s of Research Projects 25 Abstracts of Research Projects In alphabetical order by principal investigator, grouped by topic area John Bloomfield and Kathleen Harder, College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture Fatigue Detection: Can Fatigue Detection Devices Predict the Driving Performance of Sleep-Deprived Drivers? Project status: In progress This project is seeking to determine the relationship between sleep deprivation and driving performance and to determine whether impairments in driving performance caused by sleep deprivation can be predicted by fatigue detection devices. If such impairments can be predicted, the researchers also hope to provide law enforcement with reliable benchmark data documenting the correlation between the devices and driving performance impairment. To carry out these objectives, driving performance data and various measures of impairment will be collected from a minimum of 20 subjects over a 20-hour period, during which time the subjects will be kept awake. Driving performance data will be collected while each subject drives in a driving simulator, and impairment will be assessed with various measurement instruments including EyeCheckTM, the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT), and the digit symbol substitution test (DSST). If, when the resultant data are analyzed, reliable relationships between driving performance impairment and fatigue detection devices are found, they will be formulated in a way that aids their use by law enforcement officers. To date, the simulator scenario development is nearing completion. The researchers are negotiating with the Minnesota Trucking Association in order to obtain participation of truck drivers in the study. The Human Subjects Approval process is almost complete, and the researchers are working with the University's General Clinical Research Center so that when the driving simulation portion of the study is complete, the subjects will be escorted to the GCRC, where they will be monitored until they are able to leave. Project URL: www.its.umn.edu/research /projects/2002031.html Kathleen Harder, College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture Guidelines for Using Rumble Strips Project status: In progress This project is in response to a request by the Minnesota Local Road Research Board for research that focuses on the effect(s) of in-lane rumble strips on stopping behavior at problem intersections. The few existing case studies reveal that the data are not definitive in terms of whether or not rumble strips have a noticeable effect on stopping behavior at rural stop-controlled intersections; however, these studies were not well-controlled (e.g., the age, quality, and maintenance of the rumble strips in the case studies were not controlled for), so questions remain regarding the utility of rumble strips. County engineers frequently find themselves in litigious situations because of the public's perception that rumble strips are highly effective devices at problem rural controlled intersections. On the other hand, rumble strips can become a liability because once in place, they are often not properly maintained. The goal of this project is to conduct a well-controlled empirical study that will establish guidelines for where to use and not use rumble strips in order to move toward standardization. Such guidelines would be helpful to county engineers, giving them more knowledge regarding whether or not in-lane rumble strips should be a tool they apply to problem intersections. Project URL: www.its.umn.edu/research /projects/2003032.html Investigating the Effects of Rumble Strips on the Stopping Performance of Sleep-Deprived Drivers Project status: In progress This is the second in a set of three studies on the effects of rumble strips on stopping performance. The first study was conducted with attentive drivers in a driving simulator and revealed that the presence of rumble strips has no effect on the point at which a driver begins to slow down or on the distance away from the intersection at which he or she actually stops. Findings indicate that the presence of rumble strips only affects the point at which they begin to brake. The objective of the current project is to investigate the effect of in-lane rumble strips on the stopping performance of sleep-deprived drivers. The study will be conducted with the new advanced driving simulator in the HumanFIRST Program at the University of Minnesota, piggybacking on a larger study examining the effects of sleep deprivation on driving performance (see Fatigue Detection: Can Fatigue Detection Devices Predict the Driving Performance of Sleep-Deprived Drivers?). Project URL: www.its.umn.edu/research /projects/2003001.html Psychological Roadway Correlates of Aggressive Driving (Phase II) Project status: In progress This project is an interdisciplinary effort to understand the extent to which preexisting cognitions, emotions, roadway conditions, and attitudes toward driving contribute to aggressive driving. In Phase I of this project (already completed), a survey analysis revealed self-reported factors that can prompt aggressive driving behavior. In Phase II, researchers will examine these factors in a simulated driving environment of the Institute's HumanFIRST Program. Previous studies on aggressive driving have failed to address the factors that can precipitate aggressive driving as comprehensively as proposed in this study. Results from Phase I and the research proposed in Phase II will yield a rich resource of information for educational outreach throughout Minnesota and beyond, with the goal of reducing incidents of aggressive driving. Project URL: www.its.umn.edu/research /projects/2002034.html Reducing Crashes at Controlled Rural Intersections Project status: In progress Right-angle crashes are a problem at rural through-stop intersections, accounting for 71 percent of the fatal crashes in Minnesota in 1998, 1999, and the first half of 2000. Using a driving simulator, the researchers investigated the effect of several interventions intended to increase the saliency of a problem intersection in Goodhue, Minn. One group of 24 participants drove with the intersection modeled as it is now, while a second group of 25 drove with the interventions implemented at the intersection. On the minor road, the effect of the interventions was to make the participants stop closer to the stop signs and begin to reduce speed further from the intersection. On the major road, their effect was to make participants reduce speed substantially on approaching the intersection. The implications of these findings are: 1) by stopping closer to the stop signs, drivers should have a better view of the major road and be better able to judge gaps in the traffic on it; 2) by beginning to slow down further from the intersection, drivers will stop in a more controlled fashion and be less likely to inadvertently run the stop sign; and 3) if a vehicle pulled into the intersection from the minor road, necessitating an emergency braking maneuver by the vehicle on the major road, the speed reductions would produce even greater reductions in the stopping distances if the proposed mitigation methods were implemented. Rightangle crashes would be less likely to occur, and if they could not be avoided, their severity would be reduced. Project URL: www.its.umn.edu/research /projects/2001008.html User-Centered Auditory Warning Signals in Snowplows Project status: In progress Because the snowplow operator's tasks are predominately visual, warnings presented visually may interfere with critical tasks. Auditory warnings could reduce visual load if they are meaningful, effectively signal danger, and are not annoying. The researchers conducted a driving simulation experiment using a 210-degree forward field-of-view driving simulator and a field test to investigate using auditory icons as side and forward collision-avoidance warnings. Participants in the experiment drove on simulated snow-covered roads in 105-meter (344-foot) visibility conditions. Analysis of data from 28 participants showed the side collision-avoidance warnings were equally effective; lane change response times were approximately 1.1 seconds for both a singleand double-beep car horn warning (although participants said that the double-beep warning sounded more urgent). Analysis of the forward collision-avoidance warning data, obtained from 32 participants, showed that the mean response time with a warning consisting of two bursts of screeching-tire sounds was significantly faster than with a singlescreech warning—with both warnings significantly faster than the mean time obtained when no warning was given. The poorest collision outcomes occurred with no warning; outcomes were better with the singlescreech warning, and better still with the double-screech warning. In the field test, six of seven snowplow operators preferred the double-beep side-collision warning. As a result, the researchers recommend that an auditory icon sounding like the doublebeep of a car horn be used as a side collision-avoidance warning, and an auditory icon sounding like two successive bursts of screeching tires be used as a forward collision-avoidance warning. Project URL: www.its.umn.edu/research /projects/2000038.html Human Performance and Behavior 26 Abstracts of Research Projects Herb Pick, Institute of Child Development Older Drivers' Influence of Wayfinding While Driving Project status: In progress This work builds on previous work done by the principal investigator on driving and navigating in which older drivers seem to be less oriented in a newly learned environment than younger drivers. This second project is looking at the consequences of this problem at the level of vehicle control. If driving while wayfinding causes problems for older drivers, it seems reasonable to see this problem as a so-called dual-task, or mental workload, problem. Experiment participants were confronted with two tasks: dr


Medicinal plants are used for various kinds of health care, one of which is to treat problems in the digestive system. This research aimed to analyze the utilization of family medicinal plants (TOGA) by the ethnic of Dayak Muara in Tanap village in handling digestive system disorders. This study was conducted by survey method with a purposive sampling technique. This research was initiated by conducting interviews with the people of Tanap village who came from the Dayak Muara, then continued with identifying the medicinal plants mentioned. The data obtained were then analyzed with an ethnobotanical index in the form of Use Value (UV), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), and Fidelity Level (FL). The Dayak Muara ethnic in Tanap Village uses 22 species of TOGA to handle digestive system disorders. The highest families used were Zingiberaceae and Amaryllidaceae. The dominant plant parts used, processing method, administration method, and remedies form for the handling of digestive system disorders are leaves (36%), boiled processing (43%), drinking (44%), and single herb form (67%). Plants with high use value (UV=1) are jambu biji (Psidium guajava) and kunyit (Curcuma longa). The digestive system disorder categories with the highest ICF included sprue (1), nausea and vomiting (0.98), intestinal worms, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and constipation (0.97). Plant that had the highest FL value (100%) included cocor bebek (Bryophyllum pinnatum), patah tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli), and putri malu (Mimosa pudica) for the treatment of toothache. Entawak (Artocarpus anisophyllus) for stomachache, pinang (Areca catechu) for constipation, lidah buaya (Aloe vera) for hemorrhoids, and sawo (Manilkara zapota) for stomachache.


Pittsburgh—The Glaucoma Probability Score (GPS), the new mathematical model featured in the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph 3 (HRT3, Heidelberg Engineering) software, eliminates subjective operator input in defining the optic disc margin and performs comparably to the HRT II in discriminating between healthy and glaucomatous eyes, according to a study undertaken by researchers at the University of Pittsburgh.


Electric dipole moments are extremely sensitive probes of physics beyond the Standard Model. A vibrant experimental program is in place, with the goal of improving existing bounds on the electron and neutron electric dipole moments by one or two orders of magnitude, while testing new ideas for the measurement of electric dipole moments of light ions, such as the proton and the deuteron, at a comparable level. The success of this program, and its implications for physics beyond the Standard Model, relies on the precise calculation of the electric dipole moments in terms of the couplings of CP-violating operators induced by beyond-the-Standard-Model physics. In light of the nonperturbative nature of both QCD at low energy and of the nuclear interactions, these calculations have proven difficult, and are affected by large theoretical uncertainties. In this talk I will review the progress that has been achieved on different aspects of the calculation of hadronic and nuclear EDMs, the challenges that remain to be faced, and the implications for our understanding of physics beyond the Standard Model.


Turkey is among the few countries in terms of plant diversity.
An example of this situation is the variation in walnut seedlings grown from seed throughout the country. The genetic material to be used in fruit breeding should be original and the genetic relations among the genotypes should be well elucidated. In this research, genetic diversity was investigated among the walnut genotypes selected from Uşak province of Turkey with the use of molecular markers. In this study, molecular results showed that the 19 SRAP primer combinations produced, on average, 171 bands in the accessions examined, of which 77.2% were polymorphic. Base lengths of the bands obtained from markers varied between 100-1500 bp. The similarity ratio of walnut genotypes varied between 0.21 – 0.85. According to the results of the study, it was determined that SRAP marker system can be used to determine genetic diversity among walnut genotypes.


Based on actual situation of Yunfu City,the evaluation index system of land use and social economy coordinated developmeny was constructed,using the method of variable coefficient weighting method and coordinated development model,the relationship of coordinated development between land use and social economy in Yunfu City during 2009- 2013 was quantitatively analyzed. The results show that the level of land use and social economic development of Yunfu City is relatively high,the coordination degree and the coordinated development degree of land use and social economy also show a gradual upward trend,development is coordinated and orderly,but there is still potential to be tapped from the optimal state of distance,at the same time,the social and economic development is lagging behind the development of land use,and should be attached importance to in the future development process.


Background: Open surgery is the main treatment option for Large Volume (LV) BPH. We preferentially used a standardized system; the Clavien-Dindo grading system that was highly recommended by the European Association of Urology in 2014. The aim of this study was to identify the type and rate the complications following TVP. Methods: A prospective descriptive analytical study done in Kassala Teaching Hospital (Eastern Sudan) in a General Surgery Unit from January 2013 through December 2015. All patients [188] with a clinical problem of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) have been involved. Designed questionnaire was synchronously filled from the hospital records. Variables were: Age, ASA, Co-morbidities, Size of the prostate, Complications of BOO, duration of Catheterization pre-op, Duration of surgery, Hospital stay, Duration of irrigation, Removal of the catheter, Removal of the drain, renal impairment, Surgeon, Blood loss, SSI, Fistulae. Results: One hundred and eighty eight patients were included in the study over two years. Mean age 69.4 ± 8.5 SD. All the patients had a prostate > 80 ml by US scan. The size of the prostate has been categorized to 80-100 (135 patients 71.8%), 101-200 (48 patients 25.5%), and 201-250 (6 patients 3.2%). Complication rates according to Clavien-Dindo were 99 (52.6%) no complications, 81 (43%) grade II, 3 (1.6%) grade Iva, and 5 (2.6%) with grade V. Conclusion: Most complications occur in our setting is consistent with the literature except the SSI (Surgical Site Infection) rate. The Clavien-Dindo classification system promises to be a good system for assessing complications following prostatectomy. As a recommendation patients tracing for long term follow up of late complications, absence of national registry for most of them was a determinant limitation of our study.


Malignancy of the parietal pleural is a therapeutic challenge; current therapies largely target patient's regional symptoms related to effusions/tumor burden and restrictive physiology. Seldom are tumor ablation procedures considered. If alternatives to the current standard approaches could promote tumor ablation, address symptoms and be cost effective, studies to assess clinical impact of these alternatives may be warranted. We present a novel cryo- based technology for treating pleural malignant disease with a dramatic reduction in a tumor biomarker. We present a case of a 67-year-old man with mucinous adenocarcinoma of the pleura with elevated Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) level who had an inadequate response to standard treatment. He underwent cryospray ablation of the parietal pleura with tumor destruction being documented both visually and with a significant decrease in his CEA level. This case demonstrates tumor necrosis, a rapid drop in serum CEA, as well as ease of treatment and continued evidence of safety and the feasibility of cryospray ablation in the pleural space. This case demonstrated that spray cryotherapy promoted tumor ablation and addressed symptoms within the pleura thereby indicating the need for further study. The degree of tumor necrosis in multiple clinical presentations (bulky, flat, studding, etc) awaits definition, as does the rate and timing of post-treatment pleurodesis and the possibility of an immunoregulatory or mortality effect.


Briefly explains the value of patents in industrial environment. Highlights the advantages of using online system i.e., DIALOG for offering efficient SDI Service on patents. Describes systematically the procedures involved in initiating such a service and gives cost particulars.


The farm that employed him is situated in North Dakota, near the Canadian border. It is a cow-calf business, which keeps weaner calves in a feedlot up until the long weaner stage. "The farmer is Joe Mathis. At the beginning there were two South Africans working for him, but because there isn't much work during winter, the other South African returned home while I decided to stay behind." Francois says the area reminds him a lot of the Free State plains. The agricultural potential of the area, however, is extremely high, with deep, fertile soil, high rainfall and melting snow in spring, making it easy to plant crops without having to wait for the first rainfall.


The presented Mathematica package is an upgrade of the Mathematica package PCR presented by B. Azadegan [1]. The purpose of the package is to accurately and efficiently calculate the characterizing features of planar channeling radiation of relativistic electrons along major crystallographic planes of diamond, silicon, and germanium crystal. The package is based on the quantum theory of electron channeling as written by Azadegan in his dissertation which has been successfully applied to model planar channeling of electrons at energies between 10 and 100 MeV [2]. It will be shown that the PCR code is successful in calculating peak photon energies, but fails to generate accurate spectral linewidths and photon yields. The presented package adopts the successes of the PCR code: calculation of the continuum potentials for different planes of diamond, silicon, and germanium crystals; numerical solution of the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation; and calculation of the transition probabilities between channeling states. The package improves upon the spectral linewidths generated by the PCR code by including the effects of multiple scattering of electrons and Bloch-wave broadening as well as calculating a more accurate expression for the linewidth due to multiple scattering than is presented in Azadegan's dissertation. Finally, the package generates more accurate photon yields by including the dechanneling of electrons due to multiple scattering and the self-absorption of photons by the crystal, and convolving the Lorentzian line-shape of the PCR code with a Gaussian line-shape. The simulation of channeling radiation spectra is a useful tool in the comparison of theory with experimental data.


Abstract Sound and music have been an important part of the human experience as far back as our historical records reach, and cultures all around the world have used aural modalities to heal and communicate for many thousands of years. Current medical and scientific research suggests that music and sound are some of the most effective instruments that can be used to facilitate patient recovery from surgery, trauma, and disease. This article discusses how ancient beliefs and practices concerning music and sound converge with modern knowledge and technology to influence the development of new theories in science and medicine. Recent research is examined, showing how music and sound can enhance transformative therapies to help relieve mental, emotional, and physical suffering. This burgeoning evidence, along with the proven efficacy of integral healing modalities, can be used to help health professionals, therapists, and individuals craft more effective, sound-based, personalized therapies and treatment plans that encourage both individual and collective health and well-being.


Purpose: The present study analyzed the effects of chronological aging and the practice of regular exercise (PRE) on the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) of older women. Methods: A descriptive study of 78 participants was performed, with longitudinal design and an initial evaluation in 2005 and a second in 2011. The PRE defined groups as Inactive (I), Insufficiently-Active (IA), and Sufficiently-Active (SA). The six-minute walking test measured CRF. MANOVA with repeated-measures was used to verify the effect of time and the PRE groups on CRF (p 0.05). Post hoc analysis indicated that the effect of time was significant between all groups (I: t=3.786, p 0.05; Second Evaluation: F2.77=3.239; p<0.05, post hoc Tukey: group I vs AS =p<0.05). A smaller reduction in CRF was found in the SA group (8.0%), followed by the IA (10.3%) and I (14.3%) groups. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that elderly women who practice exercise regularly had a smaller reduction in CRF than those who were inactive. This suggests that the PRE at recommended levels for health purposes can attenuate the effect of aging on the CRF.


This applied dissertation was designed to ascertain information about the quality of the e learning program at a local community college as measured against a set of best practices established by the Commission on Institutions for Higher Education (CIHE). The problem was that, although the subject college's administrators mandated that the college increase its online course offerings, not all instructors were prepared to teach in an e-learning environment, potentially jeopardizing the high quality of the college's traditionally delivered courses.


Considering the delay sensitive services in machine type communications (MTC), how to minimize the end-to-end delay is a great challenge to achieve the millisecond time delay requirement in the fifth generation (5G) communication systems. To utilize the radio resources efficiently, the radio resources of cellular networks are partitioned and utilized randomly for MTC devices, known as contention based access (CBA). To solve the delay caused by contention among MTC devices, a novel backoff based resource access (BBRA) scheme is proposed in this paper. In contrast to the existing random resource access schemes, contend MTC devices postpone by a random backoff window before transmission and access to radio resources according to the new transmission request order. Moreover, the backoff probability and expected time delay for a group of MTC devices are also analyzed. Results verify that a significant decrease of 50% on time delay has been achieved for 50 MTC devices by using proposed BBRA scheme in contrast to conventional schemes.


FLICC is an organization of U.S. federal agencies dedicated to cooperation and concerted action within the community of federal libraries and information centers. FLICC and FEDLINK, FLICC's purchasing, training and resource-sharing consortium, achieve better utilization of federal information resources and facilities through promotion of common services, coordination and sharing of available resources and professional development. FLICC is also a forum for discussion of federal library and information policies, programs, and procedures to help inform the Congress, federal agencies, and others concerned with libraries and information centers. FLICC-FEDLINK was host to the GL Conference Series in 2009 and has since played a strategic role in the advancement of grey literature in the United States. In 2010, FLICC-FEDLINK led in the formation of FedGrey, the federal library community's new working group on grey literature. This group will work with federal libraries to promote interest,


In this paper, the effects of advertising and price on adoption of new product are incorporated into M.M.K. diffusion model. Using optimal control techniques, we analyze the new product growth and its implications on optimal advertising timing policy when the product is communicated negatively through word-of-month. In pure positive word-of-month, some results, such as new product growth, advertising expenditure, pricing strategy, interaction between advertising expenditure and product price, are presented.


Purpose: To report our experience with 2 cases of Capnocytophaga keratitis. Methods: This is a retrospective study of case reports. We present the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment strategies of 2 patients who presented with Capnocytophaga keratitis. Results: Both patients had risk factors including systemic immune compromise and ocular trauma. Both patients had robust inflammatory keratitis with necrosis. Case 1 demonstrates identification of Capnocytophaga with traditional microbiologic techniques. Case 2 demonstrates the use of unbiased metagenomic deep sequencing for identification of this unusual corneal pathogen. Conclusions: Capnocytophaga is a rare and aggressive infection. Even when traditional culture identifies the pathogen rapidly, keratitis can progress to perforation. In cases of severe keratitis in which traditional culture methods are unrevealing, metagenomic deep sequencing has potential to provide actionable diagnoses.


The invention describes a method of fluorination of at least one metal halide MX where M is a metal selected from the alkali metals and the alkaline earth metals and X is a halogen selected from chlorine, bromine and iodine, said method comprising the reaction, in the presence of water, of at least said metal halide with hydrofluoric acid. Said fluorination method is implemented in a device provided with a boiler in which the fluorination reaction takes place between the hydrofluoric acid and at least said metal halide MX, a distillation column in which circulate the hydracid vapours HX formed, and a system for absorbing the hydracid vapours HX positioned at the head of said column.


Three-dimensional (3D) technology offers greater device integration, reduced signal delay and reduced interconnect power. It also provides greater design flexibility by allowing heterogeneous integration. In this work, a 3D thermal model of a multicore system is developed to investigate the effects of hotspot, and placement of silicon die layers, on the thermal performance of a modern flip-chip package. In this regard, both the steady-state and transient heat transfer analysis has been performed on the 3D flip-chip package. Two different thermal models were evaluated under different operating conditions. Through experimental simulations, we have found a model which has better thermal performance. The optimal placement solution is also provided based on the maximum temperature attained by the individual silicon dies. We have also provided the improvement that is required in the heat sink thermal resistance of a 3D system when compared to the single-die system.


This essay discusses three different objective-driven approaches and their representative curriculum perspectives in designing E-learning Courses.These include(i) the behaviour goal and structuralists' curriculum perspective,(ii) the generative goal and constructivists' curriculum perspective,and(iii) the performance goal and humanists' curriculum perspective.Accordingly,the author proposes an objective-driven instructional design model,and discusses in details the major components for designing the model.


Philosophy of mathematics culture opens up a new field of vision in the research of Philosophy of Mathematics. It will not only change fundamentally the narrow orientation which limits the development of Philosophy of Mathematics, but also richen greatly the research of Philosophy of Mathematics in making use of the cultural and philosophic value about history of mathematics and social science of mathematics etc.


This paper presents the calibration results with uncertainties of three digital multi-meters namely A, B & C that are used in various localized conditions to understand the calibration performance of the meters in both in ac and dc potentials. The uncertainty (Ue) values are calculated for both ac and dc potentials at defined tolerance at set points 3.8, 38 & 380V respectively. The variations in the Ue values are found to be 0.007 to 0.108V, 0.010 to 0.193Vand 0.007 to 0.374V for the ac potentials. Further, the Ue values are also measured in the dc voltages are 0.0007 to 0.0151V, 0.0007 to 0.0156V and 0.0007 to 0.0189V respectively. The calibration performance of the meters A, B & C are found to be in the order of A>B>C. The significance of uncertainty values are correlated by accounting the calibration history, usage pattern and the localized conditions.


Bubble-free, transparent Li2B4O7 single crystals were grown by a newly developed pulling-down method. The use of a two-zone vertical furnace with a Pt-crucible realized a relatively steep temperature gradient of about 50°C/cm around the growth interface and a moderate gradient of about 13°C/cm below the interface, contributing to prevent grown crystals from cracking. Even at a pulling-down rate of 0.75mm/h, which is higher than that in the Czochralski growth, the formation of bubbles was effectively suppressed at a rotation rate of 25rpm. Any crystals grown along [110] direction involved no low-angle grain boundaries, but twinning was occasionally recognized. The dislocation density in the initial part of the crystal growth was found to be about 5×103/cm2 from an etch pit pattern, while X-ray topography of a vertical cross section revealed that the number of dislocation lines decreased as the growth proceeded.


EDUCATION 2002-2010 University of California, Los Angeles, California Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Art History "Crossing Borders, Pushing Boundaries: Arts of Power Associations on the Senufo-Mande Cultural 'Frontier'" Advisors: Z.S. Strother and Steven Nelson Honors: UCLA's single nominee for the 2011-12 Council of Graduate Schools / University Microfilms International Distinguished Dissertation Award in the Humanities / Fine Arts 2001-2002 Sainsbury Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England Master of Arts, Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas "'Birifor and 'Lobi' Architecture: A Study of the Birifor Yir of Danivaar, Northern Region, Ghana" Honors: Distinction 1996-2000 G. W. C. Whiting School of Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland Bachelor of Arts, Major in Geography and Major in History of Art Study Abroad: University of Ghana, Legon, fall 1998 Honors: General Honors, Departmental Honors in History of Art, Phi Beta Kappa


In the general system of rights and freedoms of modern man a special place is occupied by social rights, which are designed to provide each person with a fair and dignified life, to create conditions for his proper physical and social existence, social and professional activities and more. Everyone daily realizes or at least seeks to realize at least one social right guaranteed to him by a democratic state governed by the rule of law. These include such important social rights as the right to education, the right to work, the right to health care, the right to rest, the right to housing, the right to a decent and timely wage, and so on.

Only a state with a high level of economic development can be social, and the social orientation of the state must be taken into account in the structure of the economy. According to some scholars, the moment of the real emergence of welfare states should be attributed to the sixties of the twentieth century.

When identifying as a priority function of socio-economic development the direction of ensuring the country's competitiveness in the world market, which today is almost the main principle of economic development of any state, we can not simultaneously neglect the function of social integration and consolidation of society, according to a number of studies, significantly increases the vulnerability of the population to the challenges of social risks, especially in a modern pandemic.

Key words: law, social rights, social policy, human rights, legislation.


The research aimed to directional select the compound bacteria from water samples which collected by the river and coastal pollution of pig farm biogas slurry discharge, and then enrichment them. These compound bacteria was used in treatment of piggery biogas slurry, it can effectively decompose harmful substances, suspended matte, but nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients can not decompose too much. The result indicated that 5% dosage of the compound bacteria treatment biogas slurry was best, on this condition, it can degrade the CODcr of biogas slurry, but did not use large amount of ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus. After treatment, the biogas slurry turbidity reduced and reaches the standards for irrigation water quality as it can effectively reduce ascaris egg,fecal coliform bacteria and other harmful substances and suspended matter of biogas slurry. Moreover,toxicity test results showed that after compound bacteria treatment, it can obviously reduce the initial biogas slurry toxicity as the germination rate and germination index of radish seed in biogas slurry were significantly improved. Therefore, after compound bacteria treatment, the piggery biogas slurry can use as fertilizer as it was nutrition, harmless, suspended matter less.


We report absolute differential and integral cross sections for electronic excitation of ethanol, by low-energy electron impact. Cross sections for low-lying excited states were measured at incident electron energies from 9 to 20 eV and at scattering angles from 5 ◦ through 130 ◦ . Our results include cross sections for excitation of the 1 3 A ′ ′ and 1 1 A ′ ′ states as well as for the 2 3 A ′ ′ + 1 3 A ′ and 2 1 A ′ ′ + 2 1 A ′ cross section sums. Corresponding calculations were also performed using the Schwinger multichannel method, within an 11-channel close-coupling scheme.


Based on the multiple data layers for mapping such as the depth of soil hydra-erosion, the intensity of precipitation, the depth of surface runoff, the effective depth of soil layer, the average diameter of soil particle, the cover degree of vegetation in typical section of upper Yongding river in Beijing area, this article constructs a model of remote sensing information of soil hydra-erosion with GIS and SPSS software. Based on above data and model, this article works out two maps of Beijing area, one is the depth of soil hydra-erosion, and another is the life span of soil anti-erosion. According to the principle of interpreting the old things from the present and the result of the prediction on the trend of environmental change in the coming 10 years in Beijing area,the article discuses the trend of soil hydra-erosion in the coming 10 years. The study may provide a theoretical direction for the research of land use and distribution of mud-rock flow in Beijing area.


Buddhism is one of the fastest growing religions in the United States. The estimated number of Americans who practice Buddhism ranges from 2.5 to 4 million and the number is rising. Hundreds of Theravada Buddhist wats [temples] have been built by immigrants and refugees from mainland Southeast Asia since the late 1960s. Often, old churches or residences have been converted into temples to meet immediate needs for space to practice Buddhism collectively. Because the task is so demanding, requiring local and international connections, political clout, as well as substantial economic power, few temples have been constructed in the distinctive Buddhist architectural style. More important, tension—between different cultural logics in terms of conceptualizing space and clashes between sacred and secular space—make it a much more complicated process to build a temple in a predominantly Christian society such as the United States than in Buddhist societies such as Cambodia, Laos, or Thailand. We know little about...


The broadening scope of maintenance problems being encountered at nuclear power plants is discussed. The capabilities of the nuclear maintenance and retrofit services industry to handle a broad, comprehensive range of total plant maintenance operations are discussed. This industry had proliferated to a multibillion dollar a year enterprise in which hundreds of firms of varying degrees of capability and expertise are now engaged.


The purpose of this study was to examine the differences between the body types of roller speed skaters. We started from the question of whether there is a roller speed skating type and which may be the most important constitutional conditions.To this end, the authors of this work made use of the constitution typologies of Conrad, Knusmann, Tittel and Wutscherk, Parnell, Heath and Carter, and the proportion figures. The skin fold thickness measurement, the bioelectrical impedance analysis, the active substance body and body-mass index were additionally involved in determining body composition. A total of 45 people were surveyed: the most successful male and female European roller speed skaters. Of these, 22 were sprinters and 23 long-distance speed skaters. The average age of the sprinters was 22.5 years (sd = 3.5 years) and long-distance speed skaters 22.3 years (sd = 2.6 years). For comparison, 49 students with an average age of 20.5 years (sd = 3.5) were used as control group. According to the typology of Knusmann, roller speed skaters may be classified as leptomorph. The students in the control groups and the sprinters tend to a larger and heavier body growth on average than the long-distance speed skaters. From the gathered data an athletic body weight stands out significantly (p ≤ 0.001) lighter in speed skaters compared to the control groups. Within the study group the long-distance speed skaters show the lowest body weights, followed by the sprinters and the control groups. The present study suggests that a European roller speed skater of the elite class is built smaller, more athletic and lighter than the comparison subjects of the collective. But, of course, there will always be found the athletes who do not comply with the found body data, yet they are successful in European or World Championships. Based on the collected data, there are clues to a particular type of constitution in roller speed skating.


The Turkish economy has experienced two important shocks in the recent past. The first is a currency shock which occurred in August 2018. A second, substantially more impactful, shock is the COVID-19 pandemic, which began in early 2020 and is still in progress. An interesting question from the perspectives of both policy makers and practitioners is whether significant changes in key economic and financial variables have been observed in the period marked by these two shocks. We investigate this question for the volatility of the daily returns on BIST 100 constituent equities, using a novel panel GARCH modelling approach. We find that during the periods associated with the two shocks, the stock market volatility has increase substantially. Importantly, this increase has been greater and more persistent during the pandemic period. Moreover, our analysis of sector-specific volatilities also reveals that this period of two shocks has witnessed a uniform increase in the average volatilities of all sectors, compared to the period before.


The present invention provides an oil-based makeup cosmetic material with superior stability, dispersibility of pigments, and lightness and smoothness in application, enables long-lasting makeup, and is easily acquired from a container. The oil-based makeup cosmetic material is characterized by containing 1-7.5 mass% of partially crosslinked polyether modified silicone, partially crosslinked polyglycerin modified silicone, or a combination thereof; 3-75 mass% of low viscosity silicone oil with a viscosity of 1-100 mm^2/s at 25; 0.1-18 mass% of crosslinked silicone powder; and 0.1-5 mass% of amorphous silicic acid anhydride with an average particle size of 0.001-0.1 um.


Objective To determine the optimal protocol that can induce rhesus bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) to differentiate into Schwann like cells in vitro. Methods BMSCs were preinduced in a medium containing 1mm beta Mercaptoethanol (BME), 10ng/ml b FGF and 15%fetal bovine serum. After incubation for 24 hrs, cells were induced with all trans retinoic acid (ARTA) and BDNF for 4 to 6 hrs, followed by culture in the presence of heregulin, Forskolin, b FGF and PDGF for 5 days. The morphological changes positive of BMSCs were evaluated by inverted phase contrast microscope. The positive percentages of S100, GFAP and P75 expression were measured by immunocytochemistry with SABC staining. Results Rhesus BMSCs were positive for CD 29, CD 105, CD 166, and negative for CD 34, CD 71, CD 80 and CD 86. After the induction, BMSCs displayed the morphosis of Schwann cells, such as ellipsoidal cell bodies and fences like array with two or three slight cell processes. The percentages of positive S100, GFAP and P75 expression were 66.8%±4.6%, 57.3%±5.4%and 72.4%±5.9%respectively. Conclusion Rhesus MSCs can be induced to differentiate into Schwann like cells in vitro by BME, ATRA, BDNF, heregulin, Forskolin, b FGF and PDGF.


A generalized multi-phase (MP) combined winding design procedure for bearingless machines is proposed and developed. Using this procedure, new bearingless motor windings can be designed and conventional motor designs with MP windings can be transformed into bearingless motors by simply modifying the phase currents. The resulting MP winding is excited by two current components – one responsible for torque creation and another for suspension force creation. By applying the appropriate Clarke transformation, independent control of force and torque can be achieved. Although there are numerous papers in the literature studying bearingless machines with MP windings and their advantages, this is the first paper to provide a formal design procedure that can be applied to any MP winding configuration. The proposed approach can be used to realize popular winding designs, including concentrated- and fractional-slot windings, and is applicable to all radial-flux bearingless machines. The paper uses the Maxwell stress tensor to formulate the force/torque model for the MP combined winding and uses the results to derive design requirements. A sequence of winding design steps is proposed and used to design example MP combined windings. Experimental validation is provided using a six-phase bearingless induction machine prototype.


A reversed phase HPLC method was developed for determining trace glycyrrhizin in blood. After 0.2% glycyrrhizin(50 mg/kg) was intravenously given to mice, the concentration time curve of glycyrrhizin in plasma corresponded with the two compartment model; t β1/2 was 55.1 min, Cl 0.0035 L/(kg·min) and V d 0.1913 L/kg.


For nearly all states below the ionic limit [i.e., Li(2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d, 4s, and 4p)+H] we perform the first adiabatic and diabatic studies. This treatment involves a nonempirical pseudopotential for Li and a full configuration‐interaction treatment of the valence‐electron system. Core–valence correlation is taken into account according to a core‐polarization‐potential method. We present an analysis of the diabatic curves and introduce appropriate small corrections accounting for basis‐set limitations. For the low‐lying states, our vibrational level spacings and spectroscopic constants are in excellent agreement with the available experimental data and with the best all‐electron results. Experimental suggestions are given for the higher states.


The authors carried out 1:50000 high-precision microgravity survey through methodological experiments at the peripheries of the known bauxite mining area in western Henan and found that most ore deposits are located in gende gravity gradient zones and that areas with a comparatively stable basement are bauxite exploration targets.The burial depths of the Cenozoic cover (aluminiferous rocks) and Ordovician limestone (dolostone) bed can be directly reflected by the controllable source audio frequency magnetotelluric (CSAMT)sounding section and Kania resistivity-frequency curve inflexion and then further the burial depth of the carboniferous Benxi Formation(bauxite) may be deduced.Checks and verification of more than ten boreholes show that the ore encountering rate reaches more than 80%.The results of tests prove that the combined microgravity survey and CSAMT sounding carried out based on the geological study are an effective technique combination for looking for hidden bauxite deposits in western Henan.


By analysing the telemetry data according to their transforming rules,the paper proposes an interpretation system based on Kalman filter for satellite.Besides,the functions of every module and the interfaces are defined.Finally,by taking advantage of the telemetry data,the system proposed is verified.The results show that this interpretation system has good performances in detecting data abnormal and can meet real-time requirements of the tests for satellite.


Abstract A coterie of well-recognized natural scientists, Ian Barbour, Arthur Peacocke, and John Polkinghorne, who have become accomplished scholars in religion, provide a tale of how their work unavoidably intersects with sociology concerning the social construction of knowledge. The epistemological issues they confront required exploration of areas that could be helpfully informed by sociology. They utilize Kuhn's work but have been unable, so far, to benefit meaningfully from other insights in the sociological perspective. Their encounters with sociology illustrate both the potential for sociology to contribute to other disciplines and the difficulty of doing so while sociology itself has not coalesced in its own epistemological position. While there is much public rhetoric attacking the relativism of social constructionism, data indicate that it is widely accepted in America even among those who are religious.


The combination of digital libraries and applications from humanities is an important emerging eld that still faces great challenges. In this paper we investigate the science of numismatics and analyse how to digitize current manual practice for the classiication of ancient coins from the 4th century A.C. Our contributions are twofold. From the application's point of view we develop an improved classiication algorithm with special emphasis on incompletely preserved coins. We present a new approach, called COINCLASS, to indexing (partial) image contents. Secondly, we show how to make maximum use of modern database technology by developing an extensible ODMG-compliant schema. In particular we point out the advantages gained by writing declarative set-oriented OQL queries. In essence our studies support the claim that current object-oriented database technology can cope with many complex applications from humanities.


cerebral disease that caused agraphia and ideomotor apraxia. His ability to compose and perform music was, however, preserved until quite late in his illness. It is now possible to locate the areas of the brain responsible for musical skills by using positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Scans from volunteers sight reading a partita by Bach (Science 1992;257:106-9) show specific foci of activity in all four cortical lobes and the cerebellum.


Resonance processes are common phenomena in multiscale (slow-fast) systems. In the present paper we consider capture into resonance and scattering on resonance in 3-D volume-preserving slow-fast systems. We propose a general theory of those processes and apply it to a class of viscous Taylor-Couette flows between two counter-rotating cylinders. We describe the phenomena during a single passage through resonance and show that multiple passages lead to the chaotic advection and mixing. We calculate the width of the mixing domain and estimate a characteristic time of mixing. We show that the resulting mixing can be described using a diffusion equation with a diffusion coefficient depending on the averaged effect of the passages through resonances.


Determining the position of a device comprising authenticating a device in the range of a vehicle by means of a node in a vehicle. The vehicle includes a first peripheral apparatus and a second peripheral device which is disposed at a position on the vehicle, which is different from that of the first peripheral device. The peripheral devices are coupled to an antenna of the node. Also, the determination of the position of the device includes that of the device, a first signal strength value that is associated with a first signal of said first peripheral device, a second signal strength value that is associated with a second signal from the second peripheral device, and a third signal strength value corresponding to a is associated with the third signal, which is transmitted from the node, is received. Also, the determination of the position of the device includes that a position of the device is determined from the signal strength values and a remote control function with respect to the vehicle is running.


Mathematics seems to have a special status when compared to other areas of human knowledge. This special status is linked with the role of proof. Mathematicians all too often believe that this type of argumentation leaves no room for errors or unclarity. In this paper we take a closer look at mathematical practice, more precisely at the publication process in mathematics. We argue that the apparent view that mathematical literature is also more reliable is too naive. We will discuss several problems in the publication process that threaten this view, and give several suggestions on how this could be countered.


The liquidus temperature of a waste glass (the temperature at which the system glass + crystalline material is in equilibrium with the amorphous glass of the same composition) often is a measure of the solubility of a specific component in the waste in the base glass. A new approach toward predicting the liquidus temperatures of waste glasses has been developed based on solubility. The approach predicts liquidus temperature as well as more complicated expressions developed by other researchers. At the same time, simple process control limits can be easily derived from this model, which is difficult to do with other approaches. While the approach is not applicable to all waste glass components, it can be used for important species such as nickel-iron spinel, chromium oxide, and probably plutonium dioxide. The approach also has led to two new techniques for determining liquidus of waste glass systems.


This paper finds that financial literacy, along with financial practice, play a role in the financial decision making process of households. Building upon earlier works, this paper examines whether basic financial literacy, in the absence of sufficient household financial management practice, is associated with suboptimal savings behavior. Using a nationally representative dataset, we find new evidence that households, with below average financial practice skills but with higher than average financial literacy scores, were less likely to have sufficient precautionary savings.


One noted the peculiarities of hepatic enzymatic activity in cattle infected by Fasciola particularly increase of catalase and reduction of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities. Those changes resulted in decrease of reactions of peroxidation type. The status of enzymatic system of transamination, formation of urea and antioxidant protection had the diagnostic value for control of metabolic status in animals and efficacy of therapy against Fasciola.


A design of module encapsulation of C programs by using class programming is proposed in this paper, based on analyzing the characteristics of C and C++ programs and illustrated by module encapsulation of multiple serial ports driver programming in single-chip computer system in order to improve the quality of programs. This approach can be used for complicated C programming such as embedded operating system, device driver design, especially when driver programming in which C++ is not available in some single-chip computer system.


In this paper we consider first an estimator of the residual variance treated by Evans (and Jones) (2005, 2008) and by Liitiäinen et al. (2008, 2010), based on first and second nearest neighbors given an independent and identically distributed sample. Its strong consistency and strong Cesàro consistency are shown under mere boundedness and square integrability, respectively, of the dependent variable Y. Moreover, in view of the local variance, a correspondingly modified estimator of local averaging (partitioning) type is proposed, and strong L1-consistency (for bounded Y ) and rate of convergence (for bounded X and Y under Lipschitz continuity of the regression and the local variance function) are established.


Source Citation Humphrey LL, Deffebach M, Pappas M, et al. Screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography: a systematic review to update the US Preventive Services Task Force recommend...


Significance TubZ is a tubulin superfamily member that forms filaments necessary for faithful segregation of certain low copy-number bacterial plasmids. Here, we observe that filament formation of the Bacillus thuringiensis TubZ forms completely different filaments depending on the ability of GTP to hydrolyze. Using GTPγS or hydrolysis-blocked mutants results in two-stranded filaments, and polymerization with GTP yields a four-stranded morphology. Through a combination of high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy, light scattering, and mutational analyses, we propose that the two-stranded filament is a prehydrolysis intermediate on-pathway to the posthydrolysis four-stranded form. The density maps also suggest that the C-terminal region not visible in prior crystal structures makes critical interactions in the two-stranded filaments, explaining why even short truncations block polymerization. Cytoskeletal filaments form diverse superstructures that are highly adapted for specific functions. The recently discovered TubZ subfamily of tubulins is involved in type III plasmid partitioning systems, facilitating faithful segregation of low copy-number plasmids during bacterial cell division. One such protein, TubZ-Bt, is found on the large pBtoxis plasmid in Bacillus thuringiensis, and interacts via its extended C terminus with a DNA adaptor protein TubR. Here, we use cryo-electron microscopy to determine the structure of TubZ-Bt filaments and light scattering to explore their mechanism of polymerization. Surprisingly, we find that the helical filament architecture is remarkably sensitive to nucleotide state, changing from two-stranded to four-stranded depending on the ability of TubZ-Bt to hydrolyze GTP. We present pseudoatomic models of both the two- and four-protofilament forms based on cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions (10.8 Å and 6.9 Å, respectively) of filaments formed under different nucleotide states. These data lead to a model in which the two-stranded filament is a necessary intermediate along the pathway to formation of the four-stranded filament. Such nucleotide-directed structural polymorphism is to our knowledge an unprecedented mechanism for the formation of polar filaments.


Preliminary studies in the karst hills of the Meratus Mountains in Kotabaru Regency found rock-shelters and caves that were indicated to have traces of prehistoric dwellings. One of them is Batu Cave which is in Batangkulur village, Kelumpang Barat district. This article discusses the results of excavations carried out in Batu Cave in 2018. The problems raised on proof of occupancy and how human life in the past in Batu Cave. Archaeological data were obtained from excavations by using test-pit at two different locations. The excavation findings were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative analysis was carried out to find out the quantity of findings. The qualitative analysis includes an initial classification, which divides archeological data according to the type, form, and style. The results show that Batu Cave is cave dwelling with living activities that rely on the surrounding resources. Exploitation of environmental resources shown in the use of several types of terrestrial and aquatic fauna as one of the main food sources. Various types of tools were made using rocks, as well as bones and shells.


mild enlarged ovaries (5–12 cm) and additional accumulation of ascites (abnormal accumulation of fluid within the abdomen) with mild abdominal distension, abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea severe enlarged ovary (largest diameter greater than 12cm), presence of numerous ovarian cysts, ascites (abnormal accumulation of fluid within the abdomen) and, sometimes, pleural and/or pericardial effusion critical (Pic. 1) enlarged ovary, tense ascites with hydrothorax (excess fluid around the lung) and pericardial effusion, hematocrit (number of red blood cells in the blood) > 55%, white cell count (WBC) > 25,000, oligoanuria (less than 100ml of urine is produced per day), renal failure, thromboembolic phenomena (the blocking of a blood vessel by a particle that has broken away from a blood clot at its site of formation), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)


Group-cooperative-study can give students chances to show their talent and can increase students' competitive awareness and raise their learning ability.But in the real practice we found it is not so affective.The author of this paper put forward some existing problems and countermeasures in the practice of Group-Cooperative-study in junior Moral Education in order to improve the way of learning.


Astronomical Concepts * Basic Observational Properties of Low-Mass Dwarfs * The Structure, Formation and Evolution of Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs * The Photosphere * Stellar Activity * A Galactic Structure Primer * The Stellar Luminosity Function * The Mass Function * Brown Dwarfs: New Light on Dark Stars * Extrasolar Planets * M-Dwarfs and Galactic Structure * Appendix: The 8-parsec sample * Index * Colour plates section.


A series of ricinoleic acid derivatives have been synthesized and tested for antibacterial activity with respect to four standard strains. Dibromoricinoleic acid (DBRA) showed high activity comparable with that of the reference drug ciprofloxacin. QSARs between various physicochemical indices and the antibacterial activity of a training set including 12 compounds were analyzed. The topological parameter, the valence second-order molecular connectivity index (2χv), and the electronic parameter of total energy (TE) proved to be important for the antibacterial activity of compounds studied. The proposed QSAR models were validated using the leave-one-out procedure. The validity of these models was confirmed by predicting the activity of a set of three compounds (not present in the training set).


low power consumption, low emissions "low carbon economy" has become a new model of economic development of countries to pursue. Traditional GDP indicator has been unable to account for changes in the situation of a country or region 's resource consumption and environmental quality , can not fully reflect the true picture of social development criteria can not adapt to a low-carbon economy. Currently measure low-carbon economy is a very effective indicator green GDP. This paper analyzes the environmental context under China's current economic development , compared to the traditional GDP, indicates the importance and necessity of green GDP , and the current problems in the form of proposals and conducted under the future .


The study of stem and progenitor cells role in carcinogenesis is the subject of intense investigation. At the same time fluorescent methods become more common for the studying of the stem cells migration into recipient organism and their involvement in tumor pathogenesis. In this study the interaction between bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSC) and allogenic tumor (Lewis lung carcinoma) was investigated using the methods of the flow cytometry and a confocal laser scanning microscopy. MMSC were isolated from bone marrow of the males GFP+-transgenic mice C57/Bl6. The tumors were implanted in mice C57/Bl6 by subcutaneous injection of Lewis lung carcinoma tumor cells. The day before that myeloablation was performed by irradiation. GFP+-MMSC and bone marrow cells from the males C57/Bl6 were administrated into mice C57/Bl6 systemically on the following day after irradiation. The animals were divided into two groups: 1 — irradiated mice with tumor inoculation and injection of bone marrow cells including GFP+-MMSC; 2 (control) — unirradiated mice with tumor inoculation but without cells transplantation. The fluorescence level of freshly isolated bone marrow cells from animals of the first and control groups was evaluated by flow cytometry on the 7, 12 and 15 days after GFP+-MMSC transplantation. In these groups of animals we analyzed the distribution of the labeled GFP+-MMSC and their descendants in the organs and tumor tissues by laser scanning microscopy also on the 7, 12 and 15 days after transplantation. It was established that in systemic administration donor GFP+-MMSC were absent in the bone marrow and tissues of induced tumors, but at the same time they were able to migrate into recipients accumulating in the potential niches (spleen, liver) and proliferate actively.


This paper presents a resistive loading ultra-wideband (UWB) dipole antenna for narrow borehole radar systems with discrete Wu-King resistive profile, which is realized by loading lumped resistors discretely on both arms of the dipole antenna. The proposed antenna has many advantages for ground penetrating radar (GPR) applications such as reduced wire dipole diameter, less late-time ringing, and relatively high radiation efficiency.


SINCE the original report on the operative treatment of decubitus ulcer from this hospital,1 considerable experience has been amassed, and a great impetus has occurred in this field in other Army hospitals. Most of the work has been done on paraplegic battle casualties.2 The indications for the operative closure of decubitus ulcers in these patients no longer appear to be disputable. First and foremost, such a procedure effects, with little risk, a tremendous boost in the patient's morale and suddenly terminates the loss of tissue protein from the ulcer surface, thus favoring protein anabolism, increased appetite, strength, weight and general . . .


We present a first principles study of the Ziegler−Natta MgCl2-supported polymerization of ethylene in the framework of the Car-Parrinello approach. In particular we investigate the titanium active sites on the (110) surface of the support focusing on Corradini's model and the possible alternative configurations. We find that different catalyst sites are allowed and that the relevant energetics as well as the reactivity in the alkyl chain formation process strongly depend on the local geometry. During deposition of TiCl4 and complex formation, which are energetically downhill, the dynamical approach allows us to follow the reaction pathway in an unbiased way. By means of Car−Parrinello constrained molecular dynamics we then determine the free energy profiles and estimate activation barriers in the alkene insertion processes. Furthermore a dynamical study of the insertion of a second ethylene molecule offers an interesting insight into the chain growth process and the stereochemical character of the polyme...


An Australian professor has cautioned doctors and other health professionals against featuring in commercial advertisements or advertorials that promote drugs or other health and medical products.

Warwick Anderson, chief executive officer of the National Health and Medical Research Council and previously a senior scientist at Monash University and the Baker Institute, also thinks that health professionals should not participate in commercially driven disease awareness campaigns.

Professor Anderson made the comments in response to a project by the online news service Crikey, which documents extensive ties between commercial marketing campaigns and health professionals. Crikey's register of influence includes many doctors who have appeared in advertisements and advertorials (www.crikey.com.au/The-Crikey-Register-of-Influence.html).

Professor Anderson said that the relationship between the health professions and commercial interests was "a very hot, …


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to evaluate whether diffusion-weighted MR imaging can be used in differentiating residual or recurrent head and neck tumors from postoperative or postradiation changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 32 patients clinically suspected for recurrent head and neck tumor after surgery (n=3), radiation therapy (n=13), or both (n=16). Diffusion-weighted MR imaging was done by using a single-shot spin-echo echo-planar sequence. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value of the suspected lesion was calculated and correlated with pathologic results. RESULTS: Adequate diffusion-weighted MR images and ADC maps were obtained in 30 patients (93.8%). The mean ADC value of residual or recurrent lesions (1.17 ± 0.33 × 10−3 mm2/s) was less than that of posttherapeutic changes (2.07 ± 0.25 × 10−3 mm2/s), and the difference was statistically significant (P < .001). When an ADC value of 1.30 × 10−3 mm2/s was used as a threshold value for differentiation, the best results were obtained with an accuracy of 87%, sensitivity of 84%, specificity of 90%, positive predictive value of 94%, and negative predictive value of 76%. CONCLUSIONS: Diffusion-weighted MR imaging with ADC measurement has promising results for differentiating residual or recurrent head and neck tumors from postoperative or postradiation changes.


DEFINITION: A game in extensive form, often represented by a game tree, conveys the same information in a slightly different light. The extensive form representation includes (1) a list of players, (2) a set of decision nodes with a well-defined ordering (a partial ordering, to be exact) (3) a one-to-one and onto correspondence from the set of players to the set of decision nodes and (4) a set of terminal nodes representing the payoffs to each player resulting from play along every possible branch of the game.


A spoof surface plasmon (SPP) transmission line (TL)-based low-cost near-field imaging system is proposed. Its signal processing part uses a compressive sensing algorithm, which is able to accurately image a sparse scene. Unlike conventional multiple antenna-based imaging, a single-radiator system requires a highly dispersive element. Utilizing this dispersion of radiated pattern, frequency diversity can be used to replace the spatial diversity of conventional systems. The concept is tested through experiments performed on three SPP TLs with different groove depths. It is found that a dispersive SPP TL can actually achieve a high subwavelength resolution of 5 mm (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim 0.05{\lambda }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> where <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\lambda }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the air wavelength at 3 GHz), while operating within the frequency range of 1–5 GHz.


The pentacoordinated [RhCp*Rf2] (Rf = C6F3Cl2-3,5) and the octahedral (μ-Cl)2[RhCp*Rf]2, obtained by stoichiometric rearrangement with (μ-Cl)2[RhCp*Cl]2, are general precursors of [RhCp*RfXL] (X = Rf, Cl; L = ligand) complexes, which were studied by NMR (L dissociation and fluxional processes) and X-ray diffraction (structural effects affecting the Rh–Cp* distances) techniques. The Rh–Cp*centroid distances decrease markedly for identical L in the order [RhCp*Rf2L] > [RhCp*RfClL] > [RhCp*Cl2L] and are further influenced regularly within each family by the trans influence of L (longer distances for higher trans influence of L). The structural effects observed reveal a remarkable capability of Cp* to act as an electron-density buffer, which attenuates the Rh electron density variations induced by the substituents in front of Cp* by releasing toward Rh or polarizing toward Cp*, on demand, the electron density of the Rh–Cp* bonds. This buffer effect explains the easy L dissociation from [RhCp*Rf2L] and the acc...


. Climate data is one of the most important inputs for hygrothermal simulations and significantly influences the simulation results that are used for moisture performance assessment of building envelopes. Conventionally, climate data from representative weather stations are used for hygrothermal simulations to assess the moisture performance of the buildings. Recently, the Construction Research Centre of the National Research Council Canada generated historical and future climate data for 564 locations across Canada. In this paper, the climate data of four urban locations within Vancouver (a humid and warm coastal city in Canada) were selected for hygrothermal simulations. These include an open area at the airport, a city center, an area surrounded by plants, and an area surrounded by a water body. The 31-year-long simulations were performed for a typical wood-frame wall assembly complying with moisture protection designs as provided in the National Building Code Canada (NBCC 2020) but rain penetration was assumed considering the deficiency of exterior cladding. The differences in its hygrothermal response across the four locations were analyzed. It was found that some climate parameters are significantly different among the selected locations, although the values for moisture indices given in the NBCC 2020 for these locations are all similar. The results show that high values of WDR are the dominant factor that drives the moisture performance but there is no indication that the design of the assembly could be different among the tested locations.


JGP study finds that the C. elegans orthologue of the PIEZO family is a mechanosensitive ion channel that regulates pharyngeal pumping and food sensation.


Modern business systems, especially those of middle and large size, generate a large amount of different data.This data is important for proper analys


In this paper I make the following conjecture: there exist an infinity of primes q = 2*n – 1, where n is the sum of a reversible prime p of the form 6*k + 1 concatenated to the left with 1 and its reversal, also concatenated to the left with 1 (example: for p = 13, n = 113 + 131 = 244 and q = 244*2 – 1 = 487, prime).


We discuss the design and implementation of a formal policy system regulating dynamic spectrum access (DSA) for cognitive radios. DSA policies are represented and manipulated in a proof framework based on first-order logic with arithmetic and algebraic data types. Various algebraic operations combining such policies can be easily implemented in such a framework. Reasoning about transmission requests is formulated as a satisfiability-modulo-theories (SMT) problem. Efficient SMT solvers are used to answer the corresponding queries and also to analyze the policies themselves. Further, we show how to reason about transmission requests in an optimal way by modeling the problem as an SMT instance of weighted Max-SAT, and we demonstrate that this problem too can be efficiently solved by cutting-edge SMT solvers. We also show that additional optimal operations on transmission requests can be cast as classic optimization problems, and to that end we give an algorithm for minimizing integer-valued objective functions with a small number of calls to an oracle SMT solver. We present experimental results on the performance of our system, and compare it to previous work in the field.


Multilayer dark mudstone is developed in Jurassic strata of the Muli depression within southern Qilian basin. The evaluation of the source rock of Well DK-3 in the aspects of organic matter abundance,organic matter type, and organic matter maturity indicates that organic matter is abundant, organic matter type is Ⅱ1-Ⅱ2, and organic matter maturity is high. The highest hydrocarbon generation potential layer of the source rock is developed in the depth of 140-350 m, which is black deep lacustrine facies mudstone. The relatively high hydrocarbon generation potential layer is developed in the depth of 630-720 m, which is gray mudstone interlayer from the meandering river. Other layers are low in organic matter abundance and have low hydrocarbon generation potential.


Objective To evaluate the myocardial protection of exogenous creatine phosphate (CP) for cardiac valve replacement patients with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods Forty patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement with CPB were randomly divided into CP group (20 cases) and control group (20 cases). In CP group,CP (10 mmol/L) was added into blood cardioplegia solution, and before aortic unclamping, perfused with warm blood plus CP (10 mmol/L) for 5 minutes. In control group without CP. The effect of myocardial protection of the two methods were evaluated. Results The ratio of myocardial auto-resuscitation was higher in CP group than that in control group [90.0%(18/20) vs. 60.0%(12/20)]( P < 0.05 ). The maximal dose of dopamine was lower in CP group than that in control group [ (4.0 ± 0.9) g/(kg·min) vs. (6.5 ± 1.2) g/ (kg·min)](P< 0.05). The levels of serum creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) at 4,10 hours after aortic unclamping were lower in CP group than those in control group[ (32.4 ± 5.2) U/L vs.(43.8 ± 5.8) U/L and (23.7 ± 5.3 ) U/L vs. (33.5 ± 6.0) U/L ] (P < 0.05 ). Conclusion Exogenous CP shows positive myocardial protection in the patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement.

Key words:
Phosphocreatine;  Extracorporeal circulation;  Myocardium;  Valve replacement


The alpha-amylase inhibitor from chickpea seeds was purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography using immobilised human salivary amylase. The human salivary amylase was immobilised by crosslinking to amino-hexyl seralose by glutaraldehyde. The inhibitor had a molecular weight of 39810 (+1130) daltons and 37153 (+830) daltons, as determined by gel filtration and SDS-PAGE respectively. The inhibitor had maximum activity in the pH range of 2.5 to 4.5 and had a temperature optimum of 37°C.


Abstract. Significance Wide-field measurements of time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy (TR-FA) provide pixel-by-pixel information about the rotational mobility of fluorophores, reflecting changes in the local microviscosity and other factors influencing the fluorophore's diffusional motion. These features offer promising potential in many research fields, including cellular imaging and biochemical sensing, as demonstrated by previous works. Nevertheless, θ imaging is still rarely investigated in general and in carbon dots (CDs) in particular. Aim To extend existing frequency domain (FD) fluorescence lifetime (FLT) imaging microscopy (FLIM) to FD TR-FA imaging (TR-FAIM), which produces visual maps of the FLT and θ, together with the steady-state images of fluorescence intensity (FI) and FA (r). Approach The proof of concept of the combined FD FLIM/ FD TR-FAIM was validated on seven fluorescein solutions with increasing viscosities and was applied for comprehensive study of two types of CD-gold nano conjugates. Results The FLT of fluorescein samples was found to decrease from 4.01  ±  0.01 to 3.56  ±  0.02  ns, whereas both r and θ were significantly increased from 0.053  ±  0.012 to 0.252  ±  0.003 and 0.15  ±  0.05 to 11.25  ±  1.87  ns, respectively. In addition, the attachment of gold to the two CDs resulted in an increase in the FI due to metal-enhanced fluorescence. Moreover, it resulted in an increase of r from 0.100  ±  0.011 to 0.150  ±  0.013 and θ from 0.98  ±  0.13 to 1.65  ±  0.20  ns for the first CDs and from 0.280  ±  0.008 to 0.310  ±  0.004 and 5.55  ±  1.08 to 7.95  ±  0.97  ns for the second CDs. These trends are due to the size increase of the CDs-gold compared to CDs alone. The FLT presented relatively modest changes in CDs. Conclusions Through the combined FD FLIM/ FD TR-FAIM, a large variety of information can be probed (FI, FLT, r, and θ). Nevertheless, θ was the most beneficial, either by probing the spatial changes in viscosity or by evident variations in the peak and full width half maximum.


Abstract In this paper, we study the relations of the sizes of abelian quotient of a subgroup of finite linear groups and the largest orbit size of the linear group actions. We study two conjectures raised by Keller and the author. We show that these two conjectures are not true in general, but also prove some special cases under the condition that the group is solvable.


Andrew Donskov, ed. Leo Tolstoy - Peter Verigin Correspondence. Prepared and with an introduction by Lidia Gromova-Opul'skaya. Trans. John Woodsworth. Ottawa: Legas, 1995. xi, 101 pp. Sometimes, philosophical, ethical and moral ideas based on a sincere Christian spirit, when literally applied to practice, do not produce the desired effect and might even occasionally cause hardship to those who espouse them. Such appears to have been the experience of the Doukhobors who were inveterate seekers of truth both in Russia and in Canada. Although they meant well, their consistent and sometimes unorthodox ways of implementing ideas caused them at times disappointment and generated misunderstanding and conflict between them and their neighbours and the authorities. This book represents an important aspect of Tolstoyana: the Russian writer's relationship with the Doukhobors and their leader, Peter Verigin. Tolstoy's interest in the group was strengthened when he saw in December 1894, at the Moscow Butyr railway station, some dignified-looking men saying farewell to one of their own being escorted by the police into exile. His acquaintance with Verigin developed through correspondence, which began in November 1895 and ended in May 1910. Altogether, 16 letters by Tolstoy and 22 by Verigin, plus some other additions, are reproduced here in Russian and in English. The Tolstoy Jubilee Edition includes only the Russian original of Tolstoy's letters; among them only a section of one letter has been previously translated into English. Thus, in this publication, readers have for the first time the full correspondence, as preserved in the Russian State Archives and in English translation. Lidia Gromova-Opul'skaya of the World Literature Institute (Russian Academy of Sciences) prepared the edition. Her colleagues from the University of Ottawa translated and edited the text. The Doukhobors' philosophy of non-violence coincided with Tolstoy's own beliefs and attracted him to them. Indeed, the writer defended the Doukhobors' cause after their public burning of arms in June 1895. Along with friends and followers, Tolstoy published, nationally and internationally, appeals to the Russian authorities for clemency and dedicated his efforts and revenues from his latest novel, Resurrection, to enable a part of the persecuted group to look for alternative areas of settlement. When in 1897 Tolstoy was named a candidate for the first Nobel Peace Prize, he suggested that the Committee award this prize to the Doukhobors. Lamentably, the Committee did not heed his advice. The correspondence between Tolstoy and Verigin reveals how their ideas on certain topics were mutually influential. Both were essentially self taught, but Verigin had a peasant background whose Weltanschauung was shaped by Doukhobor religious views and knowledge derived from extensive reading on various topics during a long period in exile. The thirty-year difference in age and life experience between the two correspondents did not place the junior but naturally intelligent Verigin at a disadvantage vis-a-vis Tolstoy's reasoning power and clarity of thought. Their views on religion, ethics and morals were similar, but whenever they differed Verigin could effectively argue his points. He was a practical individual as can be seen from the letters he wrote after being released and from his actions in Canada where he went in 1902 to manage Doukhobor economic affairs. Being a recognized leader by his group, Verigin did not show the same amount of humility-a Doukhobor virtue-toward his brethren as Tolstoy tried to do in his later years. On the basis of his letters-some written, others even typed on special stationery with letterheads-one could infer that Verigin tried to impress Tolstoy with the power and influence of his position among fellow believers in Canada. The epistolary discussion between the two included such topics as, for example, whether the spoken word is a more true expression of the human spirit and mind than the written one. …


The study of performance on the Darrieus turbine is an emerging topic using many techniques to make it improve the performance up to the industrial standard. The angle of air received at the leading edge of the aerodynamic wind blade influencing the performance of the turbine. Every instant of the angle of air varying each blade due to the rotating motion of the turbine. The objective of this paper is to determine the optimum pitch angle using the Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation technique in Ansys 18.1, where the sliding mesh technique is used. The geometry of the blade is taken from the previous literature which is used to verify the results. The various pitch angles are chosen from -6° to +6°. The coefficient of the moment is calculated using K-epsilon SST 2 equation model. The graph is plotted between TSR and the coefficient of performance of various pitch angle for optimization purpose.


This thesis analyses the socio-cultural ideas and value orientation of American journalism education model based on the classical summary of Professor Zheng Zhenming.The author suggests that democracy and freedom are the core concepts of American journalism education.


This is an introduction to the basic ideas and to a few further selected topics in conformal quantum field theory and in the theory of Kac-Moody algebras. These lectures were held at the Graduate Course on Conformal Field Theory and Integrable Models (Budapest, August 1996). They will appear in a volume of the Springer Lecture Notes in Physics edited by Z. Horvath and L. Palla. —————— X Heisenberg fellow


Th e status of knowledge of the terrestrial malacofauna of Turkey is briefl y reviewed, and the perspectives for studies on the malacofauna of the country are discussed.


The studies were carried out on the basis of the laboratory of breeding technologies of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Center of Bast Crops" (Tver region) in 2019-2021. The purpose of the research is to study selection effectiveness of fiber flax plants for a new trait - height at various seeding amounts in the selection nursery. It was established that initial testing with subsequent removal of plants that were not included in the interval of typical height (± 10% of the average value) allowed to ensure a higher uniformity of typical plants in terms of fiber content compared to the control in the stalk, when sowing 200 viable seeds per meter of row in the selection nursery, the highest yield of renewed seed material (91.8 g/m²), it also allowed to reduce labor costs. Studies showed that selection of fiber flax plants by height provided an increase of seeding energy in case of sowing of 150 and 200 viable seeds by 14-15%, seed strength by 20.8-27.3%, and 1 cm of seed germination by 7.0 - 21.4% compared with the control variant. However, the studied methods of plant selection did not affect mass formation of 1000 seeds. According to soil control data, when testing plants for a new trait, their high uniformity was achieved in terms of the main varietal trait - fiber content in the stem, which was characterized by variation coefficient at a level of 3.0-3.5% with 3.0-3.1% in control. A good evenness of plants was also revealed by another varietal trait - height. Variation coefficient for this trait was 4.3-5.5%. The effectiveness of selection method of fiber flax plants by a new trait-height is confirmed by the results of its verification. When checking the method, the cost reduction for work performance on selection and testing of plants by height amounted to 27% compared to the control.


This paper describes the structure and the design method of a magnetic skew gear using a permanent magnets. The magnetic skew gear can be easily designed by expansion of the design method for a magnetic worm gears. The trial magnetic skew gear has a gear ratio of 1=38/66=0.575 and has an internal contact meshing to increase the transmitted torque by enlarging the meshing area. >


In the beginning of this year, the 100th anniversary of the folklore researcher Bronė Kazlauskienė (1920–2001) was celebrated at the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore. In the festive meeting organized for the occasion, folklorists of the Institute and Kazlauskienė's family members shared their memories and discussed her scholarly works. Her professional activities were almost entirely devoted to research and publication of the Lithuanian folksongs. Having started her work in 1946 at the Folklore Department of the former Institute of Lithuanian History, she was among the first researchers attempting to define the structure of the Lithuanian folksong catalogue. From 1955, she continued this work at the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature, where she worked until 1994. Kazlauskienė presented her research results related to the creation of the folksong classification system in her theoretical and applied scientific works – research studies, articles, and folklore source publications. She edited for publication three books of the "Lithuanian Folksong Catalogue" and four volumes of the "Collection of Lithuanian Folksongs". In 1994, along with other editors of this multivolume academic publication, she was awarded the Lithuanian National Science Award. However, her activities and publications dedicated to commemoration of prominent figures of Lithuanian culture and literature testify to still broader scholarly interests.


Establishing the mechanism of magnetic-to-particle energy conversion through magnetic reconnection in current sheets1 is the key to understanding the impact of fast release of magnetic energy in many space and astrophysical plasma systems, such as during magnetospheric substorms2,3. It is generally believed that an electron-scale diffusion region (EDR), where a magnetic-to-electron energy conversion occurs, has an X-type magnetic-field geometry4 around which the energy of anti-parallel magnetic fields injected is mostly converted to the bulk-flow energy of electrons by magnetic tension of reconnected field-lines5,6. However, it is at present unknown exactly how this energy conversion occurs in EDRs, because there has been no observational method to fully address this problem. Here we present state-of-the-art analysis of multi-spacecraft observations in Earth's magnetotail of an electron-scale current sheet, which demonstrates that contrary to the standard model of reconnection with an X-type EDR geometry, the fast energy conversion in the detected EDR was caused mostly by magnetic-field annihilation, rather than reconnection. Furthermore, we detected a magnetic island forming in the EDR itself, implying that the EDR had an elongated shape ideal for island generation7 and magnetic-field annihilation. The experimental discovery of the annihilation-dominated EDR reveals a new form of energy conversion in the reconnection process that can occur when the EDR has evolved from the X-type to planar geometry.


The political, economic, and social institutions within a society directly influence the structure, direction, and vitality of collaborative or co-management systems of environmental management and governance. Mexico has the opportunity to more fully embrace sound progressive environmental policies because of the dramatic political and economic developments of the last twenty years; particularly the signing of the NAFTA accords in 1992 and the elections of 2000. The ejido, or common property system of land reform, borne of the Mexican revolution and codified under the Lazaro Cardenas administration, could provide a basis on which to build more accountable, collaborative environmental management regimes in the 21 century. This research seeks to understand the relationship between recent political and economic restructuring in Mexico and the development of more collaborative environmental management regimes based upon the traditional ejido system of common property management. The author will examine recent research on collaborative or co-management with a focus on community/greater-state relations. Then a survey of Mexican history with a focus on recent trends – the last twenty years – in decentralization and institutional development will be presented to provide the reader with a sense of the scope of change in the country's political culture. Finally three case studies will be examined that represent distinct ejido community environments in which the move towards collaborative management of forested regions in Mexico is taking place.


The importance of reactive halogen species (particularly halogen oxides) in the troposphere is due to their strong effect on tropospheric ozone levels, which has been first discovered during surface ozone depletion episodes in the polar boundary layer after polar sunrise (bromine oxide, BrO). Halogen oxides have also been reported from mid-latitude coastal sites (iodine oxide, IO and iodine dioxide, OIO) and from the Dead Sea basin (BrO). Results from the field studies performed in framework of this thesis at Arctic and mid- latitude locations are presented here. BrO and its vertical profile near the ground has been observed during surface ozone destruction in the Canadian high and low Arctic. First simultaneous measurements of BrO and IO in the Arctic boundary layer were performed by ground-based MAX-DOAS, which was developed within this work. The measurements at the Hudson Bay represent the southernmost and first direct observations of Arctic surface ozone losses due to BrO and allowed for the first time to study the day and nighttime chemistry of BrO at high time resolution. Molecular bromine was inferred to be a major reservoir compound during the night, initiating sunrise ozone destruction upon photolysis. The first simultaneous measurements of BrO and gas phase elemental mercury at high time resolution in the Canadian Arctic support the proposed key role of BrO as oxidant for mercury in the gas phase during polar springtime. Further measurements of halogen oxides at clean and moderately polluted mid-latitude coastal sites yielded new field data on halogen oxide concentrations and upper limits at different pollution levels.


The study of metaphor is originated from the field of rhetoric.Its development,which goes through rhetoric,semantics,pragmatics till cognitive science in nowadays,makespeople's study and knowledge of metaphor changed qualitatively.Metaphor,not only as a rhetoricdevice,is used in a text as an approach or mechanism for people to set relations between differentobjects that have different characters in their minds.Therefore,metaphor usually gives adistinctive kind of stylistic flavor to the text which it is in.Also,metaphor adds the text aestheticperception,and makes the text have the specific aesthetic value.This paper aims to brieflyinterpret metaphor from the two aspects:stylistic flavor and aesthetic value.


As to aestheticism(ideas on art and literature),there exist great differences between Marx Engels and Lenin.Marx Engels' aesthetic ideas are colorful and wonderful,the core of which is realism,i.e.truthfully depicting the reality and creating the typical character in the typical environment.With the development of history and situation,great changes also take place in aesthetics.Lenin's emphasis is no longer the realism that Marx and Engels emphasize,but the "literary principle for the party",which means that literature must become the "gear and screw" for the revolutionary machine powered by the Party.Lenin's aesthetics can be called the political aesthetics of the Party.As far as the ideas on art and literature,MAO Ze-dong is actually Lenin's student and acquires Lenin's ideas through QU Qiu-bai.MAO Ze-dong creatively develops Lenin.MAO Ze-dong's most representative aesthetic works is,first of all,"Speech on Yan'an Conference on Art and Literature",which I regard as the Chinese version of Lenin's basic ideas in The Party's Organization and the Party's Literature;the most important development is to stress the position of the Communist Party as the potentate and to add power to aesthetics,which changes Lenin's "political aesthetics of the party" into MAO Ze-dong's "political aesthetics of the power".


In order to improve the fracture resistance (reliability) isolation of the copper wiring is formed by using the damascene method, to form a Cu wiring (46a ~ 46e) to be embedded in the wiring grooves 40 of the silicon oxide film 39 by polishing using CMP, after a washing step after CMP processes as a silicon oxide film 39 and the Cu wiring (46a ~ 46e) plasma (plasma ammonia) reducing the surface of the. Then, to form a cap film (silicon nitride film) in succession without breaking the vacuum. Substrate, the device separation slot, a silicon oxide film, a contact hole, a wiring groove, slush supply line, the dresser drive shaft, then the loader, the washing section, unloader, a susceptor, a baffle plate


We present a detail analysis on a general class of holographi c type dark energy models characterized by the length scale L = 1 an(t) ∫ t 0 dt ′ am(t′). We show thatn ≥ 0 is required by the recent cosmic accelerated expansion of universe. In t he early universe dominated by the constituent with constant equation of state wm, we havewde ≃ −1 − 2n 3 for n ≥ 0 and m < 0, andwde ≃ −2 3(n − m) + wm for n > m ≥ 0. The models withn > m ≥ 0 become single-parameter models like the ΛCDM model due to the analytic feature Ωde ≃ d2 4 (2m + 3wm + 3) 2a2(n−m) at radiationand matter-dominated epoch. Whereas the case s n = m ≥ 0 should be abandoned as the dark energy cannot dominate the u niverse forever and there might be too large fraction of dark energy in early univ erse, and the cases m > n ≥ 0 are forbidden by the self-consistent requirement Ωde ≪ 1 in the early universe. Thus a detailed study on the single-parameter models correspondi ng to casesn > m ≥ 0 is carried out by using recent observations. The best-fit analysis indi cates that the conformal-age-like models withn = m + 1, i.e. L ∝ 1 Ha in early universe, are more favored and also the models with smallern for the givenn − m are found to fit the observations better. The equation of state of the dark energy in models with n = m + 1 > 0 transits fromwde < −1 during inflation towde > −1 in radiationand matter-dominated epoch, and then back to wde < −1 eventually. The best-fit result of the case ( n = 0,m = −1) which is so-calledηHDE model proposed in [1] is the most favorable model and compatible wi th theΛCDM model.


The soil's energy appearance reflects the soil water availability for live plant. The soil energy which is often called water potential is determined by the factors of the structure and water content of soil, therefore the mathematical formulas are given by analyzing their relationships. The result showed that the soil structure was the main factors influenced the soil potential under absolute-dried condition, and the soil potential went up with the increasing of water content under wet condition. In addition, plant root can also influence soil structure and water content, so the influence of plant root on the soil potential should not be neglected.