The populations of cities are not laboratory mice, so actions to protect their health often cannot be rigorously tested. But people who are responsible for protecting population health must nonetheless make decisions. At best, those decisions are based on evidence from previous similar events in similar populations, but often this evidence is scanty or not applicable to the situation at hand. That has led to the popularity of mathematical models that simulate populations, allowing policymakers to ask what if questions about the interventions that they are considering. In 2 articles in this issue, Khazeni and colleagues (1, 2) have developed a sophisticated model to examine the health impacts and cost-effectiveness of various influenza mitigation strategies in a city similar to New York for influenza A H5N1 and novel H1N1. The model quantifies the impact of virus epidemiologic features and mitigation strategies on illness and costssomething of interest to us as the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene prepared for fall influenza season. They conclude that expanded use of an adjuvanted vaccine would be the most effective and cost-effective strategy to limit death due to H5N1 influenza. For H1N1, they conclude that vaccinating one third of the population would shorten a pandemic and save more lives if implemented earlier in the season. Often the greatest utility of predictive mathematical models is not any single conclusion drawn from them but rather their ability to clarify assumptions about the dynamics of disease in a population and to determine which inputs have the greatest impact on the outcome of interest. Policymakers can then focus their attention on the most pressing objective (for example, vaccination or antiviral distribution), and epidemiologists can determine which indicators should most intensively be monitored and studied. For example, Khazeni and colleagues find that the population vaccination coverage required to mitigate spread of H5N1 increases by 10% as vaccine efficacy decreases by 10%. Knowing the dynamics of this relationship is important for policymakers, who can use the information to make decisions on the intensity of resources poured into vaccination campaigns. Unfortunately, sometimes the inputs that most affect outcomes in models are also subject to the most uncertainty. In Khazeni and colleagues' model, 2 important inputs with a high degree of uncertainty are the impact of nonpharmaceutical interventions (for example, school closure) and the efficacy of the vaccine. Varying vaccine efficacy dramatically changes the population coverage required to shorten the pandemic; therefore, numerical predictions of the model are only as good as the strength of the assumed value of this variable. The key to designing the most useful models is that they must weigh the decisions that policymakers will be faced withand this requires close coordination between modelers and decision makers before and during the situation requiring decisions. Khazeni and colleagues' model estimates that vaccinating 40% of the population for H1N1 in October could reduce widespread transmission. Vaccinating early and as many eligible people in the population as possible is usually a key goal, but the decision for local health officials often is not what percentage of the population to vaccinate or when to vaccinatethis will depend on the amount and timing of vaccine release, as well as practical barriers to achieving high vaccination coverage. Instead, local public health officials must determine which populations are the highest priorities for vaccination given limited time and resources and whether, if vaccine is not available, any other mitigation measures can substantially decrease infection and death. Khazeni and colleagues acknowledge that a limitation to their model is the assumption that all members of the population contribute equally to the spread of the disease. In reality, the likelihood of spreading influenza varies substantially across population subgroups. The H1N1 pandemic in New York City from April to July 2009 disproportionately affected school-aged children, who had the highest rate of emergency department visits (3), and studies show that seasonal influenza epidemics peak in school-aged children before they peak in adults (4). For these reasons, school-aged children may be key links in the chain of transmission, and some studies suggest that vaccination efforts focused on this group may mitigate spread in other groups. A Japanese program to vaccinate school children for seasonal influenza in 1977 was associated with a substantial decline in excess influenza and pneumonia deaths in the population (5). Discontinuation of the program in 1994 was associated with a subsequent increase in deaths (5). Another vaccination program in Russia showed a 3- to 4-fold reduction in influenza-like illness among elderly persons after 65% of school-aged children were vaccinated (6). Despite its limitations, the model demonstrates an important conclusion: The population health benefit of administering even a vaccine of low efficacy (50%) can be substantial if the proportion of the population receiving the vaccine is high. Although heightened public awareness of H1N1 this year and H5N1 in the past few years has increased attention to influenza, vaccination rates for seasonal influenza have been disappointing. Seasonal influenza kills more than 36000 people every year (7), but fewer than 50% of high-risk adults aged 18 to 64 years received a vaccination last year (8). Health care professionals must take advantage of this heightened public awareness to educate and vaccinate a larger proportion of the population, not only for H1N1 this season, but especially for seasonal influenza, which has thus far killed far more people.


Summary Fracture propagation in the crust under post-critical conditions (rapid propagation), and possibly in some instances even under sub-critical conditions (slow propagation) can produce fracture-branching in a single continuous process. Later local or regional stresses result in displacements along the fractures and secondary faulting develops. This concept can explain various secondary features like conditions of branching, branching-angle and shallow secondary faults. The splaying of the Hope Fault in New Zealand is primarily a result of early fracture bifurcation and later minor displacements.


Over 1.7 million older adults currently reside in U.S. nursing homes (Dobbs, Hanson, Zimmerman, Williams, & Munn, 2006; Hanson, Reynolds, Henderson, & Pickard, 2005). For those individuals, over half will die in those facilities (Bern-Klug, 2009). For the overall deaths in the United States, 20% of those are occurring in nursing home facilities (Rice, Coleman, Fish, Levy, & Kutner, 2004; Zerzan, Stearns, & Hanson, 2000). By 2040 this statistic is predicted to double with over 40% of U.S. deaths occurring in nursing homes (Ersek, Grant, & Kraybill, 2005).


As an important part of building energy efficiency, residential distributed energy system once was paid so much attention before, but due to restricted factors such as cost, revenue and policy, it would not be promoted further. Among them, the electricity price is one of the main factors. With the introduction of ladder-type electricity price, a comprehensive assessment respectively in PV system and residential GE cogeneration system will be made to discuss the economical efficiency and feasibility of residential distributed energy system.


Insert for electrical furnaces comprising an insulating shell and a coiled heater element, the heater element comprising element wire that consists of at least two sections that are interconnected via a bend of element wire in such a way that the bend and the sections mutually form a loop of element wire. A fastening member is fixedly anchored in the insulating shell and arranged in the area of the bend in such a way that the element wire in a section directly connected to the bend is prevented from expanding past the fastening member.


T he spectre of reductions in the work force is now a reality that all governments are facing in the 1980's. In this regard, many factors such as planning for a reduction in force, administering a reduction in force, and even dealing with the political factors, all are important elements that an employer has to consider. But, there are a number of other possibilities that should be contemplated before a reduction in force is even introduced as a serious consideration. I think that we have to ask ourselves early in the game: "Is a layoff necessary in the first place?" Layoffs normally occur due to one of three factors: reorganization, lack of work, or lack of funds. Because most governments are having to operate and manage with less, I will restrict my comments to the latter. Fortunately, from a planning standpoint, shortage (or lack) of funds is something that can be forecasted. That is, you can anticipate a future shortage of dollars. The sooner you can anticipate this shortage, the more time you will have to consider viable alternatives to a reduction in personnel. We, as administrators in local government, are not alone in facing reductions in force. Our private sector friends are also facing these reductions. There is much commonalty in the re duction in force concept between the public and private sectors. Much can be learned from one another in approaching the problem. However, private businesses do have at least one additional tool in handling such personnel-financial problems and that is the ability to raise prices, thus increase their revenue to offset anticipated shortages. It is this flexibility that is the difference between the public and private sectors. Government, on the other hand, is hard-pressed to raise taxes to cover their expenditure shortages in this era of "Proposition 13" mentality. For this one reason alone, government, particularly local government, must seek vigorously other alternatives on the expenditure side. The public expects it and our elected officials demand it. There are many strategies that could be utilized in reducing expenditures. Some affect per sonal services while others affect non-personal services. Let me go over some examples of each.


Fontane confessed on several occasions to a feeling of uneasiness in the presence of scholars, for he was always aware of the irregularity and meagerness of his education and of the consequent gaps in his knowledge. Nor did he believe that he deserved an eminent position as a critic. On the other hand, his long experience as journalist and as successful novelist, together with his wide acquaintance with European literature, make the critical utterances of the mature author particularly significant. But few of the scattered critiques which appeared in various journals, especially the Vossische Zeitung, during the author's lifetime, have been brought together in the posthumous volume of the collected works, under the title Literarische Studien and Eindrücke. However, these essays, with the valuable material found in the poet's correspondence, enable one to form a very fair opinion of Fontane's conception of the novel.


SUMMARY: A study was made of selected properties of 189 psychrophilic bacteria isolated from chilled beef and associated sources. Of these, 182 were Gram-negative and 7 were Gram-positive. Of the former, 128 were typical pseudomonads with polar flagella. They were resistant to penicillin and oxidized glucose to acid. There were 52 non-motile Gram-negative bacteria of which 42 were judged to be pseudomonads on the basis of penicillin resistance and the oxidation of glucose to acid. Flagellar characters were associated with the production of green pigment, with the production of acid from lactose and with resistance to several antibiotics.


Objective:To investigate the effects of Houpu Pill on gastric emptying and intestinal transit in mice. Methods:A mice model of excited and inhibited gastric emptying was set up by administration of metoclopramide and atropine, respectively, to mice. A mice model of excited and inhibited intestinal transit was induced by feeding with neostigmine and adrenalin, respectively, to mice. The effects of Houpu Pill on gastric and intestinal activities were assessed, respectively, in the mice models. Results: Houpu Pill antagonized the excitation of both gastric emptying by metoclopramide and intestinal transit by neostigmine, and synergetically inhibited the gastric emptying by atropine. No effects on inhibition of the intestinal transit by adrenalin were found.Conclusion: Houpu Pill inhibited the normal and excited gastrointestinal peristalsis.


Infections of the respiratory tract are a particular threat to young children with underlying lung diseases, those with immunodeficiency diseases and to malnourished infants and children in developing countries. In addition to the damage they inflict on the mucosal membrane and the parenchyma of the lung, certain organisms are associated with increased bronchial reactivity and may be involved in the development of long standing respiratory allergies. An improved understanding of the pathogenesis of respiratory infection and local immune defense will contribute to our knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the development of respiratory allergies. Such insight will also lead to the development of improved immunization procedures and better passive protection. The objective of this paper is to briefly review the anatomical and functional basis of immune defense mechanisms of the respiratory tract.


Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), also referred to as Poor man's meat, is an important nutraceutical leguminous crop contributing nearly 42 to 47 per cent of the total pulse production in India. However, wilt complex is a major constraint to chickpea production worldwide. Keeping in view the importance of chickpea wilt complex, an extensive survey was conducted in purposively selected 200 farmer's fields covering 40 villages of 10 major chickpea growing districts of Uttar Pradesh viz. Banda, Chitrakoot, Hamirpur, Jalaun, Jhansi, Kanpur, Lalitpur, Mahoba, Pratapgarh and Unnao to assess severity of wilt complex in these areas during the year 2017-18. During the survey, it was discovered that wilt complex disease occurred in all the major chickpea growing districts of Uttar Pradesh where Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri was the most predominant pathogen and Fusarium wilt incidence was recorded to be maximum ranging from 12.8 percent (Malasa village in Kanpur Dehat) to 48 percent (Barua Kalijar village in Banda) followed by incidence of dry root rot caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola ranging from 3.2 percent (Jamar village in Unnao) to 17 percent (Shah Patan village in Banda) and incidence of collar rot disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii ranging from 1.4 percent (Dholwa village in Unnao) to 12 percent (Poonch village in Jhansi) respectively. Highest average wilt complex incidence (69.25%) with maximum average Fusarium wilt incidence (43.05%) and maximum average dry root rot incidence (15.35%) was observed at Banda followed by Mahoba (62.7% Wilt complex, 39.3% Fusarium wilt, 14.5% Dry root rot), Jhansi (61.3% Wilt complex, 36.4% Fusarium wilt, 13.4% Dry root rot), Hamirpur (50.55% Wilt complex, 32.5% Fusarium wilt, 10.1% Dry root rot) and Chitrakoot (47.55% Wilt complex, 32.45% Fusarium wilt, 7.75% Dry root rot) respectively.


This paper proposes the design of a 3D-b ased holographic imaging system for smooth commu nication between patients with brain disease and doc tors and considers recommendations for establishing domestic and international standardization. A patient who can communicate verbally discusses the hologram of 3D imaging that can be understood because it is impossible to understand the diagnosis result and considers it to enable smooth communication with the doctor. A patient with speech impairment discus ses ways to facilitate communication with the doctor through a computer. Therefore, it is expected that this technology will contribute to the establishment of domestic and international standardization projects (SC43).


Every society, in order to have any stability and meaningful development, peace and orderly progress, usually requires that its members adhere to an articulated set of values which provides a sense of group identity for them. For the Igbo, as in many parts of Africa, it is religion, albeit traditional religion, that provides most of the bases for the values and stands them out with a distinctive identity. There is no doubt that the traditional religion on which the Igbo societies were based gave meaning and significance to the lives of people in those societies. But those values have been thoroughly affected by historical factors, by the encounter with Europeans and their Christian religion with its accompanying new systems of living. Howbeit, if a new religion has assumed major significance in the lives of a people, then it is very necessary to assess the nature of its activities and progress in order to establish the genuineness of its predominance and to see how far it has allowed itself or otherwise, to fulfill the requirements which the people demand of their religion. Assessing the impacts of Christianity on Igbo societies, historians inevitably tend to concentrate on manifestations of change, rather than on continuities. However, to understand Igbo society in the missionary era it is essential to understand that for many, perhaps most Igbo, life was not changed very fundamentally. The extent of the Christianization of Igboland is a question of depth and sincerity as well as a question of change and continuity in social identity. The first generation of Igbo Christians often displayed an apparent ambivalence. On the one hand, they were enthusiastic and fervent Christians, but on the other, they frequently embraced practices which the Churches condemned. Nevertheless, this type of eclecticism does not reflect insincerity. On the contrary, it reflected the reality of the supernatural world. This study, therefore, looked at the extent to which missionary enterprise has brought changes in the identity of Igbo people and how the Igbo responded to its new challenges vis-a-vis problems and opportunities. Keywords: society, traditional religion, Igbo societies, missionary era, Howbeit, church, Africa, etc.


Technology and social networks, or what we often call cyberspace, have become part of social life in the real world. social media can be found with the help of computer technology, laptops, smartphones and other communication media. The use of social media has been used at various levels of society and various groups for media interaction or promotion from children, adolescents, to adults. Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood full of dependence to a period of forming responsibilities. In its use, social media is used mostly by adolescents, with this transitional period adolescence becomes a special concern because it will affect their behavior and personality in the future. The purpose of this service is to provide knowledge and insights to adolescents on social media and its effects, to provide learning for the community in responding to social media. The method is carried out with a lecture system with a preventive approach to the audience against the values given by the speaker.


An interactive program has been developed for entering, verifying, and storing chemical structures encoded in the Wiswesser Line Notation. The program calculates a molecular formula from the WLN for checking and then generates a bit string fragment code and connection table of the atoms in the structure. The encoding and entry of the WLN using a CRT has significantly improved the speed of the total compound registration process.


Pregnancy REmote MOnitoring: added value of remote monitoring in the prenatal care for women at risk for gestational hypertensive disorders

Worldwide, 5% to 8% of pregnancies are complicated with gestational hypertensive disorders (GHD), which are associated with a high maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Observational data from the retrospective, non-randomized Pregnancy REmote MOnitoring (PREMOM I) study revealed potential benefits of remote monitoring (RM) in prenatal care of women at risk for GHD. When compared to conventional care, RM pregnancies showed a significant prolongation of pregnancy, a decrease in the total number of labour inductions and a clinically less severe form of GHD. A reduction in costs, due to less need for neonatal intensive care, was in balance with the cost for organisation and technology of RM. Based on this results, PREMOM II has been initiated: a prospective, randomized multicenter study, financed by the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) to evaluate clinical, psychological and health economic performance of prenatal blood pressure RM.


In oriental paintings, artists have developed a unique style that exploits the effects of the dispersion of the ink, composed of soot and glue, onto absorbent paper. These artists produce these effects purposely by manipulating the ink concentration, stroke speed and brush angle. We describe these artistic styles of oriental painting and show how we render a single image in the oriental painting style. Our work is to take a single image as input and produce an oriental brushwork-like image automatically as a result. This nonphotorealistic rendering do not have richness of physical painting system such as 3-D brushes but reproduce artistic style of paintings to an image with a speed. In recent years, oriental brushwork rendering have been applied for 3-D objects e.g. Non-photorealistic rendering in Chinese painting of animals by Yeh and Ouhyoung 2002 and stereo images e.g. Humanistic oriental art created using automated computer pocessing and non-photorealistic rendering by Cheok et al. 2007 that require geometric details and depth information, but our method proposes a system that reproduce the styles and effects of oriental paintings from single 2-D image by using a set of image processing techniques. Figure 1 shows an input image and the reproduced oriental paintings. We focus on reproducing the stroke drawing and artistic shades that are essential in conventional oriental paintings.
 Some artistic styles of painting exploit the variety of lines and deep shades at once, giving a charming feel to the oriental brushwork. One general technique is "gu-ru law"Figure 2(a), in which artists draw tufted thin lines for boundaries and geometric details, and brush the interior with abstract but contrasting shades of ink. Another artistic style shades the whole objects instead of drawing its boundary with lines Figure 2(b), and paints near boundary regions with highly contrasting intensities.
 Our overall framework consists of two modules: stroke drawing and artistic shading Figure 3. These modules, essential to oriental painting, are generated using a set of techniques. Abstraction: Given an input image, we simplify it for geometric abstraction and color quantization using bilateral filtering. The abstracted image is then used as the input for our stroke drawing and artistic shading modules. Stroke drawing: We extract and draw representative lines for boundaries and geometric details. Line extraction includes selecting feature points, discarding small features, and clustering and linking similar points. Next, the spline curves are fitted to the linked points after the linked points are once again subdivided into several clusters according to their size. Line fitting produces smooth curves of appropriate length and curvature, similar to human-drawn strokes. Then, the curves' thickness is defined as proportional to the curvatures. Artistic shading: While oriental ink interacts with absorbent paper, ink disperses on the paper as water flows, the concentration of ink leaves bright-and-dark shades, and the residual ink disperses along the direction of the paper's fibers. We reproduce these effects by following steps. First, filtering over time is used to reproduce the ink dispersion effects when water spreads and stops, by applying blurring and sharpening filters consecutively. Next, we reproduce the bright and dark shades that arise from irregular ink concentration by stretching lightness contrast nonlinearly based on intensity values from blurred images. Finally, we reproduce the local patterns due to dispersion along the paper's fibers by using texture masks that are similar to textures of absorbent paper fibers. Composition: We compose the final results by combining stroke drawing and artistic shading, and by adding textures of absorbent papers for realistic effects.
 We produce the final oriental painting rendering as a composite of the results of stroke drawing and artistic shading from a single 2-D image. Figure 3 shows that strokes drawing; (a) is a map of edge by canny's edge filter, (b) is for clustering, linking sampled features and discarding some groups which have few features, (c) presents a thickness in each group, artistic shading; (d) Filtering overtime from input image, (e) contrast stretching, and (f) applying the mask of paper-fiber.


The fifth generation (5G) network is projected to support a huge amount of data traffic. It is meant to serve millions of wireless connections. With the utilization of certain advanced technologies like small cells, Massive MIMO, etc, 5G can support a wide range of devices and applications which will further give rise to an enhanced future of Internet of Things (IOT). However, these technologies have their own challenges that render the establishment of 5G difficult. In this paper, a brief overview of all these technologies along with their challenges are presented.


Tithi Debnath 1 , Md. Rokibul Islam 1, Milton Talukder 2 , Md. Abdullah 3 and Ashit Kumar Paul 1 * 1 Department of Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics, 2 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barisal-8210, Bangladesh, Upazilla Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Jhalakati Sadar, Jhalakati-8400, Bangladesh


In this article, Weather Research and Forecast Model (WRF) is coupled with the optimal urban parameterization scheme to study the impact of land cover change in Nanjing on Urban Heat Island (UHI). Results show that urbanization intensifies surface air temperature over the region, with the intensity of UHI increased. After urbanization, wind speed over the downtown decreases rapidly, while Urban Heat Circulation apparently occurs. Moreover, experiments prove that the downstream effect of UHI also exists in Nanjing.


Photogrammetry in conventional practice requires the use of fixed focus cameras of high precision and calibrated internal geometry. The largest historical application of photogrammetry is aerial topographic mapping which utilizes near vertical photography at infinity focus in a well ordered scheme of flight path terrain coverage with very little vertical ground relief relative to the planned flight altitude. Serious efforts have been made to apply photogrammetry for non topographic purposes (terrestrial photogrammetry) by utilization of conventional or scaled down cameras and stereo compilation instruments with various hardware and applications schemes, Success has been limited, at best, and the solutions have not been economical enough to warrant broad application. With the advent of digital computors, the evolution of numerical photogrammetry in general and the analytic stereo compiler in particular the technical tools are available for a truly comprehensive universal system. With miniaturization and new mathematical techniques small commercial non-precision cameras can be utilized and the photogrammetric process can be greatly simplified and extended to broader application.


Mental health is more than the mere lack of mental disorders. Mental health problems affect society as a whole, and not just a small, isolated segment. They are therefore a major challenge to global development. No group is immune to mental disorders, but the risk is higher among the poor, homeless, the unemployed, persons with low education, victims of violence, migrants, and refugees, indigenous populations, children, and adolescents, abused women and the neglected elderly. 1 Concepts of mental health include subjective well-being, perceived self-efficacy, autonomy, competence, intergenerational dependence and recognition of the ability to realize one's intellectual and emotional potential. It has also been defined as a state of well-being whereby individuals recognize their abilities, are able to cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively and fruitfully, and make a contribution to their communities. Mental health is about enhancing competencies of individuals and communities and enabling them to achieve their self-determined goals. In ABSTRACT


Microstructural features and magnetocaloric properties of Ni52Mn26Ga22 melt-spun ribbons were studied. Results show that there are four types of differently oriented variants of seven-layered modulated (7M) martensite at room temperature, being twin-related one another and clustered in colonies. Due to the coupled magnetic and structural transformations between parent austenite and 7M martensite, the melt-spun ribbons exhibit a significant magnetocaloric effect. At an applied magnetic field of 5 T, an absolute maximum value of the isothermal magnetic entropy change of 11.4 J kg−1 K−1 is achieved with negligible hysteresis losses.


Constructing the work pattern of clinical pharmacist in gynecological treatment team not only could effectively improve the communication efficiency between clinical pharmacist and medical staff, but also the face-to-face pharmaceutical care form obviously improve the medication compliance of patients. In this study, clinical pharmacist selectes common type of gynecologic surgery with ovarian cyst and uterine fibroid as the entry point, to develop monitoring of perioperative preventive medication. And it is taken as evaluation basis for effect. The result showes that the establishment of this model makes the perioperative preventive medication to be more reasonable, the course of treatment is shortened obviously, and dressing change with no indication and discharge medication is significantly reduced.


Received: Revised: Accepted: 2014–06–24 2014–08–14 2014–08–15 The study was conducted on the eggs of pigeon Columba livia domesticus collected in an amateur pigeon breeding facility during the breeding season. Eggs were collected in the morning from the long–beaked pigeons to make sure that they have been laid recently. They were incubated at 37.8°C and humidity of 65% (standard conditions for the development of the domestic chicken embryos). A total of nearly 70 embryos have been analyzed at different stages of development. 4 fertilized eggs were opened every day and analyzed for external morphological features according to the Hamburger and Hamilton key (1951). It was found that the embryonic development of pigeon Columba livia domesticus was shorter (17 days) by about 4 days compared with embryos of domestic chicken Gallus gallus domesticus (21 days). Further, it was observed that the pigeon embryos developed slower in the first 14 days of embryogenesis, and a marked acceleration of their development occurred from day 14 of incubation. Artificial incubation enables successful raising of Columba livia domesticus pigeon chicks. The remaining period of the growth and development of chicks is possible by placing them with foster parents, long–beaked pigeons. All copyrights reserved to Nexus® academic publishers


This paper presents an Evolutionary Algorithm using a new ontogenic approach, called Staged Developmental Genetic Programming (SDGP), for solving symmetric Traveling Salesman Problems (TSPs). In SDGP, a genotype-phenotype mapping (gpm) is used to refine candidate solutions to a TSP - these candidate solutions are represented as permutations. The gpm performs several development steps, in each of which such a permutation x is incrementally modified. In each iteration within a development step, the process can choose to either apply one of seven different modifications to a specific section of x or do nothing. The choice is made by the genotypes g, which are functions assigning real-valued ratings to the possible modifications. Smaller ratings are better and the best-rated modification is then applied, if its rating is lower than a given threshold. The genotypes are evolved using tree-based Genetic Programming. Comprehensive numerical simulation experiments show that our proposed algorithm scales well with the problem size and delivers competitive results compared to other state-of-the-art approaches in the TSP literature.


This paper studies the performance analysis of web application deployment on cloud environment using M/M/S/K analytical queueing model. The performance measures end-to-end response time, utilization of computing resources consumed, blocking probability, average time spent in the system and average waiting time in the queue are considered to evaluate the dynamic nature of the model. The cost equation is derived with respect to virtual machine setup cost and web request holding cost .The numerical results are illustrated.


A technique for helping English-as-a-Second-Language students learn to write accurate paraphrases and summaries, free from personal interpretation, is described. Students first read, in pairs, a paragraph that has a main idea and requires some inferential thinking, especially about the tone and/or purpose. After a specific period of time, students put the passage away and answer two multiple-choice comprehension questions, one addressing the main idea and one inferential. Student pairs must decide on their answer choice and justify their response, requiring them to use their own language to talk about the paragraph. Basics of summarizing and paraphrasing are then reviewed briefly. The students, still in pairs, write a brief summary without consulting the original passage. The class then analyzes sample summaries, and compares students' interpretations, making the distinction between accurate summaries and personal interpretation. In an exercise in identifying bias, students are divided into two groups, with each given a different assignment on the same paragraph. Volunteers then share their paragraphs with class members for critiquing and identification of vocabulary and phrases showing bias. (MSE) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** "What do you mean in your OWN words?" The Problem of Paraphrasing Irma K. Ghosn I teach a freshman composition class to EFL students, who come to the university with very little English writing experience. One of the objectives of this course, the first actual college English course they take after the remedial courses, is to have students write a short documented paper on a topic of interest to them. The stickiest problem is to get them to write accurate paraphrases and summaries that are true to the original and free from personal interpretation, and then getting them to make an original contribution to the paper. I have found the following strategy both effective and enjoyable for the


The invention provides a nondestructive detection method for a deep space detector. The nondestructive detection method comprises the steps of supplying square wave pulse current to an exciting coil to generate an eddy current magnetic field on a part to be detected of the deep space detector; respectively detecting changes of the eddy current magnetic field of the deep space detector in a first state and a second state through a tunnel magneto resistive array, and correspondingly outputting a reference signal and a damage signal; performing corresponding processing on the reference signal and the damage signal to obtain distribution change signals, and analyzing a damage condition of the part to be detected according to the distribution change signals; and supplying support to evaluation of on-orbit safety of the deep space detector.


To assess if child's lifestyle behavior problems (CLBP) and maternal confidence (MC) in managing these CLBP differ between mothers with accurate and inaccurate maternal perception of her child's body weight (MPCW).

 A correlational study was conducted with 274 dyads (mother/preschool child) residents in Northeastern Mexico. Using a self-administered questionnaire, mothers answered: a) The Lifestyle Behavior Checklist, b) MPCW by word: I think my child is considered …underweight, normal weight, overweight or obese, 3) MPCW by image by selecting an image that represented their child's body weight. Child' weight and height were measured. Descriptive statistics, Cramer's V, Mann-Whitney test, and ANOVA test were calculated.

 25.2% of the children (n = 69) were overweight (OW) or obese (OB). Mothers of children were OW-OB had a lower MC than mothers of children with normal weight in CLBP: "eat too fast" (U = 5034, P = 0.001), "eat too much" (U = 5447, P = 0.004) and "eat unhealthy snacks/snacks" (U = 5471, P = 0.001). The CLBP that mothers of children were OW-OB have to manage include: " eat very fast "(F = 3.847, P = 0.050), " discuss for food "(F = 16.588, P = 0.001) and" demand extra portions of food "(F = 5.807, P = 0.017). Regarding the MPCW, 81.2% (n = 56) mothers of children were OW-OB and 18.5% (n = 32) mothers of children are normal weight had inaccurate MPCW by words (V = 355, P = 0.001), and 97.1% (n = 67) mothers of children were OW-OB and 63.0% (n = 109) mothers of children are normal weight had inaccurate MPCW by image (V = 235, P = 0.001). Mothers of OW-OB children with inaccurate MPCW had are more likely to perceived CLBP (Mean = 63.14, DE = 18.148) than those with accurate MPCW (Mean = 49.67, DE = 11,490) (F = 17,041, P = 0.001).

 The inaccurate MPCW can be an obstacle for the mother to recognize the CLBP that she has to manage. Interventions to promote accurate MPCE are recommended.

 The Mexican National Council of Science and Technology.


Automated testing of distributed, service-oriented applications, particularly mobile applications, is a hard problem due to challenges testers often must deal with, such as (1) heterogeneous platforms, (2) difficulty in introducing additional resources or backups of resources that fail during testing, and (3) lack of fine-grained control over test sequencing. To address these challenges, this paper describes an approach that combines portable operating system libraries with knowledge and reasoning, which together leverage the best features of centralized and decentralized testing infrastructures to support both heterogeneous systems and distributed control by reasoning on distributed testing events.


This paper presents a model on the electrochemical behaviors of n-alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold electrodes with different chain length (C10, C12, C16, and C18) using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and sum frequency generation spectroscopy (SFG). The SAMs studied reached their maximum density with a deposition time of ≈72 h according to the kinetics results shown by EIS Bode phase plots. For shorter chain SAMs, C10 and C12 monolayers, the results from CV, EIS, and SFG were consistent with each other. Significant amounts of thiols were removed by reductive desorption of the films for C10 and C12 SAMs, as indicated by decreases in the electrochemical waves and SFG peaks. Surprising differences were observed for longer-chain SAMs made from C16 and C18 monolayers. The CV results suggested that a large amount of the C16 and C18 monolayers chemically desorbed from the gold surface, while the EIS and SFG results illustrated that C16 and C18 layers sti...


The purpose of this report is to present the results of an analysis of the distribution of live births among atomic bomb survivors in Nagasaki and Hiroshima. It represents a segment of an effort to assess the long-term effects of the radiation on fertility. The importance of research on the fertility of the survivors has been recognized since the earliest investigations in those cities. The Joint Commission for the Investigation of the Atomic Bomb in Japan reported on the period just subsequent to the bomb (1). A diminution in sperm counts correlating with distance from the hypocenter was noted. Histological changes, particularly in the germinal epithelium of the testes, were seen in fatal cases within the first few weeks after the bomb. Abnormal terminations, mostly inviable, were relatively frequent in a sample of pregnancies in Nagasaki observed during the three months after the bomb. Neel and Schull' studied pregnancy terminations in the two cities between 1948 and 1953. Whereas small alterations in the sex ratio were noted, no well-defined relationships were observed in their malformation or stillbirth data. The above studies were not directly concerned with the long-term effect of radiation on fertility. The former was a study of the immediate postbomb months, and the interest of the latter was in genetic effects. Most of the links in the chain of events leading to the production of viable births cannot conveniently be analyzed. Some are unknown to the subject, such as quality and number of gametes. Others are highly personal and not readily reported, such as frequency of intercourse, use of contraceptives, and the practice of abortions. Affecting this chain, moreover, are covariables that may be partially confounded with radiation. These include education, age, and income, for example.


Thispaperproposes a variable sampling simulation methodusingSIMULINKforbrushless DC motor(BLDC)driveswithlow-resolution position sensors (Hall sensors). Variable sampling isaninteresting andimportant topicindiscrete-time robustcontrol. Nevertheless, there isnosuitable simulation toolforthe BLDC motordrivetosimulate variable sampling. We presentthreesubsystems forvariable sampling simulation: thefirst iscontinuous timemodelofBLDC motors, thesecond isvariable sampling trigger, andthe nextisdiscrete timespeedwithvariable sampling time constant estimator. Basedon thevariable sampling simulation methodusing SIMULINK,thesimulation and implementation ofvariable sampling robust control will becomemoreeasily. Keyword-variable sampling, discrete-time, SIMULINK


In this paper titled Dialogue with the Brown Cloud, new modes of approaching our environs will be investigated, adding to the global conversation surrounding climate change. This paper aims to pose questions rather than supply answers regarding the state of our atmosphere, written through the combined lens - the fields of science and art. At the cusp of these fields lies a liminal space, a 'virtual world' where ideas of beauty and truth can converge. This shared space allows a reflexive, cross-disciplinary viewpoint and allows for wider significance while researching, and can be made tangible, physical, through works of art. To this end, color and the materials of art will be discussed as key contributors to the translation of related ideas into art and vice versa. Our virtual and physical environments are becoming increasingly convergent as technology and lifestyle become more integrated. The brown cloud over Asia is a physical reminder of the ether that connects us, yet technology connects us virtually, universally, through the satellite. These objects - like clouds - circumnavigate our earth, yet link us via a web of information. What does this signify for this particular dialogue, a discourse that encompasses sustainability, art and technology? Paul Klee's quote 'Not to render the visible but to render visible' stems from the same idea, that the onus on the artist is to reveal the unseen rather than re-presenting the seen.


In this paper CNC end milling process have been optimized in cutting force and surface roughness based on the three process parameters (i.e.) speed, feed rate and depth of cut. Since the end milling process is used for abrading the wear caused is very high, in order to reduce the wear caused by high cutting force and to decrease the surface roughness, the optimization is much needed for this process. Especially for materials like aluminium 7010, this kind of study is important for further improvement in machining process and also it will improve the stability of the machine.


The isohydricity (pH constancy) as the property referred to mixtures of acids or bases, is illustrated on a simple example of the solutions: HL (C0, mol/L) and HL (C mol/L) mixed according to titrimetric mode (pH titration). A new derivation of the Michalowski formula C0=C+C2·10PK1 expressing this property is presented, and its applicability for determination of pK1 = – logK1 value is indicated. The principle of the isohydric method of pK1 determination is also outlined.


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 Christopher Langan's Cognitive-Theoretic Model of the Universe is a monumental achievement of logic and metaphysics; the CTMU will revolutionize the very world as we know it, when its time comes. For now though, we must remain content with sitting back and analyzing its properties, imbibing its metaphysical insights. In this brief paper, specifically, I intend to analyze some of the CTMU's logico-semantic aspects, engaging with what Langan terms the "trialic limit" of reality, whereby its intensional and extensional aspects "fold in" upon one another, closing up into the self-dual, self-informing identities. From this necessary aspect of reality, Langan concludes that, "information 'about' the state and evolution of the system on all scales equates to the evolution of the system itself", as the transduction of information instantaneously (metatemporally) melds reality's intensional and extensional aspects. From this, we then conclude that the "why?", at this level of ontological investigation, becomes, in every possible sense, equivalent to the "how?". Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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An 80-year-old man was admitted with sudden right eye vision loss secondary to acute ischemia of the optic nerve and subacute headache with elevated ESR (142 mm/h). A diagnosis of giant cell arteritis (GCA) was made, and the patient was started on methylprednisolone (intravenous, 1 g/d for 3 days) followed by oral prednisone (60 mg/d). Ten days later, he was admitted to our stroke center with severe aphasia (NIHSS 9). CT angiography revealed bilateral vertebral stenosis and bilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis in the ophthalmic segment (>90% stenosis) with extensive ischemic penumbra area on CT perfusion (Figure 1). Angioplasty of the left ICA was successfully performed with symptom improvement (Figure 1). Ultrasound-guided biopsy confirmed GCA (Figure 2). The patient continued prednisone (60 mg/d), methotrexate (20 mg/wk), and aspirin (100 mg/d). GCA commonly presents with vertebral stenosis and ICA stenosis.1 Intracerebral stenosis is a rare complication of CGA and is commonly refractory to medical therapy. Angioplasty is a potential rescue strategy to prevent ischemic complications.2


IN his Study of Gawain and the Green Knight,' which must ever remain a classic in the learned literature of twentieth-century America (not too rich, alas, in classics of this type), George Lyman Kittredge may be said to have solved the problem of the origin of this gem of mediaeval poetry, at least so far as it is a problem of literary history. The ME poem is the English version of a lost French composition2 of which a number of parallel texts exist on the continent. It was based upon a Celtic story the oldest known variants of which are found in Ireland. With these findings the task of the historian of literature is properly terminated, while that of the folldorist and the student of the ancient Celtic religion may be considered to set in at this very point. The central figure of the story, the person who by his appearance and challenge sets the action in motion, is clearly a supernatural being, inasmuch as only such an one can accomplish the feat of quietly picking up his head, after it had been struck down, and of calmly walking away with it, holding it in his hand


Grinding is a vital finishing process employed in the final stages of fabrication on hard materials. Surface grinding is applied to produce fine finish and accurate dimensions in components. Advanced materials like hybrid metal matrix composites (MMCs) require grinding to produce components with desired tolerances. The proper selection of grinding parameters like wheel speed, feed rate and depth of cut is essential to obtain the required finish. The paper discloses the application of grey relational analysis (GRA) to optimize the surface grinding characteristics of Al/SiC/Al2O3 composite. Grinding trials are designed using Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array and surface roughness is observed along with the tangential force as the quality characteristics. The approach of GRA is validated through confirmation experiments. Depth of cut is found to contribute more towards the observed responses than the other two factors.


Abstract Inspired by the excellent performance of the biological visual system and relative experimental results, a three-layer spiking neural network is designed to extract the image information and it maps the information into the output spike space. The input neuron in the first layer that detects the image edges are direction-selective. Furthermore, these neurons are assumed to activate the neurons in their preferred directions, such that the information content of spikes can be increased. The information obtained is encoded in the temporal and spacial structure of the output spikes, which will be utilized for the further image processing.


Laser photodetachment on a relativistic H{sup {minus}} beam has revealed several series of resonances in which both electrons are excited. These bound states in the continuum'' appear as dips in the partial production cross sections of various excited states of neutral hydrogen. We present here a detailed account of the experimental observation of the resonances and the results of fits of the measured yields to sets of Fano profiles. A simple analytic formula for the energy-level spacing in this quantum-mechanical three-body system is verified.


Objective To explore the effect of an electronic report on monitoring environmental hygiene and disinfection and sterilization quality on improving the work efficiency and accuracy of monitoring report . Methods The electronic report on monitoring environmental hygiene and disinfection and sterilization quality was self-designed .5 200 results in key department of hospital infection were chosen and divided into the control group and the experimental group , each with 2 600 cases.The control group received the traditional manual monitoring report , and the experiment group received the electronic monitoring report .The differences of sorting the monitoring data in the department , the occurrence of the wrong and missing report in the clinical laboratory were compared between two groups .Results The cases of wrong and missing report were respectively 56 and 192 cases (9.5%) in the control group, and were higher than 18 and 41 cases (2.3%) in the experimental group, and the differences were statistically significant (χ2 =19.795, 102.449, respectively;P〈0.01).The average time of sorting the monitoring data was (8.0 ±1.2)h in the control group, and was longer than (3.0 ± 0.9) h in the experimental group, and the difference was statistically significant (t =33.73,P 〈0.01). Conclusions The content of electronic report on monitoring environmental hygiene and disinfection and sterilization quality is intuitive , comprehensive and surveyability , and which is convenient to use for the monitoring and inspection personnel .

Key words:
Infection control; Hygienic monitoring; Report; Disinfection and sterilization


Human-like gait generation in 3D environment is one of major concerns for virtual characters and humanoid robot studies. Methods used to generate human-like gait include either combining the common components extracted from real human gait or mapping the particular points' trajectories to the humanoid robots. However, the common components themselves do not represent the gait adopted by human, which is not comprehensible. Moreover, the complex stability problem of robots needs to be considered of mapping the particular points' trajectories to the humanoid robots. This paper proposed a succinct and fast method to generate human-like gait by establishing a kinematic model with gait features (Forward distance, Lateral distance, Step height and Turning angle). First, a kinematic model of gait and gait features was established by Fourier Analysis and Principal Component Analysis. Then, for any given environment, the human-like gait was generated with the kinematic model. Finally, in order to remove the accumulated error of the generation gait, the gait features were adjusted at each step to get the final human-like gait. The result showed that the generated gait matched the environment well. The kinematic model proposed can be used for gait design and generation of virtual characters and humanoid robots.


An attempt was made to detect the redshifted Hi line in absorption in the quasi-stellar sources 3C 273 and 1510 - 08 and in the N-galaxies 3C 120 and 3C 371. The Seyfert galaxies NGC 1068 and NGC 1275 were also searched for Hi in absorption as well as in emission. Although no lines were detected, it was possible to place upper limits on the column density of Hi in all these objects, as well as upper limits on the mass of Hi in the Seyfert galaxies observed.


From a water quality perspective, adaptation to climate change means reducing pollutants (total phosphorus in this study) increased by climate change to the current state. In this study, best management practices (BMPs) are presented to maximize the cost-effective pollutant reduction effect for adapting to climate change. Multi-purpose optimization by direct driving of soil water assessment tool (SWAT) requires unrealistic simulation time. Therefore, in this study, after setting various BMPs scenarios based on the identification of BMPs applicable for each land use, TP reduction efficiency, and cost required for each scenario were databased. Using this database, multi-purpose optimization was performed without direct simulation of SWAT. The method proposed in this study significantly reduced the number of SWAT simulations and climate change adaptation in the upper reaches of Namgang Dam in Korea was possible with sufficient investigations with only 18 SWAT simulation results. The finally derived BMPs plans was displayed on a map so that the exact location of the BMPs facilities could be identified.


The effects of aluminum hydroxide on FR-4 CCL and its mechanism were mainly discussed in this article. When aluminum hydroxide was used in appropriated weight, it can improve flame retardance, decrease Z-CTE of FR-4, also increase the rigidity and moist resistance. However, aluminum hydroxide will make negative effects on heat resistance and alkali resistance.


To produce well‐defined device structures having ultrasmall areas in compound semiconductors, it is necessary that lateral variations in doping and composition be realizable having interfacial quality comparable to that presently achieved vertically with techniques such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). This letter describes a novel scheme involving the controlled, patterned sublimation of GaAs, termed submicron lithography by molecular evaporation (SUBLIME), which is performed in situ within a MBE growth chamber. The strong orientation dependence of the removal rate from (100) substrates is discussed and final morphology is shown to be critically dependent on both substrate temperature and incident As flux. Several materials have been used successfully as patterned masks, and Al0.3Ga0.7As has been demonstrated to be a versatile SUBLIME ''etch stop.'' High‐resolution micrographs of the resulting submicron structures are shown and initial results from studies of dopant redistribution and in situ regrowth af...


The position of the thermophilic bacteria2 in any adopted system of classification has long been a subject of considerable controversy. Some writers have considered the thermophiles as a distinct group while, according to others, they may be regarded as varieties of the common spore-forming soil and water organisms. The reports of previous investigators and our own study suggest a close relationship between them and the so-called subtilis group. The known thermophilic bacteria are rods which are usually Gram-positive and vary considerably in size. They may occur singly, in pairs or in chains. Long filamentous forms are seen frequently. Their oxygen requirements extend over a wide range, some being aerobic, others facultative, and others anaerobic. They are, with very few exceptions, non-pathogenic and vary to a considerable degree with respect to carbohydrate fermentation, gelatin liquefaction, nitrate reduction, action in milk, indol and hydrogen sulphide production, pigmentation, and growth in the various culture media. Gentian violet inhibits their developnent (Cameron, 1930). Shaw (1928) reported inhibition of supposedly Gram-negative thermophiles by crystal violet.


The utility model is applied to the field of automatic control and provides a monitoring and curing system for the sleep apnea syndrome. The monitoring and curing system comprises a snore sound signal collecting circuit, a breathing airflow signal collecting circuit, a blood oxygen saturation signal collecting circuit, a chest and belly movement signal collecting circuit, a controller, a data processor and a genioglossus and diaphragm pace-making circuit. When a snore sound signal, a breathing airflow signal, a blood oxygen saturation signal and a chest and belly movement signal meet a determinative condition for the sleep apnea syndrome, the controller controls the genioglossus and diaphragm pace-making circuit to conduct treatment for the sleep apnea syndrome.


This paper describes a method that allows the effect of film cooling on the capacity of a turbine to be computed. The model is based on fundamental cooling performance parameters and is applicable to situations in which a mainstream flow is displaced by a partially mixed film cooling layer. The purpose is to quantify the error that is incurred in the engine situation when common-but simplified-assumptions are made regarding the flow, and where necessary, to provide a means of correcting the capacity for the effect of the film cooling flow.


ABSTRACT: Power system reliability is considered as one of the important power system operation issues especially in distribution system sectors. Sometimes power quality problems may cause sensitive equipments, especially modern products to malfunction and a process interruption leads to poor system reliability. Reliability improvement can be judged through monitoring certain indices. To enhance utility side reliability, distribution network reconfiguration is commonly used for the purpose of network loss reduction and other benefits. The main objective of this work is to propose a method, to assess and enhance distribution system reliability under optimal network configuration. The binary version of the gravitational search algorithm is used as a heuristic optimization tool to determine optimal solutions for the network reconfiguration problem. A section of Diyala governorate distribution system is considered in this work for a system case study. That section in Baqubah district consists of four 11kV distribution feeders with 116-buses. Implementation of the proposed method in the Baqubah sample system shows a significant reliability improvement.


Phenserine, a derivative of physostigmine, was first described as an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and was shown to improve cognition in various experimental paradigms in rodents and dogs. It was clinically tested for Alzheimer's disease, with moderate success in initial Phase II studies. Phenserine deserves attention for an additional quality of action: in addition to inhibiting AChE, it modulates the amount of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) in neuronal cell culture by reducing APP translation. This effect probably involves interaction of phenserine with a regulatory element in the 5′-untranslated region of the APP gene that controls APP expression. Phenserine apparently reduces translational efficiency of APP mRNA into protein, a process that may involve an interaction with iron and/or an iron-responsive element. As a consequence, phenserine reduces β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) formation in vitro and in vivo. Phenserine is also unique because of differing actions of its enantiomers: (−)-phenserine is the active enantiomer for inhibition of AChE, whereas (+)-phenserine ('posiphen') has weak activity as an AChE inhibitor and can be dosed much higher. Both enantiomers are equipotent in downregulating APP expression. (+)-Posiphen may be a promising drug, either alone or in combination with (−)-phenserine, to attenuate the progression of Alzheimer's disease.


The process of language acquisition is in essence the process of the language input and output,and its quality directly affects the success of it.In viewing of this,the paper,by taking the English major sophomores from five universities in Hunan Province as the research objects,first investigates and describes the current situation of their language input and output and also the existing problems,and then further analyzes the factors causing the ineffective learning and teaching.This paper holds that the text structure theory applied in English teaching and learning can to some extent change the teacher-centered teaching mode,benefit the cultivation of the students' thinking ability and innovation ability,and promote the quality and quantity of the students' language input and output outside the classroom.


Phosphorylation of AQP2 at S256 is essential for its membrane targeting. Recently, we determined that S261, S264 and S269 residues are also phosphorylated by AVP and have begun to examine their role in AQP2 trafficking. MDCK cells stably expressing constitutively non‐phosphorylated forms of AQP2 demonstrated that single mutations (S261A, S264A and S269A) had no significant effect on apical membrane targeting following either AVP or forskolin treatment. A mutation mimicking constitutively phosphorylated AQP2 at position S269 (S269D) resulted in predominantly apical membrane localization of AQP2 even in the absence of stimulation. Osmotically induced swelling assays determined that rates of swelling in S269D‐AQP2 mutants were increased relative to wt‐AQP2 or S269A‐AQP2. Time course studies determined that S256‐AQP2 phosphorylation occurs first, raising the possibility that downstream phosphorylation is dependent on S256 phosphorylation. MDCK cells stably transfected with S256A‐AQP2 showed an elimination of S264 or S269 phosphorylation, whereas WT‐AQP2 or S256D‐AQP2 transfected cells exbihited a high level of phosphorylation at these sites. Thus, these data are compatible with the view that S256 phosphorylation is required for downstream phosphorylation.


The concentrated energies form the basis of the unconventional technologies.The concentrated energies form the basis of the unconventional technologies. The technological solutions and functional4constructive of the welding in line systems for the thin sheet, applied in the modern manufacturing can present significant unconventional multiple issues. The paper includes an analysis of the performance of an automatic welding line roller and copper wire used in the construction of ventilation systems. Also carry out a comparative study between thin sheet welding using the method by points and using the welding in line using roller and wire by copper.


8 See R. Salem, "Oii Some Singular Monotonic Functions Which Are Strictly Increasing," Trans. Am. Math. Soc., 53, 427-439, 1943, particularly pp. 431-433, where the notations are slightly different. The fact that the infinite product is the Fourier-Stieltjes series of dG in the WalshPaley system is an immediate consequence of the uniform convergence of G' and of the fact that each function of the system is a step function.


We studied the methods of gelling Full-Size Random values. We give some solutions to this ease. In the article, we still study the difference among the solutions and give out cur experimental results.


We present a diagnostic test of the extraction box heights (EBHs) used when extracting NUV spectroscopic data taken by the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) aboard the Hubble Space Telescope. This study was motivated by a discrepancy between the EBH used by the COS Exposure Time Calculator during observation planning (8 pixels) and the COS calibration pipeline (CALCOS) during the creation of the final spectra (57 pixels). In this Instrument Science Report, we study the effects of decreasing the EBH on the net counts and signal-to-noise ratio for CALCOS-reduced spectra of many different targets. We find that the EBH should not be smaller than 37− 43 pixels to avoid count loss when extracting the spectra. Reducing the EBH does not significantly improve the signal-to-noise ratio for datasets with faint targets, and can possibly have a negative effect on the flux accuracy of brighter targets. The analysis shows that optimization of the EBH is heavily target-dependent. As a result, the EBH used by the CALCOS pipeline is maintained at the conservative value of 57 pixels. We also provide detailed instructions for users who wish to perform a custom extraction for their data.


Cybersecurity is a growing concern for smart grids, especially with the integration of solar photovoltaics (PVs). With the installation of more solar and the advancement of inverters, utilities are provided with real-time solar power generation and other information through various tools. However, these tools must be properly secured to prevent the grid from becoming more vulnerable to cyber-attacks. This study proposes a threat modeling and risk assessment approach tailored to smart grids incorporating solar PV systems. The approach involves identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks through threat modeling and risk assessment. A threat model is designed by adapting and applying general threat modeling steps to the context of smart grids with solar PV. The process involves the identification of device assets and access points within the smart grid infrastructure. Subsequently, the threats to these devices were classified utilizing the STRIDE model. To further prioritize the identified threat, the DREAD threat-risk ranking model is employed. The threat modeling stage reveals several high-risk threats to the smart grid infrastructure, including Information Disclosure, Elevation of Privilege, and Tampering. Targeted recommendations in the form of mitigation controls are formulated to secure the smart grid's posture against these identified threats. The risk ratings provided in this study offer valuable insights into the cybersecurity risks associated with smart grids incorporating solar PV systems, while also providing practical guidance for risk mitigation. Tailored mitigation strategies are proposed to address these vulnerabilities. By taking proactive measures, energy sector stakeholders may strengthen the security of their smart grid infrastructure and protect critical operations from potential cyber threats.


Considering that collaboration is one of the main goals to be achieved in Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) systems, one of the most important and complex task in these systems is to assess the collaboration among participants. In the present work, collaborations take place by interacting through dialogs that contain actions performed by participants organized by dyads. Such actions are transformed into graphical representations called Networks of Concepts (NoC), which synthesizes the knowledge being learned. Here we propose how to measure quantitative collaborations. Quantitative collaborations are measured through the analysis of evidences derived from actions taking place within collaborative learning sessions.1


P. 76 Weeds. Includes a list of common weeds of arable crops established on former brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) scrub land and brief mention of strategy for their control


Pinacolyltellurium(IV) dihalides, (t-BuCOCH2)2TeX2 (X = Br (1b), I (1c)) and Ar(t-BuCOCH2)TeCl2 (Ar = 1-C10H7 (Np) (2a), 2,4,6-Me3C6H2 (Mes) (3a)), are readily prepared at room temperature by the oxidative insertion of elemental tellurium into the Csp3−Br or −I bond of the α-halopinacolone and by the reaction of ArTeCl3 with the pinacolone t-BuCOCH3. The bromides Np(t-BuCOCH2)TeBr2 (2b) and Mes(t-BuCOCH2)TeBr2 (3b) can be prepared by the addition of bromine to the telluride Ar(t-BuCOCH2)Te or of α-bromopinacolone to ArTeBr. Variable-temperature 1H and 13C NMR of the separate signals for the o-Me groups in 3a,b indicate a very high barrier to rotation about the Te−C(aryl) bond. Crystal diffraction data for 1c, 2a−c, and 3b show that intramolecular 1,4-Te···O(C) secondary bonding interactions (SBIs) are retained even in the presence of bulky aryl groups and intermolecular Te···X SBIs are subject to electronic population and steric congestion around the Te(IV) center in the solid state.


The synthesis of ferrocenyl esters has been achieved using the DCC/DMAP protocol in the ambient temperature ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-methylimidazonium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF4]) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazonium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF6]). Yields are very high and efficient recycling of solvent was achieved.


Background: This paper addresses the importance of instructional guides for contact lens wearers. The purpose emphasizes preparing a guide to be used at the University Eye Center at The Michigan College of Optometry. The document created will aid optometrists and optometry students in communicating with their patients effectively in contact lens care. Methods: Research information was collected by utilizing optometry magazines and optometric textbooks. Results: Information was analyzed and prioritized into list format for patient education and success in contact lens wear. Conclusions : The importance of effective patient communication cannot be overemphasized. Information reviewed concluded complications occur with improper contact lens care. Providing written instructions to patients allows for effective communication in office and for the patient at home.


This paper refers to an elastic shaft coupling named Vulkan coupling, with its general behavior. Vulkan shaft couplings link two shafts in diesel-engine and electric drives. They are simple from the construction point of view, are easily mounted and dismounted. Parts and assembly modeling, preprocessing, processing and post processing can be performed using all leading CAD tools, like CATIA. The main goal of this work is to generate a finite element model for a Vulkan coupling, using FEM Solid (FMD). For the demonstration, a Vulkan coupling with a torque of 350 Nm has been chosen. At the end of the modeling with finite element, it results that, for intermediate coupling elements with mechanical material properties very different from those of steel components, MEF analysis with rubber parts only is to be preferred. The other components can be simulated using the virtual rigid elements.


The limited available budget along with old aging infrastructure in nation magnifies the role of strategic decision making for maintenance of highway infrastructure. The challenging objective is to maintain the highway assets in a state of good repair and to improve their efficiency and performance while protecting and enhancing the natural environment. Decision makers are in need of a decision support system to consider these multiple objectives to effectively allocate funding and achieve the construction and maintenance objectives. The proposed model aims at finding optimal techniques for maintenance of multiple roadway asset items while taking into account maintenance time, cost and environmental impacts. This model creates a multi-objective problem based on the multi colony ant colony optimization. The objectives of the problem are: (1) Minimizing maintenance costs, (2) Minimizing maintenance time, and (3) Minimizing environmental impacts. The proposed approach will simultaneously optimize three conflicting objectives. The results of implementation of the proposed model on a case study are presented and discussed for a sub-set of asset items. The proposed model is validated and results reveal its robustness in generation of optimal solutions. Application of the proposed approach is implemented on the roadway asset items but it is not limited to roadways and is applicable to other infrastructure assets.


This article presents several aspects of social control at organizations and analyses the points of view of Merton, Selznick, Gouldner, Crozier the Aston Group and Weber. It was originally published in 1979 by Professor Motta and it is now revisited by Vasconcelos and Wood Jr., who updated the bibliography and added some commeniaries in order to stress the symbolic perspective in the arguments originally presented. This new perepective was outlined by the author - in his own course "Organizational Symbolism" at EAESP-FGV (1st semester 1993).


ABSTRACT Román-Rivera, M.A. and Ellis, J.T., 2018. The king tide conundrum. Over the last decade the concept of "king tides" has become a common colloquial term to describe higher than normal high tides. The terminology originated in 2009, when Australia experienced their highest seasonal tides in almost 20 years. In response, a public engagement program, "The King Tides Project," was formed that has since spread globally. Discrepancies regarding the definition and frequency of king tides can be identified between the different initiatives. This communication analyzes the multifaceted and contradictory meanings of king tides and concludes by providing a holistic and comprehensive definition.


A set of interactive computer programs are described whose purpose is to calculate velocity and depth models from refraction arrival-time data. The intent is to arrive at one or more such models which, if reinverted into travel times will satisfy the initial data to within the limits of reading accuracy. Three main programs, in the form of subroutines, have been written to accomplish this. One program, named RECIP, calculates depths and velocities of a refracting horizon from reversed arrival-time data given a velocity distribution for the overlying layers. Another program, named GRIT, calculates depths of a refracting horizon from unreversed arrival-time data given a velocity distribution in the overlying layers and an assumed velocity distribution of the refracting horizon. The third program, called RAYTRACE, calculates arrival-time data points for the refracting horizons of a velocity model from assumed shotpoint locations and depths. Numerous other subordinate subroutines are included for manipulating and extending data, inserting hidden layers and otherwise varying the velocity distribution so that any legitimate arrival-time data set can be analyzed and will yield valid results. In addition, a section on manipulating input data to provide an internally consistent set of plots, and also a section on theory are included. Numerous example problems are provided. INTRODUCTION These programs were written to satisfy the need to calculate, on a routine basis, velocity and depth sections which satisfy refraction arrivaltime plots. Any generalized scheme for doing this must permit velocities to vary both laterally and vertically. The application of reciprocal methods to reversed plots provides the means to uniquely determine both changes in depth and lateral changes in velocity of a refracting horizon (assuming a known overlying velocity distribution) in essentially the same operation. In the case of one-way (unreversed) data, depths to the refracting horizon are uniquely determined by assuming its lateral velocity function obtained from the average slope of the arrival-time curves. The importance of determining lateral changes in velocity as well as variations in depth can hardly be overemphasized. Because rock properties and subsurface conditions are estimated from velocities, lateral changes may infer zones of weakness, fractured zones, or changes in lithology. The interactive methods presented here require that a velocity model be constructed one layer at a time and permit the user to vary the overlying velocity distribution as seen fit to arrive at any number of solutions of the underlying refracting horizon. Solutions obtained should generally satisfy the initial data to within the accuracy of the arrival-times picked from the seismogram. Although graphical-reciprocal methods have long been available to interpret both changes in depth and velocity of the refracting horizon (Thornburgh, 1930; Rockwell, 1967, Schenck, 1967), the tedium of these processes render their general application impractical. More rapid approximate methods exist, many of which we have used with generally satisfactory results, particularly the methods described by Hawkins (1961), Slotnick (1950 and 1959) and Scott (1972). However, upon arriving at a 1 solution through these methods, application of the inverse process of computing the original arrival-time data from the calculated model frequently resulted in significant differences which could only be reconciled by adjusting the model through trial and error. Scott's method employs interactive computer techniques and is rapid. It arrives at a "best" solution through successive iterations which vary the depth of the refracting horizon. However, in general a solution which satisfies the data cannot be obtained unless both depths and velocities of the refracting horizon are allowed to vary. Instead of building on his method by permitting velocities to also vary laterally, we decided to forego an iterative process completely and attack the problem analytically. The reciprocal methods of Thornburgh (1930), Rockwell (1967) and Schenck (1967) require the graphical reconstruction of emerging wave fronts through the use of tangents to circles obtained from the arrival-time curve and the overlying velocity distribution. Instead of following this method for reversed plots, we adopted a scheme for reconstructing rays perpendicular to the wave fronts, using the derivative of the travel-time curve (Slotnick, 1959, p. 9) and the overlying velocity distribution. New travel-time curves are constructed successively on all intervening horizons between the surface and the one being calculated which in essence reduces a problem of m layers into a two-layer problem. These ray-tracing methods have also been adapted to unreversed data, through a modification of Slotnick's (1950) method, for which the velocity variation along the refracting horizon is assumed. In both cases, the program will accept up to ten discrete layers each of which may vary in depth and laterally in velocity. The programs are organized into a main driver program named SEISMC from which three main subroutines and ten auxiliary subroutines may be called. The auxiliary subroutines are used for reading and writing data files, plotting, and manipulating data. The three main subroutines, RECIP, GRIT, and RAYTR, actually make depth and velocity calculations. RECIP is a program invoking reciprocal methods for reversed data. GRIT calculates depths from unreversed data and an assumed velocity. RAYTR does the inverse process, of calculating refracted arrival-times from a velocity model and a shotpoint location. The total package contains twenty additional subroutines which are called automatically during program execution. The main text in this report is in five sections, titled Manipulating Arrival-Time Curves, Theory, The Computer Programs and Sample Problems, Entry Forms and Conditions (Appendix A) and Program Listings (Appendix B). The section, Manipulating Arrival-Time Curves, is a discussion of the nature of refraction arrival-time plots. It demonstrates how a single data arrival-time set may mathematically fit a variety of models, and discusses the conditions which must be satisfied, and the way interrelated data may be manipulated to yield an internally consistent set of plots. Clearly, no computational scheme can result in a good interpretation if the input data violate basic physical laws. The success in using these programs hinges in large part on the care given to the initial data handling. The section, Theory, discusses the equations and graphically illustrates the algorithms executed by subroutines RECIP, GRIT, and RAYTR. 2 The section, The Computer Programs and Sample Problems, discusses and provides examples of the execution for each of the main and auxiliary subroutines called from the driver program SEISMC. The functions of the remaining subroutines are also discussed. The subroutines are described in an order of increasing complexity. The auxiliary subroutines are described first, followed by the main subroutines RAYTR, GRIT, and RECIP. The numerous examples illustrate the different options and also some possible pitfalls. Appendix A serves as a manual for the execution of the programs. It defines the input variables and coded messages which may be output during execution. It also contains sample forms for listing input parameters. Logically, the information in this appendix also belongs in the section The Computer Programs and Sample Problems and is frequently referred to by it. The individual programs are listed in Appendix B. The initial version of these programs, completed in 1975, worked well for refraction data derived from theoretical earth models. However, problems related to the scatter of real field data, and errors in constructing the model of the layers overlying the one being calculated sometimes resulted in intolerable scatter of computed subsurface depth points. Thus the following programs evolved as different problems were encountered with each new batch of field data. The programs are still being modified and appended. For example, a subroutine to analyze computed lateral velocity variations would be helpful. Turn-around time can be improved through the use of computer graphics. The system for automatic digitization of seismograms, briefly touched on in this report, using punched cards, is cumbersome and has recently been changed. Our representation of the overlying velocity distribution, in terms of discrete cells or compartments, is not entirely realistic and could be modified to allow both lateral and vertical linear velocity changes. Finally, the utilization of state-of-the-art digital recording field equipment with large dynamic range offers a wide range of application, particularly to the use of secondary arrivals and the study of signal attenuation. MANIPULATING ARRIVAL-TIME CURVES Seismic refraction data are interpreted in terms of successively deeper horizons of increasing velocity. According to ray theory, the shallowest horizon (horizon 1) is defined by a direct ray propagating from the energy source (shotpoint) along the ground surface. Each successive underlying horizon corresponds to the path of a critically refracted (or diffracted) ray, each propagating with successively higher velocity (fig. 1). Geologic inferences result through correlating variations in the depth and velocity of the critically refracted rays to changes in depth and physical properties of geologic layers. Each such critically refracted ray, according to Huygen's principle, returns energy to the surface along its entire travel path. Thus, in principal at least, these returning arrivals can be detected, and for each critically refracted ray, a plot prepared of arrival time versus distance from the shotpoint. Thus for the four-layer problem of figure 2, four individual arrival-time curves may, in principal, be plotted for every 3 La


For the problem that there is lack of the mathematical analysis for asynchronous starting current and starting torque of brushless doubly-fed induction machine(BDFIM),a detailed mathematical derivation of two stator windings current and starting torque of BDFIM in asynchronous starting was carried out based on the equivalent circuit.The analysis results show that compared with the induction motor with same capacity,the starting current of power windings of BDFIM is showed smaller;For the problem that the current is large while the BDFIM is pulled into the synchronization in direct torque control for BDFIM,priority is given to the CW flux control.That is,according to the sector which the control winding flux is in,the appropriate voltage vector was selected to give priority to establish flux while the BDFIM is pulled into the synchronization,the torque wouldn't be considered until the flux increased to the threshold set.The experimental results on prototype show that the current of two stator windings is reduced effectively when the motor is pulling into synchronism by using the control method of flux priority.


In order to search the rules of traffic accidents and prevent their occurrences,the fuzzy clustering was introduced into this paper because traditional association rule is difficult to gain partition for numerical attributes while it is applied in analyzing traffic accident.This paper uses Fuzzy c-Means(FCM) to classify numerical data and then employs fuzzy association rule to gain the reasons and potential rules of traffic accident.This paper improves the FCM algorithm,including the methods for computing the membership degree and modifying weights and centers of clusters,and then makes use of fuzzy association rule to mine the rules of traffic accidents.Finally,we implement the algorithm and its visualization,and results show that it is feasible.


This paper presents a comparison of different three dimensional (3D) MIMO Over-The-Air (OTA) multi-probe configurations. Spatial correlation is used as metric to evaluate the setup accuracy, considering different antenna probes emplacements and Elevation Spread (ES). Simulation results are presented in uniform and single cluster channel models for spherical and cylindrical 3D OTA.


Several species of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) infesting wheat may reduce yield by the transmission of barley yellow dwarf (BYD). Neonicotinoid seed treatments and foliar application of insecticides are two common methods to control aphid infestations and reduce BYD. An analysis was done across 33 insecticide efficacy tests performed in west Tennessee during the last 11 years to determine how insecticide seed treatments and/or a late-winter foliar insecticide application affected aphid populations, incidence of BYD, and yield. A significant decrease in springtime aphid populations and incidence of BYD was observed when using a seed treatment, a foliar insecticide application, or both. Average wheat yields were increased by 280 381 kg/ha (5.3 7.2%) if an insecticide seed treatment was used or when a foliar insecticide application was made. Compared to insecticide seed treatments, average springtime aphid populations and the incidence of BYD were lower where a foliar insecticide was applied. A foliar insecticide application made in addition to insecticide seed treatments increased yield by an average of 196 kg/ha (3.4%). The yield increases over the nontreated control suggest that wheat growers in west Tennessee can use insecticides to manage aphids and prevent transmission of BYD. Consideration of environmental


Objective To construct(mPEG5k-PCL1.2k)1.4-g-PEI10k,a copolymer designed as delivery vector for non-viral gene therapy,and explore its cytotoxicity and efficacy in delivery of plasmid DNA(pDNA).Methods The copolymer,mPEG5k-PCL1.2k-OH,was prepared by ring-opening polymerization and then followed by a conversion of hydroxyl terminal(-OH) into N-hydroxysuccinimide(NHS) to prepare mPEG5k-PCL1.2k-NHS.One of the branches,PEI10k,was then reacted with mPEG5k-PCL1.2k-NHS to synthesize a ternary copolymer,(mPEG5k-PCL1.2k)1.4-g-PEI10k.The structure of(mPEG5k-PCL1.2k)1.4-g-PEI10k was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) and gel permeation chromatography(GPC).The cytotoxicity of(mPEG5k-PCL1.2k)1.4-g-PEI10k was compared with that of PEI10k by MTT assay.The(mPEG5k-PCL1.2k)1.4-g-PEI10k/pDNA complexes were prepared by complex coacervation.In the in vitro transfection experiment,the expression of reporter gene and the changes thereof as influenced by the time needed for transfection or pH value of culture medium were observed.Results The ternary copolymer,(mPEG5k-PCL1.2k)1.4-g-PEI10k,was successfully synthesized,which could condense the green fluorescence protein(GFP) reporter plasmid(pEGFP) to form the compound(mPEG5k-PCL1.2k)1.4-g-PEI10k/pEGFP,and transfect cells to express the target genes effectively.The optimum expression of GFP was observed under weight ratio of vector to plasmid at 10∶1.As for the cytotoxicity of(mPEG5k-PCL1.2k)1.4-g-PEI10k,a lower cytotoxicity was found at concentration less than 62.5μg/ml when compared with PEI10k.The transfection efficacy was found to be influenced by both the time needed for transfection,and it was found that 48 hours was better than 24 hours,and as for pH value of culture medium,6.8 was better than 7.2.Conclusion The delivery vector(mPEG5k-PCL1.2k)1.4-g-PEI10k,with lower cytotoxicity,can deliver pDNA into cells,and express the target proteins.


As one of the key com po nents of Sec tor Fo cus ing Cy clo tron at the In sti tute of Mod ern Phys ics, Chi nese Acad emy of Sci ences, the elec tro static de flec tor can be ac ti vated by pri mary and sec ond ary par ti cles, be cause of a mis match be tween the ac tual value and the de sign value of the emit tance and emer gence an gle. In ad di tion, it will be struck by more par ti cles, since there is a stray mag netic field and outgas from the sur face of the elec tro static de flec tor. The re sid ual ra dio ac tiv ity in the elec tro static de flec tor has been stud ied in two as pects: spe cific ac tiv ity and re sid ual dose rate, based on the gamma-ray spec trom e try and Fluke 451p ion iza tion cham ber, re spec tively. The spe cific ac tiv ity of radionuclides in the main com po nents and the dust on the en clo sure have been in ves ti gated by us ing gamma-ray spec trom e try. The re sid ual dose rate around the elec tro static de flec tor has been ob tained by Fluke 451p ion iza tion cham ber. The re sults of the study show that there is a non-neg li gi ble ra dio log i cal risk to the staff. This re sult can be pro vided as guid ance for mak ing a main te nance sched ule, so that the dose re ceived by staff can be kept as low as rea son ably achiev able. Based on the re sults, ad vice for "hands-on" main te nance and de com mis sion ing of the SFC have been pro vided.


Extracting key sentences with sentiments from discourses plays an important role in sentiment analysis. Different from general discourses, Internet news has its own fashion of sentiment expression. In this paper, we attempt to extract key sentiment sentences from those Internet news articles. In this paper, we propose a method, called MSF, by using multiple sources features. In our method, for each sentence we first design four sources of features, including lexical sentiment, global position, word grammar indicator, and title similarity. Then, these features are linearly combined to obtain a score indicating the probability that the sentence is a key sentiment sentence. Experiments on a publicly available dataset show the effectiveness of our MSF method.


Abstract : The book is concerned with the thermodynamics of high-temperature gases of various densities. The behavior in the low-density range in the presence of electric and electromagnetic fields is described by the method of phenomenological thermodynamics. In this case the state of the gaseous system is determined not only by the 'temperature' of statistical particle distributions, but also by the thermodynamic temperature. This method has made it possible to obtain a closed (complete) system of equations for determining the state of the gas and the statistical 'temperatures.' The methodology for evaluating the system of equations obtained is also presented in the book. The characteristic feature of the medium gas density range is the existence of thermodynamic equilibrium. In principle, the description of this region does not differ from the one usually used. The chapter dealing with calculations for gas of medium density is primarily methodological. (Author)


Let $T$ be the extinction moment of a critical branching process $Z=(Z_{n},n\geq 0) $ in a random environment specified by iid probability generating functions. We study the asymptotic behavior of the probability of extinction of the process $Z$ at moment $n\to \infty$, and show that if the logarithm of the (random) expectation of the offspring number belongs to the domain of attraction of a non-gaussian stable law then the extinction occurs owing to very unfavorable environment forcing the process, having at moment $T-1$ exponentially large population, to die out. We also give an interpretation of the obtained results in terms of random walks in random environment.


3 small scale sex education programs developed in recent years by nongovernmental organizations in Chile are described. In 1 case, PAESMI cooperated with the Organization of American States to develop a sex education program for schools in the municipality of Estacion Central. The 1st phase involved training of 40 teacher-monitors who attended a 3-day workshop during the 1988 summer vacation. They later served as instructors for the remaining teachers in the 12 participating schools. Saturday workshops were held over 4 months to familiarize teachers with the program and its objectives. No specific curriculum was established; teachers were to introduce the topics at their discretion into the existing program. A methodological guide was prepared for preschool and primary children in 1988, and in 1989 the program was extended to older children. The majority of participating teachers were enthusiastic, but at present the Biomedical Extension Center of the University of Chile is teaching a course on foundations for human sexuality for educators. It provides teachers with an improved factual basis to complement the stress on attitudes and ethics of the earlier course. A segment of the original course dealing with attitudes toward pornography is included. The 2nd program was a 10-session workshop organized by 4 psychologists, 2 teachers, and a midwife belonging to the Father Andre Jarlan Center for Research and Action in People's Health (CIASPO) for students in 4 intermediate schools in the commune of Santiago. The objective of CIASPO, a nongovernmental organization founded in 1985, is to provide sex education from a multidisciplinary perspective to enable students to assume responsibility for their own sexuality and improve attitudes. The workshop stressed the importance of the body, sentiments, and emotions, examined culture and sex roles, and contraceptive methods. A preworkshop evaluation questionnaire indicated that the participants had a deficient knowledge of sexuality. Workshop organizers emphasized the need for support from school authorities in implementing sex education programs. The final sex education initiative consisted of a mental health program developed by a group of professional women who worked with lower class urban women. The Center for Development of Women (DOMOS) began its work in the area of female sexuality, but by 1987 had become specialized in the mental health of women. DOMOS has a program of shortterm individual psychotherapy and a program of preventive education consisting of workshops on different themes lasting 4-12 weeks each. A sexuality workshop was held to help participants understand their sexuality as a natural function and an important part of human life.


Phenols and polyphenols are widely distributed in plant tissues, where they are linked to diverse biological functions such as chemical defense, pigmentation, structural support, and prevention of radiation damage. [1] Members of this large family of compounds include epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and tannic acid (TA), to name a few (Figure 1B). Plant polyphenols display a rich and complex spectrum of physical and chemical properties, [1a] giving rise to broad chemical versatility including absorption of UV radiation, radical scavenging, and metal ion complexation. In addition, significant attention has been given to the purported health benefits associated with consumption of foods and beverages rich in plant polyphenols. [2] a property high dihydroxyphenyl GA)