In this study, we selected four real-world rear-end crash scenarios with different crash characteristics. The vehicles involved in those crashes were not equipped with any crash avoidance systems. We then used the accident reconstruction method to build those crash scenarios in PC-Crash software. Then, different FCW/AEB safety algorithms have been defined for a subject vehicle model in each crash scenario and each scenario was simulated for a set of input parameters such as vehicle speed, brake intensity, and driver reaction time. The range and distribution of input parameters were extracted from the related field crash data and available literature. A total number of 16000 simulations have been conducted which produced input-output datasets for further investigations. Finally, the effects of input parameters on simulation outcomes including crash occurrence, AEB activation, injury risk, and vehicle damage have been quantified using the Boruta algorithm. The results indicated that the overall effectiveness of the AEB system was a 57% reduction of rear-end crashes, a 52% reduction of injury severity (striking vehicle's passengers), and a 47% reduction of damages for striking vehicles. The results also showed that the available AEB algorithms were more effective for the average speed equal to or less than 80 kmph. The speed of the subject vehicle, type of AEB algorithm, sensor detection range, and driver reaction time were the most important parameters on crash outcomes. In addition, the results indicated that the performance of FCW had a direct impact on the effectiveness of the AEB system for the integrated FCW + AEB system.


The research used cyclic voltammetry to obtain stable voltammograms of HER in CO 2-H 2 O system on Pt electrode.Compared with the voltammograms of HER in HCl-H 2 O system,the reductive potential(Epc=-0.5)shows negative shift.The diffusion coefficient of H +,CO 2,the width of reaction layer and the function of concentration distribution of CO 2 were calculated.The values are 2 CO D =3.02×10-1 0,m 2 /s,+ H D =4.93×10-9,m 2 /s,μ,= + 3 0 b H HCO D /(k c),c = + Η 3 0 0 b HCO H c 1 exp x k c /D + + Η [ { }]--,respectively.These parameters are of fundamental significance in using electrochemical technology to detect CO 2.


&NA; Microalgae (Nannochloropsis sp., NS), with high contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and crude protein, may be one of the important n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) sources and potential protein feed ingredient. The purposes of this study were to enrich yolk with n‐3 PUFA by dietary EPA‐rich NS supplementation and to evaluate whether it is feasible to partly substitute for soybean meal in laying hens diet. A total of 360 37‐wk‐old healthy Lohmann Brown laying hens, with similar laying rate and body weight, were randomly allotted to 5 groups (6 replicates, 12 birds/replicate) and fed 5 experimental diets (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8% NS) for 4 wk. The hen performance and egg quality (except yolk color) were not affected (P > 0.05) by the NS supplemental diets. Yolk color score was increased as NS supplementation in diets (P < 0.001), and peaked on about the seventh day in all NS supplemental groups. The concentration of total n‐3 PUFA was increased (P < 0.001), while total n‐6 PUFA and n‐6/n‐3 ratio were decreased (P < 0.001) in yolk with increasing NS levels in diets. The 8% NS group had highest docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and total n‐3 PUFA levels, reaching 111.6 mg DHA and 148.6 mg total n‐3 PUFA per egg. Maximum DHA, total n‐3 PUFA, very long‐chain (LC‐) n‐3 PUFA, and LC‐PUFA levels were all observed at day 13 of NS supplementation. In conclusion, dietary NS supplementation enriched yolk with n‐3 PUFA (especially DHA) and enhanced yolk color score without adverse effects on performance and egg quality, and indicated the practical feasibility of partial replacement for soybean meal in laying hens diet.


The investigation on the lattice relaxation of FePt/TiN heteroepitaxial film was conducted by means of the thickness-dependent evolution of microstructure and magnetic properties. The critical thickness of FePt epitaxial growth on TiN was determined to be around 10 nm based on the lattice constant simulation according to equilibrium theory, which was consistent with the experimental value obtained from cross-sectional transmission electron microscope (TEM) measurements. Using high-resolution TEM images, the lattice relaxation mechanism of the FePt layer was clearly explained via the formation of edge dislocations at the critical thickness and the ensuing tilt of {1 1 1} lattice planes towards the film normal direction. It is found that the lattice relaxation caused the misorientation of the easy axes, and therefore in-plane magnetization increased and perpendicular anisotropy deteriorated with FePt thickness increasing from 10 to 40 nm.


Existing methods of standardizing innovative labour were considered. Suggestions for improvements in standardizing management labour were provided. The core and content of the work by innovative activities were defined. The methods of standardizing were determined depending on innovative labour operations.


Based on comprehensive utilization of Ⅰ and Ⅱ effect for the process of automatic control,the situation of utilizing various resources completely and approach to achieve energy saving and emission reducing for Zaoyang company were introduced briefly.


INTRODUCTION: Globally the majority of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic is through heterosexual transmission; The complex interaction between STD and the HIV has been demonstrated in many epidemiological, in vitro and clinical studies over the last number of years. Classic STD could facilitate HIV 1 transmission by increasing either the infectiousness of the index case, the susceptibility of the partner, or both.


The subject of this study is conceptual and categorical apparatus of categories in the field of legal regulation of cultural heritage protection. The purpose of this paper is a conceptual study of categorical apparatus in the area of legal regulation of cultural heritage, in particular, identifying the regulatory meaning of "cultural heritage", "pro tection" and "conservation" of cultural heritage in order to fix it further in legislation. The author characterizes the features of the present stage of the legal regulation of protection of cultural heritage in Ukraine. He tries to identify current trends in the tran sition from the ideology of cultural heritage protection to the ideology of its preserva tion, and, accordingly, deploy a number of conceptual developments in this area. The author concludes that the protection can be understood in a broad sense as a set of legal measures aimed at prevention, prevention of crime and their violation – to be protected. At this stage of development, protection of cultural heritage can be identified trend to shift from the ideology of cultural heritage protection to the ideology of its preserva tion, and, accordingly, deploy a number of conceptual development in this area. This is because the concept of "cultural heritage" is much


The all-electric aircraft (AEA) is a fully battery powered aircraft that has a low engine noise and carbon dioxide mission level. However, the AEA requires space solar power satellite (SSPS) enabled mid-air recharging technology to allow high payload capacity and long flight duration. In addition, the rectenna size of AEA requires the SSPS to accurately beam the microwave energy to the rectenna. Therefore, high performance AEA localization and tracking (LAT) by SSPS is essential. This paper studies the AEA localization performance via SSPS constellation. We assume the AEA broadcasts its position information via the automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) channel. In addition, each SSPS located within the field-of-view measures the time-of-arrival (TOA) of the ADS-B signal for fusion purpose. Furthermore, the signal traveling time delay effect and SSPS position error are considered. A Montel Carlo simulation has been conducted to study the AEA localization performance with respect to SSPS altitude and measurement error magnitude. The results show that the SSPS altitude and positioning errors have higher impact on AEA localization accuracy. Also, the results show that the AEA localization via SSPS constellation can meet the target accuracy.


This quarter's work dealt primarily with the effect of the petroleum solvent on coprocessing and the effect on the solvent of processing at coprocessing conditions. Catalytic upgrading of the petroleum residuum at coprocessing conditions resulted in upgrading by decreasing the heteroatom content, upgrading asphaltenes, and decreasing the viscosity and Conradson Carbon residue percent of the solvents to produce more fluid and less likely to coke materials. Pretreatment of the different petroleum residua by catalytic hydrotreatment followed by extraction improves the amount of coal conversion achieved during coprocessing. For some residua, the hydrotreatment results in an improved solvent yielding high levels, approx. 50%, oil production. As would be expected higher catalyst loading produces higher oil yields for both the original and pretreated residua. Coal conversion is affected by catalyst loading and by the condition of the solvent. In coprocessing, the solvent to coal ratio influences the upgrading of the petroleum material and the conversion of coal. An optimal range of coal concentration between 30 and 50% is observed for both coal conversion and oil production. In catalytic coprocessing, coal has been shown to be upgraded to oil. In some instances, as much as 40% of the coal is converted to oilmore » and 80 to 90% of the oil produced in the coprocessing reaction is made from coal. The composition of the solvent has definite effects on coal conversion and oil yields. When tetralin is added at a 1.5% donable hydrogen level, substantive coal conversion is obtained even in a nitrogen atmosphere. In summary, the petroleum crude or residuum used in the coprocessing reaction is an important factor in the final product obtained. Selection of the proper processing conditions is crucial in achieving product selectivity. 6 references, 17 figures, 17 tables.« less


– Most of the studies on royal jelly (RJ) composition or properties as well as quality standards of commercially available royal jelly are based on RJ harvested three days (72 h) after grafting. In China, some beekeepers produce RJ harvested one (24 h) or two (48 h) days after grafting. There is a lack of knowledge about the quality of the royal jelly harvested earlier than 72 h. This study compared 32 colonies for their chemical compositions of RJ harvested at 24, 48 and 72 h after grafting, according to the proportion of moisture, protein, 10-HDA, total sugar and the value of acidity and superoxide dismutase activity. The analysis of RJ samples revealed that the composition varied significantly (for both fresh and dehydrated samples) and on some occasions above and below the range of present Chinese and Swiss standards. The results suggest that harvesting time should be considered when defining new quality standards of RJ. multivariate statistics discriminant analyses were used to compare the composition, acidity and SOD activity profile of the RJ harvested on di ff erent days on wet and dry basis. Samples with missing values for one or more RJ components were removed from these analyses. The rela-tive amounts of the compounds were restandardised to 100% and transformed using Aitchison's formula


The purpose of our work was to assess proportionality of body and type of a constitution of boys and young men of mountain and mid-mountain zones of Kyrgyzstan. Materials and methods . 555 boys and youths of 12-17 years living in different regions of Kyrgyzstan, namely in highlands (3100-3325 m above sea level) and middle mountains (1050 m above sea level) − the Alay valley − 238 persons and anthropogenically technogenic zone Osh − 317 persons were examined. The method of anthropometrical measurements was applied, the structure of body weight was counted on J. Mateigka. The computer somatotyping was carried out by means of Dorokhov's technique. For the examined group coefficient of a heterochronicity and the index of "harmony of morphological development" (IGMR) were determined by S.A. Pushkarev's technique. Results . The greatest number of students (40-60%) of both groups possess normostenoid proportions. Disharmony of proportions of body is expressed in doliсhomorphization (astenoid proportions) in each group coincides with completion of the pubertal period (16 years), and remains at youthful age (17 years), especially inhabitants of highlands. In students of MIMES from highlands maximum increase in length of body is the share of the beginning of pubertal period (13-14 years), body weights in the middle of this period (14-15 years). On the contrary, in teena gers of MAMES and MONTH the beginning of puberty is marked by increase in body weight, and length at 16-17 years. In teenagers of MIMES from anthropogenically technogenic zone maximum increase in body weight is noted at 13-14 years, and body lengths at the end of puberty (16-17 years). In representatives of MAMES- and MONTH in this zone of accommodation the maximum increases of body weight were established at the middle of a puberty (14-15 years), and body length in students of MONTH type at 15-16 years, teenagers of MAMES of type – at 16-17 years. On the basis of a somatotyping the heterochronicity of processes of growth in boys and youths having various somatotype living in various ecological zones of Kyrgyzstan is revealed.


Thin metallic Pd films (100 h) were submitted to irradiation with 100 kev Xe ions. After an initial increase of the atomic disorder, a decrease of the metallic coverage occurs as holes are created due to sputtering. This leads to a percolating transition. The modifications of the electronic mean free path, film thickness and metallic surface coverage were measured in situ up to the percolation threshold by means of resistive measurements, Rutherford Backscattering and Transmission Electron Microscopy experiments. The resistance at 300 K is found to diverge near the percolation threshold with the typical 2D exponent value. A phenomenological model accounts for the evolution of the topological parameters as the fluence (number of incoming ions per unit surface) increases. We present low temperature electrical measurements on films irradiated at different fluences, thus lying at different distances from the percolation threshold. Our results show a strong interaction between the microscopic and the macroscopic disorder near the percolation threshold : the conductance temperature dependence crosses over from a logarithmic shape (I,e, characteristic of weak localization in 2D metallic films) to a power law dependence, due to the non-Euclidean (fractal) dimensionality of the percolating metallic structure. Moreover, very close to the threshold but always above it, the conductance varies exponentially with temperature, revealing the appearance of an Anderson insulator, although a continuous metallic path exists across the samples. At 4.2K, the resistance approaches the percolation threshold with exponent 2, (different from the classical percolation value 1.3 observed at 300K). This new exponent must contain information on the observed Metal-Insulator Transition.


The twenty-first century brought with it technological advancements, increasing business demands, and massive economic crises that have forced many professions to be reinvented over and over again. Employers all around the world are demanding greater levels of skills from their employees, and this trend appears to be applicable to the Middle East and North African region as well. This paper uses a quantitative research method to identify the critical skills required for senior-level employees to perform successfully in e-businesses and to explore the gap between the industry's expectation and satisfaction with the skills of their employees. The study was based on survey responses from 147 people working in ebusinesses in Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, and United Arab Emirates. One sample t-tests were performed to identify the importance that the industry placed on 20 skills relevant to ebusiness and to explore the satisfaction of the industry with the performance of its seniorlevel employees in these specific skills. The findings showed that senior-level employees exhibit a more significant skills gap in soft skills than in digital skills, especially in decision making, leadership, and problem-solving skills. The results highlight the need to develop soft skills among candidates before they enter the workforce and offer educational institutions guidance for redesigning coursework to prioritize soft skills that are most relevant to the workplace. The findings also suggest that firms invest in the continuous learning of their employees to avoid the need to look for new people whenever the market changes.


Among the least understood processes which contribute to the formation of igneous rocks are the mechanisms by which magmas move within and on the surface of the earth. Understanding these phenomena requires learning the physics of deformable materials. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce and review the equations describing fluid flow, to provide a qualitative understanding of their implications for magma behavior and to solve a single, simple application. This application, although somewhat unrealistic, displays the techniques and problems of modeling magma transport.


The present invention includes a front side for engaging a disc brake rotor (216), and a rear side for being engaged by respective actuators for a service brake (233) and an actuator for a parking brake (232) (218) a comprise that disk brake pads (210). The rear side of the disc brake pad (210) includes a concave portion for receiving the disc brake pad engaging portion (225) of the actuator for the parking brake (232) and (220).


It is a general viewpoint in academy that drug cases has some characteristics in nature itself and some features in investigative process, in which drug holder's "know well" should be affirmed through inferring from a fact, this is a basic and crucial principle. To Commit crime of illegal hold drugs in case of holder's conduct is proofed out of transporting and trading activities. Now this article tries to focus on the evidences concerned of drug cases took by technical investigative methods, put the examination and approval procedure into legality.


The market for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEVs) is expected to grow significantly over the next few years and a number of new products are soon to come onto the market, such as the Toyota Prius plug-in version, [1]. The charging demand of wide-scale use of PHEVs may have a significant impact on domestic electricity loads and could risk of overloading the power system if appropriate charging strategies not applied to prevent this. A Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) model of domestic PHEV use and availability has been developed based on probabilistic characterisations obtained from UKTUS and quantifies charging demand of PHEVs as a function of time of day. The MCS model has been developed in order to simulate the impact on the electricity distribution system. This article also discusses the potential for responsive battery charging load from PHEVs.


A compound represented by the following formula (I), or a salt thereof, ** ** Formula or a solvate thereof: in the formula, ring A represents the following formula (II) or the following formula (III) : ** ** formula ring B represents the following formula (IV) or the following formula (V): formula ** ** X represents C-R5 or a nitrogen atom, R1 represents a C1-6 alkyl group R2 represents a C1-6 alkyl group, or C3-8 cycloalkyl group, R3, R4, and R5 represent, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group of C1-6 , a haloalkyl group of C1-6, or C1-6 alkoxy group, wherein the C1-6 alkoxy group may be substituted by one to the largest possible number of substituents selected from the group consisting of a group phenyl group; a hydroxyl group; C1-6 alkoxy group; C1-6 alkylthio group; C1-6 alkylsulfonyl group; an oxazolyl group (which may be substituted with a heteroaryl group of 5 to 10 atoms, which may be substituted with a C1-6 alkyl group, a C6-10 aryl group, or a halogen atom); a pyridyl group (which may be substituted with a C1-6 alkyl group), a C1-6 alkoxycarbonyl group; a carboxyl group; a carbamoyl group; one monoalkylcarbamoyl group of C1-6; C1-6 one dialkylcarbamoyl group; alcanoilami20 not one group of C1-6; an alkylsulfonylamino group of 1-6; haloalkylsulfonylamino C1-6 one group; an amide group; and a sulfonamide group.


A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Medicine in Surgery of Makerere University


Skabardonis and Dowling recommended updated Bureau of Public Road speed-flow curves for freeways and signalized arterials to improve the accuracy of speed estimates used in transportation demand models. These updated curves generally involved the use of higher power functions that show relatively little sensitivity to volume changes until demand exceeds capacity, when the predicted speed drops abruptly to a very low value. Skabardonis and Dowling demonstrated that the curves provide improved estimates of vehicle speeds under both uncongested and queueing conditions; however, they did not investigate the impact of these curves on the performance of travel demand models. Practitioners have been concerned about the impacts of such abrupt speed-flow curves on the performance of their travel demand models. Spiess has stated that higher power functions are more difficult computationally for computers to evaluate and that more abrupt speed-flow curves adversely affect the rate of convergence to equilibrium solutions in the traffic assignment process. In this paper the impact of the Skabardonis and Dowling updated speed-flow curves on the performance of selected travel demand models is investigated. The updated speed-flow curves were found to significantly increase travel demand model run times. However, it is demonstrated that an alternative speed-flow equation developed by Akçelik has similar or better accuracy and provides much superior convergence properties during the traffic assignment process. The Akçelik curve significantly reduced travel demand model run times.


Summary An overview of the Tipulidae known to occur in northern Morocco with an emphasis on the Rif mountains is given, incorporating new distribution data based on recently collected material in the area. Dolichopeza (Dolichopeza) hispanica, Tipula (Lunatipula) subpustulata, and Tipula (Yamatotipula) afriberia afriberia are recorded for the first time for the Rif. Tipula (L.) stimulosa Mannheims, 1973 and T. (Vestiplex) vaillanti vaillanti Theowald, 1977 are reported for the first time for the Rif and Morocco. Tipula (Lunatipula) pseudocinerascens Strobl, 1906 and Tipula (Savtshenkia) confusa van der Wulp, 1883 are recorded for the first time for the Rif, Morocco and North Africa. A new species of the subgenus Lunatipula, T. (L.) pjotri n. sp., is described and illustrated. Nephrotoma exastigma, previously reported for the Rif, seems to be absent in Morocco. Reports of Tipula (Emodotipula) obscuriventris Strobl, 1900 for Morocco actually refer to T. (E.) leo. This brings the number of Tipulidae for Morocco to 39 species and for the Rif to 28. An updated checklist of the Tipulidae of Morocco is provided.


In health sector, health care workers are exposed to a lot of work accidents as a source of the feature of the service. A set of legal arrangements have been made on the subject by the Ministry of Health is working basically assuring the safety of these arrangements, hospitals, hospital management, employee safety committee and a number of employees responsibilities. Evaluation of the work-related accidents which the health care workers are exposed to and safety issues related to working in health care workers and to contribute to the process of searching for solutions, applications, reviews of health care workers and detection of exposure to work-related accidents are important to employee safety. Virtue of this importance, the aim of our research, which threaten the security of working in hospitals and to identify the most common work-related accidents, accidents at work in the formation of this, according to the Service Quality Standards which essentially based on to provide patient and employee safety and to include all the health institutions in the country, hospital management, employee safety committee and responsibilities of employees and so on which provide employees the opportunity to evaluate separately by sections that determine the development of open spaces. Health personnel working in hospitals in the city center of Karabuk scope of the research carried out and the data obtained from questionnaires were applied to various analyzes. Research of health personnel as a result of a work accident rate is quite high exposure, the culture of event notification which does not occur in hospitals, hospitals for the purposes of employee safety committees are actively committed to the fore the results. In addition, the participants 'management' obligations relating to employee safety assessment in which the assessment is unfavorable compared.


The gas phase of bread, which makes up more than 70% of the final volume of a loaf, has a major influence on its textural and sensory attributes. Controlling the gas phase volume is a major challenge as during proving and early stages of baking gas must be captured within bread dough, only being released at the end of baking. The factors important in determining the gas cell structure are discussed, treating the system as a foam. These include (1) the formation of the initial foam structure during mixing, and (2) stabilization of the foam structure, including those factors governing bubble disproportionation and coalescence. There is particular focus on the role that thin films lining the bubbles may play in stabilizing the foam structure of a risen dough. Despite its potential importance, little is known about the surface properties or composition of the aqueous phase of doughs from which the films are thought to form. We summarize current understanding of the role surface properties may play in determining the aerated structure of dough, and hence the textural characteristics of bread as well as its implications for process engineering aspects of the mixing and proving stages of bread production.


Interleukin 10 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by many cells in human.This article summarized progress of interleukin 10 in biological structure and function,superfamily and application in clinic,and its receptor.


The floating type pneumatic fender roles an energy absorber for safe ship berthing and mooring in the usage of ship-to-ship oil transfer operations at offshore and ship-to-jetty in harbor basin. In this paper, a basic study on a new fender monitoring system for the floating type pneumatic fender, which uses radio wave, is introduced. Several confirmation tests are demonstrated to evaluate the effectiveness and accuracy.


In this paper we present a short study of the ring of complex-valued arithmetic functions defined on the ring of Gaussian integers. We investigate an absolute value and the corresponding metric structure on this ring.


Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) provides valuable information on the vibrational modes of molecules and the physical mechanism of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). In this paper we study the localized SPR process in Ag- or Ag/oxide-coated single-layer superaligned carbon nanotube (SACNT) films. Because of the unidirectional alignment of the carbon nanotubes in these films, the Raman signal is higher when the laser is polarized parallel to the aligned direction than when perpendicular to it. We investigated the polarization-dependent transmittance and Raman spectra for various Ag particle sizes and different oxide medium layers to study the localized SPR in these composite structures. These results systematically characterize the properties of SACNT film-based SERS substrates and clarify the origin of transmittance peaks.


PURPOSE: To provide a compd., which is useful for condensation and equilibration of an organosilicon compd., quantitatively with high selectivity by reacting a specific oxygen-contg. chlorophosphazene with an organosilicon compd. CONSTITUTION: This compd. of the formula I (wherein Z is an organosilicon bonded to P atom via. O atom; and n is 0.1-6) is obtd. by reacting oxygen-contg. chlorophosphazene (A) of formula II with at least one organosilicon compd. (B) comprising the unit of formula III (wherein R 2 is H or a monovalent org, group; R 3 is a monovalent org, group; c and d are 0, 1, 2 or 3, but c+d≤4). For the reaction, it is preferable, for example, to use 50-5,000 wt.% component B to the total weight of the component A, and under the reaction condition of 30-130°C, 900-1,100 hPa, etc. COPYRIGHT: (C)1994,JPO


Minnan culture enriches in folk and local color art forms and elements,and is an important part of Chinese culture.The effective application of Minnan culture to art education in universities can not only enrich subject systems,teaching contents,and students' knowledge,but also make close the exchange on both sides of Taiwan strait and serve the great cause of national reunification.


Huishan clay figure of Wuxi has a long history,beautiful and vivid design shape.It is a classic art craft of China.Analyzing in the design characteristics of Wuxi Huishan clay figure,this study finds the regularity of its form,color and structure,thus we can protect and improve the traditional art crafts in modern design.


112 Vol.1 No.2 July 2005 Synopsis: This paper provides an overview on the content of the ecoinvent database and of selected metholodogical issues applied on the life cycle inventories implemented in the ecoinvent database. In the year 2000, several Swiss Federal Offices and research institutes of the ETH domain agreed on a joint effort to harmonise and update life cycle inventory (LCI) data for its use in life cycle assessment (LCA). With the ecoinvent data base and its actual data v1.1 a consistent set of more than 2'700 product and service LCIs covering the energy, transport, building materials, chemicals, pulp and paper, waste management and agricultural sectors is now available. Datasets are valid for European and Swiss conditions but partly also for other regions in the world (e.g., gas and oil extraction, metals mining). Nearly all process datasets are trans parently documented on the level of unit process inputs and outputs. Methodological approaches have been applied consistently throughout the entire database content and thus guarantee for a coherent set of LCI data. This is particularly true for market and trade modelling, and for the treatment of multi out put and of recycling processes. Most multi-output processes are implemented as such, i.e., in their unallocated form with several co-product outputs and related allocation factors. With the help of these allocation factors, unit process raw data are derived and additionally stored in the ecoinvent database. This approach guarantees that 100 % of all inputs to and outputs from the multi-output process are allocated to the co-products. Transparency in reporting on a unit process level helps to adjust allocation factors applied on a multi-output process to one's own needs. With limited own efforts one can even change the allocation approach from allocation to system expansion, in case this is considered more appropriate. Although measures have been taken to minimise errors in the database, they cannot be excluded. A pro-active information policy on data errors is followed. It helps the users to judge whether they may still work with the present version of ecoinvent data or they better correct selected errors that might otherwise influence the outcome of their current LCA case studies. The existence of the ecoinvent database proves that it is possible and feasible to build up a large interlinked system of LCI unit processes. The project work proved to be demanding in terms of co-ordination efforts and consent identification. One main characteristic of the database is its transparency in reporting to enable individual assessment of data appropriateness, to support the plurality in methodological approaches when using an ecoinvent dataset in another context and to allow for efficient and individual error corrections.


Background: Antiphospholipid antibodies (APL) are a heterogeneous group of autoantibodies that are detected in the serum of patients with a variety of conditions, including auto immune diseases, infections, lymphoproliferative disorders, thrombosis, thrombocytopenia and recurrent fetal loss or recurrent miscarriage. Aim: To determined association between IgM/IgG antiphospholipid and miscarriage among aborted women in Khartoum state. Method: A 90 blood samples were collected from 45 aborted women with history of abortion and they sated as case group and 45 healthy women as control. The blood samples were tested for IgM/IgG anti-phospholipid using ELISA technique. Results: The median of IgM anti-Phospholipids was increase significantly (P 0.000) among aborted women (median 26.8) than healthy control (median 7.4), and 80% of aborted women showed positive result and the median of IgG anti-Phospholipids was insignificantly (P 0.923) among aborted women (median 5.9) and healthy control (median 6.2), and 22.2% of aborted women showed positive result. IgM/IgG Anti-phospholipids shows insignificant increase with repeated abortion and age. Conclusion: There was a significant association between IgM antiphospholipid and miscarriage and insignificant of IgG APL.The concentration of IgM/IgG antiphospholipid is insignifiantly increased with age and recurrence of abortion.


Abstract At the time of his death in 2007 David Osmond-Smith had begun work on his second book on Luciano Berio. Planned as a more substantial volume than the earlier one (Oxford University Press, 1991), it aimed to combine what he termed 'creative biography' with a multidimensional view of the composer's output, seen through the lens of such categories as text and commentary, density and harmony, voice, and theatre. Published here is the only written-up chapter, covering the early part of the composer's life (1925–53), followed by the outline of the projected book. Preceding these fragments is an introductory note by Talia Pecker Berio. (CW)


We prove that the periodic initial value problem for a modified Euler-Poisson equation is well-posed for initial data in H S (T m ) when s > m/2 + 1. We also study the analytic regularity of this problem and prove a Cauchy-Kowalevski type theorem. After presenting a formal derivation of the equation on the semidirect product space Diff α C ∞ (T) as a Hamiltonian equation, we concentrate on one space dimension (m = 1) and show that the equation is bihamiltonian.


This paper explores the adequacy of agency theory in explaining the Venture capitalist (VC) - entrepreneur relationship through a firm life-cycle perspective. In the process, it draws the temporal ...


Effect of inhibitions of three kinds of Ginkgo biloba extracts(Ginkgo biloba extract, Ginkgolide A, and Ginkgolide B) on induction of reactive oxygen species and release of inflammation mediator arachidonic acid were tested. Three kinds of Ginkgo biloba extracts could not inhibit the pyrogallol auto-oxidation, but they showed the hydrogen atom donating activity in DPPH assay. When 10 hydrogen peroxide and 400 of three kinds of Ginkgo biloba extracts were added to U937 monocytic macrophage, the induction of lipid peroxidation was not observed. The Ginkgo biloba extract showed the most powerful inhibition among the extracts. And only Ginkgolide A was good for the inhibition of the protein degradation. The release of inflammation mediator arachidonic acid was induced by adding TPA and calcimycin to U937. In this assay, even 10 of three different Ginkgo biloba extracts excellently blocked the release of arachidonic acid. Particularly, the inhibition efficiency of Ginkgolide B was about 11 times higher than that of induction, and was about 4 times higher than that of the control of noninduction. This result suggests that the release of arachidonic acid is not inhibited by the antioxidant activity of Ginkgo biloba extracts, but a pre-step of the release of arachidoinc acid is inhibited by Ginkgo biloba extracts.


Progesterone has a central role in reproduction, being involved in ovulation, implantation, and pregnancy. Associated with this is the involvement of progesterone in regulation of uterine function during the menstrual cycle, by control of cyclical changes in proliferation and decidualization. Progesterone is essential for the development of decidual tissues, and if fertilization occurs, high circulating progesterone levels are important not only for facilitating implantation, but also for maintaining pregnancy by stimulating uterine growth and opposing the actions of factors involved in myometrial contraction.


This paper has reported the application of HACCP system in fermented vinegar product. For example of Zhenjiang vinegar,analysed all hazard factors which would possible affect the product quality in processing, the critical control points were set up. And also established the critical limits, supervise procedure, correct measures , verification procedure and records in order to meet the advanced vinegar quality.


Along with the development of the Web2.0 concept such as Blog,RSS,SNS,Tag,the application of Web2.0 in library is developed quickly.This article mainly studies the application of Web2.0 technology in reference service of library,in order to bring new development and change to reference service of library.


An example of clinical data re-use achieved in an Italian region for HIV patient treatment is given. A network including all public hospitals in this region has been setup, using several standards at different levels. Specifically, the indications of Healthcare Service Specification Project (HSSP) jointly developed by HL7 and OMG have been extensively used. The automated system which has been setup has brought about a significant increase in the number of lab-tests that have been collected for clinical data re-use purposes. It is intended to extend the software environment to other regions and ultimately at national level.


This paper describes the concept and technical architecture of IOT briefly.On this basis,taking the application of IOT in steel building industry as a research object,the paper makes an analysis from the aspects of warehouse,manufacturing,transportation,installation and security.It points out that IOT will achieve the well-organized management of raw materials and finished components,which has an important effect on improving the steel structure enterprise overall efficiency.


Current Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA) chip can only be erased and configured periodically and repeatedly during the Single Event Upset(SEU) error detection,and this is not a continuous error detection and correction method.Aiming at this problem,this paper presents a continuous SEU hard core detection circuit with real-time error detection information output for external circuits.The circuit improves the traditional FPGA frame storage structureca and can work continuously for read-back Cyclic Redundancy Check(CRC) without affecting the normal state of FPGA.The design has been used in FDP3P7 FPGA chip which is designed independently.Test results indicate that the SEU hard core detection circuit can work continuously on the configuration bit-stream read-back CRC in the 50 MHz frequency and real-time error detection information output correctly.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a control device of a system for responding promptly to the demand of a driver. SOLUTION: When a driver operates to switch on an ignition switch, the electric system is controlled so as to operate unless a battery monitor unit is in the process of determining existence of an abnormality. The battery monitor unit, when the driver operates to switch on the ignition switch (YES in S232), carries out a program including a step (S250) to interrupt the determination of existence of the abnormality. COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&INPIT


The authors performed a functional analysis of the target's role in behavioral confirmation to determine the motivational function(s) being served by the target. Perceivers engaged in getting-acquainted telephone conversations with targets believed to be either obese or of normal weight. Targets were given standard instructions (i.e., no motivation explicitly engaged), adjustive-function instructions (i.e., ensure a smooth and pleasing interaction by being responsive to one's partner's interpersonal style), or knowledge-function instructions (i.e., acquire stable and predictable impressions through interaction). In the standard condition and adjustive-function condition, targets behaviorally confirmed perceivers' erroneous beliefs. However, in the knowledge-function condition, behavioral confirmation was attenuated. These results suggest that targets' interactional activities are performed in the service of an adjustive function when targets behaviorally confirm perceivers' beliefs.


In the beginning of 2023 the Be transient X-ray pulsar RX J0440.9+4431 underwent a first-ever giant outburst observed from the source peaking in the beginning of February and reaching peak luminosity of ≈4.3 × 1037 erg s−1. Here we present the results of a detailed spectral and temporal study of the source based on NuSTAR, Swift, INTEGRAL and NICER observations performed during this period and covering wide range of energies and luminosities. We find that both the pulse profile shape and spectral hardness change abruptly around ≈2.8 × 1037 erg s−1, which we associate with a transition to supercritical accretion regime and erection of the accretion column. The observed pulsed fraction decreases gradually with energy up to 20 keV (with a local minimum around fluorescence iron line), which is unusual for an X-ray pulsar, and then rises rapidly at higher energies with the pulsations significantly detected up to ≈120 keV. The broadband energy spectra of RX J0440.9+4431 at different luminosity states can be approximated with a two-hump model with peaks at energies of about 10–20 and 50–70 keV previously suggested for other pulsars without additional features. In particular an absorption feature around 30 keV previously reported and interpreted as a cyclotron line in the literature appears to be absent when using this model, so the question regarding the magnetic field strength of the neutron star remains open. Instead, we attempted to estimate field using several indirect methods and conclude that all of them point to a relatively strong field of around B ∼ 1013 G.


Prophylaxis is often underused and inappropriately prescribed. This study compares the efficacy and cost of appropriate and partial prophylaxis in cancer patients at risk for VTE.


In general equilibrium models with oligopolistic firms, equilibrium outcomes may depend on the choice of numeraire. When firms have the power to influence prices strategically, different price normalisations entail objective profit functions which are generally not monotone transformations of each other. Hence, under the assumption of profit maximization an arbitrary change in the price normalisation rule amounts effectively to a change in the objective pursued by firms. Applied general equilibrium analysts using models with imperfect competition have largely ignored the price normalisation problem. In several recent contributions to the literature, applied modellers are explicitly criticized for their neglect to address the numeraire issue. The purpose of this paper is to assess the validity and practical relevance of these criticisms for applied policy analysis.


We present results on the kinetics of substitutional carbon incorporation during growth of Si1−x−yGexCy alloys on silicon (100) using solid-source molecular-beam epitaxy. Substitutional carbon concentration decreases with increasing germanium content for samples grown at 400 °C with the same carbon flux and growth rate. The reduction in substitutional carbon concentration is small at low carbon flux, increasing significantly at higher carbon fluxes. The results indicate that the effect of either Ge or C concentration can dominate the substitutional C incorporation, depending on the total C concentration range.


Until 1897, when William Clarke produced his First records of British flowering plants, there was no publication where one could see the date and source of the discovery of all of the native plants in Britain and Ireland. Two manuscripts were traced in the library of the Natural History Museum, London, which are in the hand of Richard Pulteney, an apothecary and physician, and also author of works on Linnaeus and the history of botany in Britain. The first of these manuscripts, based on the second edition of Hudson's Flora Anglica (1778), traces each plant described in that work back to the earliest authorities; the second lists a single authority, as the 'first describer or discoverer' of each plant. Although Pulteney was handicapped by not having access to all of the pre-1640 literature, these manuscripts nevertheless represent an important contribution to the discovery of our flora, pre-dating, as they do, the work of Clarke by a century.


Abstract Polarization P(T) of triglycine sulfate (TGS) crystal shows distinct properties versus temperature, between 28 °C and the Curie point Tc. Carefully measured polarization versus temperature on several ranges is presented. The slopes on the curve P(T) on three temperature ranges between 28 ÷ 46 °C appear quite normal, while near the Curie point (47 °C ÷ Tc) behave abnormally, due to the domain walls. The relaxation time LOW, MIDDLE and HIGH appear very interesting. The MIDDLE relaxation time τM, between 40 ÷ 46 °C behave like the HIGH relaxation time τ H between 47 and 48 °C and between −20 ÷ 10 °C (25 KBT) similar to LOW relaxation time τL (28KBT). The diagrams Cole-Cole of TGS are analyzed here for the first time. Roughly, several parameters change their slopes at 30, 42, and 47 °C. The values of ε′H and εʺH show about the same slope on the zones 42–47 °C and 30–42 °C. For the same zones, ε′L shows several increasing activation energies toward Curie point, except εʺL and R L whose activation energy decreases. Finally, we mention the opposite variation of the negative ordinate Y CH, Y CL of both arcs Cole-Cole and of the radius R H and R L.


Au、Pb、Zn、Cu、Mo anomaly zone in Boluolenu of Western Tianshan is the most important multi-element anomaly zone containing gold and non-ferrous metals.The authors conduct comprehensive study and mineral exploration,moreover make progrss in prospecting in Seleteguole mining area,eastern section of Lailisigaoer-kendenggaoer forcasting ore concentration area,newly find two polymetallic mimeral lands,establish that Seleteguole is a contact zone between layers and skarn-type copper-molybdenum mine mainly were associated with gold,tungsten ore,both fractured altered rock-type copper molybdenum,copper-gold ore deposits in compound,forming the formation of series,is expected to reach the scale of its vision for medium-sized,finally discuss the metallogenetic geological condition,conduct a preliminary study of the metallogenic regularity.According to geological interpretation of remote sensing and at large and medium-scale,the authors forcast prosprcting,divide 7 pospecting targets.The next working suggestions are proposed.


Intervene propose a critical point in the country's road network requires a fairly long process of study, beginning with the location of the critical site, the design of the solution and then implementing the project. To perform this type of planning is necessary to have knowledge in various fields such as engineering and management, as such herein simply reflects several factors to take into account for such planning.
In order to make a proper planning is necessary to understand basic concepts such as "critical site" and "impairment of the road network", you need to assess what kind of civil engineering construction
is most suitable for the solution of the site so you can start doing a feasibility study in order to carry out the work as quickly as possible because of the urgency of the place.
In conducting the thorough reading of this document, the reader will notice the many factors that may be involved in the construction of civil works urgent in the country mobility.


By alve and stable plants observation and sampling observation,relationship of growth and development status of tomato were studied and analyzed in this experimentation.Conclusion were drawn from experimentation as follows;plant height,stem diameter and leaf area were alll increasing along with time in process of tomato growth and development,their velocity general is slow at first,then soon,tardiness in the end.


The "effectiveness" alienation of current college ideological and political theory teaching is concentrated on expression of "pandering to" instead of "triggering" the needs of students.The real "effectiveness" must be built on the basis of organic unity of principles of acceptability and development and several factors should be analyzed and explored such as educator,the educated,teaching objectives,contents,forms,as well as education administrators.


Objective To study the effects of anisodamine on myocardial structure and microvascular blood flow in Wistar rats during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.Methods 60 healthy Wistar rats subjected to cardiac arrest and resuscitation were randomly divided into normal saline group(control group),epinephrine group(group Epi) and epinephrine plus anisodamine group(group Ani).After a 4 minutes non-intervention interval,CPR started.After 4 minutes of CPR the animals in control group received normal saline,group Epi received epinephrine(bolus dose of 200 μg/kg),and Ani group epinephrine plus anisodamine(bolus dose of 200 μg/kg epinephrine followed by anisodamine of 10 mg/kg).The changes of left ventricular volume(LVV),ventricular septal thickness(VST) and myocardium microvascular blood flow were observed.Results With the rate of ROSC and successful CPR:group Ani(90%,80%)group Epi(75%,50%)control group(50%,30%).The damage of LVV in group Ani was slighter than group Epi.The microvascular blood flow in group Ani was greater than group control and Epi from post-restoration of spontaneous circulation 30 min.Conclusions Anisodamine could ameliorate the side effects of epinephrine in CPR,improve myocardial perfusion and raise success rate of resuscitation.


Near earth sensing from uncrewed aerial vehicles or UAVs has emerged as a potential approach for fine-scale environmental monitoring. These systems provide a cost-effective and repeatable means to acquire remotely sensed images in unprecedented spatial detail and a high signal-to-noise ratio. It is increasingly possible to obtain both physiochemical and structural insights into the environment using state-of-art light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors integrated onto UAVs. Monitoring sensitive environments, such as swamp vegetation in longwall mining areas, is essential yet challenging due to their inherent complexities. Current practices for monitoring these remote and challenging environments are primarily ground-based. This is partly due to an absent framework and challenges of using UAV-based sensor systems in monitoring such sensitive environments. This research addresses the related challenges in developing a LiDAR system, including a workflow for mapping and potentially monitoring highly heterogeneous and complex environments. This involves amalgamating several design components, including hardware integration, calibration of sensors, mission planning, and developing a processing chain to generate usable datasets. It also includes the creation of new methodologies and processing routines to establish a pipeline for efficient data retrieval and generation of usable products. The designed systems and methods were applied to a peat swamp environment to obtain an accurate geo-spatialised LiDAR point cloud. Performance of the LiDAR data was tested against ground-based measurements on various aspects, including visual assessment for generation LiDAR metrices maps, canopy height model, and fine-scale mapping.


Flexible conversion between multilevel modulation formats is one of the key processing functions to realize adaptive modulation techniques for flexible networking aimed at high spectral efficiency in optical fiber transmission. The authors have proposed an all-optical format conversion system from binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) to quadrature PSK (QPSK) and its reverse conversion from QPSK to BPSK. The latter had an advantage of wavelength-shift-free conversion from an incident QPSK to simultaneous two BPSK outputs without loss of the transmitting data. However, it was limited only for a single polarization signal. In this paper, we propose a novel method of wavelength-preserved conversion for polarization division multiplexed QPSK signal with arbitrary polarization rotation angle to the x-axis on the x-y polarization plane which is orthogonal to the propagation axis. The method is based on the orthogonal dual-pump four-wave-mixing (FWM) in the highly nonlinear fiber with a nonlinear optical loop mirror configuration, which has advantages that it separately outputs the original signal and the phase conjugate signal and has independent FWM efficiency of the signal polarization angle. We show the system performances such as bit-error-rate and optical signal-to-noise ratio penalty evaluated by numerical simulations.


Objective To explore the expressions of ER,PR and CerbB-2 in human papillary thyroid carcinoma,and their correlation with the clinical features.Methods The expressions of ER,PR and CerbB-2 were detected by immunohistochemistry in 89 papillary thyroid carcinoma samples and 13 nodular goiter samples.Results In papillary thyroid carcinoma samples,ER,PR and CerbB-2 were detected for 50.56 %(45/89),43.82 % (39/89),24.72 % (22/89),respectively.In nodular goiter,ER,PR and CerbB-2 were detected for 15.38 % (2/13),7.69 % (1/13),0,respectively,there were significant differences between the two groups (x2 =5.649,P=0.017,x2 =6.211,P=0.013,x2 =4.097,P=0.043).The positive rates of PR were 56.26 %(26/46) in without lymph node metastasis,compared with those lymph node metastasis 30.2 3% (13/43) were significantly higher,the difference was statistically significant (x2 =6.239,P =0.012).Conclusion The expressions of ER,PR and CerbB-2 are significant higher in papillary thyroid carcinoma.The detection of ER,PR and CerbB-2 might be helpful for early diagnosis and prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Key words:
Thyroid neoplasms;  Immunohistochemistry;  Receptors, estrogen;  Receptors,progestin;  CerbB-2


Flow around a pipeline near the seabed still remains relatively unknown in spite of the efforts of many researchers to understand the complicated flow around bluff bodies. The present study contributes to this discussion numerically investigating two-dimensional fluid flow around a circular cylinder near a flat plate. The investigation contemplates Reynolds numbers of 100, 180 and 7000 and a gap ratio (G/D) of 3, 0.6, 0.3 and 0.125. The flow is simulated considering a finite difference and total variation diminishing (TVD) conservative scheme with a Chimera domain division method to solve RANS equations. The k-e turbulence model is used to simulate the turbulent flow in the high Reynolds number case. Results are obtained for force coefficients and flow visualization. The results show a significant variation of flow characteristics with gap ratio and Reynolds number variation.Copyright © 2012 by ASME


We propose a new welfare criterion that allows us to rank alternative financial market structures in the presence of belief heterogeneity. We analyze economies with complete and incomplete financial markets and/or restricted trading possibilities in the form of borrowing limits or transaction costs. We describe circumstances under which various restrictions on financial markets are desirable according to our welfare criterion.


Solid sodium ion batteries (SIBs) show a significant amount of potential for development as energy storage systems; therefore, there is an urgent need to explore an efficient solid electrolyte for SIBs. Na3Zr2Si2PO12 (NZSP) is regarded as one of the most potential solid-state electrolytes (SSE) for SIBs, with good thermal stability and mechanical properties. However, NZSP has low room temperature ionic conductivity and large interfacial impedance. F−doped NZSP has a larger grain size and density, which is beneficial for acquiring higher ionic conductivity, and the composite system prepared with epoxy can further improve density and inhibit Na dendrite growth. The composite system exhibits an outstanding Na+ conductivity of 0.67 mS cm−1 at room temperature and an ionic mobility number of 0.79. It also has a wider electrochemical stability window and cycling stability.


To find out the change trend of cut tobacco filling power and whole cut rate of flue-cured tobacco leaf in the cut tobacco drying process,the changes of cut tobacco filling power and whole cut rate of flue-cured tobacco leaf dried by cylinder and pneumatic ways in the different processing intensity were investigated in present experiment.The results were as showing:with the increase of processing intensity in the cylinder drying process,the cut tobacco filling power of flue-cured tobacco leaf increased to 5.82 cm3/g,and the whole cut rate decreased to 80.1%.The average value of all stalk positions cut tobacco filling power showed significantly linear relationship with whole cut rate and the cut tobacco temperature in the exit of cylinder dryer(r≥0.954).Under the processing intensity lower than higher intensity in the pneumatic drying process,the cut tobacco filling power of flue cured tobacco leaf increased with the increasing of processing intensity,whereas the whole cut rate nearly unchanged.Under the higher to highest processing intensity,the cut tobacco filling power and whole cut rate decreased with the increasing of processing intensity.


For the laser projection lithography system used for the production of large-area, high processing throughput, and cost-effective Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs), its projection lenses were simulation-designed and optimized using ZEMAX optical design software, and the optimized results were analyzed. For the designed laser projection lithography, its resolution for feature sizes is 9um, its optical path difference for entire field of view is less than λ/4, and its distortion is less than 0.000007%. These data accords with demands of technical specifications.


Stragglers are exceptionally slow tasks within a job that delay its completion. Stragglers, which are uncommon within a single job, are pervasive in datacenters with many jobs. A large body of research has focused on mitigating datacenter stragglers, but relatively little research has focused on systematically and rigorously identifying their root causes. We present Hound, a statistical machine learning framework that infers the causes of stragglers from traces of datacenter-scale jobs. Hound is designed to achieve several objectives: datacenter-scale diagnosis, interpretable models, unbiased inference, and computational efficiency. We demonstrate Hound's capabilities for a production trace from Google's warehouse-scale datacenters and two Spark traces from Amazon EC2 clusters.


Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease.It is difficult to make an early diagnosis because it is insidious onset.One of the neuropathological hallmarks of AD is the formation of senile plaques,which is composed of fibril amyloid β-protein (Aβ).And amyloid deposition is an early event on the path to dementia.N-[11C] methyl-2-4'-methylaminophenyl-6-hydroxybenzothiazole (11C-PIB) is a specific molecular probe of Aβ,which could monitor the change of fibril Aβ non-invasively,dynamically and quantitatively.In order to aid early diagnosis,screen the population for antiamyloid therapies and monitor the therapeutic effects,it is urgent to elucidate the PIB characteristics of distribution at different stage of AD.Therefore,the application of "C-PIB PET in AD in the latest years will be summarized.

Key words:
Alzheimer's disease;  Amyloid beta-protein;  Positron-emission tomography


The carrier-tracking loop that employs a digital phase-locked loop (DPLL) can be made very stable in operation. From the signal with frequency offset or Doppler shift, carrier tracking without steady-state phase error, requires the use of higher- (greater than second) order DPLLs. The first-order DPLL published earlier provides a linear operation characteristic in a wide range besides being improved for digitalization of the past analog PLL. The output phase of this first order DPLL can be controlled externally. Combining the first-order DPLL with a variable-phase PFM integrator, and controlling the phase of each, higher-order DPLLs are realized. Five types of second-order DPLL's are built and analyzed. Comparison with analog PLL shows that the closed-loop transfer function can be approximately linearly to that of an analog PLL. The range of synchronization and time of synchronization are of the same order in the case of perfect second-order. However, in the case of imperfect second-order systems, the DPLL is more superior. Further, third-order DPLL's are analyzed and constructed and a method of realizing nth-order DPLL is established.


Are you looking to uncover computer science a very short introduction Digitalbook. Correct here it is possible to locate as well as download computer science a very short introduction Book. We've got ebooks for every single topic computer science a very short introduction accessible for download cost-free. Search the site also as find Jean Campbell eBook in layout. We also have a fantastic collection of information connected to this Digitalbook for you. As well because the best part is you could assessment as well as download for computer science a very short introduction eBook


In this paper, the dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cell technology
is introduced and the important technological breakthroughs are reviewed.
The criteria of DRAM memory cell design is discussed and the key fabrication
technologies of 6F 2 memory cell and stack capacitor DRAM
cell are summarized. The technological evolution of array access transistor
is also reviewed. The transistors with U-shaped transistor or FinFET
and the fabrication process flow of 6F 2 DRAM chip were
discussed. Based upon the technical requirements for DRAM cell, the
possible device technologies for the next generation DRAM cell was
summarized. It is predicted that (1) U-shape channel transistor will
be the mainstream technology for the future DRAM cell beyond 20 nm;
(2) low k material will be required for decreasing
the bitline parasitic capacitance; (3) sense-amplifier with better
signal-noise margin will be required to ease the requirement of high
aspect-ratio storage capacitance; (4) low power DRAM design will draw
more attention, rather than increasing the storage capacity of DRAM.


The effects of protein restriction with subsequent realimentation on growth performance of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus(initial wet weight(8.80±0.18) g) were investigated at(23.0±0.5)℃ from 4 April to 22 May,2004.The control group(C) was fed a standard diet containing 50.00% crude protein(wet weight basis) and 17.29kJ gross energy/g(dry weight) throughout the experiment(48 days).For the two treatment groups,T30 and T40,in the restricted phase(day 1~18) dietary crude protein contents were reduced to 27.95% and 40.47%,respectively,with constant energy supply,while in the realimentation phase(day 19~48) the fish were fed the same diet as that in the control group.The results showed that during the period of protein restriction,body weight,specific growth rates,food conversion efficiencies(FCE_w,FCE_d and FCE_e) decreased,while food intake,protein efficiency ratio and food conversion efficiency in term of protein(FCE_p) increased with the dietary protein levels decreased;in the realimentation phase,however,there were no significant difference in the above indexes between treatment groups and control group.Still,there were no significant differences in the apparent digestibility and the body composition between the treatment groups and the control group throughout the experiment,except that the fish in the control group showed higher lipid content than those in group T30 at the end of experiment.The complete compensatory growth was observed in this study.


Ethics is made of the moral discourse fragments. It includes as well the essential purposes of our lives as the social comportments deontology of all kinds. It is essentially called on when social needs are not undertaken or badly undertaken by the market or when the market excludes social exigencies or also when it is taken as wrongly appropriating a social acivity. It seems as belonging to a double statute. Either it induces a juridical system strengthening owing to the severe injuries of the social systems functionning. Either it belongs to an economical system ethical under-system.


Utilizing the Interpretative Structural Modeling and combing a specific case,the factors affecting the development of tea brand are analyzed,such as enterprise's operation model,market information,enterprise advertising and promotion,government's publicity and pilot,target market and market orientation,exploration on tour resources,tea quality,local standard,logistics system of tea,agricultural planting criteria,tea processing technique,well-bred popularization. The relations between these factors are analyzed,and the Interpretative Structural Modeling is constructed. Based on the model,The policy issues for the development of the tea brand are explored,such as changing operation model of tea enterprise,constructing and perfecting logistics system,building efficient market information platform and information system,deeply exploiting tour resources,setting up local standard,constructing government platform.


Field is synthesized the present invention relates to pharmaceutical chemistry, and in particular to a kind of Preparation Method And Their Intermediate of intermediates of AHU 377 and the preparation method of intermediate.The preparation method of the intermediates of AHU 377 shown in formula (I), described method is included the compound shown in formula (II) compound and formula (III) by the way that, again by the intermediate of the AHU 377 shown in hydrolysis formula (I), described hydrolysis is carried out in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and hydronium(ion) lithia after substitution reaction: It is a further object of the present invention to provide a kind of new compound, shown in structure such as formula (II):


Alteen situates the work of four male artists from Surrey within a dialogue on working-class notions of masculinity, derived from "Heavy Metal" rock music.


Results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses of sensitive clay sediments from three particular sites in Norway are presented. The mineralogical analyses carried out on the bulk and < 6 μm fraction show that muscovite is the dominant clay mineral at all sites followed by quartz and plagioclase. The most dominant chemical elements in all soils were found to be SiO2 and Al2O3. The total carbon content varies slightly between all sites with values from 0.5 to 1.25 %. Data from all three sites compare well with other Norwegian studies showing that Norwegian clays are rather inactive and with a relatively high content


In 2 experiments, students studied an animation depicting the operation of a bicycle tire pump or an automobile braking system, along with concurrent oral narration of the steps in the process (concurrent group), successive presentation of animation and narration (by 4 different methods), animation alone, narration alone, or no instruction (control group). On retention tests, the control group performed more poorly than each of the other groups, which did not differ from one another. On problem-solving tests, the concurrent group performed better than each of the other groups, which did not differ from one another. These results are consistent with a dual-coding model in which retention requires the construction of representational and referential connections


tag=1 data=Lawyers, social justice and public interest. by Julian Disney

tag=2 data=Disney, Julian

tag=3 data=Alternative Law Journal,

tag=4 data=19

tag=5 data=1

tag=6 data=February 1994

tag=7 data=5-7.

tag=8 data=LAW

tag=10 data=In the context of national change, the author provides a checklist of many areas ripe for the attention of public interest advocates.

tag=11 data=1994/6/3

tag=12 data=94/0221

tag=13 data=CAB


The formation work of a two-dimensional hcp-Co (metallic cobalt crystal with hexagonal close packed structure) nucleus, Whkl, was calculated by Pangarov's theory. W002 was estimated to be smaller than W100 in a cathode potential range nobler than the transition potential, Etra (ca. −0.77 V vs. Ag/AgCl). To confirm the above estimation, ferromagnetic nanocomposite thick films, which contained (002) textured hcp-Co nanocrystal arrays, were synthesized by potentiostatic electrochemical reduction of Co2+ ions in anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) nanochannel films with ca. 45 µm thickness. The aspect ratio of hcp-Co nanocrystals with a diameter of ca. 25 nm reached up to ca. 1800. Our experimental results revealed that the texture coefficient, TC002, increased when decreasing the overpotential for hcp-Co electrodeposition by shifting the cathode potential nobler than Etra. In a similar way, TC002 increased sharply by decreasing the growth rate of the hcp-Co nanocrystals so that it was smaller than the transition growth rate, Rtra (ca. 600 nm s−1). The perpendicular magnetization performance was observed in AAO nanocomposite films containing hcp-Co nanocrystal arrays. With increasing TC002, the coercivity of the nanocomposite film increased and reached up to 1.66 kOe, with a squareness of ca. 0.9 at room temperature.


Electrophysiological research involving stimulation of unrestrained animals is often plagued by twisted leads. Commercially available slip ring assemblies (e.g., Lehigh Valley Electronics), are relatively expensive and unsuitable for small animals. For multiple conductor recording, a coupler employing mercury baths has been described (Sutton and Miller, 1963) and is available commercially (Laboratory Concepts, Inc., 267 W. 256 St., N.Y.). The device described here is suitable for brain stimulation work where only two conductors are required. It is similar in principle to that described by Simpson and Valenstein (1962), but is simpler to construct and incorporates the swivel with a balancing arm. The only specialized items needed are two good-quality all-metallic ball bearing assemblies (10 for $1.00 from Edmund Scientific Co., Barrington, N. J.; precision bearings available at $1.00 each from PIC Design Corp., 477 Atlantic Ave., East Rockaway, N. Y.). The operating principle is simple: the outer rings of both assemblies are mounted firmly while the inner rings, to which the electrode wires are attached, turn freely. Current is passed from the terminals on the outer rings through the ball bearings to the inner rings. The ball bearing assemblies should have an outside diameter of about 3/4 in. and an inside diameter of about 1/4 in. The outer ring of assembly 1 is tightly secured to a piece of Plexiglas (through which a hole has been cut to allow access to the inner ring of the assembly) by an ordinary metal socket wafer. The inside flanges of the wafer are crimped to the outer edge of the ball bearing assembly (mechanical connections are necessary since it is difficult to solder a satisfactory connection without applying intense heat which may interfere with smooth action of the bearing). One of the screws securing the wafer can then be used as a terminal. A thin strip of metal is then crimped around the outside of ball bearing assembly 2 and mounted to the Plexiglas, the mounting screw being used as a terminal (see Fig. 1). A machine screw is passed through the center of both assemblies making sure that the assemblies are insulated from each other by sleeving and insulating washers. A terminal lug secured to the bottom of the inner ring


: The methods of producing and investigation of electro-chromically-sensitive thin films of tungsten oxide bronzes have been considered in peer-review. The researches allowing one to make deductions on the particular models of the physical process laying in the basis of the electrochrome effect have been described in detail. The most important problems of the further studies on the complex oxides of the transition metals for obtaining applied results capable to start the highly effective technology of the electrochrome devises have been formulated. single crystals, electrovacuum deposition, technological parameters of deposition.


The GOATS (Generic Oceanographic Array Technology Systems) Joint Research Program explores the development of environmentally adaptive autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) technology for Rapid Environment Assessment and Mine Counter Measurement (MCM) in coastal environments. MIT is developing the GOATS multistatic sonar concept which uses a low‐frequency source on one AUV to subcritically insonify the seabed over a wide area, while a formation of multiple AUVs are used for mapping the associated 3‐D scattered acoustic field in the water column. Exploring the different characteristics of the scattering from various buried targets, an algorithm has been developed for autonomous, concurrent detection and localization of buried targets. At the subcritical isonification angles necessary to sustain high coverage rate, the buried target detection depends on the measurement of very weak signals, in general undetectable by traditional detect‐before‐track algorithms. The method developed here applies a Track‐Before‐...


This paper analysed the space structure and the evolution feature of O3 layer teleconnection types in different time range in Northern Hemisphere, discussed the roles of solar activity and polar vortex oscillation to the formation and evolution of O3 layer teleconnection types.The results showed:(1) The response of O3 layer to solar activity has space inhomogeneous and notable regionallsm, in different season there is only one kind of O3 layer teleconnection space type which connected with it.With the season changing, the general circulation type superposed with solar activity effects will enable the space structures of O3 layer response region and the teleconnection type to occur transformation phenomenon.(2) Polar vortex enhancement will bring about the negative anomalg in O3 lager, and the amplitude change of O3 amount in teleconnection region is the most evident.Because of the asymmetry of polar vortex, the influence of polar vortex intensity in each region to O3 layer teleconnection type has notable difference, and this shows that deformation of polar vortex plays an important role in formation and evolution of O3 layer teleconnection type.


A six‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of butyric acid (BA) inclusion in diet on performance of Barramundi (Lates calcarifer). Fish (12.0 ± 0.2 g) were fed with four experimental diets contained 0.0 (control), 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 g BA/kg in triplicate. Fish fed on 5 and 10 g BA/kg diets had higher growth and total alkaline protease and lipase activities than the other treatments. Fillet protein content in BA‐supplemented groups was higher than the control. Liver catalase activity was highest in 2.5 g BA/kg group compared with the other groups. The values of liver superoxide dismutase activity and serum total protein concentration in 5 and 10 g BA/kg treatments were higher than those in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the highest and the lowest levels of serum lysozyme activity were noticed in the 10 g BA/kg and the control groups, respectively (p < .05). Also, the highest respiratory burst activity was observed in fish fed 5 g BA/kg feed. Supplementing diet with 2.5 or 5 g BA/kg resulted in higher serum haemolytic activity in fish compared with the other groups. The number of red and white blood cells increased in fish fed BA‐supplemented diets compared with the control (p < .05). In conclusion, the results of this study showed inclusion of BA at 5 g/kg diet in L. calcarifer juveniles improved growth and upgraded the general health condition by enhancing fish antioxidant enzyme activities and haemato‐immunological responses.


Abstract: Blockchain technology has many applications in terms of record-keeping, transparency, and cryptocurrency as well. Additionally, with one of its characteristics, manipulation or fraud can be eliminated. By decentralizing the data, the data becomes immutable, which means any traditional method of record-keeping that were susceptible to manipulation can be removed now. In this paper, a method to remove scholarship-based manipulation has been proposed. In many universities, there are scholarships based on the student's family income. To support the poor and deserving in getting an education, these scholarships are a must. However, paper-based income certificates used to justify family income can be easily manipulated. Therefore, with the help of the Ethereum Smart Contract, a framework to store income certificates has been proposed. This method can be used to enter income data from the student's family's employer's backend. Considering a fair and acceptable income for eligibility for the scholarship, the university can decide to go ahead with it without fearing the manipulation of income data. Keywords: Blockchain Technology, Scholarship manipulation, fraud detection, Education, Smart contract.


The purpose of this contribution is to look into what should be considered when forming rules about branch managers. An additional purpose is to analyze how the branch manager's duties and responsibilities are regulated in Swedish, Norwegian and Danish branches of foreign companies, and this will be covered first.


1. FAST CAPITALISM, FAST ART (5) 1.1. Immaterial labour and the temporality of acceleration (5) 1.2. Art as immaterial labour (8) 1.3. Art residencies as 'accelerated institutions' for the development of artistic practice (10) 1.4. The necessity of slowing down and being lazy (12) 2. TOWARDS A NEW TEMPORALITY OF LAZINESS AND SLOWNESS (13) 2.1. On laziness and slowness (13) 2.2. Laziness does not only endanger Capitalism (16) 2.3. Chronopolitics (17) 2.4. From the politicization of time to the political implications in the change of the perception of time (18) 2.5. Laziness in practice: artists that have supported alternative temporalities (20) 2.6. Producing the change from inside the system or from outside? (23) 3. CONCLUSION: MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR A TEMPORALITY OF LAZINESS (24) 4. LAZINESS BEYOND ART (25)


Sociologists view education as the pivot in the process of social stratification in economically advanced societies. While educational attainment is largely determined by the characteristics of people's social origins, it is, in turn, an important determinant of their subsequent life chances—their occupational and economic attainments as well as their health and longevity. Education can be seen as a double-edged sword in the stratification process. On the one hand, it is an important avenue for social mobility for men and women raised in the lower social strata who can not inherit privilege. On the other hand, education contributes to the transmission of inequality between generations since it is unequally distributed between strata. Whether it performs more of the former or more of the latter depends on the extent to which educational attainment is affected by social origins. Therefore, a central empirical question in the field of social stratification and mobility is the extent to which, if at all, the association between social origins and education declined or increased over time. Although scholars studying processes of educational attainment subscribe to similar theoretical foundations which are well developed, they reach different conclusion regarding change in inequality of educational opportunity (IEO) over time. Some interpret the data to suggest that IEO has been rather persistent over time while others claim that it has declined. In this chapter, we review the comparative empirical literature on stability and change in IEO between individuals raised in different social strata in an attempt to identify the underpinnings of disagreements in this debate. We begin with a very brief review of theoretical arguments concerning educational stratification between social strata. This is followed by an equally brief discussion of theoretical arguments for and against the expectation that IEO would decline over time. We then review the main methodological approaches to the study of change in educational stratification: traditional OLS regressions; Mare's model of educational transitions; and, log linear models of the association between people's social origins and their educational attainment. We conclude with a discussion of the effects of educational expansion on educational inequality, and of the present status of the hypothesis that inequality between strata in educational attainment persists over time. Our review of the literature favours a weak version of the hypothesis of persistent inequality. Allowing for declining inequalities between social strata in the odds of completing lower educational levels, and for declining inequalities in the middle of the twentieth century— which may be explained by period effects—inequality of educational opportunity is fairly resilient to change in most countries for which data are available.


Description of frequencies and haplotypes in Mexican Mestizo (MM) and Mexican Amerindian (MA) populations, of two SNPs implicated in lipid metabolism, which have been associated to lipid levels in white populations. For this purpose we analyzed DNA extracted from blood samples of 372 MA and 300 MM that participated in the Mexican Genome Diversity Project by allelic discrimination, we also constructed haplotypes and identified tag SNPs.


Determining the strongly and weakly most congested firms (or decision making units (DMUs)) is a very important issue for decision makers, however, there is no study on determining these DMUs in data envelopment analysis (DEA). Hence, to do this, we first propose a DEA approach to recognize congestion status of DMUs and then, two integrated mixed integer programming (MIP)-DEA models is presented to determine the strongly and weakly most congested DMUs. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the purpose of this research.


Since the inception of the CISG much has been written on issues such as good faith, gap filling and fundamental breach just to mention a few of the relevant issues. The "micro" aspect of the CISG is being explored with great vigor. This paper attempts to look at the "macro" issues of international private law in order to re-focus our attention and to take a fresh look at how the CISG best serves its constituency.


We are interested in contributing a small, publicly available Urdu corpus of written text to the natural language processing community. The Urdu text is stored in the Unicode character set, in its native Arabic script, and marked up according to the Corpus Encoding Standard (CES) XML Document Type Definition (DTD). All the tags and metadata are in English. To date, the corpus is made entirely of data from British Broadcasting Company's (BBC) Urdu Web site, although we plan to add data from other Urdu newspapers. Upon completion, the corpus will consist mostly of raw Urdu text marked up only to the paragraph level so it can be used as input for natural language processing (NLP) tasks. In addition, it will be hand-tagged for parts of speech so the data can be used to train and test NLP tools.


The optic disc (OD) and fovea are important anatomical features in retinal images. Its detections are crucial for developing an automated screening program. This paper proposes a method to automatically detect the OD and fovea in fundus images in three stages: OD vessel candidate detection, OD vessel candidate matching, and fovea detection. The first stage is achieved with multi-scale Gaussian filtering, scale production, and double thresholding to initially extract the vessels' directional map. The map is then thinned before another threshold is applied to remove pixels with low intensities. This result forms the OD vessel candidates. In the second stage, a Vessels' Directional Matched Filter (VDMF) of various dimensions is applied to the candidates to be matched, and the pixel with the smallest difference designated the OD center. Finally, the fovea is detected as the pixel with lowest intensity in a window either to the left or right of the OD center. We tested the proposed method on a subset of a new database consisting of 139 images from a diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening programme. The OD center and fovea were successfully detected with accuracies of 96.4% (134/139) and 98.1% (105/107) respectively.


A pathologic finding about one or more of vaginal cancer, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system as they pertain to distant metastases.


Bullous pemphigoid (BP) and pemphigus vulgaris (PV) are common autoimmune bullous dermatoses (AIBD) characterized by blisters and erosions. Treatment options are limited and often insufficient. Immune checkpoint receptors play critical roles in immune homoeostasis and self‐ tolerance. Targeting checkpoint receptors is highly efficient in treatment of various cancers, but often also associated with autoimmune side effects.


At present, the phenomenon of corruption and lack of ethics of the organization members in both the private and public sectors, determine a sad reality against the concept of corporate social responsibility; This is why the present research essay relates the exponential growth of acts of corruption and lack of ethics in which private enterprise has been involved, from associations such as business posters, dedicated to health topics such as Saludcoop; Investments such as Interbolsa; And infrastructure, among which stand out the carousel of contracting and Odebrecht, the latter as a private organization that has corrupted several countries in various sectors of society.
These facts have generated a deep concern of some business sectors to develop administrative models that allow to measure and to counter the possible unethical acts in which their collaborators can be seen in course; These management models are established as a managerial tool whose purpose is to minimize the number of disciplinary offenses and possible offenses that may be caused by the bad practices that affect corporate ethics and with it the responsibility and commitment to society.
According to this background, this document shows the development of a proposal for the implementation of an ethical management model, using administrative approaches such as prospective and other management systems, where the company CONSTRUC -SEPULVEDA, a private sector company for its study and pilot for the application of the proposed model.
It this essay is established a perspective and methodology for the management of ethics, based on scientific research tools, based on the prospective and administrative models that will give the reader, the measures or controls according to variables, that will favor the formulation of a proposal Of the plan of action, during the business ethics management process, and that can be valid as a guide by an organization, to counter the cancer of corruption.


GOTClrDor of Miehlpu girl or a hired man in most sections. The more capable members of the population ' afe drilting toward the city, and ~here is a'vague, but general unrest and dissatisfaction 'among the younger generation, which is the' outward expression of this hunger for a larger life. " , The country must take seriously,this 'problem of readjustment. It must provide ' some substitute for the adventure and romance ana sociability that have disappeared. It must break the isolation and spirit of self-sufficiency of the modern farm that has replaced the inter-dependence and sociability of the pioneer. It must restore to the country school at least as much of social value as it had in the: old days of spelling matches and debates. It must appropriate ' for 'itself the message of the modern gospel' of play. This should not come to the. country as something wholly new, but: rather as a restoration and readjust-: ment. It is essentially an effort to' give back to life tho se fundamental' social values of which changing conI ditions have deprived it. ' Rural life has become over 'seriolls and over sordid. It must perceive that life and love and happiness, not wealth, are the objects of, living. There must be injected into it the spirit of play. The isolation of the farm home must be broken by' establishing some place where farm people will frequently meet together and the colder and freer months must be more largely utilized for education, recreation and the public good . The hours of work must' be 'reduced and the half holiday must be brought in. The country must discover again in its dailylife 'the 'adventure and romance; and beauty tha~ have passed. , , : ' t , . : All too often in these years of earnest struggle for success /the children have been only a byproduct of the' farm: The farmer has loved and ' cared for them, bUt the rearing and training oLa' worthy family has' not been one of his objects in life. He has cared -forbis corn and potatoes, but his children have " just 'growed." Play has often been confow\ded by him either . with ' idleness -or -exercise and seemed only a useless ' waste of energy better devoted to pulling weeds or washing


By simulating environment of highway slope and combining the method of actual planting in the highway freeway slope, this paper explored effects of the temperature of different regions of,light intensity,soil moisture on caragana planting survival rate and growth conditions.Specifically explored sensitivity of soil physical properties effected by caragana growth.


Emine Sevgi Ozdamar has become one of the most cited authors in German multi-cultural studies. Born in Malatya, Kurdistan in 1946, she went to Berlin for two years when she was nineteen to work in a factory. Here, she was introduced to the work of Brecht, and on her return to Turkey in 1967 she began her studies at drama school in Istanbul. In 1976 she left Turkey again to work at the Volksbuhne in East Berlin as an actor and assistant director with Benno Besson, a pupil of Brecht's. From 1979 to 1984 she worked at the Schauspielhaus in Bochum, and it was here that she began to write. She wrote her first commissioned play, Karagoz in Alamania , in 1982 (first performed in Frankfurt in 1986), her book of short stories Mutterzunge was published in 1990, and her second play, Keloglan in Alamania , in 1991. It was with her novel Das Leben ist eine Karawanserei hat zwei Turen aus einer kam ich rein aus der anderen ging ich raus , (1992) ( Life is a caravanserai; it has two doors, I came in through one and went out of the other ), that she had her breakthrough, and an excerpt won her the Ingeborg Bachmann prize in 1991. A second novel, Die Brucke vom Goldenen Horn ( The Bridge of Golden Horn ), a sequel to the first, was published in 1998 and a second collection of stories, Der Hof im Spiegel ( The Courtyard in the Mirror ), was published in 2001.


This paper describes an effective method to detect inhomogeneities in magneto-conductive objects using very cheap but still rather sensitive sensors based on the giant magneto resistive effect (GMR) [6]. These sensors measure the magnetic field leakage near the surface of a magneto-conductive object. For a pilot survey, some test specimens were prepared with artificial inhomogeneities in a ferromagnetic specimen. In order to get the distribution of the magnetic field leakage near the specimen's surface, it was mechanically scanned. The measurement results allow to indicate the exact position of the inhomogeneities inside the specimen and also magnetizable spiral drills inside the ferromagnetic specimen can be detected this way.


Purpose
The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of rivalry and excludability in transport systems on the positive external effects important for the functioning of a large private university in Wroclaw (Poland). In the context of campus sustainability, policy implications supporting sustainable transport are discussed.

Design/methodology/approach
Four research questions were formulated, which were tested by way of questionnaire research among students of the Bachelor and Engineer Programmes in Logistics and taking part in the course Transport Economics at the WSB University in Wroclaw (Poland).

Findings
Car use seems to be the most important for the positive transport externalities enabling the functioning of the university. Levels of rivalry and excludability did not have a significant impact on the levels of external transport benefits or the transport behaviour of students. To sustain/enhance the levels of positive external effects of transport and stimulate sustainable commuting, the university should support the development of alternative modes of transport, by improving transport infrastructure on the campus, and develop cooperation with the Wroclaw municipality to develop synergies between their transport policy goals.

Research limitations/implications
The research should be interpreted with care, as it is a case study of one large private university in Poland. Further research should be conducted among different private and public universities that are characterised by different levels of accessibility (location, development of infrastructure). The case study is based on students' transport behaviour, not considering transport behaviour of academic and non-academic workers, which could function as a role mode.

Practical implications
Policy aiming at banning cars is likely to be unsuccessful and/or could lead to a decrease in positive externalities in a short term. For this reason, more attention should be given to marketing and promotion of more sustainable means of transport, including e.g. better information on the possibilities of reaching the campus by train or urban public transport, facilitations for non-motorised students and improvements in cycling and walking infrastructure. To support campus sustainability in the field of transport, stronger cooperation with local administration is needed to undertake joint, consistent actions aimed at sharing and supporting the idea of sustainable commuting among students.

Originality/value
While many activities for supporting campus sustainability focus on reducing negative environmental externalities, positive externalities are not so often considered. In this context, the levels of rivalry and excludability can become an indicator of the contribution of transport systems to social and economic sustainability.


In cognitive radio systems, there is a concern of service disruption because of spectrum handover. Spectrum handover occurs when a secondary user changes frequency due to the appearance of a primary user. Spectrum handover can be frequent if a cognitive radio system operates in a wide spectrum band. In this case, spectrum handover may drastically degrade the performance of cognitive radio systems because of the different propagation loss according to the usage of different frequency. Here, we propose a seamless spectrum handover scheme. The proposed handover scheme can avoid service disruption and can reduce redundant handovers. The efficiency of the proposed scheme is validated by simulation results.


Introduction The accumulation of chlorinated aromatic compounds in the environment represents an urgent problem nowadays. These compounds having strong resistance to physical, chemical or biological treatments cause hazardous influence on living organisms including human. The selective removal of chlorine atoms from their structure allows to reduce the toxity of chloroaromatics. We have reported the selective hydrodechlorination of chloroaromatics over supported palladium [1]. The catalytic activity of the supported palladium was changed by the kinds of the supports. We consider that the structure of palladium on the supports determines the catalytic activity for the dechlorination. In the study, we investigated the structure of palladium species on a variety of the supports by Pd K-edge XAFS.


According to the load properties of short circuit transfer in CO 2 welding,short-circuit detecting circuit,including primary short=circuit detecting and liquid bridge pinch detecting circuit,is designed on the basis of voltage comparer,du/dt and digital circuit.The short-circuit detecting circuit can determine the short-circuit time ,correctly distinguish the short-circuit from arc stricking and droplet and confine the effect of momentary short.Also,the latter detects liquid bridge pinching by welding voltage differential du/dt,and prevents the unfavorable effects from momentary short.The designed circuit has passed the simulation test and welding experiments.


Behavior of the Dar‐Zarrouk parameters—longitudinal unit conductance, transverse unit resistance, longitudinal resistivity, and transverse resistivity—has been compared with the behavior of the natural recharge in two geological terrains. Contour patterns of the geophysical parameters and those of natural recharge have been analyzed and a qualitative relation in their behavior was recognized. Graphical comparison of the geophysical and hydrogeological parameters clearly illustrates a qualitative relationship between the two parameters. Use of such qualitative relation in the field of ground water exploration and management studies is explained. A modest beginning is attempted to arrive at a quantitative relation between natural recharge and Dar‐Zarrouk parameters.