This study investigates several acoustic correlates of the phonetic realizations of [θ] produced by Serbian speakers of English. The impressionistic phonetic transcriptions and aural perception accounts indicate that Serbians have difficulty pronouncing the English non-sibilant [θ] segment accurately. It is reported (Dimitrijevic-Savic & Jerotijevic, 2011; Koffi, 2015a) that they substitute [t], [f], [s], and [ts] for [θ]. The present study uses an acoustic phonetic methodology to investigate how Serbians pronounce this segment. Speech samples from seventeen native Serbian speakers are investigated. These samples are part of George Mason University Speech Accent Archive. Spectrographic and acoustic measurements are provided for 5 words from the elicitation paragraph that contain the digraph <th> represented in the IPA by [θ]. Words containing [θ] in initial position are <things (twice), thick, three>. The only word in text that ends with [θ] is <with>. The acoustic correlates of intensity, duration, VOT, and COG are examined for 85 occurrences of <th>. The results show that [θ] is substituted by the voiceless dental stop [t] 49% of the time, by the affricate [tʃ] 7%, and 1% by the flap [ɾ]. The acoustic measurements indicate that Serbian speakers rely on intensity more than duration and Center of Gravity in determining which segments to substitute for [θ]. The substitute segments are all very similar in intensity with [θ] in GAE. 1.0 Introduction As is the case with many people who learn an additional language, there is a specific Serbian accent that can be heard when English is spoken. The goal of this study is to find out how L1 Serbian speakers pronounce digraph <th> when they speak English. I want to determine if the unvoiced [θ] interdental fricative is produced according to prescriptive pronunciation rules or replaced by some other sounds specific to Serbian speakers. Words with digraph <th> will be analyzed separately to get a frequency count of accurate and erroneous articulations. Consequently, the influence of different environments on different <th> realizations can be discerned as well. The impressionistic count based on the narrow IPA transcriptions provided for all the participants will be compared to the data acoustically analyzed for this study. In addition, this comparison will be described in case of a mismatch. The acoustic analysis will focus on intensity, duration, center of gravity (COG), and voice onset time (VOT). These acoustic correlates will help answer the following questions. Research questions 1. Do L1 speakers of Serbian produce [θ] accurately when they speak L2 English? 2. If not, what segments do L1 Serbian speakers substitute for [θ]? 3. Is there an acoustic similarity between the substitute segments of L1 Serbian speakers and the expected English [θ]? 4. What pedagogical implications can be drawn from this analysis? The provided narrow IPA transcripts for different speakers can be found at http://accent.gmu.edu website. 1 Jevremovic: Acoustic Phonetic Analysis of [?] in Serbian-Accented English Published by theRepository at St. Cloud State, 2016 Linguistic Portfolios – Volume 5, 2016 | 67 2.0 Inventory of Serbian and English Consonants Serbian consonants are essentially classified according to manner, place of articulation, and voicing. Serbian and English share a certain number of consonants; however, Serbian has consonants that English lacks, and vice versa. Possible pronunciation problems and compensatory strategies of Serbian L2 speakers of English can be perceived if we compare the two language inventories. Among 25 of the Serbian and 26 of the English consonants, the two languages share 10 segments. In regard to consonantal natural classes, similar consonants are the following: bilabial stops /p, b/, bilabial nasal /m/; labio-dental fricatives /f, v/; alveolar /n, l/, palatal glide /j/; and velar /k, g/. Contrastively, English fricatives /ʃ, ʒ/ and /tʃ, dʒ/ are palatal, whereas in Serbian they are palato-alveolar. Furthermore, phonemes /t, d, s, z/ are dental in Serbian, but alveolar in English. In that class, English is lacking the dental affricate /ts/. Accordingly, Serbian palatal classification contains different segments than English: affricates /tɕ, dʑ/, nasal /ɲ/, lateral /ʎ/. Serbian consonant inventory does not include glottal stop /ʔ/ or fricative /h/. A similar sound to /h/ is /x/, but it is a velar fricative in Serbian. English consonant inventory does not include the Serbian dental /ts/ and velar /tɕ, dʑ/. An overall observation can be made that Serbian contains more affricates, but English interdental fricatives are absent in the Serbian inventory of sounds. Most relevant to this study is the description of the difference between English and Serbian fricatives. 2.1 Interdental fricatives Jongman et al. (2000) give a thorough description of the acoustic characteristics of fricatives that help the reading and analysis of these sounds in waveforms and spectrograms. Based on their examinations, they confirm the division of fricatives into two major groups: the sibilant (/s, z, ʃ, ʒ/) and the nonsibilant (/f, v, θ, ð). They examined 20 native speakers of (American) English, from various areas in the country. There were ten female and ten male participants, and each produced 144 tokens for CV fricative environment in a sound-proof room. In their study, they examine fricatives in terms of static and dynamic acoustic properties. They found that intensity and spectral information are most important for determining the place of articulation of all 8 fricatives. To this day, we can consider this a most comprehensive study when it comes to fricatives of English. Their examination of this consonantal class establishes a crucial background for my acoustic exploration. Table 1 displays key acoustic measurements of [ð] and [θ] interdental fricatives. Acoustic Values / Segments [θ] [ð] Intensity 54.7 dB 62.7 dB Duration 163 ms 88 ms Center of Gravity (COG) 5137 Hz 5137 Hz Table 1: Jongman et al. (2000) acoustic data for interdental fricatives [θ] and [ð] According to the UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database, out of 317 languages, /θ/ appears in only 18 languages (Maddieson, 1984, p.45, Table 3.2). Considering this statistics of 2 Linguistic Portfolios, Vol. 5 [2016], Art. 7 https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/stcloud_ling/vol5/iss1/7 Linguistic Portfolios – Volume 5, 2016 | 68 fricatives, using acoustic analysis is favorable for examining their features. Gordon, Barthmaier, and Sands (2002) also examined fricatives of 7 endangered languages. They investigated duration, COG, and spectra to see which of these correlates are most robust. COG proved to be the most robust correlate. A small number of studies researched the Serbian pronunciation of interdental fricatives. These studies will be presented here. They provide an introduction to what can be expected in the findings of this particular research. It should be noted that there were no studies that involve acoustic analyses. Dimitrijevic-Savic and Jerotijevic (2011) explored whether external causes, such as speech style or vocabulary level, would have any influence on the accurate production of /θ/ and /ð/. They further investigated the internal features such as the environments in which those sounds occur. Finally, they wanted to determine if one set of factors has supremacy over the other. Their participants were 18 students who are native Serbian speakers, 13 of whom had a vocabulary level of 2000 3000 words, and five with 3000 – 5000 word vocabularies. They all read a story and performed a recall task afterwards. Dimitrijevic-Savic and Jerotijevic recorded their speech and transcribed it, with judgments for /θ/ and /ð/ being accurate or inaccurate. They did not find any statistical importance regarding external factors (speech style). Only [θ] was analyzed regarding internal factors. The researchers perceived the production of [θ] by Serbian L1 learners as 5% more accurate than inaccurate. Koffi (2015) provided acoustic data for six Serbian speakers (among 67 different L2 speakers, of 7 different L1s). Intensity was measured for all 8 fricative segments realized by Serbian speakers. He also provided the accuracy count based on impressionistic transcriptions from the GMU website. The analysis revealed that Serbian L1 production of [θ] and [ð] was usually unsuccessful and substituted by [t], [d], and [f]. The approach that Koffi (2015) uses is expanded and adapted in the present study. All the details are provided in the Methodology section. 2.2 Compensatory strategy of Serbian English speakers After a detailed comparison of Serbian and English consonant inventory, we can conclude that Serbian speakers have some alternatives when articulating English consonants that do not exist in Serbian inventory. With respect to the first research question of this study, since /θ/ is not a part of Serbian consonant inventory, a majority of Serbian speakers would not produce those sounds accurately in English. If mispronunciation of [θ] occurs, Serbian speakers are most likely to replace [θ] with [t], and sometimes even with [ts], [s], [f] (Dubois, 1998; Lombardi 2003; Dimitrijevic-Savic & Jerotijevic 2011; Smith 2013; McGuire and Babel 2012; Koffi 2015). The contribution of the present study is in the fact that both impressionistic count and acoustic measurements are provided from speakers of diverse backgrounds, who share the same L1. 3.0 Methodology For the purpose of this study, the Speech Accent Archive from George Mason University databases was used. The substantial amount of 2023 examples of English speakers from different language backgrounds are held in the database (last updated on November 20, 2014). All participants were reading the same paragraph (Weinberger, 2014). The database is an open source with available recordings as well as the phonetic transcriptions of the recordings for the 3 Jevremovic: Acoustic Pho


In order to evaluate the safety of wharf engineering project,a multi-index evaluation system is designed according to the principle of "Three Simultaneity" prescribed in the Notice by NDRC (National Development and Reform Commission) and SAWS (State Administration for Work Safety) and the management methods for port safety evaluation,this index system includes 8 factors,namely,selection of port site,total plane arrangement,scheme of loading-unloading procedure,hydraulic structure,revetment,storage ground foundation and surface structure,road traffic,matching construction,natural condition,safety management and workforce quality. According to unascertained mathematical theory,a new scientific safety assessment method for wharf engineering construction project is put forward based on unascertained measure,which is more helpful to the management and supervision of safety design of wharf engineering. In the end,the method is demonstrated with a 5 000-ton general purpose dock in south China.


Purpose of this article is find out role of α,β- unsaturated carbonyl functionality on antifungal activity. Claisen- Schmidt condensation reaction and subsequent one stet reduction to tetrahydrochalcones (7-12) was done by using sodium formate and 5% Pd/C in methanol at room temperature. Antifungal activity was evaluated by using agar diffusion. Chalcones were more potential than corresponding tetrahydrochalcones. One step reduction by using sodium formate and 5% Pd/C is very efficient method. α,β- unsaturated carbonyl functionality imparts very significant role in antifungal activity. © 2011 IGJPS. All rights reserved.


Acetylsalicylic acid was synthesized from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride catalyzed by strong-acid cation exchange resin.The effect of reaction temperature,reaction time,the amount of catalyst and the efficiency of the resin recycled and used on the synthesis were studied.Experimental result showed that the cation exchange resin works well on the reaction with efficient activity.They are environmentally friendly catalyst for synthesis of aspirin.


A simple circuit to generate chaos is proposed, with the central principle being the coupling of two sinusoidal signals with mismatched frequencies to two terminals of an NMOS transistor. Standard chaotic characterization performed using Kolmogorov Entropy and Lyapunov exponents reveal that the output is a frequency controlled chaos. By coupling this output with another sinusoidal input to a second NMOS transistor, a clear segregation of frequencies is observed, analogous to the chirping phenomenon seen typically in optical systems. The nature of chirping is investigated using phase portraits, Lyapunov Exponents and distance maps. The extreme simplicity of the proposed circuit coupled with the new phenomenon of chirping being observed as a result of frequency controlled chaos form the main highlights of the present work.


The paper considers the integration theory for $G$-L\'evy processes with finite activity. We introduce the It\^o-L\'evy integrals, give the It\^o formula for them and establish SDE's, BSDE's and decoupled FBSDE's driven by $G$-L\'evy processes. In order to develop such a theory, we prove two key results: the representation of the sublinear expectation associated with a $G$-L\'evy process and a characterization of random variables in $L^p_G(\Omega)$ in terms of their quasi-continuity.


One hundred and twenty‐five patients with duodenal ulcer disease were given continuous ranitidine therapy after initial acute healing. Cumulative remission rates indicated that 95 % of patients were ulcer‐free after 1 year, 89% at 2 years, 81% at 3 years, 70% at 4 years and 60% at 5 and 6 years. Nine patients had a second recurrence after healing of the first. No patient developed an ulcer complication. These results support the view that long‐term continuous ranitidine therapy prevents ulcer recurrence and complications.


Objective:RimL is responsible for converting the prokaryotic ribosomal protein L12 to L7 by acetylation of its N-terminal amino group.To investigate the function of RimLE from E.coli.Methods:The genes sequence encoding RimLE and L12E were amplified from the genome of E.coli by using PCR.These genes were respectively inserted into pET vertors and recombinant RimLE and L12E were purified from recombinant E.coli BL21(DE3).Results:RimLE was capable of acetylating L12E,exhibiting a Vmax of 25.63/min.Conclusion:This study laid a foundation of exploring the molecular basis for Nα-acetylation and its function in prokaryote.


In this paper, we consider the problem of best approximation in lp(n),1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. If hp, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, denotes the best lp-approximation of the element h ∈ Rn from a proper affine subspace K of Rn, h ∉ K, then limp→1 hp =h*1, where h*1 is a best l1-approximation of h from K, the so-called natural l1-approximation. Our aim is to give a complete description of the rate of convergence of hp to h*1 as p → 1.


The rapid rise of a huge and impersonal industrial order in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and the often violent reactions that it engendered challenged Americans' facile adherence to laissez faire ideology. Responding to rising labor violence, social critics, theologians, and enlightened industrialists called for a reevaluation of prevailing economic theory and practice, particularly of those elements that contributed to the widening gulf between labor and capital. Corporate leaders raised on Sumnerian concepts of industrial relations questioned the social and economic viability of labor policies founded on principles of conflict and competition. They began experimenting with industrial reforms that aimed at alleviating labor conflict, improving worker morale, and cultivating employee loyalty. In the early decades of the twentieth century, progressive firms gradually assumed more responsibility for the well-being of their employees, initiating a movement that came to be known as welfare capitalism. Welfare advocates asserted that labor was not a mere commodity but a partner, albeit junior, that deserved fair treatment and consideration from capital. They emphasized that labor and capital shared a common goal-increasing production. Both partners would reap the bountiful harvest produced by cooperation. In translating these ideas into concrete reforms-such as company-provided housing, health services, and profit sharing-progressive business leaders hoped to forge between


T HE APPLICATION of Landsat images for general reconnaissance studies of surface geology and particularly for delineation of major geologic features is gaining favor. The images are extremely valuable in hardto-reach, underpopulated areas of the world where field work is difficult or impossible. Field-reconnaissance preparation can be improved by using the data obtained by remote sensors. Extraction of detailed infonnation from the data, however, is more difficult than the detection or delineation of gross features. This brief report gives the results of analysis of an area with which the author is familiar. The study area is in north and northcentral Iran (Figure 1). The northern part of the area includes such major geological features as Alborz Mountains, which are not considered for comparison in this study (Figures 2 and 3). The southern part of the area constitutes the north-central part of the Iranian Plateau. In this area a major east-westtrending fault and several minor faults displaying shear patterns are observable for the first time. Also present in this area are two depressions, the Daryacheh-ye-Namak (in this paper called the Kashan Playa) and the Hoze-Soltan (called the Qom Playa) of Neogene-Qualternmy age, in the eastern and western parts of the study area, respectively.


The bimetal complexes supported on styrene-acrylic acid copolymer (SAAC.Nd.Na. and SAAC.Nd.Fe) have been presence of a new type catalyst system composed of these complexes has been studied. We have found that the system activity is optimum when Nd and free function group -COOH molar ratio in the bimetal complexes is lower. For SAAC.Nd.Fe the system activity decreases gradually with increasing the Fe content. For SAAC.Nd.Na metal Na can promote the system activity, no matter whether the content of Na in the bimetal complexes is much or little. Only when the molar ratio of Nd to -COOH is lower, the activity increase is greater. In addition, the activity of the putadiene polymerization catalyzed by SAAC.Nd.Fe-AlEt Cl-Al(i-Bu) in the presence of phenanthroline and the relationship between the polybutadiene microstructure obtained with the content of Fe in SAAC.Nd.Fe were studied.


1. The membrane responses of rabbit papillary muscles to rapid changes in [K]o and [Cl]o were measured with open‐tipped micropipettes and with closed micropipettes made from K‐selective glass.


Based on the developing status and characteristics of China's complex equipment manufacturing industry,from multi-angles as open,heterogeneity and dynamic,this paper builds up the three-dimensional innovation network,in which the core enterprises are dominant,and core enterprises,research institutions,expert companies,government and technology innovation agencies are key members.The network has core layer,supporting layer and peripheral layer in dimension.By the analysis of the role of key members,relationship among members,structure characteristic and running mechanism of the network,this paper gives development strategies about how to promote the innovation of complex equipment manufacturing industrial clusters.


Recently, traffic light detection and classification systems have been studied and developed to build an autonomous car by many research institutes, universities, and companies. However, the results of existing traffic light detection systems are still not stable under day and night conditions. It is difficult to detect the location of traffic light due to their small size. Moreover, traffic lights' shapes are also similar to advertisement lights in a city road. Therefore, this paper proposed a new approach to improve the performance of existing traffic light detection systems by using the benefits of hand-crafted features and deep learning techniques. Experimental results show that the proposed system obtained the detection rate of 80% under night conditions, while the color-based density method only got the detection rate of 50.43% under night conditions.


Sweden is seen as one of the most research-driven and educated countries in the world. Thus, Doctoral education is considered one of Sweden's most important parts of higher education. This position paper reflects upon the process and product of doctoral education in Computer Science and Software Engineering in Sweden. The paper provides an overview of doctoral education in Sweden, followed by a practical demonstration of how supervisors and doctoral students could use constructive alignment to achieve the learning outcomes of doctoral education using learning activities and assessment methods to evaluate the learning activities and, by extension, the learning outcomes.


The purpose. To determine regularities of seasonal dynamics of nutrients and features of their disproportionation in soil depending on hydrothermal conditions of the year. Methods. Field, laboratoryanalytical, statistical analysis. Results. Essential variance is determined in seasonal dynamics of stores of mineral nitrogen and moisture of soil in years contrasting on conditions moisture security, in particular, in intensity of decrease of stores of mineral nitrogen during vegetation, ratio nitrate and ammonium nitrogen according to the profile of soil, and efficiency of use of nitrogen and moisture by plants. Conclusions. The gained results proved essential lowering activity of use of mineral nitrogen by plants in conditions of stressful drought and predominance in the structure of mineral nitrogen of its ammonium forms, especially in the end of vegetation. The effective use of nitrogen and moisture of soil takes place at optimization of root nutrition of plants due to importation of fertilizers, in particular, accumulation of residual phosphate in soil


Bond quality in low temperature wafer direct bonding is closely dependent on wafer-bow nanoscale surface topography and surface chemistry. Reliability due to effective surface activation is critical for bonding. In this paper, for low temperature silicon wafer direct bonding process with ultra violet (UV) light activation, dominated effects on silicon wafer's nanoscale surface topography and bonding strength developed at bonding interfaces are modified and characterized before and after UV activation by control of activation duration. The correlations of both annealing temperature and time versace bonding strength are explored experimentally. Ultraviolet exposure for three minutes is considered in this experimental research by pursuing the traditional wet chemical activation processes that are effective and more promising to enhance silicon direct bonding strength. Moreover, the reliability of silicon direct bonding with ultraviolet exposure enhancement is analyzed by following environmental tests. The outcomes attained, indicate that the bonding strength with ultraviolet exposure will definitely decrease after these environmental tests but it is yet higher than that of without ultraviolet exposure Infrared (IR) camera, Atomic force microscope (AFM) and Field scanning electron microscope (FSEM) are used to examine the dominant effects of ultraviolet exposure on silicon wafers' nano-topography. It is scrutinized that due to highly exposed ultraviolet atmosphere for the long time leads to the increase of surface roughness causes oppositely to decrease of the bonding strength and reliability of the bonded surfaces.


Summary Dihydroneopterin has recently been shown to either promote or decrease formation of free radicals or radicalmediated reactions, depending on the conditions. We report here the scavenging activity of dihydroneopterin on nitrogen centered radicals. Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and tl. e radical cation of 2,2' -azino-di-[3- ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate] (ABTS) were used. Dihydroneopterin showed scavenging properties against either compound. In the case of DPPH radical scavenging by dihydroneopterin was comparable with trolox. In the ABTS system, dihydroneopterin had an even better capacity of radical scavenging as compared to trolox .


The conventional Z-Source Inverter (ZSI) used for photovoltaic applications has certain shortcomings such as high stress across the passive components and low boost factor. This paper presents the design and analysis of three phase switched inductor quasi Z-source inverter (SL-QZSI) for photovoltaic (PV) applications. The wide voltage gain and the compensation for dead time effect of SL-QZSI with the help of shoot-through states makes it suitable for PV application. Modulation strategies such as Simple boost, Maximum boost and Constant maximum boost control methods are investigated for the operation and control of SL-QZSI. PV source is modeled in MATLAB and incremental & conductance MPPT algorithm is implemented .Simulation of the SL-QZSI circuit powered by PV source is carried out by implementing maximum boost control method and the performance parameters are discussed.


A general introduction to the problem of modeling cooperative phenomena in social or biological systems is given. Four different approaches, mean‐field, reaction‐diffusion, patches and individually based model are discussed. The question of "how to choose the best level of description" is addressed and the advantages and drawbacks of the different approaches are illustrated on several examples.


"An important element of the current monetary policy debate in Europe is the question of if and how house prices should be included in the harmonized index of consumer prices (HICP). This paper uses a signal extraction approach to inflation measurement to illustrate the impact of including house prices when the aggregate inflation measure is constructed by assigning weights to individual price series based on their signal-to-noise ratio. The inclusion of house prices in the HICP in this manner does not materially impact the appropriate stance of monetary policy. "("JEL "E31, E52, E58) Copyright (c) 2007 Western Economic Association International.


A case of submucous lipoma of the transverse colon is reported. The patient, a man aged 61, complained of recurrent crampy periumbilical pain. A plain x‐ray of the abdomen was negative, while a barium enema showed an intramural filling defect of the transverse colon which was interpreted as a probably degenerated colonic polyp. Laparotomy did not clarify the diagnosis which was readily clear when the lesion was cut, and confirmed by histology.


Aim/Purpose: The goal of the study was to investigate whether the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on the educational process also affected the views, attitudes, and intentions of educators regarding the use of computers and their applications both for professional and personal purposes.

Background: A model was developed and tested that included the factors present in the Technology Acceptance Model, together with self-efficacy, and the participant's gender, age group, level of studies, and ICT training. The educators' views were recorded twice: (i) before the lockdowns and (ii) after the lockdowns. The two resulting models were compared, so as to come to conclusions regarding possible changes. A model was developed and tested that included the factors present in the Technology Acceptance Model, together with self-efficacy, and the participant's gender, age group, level of studies, and ICT training. The educators' views were recorded twice: (i) before the lockdowns and (ii) after the lockdowns. The two resulting models were compared, so as to come to conclusions regarding possible changes.

Methodology: The target group was Greek educators (i.e., individuals teaching in primary and secondary education). The study was conducted in two stages: (i) at the beginning of the first general lockdown (March 2020), and (ii) at the beginning of the 2021 school year (September 2021), when schools re-opened and resumed their normal operations. The final sample was 1,099 educators. A questionnaire was used having three sections: (i) four demographic questions, (ii) twenty-five items for recording the educators' views, attitudes, and intentions, and (iii) two questions for recording how many hours per -typical day they use computers for professional and personal purposes.

Contribution: The study contributes to the deeper understanding of educators' views, attitudes, intentions, and actual use of computers and how and to what extent these changed after the period of the multiple lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Findings: The study's major findings were:
• The lockdowns did not significantly affect the educators' views, attitudes, and intention to use computers, but resulted in a more extensive use of computers for work than before.
• The results oppose the basic assumption of TAM that the behavioral intention to use a technological tool translates into the actual use of this tool.
• The perceived usefulness of computers shaped the educators' behavioral intention to use them.
• Computer self-efficacy shaped the attitude of educators toward computers.
• After the pandemic, the educators' age and gender no longer play a role in shaping their views.
• The additional ICT training the educators received did not have an effect on any factor.

Recommendations for Practitioners: Governments have to equip schools with computers and provide the framework that fosters their use. Strategies and support mechanisms that make educators more confident in the use of ICTs and also provide evidence for their usefulness should be implemented. The above will allow the educators' behavioral intention to use ICTs to be translated into actual use. Administrators in higher education should consider the inclusion of more ICT-related courses in their undergraduate and postgraduate programs addressed to educators. Changes have to be made to the context and content of the in-service ICT training programs.

Recommendation for Researchers: The inclusion of self-efficacy is recommended in future studies involving TAM. As deviations from the original TAM were noted, possible swifts in how educators' views and intentions are shaped need to be further investigated.

Impact on Society: The increased use of computers by educators might lead to a more intense use of ICTs in schools, resulting in an education better aligned with the needs of the digitalized society.

Future Research: Comparative studies, targeting educators from other countries, will help to understand how the pandemic affected the educational systems worldwide. Studies are needed for verifying the model's validity and applicability. Researchers can consider the inclusion of other factors that might have a significant effect. Qualitative data may offer an in-depth understanding of educators' beliefs. Finally, longitudinal studies can help to understand whether the pandemic had a lasting effect on educators' intention to use computers.


Elevational gradient, slope, and aspect offer a unique opportunity to explore the response of plant species under changing environmental conditions. The present study aimed to analyze the species diversity and distribution patterns with respect to altitude, aspect, and habitat types in the Kashmir Himalayas. Considering major aspects and habitats, a total of 123 representative sites were selected along the elevational gradients for the present study. The plant species composition of each selected site was studied by organized sampling following the standard ecological methods. During the present study, a total of 361 vascular plant species belonging to 71 families and 214 genera were identified in the study area. At the lower altitudes, the southern aspect and drier habitats showed the highest diversity. Moreover, a significant amount of compositional dissimilarity was observed between the studied aspects, habitats, and elevation belts and was mainly due to species turnover rather than the nestedness component. Further, among the studied variables, altitude was the most important contributing variable, explaining the greatest variation in the species composition. The paired effects of altitude and habitat explained the maximum variation in plant species composition. It may be concluded that floristic diversity should be studied not only with reference to elevational gradients but should also include aspects and habitats. The current study will act as a reference in this direction. A similar study must be replicated in other parts of the Himalayan region in the future to improve our understanding of the distribution and preferences of plant species in mountainous zones. This, in turn, will be immensely helpful in the conservation and sustainable utilization of resources in these ecologically fragile regions.


PART 1 Basic Medical Terminology Chapter 1 Learning Medical Terms Chapter 2 Roots of Each Body System Chapter 3 Suffixes Chapter 4 Prefixes PART II Body Systems Chapter 5 Body Organization Chapter 6 The Skin (Integumentary System) Chapter 7 The Skeletal System Chapter 8 The Muscular System Chapter 9 The Nervous System Chapter 10 The Eyes and Ears Chapter 11 The Endocrine System Chapter 12 The Cardiovascular System Chapter 13 Blood and the Immune and Lymphatic Systems Chapter 14 The Respiratory System Chapter 15 The Digestive System Chapter 16 The Urinary and Male Reproductive Systems Chapter 17 The Female Reproductive System and Obstetrics Appendix A Word Element to Definition Appendix B Definition to Word Element Index


According to the psychology research,people found that an appropriate degree of pressure will increase the efficiency.But if one breaks through the pressure limit,the performance will plummet.College students' psychological stress management requires that we must understand the core of students' pressure problems.If we want to understand the source of college students' pressure, we must understand their psychological self-composition,the factors of affecting their self-understanding,and the strategy of their self-demonstration.This paper reveals college students' psychological factors of feeling pressure and the coping methods on above three aspects.


This paper is devoted to the effect of a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) property in new photoinitiators/photoredox catalysts. Four carbazole derivatives A1–A4 exhibiting a TADF character are synthesized and proposed for the first time as high performance visible light photoinitiators/metal-free photoredox catalysts, in the presence of an amine or/and an iodonium salt, for both the free radical polymerization (FRP) of (meth)acrylates and the cationic polymerization (CP) of epoxides upon visible light exposure using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) at 405, 455, and 477 nm. Interestingly, the impact of the substituent effect on the excited state lifetimes and therefore on the photoinitiating ability of a series of substituted carbazoles was clearly evidenced and examined. Upon bromination of the carbazole core, clear effects on the excited state lifetimes and light absorption were demonstrated, enabling to tune the initiator performance. Excellent polymerization initiating abilities are found, a...


On April 11, 1998, at 11:00 am, a healthy, 80-kg, 160-cm, 22-yr-old, gravida 1 patient, without any family history of anesthetic intolerance or acute intermittent porphyria, presented in early labor at the delivery room in her 42nd week of gestation. At 9:00 pm, after augmentation of labor by amniotomy and oxytocin when the cervix was dilated to 4 cm, epidural analgesia was requested. After prehydration and with the patient in a sitting position, epidural puncture was attempted using a loss of resistance to air technique with an 18-gauge Tuohy needle by a midline approach at the L2–3 interspace. The L2–3 interspace could not be easily identified on the first try because of the patient's obesity and subcutaneous edema, and she complained of a sudden onset of sharp pain in the cervico-occipital region, reminiscent of subarachnoid air injection. Aspiration for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was negative, and the needle was withdrawn. A second attempt, at L1–2, using the same position and technique, was successful, and a Portex (SIMS Portex Ltd., Hythe, Kent, UK) epidural catheter, outside diameter of 0.9 mm, was easily threaded 3 cm cephalad beyond the needle point. Aspiration was negative through both the needle and the catheter. The total amount of air used to identify the epidural space was approximately 10 mL. The patient was placed in a supine position with a left lateral tilt, and a 3-mL test dose of 2% lidocaine without adrenaline, was injected. It is our policy not to include epinephrine in the test dose in epidural anesthesia in parturients in labor. At 9:30 pm, after another negative aspiration from the catheter, and a negative test dose, 10 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine with 100 mg of fentanyl, was injected in divided doses of 4 mL, 3 mL, and 3 mL over 30 min, achieving an adequate sensory block for labor pain (T10–L2). At 11:00 pm, the patient vomited, and her blood pressure decreased from 120/80 to 90/40 mm Hg without any electrocardiogram changes. Pulse rate remained stable at 100 bpm. Oxygen was given via a face mask. Ten milligrams of ephedrine and 10 mg of metoclopramide HCl were injected IV. Naloxone 0.4 mg IV was subsequently added, because her pupils were constricted. A few minutes later, the patient became somnolent with complete symmetrical lower limb weakness and sensory loss to the T6 level. The hypotension episode lasted 5–7 min, and over the following 2 h, the blood pressure was maintained at a level of 80–90/45–50 mm Hg by intermittent 5-mg boluses of IV ephedrine (total dose, 30 mg) and the infusion of normal saline 1.5 liters. At 11:40 pm, the cervix was completely dilated, and vacuum extraction was applied to expedite delivery. A normal 3.2-kg female infant was delivered, with Apgar scores 9 and 10, at 1 min and 5 min, respectively, and with a cord blood pH of 7.1. The epidural catheter was removed with a negative aspiration test for CSF, after delivery of the infant and placenta. At 12:30 am on April 12, the patient showed progressive motor weakness of the upper limbs and evidence of respiratory failure. Arterial blood gases indicated a combined metabolic and respiratory acidosis pH of 7.175, Paco2 of 45.4, Pao2 of 137.6, B.E of 12.4, HCO3 of 16.2, and Sao2 of 99%. Sodium thiopental and succinylcholine were administered, followed by endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. The patient was transferred to the intensive surgical care unit. Therapy was supportive and included IV fluids, intermittent ephedrine, and maintenance of assisted pulmonary ventilation. Neurologic evaluation at 2:30 am revealed the patient to be in coma, with spontaneous eye movement, slightly constricted pupils (2 mm), reaction to light, normal doll's eye movement, and no papilledema. Supra-orbital pressure evoked symmetrical facial grimacing, but no limb movement. Corneal reflex remained intact bilaterally. Jaw jerk could not be elicited. Palatal movement could not be assessed, as she had an oral endotracheal tube in place. There was a good tracheal reflex to carinal stimulation, with spontaneous diaphragmatic ventilation. No spontaneous limb movement or limb movement in response to pain stimuli could be obtained. A flaccid tetraplegia with complete loss Accepted for publication September 3, 1999. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Shmuel Evron, Department of Anesthesiology, Assaf Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel.


The linear stability of a steady stagnation flow over a cylindrical body is examined. Special consideration is given to the influence oscillatory modulation of the steady flow has on the bifurcation of three‐dimensional vortical disturbances from stability. It is shown that such modulations result in a fixed bifurcation point according to linear stability theory. The sensitivity of the bifurcation point to the time‐harmonic modulation and steady flow speed is considered in the analysis. It is shown that stagnation flow exhibits instability if unsteadiness is introduced into the basic state of the flow. Analytical results are compared to experimental data.


South Africa's mining industry suffered an annus horribilis in 2012 as a result of multiple tragedies, labour unrest and economic-related challenges. This commentary puts the events of 2012 into a broader context before going on to discuss potential ways to avoid similar future events. With respect to the latter, the article explains the importance of the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights, forging a new social contract for South African mining, and the need for a new approach to Black Economic Empowerment. Mining policy, as developed by the African National Congress, is also assessed. Finally, the significance of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act Amendment Bill 2012, in the context of the mining sector, is critically analysed. The commentary concludes that despite the tragedy that took place at the Marikana mine in August 2012, an opportunity exists for government, labour and business to learn from this terrible event and build a better, more inclusive and sustainable South African mining industry.


Human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are investigated in vitro and in vivo manifold to serve as cellular therapy in different clinical situations including the regeneration of muscular tissues eventually. For production of MSCs for experimental purposes expansion media often include fetal bovine serum (FBS) as source of growth factors. In clinical situations xenogenic components such as FBS must be avoided in many countries. Therefore, different xeno‐free MSC expansion media were developed and FBS was replaced e.g. by human serum (hS), platelet lysate (hPL) or hPL plus human plasma (hPLP). However, differences in these medium complements could influence the phenotype and characteristics of MSCs. We therefore compared the expression of cell surface markers, the differentiation capacity and the expression of key cytokines involved in muscular regeneration in human placenta‐derived MSC‐like cells (pMSCs) expanded in different xeno‐free and GMP‐compliant expansion media. We report that addition of 5% hPL to either commercial MSC expansion medium (medium with FBS + 5% hPL) or to GMP‐compliant MSC expansion medium (DMEM + 5% hS + 5% hPL) significantly increased the MSC proliferation (p<0.05), and reduced the expression of CD146 (p<0.05), whereas CD73 and CD90 and other markers remained unchanged, on both transcript and protein levels. Expression of stem cell marker SUSD2 was not significantly regulated by hPL. The osteogenic differentiation capacity was reduced in pMSCs expanded in medium complemented with 5% hP + 5% hPL when compared to pMSCs incubated in medium containing FBS without hPL, but not in DMEM + hS compared to DMEM+ hS + hPL. Significant changes in the expression of neuro‐ or myo‐regenerative cytokines including BDNF, bFGF, GDNF, HGF, IGF‐1, IGF‐2, TGFβ, or VEGF in MSCs was not influenced by the composition of the GMP‐compliant expansion media. However, some interindividual differences between pMSCs from individual donors and between batches of hPL were noted. In contrast, the composition of expansion media did not influence osteogenesis or expression of stem cell markers CD146 and SUSDA on human bone marrow‐derived MSCs. We conclude that the expression of CD146 and the osteogenic differentiation potential of human pMSCs is influenced by the expansion medium. The expression of the regenerative cytokines investigated was not biased by hPL in the expansion medium. Expansion of pMSCs in GMP‐compliant medium enriched by hP + hPL could therefore be an advantage when bone formation by the MSCs applied should be avoided in clinical situations.


In washing-centrifugal dryers (50) for washing and rinsing water and heated to dry heated air required. So far, the water and air are extremely heated, in separate heating devices. This is time consuming and cumbersome. The invention proposes a washing-centrifugal dryer (50), wherein in the outer drum (53) is a plate heat exchanger (60) is arranged. When washing the plate heat exchanger (60) is in the washing liquid and thereby heating them on. Upon drying the washed laundry air at the outer side (63) of the plate heat exchanger (60) is directed along and preheated in this manner, before the air in the inner drum (52) engages with the laundry to be dried. A pivotable flap (68) is provided to allow air to flow along the plate heat exchanger (60) in the washing liquid and in a drying operation mode.


Revascularization of immature necrotic teeth is a reliable treatment alternative to conventional apexogenesis or apexification. In case 1, a 12-year-old boy had his necrotic, immature mandibular left second premolar treated with a revascularization technique. At a 24-month follow-up, periapical radiolucency had disappeared and thickening of the root wall was observed. In cases 2 and 3, a 10-year-old boy had his necrotic, immature, bilateral mandibular second premolars treated with the same modality. At 48-month (in case 2) and 42-month (in case 3) follow-ups, loss of periapical radiolucencies and increases in the root wall thickness were also observed.


The sequence of the Tan Shi Zhai Analects of Ge Zhiyi was published recently.Its content is mainly about the analysis of the origin and the development of early Chinese historical culture and the differences between Chinese and western thought pattern.On the base of ancient historical materials study for years,Pro.Ge gained the profound understading about the difference between Chinese and western academic study thinking method.It points out theoretically that the current academic study should have clear commissionauy goal,that is,it should step out of the shade of the western cultureand widenthe valuable Chinese original culture..With its rich content,comprehensive materials,unique methods,deep thoughtsand so on,the sequence of the Tan Shi Zhai Analects of Ge Zhiyi is,no doubt,a good book on the study of ancient Chinese history.


Rare-earth based amorphous alloys with promising glass forming ability (GFA) and considerable magnetocaloric effect (MCE) are extensively exploited for magnetic refrigeration (MR) materials. Here, the GFA, magnetic properties, MCE, and refrigeration performance of RE60Al20Ni20 (RE = Tm, Er, and Ho) amorphous ribbons were investigated. A magnetic phase transition (paramagnetic to ferromagnetic, second-order) with ignorable field and thermal hysteresis was found around TC ∼ 4.4 K for Tm60Al20Ni20, ∼9.5 K for Er60Al20Ni20, and ∼17.9 K for Ho60Al20Ni20. For a field change ΔH = 50 kOe, the MCE parameters of the maximal magnetic entropy change (around their own TC) and relative cooling power are 14.1 J/kg K and 235 J/kg for Tm60Al20Ni20, 14.3 J/kg K and 372 J/kg for Er60Al20Ni20, and 12.4 J/kg K and 460 J/kg for Ho60Al20Ni20. In addition, the temperature averaged entropy change at ΔTlift (temperature span) of 2 K and 5 K is investigated, very close values and similar field dependence with magnetic entropy change indicating that RE60Al20Ni20 (RE = Tm, Er, and Ho) has potential applications in cryogenic magnetic refrigeration.Rare-earth based amorphous alloys with promising glass forming ability (GFA) and considerable magnetocaloric effect (MCE) are extensively exploited for magnetic refrigeration (MR) materials. Here, the GFA, magnetic properties, MCE, and refrigeration performance of RE60Al20Ni20 (RE = Tm, Er, and Ho) amorphous ribbons were investigated. A magnetic phase transition (paramagnetic to ferromagnetic, second-order) with ignorable field and thermal hysteresis was found around TC ∼ 4.4 K for Tm60Al20Ni20, ∼9.5 K for Er60Al20Ni20, and ∼17.9 K for Ho60Al20Ni20. For a field change ΔH = 50 kOe, the MCE parameters of the maximal magnetic entropy change (around their own TC) and relative cooling power are 14.1 J/kg K and 235 J/kg for Tm60Al20Ni20, 14.3 J/kg K and 372 J/kg for Er60Al20Ni20, and 12.4 J/kg K and 460 J/kg for Ho60Al20Ni20. In addition, the temperature averaged entropy change at ΔTlift (temperature span) of 2 K and 5 K is investigated, very close values and similar field dependence with magnetic entropy chang...


The work of developing instruments to assess Welsh language skills is set in the context of current concern with assessment of performance in key areas of the curriculum in the schools of England and Wales. The particular context of the Welsh teaching situation is outlined and a distinction made between the priorities of teaching Welsh as a first and second language in primary schools. Plans are outlined to devise instruments to monitor attainment in listening, speaking, reading and writing. An account is given of the preparation of a set of wide‐range tests to assess the Welsh reading standards of both first‐language and second‐language pupils, and the linking of these tests by means of the Rasch model is described.


The TID (total ionizing dose) in-situ experiments of LC1020B, an anti-fuse FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) device, were designed and carried out under different dose rates, and the influence of dose rate on the TID effect of FPGA was studied. The experimental results show that: 1) the TID irradiation failure of the FPGA under different dose rates has nothing to do with the input voltage parameter exceeding the standard. 2) with the decrease of cobalt source irradiation dose rate [171, 26.83, and 2.68 mGy(Si)/s], the TID effect failure dose threshold [168, 229, and 334 Gy(Si), respectively] of the FPGA gradually increased, showing obvious attenuation of low dose rate damage. Theoretical analysis suggests that, compared with the space charge limitation effect, the oxide charge annealing effect plays a dominant role, and longer irradiation time is beneficial to the oxide charge annealing. And based on the experimental data, an FPGA TID analytical model with power consumption current as the damage characterization parameter is established, which lays a foundation for scientific evaluation of radiation effect of anti-fuse FPGAs.


Future nanoelectronics will be enabled only by providing the effective capability of connecting the nanometric devices to the circuit boards, therefore a major challenge is the design and fabrication of the nano-interconnects. For nanotechnology applications the limits imposed by physics, materials, assembly and design could not be overcome by simply scaling the conventional metal/dielectric systems: innovation in new materials, new technology and new system integration techniques is required. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are recently discovered carbon structures (Iijima, 1991), which have been soon considered as emerging research materials (ITRS, 2007) for nanoelectronics applications (Fig.1), because of their unique properties (Avouris et al., 2003; Saito et al., 2004; Anantram & Leonard, 2006). CNT interconnects are expected to meet many of the requirements for technologies below the 22nm node (ITRS, 2007) in terms of mechanical strength, thermal conductivity and electrical performances. This Chapter is devoted to CNT interconnects, proposed for wiring and for packaging nanotechnology ICs, with the aim of presenting the state-of-the-art of electrodynamics and circuit modelling of CNTs and to provide performance comparisons between conventional and CNT interconnects. Some case-studies of practical application are carried-out, referring to real-world wiring and packaging problems for future nanoelectronics.


Objective To investigate the value of color Doppler ultrasound in diagnosis of ovarian tumors with pedicle torsion.Methods Ultrasonic appearance of 27 patients with torsion of ovarian tumors pedicle confirmed by surgery and pathology were analyzed retrospectively,they were divided into three types according to the manifestation of pedicle torsion.The surgical and pathological results of 27 patients were followed up,then compared with ultrasonic appearance.Results The torsion vascular pedicle of ovarian tumor with a "two-clump"sign could be detected in 23 patients,their color Doppler appearance included type Ⅰ(4 cases),type Ⅱ(5 cases),and type Ⅱ(14 cases).No tissue necrosis was detected by pathological examination in the samples of tumor and the appendage in type Ⅰ,while hemorrhagic infarct were found in type Ⅱ and type Ⅲ,the diagnostic accuracy rate of color Doppler ultrasound for torsion of ovarian tumors pedicle was 85.2%(23/27).Conclusion Color Doppler ultrasound has important value in diagnosis of ovarian tumors with pedicle torsion.


The impact of HCI and NBTI on device DC, Ring Oscillator (RO) AC as well as on the degradation of product operating frequency (FMAX) has been extensively studied. We have developed a method, which allows the compensation of HCI/NBTI-related device and product performance degradation by adaptive control of operating voltage and power for the integrated circuit. Depending on the constraints applied to the product reliability and power, full or partial performance compensation is possible applying our new approach. The win in guard bands and thus a product classification advantage is demonstrated on one of our high-performance microprocessors.


Stimuli-sensitive hydrogels change their volume significantly in response to small alterations of certain environmental conditions. The combination of both sensor and actuator properties probably allows the simplest realization of an active device for automatic concentration regulation of chemical substances. Because of its functionality, this apparatus is, ultimately, a chemical comparator or chemostat. Automatic flow control depending on ion and solvent concentrations in aqueous solutions has been demonstrated for the control of pH and the concentration of various alcohols. Of particular interest are chemostats able to regulate biochemical substances, because case-sensitive drug-release systems or devices substituting body functions such as that of a pancreas could be realized. However, the lack of adjustability of the operating conditions in order to regulate flow, for example, a critical concentration defined by the used hydrogel, inhibits the broad practical use of chemostats. To achieve electronic adjustment of the device's operating conditions we use controlled double-sensitivity (CDS) of hydrogels. By controlling the temperature of a thermosensitive hydrogel, the phase-transition concentration is precisely adjustable to the required value. The chemostat consists of a silicon-based upper and bottom plate and a circuit card for the PC-controlled operation (see Fig. 1a and b). The upper plate carries a platinum temperature sensor and contains a hydrogel chamber (600 lm × 600 lm × 350 lm) that is covered by a perforated membrane. The bottom plate has similar construction with an integrated platinum heating element. Polymeric microgels based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) have been inserted as a freeze-dried powder (average particle diameter 100 lm) into the hydrogel chamber. The temperature of the hydrogel chamber can be controlled by an integrated heating element and a temperature sensor.


Conductance of two-dimensional quasicrystals (2D-Fibonacci lattice and Penrose lattice) is discussed with the use of multichannel Landauer formula. For the 2D-Fibonacci lattice there is a transition from the regime of finite spectral measure for a weak potential to the regime of zero measure for a strong potential. The conductance of the 2D-Fibonacci lattice fluctuates with the system size and even in the strong potential regime the fluctuation is not less than e2/h. The conductance of the Penrose lattice is discussed in the light of these new findings.


Tissue engineering is a multi-disciplinary field, which aims to apply innovative biomaterials to replace or restore ill or damaged tissues of the human body, such as skin and bones. In particular, porous scaffolds are used as temporary 3D templates to support cell attachment and proliferation during the spontaneous regeneration of natural tissues and this approach is particularly promising for the bone tissue restoration [1, 2].


By means of both quantitative and qualitative methods, the study investigates the use of language learning strategies employed by certain number of non-English majors in Jiaxing College through questionnaire and interview. The paper explores the differences in the use of metacognitive strategies and cognitive strategies between students with high scores and those with low scores on CET-4 as well as the correlation between language learning strategies students adopt and their performance in CET-4. It also puts forward solutions to some of the problems in present college English teaching and suggestions about the teaching and training of language learning strategies.


In an attempt to understand the effects of ionizing radiation on various plastic scintillators, a number of studies are currently in progress with a hope that favourable properties of plastic scintillators, such as high light output and fast decay time, can be optimized. The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is a hadronic calorimeter able to detect hadrons, leptons and other energetic subatomic particles. In this investigation, polyvinyl toluene based plastic scintillators and a polystyrene based plastic scintillator, identical to those situated on the TileCal of the ATLAS detector at CERN, were irradiated and sent to the University of Witwatersrand where they were prepared for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis. EPR spectroscopy allows for the study of unpaired electrons within these scintillators and offers a deeper insight into the organic or inorganic free radicals present. This technique was used to validate the assumption that dangling bonds in the plastics were as a result of ionizing radiation damage caused in the irradiation phase. This was done by detecting the existence of paramagnetic centres and, in addition, magnetic properties of these centres could be characterized. Three polyvinyl toluene Eljen scintillator plastics, EJ200, EJ208, and EJ260 were used in this investigation as well as one polystyrene Dubna sample. These samples were irradiated at the iThemba LABS, Gauteng. Experimental results thus far show a difference in the signal detected for irradiated samples compared to un-irradiated ones, and that a higher radiation dose produces varying EPR results for the Eljen and Dubna samples. It was also observed that other ions are detected after irradiation and that, over time, certain bonds would re-form within the plastics. Further investigation is required to understand this effect. Over all, the results from the EPR analysis form a small, yet vital, contribution into understanding the various effects of ionizing radiation in plastic scintillators. Introduction The Tie Calorimeter (TileCal) is a hadronic calorimeter designed to measure high energy positron jets, τ leptons and other subatomic particles like gluons and quarks that result from two proton collisions. The TileCal is situated within the ATLAS detector; a larger detector made of several sub-detectors. The ATLAS detector, shown in figure 1, is 44 meters in width and 22 meters in diameter. It is the largest of four detectors within the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) which is 27 kilometres in circumference and is 100 meters underground between the boarders of Switzerland and France [1]. Proceedings of SAIP2014 SA Institute of Physics ISBN: 978-0-620-65391-6 248 Figure 1. Schematic of the ATLAS detector The TilCal consists of plastic scintillators that are able to relay information about the incident particle on them by emitting light. This light is then passed to photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) which digitizes this signal. However, these plastic scintillators are bombarded with ionizing particles and γ-rays that cause radiation damage to the scintillators affecting their efficiency [2]. In order to understand how the radiation damage effects the plastics on a molecular scale, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is used. EPR is a type of spectroscopy used to study molecules or atoms with unpaired electrons. The phase two upgrade in currently in progress for the TileCal and looks to replace the plastic scintillators situated in the gap region of the TileCal. Hopefully, EPR studies can shed light on which plastic scintillator is best suited for this. In the paper we present EPR results obtained from irradiated and un-irradiated polyvinyl toluene based scintillator samples: EJ200, EJ208 and EJ260 produced by Eljen technologies as well as the Dubna sample identical to that located in the TileCal produced by Dubna. Materials Since plastic scintillators in the TileCal mainly undergo ionization from the incident particles, there was a need to replicate this in order to study how radiation damage effects the plastic scintillators. The tandem accelerator at iThemba LABS, Gauteng was instrumental in the replication of this damage as it accelerated protons to an energy of 6 MeV which, in turn, were incident on the plastic scintillators. In order for the protons to impart energy to the plastic scintillators mainly through ionization, each plastic scintillator was cut and polished to a width less than the stopping range of the 6 MeV protons in both polystyrene and polyvinyl based plastics. SRIM (Stopping Range of Ions in Materials) is a computational method employed to find this range which was around 470 μm. Thus, each plastic scintillator sample was machined to a width of 250μm and volume of 250μm × 500μm × 500μm. The SRIM computations also found that the average energy of each proton was approximately 2.07 MeV. This result was used when calculating the dose each sample was irradiated to. Samples were irradiated to two doses: 0.164 MGy and 1.46 MGy, and an un-irradiated sample was used as a control. Methodology Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements were performed on the plastic scintillators by placing them in a strong magnetic field while monochromatic electromagnetic (EM) radiation is applied; this is usually within the microwave region. If there are unpaired electrons in the plastic scintillators, they will absorb a small range of EM radiation which is detectable. We have made the assumption that ionizing radiation would cause bonds to break within the plastic scintillators forming free electrons and ions which are detectable by the EPR spectrometer. Experiments were performed at room temperature at the University of Witwatersrand in the NMR LAB using the Bruker ESP 380e spectrometer. Results Results in figure 2 show that paramagnetic centres are found in the polystyrene samples before irradiation (left image). A similar result was seen in the other Eljen samples. The intensity of Proceedings of SAIP2014 SA Institute of Physics ISBN: 978-0-620-65391-6 249 the absorption peak derivative also gives an indication as to how many paramagnetic centres can be found. In order to directly compare the samples, a mass normalisation is usually necessary, however there was no need for it as the samples all have the same volume and density. After irradiation (right image), the peak intensity of the absorption peak derivative decreased in the Eljen samples. [G] 0 B 3480 3485 3490 3495 3500 3505 3510 3515 3520 3525 3530 P e a k I n te n s it y [ A rb . U n it s ] 400 − 300 − 200 − 100 − 0 100 200 300 EJ200 Unirradiated at Room Temperature [G] 0 B 3480 3485 3490 3495 3500 3505 3510 3515 3520 3525 3530 P e a k I n te n s it y [ A rb . U n it s ] 100 − 80 − 60 − 40 − 20 − 0 20 40 60 80 EJ200 0.164 MGy at Room Temperature Figure 2. Comparison of an unirradiated EJ200 sample (left) and an irradiated sample at a dose of 0.164 MGy (right) The left image in figure 3 also indicates that there are paramagnetic centres in the polystyrene based Dubna sample before irradiation. It was noted that,in general, the absorption peak intensity derivative was lower for the Dubna sample than the Eljen samples. However, the right image in figure 3 clearly shows an increase in the intensity after the samples were irradiated. Therefore more paramagnetic centres can be found the Dubna sample after irradiation. [G] 0 B 3480 3485 3490 3495 3500 3505 3510 3515 3520 3525 3530 P e a k I n te n s it y [ A rb . U n it s ] 150 − 100 − 50 − 0 50 100 150 Dubna Unirradiated at Room Temperature [G] 0 B 3480 3485 3490 3495 3500 3505 3510 3515 3520 3525 3530 P e a k I n te n s it y [ A rb . U n it s ] 200 − 100 − 0 100 200 Dubna 0.164 MGy at Room Temperature Figure 3. Comparison of an unirradiated Dubna sample (left) and an irradiated sample at a dose of 0.164 MGy (right) In both cases, the signal to noise ratio increases with the increase of dose; measurements will be performed at cryogenic temperatures which would focus on the unpaired electrons and decrease the noise in the spectra. It has also been hypothesised that bonds within the samples could reform overtime when the unpaired electrons reform bonds or bond with ions in the material [3]. Proceedings of SAIP2014 SA Institute of Physics ISBN: 978-0-620-65391-6 250 Conclusion From this investigation it was found that exposure to proton irradiation causes structural damage to both the polystyrene and the polyvinyl toluene plastic scintillators studied. Further analysis of the data can now be done to investigate exactly which bonds break as a direct result of radiation damage. It was also observed that an increase in dose varied the number of unpaired electrons within the different samples but over time many of these bonds would reform. References [1] ATLAS Collaboration. The ATLAS Experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. August 2008. [2] V.M. Gorbachev. Plastic Scintillators with High Radiation Stability. Atomnaya Energiya, 6:427-429, June 1975. [3] K. Wick, U. Holm. Radiation Stability of Plastic Scintillators and Wave Length Shifters. IEEE Tans. Nucl. Sci., 1:163, 1989 Proceedings of SAIP2014 SA Institute of Physics ISBN: 978-0-620-65391-6 251


Nanoplastics and microplastics (NMPs) in natural environments are an emerging global concern and understanding their formation processes from macro-plastic items during degradation/weathering is critical for predicting their quantities and impacts...


Two cases of congenital myxomas in children 1 and 4 years old, respectively, and localized in the parotid region and retroperitoneum are described. Myxomas are tumors rarely found in children. They are seen characteristically to grow by local infiltration and expansion, and although they often recur when incompletely removed they never give rise to metastases to distant organs. Histologically, they are characterized by a proliferation of loosely scattered stellate and spindle‐shaped cells set in a myxomatous and edematous stroma. No evidence of malignancy in pure myxomas has been demonstrated.


Abstract : A series of investigations to determine which structures affect the amplitude, duration, frequency content, and directional properties of ground motion response to explosions and earthquakes was conducted. Investigations have shown that the shallowest tens of meters are crucial in these properties of the seismic wavefield. These shallow layers are marked by great lateral heterogeneity in velocity and attenuation, and consequently we observe both vertical and lateral resonances. The scrambling of the wavefield each time it reflects from the free surface is undoubtedly very important for seismic propagation to regional distances, but we are only beginning to understand the details of this interaction.


High cost of noise barrier is usually caused by improper design parameters. As an important factor of design, the effective length of traffic flow is studied. Based on the finite length of traffic flow, an optimized design method of noise barrier used in reducing noise emission from traffic vehicles is presented, in which cost of noise barrier is chosen as objective function, the requirement of noise reduction as acoustic constraints, and design parameters are considered comprehensively. After compared with current design methods, the advantages of the new method in shortening the length of noise barrier and improvement in economic cost are verified, and its results are instructive to the selection of the design parameters.


The elderly population represents the fastest growing age group worldwide and there is a growing awareness of age-related diseases such as dementia. By 2020 it is estimated that at least 1 billion people will be older than 60 years representing more than 20% of the total population. However, recent epidemiological studies of very old individuals have shown that prevalence rates of dementia vary from 27 to 62% pointing to the fact that dementia is not inevitable in very old individuals and that the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) decreases significantly after age 90, suggesting a relative resistance of centenarians to the degenerative process. Normal brain aging is characterised by the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and senile plaques (SP), as well as neuronal and synaptic loss in both cognitively intact individuals and patients with AD. In non-demented cases neurofibrillary tangles are usually restricted to the hippocampal formation, whereas the progressive involvement of the association areas in the temporal neocortex parallels the development of overt clinical signs of dementia. In contrast, there is no correlation between the quantitative distribution of senile plaques and severity of AD. The pattern of lesion distribution and neuronal loss changes in extreme aging. Several neuropathologic analyses postulated that in contrast to younger cases where dementia is mainly related to severe NFT formation within adjacent components of the medial and inferior aspects of the temporal cortex, oldest-old individuals display a preferential involvement of the anterior part of the CA1 field of the hippocampus whereas the inferior temporal and frontal association areas are relatively spared, supposing that the extent of NFT development in the hippocampus is the key determinant of dementia in the very old. In our first series of 12 patients older than 90 years with sterological analysis we found a significant difference in NFT densities, in the anterior CA1 field, but not in the posterior CA1 field and entorhinal cortex (EC), between demented and non-demented very old patients and suggested that nonagenarians and centenarians may show a displacement of subregional distribution of NFT within the CA field. Cortical association areas were relatively preserved. The progression of NFT formation across the different CDR groups was significantly slower in nonagenarians and centenarians compared to younger cases in the CA1 field and EC; even cases with moderate dementia display only mild NFT formation in this area with more than 80% of preserved neurons. The total amyloid and the neuronal loss in the entorhinal cortex and CA1 field in these cases were also significantly lower than that reported in younger AD cases. In a second stereologic study of 19 very old individuals with various degrees of cognitive impairment we also assessed total capillary length, number and length-weighted mean diameters in the CA1 and entorhinal cortex. Both mean diameters and total capillary numbers, but no capillary length, were strongly related to total neuron numbers in the CA1 field and entorhinal cortex. In conclusion, the most intriguing results of these studies were the relative paucity of correlations between AD pathological hallmarks in the hippocampal formation and clinical status after 90 years and the clear dissociation between total neuron numbers and AD-related lesions in the hippocampal formation. Microvascular parameters such as mean capillary diameters may be a key factor to consider for the prediction of cognitive decline in the oldest-old.


Continuity properties of the scattering transform associated to the Schrodinger operator on the real line are studied. Stability estimates of Lipschitz type are derived for the scattering and inverse scattering transforms.


The commercial RGB-D camera produces color images and their depth maps from a scene in real time. However, the active camera creates mixed depth data near the border of different objects, occasionally losing depth information of shiny and dark surfaces in the scene. Furthermore, noise is added to the depth map. In this paper, a new method is presented to resolve such mixed, lost, and noisy pixel problems of the RGB-D camera. In particular, mixed pixel areas are detected using common distance transform (CDT) values of color and depth pixels, and merged them to lost pixel regions. The merged regions are filled with neighboring depth information based on an edge-stopping convergence function; distance transform values of color edge pixels are used to form this function. In addition, a CDT-based joint multilateral filter (CDT-JMF) is used to remove noisy pixels. Experimental results show that the proposed method gives better performance than conventional hole filling methods and image filters.


The properties of white sugar at the end of the production process have to meet requirements that become more and more stringent. This is evident from the wide range of different certification systems. In this connection, drying and cooling of the centrifuged sugar has a decisive role to play, and this phase in the production process is increasingly developing into a conditioning phase before the sugar is stored, graded and packed. For designing the required processing systems, the underlying physical conditions have to be known and adequately accounted for. Depending on the specific needs and ambient conditions, processes can be optimised in different ways as presented in this paper.


Weeds affect the establishment, yield, quality and useful life of lucerne. The herbicide 2,4-DB controls weeds selectively in the newly-sown crop, or benfluralin can be used pre-emergence. In the established crop, paraquat, sprayed annually before spring growth commences–-either alone or in mixture with a triazine–-provides effective control of a wide range of weed species.


1-R-3-Q-5-PY-6-R-2 (1H) -pyridinone of the formula: (CF DRAWING IN BOPI) wherein Q is a hydrogen atom, HYDROGEN OR A RADICAL amino, cYANO, carbamyl, HALO, lower alkylamino, DI (ALKYL lOWER) amino, acylamino lOWER, OR CARBOXY lower carbalkoxy, R IS AN ATOM HYDROGEN OR A GROUP OR lOWER ALKYL hYDROXYALKYL lOWER, R IS lOWER ALKYL GROUP AND PY IS A GROUP 4-, 3- OR 2-pyridinyl or 4-, 3- 2-pyridyl OR WITH ONE OR TWO Substituents Alkyl lOWER, OR ITS SALTS CATIONIC OR ADDED ACID. THE INVENTION ALSO DESCRIBED THE PREPARATION THEREOF AND THEIR USE AS cardio.


This study aims to describe the profile of students' critical thinking in solving analytical geometry problems that are viewed from gender. This research is a qualitative study with case studies. Data analysis technique used are Miles and Huberman analysis, namely data reduction, data presentation, and presented conclusions. The results of this study are male students and female students who have met the standard eight intellectual critical thinking standards of analytical geometry, namely clarity, precision, accuracy, relevance, consistency, logical correctness, completeness, and fairness. On the intellectual standard of precision, male students were more careful in giving reasons for taking problem solving strategies to female students. At the intellectual standard of fairness, male students are able to provide two alternative solutions to problems, while female students only provide one initial solution to problem solving.


Catalytically grown carbon nanofibers are novel materials that are the product of the decomposition of carbon-containing gases over certain metal surfaces. Studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that the structure and properties of the fibers can be tailored by careful control of a number of parameters including the nature of the metal surface, the composition of the gas-phase reactant, the temperature, and the incorporation of either gas-phase or solid additives. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy studies have revealed that the nanofibers consist of well-ordered graphite platelet structures, the arrangement of which can be engineered to desired geometries by choice of the correct catalyst system. When the data from these examinations are combined with the information of the associated catalyst particle morphology, it is possible to develop models that describe many of the structural characteristics as well as some previously unknown mechanistic features of the various carbon nanofiber conformations. 26 refs., 3 figs.


This study aims at evaluating the viability of potato seed RMT from seed labs of Hanoi University of Agriculture and Dalat Seed Station, and to recommend measures to improve potato seed RMT in Vietnam. It was found that the cost per mini-tuber ranged from 350 to 700 VND. If the selling price is 500 VND per mini-tuber, RMT for producing potato mini-tubers has a high economic viability, especially at the Dalat lab. With improved procedures of micro-tuber and mini-tuber production, RMT can sustain potato seed production at a reasonable price. The private sector seems to produce mini-tubers more cheaply than the public one. Measures to reduce seed cost should aim at: 1) Re-designing the lab to save energy costs; 2) employing a contract based system and plastics instead of glassware to save labour and equipment costs; and 3) using newly dissolved chemical solutions and improving culture skills and lab sanitation to minimize virus infection.


A decreased mitochondrial function has been observed during aging and type II diabetes. Understanding of the mechanisms underlying this decrease is complicated by the vast amount of proteins potentially involved. We aim on developing a computational model to estimate the contribution of a change in individual protein concentrations to in vivo mitochondrial function. A computational model of skeletal muscle energy metabolism was developed and validated with 31P MRS data recorded in human quadriceps muscle. The multi cellular model contains three distinct cell types: I, IIA and IIX, respectively. Each cell incorporates detailed descriptions of mitochondrial and glycogenolytic ATP synthetic pathways, ATP buffers and ATP consumption.


The waste collection considers as one of the common transportation problems in the operation research and management area and also it is a significant activity in each city. In this kind of the paper, we study a version of a real-life waste collection and try to find an efficient way to reduce the costs such as the cost of the operation such as fuel and maintenances, the cost of the environment such as noise and traffic congestions, the cost of the investment such as vehicles fleet. The waste collection problem can be formulated as a well-known Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP). The basic idea is to attempt to develop a daily truck routing which will improve the efficiency of the vehicle distribution in Riyadh. The solution will be done in a good way that it can serve all the customers, while in the meantime, it will attempt to improve the total cost. The main contribution of this paper is to improve the solution of total costs for the waste collection while using the existing resources through the combination of the Nearest Greedy algorithm with both Iterated Greedy (IG) and Randomized Iterated Greedy (RIG). We execute our proposed method with real data that collect waste from more than 100 customers in Riyadh city. In terms of the experiments, the results received by those methods are successfully implemented and improved the overall waste collection in Riyadh. In conclusion, these algorithms able to reduce the total costs to this kind of case study with the same number of vehicles.


ABSTRACT Viscoelasticity of hydrated gluten depends on composition of HMW gluten subunits (GS), size distribution of glutenin polymers, and proteinprotein interactions. Glutens extracted from four near-isogenic lines with differing HMW-GS were analyzed. Rheological properties were studied by dynamic assay in shear. Size distribution of prolamins was determined by sequential extraction and size-exclusion HPLC. Assays performed at 20°C confirmed that viscoelasticity was determined by large glutenin polymers. The abundance of large glutenin polymers depended on the HMW-GS composition of the lines. Difference of functionality linked to subunit structure was highlighted by comparing the behaviors of the 1A/1B null and 1A/1D null lines. Glutens were submitted to heating and cooling cycles, with or without an SH-blocking agent (N-ethylmaleimide [NEMI]). At 20–40°C, no irreversible changes of the mechanical properties occurred. Thermal treatment affected chain mobility, and possibly H bonds, but not the chemical ...


To evaluate the potential impact of concomitant clobazam (CLB) use on the efficacy of cannabidiol (CBD) treatment in patients with Dravet syndrome and Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome using meta‐analytical techniques.


Grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) is an efficient technique which mimics the movement orientation and lifestyle of grasshopper in natural. However, the GOA is applied for solve successfully numerous optimizations problem, it failed to solve other cases efficiently and it prone to stuck in local optima. Thus, an improved version of the GOA is proposed to enhance the performance the conventional GOA. The improved GOA (IGOA) is based on improving the exploration and the exploitation process of the GOA. The exploration is enhanced using a mutation operator to enable the algorithm to a new area to avoid the stagnation of this technique while the exploitation process is enhanced using an adaptive operator to update the positions of the grasshopper around the best so far solution. In this paper, the IGOA is applied to address the allocation problem of renewable energy resources in radial distribution grid (RDG). The renewable resources include hybrid solar wind based Distributed Generator (DG) units for the expected power loss minimization to consider the uncertainty in the electric system. The IGOA is tested on 85-bus distribution grid and the captured results are compared with the traditional GOA to verify its applicability and efficiency. Numerous scenarios are generated using Monte-Carlo simulation to take into consideration the uncertainties of system which include load demands, solar irradiation, and wind speed variations. The simulation results demonstrate that the IGOA is superior for addressing the allocation problem of DG compared with traditional GOA in terms of objective function.


Abstract Ultrasensitive and specific biosensors have been developed in our group, based either on electrochemical or optical transducers closely associated with a sensing layer including specific immobilized enzyme systems. H2O2 generated in enzymic reactions catalyzed by oxidases, could be either detected electrochemically on a platinum electrode or optically monitored in the presence of peroxidase using luminol mediated chemiluminescence. The detection of ATP and NAD(P)H involved in numerous analysis of biological samples could be also achieved at the picomole level with photobiosensors using bioluminescence enzymes either from firefly or bacterial origin. By using auxiliary enzymes in combination with these enzymic systems, the stereoselective detection of variety of analytes could also be conducted in complex mixtures. No pretreatment of the sample, even turbid, was required, avoiding difficulties encountered when classical spectroscopic methods are used. Only a few microliters of sample were necessar...


Observed and simulated galaxies exhibit correlations between stellar mass, metallicity and morphology. We use the eagle cosmological simulation to examine the origin of these correlations for galaxies in the stellar mass range $10^9~\rm {M_\odot } \leqslant \ M_\star \leqslant 10^{10}~\rm {M_\odot }$, and the extent to which they contribute to the scatter in the mass-metallicity relation. We find that rotationally supported disc galaxies have lower metallicity than dispersion supported spheroidal galaxies at a given mass, in agreement with previous findings. In eagle this correlation arises because discs form stars at later times, redshift z ≤ 1, from the accretion of low-metallicity gas, whereas spheroidal galaxies galaxies typically form stars earlier, mainly by consumption of their gas reservoir. The different behaviour reflects the growth of their host dark matter halo: at a given stellar mass, disc galaxies inhabit dark matter haloes with lower mass that formed later compared to the haloes of spheroidal galaxies. Halo concentration plays a secondary role.


This paper will describe the MikroKosmos methodology for the knowledge engineering of a computational lexicon used for text analysis. To do so, the paper outlines the general requirements for a knowledge base to be used for NLP, followed by specific requirements for building the lexical knowledge source. To highlight the issue of efficiency and reusability, the paper will contrast knowledge engineering for text analysis using the syntactic realizations of predicate logic against knowledge engineering for text analysis using lexical constraint satisfaction in combination with a world-model, or ontology. The paper suggests that the most efficient approach to the representation of natural language for analysis is the ontological and lexical semantic modeling (Onyshkevych & Nirenburg, 1994). Lexical semantics makes constraints accessible centrally from the concepts rather than through assertions of logic. References are made in this paper to the structuring of the English generation lexicon for the MikroKosmos KBMT project, a knowledgebased machine translation system based on deepmeaning analysis and text generation, developed at New Mexico State University, Computing Research Laboratory.


This report advocates immediate construction of nuclear powered merchant ships based upon results of an independent evaluation of nuclear energy to marine applications. Appendixes present criteria for a nuclear powered ship, health, physics, and safety.


Adding some lophatherum gracile brongn juice to fresh milk,and then through the fermentation process of yoghurt,we can produce a toothsome and nutritious functional yoghurt with such functions as contradicting inflammations, contradicting lowering cankers, calming, easing cough ,improving immunities and hairdressing and so on.


The present invention relates to a cutting machining tool 10, the cutting insert 13 and shim 12. The tool comprises a holder for turning or milling, seam 12 and the cutting insert (13). Having a top surface of the shim has a cutting insert when. If the projection includes (29A, 29B). In the three points the cutting insert and the shim are provided to abut each other. Review upper surface includes a recess (21, 22). Recesses (21, 22) is provided to keep a distance from the projections (29A, 29B).


An exemplary elevator system includes at least one rail positioned along the movement of the elevator car. With the brake device is supported to the elevator car movement. Brake means comprises a plurality of magnets and a plurality of members co-acting part. Collaboration member can be selectively with respect to the magnet member between a first position and a second position. In the first position, allowing the movement of the elevator car along the guide rail. In the second position, the magnetic member and collaboration components cooperate to cause electromagnetic interaction between the brakes and rails to prevent movement of the elevator car along the guide rail.


We present a line-search algorithm for large-scale continuous optimization. The algorithm is matrix-free in that it does not require the factorization of derivative matrices. Instead, it uses itera...


The paper assesses effect of independent variables on awareness and utilization extent of safe plant protection measures among the vegetable farmers. The farmers were contacted personally for data collection. The percentage, mean, standard deviation and correlation is used for calculation and drawing the inferences. Education, size of land holding, annual income, attitude and utilization were found highly significant and positively correlated with awareness extent, extension contact, awareness and utilization were found highly significant and positively correlated with attitude and Education, material possession, attitude and awareness were found highly significant and positively correlated with utilization extent had direct influence over awareness extent about safe plant protection measures. The paper encourages sustainable agriculture; the plant protection activities hold more importance in the overall vegetable crop production. The effort made at minimizing crop losses due to ravages of insect pests, disease, weeds, nematodes, rodents etc.


The shift from llama pastoralism to potato agriculture in the Jauja-Huancayo basin of highland Peru has previously been considered a result of the Wari conquest. An alternative hypothesis, based on population pressure, is suggested here. As an adjunct to the description of population distribution, the concepts of an exploitable territory threshold model and of site catchment as a part of central place theory are explored.


This is a statement by Joaquim Carvalho at the Board meeting of July 22, 1997 concerning the Country Assistance Strategy for Peru.


This research work aims to analyze the nominal convergence of budgetary variables resulting from the respect of the
convergence criteria and the impact of convergence indicators on the exchange rate volatility inner the WAEMU
members States. From that end we have conducted the empirical analysis of budgetary convergence in the WAEMU zone
by using variables such are: expenditure, incomes and budgetary balances. In order to reach our goal, we have adopted
the methodology used by Barro et Salai-Martin (1992) which methodology is implemented by the European Union
through the work of Villien et al. (2003). This methodology is consisted of following in the course of the timing an indicator
of variable dispersion which may stand as a typical margin or the variance. The results show a global trend to budgetary
variables convergence. And then, we have assessed the different indicators of sigma convergence on the profitable
exchange rates differential in the WAEMU zone. The model used has revealed the existence of a mechanism of correcting
error between the desired exchange rate observed in the zone.


The aim of this work has been the investigation of the anisotropy of the viscosity of a ferrofluid with magnetically interacting particles which are able to form structures in an applied magnetic field. The results of the experiments show a significant deviation from the case of a fluid without strong dipolar interactions. Furthermore, we have determined the dependence of the ratio of the viscosity coefficients on shear rate providing an insight into the microstructural reasons for the observed effects.


"Human Nature is the only science of man." T 184.108.40.206 For Hume, understanding the workings of the mind is the key to understanding everything else. There is a sense, therefore, in which to write about Hume's philosophy of mind is to write about all of his philosophy. With that said, I shall nonetheless focus here on those specific doctrines that belong to what we today call the philosophy of mind, given our somewhat narrower conception of that subject. It should also be remembered that Hume describes his inquiry into the nature and workings of the mind as a science. This is an important clue to understanding both the goals and the results of that inquiry, as well as the methods Hume uses in pursuing it. As we will see, there is a thread running from Hume's project of founding a science of the mind to that of the so-called cognitive sciences of the late twentieth century. For both, the study of the mind is in important respects just like the study of any other natural phenomenon. While it would be an overstatement to say that Hume's entire interest lies in the construction of a science in this sense - he has other, more traditionally "philosophical," concerns - recognizing the centrality of this scientific aim is essential for understanding him.


【Objective】To investigate the influlences of Active Site from Reinforcing Kidney Chinese Herbs(AS-RKCB) on the gene expression of Cbfal and osteocalcin during culture human osteoblast-like TE 85 osteosarcoma cell line.【Methods】In situ hybridization histochemical techniques.【Results】(1) The presence of expression of Cbfal gene the highest level was found at 9 day in cell culture by AS-RKCB(10~(-7) g/L).(2) There were perk values that osteocalcin secreted in HOS TE85 cell line culture 12 day by AS-RKCB(10~(-7) g/L).【Conclusion】AS-RKCB promoted the expression of core binding factor a 1(cbfa1) by regulating function of osteoblast,which enhanced the secretion of OC the product of lower gene.


State and society in modern Germany - Beamtenstaat, Klassenstaat, Wohlfahrtstaat, Eve Rosenhaft and W.R.Lee the state as employer in Germany, 1880-1918 - from paternalism to public policy, Andreas Kunz the state as an employer of women in the Weimar Republic, Helen Boak foreign labour, the state and trade unions in Imperial Germany, 1890-1918, Martin Forberg eugenics and the welfare state during the Weimar Republic, Paul Weindling industrial hygiene - a state obligation? Industrial pathology as a problem in German social policy, Dietrich Miller state and society in Germany in the aftermath of the First World War, Richard Bessel municipal finance in the Weimar Republic, Harold James the Gemeinden as agents of fiscal and social policy in the twentieth century - local government and state-form crises in Germany, Jeremy Leaman.


The development of portable and wearable electronics has promoted the increasing demand for high-performance power sources with high energy/power density, low cost, lightweight, as well as ultrathin and flexible features. Herein, a low-cost high-performance flexible asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) with Co2AlO4@MnO2 nanosheets and Fe3O4 nanoflakes grown on nickel foam is designed and fabricated. The as-designed ASC device with an extended operating voltage window of 1.6 V achieves a specific capacitance of 99.1 F g−1 at a current density of 2 A g−1 with a maximum energy density of 35.3 W h kg−1 and very long-term cycling stability (92.4% capacitance after 5000 cycles).


Isolation and purification of antithrombin III (AT III) by affinity chromatography on immobilized heparin is a standard method for the large scale preparation of this protein from human or animal plasma. Hence, after AT III became available by gentechnological methods, we tried to adapt this procedure for the isolation of AT III from supernatants of mammalian- and yeast-cells. Indeed, it was possible to use this method also for the isolation of the recombinant gene products. Since, however, the cell growth media contain heterologous protein or peptide mixtures like fetal calf serum, the method had to be improved to avoid the adsorption of non human proteins or peptides. We are now able to purify AT III from CHO-cell-superna-tants to more than 95 % purity. The characterization of this AT III-product by double immuno diffusion revealed that it is immunologically totally identical with the authentic material from plasma. AT III antigen content, progressive inhibitor activity and heparin cofactor activity compare very well in the final product; hence, it is totally active compared to AT III from plasma. In polyacrylamidegel electrophoresis most of the material migrated differently to the authentic material showing 9 bands in equal distance to each other, instead four in the At III from plasma. After degradation with sialinidase from both AT III preparations identical cleavage products were obtained migrating predominantly as a single band. Hence, the electrophoretic heterogeneity seems to be due to a different degree of sialinyla-tion of the products.


The method for determination of polysaccharide in Yunnan Zhaotong Gastrodia elata Bl.by phenol-sulfuric acid method was established.The test solution was stable in 180min,RSD=0.351%(n=6).The wavelength of UV detector was set at 488nm.The average recovery rate was 99. 25%,RSD=1.447%(n= 6).This method is rapid, accurate, and high in precision,good stability.


Ling Peng Guangdong University Of Science & Technology, 523083 Abstract: Business Administration is a sub-discipline of management, which mainly cultivates talents with knowledge and abilities in management, economics, law, business management, and production operations. With the development of Internet technology, the effective integration of online online learning and flipped classroom innovative teaching methods has enabled it to develop rapidly in college business management teaching, greatly improving the teaching efficiency of college business management subjects. This article puts forward some superficial suggestions based on the application of flipped classroom of online learning in business administration disciplines, in order to better improve the teaching quality of business administration disciplines in my country.