Brexit is sneaking up on us under cover of COVID-19. The omens are bad. There is still no single argument in favour of Brexit on the basis of health or science. If anybody has a cogent one then please present it? The Brexiteers running the government have shown a poor grasp of detail and judgement in their handling of the pandemic and the subsequent exams debacle. They favour the abstract reality of assumptions and algorithms to the ground reality of people and populations. Public Health England is being reorganised without discussion, debate or public inquiry, and placed in the hands of the person who promised to deliver on 'track and trace' and didn't. None of this bodes well for Brexit. Brexit and indeed climate change are far more complex than the challenges the Brexiteers have failed on so far. It is responsible to be worried. One of those worries is that Brexit will increase NHS costs, which would be damaging for health at any time but especially so in an economic recession. In new research, leading academics from the UK and the US address the question of primary care drug costs. Taking the top 50 brand name drugs in terms of expenditure, they calculate that applying Medicare costs would raise the annual drugs bill by £6bn in English primary care. The US administration is clear that it wants 'fair' pricing for the pharmaceutical innovations it sells to the world. But 'fair' for the US is inevitably overpriced for everybody else. Cost considerations are important too for individuals when managing personal health budgets and as people move from being consumers to 'prosumers', for example by creating and then consuming a customised package of care. Local customisation must play a part in COVID-19 test, trace and isolate strategies. The question here is how to persuade people to follow the rules? Behavioural science is pivotal to success but the service in England has absorbed large costs and fallen short of targets. The impact of increases in costs is ultimately counted in death rates but, as COVID-19 has shown, even counting deaths can be controversial. Excess deaths seem to be the best measure but there is much we do not understand. In the same way, we are yet to fully understand the role of the inflammatory response in COVID-19 or the long-term impact of the disease. There is nothing wrong with a gap in our understanding as long as it is acknowledged. A constant flaw in the ruling elite is a misplaced certainty in their ideas and their solutions. If this is a dangerous trait in a doctor, it is equally so for a politician – with the hollow certainties of Brexit being a prime example.


Hearing impairment is one among the partial inability to hear the sound producing around a person. Hearing impairment can cause due to several factors but not limited to age, illness, physical trauma, etc., hearing aid is a small electronic device which helps to hear the sound in our surroundings just by wearing behind your ears. With the help of this e-device a hearing-impaired person can able to hear the sound, can listen and helps to communicate with others usual as others. This research article is about a survey regarding number of students with hearing impaired doing their higher studies in and around Coimbatore and find out their difficulties faced by them by accessing the study materials.


This essay explores Bahram Beyzaie's inter-paradigmatic reformulations of Iranian dramatic forms and Shahnameh legends in plays which highlight the voice of the periphery against the center and imbue these narratives with motifs that relate them to the present. The essay first reviews Beyzaie's work with the Shahnameh and then examines the Shahnameh cycle of Jamshid and Zahhak to provide the context for in-depth analyses of Azhdahak (1959), Karnameh-ye Bondar-e Bidakhsh (The Account of Bondar the Premier, 1996), and the first episode of Shab-e Hezar-o-Yekom (The One Thousand and First Night, 2003) in which Beyzaie reconstructs the cycle of Jamshid and Zahhak.


Background/Aim: Medial pancreatectomy has been applied as a safe and effective alternative in benign diseases located in the pancreatic neck or body. However, the role of this procedure remains controversial. We investigate outcomes using this method in 14 patients. Methods: Fourteen consecutive patients underwent medial pancreatectomy. The surgical indications, postoperative outcomes, and pathologic characteristics were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Among 10 patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, 3 patients had minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, and 3 had adenocarcinoma in situ. Four patients required an additional resection of the pancreatic remnant because of a positive surgical margin. A medial pancreatectomy was converted to a distal pancreatectomy in 1 patient with adenocarcinoma in situ. Three patients with islet cell tumor and 1 patient with solid pseudopapillary tumor had no malignant disease. Postoperative complications occurred in 6 patients (43%): 5 had pancreatic fistulas and 1 had a gastric ulcer. All of the patients are doing well without recurrence. Conclusions: A medial pancreatectomy is a safe and effective alternative for the treatment of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, islet cell tumor, or solid pseudopapillary tumor located in the neck or body of the pancreas. However, a precise preoperative and intraoperative assessment including an examination of frozen sections is mandatory to select the appropriate surgical procedure.


incarnation of the pre-existent, divine Son of God, thought of as his Logos expressed through the medium of human life-history, real human flesh and blood. Is it going too far to suggest that the normal translations of 4 will not do? It contains the phrase pros hon himin ho logos, commonly translated 'with whom we have to reckon'. Such a translation depends upon the fact that logos can mean 'account' or 'reckoning'. It is probable, however, that the words should be translated, 'with whom the Logos is present on our behalf. This translation is confirmed by the fact that in Jn 11 the words, kai ho logos en pros


Grain yield improvement is the main objective in rice breeding programs. The objective of this study was to determine the phenotypic characters that have a direct or indirect effect on grain yield of double haploid lines. It expected can be used as selection criteria. The study was conducted on August 2009 at Cikeumeuh Bogor using randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The materials used were 33 doubled haploid rice lines and three varieties/landraces rice. The results showed that number of productive tillers per hill, number of grains per panicle and 1,000 grain weight of rice can be used as selection criteria in improving grain yield. These three characters has a positive and very signifi cant correlation, positive and high direct effect on grain yield, and have a high heritability value.


This thesis talks about the management responsibility of the consumer in terms of parking motor vehicles lost in Magelang regency . Problem formulation of this thesis is How Responsibility parking business to consumers in terms of loss of motor vehicle in Magelang regency. The type of this thesis is empirical research conducted namely research focuses on the behavior of the legal community . This research was conducted directly to the respondent as the data supported primarily by secondary data consisting of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials . In this thesis should contain about the sense of responsibility that is given by the park manager if consumers lose their vehicles , particularly in the district parking magelang. Manager should compensate even replace lost motor vehicle in the parking area but this is not done by the parking management in the district parking magelang.manager only help look for and report to the police if there is a motor vehicle consumer protection laws lost. Law number 8 of 1999 on consumer protection governing the rights and obligations of both consumers and good actors usaha.But park managers and consumers do not know about it , so that the government 's role as supervisor and supervisor of the law - this law is necessary, for the members to the public awareness of their rights as consumers and awareness to the parking management duties and responsibilities when there is loss of motor vehicles lost .


A static fluorescence quenching technique has been used to determine the discrete droplet concentration, and by implication droplet size, in oil-continuous microemulsions stabilised by Aerosol OT (AOT). In particular (i) the nature and structure of water-in-oil microemulsions in the critical region have been investigated for the H2O–AOT–dodecane system and (ii) the effect of additives (benzyl alcohol and toluene) on the size of droplets in the single-phase system has been studied. From these studies it is demonstrated that the static fluorescence quenching technique is particularly appropriate for the investigation of changes in size domains. The results for the critical system suggest that there is no significant increase in droplet size in the single-phase system as the critical point is approached. However, evidence is obtained for facilitated solute exchange between droplets in the critical region. Small systematic increases in droplet concentration (decreases in droplet size) are readily detected on addition of benzyl alcohol and toluene to a single-phase system at compositions far removed from the critical (phase-transition) region. The static fluorescence quenching method with Ru(bp)2+3 as fluorescer and Fe(CN)3–6 as quencher is shown to be optimal for the determination of size domains in the 1–2 nm region. The quenching rate constant within a droplet is slower than in bulk aqueous solution at high ionic strength. At high concentrations of benzyl alcohol the fluorescer partitions to the interfacial region which allows facilitated exchange of Ru(bp)2+3 between droplets.


Traveling is a kind of population flow,therefore outbound tourists are population flow spanning national boundary.Along with the reform and open policy and the social economy development,the number of outbound tourists from China increases rapidly.The influential factors include increasing income,more leisure time,activity traveling policies of government.The number of outbound tourists from China will increase more rapidly in the future.


It has long been recognised that the top-down, science-centred approach of development has failed to deliver its promises. The bottom-up participatory approach, advocated a couple of decades ago, has also not yielded the desired results. Indigenous Knowledge (IK) research forms one of the latest development models, which aims to address local needs more effectively. This volume, a collection of papers presented at the ASA conference 2000, is an attempt by anthropologis ts to contribute to the debate and carve their own niche in the process. Two broad themes (and various other interrelated sub themes) provide the common thread to a richly diverse volume. Firstly, what is IK, and what forms does its relationship with science take? Secondly, what are the possible methodologies that can be used to foster meaningful dialogue between, and encourage the integration of, the different knowledge systems in the development process? The first chapter is introductory and Sillitoe analyses the main themes dealt with in the volume. The term IK – also known as local knowledge, citizen knowledge, traditional knowledge, folk science, people's knowledge, each with subtle differences, formulated within their own contexts – has, in the 20 th century, been 'muted, rejected and subsequently discovered and celebrated' (237). The term has nevertheless provoked criticism because IK is seen as static, unchanging, and bounded, whereas in practice it is ever changing and dynamic. Paul Sillitoe defines it as 'a unique formulation of knowledge coming from a range of sources rooted in local cultures, a dynamic and ever changing pastiche of past 'tradition' and present invention with a view to the future' (113). The contributors argue that development cannot be meaningful unless IK is integrated into the development process. However, historically, IK has been, and largely continues to be seen as inferior to science. The volume explores ways of addressing this power imbalance, integrating the two knowledge systems and what the anthropologist's role in this process might be. It also critically analyses the ethical issues, disciplinary demands and other dilemmas faced by anthropologists. Key to this, is that anyone writing and engaging critically in action research has to deal with the crisis of representation. Who can write with authority about whom, and who owns the final product, (i.e. the ethnography) with respect to intellectual property rights? This is made more complex as participatory research is also informed by


According to the time-order data of Chinese highway passenger transportation volume of last ten years,this paper makes prediction studies of the highway passenger transportation volume of 2003~2005 year in China,using the methods of the regression analysis and the elasticity coefficient. The findings of this paper have great significances to the allocation of the optimum highway passenger transportation resources and the establishment of the improved highway passenger transportation markets,and also provide a reliable basis on scientific policy-making of a series of relative problems.


For many students this will be their first exposure to the lab. Through course work they have been taught circuit analysis but they have not had the opportunity to apply this new knowledge. Traditionally, laboratory courses have strengthened this knowledge by allowing hands-on application. This tradition is further strengthened by teaching simulation techniques to the students. This Analyze/Simulate/Experiment philosophy allows students better catch their mistakes as they are less likely to make the same mistake in all phases. The associations may be indicated as shown below.


Crack pattern studies on NaSbF4 and NaSb2F7 single crystals have been carried out using Leitz Wetzler microhardness tester. Attempts have been made to understand the nature of the cracks developed around the microindentation impression. The fracture toughness, index of brittleness and crack resistance have also been calculated.


Impact roll crusher which is for open-pit mine was an advanced new crusher,currently,it was widely used at home and abroad.China had not capacity to produce the crusher,so impact roll crusher which is used for mining was dependent on foreign imports in China.Its working principle and structural characteristics were briefly introduced in this article.The parametric designing for it was finished with Pro/E,virtual machine of crusher was built,and its motion simulation was actualized by using simulation module of Pro/E.Innovative design for crusher was realized by optimization and modern design methods.It made preliminary preparations for our own designing of this type of crusher.


Petrographic techniques have been developed to determine the nature and density of cracks that have developed after subjecting concrete to steady-state and transient heating regimes. The steady-state investigations showed that there was a good correlation between measurements of crack density and measurements of residual compressive strength. Crack density measurements taken on samples after transient heating have shown that the depth to which the compressive strength of the concrete is likely to have been significantly affected can be identified. Thus, this technique should provide very useful information for the evaluation of fire-damaged concrete.


Verification and validation (V&V) techniques are used in agent-based modeling (ABM) to determine whether the model is an accurate representation of the real system. Docking is a form of V&V that tries to align multiple simulation models. In a previous paper, we described the docking process of an ABM that simulates the life cycle of Anopheles gambiae. Results showed that the implementations were docked for adult but not for aquatic mosquito populations. In this paper, following the 'Divide and Conquer' paradigm, we compartmentalize the simulation world to prohibit the propagation of errors between compartments. Using four separate implementations that sprung from the same core model, we describe a series of docking experiments, analyze the results, and show how they lead to a successful dock. The complete four-fold docking encompasses verification between the four implementations, as well as validation against the core model with respect to these implementations.


Abstract Phylogenetic Dendrograms, Molecular Evolution For the construction of a phylogenetic tree an algorithm is described. This, allows the correction of the original data and the proper selection, in each step of the process, of the nearest neighbours of a common ancestor.


This study aimed to evaluate the financial performance of banks in terms of Return on Assets. Besides how big a factor the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) , Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), Non Performing Loan (NPL), Operational Cost Ratio (BOPO), Net Interest Margin (NIM) affect the rise and fall of Return on Assets (ROA). Population of this study are bank listed companies  in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). Analysis technique of data used multi linear regression of ordinary least square and hypotheses test used t statistic for testing partial regression coefficient and F statistic for testing simultaneous influence at level of significance 5%. This research demonstrated that BOPO) and NPL partially have significant influence negative towards ROA. Then  for NIM partially have significant influence positive towards ROA. On the contrary, the CAR and LDR partially have no significant influence towards the ROA. The research also shows that NIM coefficient become largest coefficient values and have the biggest significant influaences. Simultaneously, the CAR, LDR, NPL, BOPO and the NIM has significant influence towards the ROA of Bank companies in IDX.


Background and purpose:The use of the third generation of aromatase inhibitors(AIs)has been an important method in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.But since the birth of AIs,some related questions,such as which is the best,and whether these three medicines could produce cross-resistance,have not been clearly answered. Based on the observation of the curative effect of the use of steroidal and non-steroidal AIs in different order in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer,the dissertation tries to find out whether there is cross-resistance in such treatment. Methods:The authors analyze the treatment outcome of 80 patients with metastatic breast cancer,who have received steroidal AIs(exemestane)and non-steroidal AIs(anastrozole,letrozole).All the patients were hormone receptorpositive,and the main observation endpoint is the clinical benefit rate(CBR).The curative effects of these cases have been assessed,and the treatment reports have records of time to progression(TTP)and time to failure(TTF).Results: Of the 80 patients,for those who were treated with non-steroidal anastrozole first line,the CBR was 62.5%(15/24);for those with letrozole,the CBR was 71.1%(32/45);and for those with steroidal exemestane,the CBR was 81.8%(9/11). For those with the non-steroidal after the failure of the first-line steroidal,the CBR was 36.4%(4/11),while for those with the steroidal after the failure of the non-steroidal,the CBR was 24.6%(14/57),and for those with another type of the non-steroidal after the failure of the first-line non-steroidal,the CBR was 16.7%(2/12).Conclusion:The use of another type of AIs is still effective in treatment if one type of AIs fails.Generally speaking,the later drugs are used,the worse the curative effect is.Therefore,it is an appropriate choice to use drug with relatively high curative effect as early as possible.


Abstract : This is an engineering investigation report on the loss of the center well doors of the NAVFAC Ocean Construction Platform SEACON while under tow the night of 12 November 1979. The investigation included: inquiry into events leading to the loss, review of the underwater inspection report and U/W TV tapes made by the divers, study of the ship-drawings and discussion of design, deficiencies and proposed corrections with a representative of the design agent, conducting a failure-mode analysis of the design and the operating procedures, and developing engineering design recommendations for correcting design and/or operational procedures.


Silicon oxynitride thin films were synthesized by reactive high power impulse magnetron sputtering of silicon in argon/nitrous oxide plasmas. Nitrous oxide was employed as a single-source precursor ...


In the semi-arid region south of Sulaimani city, paleosols can be found. The genesis of these paleosols needs to be elucidated. Here, we investigated a section of an Oligocene paleosol from that region. The section is about 7m thick with lower, middle and upper horizons, which consisted of partially weathered dolomitic limestone; conglomerate or lithified pebbly paleosol; and sandysilty claystone or lithified clayey paleosol, respectively. These horizons were studied mineralogically and stratigraphically using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA) and granulometric analysis. Palygorskite content was higher in the conglomerate (lithified gravely paleosol) and in the partially weathered dolomitic limestone than in clayey paleosol.


This chapter documents where and how Hobbes's scriptural quotations diverged from contemporary translations of the Bible. While Hobbes usually relied on these translations, it reveals that on some points—especially regarding supernatural phenomena—he took considerable liberties to reconcile the Bible with the key tenets of his own political philosophy. The chapter also shows that attending to Hobbes's translations both helps to locate some of the key sources for his biblical exegesis, such as work by the biblical scholar Joseph Mede, and provides further evidence confirming that a Latin text of Leviathan did not predate the English version. Hobbes's alterations were of great interest to contemporary critics like Edward Hyde and Alexander Ross; this chapter shows why they should be of interest to modern critics as well.


In this paper,the surface morphological character、surface groups and surface charge of the carbon fiber were analyzed,and the influences of carbon fiber length,dispersing conditions,type and amount of dispersant on the dispersion of the carbon fiber in water were studied.The results indicated that the surface of the carbon fiber is rough and contains different active groups,such as hydroxyl and carbonyl;the surface charge density is about 20.3μmol/g.Disintegration by stirring and adding APAM can improve the dispersion of the carbon fiber;the optimal concentration of stirring is 0.07% and the optimal dosage of APAM is 0.6%~0.8%.


This report should be a narrative summary of the intern's experiences and the impressions agency personnel have concerning the intern's performance during the first-half of the internship (MS Word version with embedded text boxes that expand automatically to accommodate responses, click on *, is available at http://www.wiu.edu/coehs/leja/fire/index.php, (Current Students, Internship Forms). Please comment about the intern's work, dependability, job knowledge, ability to learn, judgement, initiative, cooperation, attitude, punctuality, criticisms, and suggestions for the remainder of the internship. After discussing the evaluation with the intern, please mail the completed form to Internship Coordinator, WIU LEJA, 1 University Circle, Macomb, IL 61455. If more convenient, the evaluation may be e-mailed to firstname.lastname@example.com ; the sender's professional e-mail address represents a signature.


Objectives Obesity is a globally well-established risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases; however, some studies have witnessed survival benefits among obese patients and this phenomenon is termed 'the obesity paradox'. Our aim was to evaluate the existence of an obesity paradox in patients with 'ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (STE-ACS)' in our population. Methods In this observational study, we included patients presenting with STE-ACS undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Body mass index (BMI) '(weight (kg)/height (m)2) was calculated and patients with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 were categorised as obese. All the patients were observed during their hospital stay for postprocedure in-hospital morbidity (pump failure, contrast-induced nephropathy, major bleeding, cerebrovascular accident/stroke, access site complications or stent thrombosis) and mortality. Results A total of 1099 patients were included, out of which 78% (857) were men, and mean age was 54.66±10.9 years. The mean BMI was 27.48±4.93 kg/m2 and 23.2% (255) were categorised as obese. The in-hospital morbidity rate was 13.4% (113/844) vs 8.6% (22/255); p=0.042 and in-hospital mortality rate was 1.9% (16/844) vs 4.7% (12/255); p=0.013 for non-obese and obese patients, respectively. On multivariable analysis, obesity showed paradoxical protective effect with adjusted OR of 0.59 (95% CI 0.36 to 0.96, p=0.033) for postprocedure in-hospital morbidity. However, obesity was found to be an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality with an adjusted OR of 3.13 (95% CI 1.37 to 7.15, p=0.007). Conclusion In conclusion, we have found evidence of the obesity paradox in in-hospital morbidity, but not in mortality, after primary PCI of patients with ST-ACS in our population.


The nature and practice of sustainability is very complex, multi-dimensional and dynamic. Traditional and reductionist approaches have shown their inability to address sustainability issues. Increasing complex issues and challenges related to sustainability requires a fresh approach to address the multi-dimensional and multi-disciplinary nature of complexity. In this paper, systems thinking is used in a case study in a UNESCO designated Biosphere Reserve to demonstrate its application to effectively address complex and sustainability issues. A systems model has been developed, and various tools, processes and techniques of systems thinking have been used in the study. The systems model and its associated systems archetypes are qualitatively analysed to provide insights into potential system behaviour and to facilitate the identification of leverage points and systemic intervention strategies that are required for the sustainable development of the Biosphere. The unique approach used in this study has significant potential to apply globally considering the comprehensive network of Biosphere Reserves around the world, as well as the various sustainability and other complex issues that our society is facing. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The material properties of the raw material and the process parameters during harvesting and filling of the bunker silo have a great infl uence over the quality and the losses of the silage material. The mass flow from the fi eld has to be fi lled in the silo, compressed and covered in such a way that the gas exchange will be very low. The harvest technology developed during recent years does not allow to process high mass fl ow and to compress the material suffi ciently. From a physical point of view a required density of the ensiled material can only be realised by wheel tractors for an adequate compression time. Therefore, a high number of tractors would be necessary depending on the mass flow. In addition, the silo must have an appropriate width.


The training of trainers in the context of distance education becomes a challenge for teacher's degree program in Basic Education with emphasis in Mathematics, Humanities and Spanish language, inviting them to structure learning environments conducive to strengthening the apprehension of powers conceptual, educational, technological, and social work to ensure themobilization of knowledge in concrete situations and different scenarios. The objective of the article focuses on the importance of the training of trainers in the context of distance education so characterized, on the one hand, the trainer as a person who refines and contemplates his practice from a surrounding reality that impels the formation of values ethical, human, political, economic, social and immersed cultic in the role of teachers in the twenty-first century, and on the other hand, teachers in training as critical beings, advocates and peacemakers to think as teachers for life. Under this, a reflection between teacher training and professional development to the challenges that teachers face in training regarding their teaching practices supported from teaching and affirmed in the classroom through the teaching process is presented under the staging of competitions and performances from processes that generate autonomy to face the complex world in which we live.


The utility model discloses a foot drop prevention and nursing fixation frame, belonging to the medical care appliances used in orthopedics, which comprises a lower leg fixing plate (4), a lower leg fixing band (7), a foot fixing plate (5), and a foot fixing band (9). The foot drop prevention and nursing fixation frame is characterized in that the lower edge of the lower leg fixing plate (4) is connected with the lower edge of the foot fixing plate (5) via a rotating shaft (10), the lower leg fixing plate (4) is connected with both the two sides of the foot fixing plate (5) via an angle regulating lever (6), and an upper sliding pole (11) is fixed at the lower end of the bottom surface of the lower leg fixing plate (4) via a connecting plate and is arranged inside a sliding chute (2) positioned in the middle part of a guide track (1). The foot drop prevention and nursing fixation frame can prevent foot drop and facilitate a patient to conduct early rehabilitation activities and exercises, so as to reduce the labor intensity of nursing personnel and relieve the pain of the patient; has the advantages of simple structure, convenient service, and simple operation; and can be widely used for the patients with lower limb paralysis or long-term bed patients.


tween polyandrous trios of a female with two males, more complex polygynandrous groups of two or more females with two or more males, and occasional polygynous trios of a male with two females. In this monograph Davies summarizes a decade of work analyzing how the different mating systems of dunnocks arise and their social and reproductive consequences. Although Davies touches on topics ranging from precopulatory displays to the reasons why dunnocks succumb to nest parasitism by cuckoos, the book's core is a series of chapters that extensively document three main conclusions. First, different mating systems arise through the interaction of independent settle-


For a tumor cell to propagate, it must survive extremely stressful conditions that would normally trigger the cell to die. Cancer cells however survive, probably due to evasion of the apoptotic cell death pathway. It follows that a detailed understanding of the regulation of the apoptotic pathways in cancer cells can improve the anti-cancer treatments.
 Part 1 of this thesis describes our in vitro studies regarding the regulation of apoptosis in melanoma cells, since melanoma is a form of cancer that is highly resistant to anti-cancer therapies. c-Myc enhances the apoptosis sensitivity of the cells. The protein Apaf-1 is not involved in this sensitivity. A yet unidentified serine protease plays an important role in the initiation of apoptosis upon DNA damage.
 Part 2 of this thesis describes our studies regarding both the regulation of apoptosis in rectal carcinoma and its prognostic value for rectal cancer patients. To evaluate the impact of (radiation-induced) tumor cell apoptosis on clinical outcome of cancer patients, the level of apoptosis have been determined in non-irradiated and irradiated rectal carcinoma samples. The level of tumor cell apoptosis is scored by immunohistochemical stainings of the carcinoma samples, and by measuring caspase-3 activity. Both studies show that high levels of apoptosis is associated with a low local recurrence risk.
 A genetic approach is used to identify factors that play a role in the regulation of apoptosis in rectal carcinoma in vivo. After evaluation two microarray procedures, the most convenient procedure is used to compare the gene expression profiles of tumors with high levels of apoptosis with low-apoptotic tumors. The difference in expression of several of the identified genes are confirmed on protein expression level by immunohistochemistry, and show two subsets of high-apoptotic tumors. These data suggest two different regulations of apoptosis in vivo. The prognostic value of one of the identified proteins, HLA-DR, has been studied in more detail and epithelial HLA-DR expression is significantly associated with lower recurrences and better survival for rectal cancer patients.


Erlongshan Reservoir in Binxian is a tourist spot;there is no doubt that its eco\|environment construction has important significance on sustainable development of this area.By introducing the present condition of eco\|environment,the authors bring forward several issues that should pay be paid attention to.


Editor Data about safety and efficiency of biological treatments approved for psoriasis have been obtained through strictly controlled trials in which the profile of the patients and the therapeutic schedules may considerably differ from the daily practice. In this retrospective analysis, we present our 'real-life' experience with the use of systemic treatments (methotrexate, ciclosporin, infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab and ustekinumab), in adult patients with severe psoriasis, between January 2005 and May 2010. Recorded data


Nursing education has changed radically over the years and pre-registration nurse training is set to change again. The traditional apprentice-style certificate-level system operated until the 1980s when it was replaced with a higher education diploma. This in turn was replaced by the present, partly competency based model.


A combination unit comprising a beverage preparation machine (62) and a separate milk chilling device (10) for storing a volume (16) of milk in a chilled state. The beverage preparation machine (62) comprises a control electronics system (63) and a milk dispensing apparatus (64) for dispensing milk and/or milk froth. The milk chilling device (10) comprises a housing (11), a milk container (14), which is arranged in the housing (11), for accommodating the volume (16) of milk, a chilling unit (18) for chilling the volume (16) of milk, and a milk lance for removing milk from the milk container (14). A monitoring device for monitoring a filling state of the milk container (14) comprises a filling state sensor (34) for detecting a filling level of the milk in the milk container (14) and a filling state measurement electronics system (36), which is connected to the filling state sensor (34), for generating a filling state information signal, wherein dispensing of the milk and/or of the milk froth from the milk dispensing apparatus (64) can be controlled by means of the control electronics system (63) of the beverage preparation machine (62) depending on the filling state information signal which is generated by the filling state measurement electronics system (36). The filling state measurement electronics system (36) is arranged in or on the housing of the milk chilling device (10). The milk chilling device (10) comprises a transmitter (38) for transmitting the filling state information signal to the beverage preparation machine (62) by means of a radio signal, and the beverage preparation machine (62) comprises a transceiver (66) which receives the radio signal which is generated by the transmitter (38) of the milk chilling device (10) and provides the transmitted filling state information signal to the control electronics system (63) of the beverage preparation machine (62).


In December 1970, on a day when rain poured on Cape Province and made the Baviaans River a torrent, the remains of Thomas Pringle, brought from London, were re-buried in a church which had been built as a memorial by their descendants to the party of 'pioneers' whom Pringle had led from Scotland in 1820. To conclude the ceremony, "Flowers of the Forest" was played by the First City Regiment Pipe Band from Grahamstown.1 Scottish music thus adorned an occasion devised with a Scottish passion for genealogy. But the Pringles who flourished at the Cape on the acres which their forebear had secured for them were not asserting Thomas's Scottishness; they were claiming him for the Republic of South Africa. He spent only six of his nearly 46 years in Africa. My purpose in this essay is to reclaim him for Scotland. I am not, I think, being imperialist. I would not insist that John Ruskin is a Scottish writer because his parents were Scots, though my former colleague, Christopher Harvie, has succumbed to this temptation, and it does help our understanding of Ruskin, I think, if we label him * Anglo-Scottish'.2 The same test as I apply to Pringle would reclaim Malcolm Lowry for English literature from the grasp of Canadians, but secure Christina Stead for Australia. My case is that Pringle, and even Pringle's attitudes to Africa, are better understood if we cease to call him the 'Father of South African Poetry' and see him, instead, as a poet typifying a Scottish school which flourished in his lifetime. Pringle was a man of distinctly limited ability, and he died a material failure, but he inspired affection and admiration in his own day, and still does in ours. He was born in the Scottish Border Country, son of a farmer, but disqualified from farming by an accident in infancy which left him permanently lame. (It is interesting that his greatest Scottish contemporaries, Scott and Byron, both suffered, though less severely, from a similar disability). He became a copyist in the Edinburgh Register Office, but his sights were set on a literary career. Though Scott was impressed by his


An epidemiological survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of amoebiasis among children with associated pre-disposing factors in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria. Information on sex, age, location, source of drinking water, occupation of caregivers was retrieved through structured questionnaires. Three hundred and eighty five (385) stool samples were randomly collected and examined from children less than five years attending different Hospitals and Schools. Formol-ether concentration technique was adopted. Findings were subject to χ 2 analysis at P= 0.05. Findings revealed that a total of 8.31% children were infected with amoebiasis. Age related prevalence of infection showed the highest rate among children of 49-60 months (19.23 %) and lowest among children of <12 months (1.54 %; p<0.05). The males showed the highest prevalence (14.13 %) than the females (8.46 %) without a significant differences (p>0.05). Location related prevalence showed that the infection rate in Wadata was highest (18.37 %), and the lowest prevalence was at High-Level (4.49 %; P<0.05). Distribution of Entamoeba histolytica infection based on the major sources of drinking water showed that subjects who depended on tank reservoir as their major source of drinking water recorded the highest prevalence (18.75 %), while those that drank packet water recorded no case of infection (p<0.05). Occupational prevalence showed that infection rate was highest among children whose caregivers were traders (13.48 %), followed by farmers (9.59 %), while civil servants showed the lowest prevalence of infection (8.96 %; p>0.05). Increased health education, awareness creation, and provision of essential amenities for the children and their caregivers will go a long way in mitigating the present scenario.


Summary Carbonate reservoirs(usually with fractures developed) take a proportion of 60% in global reserves. Along with more and more tight and shale oil reservoirs are putting into production, more attention has been paid to fractured reservoir development. While large-scale fractures have been extensively investigated, micro-fractures with a small development scale was difficult to identify, even closed initially become gaping as the development proceeds. Therefore, the corresponding quantitative investigations are rarely reported. Brazilian splitting tests were carried out to generate micro-fractures. In addition, relative permeability curve experiments were also designed for the same micro-fracture under diverse seepage velocities, so that it is proven that an optimal displacement velocity should be exsiting for micro-fractured reservoirs development. By means of dynamic performance analysis, variations in recoverable reserves before and after liquid increasing were predicted respectively. A quantitative relation diagram could be further portrayed for recoverable reserve reduction and pressure drop of micro-fractured reservoirs. Moreover, a differentiated production control conditions was proposed: Different pressure drop should be selected for different fracture development levels accordingly. Therefore, a quantitative analysis method was proposed for micro-fractured reservoirs development, especially for potential fractured reservoirs, which is of certain reference significance.


A numerical method is described for digital simulation of rate-zonal centrifugation of particles with known sedimentation and diffusion coefficients in sucrose gradients at given temperatures. A model rotor based on the geometry of a B-XIV titanium zonal rotor is used. The rotor chamber is divided into 207 annular segments by 206 equidistant cylindrical planes. Initially 207 paired values describing the concentration radius profiles of sample and gradient material together with some physical constants are provided as input data. The net fluxes of material across each plane during a short period of time are calculated. The concentrations in each segment are adjusted accordingly, yielding new concentration radius profiles. New values of density and viscosity in each segment are calculated before the next transfer of materials is allowed to take place. The iterations are continued until a predetermined cumulative run time is reached. The advantages and the drawbacks of this approach are discussed. Comparison with an actual experiment revealed that the simulation method can be used to predict final particle distribution with rather good accuracy. Moreover, the hydrodynamic stability of sample particles can be evaluated at each time point and at each distance during a centrifugation. Hence, this numerical approach can be used to optimize experimental conditions in all types of zonal centrifugation.


Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) are two-dimensional materials that show promise for flexible electronics and piezoelectric applications, but their weak mechanical strength is a barrier to practical use. In this work, we perform nanoindentation simulations using atomistic molecular dynamics to study the mechanical properties of heterostructures formed by combining MoS2 with graphene. We consider both bi- and tri-layer heterostructures formed with MoS2 either supported or encapsulated by graphene. Mechanical properties, such as Young's modulus, bending modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and fracture strain, are extracted from nanoindentation simulations and compared to the monolayer and homogeneous bilayer systems. We observed that the heterostructures, regardless of the stacking order, are mechanically more robust than the mono- and bi-layer MoS2, mainly due to the mechanical reinforcement provided by the graphene layer. The magnitudes of ultimate strength and f...


The efficacy of creams and ointments on skin surface hydration was assessed in healthy volunteers. The results of two studies showed differential responses to ointments, oil-in-water (o/w) creams and Lipobase (an o/w cream with a high fat content). The present study design is recommended for the easy and reliable preclinical evaluation of topical vehicles.


The complex processing of pondfish requires the essentially new approaches to creation of products of functional purpose, including fish forcemeat products. The addition of organic acids in washing solution is offered for the first time and its influence on physical and technological parameters of food fish forcemeats from pondfish is shown. The received results can be used in fish industry for creation of functional products from pondfish forcemeat.


The Factors Influencing Teaching Choice (FIT-Choice) scale was completed by 86 high school students of color prior to beginning a class focusing on motivating students to become interested in teaching. Findings based on confirmatory factor analysis support the underlying FIT-Choice scale factor structure reported in previous studies. Students' perceptions about teaching and motivations to teach were significantly lower compared with predominantly White female pre-service and in-service teachers for the majority of factors. The high school students of color were most drawn to teaching by their respect for the proficiency required of a good teacher.


Assessing the habitability of astrobiologically exciting worlds like Europa require analyses that are only available through in-situ missions. We have developed a science payload to fit within a stringent volume, mass, and power usage envelope, the Ice Shell Impact Penetrator (IceShIP) with state-of-the-art analytical instrumentation for detecting low concentration organics, the Icy Moon Penetrator Organic Analyzer (IMPOA), capable of sustaining >50 k-g impact load. This work reports the integration of MicroICE, a capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector (C4D), for quantifying low concentration inorganics. We have used a fast, highly reproducible, resource-efficient technique resulting in a 95±11 micron thick PDMS layer with simple fabrication for easy technology transfer for flight applications. The LODs were 78±6 µM NaCl, 29±18 µM MgSO4, 28±8 µM Na2SO4, 72±14 µM KCl and exceeded the NASA Europa Lander SDT report target LOD by four orders of magnitude. Device performance for three identical devices had no statistically significant differences and retained consistent performance even after a 30-day benchtop storage. Robustness, repeatability, and reproducibility are critical for high acceleration space-flight missions and this work presents a technique that satisfies these key aspects with performance exceeding that requested by NASA in a small mass, energy-efficient design.


Preface -Introduction -Jonathan's visit to the celestial empire / James K. Paulding -Steam / William Cox -Peter Brush; or, The great used up ; News-boy / Joseph C. Neal -Stage competitors : a tale of the road / George P. Morris -Female colleges / Thomas C. Haliburton -Pumpkin freshet ; How to tell a story / Seba Smith & Elizabeth Oakes Smith (Mrs. Seba Smith) -from Struggles and triumphs ; or, Forty years' recollections of P.T. Barnum / P.T. Barnum ; Barnum and the barber / Anon. ; Man that got humbugged / Anon. -from Pluri-bus-tah ; from American civilization illustrated : a great slave auction / Mortimer N. Thomson (Q.K. Philander Doesticks, P.B.) -from The new Yankee Doodle / E. Jane Gay (Truman Trumbull, A.M.) -Bone ornaments ; Breitmann in battle ; Ballad ; Ballad apout de rowdies ; from Breitmann in politics ; Rise and fall of Gloryville ; Zion Jersey Boggs : a legend of Philadelphia ; Story of Mr. Scroper, architect / Charles G. Leland -Barnum's first speech in Congress ; Petticoat government ; Cannibalism in the cars ; Mark Twain on his muscle / Samuel L. Clemens (Mark Twain) -Inspired lobbyist / John W. DeForest -Jenette Finster's story / Marietta Holley (Josiah Allen's wife) -Further selections from various sources -from A pickle for the knowing ones; or, Plain truth in a homespun dress / Timothy Dexter ; Speech of David Wood while standing in the pillory at Charlestown, N.H., May 27th, 1797, for forging a deed / Anon. ; Pickpocket training poem on credit / Anon. ; Muggy morning off Sandy Hook : a yarn spun by a Yankee tar / Anon. ; Soliloquy of a low thief ; Prince of Wales / Charles F. Browne (Artemus Ward) ; First locomotive / Anon. ; Picketing--an afecting war incident /Anon. ; Amerikan aristokrasy / Henry W. Shaw (Josh Billings) ; Essays on animated nature : Meleagris Gallopavo--the American turkey / Anon. ; Why she could not be his wife / Anon. -Bibliographical essay.


FALL 2013 89 entire country agreed that Mary was insane, but that only her son knew the true extent to her derangement. He blames the modern misunderstanding of her case on "the use of a revisionist (specifically feminist) historical philosophy" by Mary's modern biographers Jean Baker and Catherine Clinton, who he suggests either have not examined the primary sources or have only studied them with the intent of advancing their own agendas. Emerson claims both these biographers portray Mary as a sane woman persecuted by the patriarchy. While this characterization correctly describes Baker's stance on the issue, it does not accurately assess Clinton's position. Clinton is one of the few writers to address Mary's sanity who does not take a firm stance in the debate. While she argues that Mary did not have a fair chance to defend herself at the 1875 trial and suggests that Robert's political ambitions could have influenced his decision to have his mother committed, Clinton also repeatedly implies that the sorrows Mary experienced caused her to become unhinged. She even goes so far as to describe Mary as in "full-blown delusional mode" when Robert had her committed. Emerson's accusations against Clinton seem unfair. Emerson's own biases influence both his introduction and the explanatory notes scattered throughout the book. For example, Emerson claims Robert consulted seven medical "experts" about his mother's sanity, but this implies that all these doctors possessed expertise in mental health when they did not. Furthermore, Emerson neglects to mention that the doctors declared Mary insane without examining her but based on Robert's description of her behavior. Emerson also fails to mention that Robert sprung the trial on Mary at the last minute and that she received no defense from the lawyer that Robert and his legal team engaged for her. These circumstances indicate that Mary did not have a fair chance to defend herself, but they do not imply that she was sane. Indeed, an examination of the documents provided in Emerson's book suggests that she was insane in the spring of 1875. Although Mary Lincoln's Insanity Case is not as unbiased as Emerson asserts, it still allows readers to see the primary sources for themselves and form their own opinions about the matter. For this reason, it stands as the most important text published on Mary Lincoln's insanity. Leslie Ann Harper University of Louisville


We will thematize the thesis "Uber den Begriff der Geschichte" of Walter Benjamin, especially the thesis IV, VI and VII, with the aim of understanding and describing Benjamin's critique of a certain settled reading of Hegel and Marx, and this, in a second moment, with the objective to discuss the problem of Stimmung (climate, atmosphere, affective tonality) especially from the activity that is the historiography. Finally, our purpose is to describe the historiography from Walter Benjamin as a suitable scope for the production of atmospheres or sentimental economies proper to the reorganization of history or reality (Wirklichkeit).


Objective To investigate the effect and toxicity of treatment on non-small cell lung cancer with NVB and DDP.Methods NVB 25mg/m~2 in the 1~(st) day and 8~(th) day,and DDP 80~100mg/m~2 in two days were given.Results There were 0 CR,21 PR and 19 NC and 8 PD in the 48 patients.The response rate was 43.8%(21/48).Conclusion Treatment on non-small cell lung cancer with NVB and DDP is efficient and the toxicity is tolerable.


Radiative proton capture has been studied for many years extracting valuable information on the giant dipole resonance (GDR) in light nuclei employing the direct-semidirect (DSD) capture model [1]. Although the GDRs built on discrete and continuum states have been extensively studied, those built on the isobaric analog states in self-conjugate nuclei have been reported only for two cases so far. These are on isospin T=1, 2.31 MeV state in N [2] and on T=1, 15.1 MeV state in C [3]. The GDR built on a state of isospin T can have TGDR = T-1, T and T+1. In selfconjugate nuclei, the GDR built on T=1 state can have TGDR=0 or 2 only due to the isospin selection rule for E1 transition. In the proton radiative capture, forming a self-conjugate nucleus, the excitation of the TGDR=2 state is isospin forbidden. The excited GDR is, thus, of almost pure TGDR=0 character. The T=1 state is the isobaric analogue of neighbouring unstable nuclei with ground state T=1. Photo-absorption experiments on these nuclei can excite TGDR=1 and 2 components only. From a comparison of the results from these experiments, one can address the isospin splitting into all three components. Moreover, in light nuclei, structure effects play an important role and such studies can provide stringent information on nuclear structure. We have initiated a program to study this phenomenon in B using the Be(p, γ) reaction over a wide range of proton energies. The present paper reports on the first experiment done at Ep=8 MeV. This reaction was reported in an unpublished thesis [4]. The present study utilises the coincidence method unlike the earlier singles measurements. This, in principle, is a cleaner method considering the close-by low-lying states in B. In B, the first T=1 state is at 1.74 MeV in the vicinity of two states at 0.72 and 2.15 MeV. It is difficult to discriminate clearly between the transitions to these states with a practical high energy γ-ray detector beacause of the spread in the line shape due to shower leakage. A coincidence measurement between the primary high energy γ-ray and successive secondary lowenergy γ-rays (in a detector with good energy resolution) is required in this case. In B, the second T=1 state is at 5.16 MeV having >80% γ-decay branch. Thus, the GDR built on both the T=1 states can be studied along with those on other T=0 states. The experiment was performed at PLF, Mumbai, with the proton beam bombarding a self-supporting beryllium foil of thickness 1.1 mg/cm. The primary high energy γrays were detected in an array of 19 hexagonal BGO detectors, each with a face to face distance of ∼5.8 cm and length 7.6 cm. Secondary low-energy γ-rays were detected in two cylindrical LaBr3(Ce) detectors of diameter 7.6 cm and length 15 cm. The BGO-array was kept at 90 to the beam direction at a distance of 7.3 cm and the LaBr3(Ce) detectors were kept at 90 and 135 at a distance of ∼7.0 cm. The energy calibration was done with radioactve sources with γ rays of 0.511 to 6.13 MeV. For the BGO array, the high energy points were obtained from the gamma spectra measured in (p, γ) reaction on B and Al targets. These spectra were also used to get the response function of the detector array and compared with those simulated by the EGS4 code. Fig.1 shows the projection of the twodimensional coincidence spectra on the energy axis of the LaBr3(Ce) detectors gated Proceedings of the DAE-BRNS Symp. on Nucl. Phys. 60 (2015) 334


Huge vacuoles in the follicular epithelial cells distributing diffusely in the thyroid gland were seen in 2 out of 36 males and 8 out of 82 females of BrlHan: WIST@Jcl (GALAS) rats examined histopathologically. The vacuoles showed negative reactivity by periodic acid-Schiff reaction and thyroglobulin-immunohistochemistry. Corresponding to the vacuoles, remarkable dilatation of rough endoplasmic reticulum was seen in electron microscopic observation. The animals in which the thyroid lesion was found had shown no abnormalities in behavior, body weight, food consumption, or hematological and biochemical examinations. Plasma concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) were not different from those of normal rats. From these results, thyroid functions seemed to be kept normal in spite of the severe morphological change. Based on the character and incidence of the thyroid lesion, it was presumed to be related with a certain genetic factor of one or several parents of breeding rats rather than food contamination or infection.


Textured yarns are transported away at texturing speeds of more than 1500 m/min. from a texturing apparatus via a rotating screen drum or a perforated roller, through which air is sucked. The yarn roving obtained during texturing is drawn off via a drawing-off unit at a speed which is 3 to 40 times, preferably 6 to 30 times, the speed at which the yarn roving passes from the texturing apparatus on to the rotating screen drum or perforated roller. At the same time, breaking devices between the screen drum and the drawing-off unit, in conjunction with the breaking effect of the yarn drawn off in a grazing manner via the screen drum, compensate linear yarn-density fluctuations in a self-regulating way.


Phase present invention, the steps and etching to deposit a step of steps and etching depositing a cathode layer, a grid layer for structuring the grating layer as a grid conductors for structuring the cathode layer as cathode conductors When the steps of steps and etching depositing an insulating layer and a grid conductor to reach the resistive layer to provide a cavity, a cathode conductor having a perforated structure at the intersection of a cathode conductor and the grid conductor the method comprising steps and etching to deposit a cathode conductor to provide a method for manufacturing a triode type cathode structure comprising a.


At the outset, it should be noted that this report is not based upon information obtained from a representative sample of participants, but rather, upon data supplied by volunteers. Consequently, the following comments apply only to those persons who are kit-purchasers and questionnaire returners. This qualification is necessitated by the character of the sampling procedure which, in turn, reflects conditions dictated by the program. Characteristically, participation in Great Decisions is anonymous, that is to say, persons typically purchase kits at public places without having to identify themselves in any way. Further, under certain circumstances, persons need not purchase a kit in order


A distributed computing system is modeled as a collection of resources (e.g. processing elements, data ®les and programs) interconnected via an arbitrary communication network and controlled by a distributed operating system. The distributed program reliability in a distributed computing system is the probability of successful execution of a program running on multiple processing elements and needs to retrieve data ®les from other processing elements. This reliability varies according to (1) the topology of the distributed computing system, (2) the reliability of the communication edges, (3) the data ®les and programs distribution among processing elements and (4) the data ®les required to execute a program. In addition, computing the reliability of distributed computing systems is #P-complete even when the distributed computing system is restricted to a series-parallel, a 2-tree, a tree, or a star structure. This paper presents ecient algorithms for computing the reliability of a distributed program running on other restricted classes of networks. Ó 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.


Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a therapy used to rehabilitate patients with lost movement functions, and to apply stimulations. We adapted a method of implanted direct feeding method to apply stimulation as part of this therapy. Stimulus energy and signals for controlling devices are applied to devices by utilizing a mounted system using magnetic coupling. Power feeding is presently carried out with a serial resonance circuit in the method of direct feeding. Two feeding coils are used for the upper and lower arms individually in order not to disturb the movement in the joint of the elbow. Declination of resonance from variations in coupling interference from the movement of feeding coils is a problem. To solve it, we used a method that reduced variations in coupling interference by using a short coil between feeding coils. We report here the result of experiments conducted on this method.


Rice is the staple crop that serves as the main source of food for the three fourth of the world's population. Rice grain is surrounded by a brown layer known as bran, which serves the purpose of nourishing the seed during its initial stages of development. Bran is rich in nutrient compounds such as oryzanols, phytosterols, tocopherols, tocotrienols, coumaric acid, and oil. It is also a rich source of volatile compounds (VOCs). A number of VOCs with nutraceutical properties are extracted from the rice bran, which is believed to play a pivotal role in increasing the nourishment as well as enhancing the human health benefits. The present review provides the physical, chemical, biological properties and various extraction methods of VOCs isolated from the rice bran. Biological functions of the VOCs such as antioxidant and anti-cancerous properties has been provided along with its critical impact on the endocrine and central nervous system.


Background: Substantial research has documented variations in the magnitude of relative socioeconomic differences in health across European countries, and within countries, across different age groups. The aim of this paper is to examine to what extent these variations are determined by differences in the overall rate or prevalence of a health outcome across countries and age-groups in the total population.


Electronic business is a completely new commercial mode.With the development of electronic development,the traditional mode of financial management has stepped into the era of international finance,which has a much higher requirement in the way of managing finance.This essay discusses and analyses issues such as the development situation of internet finance,the impact of internet environment upon financial management and the existing opportunities as well as challenges.


In October 2019, an Independent Review of Adult Screening Programmes in England was published, authored by Mike Richards.1 Two key recommendations were that targeted screening programmes should be given equal weight to population screening programmes and that there should be a single advisory body covering both population and targeted screening programmes. The review identified the importance of defining individual risk of cancer to identify a target population at sufficient risk of the condition to be cost-effective. Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, Matt Hancock has asked the chief medical officers of the four UK countries to agree a mechanism for overseeing the new 'targeted programmes'.2 Screening for lung cancer with low radiation dose CT (LDCT) is the largest of these programmes and is a considerable challenge to implement. In other countries the distinction between population and targeted screening is emphasised less but the criteria used to select eligible people remain crucial in determining cost-effectiveness.3 4 Targeting avoids subjecting people at low risk, who have little chance of developing the disease and benefiting from screening, to similar harms as those who are more likely to develop the disease and potentially benefit. Multivariable models have been shown to have better sensitivity and specificity than selection based on age and tobacco smoking alone, the most common criteria currently used on a global basis.5 6 In the UK, the first trial to use a multivariable model to define eligibility was the UK Lung Screening Trial (UKLS).7 The cancer detection rate was 2.1%, but there was some concern that the threshold risk (5% over 5 years) was too high.8 UK pilots have used both the Liverpool Lung Project version 2 (LLPv2), as was used in UKLS, and the Prostate Lung Colorectal and Ovarian (modified 2012) (PLCO …


Immunogenetic signs of predisposition or resistence to the atopic dermatitis (AD) development among the europeoid population of Siberian Region have been established. It was shown, that severity of AD manifestations has been associated with a number of immunogenetic signs, that alloys to predict the clinical course of the disease at early stage of AD development. It has been revealed that mild course of AD was associated with immunogenetic signs of the predispositions to allergic diseases development, in case of severe course of AD the high frequency of immunogenetic signs associated with autoimmune diseases development has been shown. Signs of predisposition to the secondary immunodeficiency syndrome development have been uniformly revealed among all 3 groups of AD patients rated by SCORAD scale. (Med. Immunol., 2002. vol. 4, N 4-5, pp 629-632)


Domestic environments are particularly challenging for distant speech recognition: reverberation, background noise and interfering sources, as well as the propagation of acoustic events across adjacent rooms, critically degrade the performance of standard speech processing algorithms. In this application scenario, a crucial task is the detection and localization of speech events generated by users within the various rooms. A specific challenge of multi-room environments is the inter-room interference that negatively affects speech activity detectors. In this paper, we present and compare different solutions for the multi-room speech activity detection task. The combination of a model-based room-independent speech activity detection module with a room-dependent inside/outside classification stage, based on specific features, provides satisfactory performance. The proposed methods are evaluated on a multi-room, multi-channel corpus, where spoken commands and other typical acoustic events occur in different rooms.


Time-domain atom-light interferometers using a series of beam splitting co-propagating or counter-propagating pulses are employed to identify and to reduce spurious systematic phase shifts in an optical frequency standard resulting from minute wave front curvatures or gravitational acceleration.


The present invention relates to methods strained lattice semiconductor thin film formation, and an object thereof is to control the stress distribution in the semiconductor substrate to provide the electric potential and the defect is low or the lattice strain of the semiconductor thin film forming method is not more than the prior art. To achieve the above object, the present invention, to form a groove (trench) on a semiconductor substrate, and then, the semiconductor substrate and the lattice constant of the other first hetero thin film inside the home grown epitaxially to form stress source (stressor). Then, by the first hetero thin film and the lattice constant is different from the first two kinds of thin films on a semiconductor substrate comprising a stress source epitaxially grown to form a lattice strain A semiconductor wafer due to the stress field due to the stress source.


Abstract The objective of this study was to determine differences in yield of parts, proximate composition, skin pigmentation, and fat pad weight in different brands of broilers offered for sale in independent and chain grocery stores in Gainesville, Florida. Two trials were conducted in 1984, to accomplish this objective. Total carcass weights varied from less than 1000 to over 1500 g. Giblets and fat pads varied from 6.6 to 11.4% and from 1.8 to 3.6%, respectively, of total weights. The relative proportions of breasts, legs and wings varied significantly among brands, as did skin pigmentation and levels of moisture, ether extract, ash and protein in ground carcasses. Statistically significant differences in pigmentation, yields and composition of broilers were found between brands of broilers in grocery chains. These differences are pronounced enough to have the potential of influencing shoppers' selection of products by brands.


Objective:To estimate the diagnostic accuracy of PET/CT for lymph nodes staging in patient with non-small-cell lung cancer using a Meta-analysis with the gold standard of pathological results.Materials and Methods:Search in the studies in English literature in PubMed and Chinese CBM database between 1999 and 2007.Criteria for inclusion and exclu-sion were according to the criteria of diagnostic research published by Cochrane center.Characteristics of the included studies were evaluated.Subsequently pooled weighted sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value were analyzed,and the corresponding 95%CI were calculated.Summary receiver operating characteristic(SROC) curve was performed and the area under the curve(AUC) was calculated.Finally,a sensitivity analysis was performed.Results:Altogether 13 arti-cles that met the standard were included.The pooled weighted sensitivity was 84% respectively and the pooled weighted specificity was 87%.The area under SROC curve was 90.84%.Conclusion:PET/CT is an accurate noninvasive imaging test for staging of lymph nodes in patient with non-small cell lung cancer,with high sensitivity and specificity.


Young adults from a divorced home background (N = 125) were compared with a control group matched by sex and age (N = 125) on the scores obtained from the IPAT Anxiety Scale and the Mosher Incomplete Sentences Test.


From its first performance in about 1594 to the present day, productions of The Taming ofthe Shrew challenge actors and directors to provide the audience with a play that supplies entertainment rather than sketches a harsh portrait of Elizabethan patriarchal society. When faced with a "problem play" such as this one, theater companies often avoid the difficulties involved by ignoring the play entirely or substituting an altered version. David Garrick's shortened three-act play, Catherine and Petruchio replaced The Taming of the Shrew for almost one hundred years. With the exception of one three-day run of an operatic version, Garrick's play was the only version produced in England and America from 1754-1844 (Haring-Smith 16-18). This version eliminates the subplot about Bianca and her suitors as well as the Induction. Garrick cut out most of the pure comedie elements to make the play more farcical so that the characters ofCatherine and Petruchio become more clearly motivated. Catherine plainly marries in order to tame Petruchio, but is beaten at her own game. Garrick makes the play acceptable by indicating unmistakably that Petruchio is not a tyrannical household ruler and Cate, although tamed, is not humiliated; the couple shares a happy, compromising marriage. In contrast, Michael Bogdanov's modern dress production by the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1978 emphasized the moral and physical ugliness of a male-dominated society. A review in the Guardian questioned "whether there is any reason to revive a play that seems totally offensive to our age and our society" (qtd. in Thompson 17). Admittedly, the play can easily be distasteful to the feminist awareness of the 1990s, and if a way is not found to make the text compatible to the sensibilities of a modern audience, performances of it will cease, and the text will sink into obscurity, to be read only by the most dedicated Shakespeare scholars. The Shrew has many redeeming qualities, including some hilarious scenes, that make the search for an acceptable production worthwhile. Somewhere between Garrick's revision and Bogdanov's dark commentary lies an entertaining and thought-provoking evening of theater. One of the major obstacles to a satisfactory modern production of the play is Katherine's speech in the final scene:


Background: In recent years, the End-Stage Kidney Disease population has increased and is ever more frail, elderly and co-morbid. A care-focused approach needs to be incorporated alongside the disease focus, to identify those who are deteriorating and improve communication about preferences and future care. Yet many renal professionals feel unprepared for such discussions. Aim: To develop and pilot a REnal specific Advanced Communication Training (REACT) programme to address the needs of End-Stage Kidney Disease patients and renal professionals. Design: Two-part study: (1) development of the REnal specific Advanced Communication Training programme informed by multi-professional focus group and patient survey and (2) piloting of the programme. Setting/participants: The REnal specific Advanced Communication Training programme was piloted with 16 participants (9 renal nurses/health-care assistants and 7 renal consultants) in two UK teaching hospitals. Results: The focus group identified the need for better information about end-of-life phase, improved awareness of patient perspectives, skills to manage challenging discussions, 'hands on' practice in a safe environment and follow-up to discuss experiences. The patient survey demonstrated a need to improve communication about concerns, treatment plans and decisions. The developed REnal specific Advanced Communication Training programme was acceptable and feasible and was associated with a non-significant increase in confidence in communicating about end-of-life issues (pre-training: 6.6/10, 95% confidence interval: 5.7–7.4; post-training: 6.9/10, 95% confidence interval: 6.1–7.7, unpaired t-test – p = 0.56), maintained at 3 months. Conclusion: There is a need to improve end-of-life care for End-Stage Kidney Disease patients, to enable them to make informed decisions about future care. Challenges include prioritising communication training among service providers.


This paper studies the problem of bilateral teleoperation control with networked communication. A generic stabilizing control architecture is derived without making restrictive assumptions on the device dynamics and/or control interface variables. This architecture may implement any legitimate control law and, thus, does not impose any conservatism. It guaranteeing nominal stability of the system and allows to characterize the set of all feasible admittance operators. The use of this characterization for controller synthesis via intuitive admittance matching procedure is demonstrated with a simple numerical example. The paper extends previous results for the cases of sampled communication, time-varying delays and not necessarily stable device dynamics.


Circuit and device modeling play the fundamental role in the CAD of electronic circuits. Mathematically, modeling is essentially a problem of multi-dimensional function approximation. In this paper, a method for device and circuit modeling by means of the fuzzy logic is presented. Its basic principle is to make use of the universal function approximation capability of feed-forward neural networks. The modeling procedure is described. A new sampling scheme for training based on the number theoretic lattice is proposed. Illustrative examples are given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.


I argue that in certain chiral gauge theories composite scalars associated with chiral symmetry breaking can be light (i.e., lighter than naive scaling from QCD would suggest) without any fine-tuning. These scalars will be even lighter in chiral gauge theories that produce chiral symmetry breaking without confinement. I construct a model which demonstrates this last possibility. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}


Graphical user interfac,:s ((.ItL,,) have become nearly ul)itluitous its a reel.ms of int.eractillg wilh ,~,~l'! wart. sysl ellS. ill'is are typically highly comI)lt'x l)i('ct:s of software, and testing their correctiness poses a large challenge. In this paper, we present a new approach to automatic testing of (.;U Is that builds on AI ph-,mning techniques The mot/vat ing idtut ix that (;I i I I esl. tlcsigulers will ofIt:n find il c,t~it,r to specify typiral goals that uselx of Iheir software might have than to spt:cil'y sequences of GT'I actions that. users might perlbrm I.o achieve timse goals. Thus we cast (I1~1 ttrslrast: generation a.s an insl.aug:e or plan generatiou: given a specification of initial And goal states for a (J III, a plannc.r is ulsed I,o gt.iiei'al,(~ st:title,/ices of (jl.il actions ttiat lead from the initial sl.aic I.O/,he gual ~tat,c. Wc t.le,~cril>t, oHr (.IUi I,esting SySleiii, I)AT]IS {lllmining .,_%s>isLcd Tester for gi'ilplii,:al ilSei" interface .l~vslenls), ~uld we report, oil i.'~pet'iillOrtls ilSilig I.)ATIIS It) generat.c lest ca,~es for Mirrosoft's WordPAd.


Absorption chillers are one of the most used equipment in industrial, commercial, and domestic applications. For the places where high cooling is required, they are utilized in a network to perform the cooling demand. The main objective of the current study was to find the optimum operating conditions of a network of steam absorption chillers according to energy and economic viewpoints. Firstly, energy and economic analysis and modeling of the absorption chiller network were carried out to have a deep understanding of the network and investigate the effects of operating conditions. Finally, the particle swarm optimization search algorithm was employed to find an optimum levelized total costs of the plant. The absorption chiller network plant of the Marun Petrochemical Complex in Iran was selected as a case study. To verify the simulation results, the outputs of energy modeling were compared with the measured values. The comparison with experimental results indicated that the developed model could predict the working condition of the absorption chiller network with high accuracy. The economic analysis results revealed that the levelized total costs of the plant is 1730 $/kW and the payback period is three years. The optimization findings indicated that working at optimal conditions reduces the levelized total costs of the plant by 8.5%, compared to the design condition.


Agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Africa contribute 15 % to the global total agricultural emissions, which is in the same range as agricultural emissions from Europe. The majority of these agricultural GHG emissions is attributed to livestock farming (up to 80 % at national scale), of which 10-25 % originate from livestock manure. At the same time, livestock production is essential for the livelihoods of millions of people in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where 45-80 % of livestock production occurs in smallholder systems. With the growing population in SSA, the demand for livestock products is expected to increase, and – without low-emission manure management – a rise in manure-borne GHG emissions will occur. However, reliable in situ measurements from SSA are scarce, leading to substantial uncertainties in agricultural GHG budgets and making assessments of potential mitigation options difficult.


Antagonistic activity of marine bacteria against common human pathogens was studied in this project. Marine animal surface bacterial flora was isolated from selected animal collected from local fishermen. The sample bacteria were isolated by serial dilution followed by spread plate method using marine agar (ZMA). About 11 bacterial isolates were selected and screened for antimicrobial activity through agar well diffusion assay. Among 11 isolates, 7 isolates exerted an inhibitory effect against human pathogenic organisms ( E.coli, S.aureus, Klebsiella and Candida sp .). The isolates were then investigated for antibiotic production by cross species signal transfer mediated induction, 2 isolates (Sh-2 and PJR-3) exhibited enhanced activity against human pathogenic organisms ( E . coli , S . aureus and Candida sp .). These 2 isolates were characterized phenotypically by morphological techniques (which revealed the strains as gram-positive and gram negative respectively) and physiologically by conventional tests.


Stone reliefs depicting kitchen scenes are an important spatial theme in tombs from Han Dynasty in China. However, current research focuses more on the typological classification of kitchen images instead of the architectural space depicted by the images. Tomb No. 1 in Dahuting Village is one of the largest stone relief tombs from the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the vivid stone reliefs depicting kitchen scenes in the eastern room have left precious materials for the reproduction of the original kitchen space. In this paper, the spatial position and pattern of the real kitchens depicted in the stone reliefs in the No. 1 Tomb are studied by putting the stone reliefs in the contextual space in the tomb. Then, the scale and structure of the real kitchen depicted in the stone reliefs are reproduced by studying the unearthed pottery house model and the space of the tomb. At last, the functional streamline of the kitchen is represented by interpreting the content of the stone reliefs. Through the above methods, the kitchen space of Han Dynasty, once lost to time, is revived, thus enhancing the public's understanding and dissemination of the architectural cultural heritage of the Han Dynasty.


Volume 19 continues the direction of travel set in Volume 18. It reports excerpts – rather than the full text – of 21 decisions of particular relevance for the topical focus of the volume, The Meaning of Investment. Each decision is introduced in an extended summary prepared by a network of law firms and colleagues, following a protocol that excludes conflicts of interests. Professor Christoph Schreuer has kindly accepted our invitation to contribute an opening piece on "The unity of an investment" and the topic is also analysed in a preliminary study authored by one of us. This approach is intended to gather the most relevant decisions concerning a given topic of general interest in a single volume and provide authoritative analysis of the state of law on it. Our initial selection of topics, with Volume 18 devoted to defence arguments, Volume 19 to the meaning of investment, and Volume 20, currently in preparation, to attribution of conduct to a State, hopes to cover a number of foundational aspects of investment law and arbitration before turning to more specialised issues. Over time, we hope to devote some more space within each volume to commentary and analysis, in the form of symposium contributions or elicited studies but also, possibly, of research articles submitted for peer-review and potential publication, as is the practice in academic and professional journals. Our initial plan for the progressive introduction of this component has been delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic, but the direction of travel has not changed. The overall purpose remains to provide selected materials, commentary and analysis of relevance to both practitioners and academics working in this area of international law. As in previous volumes, Volume 19 includes tables of cases reported in the volume and in the series, and a digest of issues arising from the 21 reported cases.


The article is devoted to the discussion on the private language argument. I want to support the position already expressed by G.P. Baker and P.M.S. Hacker, adding to it yet one argument which may, in my opinion, make this view more intelligible and clearer. The position consists in affirming that the so-called community view does not contradict the opposing view on the nature of language. The point is that these views consider language on different levels. One may compare these different levels of investigation of the subject with different questions that a linguist and a philosopher may try to decide when they analyze the language. In this case the researcher who shares the community view can be represented as a linguist and his opponent as a philosopher.


In order to solve the traditional methods of template matching tracking problems,a method of changeable template in tracking process is presented.This method resolve the limits of traditional methods.Finally,the tracking test results are presented in this paper.


Performing arts is one of creative industry subsectors in Indonesia. To develop value added of performing arts creative products and entrepreneurship, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI) collaborates with local government of Bandung city has established Bandung Isola Performing Arts Festival (BIPAF). The festival uses the concept of performing arts market. The purpose of this article is to discuss a festival model which promotes performing arts community to share knowledge and ideas, creative products, and network with stakeholders. Applying a qualitative approach, the research used a projectbased research method. The procedure of this research began with diagnosing the problems, making a plan to conduct the festival in Bandung, conducting the festival, and evaluation. Data were collected by observation, interview, documentary study, focus-group discussion, and personal reflection. The research resulted in a model of a festival as performing arts market using a site-specific stage with Villa Isola in Bandung as the background, rendering the festival as a means to build performing arts community who concerns with achieving value added socially, culturally, and economically. This festival has a strategic value to community that can develop the creative industry in Indonesia Keywords—Villa Isola; festival; performing arts market; creative industry; community


This experiment was performed to establish a qualitative analysis on chemical composition in water extract of Paeoniae Radix Alba by HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS. The analysis was conducted on a C18 (Hanbon Lichrospher, 4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) column with methanol-0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase for gradient elution; ESI ion source was used for mass spectra, and data were collected in both positive and negative modes. The results showed that eleven compounds from water extract of Paeoniae Radix Alba had been identified by analyzing positive and negative ion mass data including element composition and by comparing with data from literatures. Since efficient separation of HPLC and the high sensitive detection of MS was used, this experiment, it will provide evidences for elucidation of the effective substance in the water extract of Paeoniae Radix Alba.


Xenbucin 1, an analgesic drug, was synthesized in 4 steps using two different routes. The biaryl fragment could successfully be produced via a Pd/C catalysed Suzuki coupling in water using sodium tetraphenylborate as a phenylation reagent. Overall yields of the routes were 36% and 59%, respectively.


This article provides an overview of six different nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in China. It primarily discusses the programs and activities of each NGO as well as their goals and achievements. First, it presented the All-China Women's Federation, an NGO founded in 1949 that seeks to promote equality between men and women, protect rights and interests of women and children, and represent women in managing and supervising national and social affairs. Second, it tackled the China Children and Teenagers' Fund, an NGO that promotes education and well-being of underprivileged children. Third, it discussed the China Population Welfare Foundation, an NGO that primarily promotes the country's population development. The last three NGOs presented are the following: China Family Planning Association, China Population Information and Research Center, and China Population Association.


The rationale of this study was to determine factors influencing community participation in afforestation activities in Nathenje area in Lilongwe district in central Malawi. The rationale of this study was to determine factors influencing community participation in afforestation activities. Simple random sampling was used to select 120 local community members as respondents for the study. Data collection was carried out using semistructured interviews, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Results showed a strong positive significant relationship between age and community participation in afforestation activities (P < 0.001) and (r =0.657). A weak positive significant relationship was also observed between occupation of respondents and community participation (P < 0.032) and (r= 0.460). Participation was also found to be heavily influenced by the anticipated benefits (P < 0.001) and (r= 0.846). Firewood was noted to be the most common forest resource obtained by the respondents (42%: 50/120). Arson fire was noted to be the most prevalent challenge for afforestation in the study area. It is recommended that forest policy makers and programme planners need to train and involve more young people in afforestation since results showed that elderly people were the ones who were currently participating. There is also need to reduce fuel load in the forests and woodlots to reduce cases of arson fires.


Unlike existing models which rely heavily on assumptions regarding unions' distributional preferences, we present a very simple model in which union seniority-layoff rules and rising seniority-wage profiles result from optimal price discrimination against the firm. Surprisingly, even when cash transfers among union members are ruled out, unions' optimal seniority-wage profiles are likely to be completely unaffected by their distributional preferences because of a kink in the utility-possibility frontier. This suggests that the simple technology of price discrimination may play a key role, hitherto unappreciated, in explaining union policies that affect the relative wellbeing of different union members.


This article analyzes the protagonist of Nemesis, "Bucky" Cantor, in order to delineate those elements that define him not only as a Promethean figure, but also as a modern incarnation of both Job and Oedipus. The evocative power of these archetypes contributes to establishing the tragic framework of the novel and the heroic status of its protagonist, both of which resist the narrator's attempt to deconstruct them in the final chapter.


The amount of residential energy consumption has a significant share over final energy consumption in Turkey which is increasing parallel to the rapid increase in population, economic growth and the number of houses. For this reason, energy savings in residential sector is of great importance in Turkey. In this study, technical feasibility study of a single detached Passive House located in Ankara, Turkey of which has cold and dry climate is investigated using building energy simulation software. House is designed to take advantage of solar radiation at maximum level with convenient shape, color and window/wall ratio. Model house has high insulation level and low air tightness. According to the simulations conducted, minimum space heating demand of the 3 bedroom, 120 m 2 single detached house located in Ankara, Turkey is estimated as 6,2 kWh/m 2 -year, overcompensating the "15 kWh/m 2 -year" Passive House target sufficiently. The primary energy demand is calculated as 30,8 kWh/m 2 , marginally below the 120 kWh/m 2 target.


The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has halted sales after manufacturers failed to demonstrate long-term benefits of the devices.


A prototype of a Si-W EM calorimeter was built with Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors as the active elements. With a pixelsize of 30 μm it allows digital calorimetry, i.e. the particles energy is determined by counting pixels, not by measuring the energy deposited. Although of modest size, only 4 Moliere radii wide, it has 39 million pixels and its calibration appears far from trivial. The calorimeter has been tested at DESY (electrons) and at CERN PS and SPS (mixed beams) with energies from 2 to 200 GeV. We present the shape of showers caused by electrons and pions, as well as tracks by pions and cosmic muons in unprecedented detail. Preliminary results for energy and position resolution will also be given.


The present invention provides a heater system comprising a hybrid insulating lid portion, the insulating cover having a first cover portion bearing member about the hinge portion and the heating sections provided, operatively engaged with the first cover portion the second lid portion and adapted to surround the heating target and variations geometry detachably disposed. There is also a second cap having a flexible insulating sheath portion similar structure for use with the connector assembly. Further, there is provided a heater system comprising at least one heating section, the at least one heat tracing segments are encapsulated in the insulating member adjacent to the gas pipeline for heating a semiconductor processing system and the pump suction pipe line .


Objectives: The main objective of the study was to evaluate and compared the surface roughness and microhardness of three bulk-fill (ACTIVA Bioactive Restorative, SonicFill 2 SingleFill and SDR Flow Plus) and one conventional (G-aenial Posterior) composite resin at different depths.
Materials and Methods: Eighty disc-shaped composite resins (6mm diameter, 2mm height) were polymerized as recommended and then subjected to the appropriate finishing and polishing procedure. Transparent strips were placed between the samples before polymerization to evaluate the hardness at different depths (0-2mm and 2-4mm) of the bulk-fill composites. Microhardness was evaluated with a Vickers hardness tester and roughness was evaluated with an optical profilometer. The ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparisons were performed for the statistical evaluation of microhardness and ANOVA was performed for roughness.
Results: No statistically significant difference was determined between the composite materials in respect of surface roughness (p=0.336). It was generally observed that as the layer thickness increased in all the materials, the hardness values decreased (p


This paper concerns the Whipple model for grain boundary diffusion. In particular, it examines the various approximations that have been used to calculate solute concentration from the equation provided by Whipple. Included are approximations intended to permit the determination of grain boundary diffusivities from experimental data. An algorithm is presented which avoids these approximations. It is demonstrated that the algorithm is robust in the face of moderate experimental error, and, unlike an alternative, can be used to minimize the impact of that error.


N- Dichloroacetyl - 2- methyl- 1 - oxa-4- aza- spiro -4, 5 - decane was prepared by one step synthesis of isopropanolamine, cyclohexanone and dichloroacetyl chloride and with 33% NaOH aq. used as catalyst. The effects of reaction solvent, reaction temperature and reaction time on the yield were discussed by orthogonal test. The optimum reaction conditions obtained are as follows: reaction solvent is benzene reaction temperature is - 2~ - 4℃, reaction time is lh. Under the optimum condition, the yield of title compound is 82. 5%. The product was confirmed by IR, 'HNMR and elementary analysis.


Foodstuffs comprise the largest single category of urban supply in China, and food accounts for over half the expenditures of the average urban household. Grain and other starchy staples constitute the major component of urban food supply, followed by vegetables and meat. In terms of weight or volume, far more vegetables than meat are consumed by city dwellers, though in terms of value meat may have the edge. The focus here is on vegetables, in particular the ecology of production, the organization of procurement and the structure of the marketing system. The logistics of feeding urban populations is critical in any complex society, indicative inter alia of priorities and procedural preferences in the social system. To examine the organization of urban vegetable supply therefore offers clues to these social priorities as well as to prevailing levels of organizational sophistication.


Background/Aims Group Health, an integrated care system serving 600,000 members in Washington state, has developed a community health initiative (CHI) based on the medical home and the Chronic Care Model (expanded to emphasize community health promotion). Primary care providers want to maximize their limited time and resources for encouraging healthy behaviors but often are unaware of the full range of community services that can augment and support clinic-based care. The overall goal of the CHI is to improve health outcomes by integrating patient-centered approaches with community- based programs and services that promote better health. Methods A CHI logic model was developed that defines expected short term (phase 1), intermediate and long term outcomes for its primary audience (patients and providers), for Group Health as an organization, and for health-promoting community resources and environments. The CHI strategy involves development of a searchable, web-based database that allows providers to easily refer patients to community-based programs that promote active living, healthful eating, and effective chronic disease management. Focus groups were held with providers to determine database scope and content and secondary data were analyzed and mapped to identify where the most vulnerable populations in Group Health's service live. Results During phase 1 the database is being piloted at a Group Health clinic in a high needs area in King County, to test clinical-community linkage strategies and to set the stage for replication throughout Group Health, among safety net providers, and in the community at large. The pilot phase evaluation is primarily a process evaluation, assessing characteristics of the program that contribute to its success, the creation of linkages to community resources, participant satisfaction, recommendations for improvement, and fidelity of implementation. Discussion The interactive database shows promise as a tool for providers to engage patients in making healthy lifestyle choices and strengthening linkages between clinical practice and community resources. Piloting and evaluating the CHI will ensure the successful replication throughout Group Health, the safety net, and the broader community, and will contribute to the field by demonstrating successful linkages between primary care and community resources.