Goals Using a data set of more than 200,000 cases, we can measure the effects of age, time, sex, and race/ethnicity on the shift of the site of origin of colorectal adenocarcinoma from the left to the right side. Background As people become older, there is a shift of the site of origin of adenocarcinoma of the colorectum from the left to the right side. Although some studies do show some relationship of this shift, in addition to age, to race/ethnicity and to sex, there are no large, total population-based data studying the effects of these factors and time trends in this shift. Study 213,383 cases of adenocarcinoma of the colorectum for the years 1988 to 2003 from the California Cancer Registry have been studied. Results The left-to-right shift increases significantly with increasing age and year of diagnosis, and is greater in women than in men and is greater in whites than in other racial/ethnic groups. The time-related shift is a reflection of a lesser decrease in the incidence of colorectal adenocarcinoma on the right side than on the left. Conclusions The most attractive hypothesis is that a greater likelihood of prior polypectomy, and thus prevention of more cancers, occurs on the left side than on the right.


The MICHELLE-eBEAM code has been employed successfully for modeling high average current and high bunch charge beams using a time-dependent model. Accurate particle tracking with self-consistent space charge and image forces is important in modeling detailed phase space evolution of high charge electron bunches. The MICHELLE-eBEAM code presents a promising solution where the model resolution only depends on the number of particles modeled and the detailed phase space evolution is enabled by accurate Coulomb calculations facilitated by a GPU-based tree algorithm. In this paper we report on our latest progress and show validation and benchmarking results.


PT. XYZ Discreet is a subsidiary of a State-Owned Enterprise (BUMN) in the manufacturing sector which was founded in 1983. PT. XYZ Discreet contributes to defense & security needs and various industrial products that help in other fields such as transportation and commercial explosives. Organizational culture is essential in determining the success of achieving company goals. Therefore, every company must know what type of culture they are running and what kind of culture is preferred at PT. XYZ Discreet has yet to assess the current and preferred corporate culture. As is well known, BUMN companies and subsidiaries have a new corporate culture, BUMN AKHLAK. Based on an assessment conducted by ACT Consulting, the value of implementing AKHLAK BUMN at PT. XYZ Discreet is not maximized or gets a C value (37.7). The purpose of this study is to provide recommendations for the preferred corporate culture based on survey results. The research methodology used is quantitative data by distributing questionnaires using the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI) to employees of PT. XYZ Discrete. The survey results show that at PT. XYZ Discreet has a current culture Hierarchy culture, but the survey results also state that employees prefer Clan culture as their corporate culture. In other words, they support the culture with kinship, openness, loyalty, mutual trust, and agreement in every activity. From the results of research that has been done at PT. XYZ Discreet, this cultural transformation can be assisted by a bottom-up approach; leaders should have more understanding of employees, the transformation of leadership style, and forming the agent of change for corporate culture. These things aim to improve internal capabilities at PT. XYZ Discreet.


Background: Vaginitis is inflammation of the vagina. Vulvovaginitis, is an inflammation of the vagina and vulva. Infection can result in discharge, itching and pain. The present study was conducted to assess vaginal infections in pregnant women. Materials & Methods: 76 pregnant women reporting to Obstetric & Gynaecology department for vaginal infection. A detailed obstetric examination was carried out as well. Per speculum examination was carried out and the vaginal mucosa was inspected for the presence of erythema, lesions, and discharge. Vaginal and cervical swabs samples were obtained and sent to microbiology laboratory. Results: There were 10 in first trimester, 26 in second and 40 in third trimester. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Clue cells in wet mount was positive in 8 and negative in 68, Nugent's score >7 was positive in 12 and negative in 64. Amsel's criteria was positive in 14 and negative in 62. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Gram's stain was positive in 5 and negative in 71 and culture was positive in 11 and negative in 65. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Bacterial vaginosis was seen in 14 and candidiasis in 11 cases. Diagnosis of vaginal infections was done using both clinical and microbiological methods. We found that there were 10 in first trimester, 26 in second and 40 in third trimester. Bamniya et al 11 studied the prevalence of vaginal infections in pregnant women and its implications in pregnancy. Overall 200 cases were enrolled, 100 symptomatic and 100 asymptomatic women. Identification of the aerobic culture isolates was performed using 41 standard biochemical tests. Afterward, colonies grown on SDA agar were subjected to growth on CHROM agar for speciation of Candida. Diagnosis of BV was made using Amsel's criteria and Gram's stain Nugent's scoring system. Results: The prevalence of vaginal infections in the present study was 22.5%. Incidence of BV was found to be 9%. Incidence of candidiasis was found to be 13.5%. The analysis in the present study also showed that there were greater odds of vaginal infections among women with clinical symptoms (37%) as compared to asymptomatic women (8%). We found that clue cells in wet mount was positive in 8 and negative in 68, Nugent's score >7 was positive in 12 and negative in 64. Amsel's criteria was positive in 14 and negative in 62. Mishra et al 12 studied 460 pregnant women with suspicion of symptomatic and asymptomatic vaginal infections. Vaginal and cervical swabs samples were obtained from each subject and processed immediately for possible isolation and identification of pathogenic microorganisms. Out of 460 patients, 328 (71.3%) found to be positive for vaginal infections. Age group 17- 25 years had 12% of cases, 26- 34 years had 65%, 35- 42 years had 18% and >42 years had 5% of cases. Common microorganisms were Chlamydia trachomatis (32%), Candida albicans (27%), Mycoplasma hominis (12%), Gardnerella vaginalis (10%), Staphylococcus aureus (6%), Trichomonas vaginalis (5%), Neisseria


The regulation of translation and decay of messenger RNA (mRNA) is a key mechanism for control of gene expression. During transcription in the nucleus, nascent mRNAs assemble with a set of RNA-binding proteins to form messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs). These mRNA-binding proteins regulate transcription, pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA editing, nucleocytoplasmic transport, translation, turnover, and decay. Upon mRNA translation in the cytosol, mRNA-binding proteins are removed for recycling to the nucleus. When mRNA is not engaged in transcription, mRNPs assemble into cytoplasmic structures, including stress granules and processing (P) bodies. Stress granules form in response to several types of cellular stress and transiently store translationally silent mRNAs, associated with mRNA-binding proteins and translation initiation factors. P bodies also contain untranslated mRNAs, as well as translational repressors and components of the mRNA decay machinery and microRNA silencing pathway. Neurons also contain cytoplasmic mRNP transport granules that deliver silenced mRNA to specific cell compartments for local translation at active synapses. A conserved group of mRNA-binding proteins present in cytoplasmic mRNP granules regulate several steps of mRNA processing. These include Staufen, ataxin-2, fragile X mental retardation protein 1 (FRMP1), transactive response DNA-binding protein of 43 kD (TDP-43), and fused in sarcoma/translocated in sarcoma (FUS/TLS), among others. These and other proteins in mRNP granules harbor prion-like domains that mediate protein–protein interactions that mediate their nucleation and dynamics. In normal conditions, mRNP granules are dynamic structures that exchange mRNA and protein components with each other and eventually dissolve or are cleared by autophagy. Prolonged cell stress or mutations of mRNA-binding proteins lead to accumulation of mRNA-binding proteins in the form of persistent amyloid-like structures in stress granules. This toxic accumulation alters the pool of mRNA-binding proteins, reduces mRNAs available for translation, and sequesters other noncoding RNAs or RNA regulatory factors. Accumulation of stress granules containing TDP-43, FUS/TLS, ataxin-2, or associated proteins is a key feature of several neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, some forms of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and others. There are several comprehensive reviews on the composition, dynamics, and involvement of stress granules and other mRNP granules in neurologic disease. Only salient concepts are emphasized here.


This paper proposes a rigorous verification of chaos in an artificial neural network (ANN) consisting of three neurons by virtue of the topological horseshoe theory. Because the two disjoint compact subsets producing a horseshoe we found in a certain cross-section both expand in one directions under the forth Poincare return map, we conclude that there exists chaos in the ANN


Abstract Disclosure: M.E. Moore: None. K.G. Chen: None. K. Park: None. D. Asuzu: None. N. Ramavenkat: None. S. Walbridge: None. D. Mullaney: None. M. Arhin: None. D. Maric: None. D. Mandal: None. P. Chittiboina: None. Introduction: The vertebrate anterior pituitary gland is a highly conserved 'master' organ that controls hormonal milieu in real-time. Pituitary adenomas and their treatments (surgery, chemotherapy or radiation) can result in pituitary organ failure, specifically hypocortisolism, a challenging condition to manage. Here, we created an optimized paradigm (anterior pituitary corticotroph or APcor) to preferentially drive human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) towards a pituitary corticotroph fate. Methods: We directed U112I hiPSCs towards terminally differentiated cell types using a combination of rho-associated kinase inhibitor (Y-27632), bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4), transforming growth factor β inhibitor (SB431542), sonic hedgehog (SHH), fibroblast growth factor 8b (FGF8b), fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Markers for pluripotent stem cells, cranial placode (CP), Rathke's Pouch (RP), anterior pituitary progenitors and mature cell types were assessed at 10-day intervals using quantitative qRT-PCR and multiplex immunocytochemistry (mICC) or immunohistochemistry (IHC). ACTH activity was measured using ELISA (MD Bio). Results: We tested initial differentiation conditions and found optimal CP initiation in presence of SB431542. We observed decrease in embryonic stem cell markers OCT4 and NANOG by day 10, with concomitant increase in CP/RP markers SIX1, PAX6 and SIX6 using mICC/IHC and qRT-PCR. Continuation of differentiation paradigm with LIF showed strong expression of anterior pituitary progenitor markers PITX1, TBX19 and POU1F1 at day 20. pRT-PCR analysis at this time point confirms differentiation towards pituitary cell types without needing enrichment for SIX1. At day 30, POMC expression was observed by IHC in 10-15% of cells as measured by quantitative analysis (Qupath 0.2.0), indicating mature corticotrophs. Corticotroph cell fate was confirmed with corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation which led to up to 40x-fold increase in ACTH expression detected by ELISA (D30 w/CRH vs Pluripotent w/CRH). Conclusions: We found with the APcor paradigm, we can reliably drive towards corticotroph cell fate. We successfully differentiated hiPSCs into mature functioning corticotrophs with ability to recapitulate pituitary organ function. Our method is amenable to 3D organoid formation and pre-clinical implantation in animal models of hypophysectomy as a novel hormone replacement therapy. Presentation: Sunday, June 18, 2023


Developing high-efficiency bifunctional electrocatalysts toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline surroundings is essential and challenging for generating clean hydrogen massively. Herein, a novel self-assembly two-dimensional (2D) NiO/CeO2 heterostructure (HS) consisted of NiO and CeO2 nanocrystals has been firstly prepared via a facile two-step approach and utilized as an enhanced bifunctional electrocatalyst for HER and OER under alkaline condition. It is concluded that 2D NiO/CeO2 HS rich in oxygen vacancies demonstrates attractive electrocatalytic properties for both HER and OER in 1 M KOH, including low onset overpotential (η1), η10 and Tafel slope, excellent durability as well as large active surface area. Owing to this, the self-assembly 2D NiO/CeO2 HS is believed to be an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst toward HER and OER.


For more than 50 years intravenous fat emulsions (IVFEs), or intravenous lipid emulsions, have been used for nutritive support for patients who are unable to attain adequate nourishment via the gastrointestinal tract 1, . This made IVFEs an important part of total parenteral nutrition regimens 3, . Although used to meet the caloric requirements, their role is not only to provide fat as physiological nonprotein energy source, but also to prevent or correct essential fatty acids (FAS) deficiency (linoleic acid and linolenic acid) . These acids cannot be synthesized in the body, and they are important to maintain the normal composition of the structural body lipids, as well as in the synthesis of the various important metabolic mediators . IVFEs advantages include limitation of likely side effects of infusing large amounts of glucose. Substituting some glucose calories with lipids reduces undesirable effects of high glucose such as hyperglycemia, excessive CO2 production, and liver FA infiltration. Lipid emulsions provide different tissues with potentially liposoluble vitamins or therapeutic agents as IVFEs were found to be useful as a delivery vehicle for drugs that are poorly soluble in water. Some of these drugs include anesthetics, sedatives, cytotoxic drugs, analgesics, and anti-inflammatory agents. Those products are prepared by dissolving drugs in the vehicle, or by addition of the drug to oil phase prior to the homogenization process for the emulsion. In recent animal studies and human case reports, IVFEs have been proven to be an effective antidote for treating useful toxicity effects from overdose of several lipid-soluble drugs including local anesthetics, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, tricyclic antidepressants and other psychotropic agents . Composition of IVFEs


Purpose: This study aims to understand England's urban regeneration policy and a system of preserving a historic environment; and to analyse the architectural characteristics of housing situated with the urban regeneration area.
The results of this study will help understand the policy of preserving the historic landscape of housing that is newly built in the existing city and will be able to present a model case for the Korean housing supply policy which tends to pursue a large scale development after a complete demolition of existing housing. Method: For this study, housing complex in South Kilburn, which is an urban regeneration project area situated in northwestern London, is analyzed. By focusing on this area, architectural characteristics are analyzed, and historical characteristics appearing on housing under the goal of preserving historic environment are investigated. Results: While conducting this study, the urban regeneration project for South Kilburn area was under operation, so the collection of necessary data was limited and the analysis of housing was limited as well. However, architectural effort to comply with the project for the continuation of local community and for the preservation of historical landscape could be checked through the development of microscopic units, the reflection of urban physical structure, the composition of flexible unit floor plan, an elevation design considering a surrounding landscape and an active integration of historical environment. That is, housing was being constructed in the context of existing city and this practice will offer a good lesson for Korea's urban redevelopment and regeneration.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the roles of E-cadherin and beta-catenin play in the carcinogenesis and progression of laryngeal carcinoma.

METHOD
Immunohistochemistry staining (PicTure two steps method) was used to detect E-cadherin and beta-catenin proteins expression in laryngeal carcinomas and normal epithelia around tumors.

RESULT
In 60 laryngeal carcinomas, the abnormal expression rates of E-cadherin and beta-catenin were 55.00% and 66.67% respectively. The significant relationship was observed between abnormal E-cadherin and beta-catenin expression and differentiation, clinical stage and lymph node metastasis. There was a positive relationship between the expression of beta-catenin and E-cadherin in same sample.

CONCLUSION
The abnormal expression of E-cadherin and beta-catenin were closely related with differentiation, clinical stage, metastasis in laryngeal carcinoma.


This study addresses the issue of structural damage identification and location in carbon fiber reinforced polymer plates using electrical measurements. Electrical resistance tomography is presented as a method for structural damage localization in composite parts. A set of electrodes is fixed on the edges of the part and combinations of DC current injections and voltage measurements are applied to the system. The change of voltage between different times in the part's service life (e.g. start and degraded) are monitored. These sets of measurements are used as input to inversely calculate conductivity maps for the complete composite part and thus indirectly assess its structural health. Such processes are inherently ill-posed. Data post-processing approaches are proposed here to diminish this uncertainty and to conclude to an optimally converge solution of the inverse problem. To assist the process, a material-originating mathematical constraint is introduced. The method is applied on carbon fiber reinforced polymer plates for different damage modes. Experimental recordings show that the analysis of electrical fields allows detecting the presence of damage. Discontinuities as small as 0.1% of the inspected area can be sensed. The proposed data post-processing techniques were applied and conductivity maps were calculated. The results show that using these techniques locating damage is possible with less than 10% error. Material-based constraints greatly enhance the prediction of the data post-processing techniques. It is believed that by overcoming certain implementation issues, electrical resistance tomography could evolve in the direction of a non-destructive evaluation or a structural health monitoring technique for composite structures.


To facilitate the availability of commercial computer products with sufficient security, excellent evaluation criteria have to be of the potential to drive the course of the security marketplace. The newness and the lack of experiences in the exercise of the Common Criteria (CC), which was adopted in 1999 as an international standard for security product evaluation, make it imperative that efforts be exerted to investigate the prospective influence of the CC in advancing the state of computer security. The paper casts light on the contribution of the CC to establishing confidence in security, which is still a barren land in need of cultivation. A picture of the process of the work to produce a security product is outlined. The roles each part of the work may play in obtaining confidence are examined. In practice, a research experiment is carried out aiming at building a secure operating system in accordance with the CC philosophy.


The development of a mixed-signal test bus infrastructure-IEEE P1149.4-is now in the final stages of the standardization process. Evaluating the test capabilities enabled by this infrastructure is an important step needed to support it as a well established standard. This paper presents experiments carried out with a test chip provided by the P1149.4 working group, which explore the architecture of the proposed analog boundary module to implement alternative testing methods. These include a method for parametric testing of passive components based on the monitoring of the power supply current, and a mixed current/voltage technique allowing the implementation of correlation for testing analog and mixed-signal macros.


Abstract : This study, which is based entirely on open Soviet sources, examines and analyzes Soviet views on and uses made by Soviet scientists of the so-called ''Nuclear Winter'' hypothesis. In particular, the study seeks to ascertain whether Soviet scientists have in fact independently confirmed the TTAPS prediction of a ''Nuclear Winter'' phenomenon or have contributed independent data or scenarios to it. The findings of the study are that the Soviets view the ''Nuclear Winter'' hypothesis as a political and propaganda opportunity to influence Western scientific and public opinion and to restrain U.S. defense programs. Analysis of Soviet publications shows that, in fact, Soviet scientists have made no independent or new contributions to the study of the ''Nuclear Winter'' phenomenon, but have uncritically made use of the worst-case scenarios, parameters, and values published in the Crutzen-Birks (Ambio 1982) and the TTAPS (Science, December 1983) studies, as well as models of atmospheric circulation borrowed from Western sources. Furthermore, current Soviet directives to scientists call for work on the further strengthening of the Soviet Union's military might, while it is also explained that the dire predictions of the possible consequences of a nuclear war in no way diminish the utility of the Soviet civil defense program and the need for its further improvement.


Although the damaging effects of noise on human health had been recognized since the seventies, the European Environmental Policy had been focused in specific transport emissions, such as the gases of the greenhouse effect or the suspension particles. It was the approval of the law by the European Board regarding ambient noise that marked the start of a new stage in environmental policy, where noise pollution has a prominent place. The aim of this article is to establish guidelines for the inclusion of the effects of noise caused by the transport infrastructures to the cost-benefit analysis, thus providing the public institutions with an effective tool to be able to prioritize public investment of higher social profitability. The results of a case study corresponding to the noise caused by the motorway as it passes by the borough are presented by way of illustration.


-The March 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill contaminated intertidal pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha spawning areas in Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska. To determine if 8to 26-month old oil remaining in some spawning areas produced physiological responses in developing pink salmon eggs and alevins, we conducted an initial assessment of cytochrome P-4501A induction and histopathologic lesion occurrence in preemergent pink salmon collected from oiled spawning substrates. Egg and alevin samples were collected from four oiled and five reference sites in Prince William Sound, Alaska, between December 1989 and May 1991. Immunohistochemical staining for cytochrome P-4501A was increased in alevins from 13 of 16 samples from oiled sites, but was not increased in any of the 7 samples from the reference sites. Cytochrome P-4501A induction was not detected in egg samples from either oiled or control sites. Persistent P-4501A staining through the end of the study was evidence for chronic exposure of two year-classes of pink salmon to hydrocarbon contamination. Histopathologic lesions were more frequent in alevins from oiled sites, but differences were not statistically significant, and lesion occurrence seemed dependent on developmental stage. These results provide evidence that pink salmon alevins developing in heavily oiled sites were exposed to hydrocarbons more than 2 years after the initial spill and that the hydrocarbons induced detectable physiological changes. Results of this study were used to develop appropriate treatments for oiled anadromous fish streams. The 24 March 1989 grounding of the TV Emon VuMez spilled 43.9 million liters of Prudhoe Bay crude oil into the waters of Prince William Sound. Currents and winds carried the oil through the islands of the southwestern Sound and into the Gulf of Alaska. The spill eventually oiled almost 2,000 km of shoreline, including a minimum of 213 streams supporting anadromous fish. The state of Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG) cooperated in the spill response program. In this effort, we focused on the need for, and the adequacy of, treatment of intertidal areas in and around anadromous fish streams. Because up to 75% of wild Prince William Sound pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha spawn intertidally, the ADFG was concerned that oiled beach sediments might affect developing pink salmon eggs and larvae. In Prince William Sound, adult pink salmon 'Present address: University of California, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California 95616, USA. spawn in interand supratidal stream channels from late July through early October. All pink salmon die within a few days of spawning. Eggs typically hatch in December and January, and alevins remain within the spawning substrate, absorbing their yolk sac, until emerging as free-swimming fry between April and June. Fish are generally most sensitive to environmental pollutants as juveniles (McKim 1977; Moles et al. 1979). While oil remained in and near some spawning streams by fall of 1989, some individuals involved in the spill response believed that any remaining oil would be biologically inert. If remaining weathered oil was biologically inert, additional treatment would not be necessary. To determine if remaining oil was biologically inert, the ADFG began the initial assessment reported here. We analyzed wild preemergent pink salmon collected from oiled spawning substrates by (1) measuring cytochrome P-450 induction in eggs and alevins as an indicator of exposure to hydrocarbons and (2) documenting histopathological changes in alevins from


W e would like to commend Teixeira and colleagues for their large retrospective observational study,1 which reexplored predictors of surgical site infective (SSI) complications appearing after appendectomy. Their conclusions, in part, contradict similar prior work2,3 and thus are worthy of considered scrutiny. In particular, the authors demonstrated that after adjustment for age, leukocytosis, sex, and surgical technique (open vs laparoscopic), early operation (within 6 hours of admission) was associated with a decreased incidence of SSI in patients with a


In this paper the authors continue their study of the collineation groups of division ring planes (The collineation groups of division ring planes I. Jordan division algebras, J. Heine and Angew. Math. vol. 216, 1964). Some of the results obtained for finite dimensional Jordan division algebras are extended to a special class of infinite dimensional algebras. As is well-known the study of the collineation group of a projective plane % coordinatized by an algebra £% can be reduced to the study of the autotopism group of & or the group of autotopic collineations of π, S%f(π). The pair {a, b), a, be&, is defined to be admissible if and only if there exists an element a in ^iπ) with (1, l)α = (α, b). Modulo the automorphism group of . ^ , the determination of 3ίf(jt) is equivalent to the determination of all admissible pairs (α, b) and coset representatives ^ , 5 6 ^ ( 7 1 ) such that (1, l)φa,b = (α, b). With either the assumption & algebraic over its center, or the assumptions characteristic of & not equal to 0 and the centers of & and & (the algebra of all elements of & algebraic over the center of ^ ) equal, the admissible pairs (α, b) are determined. Use is made of Kleinfeld's result on the middle nucleus of Jordan rings (Middle nucleus = center in a simple Jordan ring, to appear.) We also prove and use the result that the algebra £f consisting of all right multiplications R/ is commutative, where / is in the subalgebra generated by a and a~ over the base field.


As a rule, severe damages and failures have several causes and each fault has different consequences. Costs occur due to the need for urgent safety measures, evacuation, repair or reconstruction and investigations and, at the end of the day, have to be paid by someone. Since various parties are involved with different legal aspects and responsibilities, it is difficult to find a satisfying way to assign cost to each party. Instead of leaving this decision to courts it might be easier and cheaper to find a rational way to distribute the costs consensually according to causality and common sense. The paper shows how in complex cases this distribution can be made in a rational and more technical than juridical way taking into account different causes, faults, involved parties and remedial measures. The theoretical part is illustrated by an example based on a real case where the method worked.


This paper studies the relationship between internationalization and performance in agri-food firms. In line with the recent literature, it analyses the effects of the degree of internationalization using a uniform sample, a long-term focus and a measure that combines export intensity and regional diversification. The study empirically confirms the hypothesis of a horizontal S-curve relationship between geographical diversification and performance and identifies three phases. Export firms are found in the first phase; their profits are low due the initial costs incurred in exporting. Companies with a more advanced internationalization process are in the second phase; they benefit from the positive outcomes of operating on a larger scale. Lastly, the third phase contains highly international, geographically diversified companies; their performance decreases as a result of the costs of entering extra-regional markets, which are especially steep in this sector; they also face higher transition costs and organisational complexity. The results presented could be interesting for policymakers designing and implementing export programmes for agri-food firms. Policies should include assistance at the start of the internationalization process and an attempt to prolong the strategy until the volume of business is sufficient to start showing an increase in performance. The policies could possibly promote networking between Spanish and foreign companies to reduce the costs of more global internationalization strategies.


with MDD (42 depressed and 10 remitted; DSM-IV) and 54 matched controls. Significant differences were found in four amino acid concentrations between the depressed patients and controls. After Bonferroni correction, only ethanola-mine (EA) levels remained significantly reduced in depressed patients (nominal P =0.0000011). A substantial proportion of the depressed patients (40.5%) showed abnormally low CSF EA levels (<12.1 μ M) ( P =0.000033; OR=11.6, 95% CI: 3.1–43.2). When patients with low EA and those with high EA levels were compared, the former had higher scores for overall depression severity ( P =0.0033) and 'Somatic Anxiety' symp-toms ( P =0.00026). In unmedicated subjects, CSF EA levels showed a significant positive correlation with levels of homovanillic acid ( P =0.0030) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid ( P =0.019). To our knowledge, this is the first study showing that patients with MDD have significantly lower CSF EA concentrations compared with control subjects. CSF EA could be a state-dependent biomarker for a subtype of MDD. Further replication studies are currently under way. Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones, especially salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in perinatal depression. Methods: 44 patients with depression and 217 normal subjects in perinatal period were included in this study. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale(EPDS) and Beck Depression Inventory II(BDI-II) were performed. The subjects below 10 points of EPDS score or below 13 points of BDI-II score were classified to normal subjects. Among the subjects more than 11 points of EPDS score or more than 14 points of BDI-II score were diagnosed depression by DSM-IV TR by psychiatrists. All subjects were collect their saliva in each 4 collecting tubes, immediately upon awakening(IA), 30 minutes after awakening(30A), 60 minutes after awakening(60A) and before bedtime(BB). Results: The number of subjects in antenatal period were and antenatal depression(AD) patients were antenatal subjects The number of subjects in postnatal period were 114, and postnatal depression(PD) patients postnatal normal(PN) subjects Salivary cortisol levels in subjects with AD collected IA, 30A and 60A were with AN subjects except Salivary cortisol levels in subjects with PD collected 60A only were lower than with PN subjects significantly. Salivary DHEA levels in subjects with both AD and PD were lower than with normal subjects significantly. Also cortisol/DHEA ratio(F/D ratio) in subjects with both AD and PD were much higher than with normal subjects Conclusions: These results suggest that the blunted response was shown in AD, and the characteristics between AD and PD are different. Also the differences of salivary DHEA levels and F/D ratio between subjects with PD and normal subjects are suggested the one of the key points of difference among both groups. Abstract Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix structures enwrapping parvalbumin-positive γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic interneurons which are crucial for modulating anxiety and depressive-like behaviors. Perineuronal nets have recently been implicated in experience-dependent neuroplastic changes in central nervous system, but it is poorly understood that whether PNNs modulates the neural maladaptation after repeated expo-sure to stress. We found that adolescent rats with vulnerability to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) showed decreased level of PNNs, tenascin-R and aggrecan in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Degradation of PNNs in mPFC produced vulnerability to stress in adult rats. Elevating PNNs in the mPFC through environment enrichment prevented CUMS-induced depressive and anxiety-like behavior. Fluoxetine reversed the stress vulnerability in adolescent rats and increased PNNs levels. Lower level of PNNs rendered GABAergic neurons susceptible to CUMS, manifesting as decreases in expression of glutamic acid decar-boxylase 67 (GAD 67) and frequency and amplitude of inhibi-tory postsynaptic current (IPSC) after CUMS. The organization of PNNs coincided with the developmental switch in stress vulnerability to resilience. These findings indicate a role of PNNs in mPFC in predicting and modulating vulnerability to stress-induced depressive-like behavior, and the effect may be produced though regulating GABAergic functions. Abstract The clinical strategy for treatment-resistant depression which includes overlap between bipolar disorder remains inadequate. Establishment of a diagnostic method and understanding of the detailed pathogenesis of those patients are urgently needed. In this study, we performed comparative analysis of depres-sive-like behaviors and variations of depression-related mol-ecules in the brain and peripheral blood between controls and refractory depression model animals established by the com-bined stress of fetal period alcohol and adolescent chronic corticosterone (CORT) treatment. With a part of this model animal, we have also administered antidepressants (SSSRI) for the purpose of investigation of possible treatment method and molecular pathogenesis in refractory type of depression. Focusing on the report of region specific BDNF activity in the pathogenesis of refractory depression, we have compared BDNF levels in frontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala in each group of animals. In addition, we have measured BDNF and BDNF expression related microRNA (miRNA206) contents in all exosome and brain-derived exosome in the peripheral blood, aimed at the identification of peripheral molecular dynamics that specifically reflect the changes in the brain. All experiments have carried out according to the approval of the Sapporo Medical University Animal Care and Use Committee with consideration so as not to give unnecessary pain to the animal. We have found that blood BDNF levels of refractory depression (7.4 ng/ml ± 1.50) showed significantly higher (p<0.05) than the controls (5.6 ng/ml ± 1.02) and simple depression models (4.5 ng/ml ± 0.84), and antidepressant tended to increase the BDNF levels in depression model (6.2 ng/ml ± 1.54), but reduced in refractory depression models (5.6 ng/ml ± 1.38). Furthermore, interestingly, the variation of blood BDNF levels and the way of the changes in the exosome is different. In considering the clinical report that indicated higher levels of blood BDNF in the non-reactive group of antidepressant treatment prior to admin-istration, we are continuing analysis to identify the pathological mechanism that is common to the intractable depression. Abstract Previously, we showed the existence of pseudo-immature brain cell states in the dentate gyrus (DG) of mouse models of psychi-atric FLX), Pseudo-immature bioinformatics analysis, transcriptomic "hyper-maturity" in the DG of glucocorticoid (GRov mice), and gene expressions the DG mice bioinformatics gene expression patterns in the DG of GRov mice those in the inflammation-associated events, as poly(I:C) and colitis. Among genes that were upregulated or downregulated in "hypermature" brains, there were significant enrichments in signal pathways related to inflammation and immune reactions. Both these enrichments were also observed for pseudo-immature brains. Of the inflammation and immune– related genes in the pseudo-immature brains, the number of upregulated genes was significantly greater than that of downregulated genes. In contrast, in the "hypermature" brains, inflammation and genes. These observations indicate that inflammation is commonly involved in both pseudo-imma-ture and "hypermature" brains, and each of them may represent unique inflammation-related events. Abstract Objectives : p11 (S100A10) is a key regulator of depression-like behaviors and antidepressant drug response in rodent models. Recent studies suggest that p11 mediates the behavioral antidepressant action of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in rodents. BDNF improves neural plasticity, which is linked to the cellular actions of antidepressant drugs. In the present study, we investigated whether p11 regulated BDNF action on neural plasticity in vitro . Methods: We generated primary hippocampal cultures. p11 expression, dendritic outgrowth, and spine formation were investigated under toxic conditions induced by B27 deprivation, which causes hippocampal cell death. Results: B27 deprivation significantly decreased p11 expression. Treatment with BDNF significantly prevented the B27 depriva-tion-induced decrease in p11 levels in a concentration-depend-ent manner, whereas these concentrations had no effect on control cultures. B27 deprivation significantly reduced the total outgrowth of hippocampal dendrites and spine number. BDNF increased dendritic outgrowth and spine number in conditions with or without B27. Furthermore, p11 knockdown through small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection blocked these effects. Specially, overexpression of p11 in B27-deprived cells increased dendritic outgrowth and spine number, and treatment with BDNF potentiated these effects. Conclusions: Taken together, our data suggest that BDNF-induced improvement in neural plasticity may depend on the regulation of p11 in hippocampal cells. These results provide evidence to strengthen the theoretical basis of a role for p11 in BDNF-induced antidepressant action.


This article provides a cross-sectional cohort analysis of recent Australian census data and data collected from a 1990–91 nonrandom sample of 450 Vietnamese households in Melbourne, Australia, to determine the level of occupational mobility within the Vietnamese Australian community. The analysis reveals that there has been little net upward occupational mobility within the Vietnam-born community, although there has been some individual upward mobility. Regression analysis of the survey data reveal that no one variable stands out as explaining occupational mobility within Melbourne's Vietnamese community, and no variables relating to socioeconomic status or class in Vietnam are among the main explanators of Vietnamese occupational mobility in Australia.


My article, Profiling the New Immigrant Worker: The Effects of Skin Color and Height, presents strong evidence that darker skin color is associated with lower wages for new legal immigrants to the United States. Taking into account education, English language proficiency, occupation in the source country, and family background, as well as Hispanic ethnicity, race, and country of birth, I found that immigrants with the lightest skin color earn, on average, 17% higher wages than comparable immigrants with the darkest skin color. This Essay addresses to what extent this pay disparity associated with skin color is evidence of employment discrimination.


A charging apparatus according to the present invention, mounted in a moving object, it is provided with: storage means for storing credit information; write means, the memory device reads out the balance information from, and writing credit information in the storage means; region inside or outside detecting means for detecting a moving body within the charge area or in the outer; information of the operation means, when there is no information indicating the state enters the charge area, such as outside the region in the detecting means detects the charge region, the state information is generated, and the charge processing means in accordance with a toll charged for the charge holding region during the state information, via the reading and writing credit information in the storage means updating means.


The midline cervical cleft is an unusual congenital anomaly of the ventral neck and fewer than 100 cases have been reported overall and the first described by Bailey in 1924. This anomaly is report in association with median cleft of lower lip, cleft mandible and tongue, and hypoplasia of other midline neck structures. Its considered an anomaly originated from the two first branchial arches. The treatment of this cleft is a vertical complete excision and a closure with multiple Z-plasty. Many authors recommend avoid linear closure and prefer multiple Z-plasty for evicted fibrosis and local retraction. In this paper we report 2 case of this anomaly and the literature is reviewed.


In recent years, light field technology has attracted the interest of academia and industry, thanks to the possibility of rendering 3D scenes in a more realistic and immersive way. In particular, light field displays have been consistently investigated for their ability to offer a glass-free 3D viewing experience. Among others, tensor displays represent a promising way to render light field contents. However, only a few prototypes of such type of displays have been implemented and are available to the scientific community. As a direct consequence, the visual quality of such displays has not been rigorously investigated. In this paper, we propose a new framework to assess the visual quality of light field tensor displays on conventional 2D screens. The multilayer components of the tensor displays are virtually rendered on a typical 2D monitor through the use of a GUI, and different viewing angles can be accessed by simple mouse interactions. Both single and double stimulus methodologies for subjective quality assessment of light field contents are supported in this framework, while the total time of interaction is recorded for every stimulus. Results obtained in two different laboratory settings demonstrate that the framework can be successfully used to perform subjective quality assessment of different compression solutions for light field tensor displays. Introduction Light field photography has recently seen a surge of popularity due to the increased capabilities in acquiring and rendering real-life scenes in a more immersive way. In particular, light field rendering promises to overcome the limitations of stereoscopic representation by allowing for a more seamless transition between multiple point of views, thus giving a more faithful representation of 3D scenes. The recent innovations in the realm of acquisition and compression of light field contents have fueled the need for light field displays on which the data can be natively visualized. In the past, several multi-view displays have been presented that allow to visualize the scene from several points of views. Among other technologies, parallax barrier displays have been proposed as a glass-free alternative to stereoscopic displays [8]. To allow for multi-view rendering, several technologies have been implemented, such as polarizer [14] or LCD dynamic barriers through viewer tracking [12]. Other approaches include the use of integral imaging [1], or a system of projectors used in combination with a holographic screen to fully render the 3D scene [2]. The Quality of Experience (QoE) associated with such type of light field displays has been recently investigated by Tamboli et al. [17][18]. Another alternative uses a stack of programmable light-attenuating layers in front of a light-emitting source to provide depth cues without the need of glasses [10][11] [20]. The layer patterns to be displayed in each light-attenuating layers can be obtained from the multi-view light field data through Non-negative Tensor Factorization (NTF) [20]. Recently, a new method has been proposed to generate the layer patterns from a stack of focused images (focal stack), which greatly reduces the number of images that are needed as input for the tensor displays [16]. The method was tested on a prototype 3D display to prove its efficacy [9]. Testing the visual quality of compressed and uncompressed light field contents on native light field display is of extreme importance in future development of both new rendering methods, as well as new compression solutions. However, the limited availability of light field displays hinders the assessment of their visual quality. Moreover, hardware limitations in prototype models considerably lessen the perceptual quality of experience in consuming light field contents. Being able to simulate light field multi-layer rendering in a virtual environment is thus helpful in conducting evaluation of visual quality for light field displays in an ideal scenario. In this paper, we present a framework to conduct quality assessment of light field contents rendered through a tensor display simulator using 2D screens. Through a GUI the layer patterns composing the multi-layer tensor displays are simulated in a 3D environment. By interacting with the mouse, users can experience the light field from different points of views. A validating experiment is conducted to show the validity of our framework. Proposed framework The framework proposed in this paper provides a tool to assess the quality of light field contents rendered through the use of multi-layer tensor displays. It consists of a software application for quality assessment of light field contents that enables visualization from different points of views, while keeping track of both the given ratings and the total time of interaction. A graphical interface based on the software proposed in [15], simulates the multi-layer structure of light field tensor displays. The layer patterns are given as input to be directly visualized using the interface, along with a file specifying the parameters for the rendering, such as the horizontal and vertical angular resolution (i.e., the number of perspective views) of the input light field, and the number of layers composing the simulated display. The Figure 1: Example rendering of the input stimuli with the proposed graphical interface, using double stimulus methodology with side-byside display. (a) Bikes (b) Danger de mort (c) Stone Pillars Outside (d) Fountain & Vincent (e) Friends Figure 2: Central perspective view from each content used in the test. layer patterns are always displayed in their original resolution. By clicking and dragging, users can physically alter the visualization angle of the simulated display on the screen, thus accessing different points of views. The viewing angles are limited by the number of layers and the angular resolutions of the input light field, to ensure only properly rendered points of view are accessible. In particular, denoting Vx and Vy as the number of perspective views of the input light field in the horizontal and vertical dimension, respectively, and L as the number of layers in the simulated display, the maximum viewing angle θx and θy in the horizontal and vertical direction, respectively, can be defined as such: θx = arctan α ⌊ Vx 2 ⌋


With the emergence of environmental concerns and the awakening regarding animal treatment issues, the anthropocentric paradigm has begun to shift, causing many countries to review their position on the legal status of animals. Within the movement for animals, there are two mainly followed philosophical theories: the animal welfare perspective, which has Peter Singer as its leading author, and the animal rights theory, likewise known as the abolitionist movement, with Tom Regan as its central theorist. Utilizing the method of comparative analysis, this article seeks to analyze each author's thought process and compare theories, contrasting each viewpoint's moral and philosophical foundations and which principle each author has determined as most fundamental. The main differences between them will also be compared, as well as their conclusions and effects on society, with a particular focus on their influences on the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988.


The stability of ionospheric O(+)-H(+) outflows accelerated by a nonambipolar parallel electric field is considered under conditions where the ion motion initially develops adiabatically and the ambient plasma is vertically stratified with an effective temperature that increases with altitude. Such conditions are expected near the bottom of the auroral acceleration region where ion and electron streaming instabilities first develop. It is shown for a particular equilibrium profile that the differentially accelerated ion flows become unstable within about 100 km from their entry point in the acceleration region. At O(+)/H(+) density ratios less than about 9, the instability is dominated by a violent H(+)-O(+) two-stream interaction which couples the O(+) and H(+) acoustic modes, and which mediates a transition to nonadiabatic acceleration. At higher altitudes and/or larger O(+)/H(+) density ratios, a much weaker resonant instability exists, which is driven by the relative drift between electrons and O(+) or H(+) ions. The results suggest that the H(+)-O(+) two-stream instability may be a viable mechanism for heating upflowing auroral ions.


la this paper, the model of two-polysilicon folotox EEPROM threshold voltage model has been established . Then , the relatioa between erase/write tbredbold voltage and erase/write time, programing voltage, tunnel area, folox thickness have been studied based on this model. Tbe two-polysilicon fotox EEPROM cell has beea designed The experiment reaults are approximately- concordant with the sizaulation results. So, the thresbold model can be used as a fast, sim ple, actual ruler for EEPROM cell optimization deaign.


The resistive wall impedance of cylindrical vacuum chambers was first calculated over 40 years ago. The original results were valid for metal vacuum chamber walls which are thick compared to the skin depth at the frequencies of interest. Recently the subject has again become important for beam stability in the LHC where in particular the transverse impedance of the large number of graphite collimators to be installed could severely limit its performance, if the "thick wall" formulae were correct. The frequencies of the slow betatron waves in such a large machine are very low and thus the transverse impedance, originally found to be proportional to the inverse square root of frequency, could lead to instabilities. However, when the skin depth exceeds the wall thickness, the transverse resistive wall impedance is strongly reduced and a number of papers have recently been published to estimate this reduction. However, all of these had restrictions of validity. Here we give a consistent derivation of the general expression for the transverse impedance of walls made of arbitrary materials which are valid at all frequencies. The results are compared with previous ones in the graphs for the LHC collimators where they agree quite well, but also for the SPS-MKE kickers which are required for injection into the LHC and where the agreement is less perfect. Geneva, Switzerland 02/08/2005


We illustrate the stochastic method for solving the Schwinger‐Dyson equations in large‐N quantum field theories described in ArXiv:1009.4033 on the example of the Gross‐Witten unitary matrix model. In the strong‐coupling limit, this method can be applied directly, while in the weak‐coupling limit we change the variables from compact to noncompact ones in order to cast the Schwinger‐Dyson equations in the stochastic form. This leads to a new action with an infinite number of higher‐order interaction terms. Nevertheless, such an action can be efficiently handled. This suggests the way to apply the method of ArXiv:1009.4033 to field theories with U(N) field variables as well as to effective field theories in the large‐N limit.


.............................................................................................................. iii List of Tables ...................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ......................................................................................................ix Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................ 1 1.1 A Brief Introduction to Phytoplankton .................................................... 1 1.2 Existing Methods of Phytoplankton Characterization ............................. 2 1.3 Multivariate Optical Computing and the Genealogy of the FIP ............... 5 1.4 Dissertation Outline ............................................................................. 11 References................................................................................................ 14 Chapter 2: A Novel Asymmetric Filter Wheel Design and Associated Changes to Image Processing Algorithms .................................................................... 16 2.


Global engagement has been a key priority of higher education and its internationalization, but is currently seriously challenged by geopolitical tensions. We seem to be returning to the political climate of the Cold War, which ended in the late 1980s. What lessons can we learn from academic cooperation during the first Cold War and during the academic boycott in South Africa, and how can we avoid returning to the isolated bubbles of engagement of that past? Abstract Neither of the two predominant models of financing public higher education around the world manages to achieve both affordability and sustainability. Keeping tuition low provides affordability but fails to achieve financial sustainability and limits accessibil-ity. High tuition/high aid models are more sustainable, but less affordable, resulting in more reliance on student loans. There is a consensus model that can make higher education affordable and sustainable without devoting a high percentage of GDP to higher education. In are key to a broad range of the and to make the system he Western concept of universities has been under growing attack from several fronts. Many countries have cut public subsidies for higher education in the past decade, reflecting general disaffection with universities for their failure to act as channels of social mobility and economic success. The scientific research mission of universities has also been challenged. During the Brexit campaign in the United Kingdom, a former secretary of education commented on the discredited status of universities, ar-guing that British society was tired of listening to academic experts. Authoritarian leaders in Brazil, Hungary, and Turkey have used their powers to restrict institutional autonomy and academic freedom. colonialism and related the debate higher education reality. In a the ( Against this background, the focuses on just one important aspect of the of the modern "Western-model" were established in the Global mainly in the nineteenth century, and the convergent forces at play in creating a global model of university. Abstract Almost all existing universities stem from the Western university model. This article discusses this tradition—how colonialism impacted the expansion of universities and the reasons why modern universities continue to use this pattern of academic development. Abstract Students, academics, and higher education institutions' admin-istrators and leaders use digital platforms in their everyday work. A diversity of platforms offer various services, target different clients, and include different business models. Most of these platforms are proprietary and form the edtech industry. We should pay attention to the specific economic form of coordina-tion in which digitalization of and in higher education is expanding, namely assetization. proprietary edtech platform owners accountable to HE stakeholders and the public at large. We also need to do more to control potential predatory lock-in and monopoly exploitation. If edtech becomes dominated by a few giants, as has happened in other industries, what would that mean for the future of our sector? Finally, we need to find ways to ensure more democratic governance of user data. Should currently private data assets be made publicly available, for example, so that aggregated user data could be used by everyone for ethical and socially just innovation? These are key questions that policymakers and stakeholders should urgently address. Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic led to far-reaching changes in higher education globally, yet student activism continued to be a force to be reckoned with. Key concerns and commitments remained student funding; equality, social justice, and antidiscrimination; political freedoms and democracy; and gender equality. The single biggest cause of protests was, however, the pandemic itself. Recent additions to the protest agenda include climate change, academic freedom, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The single biggest issue causing protests at different moments was the pandemic itself. the common Abstract In studies about international student recruitment and mobility, the emphasis is primarily on South–North mobility to the Anglophone world. But the reality is more diverse. What are the challenges and opportunities of non-Anglophone countries, in particular in the Global South, shifting from mainly being sending countries toward striving to receive international students? " STEERing Tertiary Education: Toward Resilient Systems that Deliver for All ," the World Bank has developed a tool to help countries steer their tertiary education sectors into the COVID swerve. Policymakers and academic leaders should be purposeful in steering their tertiary sectors toward national and institutional strategic goals, particularly recognizing how those goals may have been affected by the impacts of the pandemic on their operations (including, but not limited to, financing, quality, staffing, and student access and retention issues) and may even need to withstand future disruptions. The STEERing framework is built around five key dimensions that are instrumental for creating agile, effective, and sustainable tertiary education, particularly in the post-COVID environment. Abstract Universities have a growing interest in understanding the impact that they have on climate change, whether positive or negative. Yet beyond the direct emissions from their campuses, is it possible to measure their multiple influences through education, knowledge production, and public engagement? This article argues that while it is important to monitor carefully those activities that can be measured, universities should not dismiss those activities that cannot. The UN-endorsed Agenda 2030 and Sustainable Development Goals see universities as playing a pivotal role in ensuring global sustainability. Abstract In the five years leading up to the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of African doctoral researchers training in China doubled to 8,000, often on scholarships funded by the Chinese government. Many plan to return to posts in African universities. Will these experiences influence African university research cultures, doctoral supervision, and publishing practices? Abstract As elsewhere, higher education (HE) in Africa has become a complex enterprise, yet is hardly researched. This article presents the main findings of a systematic review of literature focusing on African HE and published from 1980 to 2019, and suggests that the transformation of African HE was not accompanied by an equivalent production of research focusing on it, which is crucial to make its features and developments intelligible and guide policy makers and Abstract The increasing presence of international scholars and researchers has become a significant feature of the American workforce, yet the career experiences of this group of workers have received little attention. National data on US-trained PhD holders show that non-US citizens are significantly less satisfied with intrinsic and extrinsic career-related factors than their US counterparts. We studied career outcomes and professional experiences among non-US citizens, to check for differences against their US counterparts. Abstract International academic staff in higher education are considered per se a signal of attrac-tiveness and success. In this article, we discuss the findings of a recent study on international staff working in the United Kingdom. International staff are now fully immersed in all academic functions in their institutions and involved in wider organizational constraints, which raises the issue of their adaptation. Nationality appears to be an important and different marker of diversity. such as IT and engineering having over 30 percent. Findings by the author show that more than 75 percent of Asia-born academic staff collaborated with scholars from Asia, two-thirds on joint research projects. National origin was particularly important: Over a third had helped to develop exchange programs with their country of origin. The high proportion of China-born international staff has led to a boost in bilateral research collaboration. China, now an international knowledge powerhouse, is one of Australia's key partners, with active research collaborations across a range of fields, in the natural and applied sciences as well as in social sciences and humanities. That China is also a major knowledge partner to other countries in the region offers potential to grow regional knowledge partnerships, including China-born researcher networks. Abstract Australian higher education is highly diverse, with numbers of researchers and academics from Asia rising the most, especially in recent decades. The knowledge diasporas of China and India, two major sources, contribute to teaching and research but also help to build bridges with their homelands and international scientific networks—contributions that are not always fully valued. US–China tensions and COVID-in-duced travel restrictions have in-terfered with the contributions of many international staff. The expectations of Chinese institutions with regard to foreign academics are closely connected to the effort of building world-class universities. Abstract This article examines the experience of international academics in mainland China. The emerging trend of foreign academics moving into long-term, full-time positions in Chinese universities is an underreported phenomenon in research. This article discusses the following questions: Who are the foreign academics in China? Abstract To develop global human resources and improve the international competitiveness of Japan's industry and business, Japanese companies have made efforts to attract excellent international researchers, expecting them to play an active role in their workplaces. This article explores some aspects of their personal identities, their motivations, work roles, and contributions, as w


As in [8] and [9], we define the intersections E(M)(›), D(M)(K) and D(M)(›) of non quasi-analytic classes by means of a matrix M. We prove that they dier from classical Beurling classes and that they coincide algebraically with the corresponding intersections of Roumieu classes. We next consider a few elementary properties and give a condition on M under which these spaces are nuclear.


The greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere are an economic and environmental problem. In this work we make a detailed study of the emissions from the branches of the Spanish energy sector. To this end, we have developed for the Spanish economy a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) with Environmental Accounts, considering the six greenhouse gases that the Kyoto Protocol states. In this SAM, the energy sector appears disaggregated in eight sectors, including renewable branches, in order to distinguish the emissions of each type of energy. The analysis is performed using a linear multisector model applied to the SAM, which allows us to obtain the emissions, both direct and indirect, caused by each branch of the Spanish energy sector. Finally, we evaluate the impact in emissions caused by a shift in the household energy consumption towards renewable energy.


Abstract It is shown that the strongly noncanonical fourth order operator Ly=r3(t)r2(t)r1(t)y′(t)′′′$$\begin{array}{} \displaystyle \mathcal {L}\,y=\left(r_3(t)\left(r_2(t)\left(r_1(t)y'(t)\right)'\right)'\right)' \end{array}$$ can be written in essentially unique canonical form as Ly=q4(t)q3(t)q2(t)q1(t)q0(t)y(t)′′′′.$$\begin{array}{} \displaystyle \mathcal {L}\,y = q_4(t)\left(q_3(t)\left(q_2(t)\left(q_1(t)\left(q_0(t)y(t)\right)'\right)'\right)'\right)'. \end{array}$$ The canonical representation essentially simplifies examination of the fourth order strongly noncanonical equations r3(t)r2(t)r1(t)y′(t)′′′+p(t)y(τ(t))=0.$$\begin{array}{} \displaystyle \left(r_3(t)\left(r_2(t)\left(r_1(t)y'(t)\right)'\right)'\right)'+p(t)y(\tau(t))=0. \end{array}$$


Here, we report genetic interactions with mdf-1(gk2)/MAD1 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nine are evolutionarily conserved or phenotypic "interologs" and two are novel enhancers, hcp-1 and bub-3. We show that HCP-1 and HCP-2, the two CENP-F-related proteins, recently implicated in the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) function, do not have identical functions, since hcp-1(RNAi), but not hcp-2(RNAi), enhances the lethality of the SAC mutants.


We derive the bilinear equations of the constrained BKP hierarchy from the calculus of pseudodifferential operators. The full hierarchy equations can be expressed in Hirota's bilinear form characterized by the functions ρ, σ, and τ. Besides, we also give a modification of the original Orlov–Schulman additional symmetry to preserve the constrained form of the Lax operator for this hierarchy. The vector fields associated with the modified additional symmetry turn out to satisfy a truncated centerless Virasoro algebra.


An electromyography is a measurement of the electrical signal connected with the myospasm. There is a housemaid regarded as the objective method for the registration of potentials of superficial muscles. Because of the repetitiveness and the comparability of examinations electrophysiological is being used in diagnostic proceedings and controlling the course of disease and the effectiveness of the treatment. Presenting the literature review was a purpose of our work. This examinations are demonstrating the surface electromyography is useful in the objective assessment of effectiveness of therapy of soft tissues.


Two new tool_repairing techniques featured with micro pulse energy output were introduced. These two technological processes will not cause thermal deformation to the repaired parts. And the heat_affected zone with welding is very small. They can be widely applied to the repair of the tools with small damages and of other metal parts.


Abstract : Heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1, HSP32) is an early gene that is responsive to an array of pathological conditions including, but not limited to, hypoxia and cerebral ischemia. HO‐1 cleaves the heme molecule and produces carbon monoxide (CO) and biliverdin (an antioxidant) and is essential for iron homeostasis. The purpose of this study was to investigate, using transgenic (Tg) mice, whether overexpression of HO‐1 in the brain augments or attenuates cellular injury caused by ischemic stroke. Homozygous HO‐1 Tg mice that overexpress HO‐1 under the control of the neuron‐specific enolase promoter (characterized previously) were used. Under halothane anesthesia and normothermic conditions, wildtype nontransgenic (nTg ; n = 22) and HO‐1 Tg (n = 24) mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Six hours after induction of ischemia, Tg and nTg mice developed infarcts that were 39 ± 6 and 63 ± 9 mm3, respectively (p < 0.01). No significant difference between the two strains was observed in the values of brain edema (11.3 ± 4% in Tg vs. 14.6 ± 5% in nTg ; p < 0.1). At 24 h after MCAo, Tg mice exhibited significant neuroprotection as determined by the stroke volumes (41 ± 2 mm3 in Tg vs. 74 ± 5 mm3 in nTg ; p < 0.01) and values of ischemic cerebral edema (21 ± 6% in Tg vs. 35 ± 11% in nTg ; p < 0.01). Data suggest that neuroprotection in Tg mice was, at least in part, related to the following findings : (a) constitutively up‐regulated cyclic GMP and bcl‐2 levels in neurons ; (b) inhibition of nuclear localization of p53 protein ; and (c) antioxidant action of HO‐1, as detected by postischemic neuronal expression of ferritin, and decreases in iron staining and tissue lipid peroxidation. We suggest that pharmacological stimulation of HO‐1 activity may constitute a novel therapeutic approach in the amelioration of ischemic injury during the acute period of stroke.


Micro Processor and Temperature/humidity sensors are used to control fan's on/off. The fan depend on setted condition push cooler air into insulated storage house of citrus. It can keep insulated storage house's temperature and humidity to be more stable and less difference of day and night temperature (4℃) /humidity (20%). Such storage enviroment can improve storage quality and extend storage duration of citrus.


SummaryAlzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia in the Western world. Postmortem, it is characterized neuropathologically by the presence of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and a profound gray matter loss. Neurofibrillary tangles are composed of an abnormally hyperphosphorylated intracellular protein called tau, tightly wound into paired helical filaments and thought to impact microtubule assembly and protein trafficking, resulting in the eventual demise of neuronal viability. The extracellular amyloid plaque deposits are composed of a proteinacious core of insoluble aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and have led to the foundation of the amyloid hypothesis. This hypothesis postulates that Aβ is one of the principal causative factors of neuronal death in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. With multiple drugs now moving through clinical development for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, we will review current and future treatment strategies aimed at improving both the cognitive deficits associated with the disease, as well as more novel approaches that may potentially slow or halt the deadly neurodegenerative progression of the disease.


In August of 2014, Plaquemines Parish Government (PPG), Louisiana entered into an agreement as local sponsor with the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to beneficially use material dredged from the Lower Mississippi River to restore wetlands and reduce land loss. The agreement is part of the Louisiana Coastal Area (LCA) Program and is for a 10-year period with an average of $10M per year for a total of $100M. The goal is to use dredged material from the federal navigation channel to create marsh and marsh features in the wetlands and bays adjacent to the Mississippi River to help restoration efforts. Planning, engineering, design, hydrodynamic modelling, alternatives assessment, environmental assessment and construction for the first project has been completed in West Bay. The material placement objective was not merely to create wetlands but to develop a feature that would enhance the marsh and submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) currently being created within the bay and the West Bay Diversion. Several disposal feature geometries were evaluated to optimize placement for enhanced outfall sedimentation of the West Bay Diversion through Delft 3D modelling. Additionally, a cost/benefit analysis of not only direct acreage created, but also acreage anticipated to be created from the diversion enhancement were considered. The second proposed project of the program is the beneficial use of dredged material in the vicinity of Tiger Pass. Alternatives being assessed include bird islands and ridge features to aid in marsh creation and storm protection. These activities represent the first beneficial use projects under the LCA program and aim to extend the beneficial use of navigation dredged material farther into the wetlands to placements areas that not only create marsh from the placement directly but help marsh restoration and retention in the surrounding area.


Wildfires, which have been occurring increasingly in the era of climate change, emit massive amounts of particulate matter (PM) into the atmosphere, strongly affecting air quality and public health. Biomass...


Conclusions (1) Sulfanilamide by intramuscular administration was without demonstrable beneficial effect in the treatment of experimental tuberculosis of guinea pigs when begun 2 hours after inoculation. (2) Six derivatives of sulfanilamide in the form of their sodium salts, by intramuscular injection, were without demonstrable curative effects in the treatment of experimental tuberculosis of guinea pigs when treatment was started 9 days after inoculation.


Following the extirpation from Central and Southeastern Europe by the end of the 19th  century, Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) was reintroduced in the Alps and Dinarics. The recovering population sizes fluctuated over the years; however, they remained relatively small and isolated since their distribution after the establishment has not significantly expanded by natural colonization. One of the most radical changes to the landscape of Europe over the past centuries has been the creation of vast urban and agricultural areas and subsequent extension of infrastructure, causing increasingly fragmented landscape, especially for weak dispersers like lynx. There is a pressing need to establish greater connectivity between the genetically isolated populations, particularly throughout the Alps and Dinarics, to achieve a viable metapopulation structure. In the paper, we review scientific knowledge on Eurasian lynx spatial requirements and behaviour, and critically evaluate the methods used. Apart from habitat suitability and connectivity studies, we also provide a review of lynx home range sizes and movement activity, including dispersion. We present habitat suitability model constructed to examine suitable habitat for recovering Dinaric - SE Alpine population and compare home range sizes of lynx from Dinarics in Slovenia with other lynx populations in Europe. Future considerations for lynx conservation should include the impact of climate change, protection of corridor areas, reducing impact of barriers and, if needed, "complement" dispersal via translocations to achieve viable pan-European lynx metapopulation in the future.


The purpose of our study was to examine the chronic pelvic pain(CPP) and chronic anxiety as a psychosomatic gynecological syndrome, And in this study, we describe psychosomatic, sexual and social problem of sexual assault. Especially anxiety and chronic pelvic pain as a post traumatic stress disorder(PTSD). PTSD is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened. While CPP is a common gynecological problem which is poorly understood. CPP may be a symptom of a wide spectrum of disorders, both organic and psychological. Such CPP is related with sexual assault. Sexual assault is highly prevalent although barely visible in most countries. While its prevention is a task of the whole society, the care of the women who suffer sexual violence, from immediate assistance to treatment of its consequences, is a responsibility of obstetricians and gynecologists. Women who reported sexual trauma were significantly more likely to exhibit psychopathology than controls. Being sexually victimized in childhood and raped in adulthood was associated with a particular risk for substance dependence. In the clinical course like that about chronic pelvic pain, sexual assault victims have difficulty in talking about the traumatic experience, so clinicians should pay attention to these findings in developing therapeutic plans for the victims. Sexual assault history is an important predictive factors of CPP. In Ob&Gy clinical practice of the T.K.M, Uljeung(鬱證), Simgye(心悸), Jungchung(??), lower abdominal pain syndrome and back pain syndrome are correlated to chronic pelvic pain which produced by sexual trauma. The therapeutic approaches for this symptom contain teaching pain relaxation technique, stress management, pain behavior modification, promote wellness(eating and nutrition, sleep hygiene, physical exercise) and treatment of psychological morbidity(depression and anxiety).


The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between teaching experience, regular exercise habit, health related fitness, bone density and arterial stiffness (PWV) by teaching experience of Korean female teachers. The subjects are 390 (age of 46.48±7.2) female teachers participating in teacher training programs. Teaching experience was divided into five categories (less than 10 years, less than 15 years, less than 25 years, over 25 years). Regular exercise habits were determined by how often they exercise regularly per week. Also, health related fitness (% fat, active physical fitness), arterial stiffness (PWV) and bone density (T-Score) were evaluated. Exercise habit, physical fitness awareness and health awareness were significantly higher in over 20 years compared to less than 10 years. Also, bone density was significantly higher in less than 10 years compared to over 20 years, whereas PWV was not different significantly in teaching experience. There were significant correlation between exercise habit and health related fitness as well as between exercise habit and bone density. Also, there were significant inverse correlation between exercise habit and arterial stiffness as between bone density and arterial stiffness. Therefore, it is necessary for teachers to take part in various health training courses or programs regularly for their health.


Considering the perspective of how to work the concepts of electrostatics in the classroom in order to build the knowledge and evaluate the degree of learning of the students, the objective is to analyze two classes where we applied an electrostatic topic, taking into account the structure of the three pedagogical moments of Delizoicov and Angotti. In order to do so, the class is structured in initial problem solving, organization and application of knowledge, along with the use of a quiz as an evaluation of learning. In this way, it can be observed that the methodology proved to be effective when we analyzed the logbook data and the quiz application.


A novel ultrahigh-vacuum system for gas adsorption has been developed for use with a differential microcalorimeter, in order to generate reliable differential heats of adsorption in the low-coverage region of the heat isotherms. It is in this low-coverage region where the strong Lewis sites of zeolites are thought to be detected. In this work, a well-crystallized H-ZSM-5 zeolite which contains very few Lewis sites has been compared with three other H-ZSM-5 zeolites, which contain increasing amounts of intrinsic strong Lewis sites. True Lewis sites were also induced in all of these zeolites by high-temperature dehydroxylation in vacuum. The differential heats of ammonia adsorption were measured, and the results correlated with data from other techniques such as temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia monitored by mass spectrometry and in situ infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine. The differential heats of adsorption of ammonia on the activated zeolites yielded information about the number and strength of the strong Lewis and Br~rnsted acid sites. The use of high-vacuum techniques with microcalorimetry allows for accurate determination of the low equilibrium pressures (down to 0.1 Pa) involved with respect to the adsorption of ammonia. Rather small doses of gas can be admitted, thus allowing the more reproducible measurement of an isothermal heat curve. The use of metallic cells also tends to give a rapid heat conductivity. In H-ZSM-5 zeolites, the strong Lewis sites were found to be associated with differential heats of ammonia adsorption at between 185 and 160 kJ/mol and the Br~rnsted site acid strength was characterized by heats of the order of 157-140 kJ/mol. An NH4-ZSM-5 zeolite which was activated at 673 K and possessed very few Lewis sites was observed to have very homogeneous Brernsted acid strength distribution, whereas the other zeolites which contained more intrinsic Lewis sites had differing Br~rnsted acid strengths of a wider energy distribution.


In 2012, the French presidential election
confirmed the geographical political changes
that have been observed for the last fifteen years
in France : progress of the left-wing in Western
France and in city-centres, strong presence of the
National Front in the working class suburbs and in
the suburban areas, and decrease of the right-
wing, except in the service-based residential areas.
This article, based on an original database at the
canton level, analyzes the recent developments of
the electoral map (2007-2012) and for the
1981-2012 period. It compares these results to
socio-economic variables extracted from the popu-
lation census, and offers spatial analyses (mainly
according to the distance from the city).


Jin, C.-W., Sun, Y.-L. and Cho, D.-H. 2012. Changes in photosynthetic rate, water potential, and proline content in kenaf seedlings under salt stress. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 311–319. As irrigation water salinization has become a serious constraint for crop production, as well as soil salinity, the selection and use of salt-tolerant species is urgently required. In this study, we describe the salt responses of three kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) cultivars and select the cultivar with high salt tolerance. Responses to salt stress were investigated in terms of growth, water potentials, photosynthesis, and proline contents. Photosynthesis, evaluated by net CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO2 concentration, did not show any significant effects among the cultivars. Leaf water potential decreased depending on salt concentration and salt treatment period. Proline accumulation was enhanced, particularly depending on salt concentration, but not salt treatment period. As salt concentr...


The present invention relates to solid propellants for gas generators (gas-generating mixtures), wherein said propellants are mainly intended for use in propelling charges for gas generators used in airbags or seat-belt pre-tensioning devices. The solid propellants for gas generators further include an essentially chemically-inert slag trap which has a high fusion point and a good dispersion, wherein said slag trap acts as an inner filter and globally prevents the formation of powder particles as well as their exit from the housing of the gas generator. A portion of the slag trap having a good dispersion may be used as a carrier substance for catalyst metals.


Experimental and mathematical modeling techniques which were developed to characterize the thermal performance of MQUAD packages are described. The situation characterized is one of natural convection, with the package attached to a test board. The techniques described take advantage of the unique construction of the MQUAD package in order to achieve relative simplicity in their execution. Due to its low internal thermal resistance and efficient thermal coupling to the circuit board, the thermal behavior of the MQUAD package is dominated by the convective heat transfer coefficient and the thermal conductivity of the circuit board.<<ETX>>


Knowledge management is being discussed as one of the key pillars of an organization's human capital strategy (6). With potential knowledge drains in many organizations, knowledge management is being applied for capturing, leveraging, and sharing knowledge internally and externally. Many papers in the literature discuss various methodologies for developing knowledge management initiatives. However, few explain specific knowledge management strategies that are used in an organization. This paper discusses a case study of a knowledge management strategy for a technical organization.


The Mid-Pacific Mountains constitute one of the largest aseismic rises in the central North Pacific Ocean. They have been generated by mid-plate volcanic events prior to Barremian time, but their volcanic activity continued through the remainder of the Cretaceous. Evidence of the latest stages of this volcanism are the trachytic ashes included in midand Late Cretaceous sediments and the presence of guyots atop the main volcanic pedestal. The thermal and volcanic history of the oldest part of the Pacific Plate and its plate tectonic movements since Cretaceous time have led to considerable horizontal and vertical movements of the Mid-Pacific Mountains. Reconstruction of their subsidence and evidence from the sediments from Site 463 suggest that they once, in Cretaceous time, constituted large, tropical volcanic islands which were covered by vegetation and which shed their erosional debris over the adjacent island slopes. Neritic fossils in Maastrichtian sediments document the presence of shoal areas until the end of the Mesozoic. Since then they have subsided to their present water depth. The horizontal movements of the Pacific Plate have carried the Mid-Pacific Mountains from a position well south of the Cretaceous equator to their present position under the unproductive surface waters of the subtropical central North Pacific Ocean. Site 463, on the western Mid-Pacific Mountains, probably crossed the equator in Maastrichtian time. Shallow-water-derived calcareous fossils are incorporated into the pelagic sediments covering the Mid-Pacific Mountains. They have been displaced from their source areas along the flanks of seamounts over the adjacent regions during times of low sea-level stands. Debris of land plants in Aptian sediments documents the presence of emergent volcanoes during that time. The pelagic sediments penetrated at Site 463 consist largely of a sequence of Cretaceous chalks, limestones, and cherts which accumulated fast and which document the presence of highly productive surface water masses around the former volcanic islands and above the shoals. The development of oxygen-deficient depositional environments and the lack of evidence for intensive reworking suggest at the same time very sluggish water movements in the mesoand bathypelagic environment during Early and mid-Cretaceous times. The Cenozoic calcareous oozes, on the other hand, are very condensed. They are interrupted in several places by hiatuses, and despite their position well above the CCD they show effects of dissolution and poor preservation of the calcareous faunas and floras. The frequency of reworked pelagic material together with the hiatuses indicate episodes of intensive renewal of the mesoand bathypelagic water masses which generated intensive sea-floor erosion and which were probably triggered by the climatic deterioration in the polar regions. INTRODUCTION Morphology, Age, Plate-Tectonic Setting, and Previous Studies The Mid-Pacific Mountains, located south of the Hawaiian Ridge, constitute a prominent structural high on top of Mesozoic, probably Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous crust (Larson, 1976) of the central north Pacific Ocean. It is one of a series of submarine oceanic plateaus of volcanic origin that is typical of oceanic crust of Mesozoic age (Schlanger et al., 1981). These features rise as many as several kilometers above the surrounding deep ocean floor, and are capped by very thick, mostly calcareous sedimentary sequences. Many oceanic plateaus have been investigated by the Deep Sea Drilling Project, because of their peculiar structural configurations, and their volcanic rocks and sedimentary sequences, which generally are different from those Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Volume 62. Department of Geology, University of Oslo, Norway. U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado. Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 5 U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California. 6 Deep Sea Drilling Project, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California. of the surrounding ocean floor; Magellan Rise, Shatsky Rise, Hess Rise, Manihiki Rise, Tuamotu Plateau, and Ontong-Java Plateau are the best-known examples of oceanic plateaus in the Pacific Ocean. Most of these western Pacific oceanic plateaus are known to have a crust and early sedimentary sequence of late Mesozoic age, and to have undergone considerable subsidence from early subaerial positions to their present water depths. The sediments which accumulated after cessation of the pedestal-building volcanic activity record not only the effects of horizontal plate-tectonic movements (Lancelot, 1978), but also the effects of vertical subsidence caused by cooling of the underlying oceanic crust. The subsidence histories might be much more complicated than that of normal oceanic crust, however, because of the thermal effects of volcanic events associated with these large rises (Schlanger et al., 1981). In general, the depositional environments on top of these rises have been above the CCD since their early origins in Mesozoic time. The depositional environments at any one locale change with time and, during subsidence, the sediments in general document crossing through the shallow photic zone, with neritic faunas, into mesoand bathypelagic water depths. Therefore, the sediments consist largely of calcareous sequences, in


This research aims at constructing an Energy School in collaboration with local corporate-type NGOs (Delta Electronics Foundation), Taipei Municipal University of Education (TMUE) and elementary schools which engage in energy education programs in Taiwan. The content and strategy of Taiwan's energy education program (TEEP) includes developing specifically sustainable/low carbon campus indicators for self-evaluation, school-based curriculums, and teachers' training or empowerment. TMUE plays the role of integrating the curriculum experts, professors and school teachers, editing new teaching materials and developing self-evaluation indicators for participant schools, called energy school. The Delta Electronics Foundation provides funding and relevant expertise. Five aspects of self-evaluation in TEEP are compiled into a questionnaire, through the Fuzzy Delphi method. Self-evaluation Indicators for an Energy School to promote a whole-school approach energy education is an efficient strategy to bring environmental sustainable ability into Taiwan's elementary schools. Taiwan's Ministry of Education recognizes it is an outstanding model and requests these schools to help to promote TEEP to other schools.


Many studies of world politics fail to take evidence seriously or consider basic moral truisms (for example, that the standards we apply to others we must apply to ourselves). This commentary illustrates these assessments in relation to two subjects which have attracted much interest in the West recently – terrorism and just war to combat terrorism. The evidence shows that the United States has engaged extensively in terrorism and that application of just war principles would entitle the victims of that terrorism to use force against the United States to defend themselves if the United States is accorded that right.


This paper summarizes and projects research in the field of automated software engineering as that work has been applied to the domain of accounting-centered enterprise models. In particular, we review the basic concepts and goals of the REA (Resource–Event–Agent) accounting model and speculate on its past, present, and future use as an embedded domain theory of enterprise economic activity within computer-aided systems engineering (CASE) tools. The REA CASE tools reviewed here include ones like REAVIEWS, CREASY, and REAtool that have already been built plus others like REACH, FREACC, and REAVERSE that have been specified only in theory. The entire systems development life cycle is used as a discussion vehicle to treat these tools and projected future work in an integrated way. © 1996 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Contents: Preface: Hopes and Aspirations. Part I: Background and Design. Increasing Diversity and English and Academic Achievement. Reading, Language, and Immigrant Achievement. The Setting, the Population, and the Measures. Part II: Findings of the Studies. Demographic and Descriptive Findings. Reading Models and Traditional Analyses. Multiple Case Studies, Students' Views, and Secondary Achievement. One Immigrant-One Story. Part III: Conclusions and Implications. Summary, Conclusions, Speculations, Observations, and Conundrums.


Limb and nadir viewing satellite observations have become key observational methods for studying the physical processes leading to the formation and driving the variability of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs). This study is the first to undertake a systematic comparison of limb tomography and nadir observations of PMCs in real common volumes. Both directly observable quantities such as cloud albedo and scattering coefficients are compared as well as inferred cloud properties such as ice mass density and ice water content. Importantly, this is done by thoroughly taking into account the effects of scattering geometry, differences in spatial resolution, as well as and most importantly the detailed error budget of the different observations. Given the uniqueness of the two considered data sets as well as the great scientific interest in PMC processes this is an important study that paves the way for future applications of this combined data set for studies into the fundamental properties of PMC. As such I am recommending acceptance of this manuscript provided that the following mostly minor comments are adequately addressed:


Using Fubini's theorem for double Wiener integrals, it is possible to show that certain quadratic functionals of Brownian motion have the same law. This is applied to the variance of the Brownian path, which has the same law as the integral of the square of the Brownian bridge.


In the towns of late medieval England (where perhaps 10 per cent of the population may have lived) the parish churches were being continuously expanded, adapted and decorated. Chantry and fraternity chapels were added between the nave pillars, or at the eastern ends of the aisles and here, as well as at the high altar, masses were celebrated and prayers recited with incessant devotion by the living for the repose of the souls of those who had died. These intercessory services, together with those of the usual liturgical round which took place in the choir and in the nave, were increasingly accompanied by complex polyphonic music involving several singers, both men and boys, and the playing of organs which were becoming ubiquitous in medieval parish churches. The development of this dynamic parish music has been detected, but not much studied. In part this is the result of the failure of urban historians and musicologists to talk to each other. Historians of late medieval religion have recently been exploring the diversity and sophistication of parochial devotional practices and have reaffirmed the importance of religious guilds and chantry foundations in enriching the liturgical practices of the parish, but they have paid little attention to music, and none to the impact of church music on civic ceremonial and the legitimating processes of urban rulers. Musicologists who have worked on the music of the English church have been, until very recently, comparatively uninterested in what happened beyond the interior of the church and, in any case, more interested in the great royal and collegiate foundations from which some music has survived. The surprising conclusion is that, for both urban historians and musicologists, the connected argument that links religious ritual, broadly defined, with the spatial and social dimensions of life and work in towns barely yet exists.