology in computational mechanics. Its main idea is to use the same smooth and higher-order basis functions, e.g. non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS), for the representation of both the geometry in CAD and the approximation of solution fields in analysis. Thus, the complex geometry of materials can be modeled exactly. As a consequence, geometric errors are eliminated. In addition, the high order continuities of the basis functions are ideally suitable for solving high order partial differential equations, like the equation of flexoelectric problems and Cahn-Hilliard equation, which require at least C 1 continuous approximations. These attributes permitted us to derive accurate, efficient, and geometrically flexible methods for the problems with higher-order derivatives. In this paper, a NURBS-based variational formulation for the phase field equations of ferroelectric materials is established. Several numerical examples are provided in this paper to confirm the accuracy of this method. After that, the polarization distributions inside the PbTiO 3 material are simulated with the help of IGA. Moreover, the polarization distribution inside a three-dimensional ferroelectric material with the consideration of flexoelectricity is obtained in this paper.


DOF proteins (DNA binding with One Finger) are transcription
factors (TFs) that play diverse roles in gene regulation
of plant-specific processes. In barley (Hordeum vulgare),
26 different DOFs have been described. Four of them
(BPBF, SAD, HvDOF19 and HvDOF17) have been shown
to play a role, not only in seed storage protein expression
during seed maturation, but also in the regulation of hydrolase
gene expression in the germinating aleurone cells.


Summary The distribution of levels of extraversion and neuroticism among a sample of 559 British university students is shown by season of birth. Remarkable similarities were found with results obtained by Mayo, White, and Eysenck [see preceding paper in present journal issue (9)] and Forlano and Ehrlich (6). The outlines of several possible kinds of explanation are sketched, but the main purpose of the paper is to draw attention to the phenomenon.


A series of novel Mannich base and their hydrazone derivatives were synthesized by highly resourceful, chic, simple and green technique with exceptionally facile reaction conditions of one-pot, three component reaction with an array of biologically and pharmaceutically active novel heterocycles. The protocol offers a valuable alternative to known methods and will find applications in the field of green synthesis and antimicrobial study against pathogenic microbes, supporting the development of bioinformatical database of novel and derelict heterocycles. These data indicate their potential to become antifungal agents. The novel products were established by elemental, IR, mass spectroscopic and NMR analysis. The environmental advantages of the method include short reaction time, excellent yield, easy work-up, absence of extraction and chromatographic purification steps.


Ghee is prone to be oxidated during the storage period.In order to avoid the security of synthetic antioxidants,the antioxidant effects of 6 kinds of essential oil,vitamin E,and the synthetic antioxidant of BHT in ghee were studied by OXITEST food oxidation apparatus in this paper.The results showed that the optimum dosages of clove essential oil was 0.08%.The antioxidantive of Clove essential oil's was superior to other essential oils and vitamin E.The antioxidation ability of antioxidant used in this paper were 0.020% BHT 0.08% clove essential oil 0.005% BHT 0.03% vitamin E.


Fresh meat are highly perishable due to their enriched nutrient composition which is easily contaminated by almost any microorganisms. The application of antimicrobial edible films is one of the effective method to extend the shelf life of fresh meat. This study aimed to get antimicrobial edible films formula that have the potential to preserve fresh meat. The study consisted of several steps: 1) research for making a fresh garlic extract, 2) extraction of gelatin from chicken feet, 3) formulation and manufacturing of antimicrobial edible films and 4) the application of edible films on fresh meat. Gelatin-based antimicrobial edible films was the best one that can be applied on fresh meat. Characteristics of the antimirobial edible film: color L 97.28; elongation: 20 mm; tensile strength <0.1 kgf; thickness 0.06 mm; WVTR 15.49 g/(mm.jam); Aw 0.526; moisture content: 22.73%, and has antimicrobial characteristic because of it's inhibition ability to the growth of S. aureus and E. coli. (Key words: Antimicrobial, Edible film, Meat)


In this article, the results of the dielectric measurements after an impregnation of porous glasses (PGs) with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate NH4H2PO4 (ADP) are presented. As a result of dielectric and calorimetric studies, it was found that the phase transition in ADP crystals embedded in PG became diffused. In addition, the phase transition temperature decreased with a reduction of the pore size. We observed a shift of the phase transition temperature which is a superposition of the intrinsic size effect and the pressure effect created by the difference in thermal expansion coefficients of ADP nanoparticles and glass matrix. Accordingly, for the crystals with hydrogen bonds dTp /dp < 0 (for ADP dTp /dpp =0 = −3.4 × 10−8 K Pa−1), so in ADP-porous glass composite a small negative effective size effect occurs.


Multi-parametric model predictive control (mp-MPC) enables application of MPC controllers with low on-line computational demand and fast sampling by shifting the burden of optimization to the off-line controller design stage. Because the approach is limited to problems of relatively small \dimensions, it is most useful for low-level control application, where disturbance rejection properties are very important. This study explores important issues in the transition from mp-MPC theory to the implementation of an industrial controller, with emphasis on offset-free output feedback tracking and Kalman filter tuning. A case study on a two-input single-output system of pressure control in a vacuum chamber of a wire annealer is presented.


From July through December of 2003, we migrated and stressed tested a Java program to facilitate web authentication for a user community of about fifty thousand students, staff, and faculty. We initially started with some simple Java code and migrated it into an application server framework. During this process we were required to change out code, design new testing methodologies, and change our understanding of Java performance and tuning. In the end our resulting product had the ability to support up to three hundred authentications per minute, guarantee concurrency on requests, and built the foundation to scale across multiple hardware servers as well as multiple synchronized application servers.


The amiloride-sensitive Na + /H + antiporter in defolliculated oocytes of Xenopus laevis was characterized by measurements of H Na + influx and apparent H + efflux. Uptake of ^Na"" was linear over a 90-min incubation period and was inhibited approximately 80% with 5xlO~moll~ amiloride. Amiloride-sensitive sodium uptake was reduced following collagenase treatment or oocyte aging. Ko 5 for amiloride inhibition was 4.13xl0"±1.33xl0"moll" and the Km for Na + was 4.25xlO~moll~. Hill analysis of the kinetic data for Na revealed an nH value of 1.14, indicating an absence of interacting binding sites for Na. Parallel measurements of amiloride-sensitive Na uptake and H + efflux indicated a Na + /H + exchange ratio of 0.88:1. Our conclusion is that the Na + /H + antiporter of Xenopus oocytes exhibits a nominal 1:1 N a + / H + exchange stoichiometry and is similar in its properties to the antiporter of other vertebrate cells.


In this article,commonly used test method and standards for fugitive emission valve applied in petrochemical industry at home and abroad were introduced.The emission classes for valve stem and valve cover and emission rate stipulated in these standards were analyzed.The cause of leakage and control measure for leakage were studied and discussed.Combined with the practical situation in China,the principles of selecting fugitive emission class for valves were proposed.


According to the basic theory and method, theory on the nature of the firm can be divided into two schools: New Institutional and Marxist Economics. Each one has its emphasis and defect. A complete theory will be based on the latter, absorbing the former 's quintessence.


The personnel system of Tang Dynasty which was based upon the imperial examination system was entirely different from that of Wei and Jin Dynasties. It started the personnel system of middle ancient China and even of the world. What's more, the systematic and scientific measures for selecting, employing and assessing government officials were important factors in honest and incorruptible management of state affairs and the prosperity of Zhen Guan, Yong Hui and Kai Yuan periods. It was part of Chinese ancient civilization. Nowadays, it may be used for reference in reforms of administrative structure and personnel system.


Webpublication: The Financial Relationship between Church and State in the Netherlands, Law and Religion in Transitional Societies.. Holmenkollen Park Hotel Rica, Oslo, Norway 2-3 December 2006. Co-sponsors: Council on Faith & International Affairs, Oslo Coalition on Freedom of Religion or Belief, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Pu Shi Institute for Social Schiences, the International Center for Law and Religion Studies at Brigham Young University Law School, and the Center for the Study of Law and Religion at Emory University Law School: www.cfia.org (Council on Faith and International Affairs).


Abstract. Due to the characteristics of spatially inhomogeneous polarization and unlimited spatial coordinates, a concept of hybrid multiplexing and encoding/decoding based on spatial coordinates and mode states of vector beams is proposed for potentially enhancing the channel capacity and spectrum efficiency. For the sake of verifying the potentiality, a new encoding/decoding method by the mode states (i.e., polarization and mode) and spatial coordinates of vector beams is also proposed in this paper. In addition, the hybrid multiplexed vector beams are also utilized as carriers (16 channels) for transmitting data by four spatial coordinates and four mode states. In order to verify the feasibility of the proposed concepts, the relevant experimental setups are elaborated and established in this paper. Meanwhile, a fast mode recognition method based on the lookup table (LUT), image processing, and digital signal processing are employed to decode data when the hybrid vector beams propagate in free space (FS). The experimental results demonstrate that the encoded sequences (i.e., 0, 66, and D9) by the mode states and spatial coordinates can be successfully received and demodulated to the original data without errors after propagating 115 cm when the hybrid multiplexed vector beams are used for encoding/decoding. The total transmission rate of 320  Gbit  /  s can be acquired by combining the 16 channels (four mode states and four spatial coordinates) when the hybrid multiplexed vector beams are used as carriers. Furthermore, bit error rate, constellation diagrams (different transmission distance, transmitting data rate), and crosstalk among different channels or coordinates are employed to evaluate the propagation performances when the hybrid multiplexed vector beams are used as carriers.


The main objective of the project is to support local authorities not only in preparing their Sustainable Energy Action Plans but also to take them one step further and train them to implement SEAP-related actions. A pool of learning municipalities from Greece, Bulgaria, Poland, Romania and Slovenia are being twinned with experienced municipalities from Spain. Capacity building activities regarding SEAP development and implementation are organised while day-to-day technical assistance and guidance is provided to participating municipalities.


Tasmanian woodlands range from the coast to the climatic treeline, from some of the poorest soils in the world to some of the richest, from waterlogged ground to sharply drained dry ridges. They are unusual in temperate Australia in that they support a full complement of native marsupial herbivores, which can occur in high densities. This chapter covers the subset of these woodlands with understoreys potentially dominated by native grasses and herbs, henceforth called grassy woodlands.


The invention provides a laser processing apparatus which is provided with a holidng table which can reliably detect the difference of the light quantity of the reflection light reflected on the object to be process on the holding table and the light quantity of the reflection light reflected by the frame of the holding table and deviated from the object to be processed. The laser processing apparatus includes a holding table for holding a workpiece, a laser beam applying unit for applying a laser beam to the workpiece, a feeding mechanism for relatively moving the holding table and the laser beam applying unit, a detector for applying detection light to the workpiece and detecting the quantity of reflected light obtained by the reflection of the detection light from the workpiece, and a controller for determining whether or not the workpiece is present at a laser beam applying position according to a detection signal output from the detector. The holding table includes a holding member for holding the workpiece under suction and an annular mount member provided so as to surround the holding member for mounting the holding member. The mount member has an upper surface treated by an irregular reflection process for irregularly reflecting light.


Due to the cryogenic environment in which the Beam Position Monitors (BPMs) will be used at SIS100 synchrotron special attention has to be turned to the BPMs' signal feed-throughs (FT) [1]. Present design considers titanium based, N-Type FTs isolated with Al2O3 ceramics and welded into CF-16 flange. In a temperature range between room temperature and 4.2 K the requirements for the FTs are threefold: i) high mechanical stability, ii) vacuum-tightness even after many cold-warm cycles, iii) good and stable electrical connectivity. These features were tested in 10 cold-warm cycles in the temperature range given above.


A synthetic mixture of 16 aryl methyl sulfones was given in the feed to female mink for one year (three times a week, resulting in a mean daily exposure of 0.1 mg/mink). The mink were mated after 9 months of exposure and the reproductive outcome was studied. The dams and kits were examined for biochemical and toxic effects. The litter size was significantly increased (50%) in the exposed group, and the mean birth weight was 20% lower than that of the controls. Kit survival was 47% by 2 weeks after birth in the exposed group, as compared to 73% in the control group. Both adults and kits had induced (5‐ to 11‐fold) hepatic activities of pentoxyresorufin‐O‐dealkylase. In livers from the dams, catabolism of progesterone in vitro was increased almost twofold. Decreased thyroid hormone concentrations (total triiodothyronine and total thyroxine, 30–35% of control values) in plasma were observed in the adults. The bioaccumulation factor for the mixture of 3‐ and 4‐methylsulfonyl‐polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was 2.1 (muscle vs feed concentration). The 3‐methylsulfonyl‐PCBs accumulated 2‐ to 65‐fold in liver relative to muscle and lung. At the cessation of the exposure period, the total concentrations of aryl methyl sulfones in the dams and their 5‐week‐old kits were 18 ± 2 and 21 ± 3 μg/g, respectively (lipid weight, muscle), demonstrating significant transport from dams to kits and accumulation in the kits.