The aim of this study was to evaluate the interaction between gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, sleep problems, and challenging behaviors in children with a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and their effect on parental stress. The secondary objective was to assess the frequency and type of GI and feeding disorders in a sample of children with ASD through a multidisciplinary assessment and, finally, to investigate families' perceptions and satisfaction with the proposed multidisciplinary approach. All children underwent a comprehensive gastroenterological and neuropsychiatric evaluation supported by standardized questionnaires. Pediatric gastroenterologists, specifically trained in Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), provided advice for parent-delivered behavioral intervention for food selectivity. Thirty-six children with an autism diagnosis (29 males, age 4.5 +/−2.2 years, mean +/− SD) were enrolled. A positive correlation between sleep problems and aggressive behavior was found, and this association was stronger in children experiencing more problematic mealtime behaviors (b = 0.788, p = 0.014). Sleep difficulties were associated with stereotyped behaviors and parent-perceived stress. Parents interviewed about the gastroenterology visit perceived this multidisciplinary approach as helpful in addressing food selectivity. This study shows that sleep and mealtime issues can have a synergistic negative impact on ASD symptoms. A multidisciplinary approach and an integrated assessment of GI, feeding problems, and sleep disorders could be helpful in diagnosing comorbidities and to provide targeted advice to parents.


AbstractThere is a vast body of research concerning the psychological characteristics of patients having chronic benign pain. Recently, the constructs of alexithymia, somatosensory amplification and counter-dependency have been studied in chronic pain patients. These studies have provided discrepant findings. In the present study, the authors investigate whether chronic pain patients differ from healthy controls in terms of these relatively new constructs. We aimed to see whether any of these constructs may be a 'psychological marker' to differentiate chronic pain group from healthy people. In the study, 30 chronic pain patients were compared to 30 healthy controls. All the patients had suffered from daily back, extremity or head aches for at least the previous six months. Patients were assessed with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Somatosensory Amplification Scale and the Counter-dependency Scale as well as with a detailed sociodemographic questionnaire. Chronic pain patients were found to amplify the...


The float test is the most widely used method to discriminate between viable and nonviable acorns. It provides an objective, simple, rapid, and inexpensive test to inform experiments and management strategies dependent on quantification of viable acorns. However, the accuracy of the float-test method is understudied. To test the accuracy of the float-test method, during autumn of 2013 we collected 300 acorns from white oak (Quercus alba), native to our study area within the city limits of Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, and sawtooth oak (Q. acutissima), not native to the study area. An untrained observer visually inspected acorns (visual test) to assign viability subjectively and then float-tested the respective acorn. After conducting visual and float tests, we planted the acorns in a test plot protected from predation. In the test plots, 56% of white oak acorns and 60% of sawtooth acorns germinated. Both the float test and visual methods accurately predicted viability in both oak species. However, the visual test (white R1⁄4 0.83, sawtooth R1⁄4 0.85) explained more variation in observed germination than the float test explained (white R1⁄4 0.65, sawtooth R1⁄4 0.70). Our data indicate the float test, though objective, is less accurate than an untrained observer at predicting the viability of acorns. We tested the potential for the methods to be paired to further improve prediction accuracy and determined the float test provided no additional information to visual inspections. When dissecting or germinating acorns is not possible, our data indicate that visually inspecting acorns is better than float-testing to determine viability. 2017 The Wildlife Society.


This paper summarizes a symposium on issues in rural education held at the 1996 European Conference on Educational Research held in Seville, Spain. The symposium aimed to gather contextual information about rural primary schools and included presentations from researchers in Sweden, Finland, Scotland, Ireland, and Greece. Participants from the Netherlands, Wales, England, and Norway also shared information about small, rural schools. The following themes emerged: (1) the large proportion of small rural schools in Europe that are disadvantaged and lack a voice in national educational policy formation; (2) the need to establish professional support for rural teachers; (3) a tendency for rural schools to be staffed by unqualified or inexperienced teachers; (4) continued rural depopulation, subsequent school closures, and in some cases intercommunity animosity; (5) the lack of research targeted specifically on rural school issues; (6) official indifference to the plight of rural schools; and (7) the implementation of educational strategies that lack adequate evaluation of their educational efficacy. The symposium also identified positive developments and areas for further research, including the renewed role of small rural schools, legislation allowing establishment of small private schools in rural areas, coverage of small rural schools in existing national databases, positive effects of locally relevant curriculum, value of interschool collaboration for mutual support, and potential of information technology to reduce isolation of rural students and teachers. This paper also addresses the possibility of developing a rural education research network and identifies areas for collaborative research. An appendix includes abstracts of four symposium presentations on rural education in Ireland, Sweden, Greece, and Finland. (LP) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** Paper prepared for the Americal Educational Research Association, Annual Conference, Chicago, March 1997 Rural Education Special Interest Group Issues in rural primary education in Europe: a summary of a symposium on issues in rural education


We study rare events in systems of diffusive fields driven out of equilibrium by the boundaries. We present a numerical technique and use it to calculate the probabilities of rare events in one and two dimensions. Using this technique, we show that the probability density of a slowly varying configuration can be captured with a small number of long-wavelength modes. For a configuration which varies rapidly in space this description can be complemented by a local-equilibrium assumption.


TypeⅠduck hepatitis virus(DHV-Ⅰ) was proliferated with SPF chick embryos through the chick embryo allantoic sac inoculation.After multiple freeze-thaw cycles the collection of proliferated embryo allantoic fluid was purified through 0.22μm membrane filtration,differential centrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation(SDGC),and then used as the ELISA coating antigen. And thus an indirect ELISA for DHV-Ⅰwas established.The comparative tests showed that this method has high sensitivity and good specificity and offers a convenient way to rapidly detect DHV- infection.


Background: Studies on the unbound fraction (fu) of vancomycin report highly variable results. Great controversy also exists about the correlation between unbound and total vancomycin concentrations. As differences in (pre-)analytic techniques may explain these findings, we investigated the impact of the procedure used to isolate unbound vancomycin in serum/plasma on fu and the correlation between total and unbound concentrations. Methods: Patient samples (n = 39) were analyzed for total and unbound vancomycin concentrations after ultrafiltration (UF, Centrifree at 4°C and 37°C) or equilibrium dialysis (ED, using a Fast Micro-Equilibrium Dialyzer at 37°C) on an Architect i2000SR. To investigate correlations with potential binding proteins, total protein, albumin, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and IgA concentrations were also measured. Results: The median fu after ED was 72.5% [interquartile range (IQR), 68.7%–75.0%]. Ultrafiltration at 4°C and 37°C resulted in a median fu of 51.6% (IQR, 48.6%–54.8%) and 75.2% (IQR, 69.3%–78.6%), respectively, with no significant difference between unbound vancomycin concentrations after ED and UF at 37°C (P = 0.13). Unbound concentrations obtained through ED and UF correlated linearly (4°C: r = 0.9457; 37°C: r = 0.9478; both P < 0.0001). Linear mixed-model regression showed that total vancomycin as such was the predominant determinant for the unbound concentration, allowing a reliable prediction (mean bias ± SD, 5.0% ± 7.6%). The studied protein concentrations were of no added value in predicting the unbound concentration. Conclusions: Vancomycin fu after UF at 4°C was on average 30.6% lower than that after UF at 37°C, demonstrating the importance of temperature during UF. Ultrafiltration at 37°C resulted in unbound vancomycin concentrations equivalent with ED. As the unbound concentration could be reliably predicted based on total vancomycin concentrations as such, measurement of unbound vancomycin concentrations has little added value over measurements of total vancomycin concentrations.


The article examines the role of "digital practices" in the formation of interdisciplinary humanitarian knowledge, the peculiarities of the development of digital humanitarian projects in the field of philology. The model of development of a digital project in the field of preparation of semantic markup of literary publications "Chekhov Digital", which is a digital publication of the academic Сomplete works and letters of A. Chekhov, is considered. The goal of the project is to develop machine-readable (semantic) markup of the writer's texts based on the standards of digital publication Text Encoding Initiative (TEI). Within the framework of the project, standards for the preparation of digital Russian-language publications are being clarified, conceptual and technical conditions for implementation are being formulated, and infrastructure and new research methods are being developed. The structure of machine-readable annotation of documents has been developed, which enables marking up semantic entities in Chekhov's texts, notes and comments for building semantic search within the corpus of the writer's texts. To clarify the markup of semantic entities in the works of A. Chekhov the methods of automatic text processing were used, including topic modeling and vector semantic models to analyze the most important author's concepts in the texts; corpus methods for studying the contexts of the use of verbal representations of concepts. The conceptual analysis made it possible to reconstruct the author's concepts in the context of the markup of semantic entities. To mark up the names of real people and objects, a special database, based on pointers to letters, has been created. The project implements the principle of Open data, one of the goals of which is to create scientific communities around data. The work on the project has led to the development of scientific cooperation between the Centers for Digital Humanities of the HSE and the SFedU.


In this paper, we study the performance of Slotted Aloha under power differentiation schemes. We consider the uplink of a cellular system where m mobiles transmit over a common channel to a base station. In particular we analyze random sets possible transmission powers and further study the role of priorities given either to new arriving packet or to backlogged packets. We consider a general capture model where a mobile transmit successfully a packet if its instantaneous SINR is larger than the threshold. Under this capture model, we study both the cooperative team in which a common goal is jointly optimized as well as the noncooperative game problem in which mobiles try to optimize their own objectives. The performance metrics that we study are the throughput and the expected delay. Further we provide a stability analysis and show that schemes with power differentiation and power control can improve significantly the performance and could eliminate in some cases the bi-stable nature of Slotted Aloha.


Partnering is a technique that has become the construction industry's application of total quality management and enjoys widespread use throughout the industry. This paper details the results of a statistical analysis of over 400 Texas Department of Transportation construction projects worth a total investment of nearly $2.1 billion. Half the projects were completed under partnering agreements. After comparing the two groups of projects, the paper concludes that partnering promises to furnish a means to control the two prime project performance indicators—cost growth and time growth. Additionally, in a large construction program the continuous application of partnering will result in improved project performance across the entire program.


Based on the theory of plate tectonics, the authors combined the concept and analytic methods of tectonic facies, and divided the western Tianshan Mt. and its adjacent area into eight tectonic facies. i. e.① Kuluktage rejuvenational foreland basement fold-thrust facie, ②Kalpin rejuvenational foreland basement fold-thrust facie,③ Kuqa rejuvenational foreland fold-thrust facie. ④ Southern Tianshan backarc foreland mollasse facie. ⑤ Southern Tianshan Late Paleozoic magmatic arc facie. ⑥ Southern Tianshan backarc melange facie. ⑦ Central Tianshan composite magmatic are facie, and ⑧ Northern Tianshan foreare melange facie. F1nally. we reconstructed the history of the western Tianshan Paleozoic tectonic evolution.


OPERATIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HOSPITALS IN CANADA AND UNITED STATES AUTHORS GRACE GOSCHEN AND JEFF HELTON INTRODUCTION Growing healthcare costs have been a severe concern of healthcare administrators in the United States (US) for many years. The US outspends every other country per capita by a significant amount – $11,945 versus the comparable country average of only $5,736 – yet does not outperform other countries on quality and safety measures.1 Drug pricing, compensation models, high administrative costs, and excessive prices for many standard medical services play a role.2 As a result, patients struggle to access equitable, affordable care while administrators strive to balance quality, safety, satisfaction, and, unavoidably, costs. After the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) in 2010, more and more policymakers looked to alternative healthcare delivery systems to promote the PPACA's Triple Aim: better care, better health, and lower costs. One system that received considerable attention is Canada's global budgeting system, which requires hospitals to operate with fixed yearly funding3. This brief explores the connection between budget structure and healthcare costs per patient day by comparing total spending per day in 49 US states and 8 Canadian provinces, setting aside the State of Maryland as a third point of comparison. BACKGROUND ON GLOBAL BUDGETS In the US, over 40% of healthcare spending occurs through two publicly funded programs – Medicare and Medicaid, administered by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid.4 Numerous private insurance plans are also available in the US. While this research will not delve into these in detail, it is essential to note that the federal government negotiates with Medicare and Medicaid to reimburse hospitals at lower rates than private insurance plans. This can create perverse incentives for hospitals and providers and is one reason the


This research is motivated presence of low confidence experienced by three students of class X PM in SMK Tamansiswa Kudus. Problems experienced by students mainly about confidence in the school environment. Confidence occurred includes; 1. Dealing feeling with other people, 2.Submissive attitude or easily discouraged, 3.Avoid the responsibility for the task given by the teacher, 4.Loner, 5.Sensitif the words from others.Statements of the problem in this research are::1. what factors is caused the low confidence in class X PM in SMK Tamansiswa Kudus in academic year 2013/2014? 2. Does the implementation of self-reward technique effective to increase the confidence of students of class X PM in SMK Tamansiswa Kudus in academic year 2013/2014? The purposes of this research are: 1. to know the factors that is caused the low confidence in class X PM in SMK Tamansiswa Kudus in academic year 2013/2014. 2. to know the effectiveness of the technique of self-reward in an effort to boost the confidence of students in vocational classes X PM Tamansiswa Kudus in academic year 2013/2014. The usability of this research are; 1.For principal, to improve the quality of education by supporting the implementation of guidance and counseling in schools. 2. For teachers, providing services in addressing and solving the problem of confidence with self-reward technique. 3. For students helped in overcoming the problem of confidence through self-reward technique. 4. For researchers, may apply in particular counseling theories of counseling with self-reward techniques to overcome confidence.
This research was conducted at SMK Tamansiswa Kudus that is located at Jl. Veteran No. 3 Demaan Kudus, while the subject of this research are three students who have low self confidence among students of class X PM. The research variables includes: application of the techniques of self-reward (independent variable) and confidence (dependent variable). Self reward has function to get accelerate the target of behavior. So self-reward is one way to cope with self-confidence, because the characteristics of self-reward are certain reward in positive activities, students be able to have more confidence for them. Moreover, self-confidence is one belief of the capabilities to achieve the goal with positive thinking every step taken and the hope to reach the objectives.
The approach is done by qualitative research. This research was a case study. Data collection methods used was observation, interview and documentation. The subjects were three (3) clients, class X PM SMK Tamansiswa Kudus in academic year 2013/2014 that have low confidence. This study was conducted with three (3) times counseling.
Analysis of the data using Bacon Induction System that can be factors of students have low confidence as follows: The counselee I (to sweet) low confidence is influenced by internal and external factors, internal factors ; MNIS feels tired because besides school, counselee also work. External Factors: Other students are less sympathizes with MNIS. Counselee II (NF) is influenced by internal and external. Internal factors: NF feels uncomfortable with his friends. External Factor: The class that is less sympathetic with NF. Counselee III (TJV) is influenced by internal and external factors. Internal factors: TJV has shortcomings making it difficult to socialize. External Factors: Friends who behave indifferent.
After counseling conducted three times with the implementation of techniques of self-reward, the change of attitude that initially low confidence has now become confident. It can be concluded that the implementation of self-reward effective techniques to help students who have low self-confidence. The suggestions put forward; 1.For principal, as an effort to improve the quality of education by supporting the implementation of guidance and counseling in schools. 2. For teachers, providing services in addressing and solving the problem of confidence with self-reward technique. 3.For students helped in overcoming the problem of confidence through self-reward technique. 4. For researchers, may apply in particular counseling theories of counseling with self-reward techniques to overcome confidence.


Brantford, ON (CGX.UN) – September 24, 2008 – Cineplex Entertainment is hosting a unique opportunity to tour the construction site of the new Galaxy Cinemas Brantford as it 'goes green' on Monday September 29 at 10 am. Local media are invited to attend this exclusive behind-thescenes opportunity to see the environmentally sustainable design and construction in progress as a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED®) Certification Candidate.


In this study,a cross-section analysis was taken to compare the fitness average values among the 4 group objects which were selected through a questionaire survey: aerobatic trainning group(AT),strength trainning group(ST),AT combined with ST(AS) and control group(those who didn't participate in systimatic exercises)(NT).In addition,an training programme(AT combined with ST) lasting for 3 months was arranged on the objects not undertaking systematic exercises.The fitness tests were undertaken before and after the experimental training.The test items similar to those of the cross-section comparative test includes: BMI,fat%,muscle weight,grip strength,leg press strength,sit and reach,single-foot standing with eyes closed,choice reaction time,vital capacity,LBAPWV,PEP/ET and BMD.The result of the study are as follows: According to the cross-section comparison,the most of fitness avarage values of those participating in exercise are higher than those of control group.Both strength trainning and aerobatic exercise can effectively decrease body fat,improve balance ability and vital capacity.Strength training plays a relatively more important role in improving muscle quality and BMD while aerobotic exercise can improve cardiovascular function more effectively.The flexibility can be most effectively improved through aerobatic combined with strength training.A simple strength training trainning has a limited role in improving flexibility,reaction and cardiovascular function.The result of the experimental trainning shows that AT combined with ST trainning is more important than a single AT or ST in improving some fitness quality,but the experimental designs should be furtherly revised.


Objective:to investigate the effect of chemical constituents of Jiao Tai Wan by different forms of extractions.Methods:the amount of chemical constituents by four forms of dissolution which includes decocotion,ethanol extract,ultrafiltration,supercritical fluid extraction,the chemical constituents are coptisalkaloids,cinnamic acid,cinnamaldehyde,HPLC was used in the study.Result:the amount of dissolution of cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde: ultrafiltrationethanol extract decocotionsupercritical fluid extraction.the amount of dissolution of coptisalkaloids: ultrafiltration decocotionsupercritical fluid extraction ethanol extract.Conclusion:the different forms of extration plays an importan effect on chemical constituents of Jiao Tai Wan.


i o millions, of whom S q. per cent live in towns, principally in the capital, Caracas, which has nearly two million inhabitants. The country covers 9I2,Os0 sq. kms. From the socio-economic point of view, it is necessary to underline the extremely high birth rate (the population increases at a rate of 4 per cent per year, and S 6 per cent of the population is under 21 years of age); the very considerable proportion of births outside marriage (5 3 per cent of births are illegitimate); the fact that a large number of children are abandoned by their fathers and that the &dquo;bachelor&dquo; mothers are faced with great material and moral problems in bringing up their children. Although Venezuela has considerable oil wealth, the distribution of income is very uneven, and there is too little steady employment. According to statistics the rate of unemployment is between 8 and 12 per cent of the active population; of those supposedly employed 600,000 (or 800,000 -the figures vary) have only occasional or irregular jobs, such


Western cherry fruit fly (WCFF), Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, infests cherries in the northwestern United States. Exposure of naturally infested fruit to doses from 42 to 210 Gray (Gy) reduced pupation; only one adult emerged (at 127 Gy). In a second test in which fruit were exposed to from 4.4 to 106 Gy, no adults emerged following irradiation of field-infested fruit at ≥17.6 Gy. When > 124,000 naturally infested cherries were exposed to 97 Gy, gamma irradiation was an efficacious quarantine treatment. No normal adults and only one abnormal adult with vestigial wings emerged from a treated population estimated to be 84,369 WCFF larvae. This research demonstrated that irradiation would be a potential quarantine treatment for WCFF larvae in cherries. Parasites, Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani), emerged from many of the untreated puparia but not from those WCFF irradiated as larvae.


We theoretically study the superfluid phase of a strongly correlated $^{173}\mathrm{Yb}$ Fermi gas near its orbital Feshbach resonance by developing a quantitative pair-fluctuation theory within a two-band model. We examine the density excitation spectrum of the system and determine a stability phase diagram. We find that the $^{173}\mathrm{Yb}$ Fermi gas is intrinsically metastable and has a peculiar equation of state, due to the small but positive singlet scattering length. The massive Leggett mode, arising from the fluctuation of the relative phase of two order parameters, is severely damped. We discuss the parameter space where an undamped Leggett mode may exist.


A PtRu alloy thin-film used for catalytic electrodes of fuel cells was fabricated by ion beam sputtering(IBS).The structure,surface layer structure,chemical composition,surface chemical state,and morphology of the PtRu alloy thin-film were characterized using X-ray diffraction(XRD),grazing incidence X-ray diffraction(GIXD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),and atomic force microscopy(AFM).It was shown that the surface chemical state and structure in the top layer(from 15-40 nm)of PtRu alloy thin-film were changed due to the strong interaction between Pt+ and Ru+ during the ion beam sputtering deposition process,which also affected the catalytic activity of the PtRu alloy thin-film.In particular,when the atomic ratio of xPt/xRu was 0.64,enrichment of the Ru solid solution and amorphous phase Pt39Ru61 were observed on the surface layer of PtRu alloy thin-film.


Multi-subunit SMC ATPases control chromosome superstructure apparently by catalyzing a DNA-loop-extrusion reaction. SMC proteins harbor an ABC-type ATPase 'head' and a 'hinge' dimerization domain connected by a coiled coil 'arm'. Two arms in a SMC dimer can co-align, thereby forming a rod-shaped particle. Upon ATP binding, SMC heads engage, and arms are thought to separate. Here, we studied the shape of B. subtilis Smc-ScpAB by electron-spin resonance spectroscopy. Arm separation was readily detected proximal to the heads in the absence of ligands, while separation near the hinge largely depended on ATP and DNA. Artificial blockage of arm opening eliminated DNA stimulation of ATP hydrolysis, but did not prevent basal ATPase activity. We identified an arm-to-arm contact as being important for controlling the molecular transformations. Point mutations at this arm interface eliminate Smc function. We propose that partially open, intermediary conformations provide directionality to SMC DNA translocation by binding suitable DNA substrates.


There is a great variety of biomedical texts, which may be used in very different situations: a scientific article in a specialised journal, a piece of information included on a web page, a consent form offered to a patient to be signed before a surgical procedure, and so on. All these texts may be translated and the translators in charge usually receive the training needed to accomplish this task successfully through a postgraduate programme (usually a master's degree). The main aim of this paper is to research into the approaches of specialised training in biomedical in Spain at postgraguate level by the analysis of training programmes with two different focus: scientific translation and public service translation.


Based on the original CAV formula definition given by the electric power research institute in the United States, the continuous integral formula is discretized so that it can be better applicable to the actual application requirements, and also the shaded area calculation method necessary in the process of calculation is further proposed. Finally, this algorithm is implemented with LAVIEW program, and also the simulation data and the CAV calculation result of the real Lushan earthquake acceleration data were given so that the algorithm was fully validated, and also a solid foundation was further laid for the deeper CAV-related parameter study.


Knowledge management is crucial to organizational learning, innovation and success within organizations. The second edition of the successful knowledge management reader provides a core source of key theoretical thinkers in the field and presents the most up-to-date leading-edge articles that explore emerging trends. A comprehensive introduction places these readings in context and draws together key strands across the field.


Language also appeared like other phenomena in nature and society. The emergence of language is proportionally related to the emergence of society. Therefore, it is impossible to imagine language without society, and society without language. The development of language is also related to the development of society. After all, the life of the society is reflected in its language. It is not for nothing that it is said that language is a mirror of society. Any change in the life of the society will first of all be expressed in the language. However, as related as they are, language and society are different. The difference is that the language belongs to society, it is its social "property". For example, the Uzbek language belongs to the Uzbek people (nation), while the Tajik language belongs to the Tajik people (nation). Since the Uzbek language belongs to the Uzbek nation, the Uzbek language and the Tajik language belong to the Tajik nation, that is why it is called the Tajik language. The classics of Marxism-Leninism also separately dealt with the issues of the emergence and development of language and created their own doctrines. According to this doctrine, language is noted as a social phenomenon.


Lampung is one of the provinces in Indonesia which has a diversity of cultural
and natural resources. Lampung Province is also known by the nickname "The
Earth Ruwa Jurai" which means an earth that is inhabited by two kinds of people
(tribe / ethnicity), one of the wearer is Pepadun and Saibatin community. To
further maintain the Lampung language and introduce it to the public, hence
designed an online dictionary as well as Lampung language translator. This idea
arose because there was no translator and language dictionary online Lampung
also to preserve the culture of Lampung and introduce it into the wider
community.
This system was designed using PHP programming language and MySQL
database. Editor for coding using Dreamweaver. The design of this system using
waterfall method. Waterfall is a software development method is sequential and
consists of five stages are interlinked and affect.
This system made according to user requirements gathered from the field. The
most common and covers all needs is a simple web interface and allows visitors to
use the system. From the test results proved that this system can translate a
document that has many words. From this research can be concluded that the
system can run and also produce a system that matches user requirements.


This paper reviews the UK government's policy on reducing road traffic casualties. The first casualty reduction target was set in 1987 and was successful in raising the profile of road safety. Trend analysis showed that it was possible to identify and isolate the effects of three policy areas (drink driving, local safety engineering and secondary safety). Baseline forecasts of casualties in 2010 were produced for each road user group. New policy measures were considered and goals were set on the basis of realistic estimates of what could be achieved. The results of this modelling work were used to inform policy development and the final choice of new targets for 2010. Key policies included child safety measures, more effective speed limit enforcement, improvements to vehicle design, and review of road traffic penalties. Implementation of the strategy required commitment and action from a wide range of people in partnership, and consultation with a wide variety of stakeholders. Policy monitoring and evaluation is necessary to review the strategy. For the covering abstract see ITRD E118917.


This paper presents a comparative analysis for energy trading priorities among different consumers and prosumers in a residential microgrid. The transactive energy trading frameworks are considered based on two approaches where all houses in a residential microgrid participate in trading energy among themselves before the energy transactions with the main power grid. The first approach is mainly based on the energy shortage of different houses where the energy transactions among different houses occur based on a pre-defined strategy, e.g., priorities are given to some specific houses at a defined rate. The second approach is developed by formulating a competitive and open transactive energy market using a game theoretic approach with a multi-player game to provide more flexibilities to the participants. A comparative analysis is provided between these two approaches, by considering a residential microgrid in Australian contexts, in terms of flexibility index and saving electricity bills. It is found that the second approach provides more flexibilities to the participants though there are not much differences in saving electricity bills.


In this paper, the design of a miniature wideband antenna for biotelemetry applications is presented. We propose a biocompatible antenna to be printed on the outer surface of a capsule. The size of the antenna in planar form is 2.52 mm3. The antenna shows a wide impedance bandwidth of 7.31 GHz (0.78 GHz–8 GHz, for −10dB reflection coefficient) when implanted inside a simple three layer body model. The antenna gain values at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz are −25.23 dBi and −27.51 dBi, respectively. The antenna resonance frequency is shown to be robust when implanted in a realistic anatomical body model. The performance of the communication link between the implanted antenna and an external half-wavelength dipole at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz is also presented.


In the United States there has been a rise in the number of hours worked by individuals relative to other developed countries. This could be leading to an oversupply in labor, that is both overwork, where long hours can have adverse consequences on health and safety, and overemployment, where workers are willing to trade income for reduced work hours but cannot. The conventional neoclassical model, which assumes workers base number of hours worked on market wage rate and their preferences for leisure, provide a starting point on which to build a richer model-income-targeting behavior which suggest the individuals seek market work sufficient to support their pre-established goals regarding consumption and nonmarket time. Factors that could be contributing to increased hours include stagnation of real hourly wage rates, the rise in relative income inequality, single parent families, consumer debt-to-income ratios, and shifting work by employers to "exempt" jobs with unregulated hours. There also seems to be a persistent inability to reduce hours worked even if the workers would prefer to. Given the existence of overemployment, legislation which restricts hours worked can serve to enhance the welfare of workers by closing the gap between work schedules and workers' preferences. However if workers voluntarily work long hours this legislation will increase the welfare of the community by diminishing overwork at the expense of the individual. Thus underlying social and economic sources behind preferences must be addressed by labor laws and regulations.


The nature had religious and philosophical meanings in ancient China.And the consciousness of nature had importantly appeared in Chinese ancient literature and art.The natural consciousness of religion and philosophy deeply affected Chinese ancient literature and art.This paper explores the reasons and phenomena of it.


Arguing that chameleons know best how to appear to be stationary even as they are motionary towards targeted flies, at which they suddenly dart their swift tongues once within range, this paper contends that the emergent postbinary world order is a chameleons' world; it is a world where Africans – deemed, in Eurocentric animistic discourses, to be indistinct from flies – will be increasingly cannibalised. Of course, chameleons use sleights of tongue when they feast on flies but imperialists also use sleights of hand when they want to feast on Africans. Drawing on the Shona (a people of Zimbabwe) proverbial warning rinonyenga rinohwarara rinosumudza musoro rawana (he who courts may trick the subject of courtship, to feel safe and loved, only to become violent once he has achieved his goal), this paper argues that neoimperialism is using sleights of hand to recolonise Africans in the twenty-first century. Postulating a theory of rinonyenga rinohwarara rinosumudza musoro rawana for international relations, society and politics, this paper argues for the application of Ubuntu theory in international relations but with a caveat that imperial chameleon politics and relations premised on trickery are not part of the canons of Ubuntu.


In order to solve the problem that the data output of space optical remote sensing imaging system is multi-channel and high rate,a new design scheme for high-speed and multi-channel CCD(Charge Coupled Device) image data parallel processing and transmission system is proposed.The design uses field programmable gate arrays(FPGA) for the data processing and logic control.For high speed and multi-channel CCD image data processing,the paper adopts regional parallel processing based on FPGA.The FPGA inner block RAM is used to build high speed image data buffer and time-division multiplexing is put into operation to achieve high speed multi-channel image data integration and real-time processing.For high-speed multi-channel CCD image data transmission question involved,the paper analyzes in-depth low-voltage differential signal and high speed differential serial transmission technology,and put it in practice.Those technologies enhance the system high-speed transmission capacity,and lower power consumption,strengthen anti-interference ability.The result shows that the design has good stability,flexibility and versatility,which has already been successfully used in a 40-channels high-speed CCD imaging system with the data rate up to 7.68 Gbit/s.


In this article, we summarise Monte Carlo simulation methods commonly used in Bayesian statistical computing. We give descriptions for each algorithm and provide R codes for their implementation via a simple 2-dimensional example. We compare the relative merits of these methods qualitatively by considering their general user-friendliness, and numerically in terms of mean squared error and computational time. We conclude with some general guidelines and recommendations. Some keywords: Monte Carlo; Markov Chain Monte Carlo; Simulation; Rejection Sampling; Importance Sampling; Gibbs Sampler; Metropolis-Hastings; Adaptive Rejection; Slice Sampler; Sequential Monte Carlo.


Introduction Theory, Theorists And The Sociology Of Health / Graham Scambler Chapter 1. Foucault, Health And Healthcare / Alan Petersen Chapter 2. Consuming Bodies: Zygmunt Bauman On The Difference Between Fitness And Health / Paul Higgs Chapter 3. Jurgen Habermas: Politics And Morality In Health And Medicine / Gemma Edwards Chapter 4. Luhmann's Social Systems Theory, Health And Illness / Barry Gibson And Olga Boiko Chapter 5. Bourdieu And The Impact Of Health And Illness In The Lifeworld / Sasha Scambler Chapter 6. Merleau-Ponty, Medicine And The Body / Nick Crossley Chapter 7. World System Theory And The Epidemiological Transition / Martin Hyde And Anthony Rosie Chapter 8. Archer, Morphogenesis And The Role Of Agency In The Sociology Of Health Inequalities / Graham Scambler Chapter 9. Deleuze And Guattari / Nick Fox Chapter 10. Health And Medicine In The Information Age: Castells, Informational Capitalism And The Network Society / Simon Williams


For the first time, the thermal diffusivity (α) in red clay samples has
been determined as a function of the annealing time, for a furnace temperature above
900◦C. The thermal diffusivity measurements on the samples were obtained by means
of the photoacoustic technique in a heat transmission configuration. A complementary
microstructure analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersion spectroscopy
(EDS) has been performed. The ceramic material used in this work is widely
used in the fabrication of several kinds of building materials such as bricks and roof
tiles in the north oriental region of Colombia (Cucuta). The importance of these results
is in the determination of conditions to obtain manufactured products with the desired
heat transport capacity.


The effects of inflation on the position of agriculture are investigated from two points of view: The relationship between overall price level increase and adjustment needs for the agricultural sector and the importance of different inflation rates in member countries of the EEC for the operation of the common agricultural price policy. A simple model for the quantitative investigation of the relative influence of inflation and economic growth on the adjustment requirements of German agriculture indicates comparatively stronger effects for increasing rates of inflation as compared to changes in rates of growth. The agricultural price adjustment mechanism in cases of parity changes between EEC member countries leads to an exact compensation of preceding inflationary gains and losses only for a specific set of conditions. According to an empirical test for France and Germany it is doubtful whether these conditions are met in reality. This leads to a discussion of alternative political measures.


This study first identifies the importance of audit committee for an organization and then tries to find out the quality of audit committee of the listed Public Limited Companies (PLCs) in Bangladesh. The twelve criteria were identified from the guidelines suggested by Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in 2006 was taken as benchmark for this study. The annual reports of a sample of 81 PLCs have been surveyed to determine the nature and extent of disclosure by computing total score and an Audit Committee Disclosure Index (ACDI). The study results show that 59 companies (72.84%) are disclosing audit committee with a mean score of 7.12 (ACDI 59.32). The results also show that the companies are focusing more on composition of audit committee and chairman of audit committee and little focus is placed on suspected infringement of laws, reporting to the authorities and report of conflict of interest. As the average score of the companies are 7.12 (Out of the total scores possible 12), conclusion has been drawn that the audit committee fails to bring transparency in the management and protection of shareholders interest up to their desired level.


The sorption and extraction of heavy metal thiocyanate complexes from an aqueous solution were studied for a cellulose acetate polymer and conventional organic solvents. The ease of metal sorption to solid cellulose acetate correlated well with the ease of metal extraction to liquid glycerol triacetate. The distribution behavior of ammonium thiocyanatozincate complexes was studied in detail and compared among cellulose acetate, isobutyl methyl ketone, and glycerol triacetate. The chemical processes involved in the metal distribution to the organic phase were found to be essentially the same for these three media. Thus, cellulose acetate was conveniently considered a polymer solvent. The results were discussed in relation to metalselective hyperfiltration through cellulose acetate membranes.


We performed a micromagnetic investigation of current-induced magnetization switching in perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions with polarization-enhancement layers. The pinned layer with a polarization-enhancement layer can be excited and eventually reverses at a current density lower than the value theoretically expected from that without a polarization-enhancement layer. The reversal results in continuous flip-flops of magnetizations as long as the current is applied. The flip-flop occurs at only one current polarity, caused by the precession amplification in polarization-enhancement layer. In order to prevent the unwanted flip-flop, the perpendicular anisotropy of the pinned layer must be severalfold larger than that of the free layer.


Jiew Island is a small island located on the edge of the Pacific Ocean on the east side of Halmahera Island. The island is bordered directly by the Republic of Palau and administratively is in the administrative area of Central Halmahera Regency. In addition to the outer islands, Jiew Island bio-ecologically has unique natural resources both flora and fauna. In addition to the flora and fauna on this island there are also various types of marine life that until now have not been identified both types and numbers. The purpose of this study is to examine the presence of the Junai Mas or by its scientific name Caloenas nicobarica as one of the local natural resources of the community through the initial study of the characteristics of Junai Mas on the island of Jiew. The anatomy of this bird is of medium size, with a length of about 34 cm, from one of the genus Caligeas dove, has grayish black feathers coated with golden green, shiny on the neck, coat, back and wings. Elongated neck and wing feathers. The beak is black with a slight bump on the base. Adult birds have short white tails, gray legs with yellow claws. Blackish-colored young birds with short neck feathers and brownish legs.


Longitudinal stress-wave nondestructive eval uation techniques have been used in a variety of applications in the forest products industry. Re cently it has been shown that they can signifi cantly aid in the assessment of log quality, par ticularly when used to predict performance of structural lumber obtained from a log. The purpose of the research described in this report was to investigate the use of stress-waveRoss: USDA Forest Serv., Forest Prod. Lab., Madison, Wisconsin. Willits, von Segen, Black: USDA Forest Serv., Washington, D.C. Brashaw: Univ. of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota. Pellerin: Washington State Univ., Pullman, Washington. based techniques for assessing the potential quality of veneer obtained from logs. Several ponderosa pine logs were nondestructively eval uated using longitudinal stress-wave tech niques. They were then rotary peeled, and the resulting veneer dried and ultrasonically graded using commercially available grading equip ment. The quality of the veneer, as determined by ultrasonic grading, was then compared with the nondestructive measurements of the logs from which they came. A strong relationship was found to exist between log and veneer non destructive assessments. Introduction Historically, the wood products community has used nondestructive evaluation (NDE) tech niques almost exclusively to sort or grade struc tural products. Two excellent examples of the use of nonvisual NDE techniques are machine


The activation of the cycloolefin metathesis polymerization by siloxanes is investigated. The system selected for this purpose is the polymerization of norbornene (NBE) in cyclohexane initiated with the tungsten hexachloride (WCl6)/tetramethyltin (SnMe4) system. The siloxane activator is hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDS). The formation and stability of the primary active species are followed through 1H NMR. It is found that such species are generated with the WCl6/SnMe4, WCl6/NBE/HMDS and WCl6/NBE/SnMe4/HMDS systems. The WCl6/NBE system is inactive. Activation of the polymerization system by HMDS is also followed through a kinetic study. The kinetics of norbornene polymerization initiated with WCl6/SnMe4 is used as the reference system and is compared with the WCl6/NBE/HMDS and WCl6/NBE/SnMe4/HMDS polymerization systems. The latter is found to be the most reactive.


Microlensing events are usually selected among single-peaked non-repeating light curves in order to avoid confusion with variable stars. However, a microlensing event may exhibit a second microlensing brightening episode when the source or/and the lens is a binary system. A careful analysis of these repeating events provides an independent way to study the statistics of wide binary stars and to detect extrasolar planets. Previous theoretical studies predicted that 0.5-2 per cent of events should repeat due to wide binary lenses. We present a systematic search for such events in about 4000 light curves of microlensing candidates detected by the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) towards the Galactic bulge from 1992 to 2007. The search reveals a total of 19 repeating candidates, with six clearly due to a wide binary lens. As a by-product, we find that 64 events (∼2 per cent of the total OGLE-III sample) have been misclassified as microlensing; these misclassified events are mostly nova or other types of eruptive stars. The number and importance of repeating events will increase considerably when the next-generation wide-field microlensing experiments become fully operational in the future.


This paper re-examines the geomorphological role of meltwater derived from snow patches in the light of observations made during the break up of snow cover on Byers Peninsula in 1976. The object is to draw attention to the erosive capacity of snow melt and the fact that channels created by this action can show similar morphological characteristics to those commonly ascribed to a fluvioglacial origin. These include the crossing of local topographic divides and commencement in the middle of slopes.


The present study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial activityof various extracts of young fruits of Ficus palmata Forsk. against someGram positive and Gram negative bacteria and Candida species using theagar well diffusion method.  Resultsshowed that the cold water extract had no inhibitory effect against anytested microbes, while the hot water extract inhibited the microbial growth(12.5%). Methanol, chloroform, petroleum ether or acetone extract of the dryfruits inhibited microbial growth (37.5%), while diethyl ether extractinhibition was 12.5%. Methanol extract of fresh fruitsinhibited themicrobial up to 75%. However, the chloroform and petroleum ether extractsinhibited microbial growth by 62.5% and 37.5%, respectively. Gas Chromatogram-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of hexanextract of the young fruits of Ficus palmata was carried out to identify its phytochemical constituents. Four chemicalconstituents have been identified: diethyl phthalatewas the major compound (86.19%) (Retention time 16.65), and cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl-, (Rt 12.77), 1,3-dimethyl-2-nitrobenzene (Rt 14.91) and benzamide (Rt15.07) were the minor constituents (4.47, 7.96 and 1.36%, respectively). Itcould be concluded that the extractof young fresh fruits of Ficus palmata and its bioactive components, in particular diethyl phthalate, could be of phytopharmaceutical importance as anantimicrobial agents


Abstract : It was previously demonstrated that the controlling crack growth criterion in stress corrosion cracking is that derived from fracture mechanics concepts and not a criterion based on gross or net stress. This demonstration was accomplished by testing two types of cracked specimens and showing that crack arrest and crack initiation stress intensities are the same while gross and net stresses are different. However, these tests were performed on thick section material. The work now reported was intended to check the validity of the correlation between arrest and initiation stress intensities using thin section material having higher thoughness and lower yield strength than the material previously tested. The results showed crack arrest stress intensities were substantially higher than those for crack initiation when testing thin materials. It was also observed from the test results that when testing titanium materials testing must be accomplished as soon as possible after fatigue cracking to eliminate any possible effects of crack blunting.


A survey of highway fencing along I-80 in Centre County, Pennsylvania, showed that 2.26-m (7.41-ft) type 3 modified fence has little value as a deterrent to vehicle-deer collisions; many deer crawl under the fence to the planted right-of-way, and the many gaps underneath provide easy penetration. From December 1974 through March 1976, numbers and position of deer were observed from a vehicle driven along 9.65 km (6 miles) of I-80 at night. Bimodal patterns of abundance were found. Deer were most numerous in spring and fall. Of 2577 deer sightings, 74.5 percent were on the highway side and 25.5 percent on the far side of the fence. Comparisons between a control area on the north side of the highway, where the fence was unmodified, and test areas on the south side, where gaps underneath were plugged or the top five wires were removed or repaired or both, showed that large numbers of deer crossed a fully repaired fence. Only six deer were reported killed during the 16 months of the study, and no live deer were seen on the highway. These results, relative to previous findings beginning in 1967, strongly suggest that high traffic volumes prevent deer from venturing onto the highway, thus reducing collisions. /Author/


tions of political philosophy. He then discusses "normative alternatives to interpretivism" (e.g., pragmatists, Posner, Rawls, Dworkin, Murphy, Fiss), which are inadequate but do, more or less, contribute elements to the "aesthetic theory of jurisprudence" developed in the last two chapters. According to this aesthetic theory, there are no right answers in constitutional law on the basis of legal reasoning. Yet we cannot stop there, because we need genuine faith in the existence of moral principles in order to make community possible. What makes for "good" opinions is good performances, which have the power to constitute community by creating momentary visions of coherent normative order, thereby sustaining faith in our ability to converse morally. If there is any substantive value implied in this approach it is the need to respect and protect individual dignity, without which conversations about political goodness cannot proceed. We need those conversations to create the experience of order and meaning so as to "protect us from the dark"; that is, the fact that, although meaning is essential to the survival of the race, it is an illusion. The "truth" of a constitutional opinion, accordingly, lies in the fit it persuasively creates between the facts of the case, the rules that the Court's audiences deem to bear on the dispute, beliefs about the empirical nature of the community, and normative claims that exist in common discourse. Professor Carter's theory is an illuminating display of what happens to constitutional law when it becomes rooted in modern philosophical assumptions that destroy the possibility of genuine philosophy or, indeed, of any meaningful speech. If we're all just huddling in the dark and all meaning is illusion—although it is not clear how we can know the truth that we are incapable of knowing the truth—conversations are no better than silence. It is doubtful, moreover, whether his theory really constrains justices, giving us evaluative criteria for distinguishing between better and worse opinions. The assumption in favor of human dignity seems gratuitous, and in its absence the community could respond favorably to performances that create "visions of coherent order" that look like hell. If all meaning is illusion—and Professor Carter explicitly "rejects at the outset any framework based on statements of the universal rights of man" (p. 161)—there are no grounds for restricting individual freedom, but no grounds for defending it either. Noninterpretivists will find this book an imaginative, even daring, effort to elaborate a new justification for an activist judiciary. Interpretivists—those who believe that judicial review should be confined to enforcing the clear command of the Constitution—will, in their own way, find it a useful example of what happens when the very possibility of interpretation is rejected.


© Academy Publisher This is the publisher's version of an article published in Journal of Software 2012 published by Academy Publisher. This version is reproduced under the journal's author licence agreement. http://academypublisher.com/jsw/


Neutron capture therapy (NCT) is a binary radiotherapy of cancer using the nuclear neutron capture reaction of radiation-producing atoms(sensitizers). In this therapy, compounds can be designed to be biologically inactive, which makes it possible to dose at a large amount to achieve an extremely high concentration required in tumor cells. Boron has been clinically used in treatments of melanoma and brain tumors. While the melanoma has been successfully treated so far, treatment of the brain tumor is still on trial. The key to success in the neutron capture therapy is the control of biodistribution of the sensitizer atoms, boron and gadolinium, including transport through blood-brain barrier, tumor tissue accumulation, intracellular accumulation and subcellular distribution. In this paper, the principle of this therapy, the present status of boron NCT and a challenge to gadolinium NCT are reviewed, mainly focused on the biodistribution of the sensitizer atoms.


This article examines the manner in which labour services are modelled in the aggregate production function, concentrating on the relationship between numbers employed and average hours worked. It argues that numbers employed and hours worked are not perfect substitutes and that conventional estimates of total factor productivity which, by using total hours worked as the measure of labour services, assume they are perfect substitutes, will be biased when there are marked changes in average hours worked. The relevance of the theoretical argument is illustrated using data for the United States and the United Kingdom.


The essential dynamics algorithm is a novel policy search algorithm for learning in a class of stochastic Markov decision processes (MDPs) with continuous state and action spaces. We apply it to the control of a 5 degree of freedom robot arm atop a Segway base. Movement of the arm causes the base to translate and tilt, which in turn aects the movement of the arm. The state space has 14 dimensions, and the action space 5 dimensions, twice the dimensionality of typical policy search applications. Despite the highly non-linear dynamics, the algorithm is able to control the robot through a wide range. What's more, this is accomplished using very little domain knowledge and no knowledge of dynamics.


TPS3167 Background: Cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 (CDK4/6) promote cell-cycle progression and cancer growth. CDK4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i), in combination with hormonal therapy, increase progression-free and overall survival (PFS and OS) in breast cancer but resistance to CDK4/6i is associated with genomic abnormalities including Rb-deficiency. Combined CDK4/6i/HSP90i has been shown to inhibit HIF1-alpha including in tumor cells with Rb-deficiency. Synergy between multiple CDK4/6i's and HSP90i's has suggested a drug class effect for combination. In CDK4/6i-treated cells, E3-ubiquitin ligase Smurf2 associates with and targets degradation of HIF1-alpha independent of VHL or hypoxia. BrUOG 387 investigates whether dual targeting of CDK4/6 and HSP90, through HIF1-alpha in patients with ER/PR+ Her2- advanced breast cancer progressing on CDK4/6i and patients with refractory Rb-deficient tumors is safe and reasonably tolerated. Methods: A phase Ib open-label single-arm dose de-escalation study is evaluating safety, tolerability as primary outcomes, recommended doses for cohort expansion and preliminary efficacy of CDK4/6i and HSP90i (IND163592; NCT05655598; the only HSP90i combination study in US). Patients with ER/PR+ Her2- advanced breast cancer progressing on CDK4/6i, and in cohort expansion, patients with Rb-deficient solid tumors (SCLC, soft tissue sarcoma, endometrial and bladder cancer) are included. CDK4/6i (palbociclib at dose previously tolerated up to 125 mg daily PO D1-21 of 28 day cycle) in combination with HSP90i (TAS-116/pimitespib starting at 120 mg 5 days on 2 days off, for D1-28 of cycle) is used in 3+3 dose-de-escalation design. The study includes PK analysis, and PD analysis will include HIF1/2, Smurf2, Rb, HIF targets VEGF, erythropoietin, Glut1, proliferation, cell death, cancer stem cells, NK, T-cells, RNA-seq and angiogenesis in pre- and post-treatment biopsies. Biostatistical design and analysis includes 3 dose levels of TAS-116 + palbociclib (level 0: TAS-116 120 mg, palbociclib 125 mg; level -1: TAS-116 80 mg, palbociclib 125 mg); level -2: TAS-116 40 mg, palbociclib 125 mg). Limiting Toxicities will include grade 4 neutropenia lasting > 7 days, neutropenic fever, grade 4 thrombocytopenia or Grade 3 non-hematologic toxicity not controlled with medical management. The study will enroll a total of approximately 15-27 patients (6-18 patients in dose de-escalation portion of the study and 9 additional patients in the cohort expansion phase). Secondary outcome analyses include response rate (CR, PR) measured by RECIST v.1.1 with exact two-sided 95% confidence intervals. OS, PFS, TTP, and DOR will be summarized using methods of Kaplan and Meier. Clinical trial information: NCT05655598 .


Abstract: A 2 yr field study was conducted on a coarse-textured soil in Manitoba, Canada, to investigate the effects of liquid hog manure (LHM) and chemical fertilizer application on barley (2005) and red spring wheat (2006) yields, crop nutrient uptake, and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) movement to the environment. The treatments were LHM applied at two rates as 22 000 L·ha−1 (2500 gal·ac−1, abbreviated as M2500) and 43 000 L·ha−1 (5000 gal·ac−1, abbreviated as M5000) and two rates of chemical fertilizer to match total N and P in LHM treatments, F2500 and F5000, along with an unamended control. The M5000 and M2500 treatments showed similar grain yield and N and P uptake. However, M5000 and M2500 significantly increased grain yield by 67% and 78%, respectively, compared with the control in 2005. In 2006, wheat grain yields from M2500 and M5000 were 71% and 86% greater than the control. In 2005, leachate NO3-N concentrations and leaching loads were higher with chemical fertilizers than M2500. In 2005, the apparent recovery of applied N as leachate was 35% and 23% in F5000 and F2500 treatments, whereas it was 6% and 7% of applied N in M5000 and M2500 plots, respectively. However, the application of M5000 resulted in P accumulation near the surface and may increase the potential risk of P loss with runoff. Our results show that applying LHM at moderate rates (M2500) may ensure desirable crop yields comparable to higher rates of nutrient application with minimal potential losses relative to higher rates.


Abstract Because of their comparative economy, the most commonly used methods for counting the homeless focus on users of shelters, food lines, health clinics for the homeless, and other services for the homeless. This paper argues that surveys restricted to shelter users are of limited usefulness, but that joint surveys of food‐line, shelter, and clinic users include very substantial proportions of the homeless in many communities. Such comprehensive surveys can provide an accurate basis for research on the homeless in communities with reasonably capacious service systems. The reliability of such surveys has grown as service systems for the homeless have improved. Groups of the homeless that tend to be missed in service user surveys include homeless youths on their own as well as substantial portions of the rural homeless population and of the doubled‐up or institutionalized homeless populations. Surveys of homeless persons sleeping in known places "on the streets" can be used to supplement surveys of se...


Wright Laboratory has been tasked by the Naval Explosive Ordnance Technical Division to develop robotic platforms to perform characterization of areas set aside for ordnance testing. These areas require the identification and removal of the unexploded ordnance before they can be utilized for safe, productive use. The characterization task is performed by autonomously sweeping a designated area with the autonomous tow vehicle (ATV). The ATV tows the multiple sensor platform containing a magnetometer array and a ground penetrating radar. The ATV provides the time and position stamp for sensor data. Analysts then review the post survey sensor data to determine ordnance position. The ATV makes use of several advanced technologies. A hybrid navigation and guidance system using an external Kalman filter delivers vehicle position based on information from a real time centimeter level differential global positioning system and a strapped down laser gyro inertial navigation system. A vision-based obstacle avoidance system helps to account for unknown obstacles during survey. Sophisticated path planning algorithms, and an intelligent software architecture for planning and behavior provide a measure of autonomy. A data collection system controls the functions of the various sensors used for the characterization process and manipulates the data stream to conform to an open ASCII data format and stores it to rugged removable hard disks for later analysis.


The individual socialization process using ethnical factor influence point of view, including traditions, customs and family upbringing is examined in the article. Altaian traditions of social networking and communication are analyzed. The necessity of taking ethnical factor into consideration in educational system for purposeful norms and etalons forming which reflect the specifics of living in the republic peoples' social and historical life experience is marked.


Transforming molecular motions into macroscopic scale is a topic of great interest to nanoscience. Photomechanical effect is a promising strategy to realize this purpose but remains challenging to design molecular materials with superior photomechanical effect that can be visually monitored under UV light. Herein, we wish to report intriguing photomechanical luminescence driven by photodimerization of 2-phenylbenzo[b]thiophene 1,1-dioxide (P-BTO) in molecular crystals, and elucidate working mechanism and substituent effect via crystallography analysis and theoretical calculation. Striking splitting, hopping and bending mechanical behaviors accompanied by significant blue fluorescence enhancement are observed for P-BTO crystals under UV light, which is attributed to the formation of photodimer 2P-BTO. Although 2P-BTO is poorly π-conjugated because of the central cyclobutane ring, it exhibits prominent through-space conjugation and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characters, affording strong solid-state blue fluorescence at 415 nm with an excellent quantum yield of up to 96.2%. This work not only provides novel molecular crystals with photomechanical luminescence but also explores a new kind of AIE luminogens (AIEgens) based on a tailored through-space conjugated framework.


The latest advance in the research and industrialization of heat-shrinkable material in China was summarized,and the mechanism of heat-shrinkage was discussed.The present status of the research on some heat-shrinkable material such as crosslinked polyolefin,ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer,fluoropolymer,and the industrialization of heat-shrinkable material at home were introduced.In addition,the prospect of the development of heat-shrinkable material was forecasted.


When groundwater contamination is identified at a site, one must first question if contaminants are from one`s facility, an off-site source, or sample handling and collection techniques. Determining the source may mean the difference between the site or another party paying for expensive investigation and remediation. Investigating and remediating contaminated groundwater can be a significant, long-term expense for a company. Appropriate and timely analysis of the site conditions and contaminants could save hundreds of thousands of dollars. In this case study, metals and volatile contaminants are discovered at and industrial site, in upper and lower aquifers separated by a clay aquitard. The initial analysis purpose was to identify that although similar, the contamination in the lower aquifer came from another source. The analysis instead proved that contamination in the lower aquifer was introduced during installation of the deep monitoring wells and cross contamination had stopped. In addition, statistical analysis demonstrated sampling techniques and insufficient decontamination of the sampling equipment was introducing contaminants into the lower aquifer sample jars. The results of the analysis proved the importance of quality control techniques during sample collection and the value in understanding the potential site geology prior to well installation. Thirty-one statistical tests, includingmore » null and alternate hypothesis tests and confidence intervals, were performed on the laboratory data. The revised goals of the analysis were to demonstrate to the regulatory agencies that remediation of the lower aquifer is not required, the release was a one-time occurrence, and the contaminants are no longer present.« less


Introduction:
 Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a noninvasive biomarker of atherosclerotic plaque burden in the general population and predicts coronary heart disease and mortality. This study examined whether CAC predicts stroke mortality independent of established traditional cardiovascular risk factors.

 Methods:
 We included 66,511 participants (mean age: 54.4±10.6 years; 33.0% women) from the prospective, multi-center CAC Consortium study without stroke or coronary heart disease (CHD). CAC was assessed at the study baseline with a cardiac-gated computed tomography scan and categorized as absent/present and 0, 1-99, 100-299, and ≥300 Agatston Units (AU). To examine CAC as a predictor for stroke mortality, we utilized multivariable-adjusted Fine and Gray competing risk regression models, adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors. For sensitivity analysis, we excluded patients whose death certificates indicated a possible stroke-complication of CHD (excluded, n=8).

 Results:
 During a mean follow-up period of 12.3±3.9 years, there were 160 stroke deaths. Compared to individuals without CAC, those with CAC >0 AU had a higher incidence of stroke mortality (0.31 vs. 0.06 per 1,000 person-years). After adjusting for traditional risk factors, individuals with CAC had a significantly higher sub-distribution hazard ratio (SHR) for stroke mortality than those without CAC (SHR: 2.17; [95% CI:1.32-3.56). In addition, compared with individuals without CAC, the risk of stroke mortality significantly increased as CAC increased (SHR range:1.77; [95%CI: 1.03-3.05]) - 3.09; [95% CI:1.72-5.54]). The results obtained from our sensitivity analysis were similar (Table).

 Conclusions:
 CAC was associated with mortality from stroke independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. While a marker of coronary atherosclerosis burden, CAC should be considered a risk marker for all types of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease mortality.


Aneurysmal bone cyst is a benign lesion characterized by bulging or ballooning of cortical bone due to associated underlying expanding fibrovascular mass. The condition is uncommon and found predominantly in the vertebral column and long bones, but scarcely in the facial bones. In the late 1950s. Bernier and Baskhar reported the first case of aneurysmal bone cyst in the jaw. Later on. some cases appeared subsequently in the literature. Now we report the first case of aneurysmal bone cyst of maxillary sinus in China. Its clinical features, radiological and histopathological characteristics, and treatment are discussed in detail.


A dried blood spot card for the collection of volumetric blood samples, quantification of caffeine in capillary blood from 44 volunteers


Recent research has been shown that chaos can actually be useful under certain circumstances. Thus, anti-control of chaos in a motor drive, namely chaotifying a motor drive, is highly desired for practical engineering systems. This paper firstly proposes anti-control of chaos in a practical induction motor drive by using time-delay feedback control. Theoretical analysis and computer simulation results will be given to verify the proposed method of chaotification.


Abstract The objective of this research is to assess the effect of ultrasonic irradiation (20 KHz) on the catalytic activity and catalyst particle size of different iron-containing solids (hematite/SBA-15 nanocomposite; hematite; goethite). The catalytic activities of the different catalysts were investigated in the sono-Fenton degradation of a phenolic aqueous solution in the presence of hydrogen peroxide at pH 3. The catalytic performance was monitored in terms of phenol and total organic carbon (TOC) conversions. The concentration changes of different by-products coming from incomplete mineralization of phenol were also monitored. The stability was examined by measuring iron dissolved in the reaction medium after reaction. The degradation rate in the presence of the nanocomposite material was higher than that when SBA-15 and hematite were separately suspended and also higher than that found for the bulk and unsupported iron oxides (hematite and goethite). The particle size of the catalysts suffers serious changes during the sonication which strongly depend on their nature. Unlike nanocomposite material which presents a deep catalyst particle reduction, unsupported bulk iron oxides yield an agglomeration of the particles. The considerable enhancement of the activity achieved with the nanocomposite material is due to the catalyst particles size reduction during ultrasound irradiation as well as the high dispersion of the metallic species over the mesostructured support.


Dunaliella tertiolecta is a green flagellated microalga with a high tolerance to salinity and high production of pigments such as zeaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid present in higher plants known for its antioxidant potential. In the current study, the antiproliferative activity of raw extracts and fractions of D. tertiolecta (clone CCMP 1320) was evaluated against four different human cancer cell lines: melanoma, hepatocellular liver carcinoma, and two lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. In addition, a normal cell line (lung fibroblast) was used as toxicity control. The activity was evaluated by treatment with the extracts/fractions following the MTT colorimetric assay procedures. HPLC-UV-HRMS based dereplication helped to identify the bioactive metabolites. A glycoglycerolipid was identified in the active fraction, being involved in the bioactivity of this microalga. This compound, glycerol 1-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoate)-2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z-hexadecatetraenoate)-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (1), was purified and its antiproliferative activity was confirmed. This work gives new insights on the antiproliferative activity of the green alga D. tertiolecta and its potential industrial applications.


A new species, Flexamia huroni, is described from a prairie fen i south eastern Michigan. This leafhopper is closely related to the western F serrata B & T, a specialist on mat muhly (Muhlenbergia richardsonis). Like its sister species, F. huroni was found only in close association with mat muhly, a grass listed a a threatened species in Michigan and Wisconsin. The regional rarity of mat muhly, its association with a globally imperiled plant commu nity (prairie fen) and the absence of F. huroni from several fens known to contain this grass, make this new Flexamia a strong candidate for listing as endangered in Michigan. The leafhopper genus Flexamia DeLong is one of the largest genera of grassland inhabiting Deltocephalinae (Hamilton and Ross 1975) with 44 de scribed species (Young and Beirne 1958, Ross and Cooley 1969, Hamilton arid Ross 1975, Whitcomb and Hicks 1988, Lowry and Blocker 1989). The mem bers of this genus occur almost exclusively in remnants of native grasslands, with a center of diversity in the eastern Great Plains (Whitcomb et al. 1986a, Whitcomb and Hicks 1988, Panzer et aL 1995). Although Flexamia species are grassland specialists, few have been asso ciated with more hydric communities, In western North America, F. serrata is known only from mat muhly stands in lkaline wet meadows and along stream corridors. In the east, F. pyrops, a specialist on three-awn grasses (Aristida spp.), has been found in wet-mesic sand prairies containing an abundance of these grasses (Bess pers. obs.). Flexamia prairiana DeLong feeds on big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi) and has been collected from this grass in wet prairie and prairie fen communities (Panzer et al. 1995, Bess and Hamilton pel's. obs.). Flexamia inflata (Osborn and Ball) is usually found in moist or saline areas, feeding on Juncus dudleyi in the east and Muhlen bergia asperifolia in the west. Whitcomb et al. (1986b) also report this leafhopper from lovegrass (Eragrostis sp.) and sometimes even fescue (Fes tuca arundinacea), bluegrasses (Poa spp.) and other turf species (e.g. Zoysia). Flexamia beameri Whitcomb and Hicks was described from a series collected in 1946 at a Canadian Zone lakeside in upstate New York. This leafhopper has not been seen since the original series was collected and its foodplant(s) remain unknown. 113501 South, 750 West, Wanatah, Indiana 46390. 2Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, K W. Neatby Bldg., CEF Ottawa, KIA OC6 Canada. 1 Bess and Hamilton: A New Flexamia (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) Published by ValpoScholar, 1999 10 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 32, No. 1 & 2 Figures 1-2, 7-8. Flexamia huroni, adult habitus (1) and ventral aspect of head (2). Ventral aspect ofhead of Flexamia stylata (Ball) (7) and of Flexamia deeora Beamer and Tuthill (8). Scale line 1 mm. Flexamia hUTQni Bess and Hamilton, new species


Most Republicans, the argument goes, agreed that war was inevitable, but they disagreed about it on other counts. Some of them felt the timing was bad, that a declaration should be delayed until the United States was better prepared. Others wished to make it a maritime war, with strictly limited obiectives B chapter v• ß y the old theory that expansionism caused the war is pretty thoroughly eroded. Next comes some lucid discussion of the grounds upon which anti-war Republicans opposed the party's war position. The Clintonians, for example, were perfectly convinced that Madison and his associates were incompetent, and that their continuation in ewer might let the Federalists in. To give the Federalist party reP entry into control of the government was to imperil the Republic. The author succeeds better than anyone except he contemporary writers in conveying the bitterness of party feeling on the eve of the War of 1812. He attributes this bitterness in part to the fact that political parties were brand new in the United States, and were very suspect. The mistrust of parties as such caused the members of one party to view their opponents not as builders of a loyal opposition, but as enemies of the state. The second war with England, which has sometimes been called a useless war, Dr. Brown avows was no such thing. It made at least two crucial contributions to the development ofthe United States: it proved that the Republic was not utopian, and it carried that Republic a long stride toward permanence.


Endogenous mouse Dicer is an exclusively cytoplasmic protein General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact firstname.lastname@example.com providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Abstract Dicer is a large multi-domain protein responsible for the ultimate step of microRNA and short-interfering RNA biogenesis. In human and mouse cell lines, Dicer has been shown to be important in the nuclear clearance of dsRNA as well as the establishment of chromatin modifications. Here we set out to unambiguously define the cellular localization of Dicer in mice to understand if this is a conserved feature of mammalian Dicer in vivo. To this end, we utilized an endogenously epitope tagged Dicer knock-in mouse allele. From primary mouse cell lines and adult tissues, we determined with certainty by biochemical fractionation and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy that endogenous Dicer is exclusively cyto-plasmic. We ruled out the possibility that a fraction of Dicer shuttles to and from the nucleus as well as that FGF or DNA damage signaling induce Dicer nuclear translocation. We also explored Dicer localization during the dynamic and developmental context of embryogene-sis, where Dicer is ubiquitously expressed and strictly cytoplasmic in all three germ layers as well as extraembryonic tissues. Our data exclude a direct role for Dicer in the nuclear RNA processing in the mouse. Dicer has first been described as the enzyme dedicated to the generation of small RNA fragments from long double stranded RNA. This function of Dicer of playing a central role in the microRNA and short-interfering RNA biogenesis pathways was found to be taking place in the cytoplasm of the cell. However, recent studies reported additional functions of Dicer in the nucleus of human and mouse cell lines, where the protein was proposed to be involved in processing nuclear RNAs as well as in influencing the chromatin state. Consequently , the localization of Dicer within the cell has been highly debated ever since. In this study, we show …


A surgical case of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with marked retention onthe ICGtest (retention rate at 15min, 70%)isreported. Since laboratory data except for the ICG test were normal , the patient was diagnosed with constitutional ICG excretory defect. To estimate preoperative liver function, we performed two further exainations. One was laparoscopic observation of the liver with subsequent non-tumorous Iiver biopsy , which showed chronic active hepatitis. The other was in trahepatic blood flow assessment using color Doppler ultrasound, which demonstrated normal flow paterns. During surgery, we measured the arterial blood ketone body ratio under hemihepatic vascular occlusion, and judging from the results of these examinations, left hepatic lobectomy was done folowed without any postoperative trouble. Since to decide extent of hepatectomy is difficult in the case with the ICG excretory defect, more experience with this disorder and new techniques for evaluating liver functional reserve might be necessary.


South African (Cape) fur seals, Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus, interact with the South African trawl fisheries-offshore demersal, inshore demersal, and midwater fisheries. These interactions take thef ollowing forms: Seals take or damage netted fish, on particular vessels they become caught in the propeller, seals drown in the nets, live seals come aboard and may be killed. Except in specific cases of seals damaging particular trawler propellers, interactions result in little cost to the offshore and midwater trawl fisheries. For the inshore fishery, seals damage fish in the net at an estimated cost in excess of R69, 728 (US$18,827) per year, but this is negligible (0.3%) in terms ofthe value of the fishery. Seal mortality is mainly caused by drowning in trawl nets and ranges from 2,524 to 3,636 seals of both sexes per year. Between 312 and 567 seals are deliberately killed annually, but this most likely takes place only when caught and they enter the area below deck, where they are difficult to remove, and pose a potential threat to crew safety. Overall, seal mortality during trawling operations is negligible (0.4-0.6%) in terms of the feeding population of seals in South Africa.


We present a model of financial development and technological progress based on imperfect information. In the model, entrepreneurs innovate more when financiers are better informed about their projects because they expect their successful projects to receive more funding. Conversely, financiers collect more information about projects when entrepreneurs innovate more because the opportunity cost of misinvesting, i.e. of funding unsuccessful projects, is higher. Thus, knowledge about technologies and technological knowledge are mutually reinforcing. The model is consistent with several empirical regularities. Empirical strategies for testing the model are discussed.


Suntaree Apibal, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok 10400 (Thailand) The presence of fetal red cells (F cells) in the maternal circulation is an indicator of a fetomaternal hemorrhage which may subsequently lead to hemo-lytic disease of the newborn [1]. However, a small amount of F cells were found in some normal adults [4] whereas the increase in hemoglobin F production might be increased in various conditions as thalassemia trait, unstable B chain variant and pregnancy [4]. In Thailand, thalassemia hemoglobin E-trait, ß-trait and α-trait were commonly found [2, 3]. The incidence of E-trait is 13% on average in the central region, 40% in the northeast, 8% in the north and 12% in the south [2]. The incidence of ß-trait is 3–9% and of α-trait is 20–30% [3]. So, the study for the percentage of F cells among these groups of subjects may be able to differentiate the false positive results of fetomaternal hemorrhage from F cells found in some normal persons and subjects with the thalassemia trait. F cells could be demonstrated in the maternal circulation by acid elution techniques. Our study revealed the presence of F cells in each group by the Saquan-sermsri acid elution technique as follows. The air-dried blood smear of not over 24 h was fixed in 80% ethanol for 3 min, then immersed in acid/alcohol/ami-do black solution for 3 min at room temperature (100 mg amido black B CI No. 20470, Merck's Reagenzien, FRG, in 100 ml of 80% ethanol, pH adjusted to 2 with HC1). The smear was washed with tap water for 15 s and air dried. The stained smear was examined under an oil immersion microscope. The percentage of F cells (X ± SD) in 30 normal persons, 30 with E-trait, 30 with ß-trait and 30 with α-trait were 0.14 ± 0.18, 0.92 ± 0.78, 2.3 ± 1.87, and 0.5 ± 0.45, respectively. So, more investigations to exclude these conditions were needed before diagnosing fetomaternal hemorrhage. Thus, the diagnosis of fetomaternal hemorrhage is only valid in the presence of F cells in the maternal circulation if there are no such hemoglobinopathies in the mother. References Fanaroff AA, Martin RJ, Merleatz IR: Behrman's Neonatal Perinatal Medicine, Disease of the Fetus and Infant, ed 3. St. Louis, Mosby, 1983. Na-Nakorn S, Minnich V, Chernoff A: Studies on hemoglobin E. II. The incidence of hemoglobin E in Thailand. J Lab Clin Med 1965;47:490. Wasi P, Na-Nakorn S, Pootrakul S, Sookanek M, Disthasong-chan P, Pornpatkul M, Panich V: Alpha and beta thalassemia in Thailand. Ann NY Acad Sci 1969;165:60.


Objective To evaluate the dynamic changes in relative signal intensity (RSI) in normal and partially obstructed kidneys in rats by Gd DTPA enhanced dynamic MRI.Methods Twenty two 1 year old rats with partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (PUUO, n =10),and sham operated non obstructed kidneys ( n =12) were studied using Gd-DTPA enhanced dynamic MRI.PUUO was created in 1 or 2 day old rats by embedding the left ureter into the psoas muscle. MRI was performed previously at different time intervals ( 0.1 to 60?min ) after intravenous injection of Gd DTPA. The RSI changes in renal cortex,medulla and pelvis were plotted against time.Results The dynamic patterns of RSI between normal and partially obstructed kidneys differed significantly.In sham operated rats, a fast parenchymal uptake of Gd DTPA immediately after injection of Gd DTPA produced a rapid RSI decrease in the cortex. Thereafter,a RSI decrease in medulla and pelvis reached a minimum of 18% of pre GD DTPA injection. Finally,7 min after injection Gd TDPA,a significant RSI recovery was seen starting from the cortex to medulla and pelvis.Complete recovery was observed at 60?min. In partially obstructed kidneys,not only did the above events occur significantly slower than the controls,and the cortex,medulla and pelvis were also clearly shown to be different from those of the controls.Conclusions Gd DTPA enhanced dynamic MRI provide not only renal morphological but also functional information which can be used to differentiate a partially obstructed from a non obstructed kidney.


This chapter analyses the adaptation of Poland's defence policy and armed forces to the rapidly changing security environment along NATO's north-eastern flank. First, it examines the impact of a resurgent Russia on Poland's security calculus, especially since Russia's seizure of Crimea and the war in eastern Ukraine. Next, it addresses the evolution of Warsaw's views on the relative utility of NATO and the European Union and its efforts to return NATO to its traditional territorial defence role. It then focuses on the modernization of Poland's armed forces, with a special emphasis on doctrinal change, the reform of the command and control system, and the creation of the Territorial Defence units. It also reviews the t state of key hardware purchases as of mid-2017. The chapter concludes with an overall assessment of the level of capabilities and the readiness of the armed forces in the changing threat environment along NATO's north-eastern flank.


In view of the influence of rotation and tilt to the lubrication performance of the multi-pad closed hydrostatic turntable which will cause the working table surface deformation and oil film failure when design is not correct. The present study is aimed to establish the oil film Reynolds equation which is solved by the finite difference method and successive over-relaxation iteration algorithm. The oil film characteristics of the circular oil pad and the annular oil pad is numerical analyzed. The oil film characteristics that turntable guide surface and the sealing edge is not parallel is described by the rotation speed and inclination angle. Oil film pressure distribution and velocity contours were obtained by different rotation speed and inclination angle. Oil film thickness and bearing capacity of hydrostatic turntable are obtained with different speeds and loads by experiments. This study provides theoretical basis for the pressure bearing analysis, design and experiment of hydrostatic turntable.


1. We present a model of the ideal free distribution (IFD) where differences between phenotypes other than those involved in direct competition for resources are considered. We show that these post-acquisitional differences can have a dramatic impact on the predicted distributions of individuals. 2. Specifically, we predict that, when the relative abilities of phenotypes are independent of location, there will be a continuum of mixed evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) distributions (where all phenotypes are present in all patches). 3. When the relative strengths of the post-acquisitional trait in the two phenotypes differ between patches, however, we predict only a single ESS at equilibrium. Further, this distribution may be fully or partially segregated (with the distribution of at least one phenotype being spatially restricted) but it will never be mixed. 4. Our results for post-acquisitional traits mirror those of Parker (1982) for direct competitive traits. This comparison illustrates that it does not matter whether individual differences are expressed before or after competition for resources, they will still exert considerable influence on the distribution of the individuals concerned.


chosen to project its arguments on the basis of the unfairness of the present arrangements. The most topical part of Dr. Ewing's book, and certainly that which has the widest appeal, devotes itself to the appropriateness of the funding of political parties in Britain via trade unions. Although he presents his arguments in a generally fair and balanced way (he is not above describing as "profoundly silly" the S.D.P.'s suggestion that union members should be able to earmark their political levy towards their chosen party), he makes his own views about the merits of the debate perfectly clear. Starting from the premise that unions do have a legitimate part to play in the political process, he favours, in general, a continuation of the existing framework of "contracting-out." Comparison with other Western democracies makes for a conclusion that Britain leads the way in the protection of the rights of individual members, and there is no evidence that, to any significant degree, undue or improper pressure is brought to deter individuals from exercising their right to opt out of the political levy. The author finds, too, that the quality of the adjudication offered by the Certification Officer in dealing with allegations of breach of the political fund rules is high. Most importantly of all, Dr. Ewing quotes and adopts the Donovan Commission's views that the choice between "contracting-in" and "contracting-out" is a political rather than an industrial relations question, and that the real issue is whether the Labour Party is to have the benefit of the reluctance ordinary people have to initiate the steps necessary to avoid payment into their union's political fund. Whatever one's views about the intrinsic morality of "contracting-in" as opposed to "contracting-out," it is surely naive to ignore the political significance of any choice made, and to conduct the debate without reference to this. The case against abandoning "contracting-out" is, in this reviewer's opinion, strongest because of the political implications such a move would have, although there is also considerable force in the argument that it would be grossly unfair to act to restrain the financial contributions which unions make to the Labour Party without at the same time moving against the (far larger) sums paid to the Conservative Party by private industry.


Although the first discovery of electrophoretic effects was made over a hundred years ago by Reuss' (1808) we have not yet a theory to explain the observed facts in a completely satisfactory manner. All electrophoretic phenomena, i. e., the migration of colloidal particles in an electric field, electro-osmosis and streaming potentials, result from the existence of electric potential differences across interphasial boundaries. The formulation of a rigorous theory of electrophoretic migration is hampered by the fact that we have very little information about the molecular structure of surfaces and about the origin of the interphasial potentials. The theory, therefore, must rely on certain hypothetical assumptions and will be subject to changes until the structure of surfaces is better understood. The first theory of electrophoretic migration is dueto.Smoluchowski2 (1903). -It is based on the assumption, first introducedcby Helmholtzs (1879), that the potential difference is due to a very thin and rigid electric double layer. In 1909 Goup pointed out that thermal motion does not permit the formation of a rigid layer of electric charges. His theory of the diffuse double layer w$s taken up later by Chapman6 and Sterns (1924), but its full importance was realized only after Debye and Hiickel7 (1924) furnished a broader foundation for GOUY'S theory. Since 1924 the Debye-Huckel theory of strong electrolytes has played the dominant role in all questions of interphasial potentials and electrokinetic phenomena. In order to adapt it to the problems of colloidal physics it was found necessary to generalize and modify it in some points. This work has led to a much clearer understanding of many problems of electrophoretic migration, but it has not furnished the answer to all questions. In presenting a short review of the present state of the theory it appears therefore appropriate to point out not only its successes but


Epilepsy is a well-known neuronal disorder that can be identified by interpretation of the electroencephalogram (EEG) signal. Usually, the length of an EEG signal is quite long which is challenging to interpret manually. In this work, we propose an automated epileptic seizure detection method by applying a two-step minimization technique: first, we reduce the data points using a statistical sampling technique and then, we minimize the number of features using our novel feature selection algorithm. We then apply different machine learning algorithms for performance measurement of the proposed feature selection algorithm. The experimental results outperform some of the state-of-the-art methods for seizure detection using the reduced data points and the least number of features.