This paper presents a current controller for a transformerless three-phase two-level inverter grid connected by means of an LCL output filter. The proposed controller indirectly controls the grid-side current by controlling the inverter-side current. In this fairly simple controller, the damping injection is done by a simple proportional action of the measured inverter-side current, where the main issue is the design of the inverter-side current reference. It is shown that the inverter-side current has to be as distorted as necessary to guarantee a grid-side current of a pure balanced sinusoidal shape. The proposed controller considers positive and negative sequences of signals, and includes a harmonic compensation mechanism. Therefore, it is aimed to properly perform under unbalance and harmonic distortion. Simulations are presented to assess the performance of the proposed scheme.


Due to technological, political or practical considerations, simple rate structures prevail in many market segments. This reality contrasts with the fundamental theorems of welfare economics where prices are fully differentiated by time, location and contingency of delivery. This paper develops a tractable framework to design simple rate schedules under a large family of exogenous constraints. One can then easily assess the relative efficiency gains from using more complex price schedules and speculate about the absolute value of the benefits that may arise from R&D or lobbying efforts to remove existing technological or political barriers. Conveniently, implementation relies on basic machine learning techniques and typically available information. Retail electricity pricing in both France and California are used as example applications.


This article attempts to draw upon the work of a key thinker on dialogue, Mikhail Bakhtin, to shed light on dialogue in the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. It also draws upon the work of Bruce Tuckman's 1965 forming, storming, norming and performing group development model. By applying these theoretical frameworks to the specific case of Euro-Mediterranean relations, the article aims to uncover the challenges facing EU-Mediterranean partners in developing mutual relations through dialogue. It also suggests ways in which obstacles to improved Euro-Mediterranean dialogic ties could be overcome.


The Erdős distance problem concerns the least number of distinct distances that can be determined by $N$ points in the plane. The integer lattice with $N$ points is known as \textit{near-optimal}, as it spans around $O(N/\sqrt{\log(N)})$ distinct distances which is the lower bound for a set of $N$ points (Erdős, 1946). The only previous non-asymptotic work relating to the Erdős distance problem that has been done was carried out for $N \leq 13$. We take a new non-asymptotic approach to this problem, studying the distance distribution, or in other words, the plot of frequencies of each distance of the $N\times N$ integer lattice. In order to fully characterize this distribution and determine its most common and least common distances, we adapt previous number-theoretic results from Fermat and Erdős, in order to relate the frequency of a given distance on the lattice to the sum-of-squares formula.
We study the distance distributions of all its possible subsets; although this is a restricted case, we find that the structure of the integer lattice allows for the existence of subsets which can be chosen so that their distance distributions have certain properties, such as emulating the distribution of randomly distributed sets of points for certain small subsets, or that of the larger lattice itself. We define an error which compares the distance distribution of a subset with that of the full lattice. The structure of the integer lattice allows us to take subsets with certain geometric properties in order to maximize error, by exploiting the potential for sub-structure in the integer lattice. We show these geometric constructions explicitly; further, we calculate explicit upper bounds for the error for when the number of points in the subset is $4$, $5$, $9$ or $\left \lceil N^2/2\right\rceil$ and prove a lower bound for more general numbers of points.


Palabras clave: metodologia de calculo, traccion animal, demanda energetica, costo economico y energetico ABSTRACT. The calculation methodology of the economic and energetic costs is intended to produce an apt ox for the agricultural works from his birth to his sale to the customer, corresponding to his first 30 months of life. The quantities and energetic equivalencies of the food, medication, the direct staff, electricity and fuel were determined on the base of the existent data at the Livestock Company "Valle del Peru", in the Mayabeque province, LABIOFAM and the feed Factory of Jaruco, Cuba. The obtained costs were the following ones: energetic total of 32 051.39 MJ/ox and economic total of 1 312.71 peso/ox, as well as the energy for each inverted peso is of 24.42 MJ/peso. Keyword: Calculation methodology, animal traction, energetic demand, economic and energetic cost. ARTICULO ORIGINAL


California has recently completed a detailed appraisal of and a related series of revisions to its workmen's compensation system which is basically self-administered and burdened with rising costs, claim settlement delays and heavy, ever-increasing litigation. Other types of administrative systems are employed in the United States, and the most successful form seems to be the direct-payment or (state) administered procedures found in Wisconsin and Michigan. These systems to date have avoided heavy litigation and achieved a prompt, accurate benefit payment record at a relatively low administrative cost. Should the California system revisions prove ineffective, the direct-payment approach should be considered. California has recently undergone something of an "agonizing reappraisal" of its workmen's compensation system in the hope of arriving at solutions to its alleged major shortcomings: rising volume of litigation, delays and confusion, some questionable administrative practices and procedures, and the lack of an effective vocational rehabilitation program. The real issue underlying these stated problem areas was (and still is) the rising cost of the system to all concerned relative to the benefits provided. A study commission was established in 1963 to hold public hearings, investigate the system, and make recommendations for statutory and operational revisions to the legislature. The commission carefully considered the various symptoms of trouble within the system. Some changes in the Labor Code were ultimately enacted Raymond G. Schultz, Ph.D., C.L.U., is Professor of Finance and Chairman of the Department in the School of Business Administration of California State College at Long Beach. A former Huebner Fellow, Dr. Schultz was formerly Associate Professor of Finance in the University of Southern California. This article was submitted in October. 1966. which may well alleviate them to a considerable degree, but unfortunately the main cause-the primarily self-administered nature of the system-was left substantially untouched. The purpose of this article is to explore the administrative problems of the California workmen's compensation system through an analysis of its experience and a comparison of these results with those achieved by other selected systems. If a workmen's compensation administrative system is functioning effectively, it will achieve prompt and accurate benefit payments, with minimum controversy, at a reasonable cost per compensable claim. There are no established standards on these points and data tend to be lacking particularly on the promptness and accuracy of compensation. Some conclusions, however, can be drawn from the recent experience of the California system about its administrative effectiveness. Since the California system is similar in many respects to a majority of the states and other jurisdictions in its operations and problems, it is hoped that this state's efforts and experience will be of value to those


The strong coordination ability of nitrogen atoms of N-heterocyclic groups plays key roles in the product distribution and molecular structures.


In an electrically driven motor and an electrically driven pump using the electrically driven motor which can reduce a cogging torque in a simple structure not using a magnetized skew, the electrically driven motor includes a motor rotor (33) in which a plurality of permanent magnets (331, 332) are attached onto an outer circumferential portion of rotor core (33b) and a stator (3) having a plurality of slots and a plurality of projections are disposed on positions including a magnetic pole center of at least one of the permanent magnets at predetermined intervals of distance in a peripheral direction of an outer circumferential portion of the rotor core(33b).


Pointwise partial information decomposition provides a means to quantify information modification in discrete systems exhibiting intrinsic distributed computation. In his seminal "Computation at th...


Abstract This is an introduction to a selection of papers on early contributions to quantitative business cycle theory. The papers, originally presented at a conference in Antwerp in September 2005, are written by Edmond Malinvaud, Olav Bjerkholt, Mauro Boianovsky and Hans-Michael Trautwein, Robert W. Dimand and William Veloce, and Guido Erreygers and Albert Jolink.


Introduction "Physical fitness is not only one of the most important keys to a healthy body; it is the basis of dynamic and creative intellectual activity." John F. Kennedy Sport is a great source for a healthy mind and body which is essential for success in life. Sports play a vital role in every individual's life. Combination of exercise, enthusiasm and sensations is the advantage of sports. It is popular among people of all ages because it helps them to keep fit. Physical fitness is essential quality for learning motor skills besides the influence of growth and maturation. Children can learn a specific motor activity only when he has attained the actual physical growth required to accomplish that movement. In addition to having achieved the necessary physical growth, the child must be ready to learn a motor skill in different ways i.e. he must have reached certain level of motor, emotional and social development.


To investigate the sepraration method and morphological changes of long-term culture on primary adult chicken hepatocytes,the chicken primary hepatocytes were isolated by two-step in situ collagenase perfusion method,the culture condition was optimized,and the primary compouds of culture solutions were tried.The results showed the viability freshly isolated chicken hepatocytes reached 94%.Activity of the hepatocyte was highest at the third day.The morphology were effectively maintained in the culture medium.The research provided in vitro chicken hepatotcytes experimental platform for the animal husbandry and veterinary science.


A report detailing the observations and dynamics of the Loop Current in the deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico.


A simplified method of numerical analysis has been developed to estimate the deformation and load distribution of piled raft foundations subjected to ground movements induced by tunnelling and incorporated into a computer program 'PRAB'. In this method, a hybrid model is employed in which the flexible raft is modelled as thin plates, the piles as elastic beams, and the soil is treated as interactive springs. The interactions between structural members, pile–soil–pile, pile–soil–raft and raft–soil–raft interactions, are modelled based on Mindlin's solutions for both vertical and lateral forces. The validity of the proposed method is verified through comparisons with some published solutions for single piles and pile groups subjected to ground movements induced by tunnelling. Thereafter, the solutions from this approach for the analysis of a pile group and a piled raft subjected to ground movements induced by tunnelling are compared with those from three‐dimensional finite difference program. Good agreements between these solutions are demonstrated. The method is then used for a parametric study of single piles, pile groups and piled rafts subjected to ground movements induced by tunnelling. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Summary form only given. Photoconductive devices for THz time-domain spectroscopy systems should ideally be based on materials with short carrier lifetimes, high breakdown voltages, low dark currents, and high carrier mobilities. One of the most widely used materials for such devices is low-temperature-grown (LTG) GaAs, which in its as-grown state is relatively conductive, and as such, must be annealed in order to increase its resistivity. However, a well-known trade-off is that the annealing process also increases LTG-GaAs's carrier lifetime. In this paper, we demonstrate for the first time the use of an annealed surfactant-mediated-grown InAs/GaAs quantum-dot (QD) photoconductive antenna for pulsed THz generation, for which the annealing process did not display such trade-off. Previously, we had demonstrated THz emission from InAs/GaAs QD based photoconductive antennae using an autocorrelation interferometer setup [1]. Here, we also present the first coherent THz generation and detection results using a QD-based antenna as the emitter.The sample was grown by a surfactant-mediated technique. From double crystal X-ray diffraction measurements it has been demonstrated that QDs grown with this technique have less defects [2]. The structure was grown on a 612 μm-thick (100) GaAs substrate, atop of which a 170 nm GaAs buffer layer was grown at 580 °C, followed by 10 periods of InAs and GaAs grown at 450 °C (2.9 ML and 25 nm thick, respectively). The sample was then subject to rapid thermal annealing for 10 minutes at 550 °C. Annealing increased the resistivity of the InAs/GaAs QD sample from 1 G to 10 G, and lowered the dark current by around an order of magnitude (from 45 nA to 3 nA at a bias of 40 V). It also halved the carrier lifetimes for almost all pump power values, as measured by a photoreflective degenerate pump-probe technique, with a pump wavelength of 800 nm (e.g. 860 fs to 346 fs for a 100 mW-pump). The QDs act as traps for carriers generated in the GaAs barriers, and we believe that annealing introduces additional defects and therefore more trapping centres, thus contributing to the observed reduction of the carrier lifetime.


SYNOPSIS The purpose of this series of studies is to develop finite element computer models of the mechanical properties of cellular polymers, especially open cell foams. Using finite element methods, both the properties of the material making up the struts, as well as the geometrical structure of the cell, can be readily varied. The series of studies begins with two-dimensional hexagonal honeycombs because of their ease of analysis and comparison with previous works. Comparison of the present solutions and analytic ones have been conducted, and excellent agreement is obtained. The effects of cell dimensions, such as strut length, strut depth, and cell height, of irregular hexagons on the effective Young's modulus of foams were studied in the low strain and elastic regime. Load direction and cell geometry anisotropy effects are also investigated. In addition, the effects of friction model and the specimen size on the effective Young's modulus of the foam are studied. Nonuniform strut thickness was also a variable. The modulus effects of these variations in geometry ranged from minimal to highly significant and provide an understanding of geometry effects on foam performance. q 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Strong kinetic heating of grains is frequently associated with a melting transition in plasma crystals. At high pressures, above 100 mTorr, the melting transition is preceded by a vibrational phase whereas at low pressures, below 50 mTorr, observed large amplitude self-excited oscillations can lead to lattice disruption. At such low background gas pressures, only single layer crystals are formed. This work focuses on the low pressure regime and provides a theory of the self-excited oscillations which explains both the pressure and the power dependence of these oscillations as well as their threshold behavior. The implications for the melting transition are pointed out.


The increasing penetration of distributed energy resources and flexible electrical loads makes hybrid AC/DC distribution networks become a crucial trend for future modern distribution networks. To increase the flexibility and energy efficiency of hybrid AC/DC distribution networks, a decentralized and multi-objective coordinated optimization method by considering different control means is proposed. The salient feature of this method is that it comprehensively and properly models the full variety of possible control means (i.e., active/reactive power of distributed generation, on load tap changers, flexible distribution switch, voltage source converter). The abundant means are utilized to optimize operational cost, voltage deviation and network losses simultaneously. Then, a fully decentralized optimization method based on alternating direction multiplier method (ADMM) is proposed. The hybrid AC/DC distribution networks are divided into several sub-networks. Flexible interconnected electronic devices are utilized to transfer energy between different sub-networks to achieve the efficient and flexible utilization of controllable resources in hybrid AC/DC distribution networks. Finally, the proposed coordinated optimization method is tested on a modified dual IEEE 33-node network to demonstrate its effectiveness and advantages, and the performance of the centralized method and our proposed method is compared.


'Hang' rice is the rice product from the folk wisdom of traditional northeast region of Thailand. The process of making consists of soaking, steaming, drying and dehusking without polishing. Nowadays, the process includes rice germination which enhance GABA compound (γ-aminobutyric acid). This research studied the effect of germination on total phenolic content and antioxidant properties of 'Hang' rice. It was prepared with three varieties including black waxy rice, red non-waxy rice (red Jasmine) and white non-waxy rice (KDML105) that determined the amount of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant properties by FRAP and DPPH assays. Result showed the total phenolic content of germinated black waxy rice and Jasmine KDML105 were higher than non-germinated rice, while germinated red jasmine rice were lower than non-germinated rice. The germinated jasmine KDML105 showed the highest total phenolic content (437.16 mgGAE/g). While, the total flavonoid content showed the highest value (92.66±0.98 mgCE/100g) in black waxy rice. For the antioxidant properties, germinated 'Hang' rice showed antioxidant activity higher than non-germinated rice by FRAP and DPPH assay of all three varieties. This study suggests that germination have the effect on the antioxidant properties.


The obstretic violence is a very debated issue at the present time. However, it has been developed in aninvisible way before society. In this context, the aims of the present study are to review the conception about the violence obstetric term, to identify ways of violence against women, and to analyze about women rights at the pregnancy-childbirth period, as well as to study about specific legislation regulating obligations on obstetric practices. The present paperis a qualitative research result, by means of a revision of literature conducted by books, articles and legislation, developed by a deductive to emphasize the relationship of autonomy between the professional and the parturient. The results of this work showed the perception of a considerable controversy related to the use of the obstetric violence expression by the diff erent society sectors.


Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is a well-known quantum phenomena that electromagnetic wave controls the refractive index of medium. It enables us to create a passband for low frequency electromagnetic wave in a dense plasma even if the plasma is opaque for the electromagnetic wave. This technique can be used to prove the ion acoustic wave because the ion acoustic frequency is lower than the plasma frequency. We have investigated a feasibility of electromagnetic radiation at THz region corresponding to the ion acoustic frequency from a dense plasma. We confirmed that the passband is created at about 7.5 THz corresponding to the ion acoustic frequency in the plasma (1021 cm-3) with a Ti:Sapphire laser (800 nm, 1017 W/cm2). The estimated radiation power is around 1 MW, which is expected to be useful for nonlinear THz science and applications.


As cellular telephone networks continue to grow to meet increasing demand, new solutions are being suggested to simplify base-stations and to facilitate upgrades. Radioover-fiber architectures can be used to simplify base-stations by modulating radio-signals directly onto an optical fiber link to a central office responsible for all signal processing. One of the key elements in the radio-over-fiber receiver is the frequency synthesizer, which generates the local oscillator signal used by the mixer to down-convert the radio signal to an appropriate frequency for transmission. The frequency synthesizer was implemented using a charge-pump based phaselocked loop with a tri-state phase/frequency detector and a programmable pulse-swallow frequency divider. Since the required frequency of operation can be as high as 1.4GHz, the speed of the digital logic used in the frequency divider is a critical design factor. A custom library of digital logic gates was designed using MOS current-mode logic (MCML). These gates were designed to operate at frequencies up to 1.4GHz. This report outlines the design of the phase/frequency detector and the programmable pulse-swallow frequency divider. The design, layout, and simulation of the MCML logic family are also presented.


The present invention relates to a kind of abductive approach of Zostera marina callus, it is using the embryo of Zostera marina as explant, sterile embryo is taken out from the seed or fruit of surface sterilization, it is inoculated on callus inducing medium, carries out Fiber differentiation in 15 25 DEG C, dark condition, transferred once per first quarter moon, when cultivating nearly 20 30d, it can be seen that cotyledon is sent, expanded with the visible cotyledon place of sending that sends of cotyledon, callus is formed after about 50d.Inducing culture is culture medium and to add the solid medium of organic additive, carbon source, auxin and sea salt based on MS, 1/2MS culture medium.The method of the present invention can fast and effeciently induce the callus of Zostera marina, provide important technical support for the regeneration of zostera aseptic tissue-cultured seedling and the foundation of quick breeding by group culture system, the also success for sea grass tissue cultures is laid a good foundation.


Christiane Pontoux and Martine PapiernikMadhav D. Sharma, Maria Leite de Moraes, Flora Zavala,http://www.jimmunol.org/content/161/10/5357J Immunol€1998; 161:5357-5365; ;Referenceshttp://www.jimmunol.org/content/161/10/5357.full#ref-list-1This article cites 51 articles, 28 of which you can access for free at: Subscriptionshttp://jimmunol.org/subscriptionsInformation about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: Permissionshttp://www.aai.org/ji/copyright.htmlSubmit copyright permission requests at: Email Alertshttp://jimmunol.org/cgi/alerts/etocReceive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at:


Background Indonesian Government announced the COVID-19 epidemic as a non-natural national disaster due to the adverse impacts and causing public panic due to confusing information and ineffective communication about COVID-19.Aim Research aimed to implement disaster communication to mitigate COVID-19 in higher education. Settings and Design This was qualitativedescriptive research, conducted in UniversitasPekalongan during June to August 2020. Method and Material Research variables consist of information, communication strategy, and communication media. The leading information has come from rector and vice-rector. Triangulation information has come from head of research department, director of quality assurance department, and deans. Data collection using in-depth interview techniques. Data analysis It was used reduction technique, triangulation, and conclusion. Result Revealed there was a controllable info-demic situation on a small scale as discussions about COVID-19 has a focus on scientific and spiritual approaches. At beginning of the COVID 19 outbreak, disaster communication has not been implemented optimally yet as communication spread randomly without a central source of information. Information was circulated in social media and websites as their in a wide range.Conclusions Implementation of disaster communication strategy in UniversitasPekalongan most effectively using scientific and spiritual approach. Communication delivery mostly using social media and live streaming discussion about


Urban scholars lament the loss of public space due to heightened security and behavioral controls borne of economic priorities and anti-terror concerns after September 11th 2001. Owners and managers of government buildings, banks and courthouses have closed streets and fitted the surrounding space with concrete barriers, bollards and moat-like structures to prevent potential terror attacks. These are reasonable protections in emergency situations, but, as threat levels fall, these zones fail to incorporate a diversity of users, privatizing the space for those with security clearance. The ubiquity of these zones encourages us to consider them as a new type of land use. To test this statement, we describe the results of site visits to two high-profile New York City neighborhoods (one with numerous civic buildings, the other populated with corporate headquarters). Using a simple tool we developed, we find that 27% of aggregate non-building area in the two districts is now in a security zone. Interestingly, the percentage of space within each district that can be classed as a security zone is reasonably similar, providing insight into the way in which terror targets are internally and externally defined and justified. We argue that this new type of land use is an important and permanent feature of twenty-first century global cities. Copyright (c) 2009 The Authors. Journal Compilation (c) 2009 Joint Editors and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.


The electroweak properties of the heavy-quark production have been measured both at LEP and SLD. Progress in the flavor separation technique has significantly improved the measurement accuracies. We review recent measurements of the partial decay widths, Rb and Rc, and of the Forward-Backward asymmetries at LEP and of the Left-Right Forward-Backward asymmetries at SLD, and their comparison with the Standard Model expectations.


We report a neonate with left congenital diaphragmatic hernia and severe left ventricular dysfunction, in whom the blood flow in the transverse arch and its branches was supported in a retrograde fashion by patent ductus arteriosus. There was only minimal antegrade flow across the aortic valve and hemodynamic physiology resembled critical aortic stenosis, necessitating the immediate use of prostaglandin E1 infusion to maintain the patent ductus arteriosus.


Multidrug resistance is a hurdle to successful cancer chemotherapy. Over expression of Pglycoprotein (P-gp) is a prime contributing factor for drug resistance. In this study, a disulphide cross-linked pullulan-based cationic polymer (PPSS) was synthesized to act simultaneously as gene delivery vehicle and efflux pump inhibitor. The PPSS nanoplexes were of size <200nm with the zeta potential of +15 to +20 mV. The cytotoxicity studies using C6 and L929 cells showed that PPSS polymers are non-toxic even at high polymer concentrations. The PPSS/pDNA nanoplex showed superior uptake in confocal microscopy with 97% uptake by flow cytometry. The efficacy of efflux pump inhibition by the PPSS nanoplex was established by the enhanced intracellular retention of DOX. The enhanced cell death by p53/PPSS/DOX nanoplexes was attributed to the synergistic effect of P-gp inhibition and p53 transfection efficiency. Therefore, this multifunctional polymeric system may have significant promise for therapeutic application against cancer drug resistance.


In the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, it is time to rethink security in our airports. The authors argue a case for a corporate model of airport security. A single point of responsibility is needed at each airport, so there can be one focal point for accountability. The most important of the security problems found in airports concerns access to the supposedly secure area behind the scenes. Though improved luggage screening, people scanners and biometric systems for access control would be helpful, experiences in Europe where the successful airport security operations use a corporate, private enterprise model tell us that this is the way to go. Security employees would be paid a decent wage, would be professionally trained and be committed to providing a secure facility.


This paper is concerned with dual series equations of the form where is the associated Legendre function of degree n + m and order −m of the first kind, Hn is a known coefficient of n, f(θ) and g(θ) are given functions of the variable θ and the equations are to be solved for the unknown coefficients An. In hydrodynamics, elasticity and electromagnetism such equations occur in many problems involving a spherical or spheroidal boundary when different conditions are prescribed on different parts of the boundary. These dual series equations are analogous to the dual integral equations which arise in the application of Hankel transforms to problems involving plane or paraboloidal boundaries, the theory and applications of these latter equations having been discussed by several writers amongst whom are Sneddon, Noble and Lebedev(1), (2), (3). The main result of this paper is that the solution of the dual series equations (1·1) and (1·2) for m a positive integer or zero can be reduced to the solution of a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind in one independent variable. The restriction that m be a positive integer or zero covers those dual series equations which arise in three-dimensional boundary-value problems but excludes those which arise in two-dimensional ones where m is . These latter equations have, however, been discussed in a recent paper by Tranter (13).


Hard red wheat bran (HRWB) baked in a yeast-leavened bread was fed to 36 healthy young college women consuming a basal diet of traditional foods, which contained 15 +/- 3 g/d dietary fiber (DF). Three levels of HRWB were added supplying, respectively, 5.7, 17.1 and 28.5 g/d DF; an additional treatment group did not receive any HRWB. Fecal collections were carried out in the last 5 d of treatment. Fecal wet weight, fecal dry weight and fecal ash increased significantly for each increase in HRWB (P less than 0.05). Fecal dry matter percent changed significantly only at the highest level of HRWB (P less than 0.05). After accounting for the minerals in the HRWB, there was an increased fecal loss of Ca, but not of Zn, Cu, Fe or Mg compared to the women fed no HRWB. HRWB at a level of 17.2 g/d induced faster transit times (TT) than no HRWB and 66 g/d HRWB induced faster TT than either 17.2 or 39.6 g/d HRWB (P less than 0.05). Total daily fecal steroids were not altered by changes in HRWB. Daily total bile acid excretion increased significantly (P less than 0.05) at the two higher levels of HRWB due primarily to higher excretion of chenodeoxycholic acid.


We demonstrate new opportunities for the detection of concealed objects and of clothes components due to using of computer processing of images captured by passive THz cameras, manufactured by various companies. Computer processing of images results in a temperature resolution enhancing of cameras. We achieve good quality of the image due to applying various spatial filters to show independence of processed images on math operations. This result demonstrates a validity of observable objects.
We discuss also a possibility of temperature trace observing on human skin if there is a difference in temperature inside the body.
We consider images produced by THz passive cameras manufactured by Microsemi Corp., and ThruVision Corp., and Capital Normal University (Beijing, China).


With the development of natural science and interdisciplinary subjects such as computer science,biology,control theory,medicine,and economics,many mathematical models need to be described by difference equations,therefore the study of difference equations is of significance in both theory and practical application.In this paper,the oscillation for a class of the higher order nonlinear neutral delay difference equation is studied.Using the method of analysis and the mean value theorem for integral,some new sufficient conditions for the oscillation of the equation are obtained.The results improve and extend some existing results in the literature.


To understand the effection of diets(straw +fresh alfalfa +concentrate or straw +concentrate)on donkey milk quality,we investigate the the composition of diets and analysis component of milk,the animals come from 2 farmers respectively in Yuepuhu county of Kashigar,.The results shows that diversity of diet(a variety of food sources) are helpful for increasing milk quality and yields in the case of meeting their basic nutritional needs.Especially when high quality of fresh alfalfa silage were added,the content of milk fat and total solid matter could be increased significantly(P0.01).The recommendation is that feeder should pay attention to supply fresh green forage and provide more feed selection and adjust composition of diets in the case of the practice conditions permit.


Compozil system is a multifunctional wet-end chemical system developed by Eka Chemicals AB in Sweden, and this system has been well accepted worldwide.Previously we referred this system as "microparticle system" because of the colloidal spherical silica particles in Compozil system, however, in reality they are much smaller "nanoparticles". Because of this we now refer this system as "nanoparticle system". The Compozil system has been improved to meet the latest market requirements such as the increase of recycled fiber, higher filler level, and higher machine speed.Compozil Select System is the latest novel retention/dewatering system composed of the new type of colloidal silica, cationic polymer, and anionic trash catcher. This system can be used not only for acid and alkaline fine paper but also for the liner and board, and wood containing and recycled fiber.


Abstract Our knowledge of the life of Dino Campana remains fragmentary. His restless wanderings in Italy and abroad, the lack of recognition he received in his lifetime, and a life overshadowed by mental illness, are factors which help explain the scarcity of documentation. This has made the task of successive biographers a difficult one. Much of what we know is based on unsubstantiated evidence and on Campana's own unreliable recollections from the mental hospital of Castel Pulci.


and important. 1–3 Such analyses aim to assess multiple interventions by comparing their long-term outcomes and costs for real-world patient populations and care delivery settings. To inform current decisions, empirical studies of sufficient size and duration to assess long-term outcomes are often infeasible. Computer-based mathematical models can play a valuable role by providing the needed estimates. Such models generate outcomes based on inputs derived from shorter-term empirical studies. Therefore, appropriate methods for linking empirical studies to mathematical models underpin rigorous analyses. An important concern is that estimates from empirical studies contain a variety of potential biases that, if not corrected, can influence modeled outcomes and resulting policy recommendations.


Ecological footprints (EF) have been used for more than 15 yr as an aggregate measure of sustainability of geographical regions, but also for certain products and activities. EF analysis measures the bioproductive areas required to produce resources such as crops and timber, the directly occupied areas for infrastructure, and areas for absorbing waste flows (mostly limited to carbon dioxide) in a given year for a defined population. The need to extend ecological footprint analysis to electronic products arose because so far, mobile phones have mainly been evaluated using life‐cycle assessments with a focus on toxicity, end‐of‐life management, and energy use, thus ignoring the wider sustainability implications. This article presents the footprint results from three mobile phone case studies. To establish the land areas consumed by the mined materials used in electronic products, a database was developed based on literature data and on approximations from the density and overburden of materials. The relationship between abundance and overburden values was used in a regression analysis to estimate energy requirements in materials extraction where other data were not available. Using a life‐cycle assessment approach, environmental burdens for producing and using a mobile phone were calculated and transformed into the instantaneous rate of resource consumption. Key results were that different electronic products have different ecological footprints and that the methodology proved sensitive enough to reveal differences in small electronic products and for monitoring technologies that use bioproductive space efficiently.


The phase‐field approach has unique advantages in describing fracture phenomena, which has received extensive attention in the past decade. Nevertheless, the phase‐field modeling of fracture is computationally demanding, due to the high temporal‐spatial resolution required for crack tracking. In this contribution, a novel hybrid adaptive finite element phase‐field method (ha‐PFM) is developed to solve brittle fracture problems under quasi‐static and dynamic loading. ha‐PFM can dynamically track the propagation of the cracks and adaptively refine the meshes based on a novel crack tip identification strategy. Afterward, the refined meshes in the noncrack progression region are reconverted into coarse meshes. This scheme prominently reduces the computational cost, eg, CPU time and memory usage. Unlike the previous adaptive phase‐field method, multilevel hybrid triangular and quadrilateral elements were developed to discretize the computational domain, which eliminates hanging nodes and ensures that the meshes in the vicinity of the crack tip are highly isotropic. Several representative benchmarks containing quasi‐static and dynamic fracture were reinvestigated with ha‐PFM, and its excellent performance is substantiated by comparison with the standard phase‐field method and literature results.


The notions of semi-open sets and semi-continuity in intuitionistic were introduced,their some properties were obtained:an intuitionistic fuzzy special set is an intuitionistic fuzzy special semi-open set if and only if A cl[int (A) ], A i:i∈I be an arbitrary family of IFSSOS′s ,then O is an IFSSOS,Let AY~X~ and A is an IFSSOS in (X,τ) ,then A is an IFSSOS in (Y,) ;Continucty implies semi-continuity but not conversely,Strongly semi-continuity implies semi-continuity but not conversely,The function f:X→Y is semi-continuous if and only if for f(x)∈O,O is an IFSSOS in Y there exists and IFSSOS A in X such that x∈A and f(A)O ,The function f:X→Y is strongly semi-continuous if and only if the preimage of each IFSSCS in Y IFSSCS in X .


Error-control coding is commonly used to achieve reliable communication over noisy channels, but the small error rates thus obtained are usually at the expense of considerable delay in delivering the transmitted information to its destination. This paper discusses some simple alternative implementations of encoders and decoders that allow for a reduction in the delay in an error-control system. Such a reduction in the delay also reduces the memory requirements of the encoder and decoder.


Objective: For a dental material to be machinable for CAD/CAM technology, it must offer convenient machining, under a given set of cutting conditions. Quantitative evaluation of machinability has been assessed in literature through various parameters such as tool wear, penetration rates, surface roughness, cutting force and power. A machinable ceramic will typically demonstrate a higher tool penetration rate with signs of reduced diamond tool wear and edge chipping. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the feasibility of machining an experimental ceramic, 20 wt.% zirconia reinforced mica glass ceramics (G20Z) for indirect dental restorations and compare the tool penetration rates of G20Z to commercially available dental ceramics, Presintered Zirconia (PSZ) and IPS emax CAD. Material and Methods:  Precursors of base glass (SiO2 -Al2O3 -K2O -MgO-B2O3 -F) were melted at 15000C for 2 h in a platinum crucible and quenched in deionised water. The glass frit was ball milled with 20 wt. % YSZ (G20Z) and subject to two stage heat treatment in a muffle furnace. Specimens of G20Z (12 X 2 mm) were evaluated for their feasibility of machining under varying spindle speed, depth of cut, and feed rates. Influence of depth of cut, spindle speed and feed rate (vc=8000-16000 rpm, d=0.4-0.8 mm, f=0.1- 0.3 mm/tooth) on cutting forces, material response, surface roughness and tool wear were investigated. Tool penetration rates, tool wear and margin chipping were also evaluated and compared with Pre-sintered Zirconia (PSZ)  and e.max CAD in a custom dental milling surveyor at 30,000 rpm with a load of 0.98 N under water lubrication for 6 min. Tool penetration rates were calculated as the ratio of length of cut and milling time with a measuring microscope and scanning electron microscope was used for tool wear and edge chipping. ANOVA and Tukey Kramer tests were used for statistically comparing the means of each group. Results: Spindle speed and feed rate play a significant role in influencing surface roughness, thrust force, cutting forces and tool wear. Penetration rates of G20Z (0.32 ±0.12 mm/min) was significantly greater than PSZ (0.26 ±0.06 mm/min) and IPS e.max CAD (0.21 ±0.05 mm/min). SEM observations reveal tool abrasion and edge chipping regardless of the ceramic type. Conclusion: High spindle speeds delivers low cutting forces with an average surface roughness of 1.61 µm, with abrasive wear of the tool insert and brittle fracture of zirconia mica glass ceramic composites. G20Z with its machinable nature demonstrates greater tool penetration rates than PSZ and IPS e.max CAD. Tool wear and edge chipping is seen in all the investigated ceramics.

Keywords
Machinability, Dental Ceramics, Mica Glass-Ceramics, Dental Zirconia, Tool penetration rates.


An antibody is a specific globulin which in the semm of an mima1 nfter the induc t ion of a foreign lubt~nce, an antigen ( I ) . Each of the many globulint h specified by i u reaction with a particulnr antigm (2). Our prumt concern is to formulnte n plnwible mechmism for the role of the antigm in evoking Iaqe amounts of n s p cific complementary globulin. An important element of any theory of antibody formation is iu interpretation of selfrecognition, the mc.N by which nn organism dircriminatu iu own constituent( from the foreign sulntnnces which are valid stimuli of the immune re-


Report of the Texas State Auditor's Office related to determining whether Texas A&M University has adequate controls to protect confidential data and critical systems from loss or unauthorized access and use.


The work done at this Station on the identification of the polybasic organic acids present in guavas and acerolas has been repeated using paper chromatography. In guavas, the presence of citric acid in large amounts and of tartaric acid and levomalic acid in small amounts has been confirmed. With the acerola extract, considerable tailing was obtained at the starting line of the chromatograms. However, it was possible to confirm the presence of levomalic acid. Traces of citric acid, which could not be detected by the method used before, were found in several chromatograms of the acerola extract. Rafael Santini, Jr. Alice S. Huyke Department of Chemistry


SUMMARY: Tuberculosis continues to be highly prevalent in poor countries. Even though the availability of diagnostic procedures, drugs and a vaccine of limited effectiveness that prevents the serious forms with the disease, namely the vaccine of Calmette and Guerin bacilli, two factors have generated new interest for the production of new vaccines against tuberculosis bacilli: the coinfection of the Virus of Human Immunodeficiency and tuberculosis, and the appearance of multi-resistant tuberculosis Mycobacterium. The primary targets of new vaccines are: prevention of the infection in people not previously exposed, prevention of reactivation of latent infection and therapeutic action to prevent relapses in tuberculosis patients. At the moment, the lines of investigation in more than 12 projects, that receive more support are the vaccines of Calmette and Guerin Bacilli modified by genetic recombination, the attenuated stocks of M. tuberculosis, the subunits vaccines and the DNA vaccines.


The mooring observations of the Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program reveal a significant freshening of the Iceland Scotland overflow waters that did not involve the Nordic Seas, the source of the dense Deep North Atlantic Water (Devana et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094396). Their study suggests that this freshening at depth in the Iceland Basin stems from the largest upper‐ocean freshening event in 120 years that rapidly communicated through entrainment with the Iceland Scotland Overflow Waters. This communication, which is very likely driven by strong wintertime heat losses, strongly adds to our thinking that the progression of this extreme freshening event is providing us with a natural tracer that is helping to identify and understand key processes that determine the strength and variability of the overturning circulation and its sensitivity to ongoing climate change. Continued monitoring of the overturning in the North Atlantic is therefore necessary.


PURPOSE: To reduce a manufacturing cost without using a torsion bar by constituting a twist beam axle of one twist beam transversely extended, legs each having a slender part curled back into elongated generally circular loops, and loops having a flattened portions along its length. CONSTITUTION: An end of an outer periphery of a leg 28 of a twist beam axle 26 is rewound to form a closed loop 32, an end of an outside forming the loop 32 is flatly laid to the leg 28 and engaged with the leg 28, and an outside end is connected to the leg 28 by a corner pad welding zone 34. A change of a twist resistance is performed by controlling an amount of a straight line of a part 32' further flattened of the loop 32. This axle forms a loop part at an end of the leg by rewinding a flat steel piece from a coil, the end is welded to the leg to form a solid structure of the closed loop, the formed plate is cut to flatten the designated part of the loop, bent on a press brake, and forming a V-shaped structure. COPYRIGHT: (C)1993,JPO


Objectives: To describe subjective quality of life and health, self-perceived instrumental activities of daily living (I-ADL) ability and adaptation strategies, and to explore possible relationships between these variables in fibromyalgia patients. Design: Two instruments were used with fibromyalgia patients: the Fibrositis Impact Questionnaire and 'Living with fibromyalgia – adaptation to chronic disease and handicap', and correlative analyses were performed. Subjects: A sample of 34 patients undergoing rehabilitation (in a specific programme). Results: The majority of the patients used many adaptation strategies, demonstrating some significant relationships with perceived I-ADL ability and subjective quality of life and health. Different symptoms correlated highly significantly with self-perceived ability in I-ADL. Conclusion: The significant relationships between adaptation strategies and I-ADL ability and health demonstrated deserve clinical awareness and further research efforts.


The primary objective for the establishment of special management areas is to maintain, continuously, areas of forest land to provide for the habitat requirements of the Kirtland's Warbler during the nesting season. Normally, the range of this songbird is limited to blocks of extensive natural jack pine stands over 80 acres in size. It may inhabit red pine or jack pine plantations. Almost without exception, this songbird can be found only in homogeneous blocks of jack pine varying from 5 to 15 feet in height and occurring in a "patchy" condition of dense stands interspersed with nearly an equal area of small openings. "The crucial requirement appears to be not the height of the trees, but the presence of living pine-branch thickets near the ground" (Mayfield, 1960: 14). These habitat requirements of the bird created a few problems. How can proper interspersion of openings and various densities of jack pine be arranged in an area of sufficient size for the Kirtland's Warbler? And, at the same time, how can the entire unit be managed on the basis of sound forestry practices? Basically, any suitable area should be subdivided into a series of management units, each at least 80 acres in size, and on which even-aged coniferous stands can be managed on a commercial rotation. The areas should be managed for a sustained yield, or continuous supply of suitable habitat.


Introduction 1. Continuity and departure: imperial and Weimar Germany 2. Hitler, race, and the world beyond Europe 3. Germany and the Arab world, 1933-7 4. The coming of war, 1938-9 5. From the periphery to the center, 1940-1 6. The Axis and Arab independence, 1941-2 7. Collapse and irrelevance, 1943-4 Conclusions.


Dragonfly is an insect which belongs to the Odonata order and consists of the suborder Anisoptera (dragonflies) and the suborder Zygoptera (damselflies). Its habitat is very wide including in the rice field. Dragonflies and damselflies are predatory insects, both in the form of nymphs and adults, so their role is very important in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. The research was conducted to finding out the dragonfly species found in rice plantations in rice fields around the Denpasar area. Sampling was done by catching using insect nets on rice plantations, in the morning from 08.00 to 11.00 WITA, and in the afternoon from 15.00 to 17.00 WITA. Dragonfly samples obtained were then preserved to be identified by observing the morphological characters based on Hanum et al. (2013), and Sigit et al. (2013). Dragonfly species found in rice plantations areas in several rice fields around Denpasar are as many as 8 species which are included in 2 suborder, namely suborder Anisoptera (5 species) and suborder Zygoptera (3 species), Species of suborder Anisoptera (Potamarcha congener) only found in rice plantations in East Denpasar. Keywords: insects, dragonfly habitat, identification, morphological characters


Evaluation of impact damage to mango (Mangifera indica Linn) as a result of dropping from three different heights, namely, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m, was conducted by hyperspectral imaging (HSI). Reflectance spectra in the 900–1700 nm region were used to develop prediction models for pulp firmness (PF), total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and chroma (∆b*) by a partial least squares (PLS) regression algorithm. The results showed that the changes in the mangoes' quality attributes, which were also reflected in the spectra, had a strong relationship with dropping height. The best predictive performance measured by coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) values were: 0.84 and 31.6 g for PF, 0.9 and 0.49 oBrix for TSS, 0.65 and 0.1% for TA, 0.94 and 0.96 for chroma, respectively. Classification of the degree of impact damage to mango achieved an accuracy of more than 77.8% according to ripening index (RPI). The results show the potential of HSI to evaluate impact damage to mango by combining with changes in quality attributes.


Summary Skill creation and utilisation are important to local economic development as they represent an area in which local authorities have a track record of intervention and some very real powers, through their ability to influence parts of the training infrastructure. There is, of course, no direct causal link between changes to the training system and local economic performance. Fine‐tuning the training infrastructure to meet identified needs in the labour market must be recognised as a necessary not a sufficient condition for creating or retaining jobs. In providing an organising framework for a skills audit we have emphasised the four dynamic elements of a local skills pool: utilised skills, under‐utilised skills, and the depletion and replenishment of skills. From our initial run through of the framework several factors already emerge as important considerations ‐‐ the need to try to establish an age profile of skilled workers, the desirability of providing a .local technology profile and the need ...


F. Manulro eNo W. Nowacrr, The crystal structure of lautite and of sinnerite, a new mineral from the Lengenbach Quarry: Schweiz. Mineral. Petrog. Mitt. M,439-54 (1964) A "smal.l crystal of a steel-gray mineral" was found with binnite in the Lengenbach quarry, Binnatal, Switzerland. Electron microprobe analyses by Applied Research Labs., Glendale, Calif., and Bur. Recherches Geol. Minieres, Paris, gave, resp., Cu 41.3, 39.1; As 29.2, 29.7 ; S 29.8,28.7, sum 100.3,97 .57a, corresponding to a content of Cur r Aso g S: r in the pseudo-cubic cell. G 5.2+0.3. Weissenberg photographs yield a subcell o' 3.72, b' 3.70, c'5.24 ir., o' = F'* r' ; 90o, which after rotation becomes pseudocubic with a" 5.25, b" 5.25, c" 5.24 4., o" * I * t' ' ;90o, similar to those of tennantite (binnite)(o:2X5 10 A) and of luzonite (a:5.27, c:2X5.20 A.). fn" r-ray photographs, however, show that spots on the reciprocal planes, k:4n (n:integer), are composed of at least two spots, indicating twinning. The true symmetry is therefore probably triclinic, with a 21.7, b 19.0, c 19.7 L., a 27o70', P 755"20', 7 137o55' (The published value of a, 75"35", is due to an error in calculation, Ietter from W. Nowacki, Feb. 16, 1965). The structure is closely related to those of tennantite and sphalerite. The strongest r-ray lines are 1.010 (100), 3.04 (90), 1.073 (90), 1.8s9 (70), 1.s84 (6s), 1.206 (4o). The name is for the late Rudolf von Sinner, president of the Commission of the Naturhistorisches Museum, Berne. The name rvas approved before publication by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names, IMA. DrscussroN.-Tbe r-ray lines given match closely lines given for luzonite by Gaines, Am. Mineral. 42,76G79 (1957), but the arsenic content and value of G are considerably different. It is therefore not certain that sinnerite is not twinned luzonite or possibly an oriented intergrowth of luzonite with binnite. Enrcn Snnr-rcnn


An infusion pump module for transferring fluid includes a fluid inlet part having an inlet to receive the fluid, a fluid outlet part having an outlet to discharge the fluid, a pump unit having a piezoelectric element, and a flow rate sensor to measure a flow rate of the fluid flowing inside the module, wherein the fluid inlet part, the fluid outlet part, the pump unit, and the flow rate sensor are connected together to cause the fluid received by the fluid inlet part to be discharged from the fluid outlet part, and the fluid inlet part, the fluid outlet part, the pump unit, and the flow rate sensor connected together form a single continuous flow channel.


The need for multivariate accident involvement rates is often encountered in accident analysis. The Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) files contain records of fatal involvements characterized by many variables while National Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) contains reports of trip records similarly characterized by many variables. When the dassificatory variables available in both data bases are examined the following are indent!fled as of the most interest in accident analysis: driver age, driver sex, vehicle weight, vehicle age, land use (urban/rural), season (winter/summer), time of day, and number of occupants. The fatal involvement data (from FARS) and the vehicle miles of travel (VMT) data (from NPTS) were separately classified by these variables (each limited to two or three levels). Missing data was accounted for. Missing weight data was estimated, where possible, based on make, model, and/or other vehicle characteristics. Log-linear models were fit to the classified data to improve the accuracy and statistical stability. Estimates of standard errors were produced by sample splitting techniques. Specifically, random repeated replications were used. Standard errors were calculated for the fatal involvement estimates, for VMT estimates and for fatal involvement rates (the ratio of fatal involvements to VMT).


This study examined the effects of family cohesion and relationship maintenance behaviors on students' experience of stress during the adjustment to college. One hundred and ninety-eight first-year college students completed measures assessing family cohesion; relationship maintenance behaviors expressed within their family systems; and academic, social, and personal-emotional stress. Results indicated that family cohesion is significantly and negatively related to students' experiences of academic, social, and personal-emotional stress. Further, hierarchical regression and structural equation modeling provided insight to the additive influence of relationship maintenance behaviors on student stress. Analyses provided limited support for a mediation model, however, results demonstrated the importance of both family cohesion and relationship maintenance behaviors on academic, social, and personal-emotional stress during students' transitions to college.


All rings are commutative with identity and all modules are unital. In this paper we investigate nonfinitely generated submodules of faithful multiplication valuation modules. We also give several properties and characterizations of faithful multiplication Prufer modules.


The Russia-Ukraine crisis has not found a solution until now, at least until November 2022. Many Indonesians have expressed their opinions on this matter via social media Twitter. This study uses the Naïve Bayes (NB) Algorithm based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to analyze opinions regarding the RussiaUkraine war. Data was taken from Twitter using the keywords "Russia Ukraine", "Russia vs Ukraine", "Russia-Ukraine", and "Perang Russia". The number of data sets taken is 5000 data. The results showed that the accuracy of the Naïve Bayes (NB) algorithm without Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) was 67.72%, the precision value was 58.33%, the recall value was 79.75%, and the error rate of 57.14% while Naïve Bayes (NB) with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) the accuracy obtained is 73.48%, the precision value is 65.62%, the recall value is 76.36% and error rate of 50.36%. Thus it can be said that the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) applied to the Naïve Bayes algorithm for objects in research can increase the accuracy of results.


Mesoporous titanium dioxide (TiO2) materials have been synthesized by a novel simple, template-free synthetic approach, which was carried out via nitric acid-catalyzed hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions of titanium(IV)
 n-butoxide. The as-prepared and calcinated mesoporous TiO2 materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and N2 adsorption/desorption measurements. The as-prepared amorphous TiO2 possesses a high BET surface area of 470 m2 g−1 and a pore volume of 0.28 cm3 g−1. After calcinations at 450 °C, anatase mesoporous TiO2 is formed with a BET surface area of 106 m2 g−1 and an average pore size of 4.8 nm. Avoidance of the structure-directing template during the synthesis of mesoporous TiO2 is of significant importance for application from both environmental and industrial points of view.


By Lewis W. Spitz C rotus Rubeanus, upon his election as rector of the University of Erfurt in the autumn of 1520, following his return from Italy, had his coat of arms displayed surrounded by those of sixteen humanist and reformer friends.' In the four corners of the design, larger than the rest, are the shields of Luther, Erasmus, Reuchlin, and Mutianus Rufus, symbolizing their special place in the intellectual life of the day and suggesting a unity between them which was destined soon to be shattered. The study of the religious philosophy of Mutianus Rufus, the least well known of the four, holds promise for a better understanding not only of the relationship of these great historical figures, but of the nature and spiritual content of northern humanism itself. The interpretation of the northern Renaissance, lacking from the start the uniformity and comprehensiveness of the traditional view of the Italian Renaissance, nevertheless stressed in the first decades of the post-Burckhardtian period the Italian origins, the significance of the revival of antiquity, and the modernity and revolt aspect also of the philosophic and religious tenets of northern humanism. At the turn of the century revisionism was already seeking redress and the religious thought of northern humanism was being sought in sources indigenous to the North and more closely related to mediaeval culture. The first half of the present century has seen some progress towards a new constructive synthesis. Further advance requires sound study on the level of individual personalities who played a significant r6le in the developing world of thought.2 Towards this end a study of the intellectual development of Mutianus Rufus should be rewarding for several reasons. He himself was an important personality in the cultural life of his day, even though his own fame has not weathered the passing of the centuries so well as that of some leading humanists. He held the undisputed leadership of the Erfurt humanist circle, not unlike the Rhenish league of Celtes or the Erasmian Strasbourg league. As the key figure in the humanist movement of central Germany, he maintained a kind of literary censorial office which extended his influence far 1 Alfred Overmann, Erfurt in zwiilf Jahrhunderten, Erfurt, 1929, p. 201, reproduces the design from a drawing on parchment in the Erfurter Universitdtsmatrikel, II, in the Erfurt city archive. I wish to thank Dr. Myron P. Gilmore for a number of valuable suggestions. 2 Paul Mestwerdt, Die Anfdnge des Erasmus, Humanismus und "Devotio Moderna," Leipzig, 1917, p. 6. Typical of the classic interpretation of the religious concerns of humanism was Paul Wernle, Die Renaissance des Christentums im i6. Jahrhundert, Tiibingen, 1914, who believed not only that the religious conceptions of Italian humanists were decisive for northern humanists, but also strongly influenced Oecolampadius, Zwingli, Luther, Bucer, and Capito as well. H. Hermelink, Die religiisen Reformbestrebungen des deutschen


Model of predator-prey with infected prey in toxical environment is discussed in
this thesis. The objective of this research are to find out whether each of populations is
extinct or not and to know the existence of toxicant concentration.
In this thesis, two models are constructed, those are, model of prey predator with
infected prey and model of prey predator with infected prey in toxical environment.
Toxicant affects the growth rate of susceptible and infected prey but not affects the
growth rate of predator population.
There are four equilibrium points in the model of prey predator with infected prey.
With appropriate parameter value and any initial value near equilibrium points, then
for a long time, there are three possibilities, those are the infected prey and predator
will be extinct and susceptible prey will be existent, the susceptible prey and predator
will be existent and the infected prey will be extinct, or the only population that will be
extinct is predator population. Then, with appropriate parameter value, for a long time,
the susceptible and infected prey and predator population will be existent for any
initial value. In the model of prey predator with infected prey in toxical environment,
there are four equilibrium points. With appropriate parameter value and any initial
value near equilibrium points, then for a long time, there are three possibilities, those
are only the infected population that will be extinct, only the predator population that
will be extinct, or the infected prey and predator population will be extinct. Then, with
appropriate parameter value, for a long time, susceptible and infected prey population
and predator population will be existent for any initial value. Numerical simulation is
given to ilustrate stability behaviour of equilibrium point.


Modelling the behavior of social insects has attracted much research recently. Although honey– bees exhibit many features that encourage their use as models for intelligent behavior, up to our knowledge, no attempt for using honey-bees as a basis for optimization has been made in the literature. Some of the features that distinguish honey–bees are division of labor, communication on the individual and group level, and cooperative behavior.

This paper presents a novel search algorithm inspired by the marriage process in honey–bees. The algorithm is applied to a special class of the propositional satisfiability problems (SAT) known as 3–SAT, where each clause contains exactly three literals. Two versions of the proposed algorithm, which incorporate each a well known heuristic for SAT, are developed. The two heuristics employed for each version are GSAT and random walk. The objective of this paper is to scrutinize the algorithm and compare its behavior on 3–SAT against both heuristics alone. The analysis is undertaken using two parameters gleaned from biological concepts; these are, the colony size and the amount of time devoted for brood–care.


Traditional programmable logic controller(PLC)can execute ladder-diagram by using interpreted mode,which is of a low efficiency work.This paper proposes a compiled mode instead of interpreted mode to improve the efficiency of the implementation.But general speaking the compiled mode has lots of difficulties to complete,thus we announce the solution which is to use GNU compiler collection(GCC)to compile.At the beginning,the ladder diagram is converted to C language,and then we can obtain the necessary tools of compiled mode through the open platform of GCC.The final objectives are to use the tools to achieve the compiled mode of PLC.According to the test the efficiency of compiled mode of PLC can be improved significantly.


Sri Lanka has a long coastline with a vast oceanic area included within its EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone). The increasing demand for local fish consumption has highlighted the necessity to develop aquaculture in Sri Lanka. At present, the fisheries sector remains as the main source of animal protein requirement for the local population with a gradual increase in aquaculture. Inland-based aquaculture is the main type of fish farming with shrimps and several freshwater fishes being the main culture species. Aquaculture has been identified as a potential sector that can contribute to the national economy in the future. The recent interest towards the development of offshore aquaculture in Sri Lanka is evident with the entering of several public and private institutions in establishing sea cage farming. However, it is necessary to address the environmental, social and economic challenges of establishing offshore aquaculture in Sri Lanka. This paper reviewed the potential of offshore finfish farming in Sri Lanka including a SWOT analysis, the positive and negative environmental conditions, recent involvements from the private sector, the possible conflicts that can arise among stakeholders and future recommendations.


Provided are a method and ATM for displaying different information according to different hand gestures, said method comprising: recording a first hand gesture under a specific account number and display information matching the first hand gesture, and recording a second hand gesture under said specific account number and display information matching the second hand gesture (S101); reading a hand gesture inputted by a user (S102); determining whether the hand gesture inputted by the user is the first hand gesture or second hand gesture matching the specific account number (S103); if so, then displaying the display information matching the inputted hand gesture (S105); if not, then not displaying information (S104). By means of the user inputting different hand gestures, different information is displayed, such that personal privacy and even property security are effectively protected.


Red novae are optical transients erupting at luminosities typically higher than those of classical novae. Their outbursts are believed to be caused by stellar mergers. We present millimeter/submillimeter-wave observations with the Atacama Large (sub)Millimeter Array (ALMA) and the Submillimeter Array (SMA) of the three best-known Galactic red novae, V4332 Sgr, V1309 Sco, and V838 Mon. The observations were taken 22, 8, and 14 yr after their respective eruptions and reveal the presence of molecular gas at excitation temperatures of 35–200 K. The gas displays molecular emission in rotational transitions with very broad lines (full width ~400 km s−1). We found emission of CO, SiO, SO, SO2 (in all three red novae), H2S (covered only in V838 Mon), and AlO (present in V4332 Sgr and V1309 Sco). No anomalies were found in the isotopic composition of the molecular material, and the chemical (molecular) compositions of the three red novae appear similar to those of oxygen-rich envelopes of classical evolved stars (RSGs, AGBs, post-AGBs). The minimum masses of the molecular material that was most likely dispersed in the red-nova eruptions are 0.05, 0.01, and 10−4 M⊙ for V838 Mon, V4332 Sgr, and V1309 Sco, respectively. The molecular outflows in V4332 Sgr and V1309 Sco are spatially resolved and appear bipolar. The kinematic distances to V1309 Sco and V4332 Sgr are 2.1 and 4.2 kpc, respectively. The kinetic energy stored in the ejecta of the two older red-nova remnants of V838 Mon and V4332 Sgr is of the order of 1046 erg, similar to values found for some post-AGB (pre-PN) objects whose bipolar ejecta were also formed in a short-duration eruption. Our observations strengthen the link between these post-AGB objects and red novae and support the hypothesis that some of the post-AGB objects were formed in a common-envelope ejection event or its most catastrophic outcome, a merger.


In an interview with Luciana Percovich addressing certain key figures of the movement for health/medicine women of the seventies: the question of knowledge on the body, the concept of women's medicine, the implications of the "incarnate political practices" such as the self-help or self-management of abortion, the relationship with the institutions and with mainstream medicine. Percovich also addresses the heritage theme of this movement, which formed the background of numerous political paths and research that have deployed the following decades


The climate, vegetation, soils, and farming are obviously different between subhumid and semiarid areas. For a long time, because of the difference of principles, methods, and indexes, there is divergence about the boundary line. The indexes, which have been used in physico-geographical regionalization in China, have been compared. We can see that the aridity or humidity indexes, aerial relative humidity, vegetation, soil and its sectional texture, and crops had been used as the major indexes. The formula, calculating the aridity or the humidity indexes, is based on experience. The formulas computing the potential evaporation are different. At the same time, the data comes from a year, so they can not comprehensively mirror the seasonal change of aridity and humidity. The real moisture condition can not be reflected either. The aridity and humidity of a region should be measured on the basis of moisture balance. But its function in regionalization was limited owing to some components and parameters. In views of the above-mentioned facts, the author put forward the indexes, which should be considered emphatically when a boundary line between subhumid and semiarid sectors is delimited. According to some principles and methods, it will be the prerequisite for the demarcation between subhumid and semiarid sectors to integrate the comprehensive and the dominant factors, and select the indexes well.


This paper focuses on the analytical process control system installed on the new No.5 electrolytic tinplating line (ETL) at British Steel Tinplate's Trostre Works, Llanelli, South Wales. The objective of the APC system is to provide automatic solution sampling to achieve online real-time analysis and closed-loop control of the process solutions used on the No.5 ETL. The computer controlled industrial robot forms the hub and nerve centre of the APC system.


For the analysis of structures, the first step consists of configuration processing followed by data generation. This step is the most time consuming part of the analysis for large-scale structures. In this paper new graph products called triangular and circular graph products are developed for the formation of the space structures. The graph products are extensively used in graph theory and combinatorial optimization, however, the triangular and circular products defined in this paper are more suitable for the formation of practical space structural models which can not be generated easily by the previous products. The new products are employed for the configuration processing of space structures that are of triangular or a combination of triangular and rectangular shapes, and also in circular shapes as domes and some other space structural models. Cut out products are other new types of graph products which are defined to eliminate all of the connected elements to the considered node to configure the model or grid with some vacant panels inside of the model. The application of the presented graph products can be extended to the formation of finite element models.


Ricardo L. Ortiz, Cultural Erotics in Cuban America. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007. 328 pp.Damian J. Fernandez, ed., Cuba Transnational. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005. 216 pp.Ortiz's principal scholarly activity involves the intersection of Caribbean writing and queer theory; he is especially interested in Cuba, he has also concerned himself with the Caribbean as a historical and cultural block.Cultural Erotics in Cuban America is unquestionably a major scholarly accomplishment. This is certainly an original undertaking, since little has been written about erotic issues as they relate to Cuban American cultural production. True, there are some well-known Cuban American artists whose works are marked by queer issues, such as Elias Miguel Munoz and Achy Obejas; Obejas in particular has received excellent critical attention. And the lesbian performance artist Carmelita Tropicana has been especially noted in theater circles. But the idea of dealing with erotics in a larger frame is a new approach, and it is one that allows Ortiz to range over a wide array of Cuban American cultural production. He does include traditional literature (e.g., the remarkable physicianpoet Rafael Campo), the fiction of Roberto Fernandez and Cristina Garcia, and the socioculturel essays of Gustavo Perez-Firmat. However, in the spirit of a broad definition of cultural studies, Ortiz also examines the song lyrics of Gloria Estefan and Albita Rodriguez. Perhaps the study would have been even more inclusive if filmmaking were to also have figured in (I can think immediately of documentaries like Havana Nagila and Adio Kerida), but the decision to limit the examination to print culture (including song lyrics) is a reasonable one. However, it is evident that this study possesses, at least in terms of its basic premises, the qualities of an original contribution.As for the quality of the actual interpretive text, it is solid. Ortiz works with a number of fundamental propositions: the fact of "writing in Cuban" - that is, the way in which a Cuban mentality, shaped by complex sociolinguistic and cultural factors determines a Cuban "way" mat has transferred to the United States; the emphasis on the body, which is certainly essentially modern/post-modern, but here relates to the way in which physical dislocation, coupled with the abuse of me body (particularly in the case of women and queers) in Cuba before exile, brings with it a particular emphasis on corporal boundaries and configurations (concomitantly, mere is an interest in the extensions of island homophobia, both before and after Castro, and its projections on Cuban American society; the added dislocation of dispersal from the closed Miami community, which is both Cuba in exile and a nostalgia factory for a Cuba that barely exists anymore-such dispersal brings with it a double engagement with a founding Cuban anchor; and the interaction of English and Spanish, which means both the acquisition of English as a literary language (as is the case of the U.S. Latino community in general; the current generation writes almost exclusively in English) and the diglossia, on one axis of academic Spanish and Cuban (colloquial) Spanish, and on another of "real" Cuban Spanish (once again the nostalgia factor comes into play here) and Miami Spanish (which, I might add, hardly retains as close ties to Spanish back home as ideological positions pretend).These parameters unquestionably provide some intriguing primes for the organization of Ortiz's study, and it is significant that, rather than a conventional organization in terms of authors and works, he works essentially in terms of conceptual clusters that allow him to propose a comprehensive cultural geography. One of his major tropes in that of "perplexed erotics," which is what makes his previous interest in queer studies particularly useful for mis monograph, where a sense of the queer refers not only to sexuality but also to cultural practices as a whole. …


Trisomy 11 is uncommon in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and molecular studies of AML with trisomy 11 in adult patients have recently revealed high incidence of partial tandem duplication (PTD) of the MLL gene. We report the first case of trisomy 11 and MLL-PTD in a 3 months old girl with AML, the immunophenotype of bone marrow aspirate documented blast cells positive for CD34, CD33, AntiHLA DR, CD117, and MPO


The current extensive use of low priced fine aggregate (sand) deposits in sandcrete block making in Nigeria is of concern because there appears to be a level of ignorance surrounding their existing properties and implications. To this end, silt contents and some grading parameters of the most commonly used fine aggregate deposits in parts of midwestern Nigeria (Benin City), the coefficient of uniformity (Cu), curvature coefficient (Cc), and the fineness modulus (Fm) were derived by laboratory experiments to ascertain these basic properties. In addition, the strength and durability properties of sandcrete blocks made from these sands were also established. It revealed that the low priced sands exhibited worse properties in comparison to the more expensive sand. As a way of improving the properties of these frequently used low priced sands, a combination approach was adopted that used the weaker and commonly used sands with those that are more expensive and less frequently used. Findings revealed that combi...


The purpose of this study is to compare the frictions and wears characteristics of poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) and MC Nylon. This study was carried out to investigate the material to be considered as the pad of spreading device material in the copper coil forming machine. To analyze the friction and wear characteristics of those materials the experiments were done as follows. Firstly, the friction characteristic was obtained using a pin-on-disk tester. The experiment was carried on dry and wet friction conditions under paraffin oil lubricant. Secondly, the state of lubrication was investigated using the Stribeck's Curve. Thirdly, to investigate the wear characteristic, the weight of the pin was measured before and after the friction test. The wear rate is defined as the difference between the initial weight and the final weight. The experimental results show that the friction coefficient of PMMA material was higher than MC nylon. Furthermore, PMMA wear rate also higher than MC Nylon wear rate. The highest wear was achieved on PMMA in dry friction condition, which is 0.00290 grams. MC Nylon was recommended to be used as padding of the spreading device on the coil forming machine.


ABSTRACT Focusing on mainstream and tabloid news reporting and ancillary texts, this article analyses the media presentation of Meghan Markle's intersectional identities through a rhetoric of the feuding famous family. We argue that the media discourse centred on family conflict and domestic drama used to characterise Markle's position as a royal during the Brexit era both surfaces and suppresses the significance of her existential challenge to the normative racial, class, national and gendered attributes associated with British royalty. That discourse also obfuscates and trivializes the power struggle over the significant economic capital and political "soft power" associated with the British Royal Family brand.


Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a growing challenge and a major cause of health concern worldwide. It is difficult to understand precisely the dynamics of spread of hospital-acquired infections owing to the usual involvement of different populations, risk factors, environments, and pathogens. Mathematical and computational models have proved to be useful tools in providing realistic representations of HAI dynamics and the means of evaluating interventions to minimize the risk of HAIs.


Context Research has shown that the pandemic greatly impacted worldwide mental health and disproportionality impacted those with EDs. Those with EDs such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge ED have seen an increase in hospital admissions and programmes due to the COVID19 pandemic. 3 However, there is a lack of nationwide research investigating the increase of EDrelated care for those who are at significant risk of its negative effects such as adolescents and young adults. This study by HartmanMunick et al investigated the rate of inpatient and outpatient adolescent and young adult ED admissions from 2018 (prepandemic) to 2021 (postpandemic) in the USA.


the circumferential membrane stress is everywhere compressive, there is no region of concentration. However, experimental boundary conditions may deviate sufficiently from built-in to permit the development of a compressive ring. Hence, as Professor Bodner suggests, the question of unsymmetrical buckling may be quite complicated and certainly merits further consideration. Dr. Kaplan's comment concerning the variation of mode of deformation with P as well as p is substantiated by the results of calculations with the nonlinear formulation of the problem.7


ABSTRACT Woodpeckers (Picidae) are broadly associated with forests but vary in sensitivity to habitat alteration, with some species restricted to mature and old-growth forests, usually because of their foraging or nesting requirements. Roosting sites have rarely been considered a critical resource for woodpecker conservation because nearly all woodpecker species roost year-round in excavated cavities similar to their nest sites. A possible exception is the globally vulnerable Helmeted Woodpecker (Celeus galeatus) of the Atlantic Forest of South America. To determine whether roosting ecology may explain their association with mature forest, we radio-tracked 12 Helmeted Woodpeckers in old-growth and selectively logged forests in Argentina, monitored roost cavities, and provided 9 roost boxes. Unlike other woodpeckers, Helmeted Woodpeckers roosted year-round in decay-formed cavities (n = 21), with perching space above the entrance, in the living trunks of large trees. Adults usually roosted alone, but after nesting (in excavated cavities), each adult roosted with one juvenile in a shared, decay-formed cavity for up to 67 days, implying that cavities need enough space for 2 birds. We did not observe use of roost boxes. Helmeted Woodpeckers travelled up to 1,482 m between nests and roosts, reused roost cavities over multiple years (sometimes changing ownership), and interacted aggressively with other cavity-nesting birds at roost cavities, indicating that suitable cavities are a scarce resource. Because logging is likely to have a strong negative impact on the availability of this resource, we urge managers in the Atlantic Forest region to retain large living trees with decay-formed cavities and to allow more selectively logged areas to become old growth.


Teaching students how to take notes is one of the most important things a teacher can do because it will save students time and lead to real and sustained learning.


The conventional boost converters(CBC) are used to step up the dc voltage from a low level to higher level. At high gain, it have large input current ripple which reduce the performance of the circuit. Conventional Boost Converters with Tapped Inductor Ripple Minimization network (TIRMN) is presented in this paper. A comparison of CBC, CBC with TIRMN and Feedback controlled CBC with TIRMN is simulated using MATLAB 2015a. Results shows that the input ripple current is reduced in CBC with TIRMN. A feedback circuit is designed and added to keep the output constant for input voltage fluctuations. However the use of feedback control ripple current increases to a higher value.


As a result of the restructuring of commodity interflow systems and the development of informationization of the interflow system, wholesalers are not only being replaced by retailers as the leader in the commodity interflow systems, but their traditional wholesaling functions are also being weakened. Faced with this survival crisis, the wholesalers of Japan are speeding up the readjustment of their wholesaling functions in the recent years particularly by improving and enriching their commodity interflow functions. This includes, chiefly, strengthening the management capabilities of their commercial rear service, fortifying their retailing services and support systems, introducing third party commodity interflow and establishing high-frequency small-quantity dispatching and delivery systems.


A trend in 3D mesh compression is codec design with low computational complexity which preserves the input vertex and face order. However, this added information increases the complexity. We present a fast 3D mesh compression method that compresses the redundant shared vertex information between neighboring faces using simple first‐order differential coding followed by fast entropy coding with a fixed length prefix. Our algorithm is feasible for low complexity designs and maintains the order, which is now part of the MPEG‐4 scalable complexity 3D mesh compression standard. The proposed algorithm is 30 times faster than MPEG‐4 3D mesh coding extension.


Time Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC) is a valuable tool for Single Molecule Detection (SMD). However, existing TCSPC systems did not support continuous data collection and processing as is desirable for applications such as SMD for e.g. DNA-sequencing in a liquid flow. First attempts at using existing instrumentation in this kind of operation mode required additional routing hardware to switch between several memory banks and were not truly continuous. We have designed a hard- and software system to perform continuous real-time TCSPC based upon a modern solid state Time to Digital Converter (TDC). Short dead times of the fully digital TDC design combined with fast Field Programmable Gay Array logic permit a continuous data throughput as high as 3 Mcounts/sec. The histogramming time may be set as short as 100 microsecond(s) . Every histogram or every single fluorescence photon can be real-time tagged at 200 ns resolution in addition to recording its arrival time relative to the excitation pulse. Continuous switching between memory banks permits concurrent histogramming and data read-out. The instrument provides a time resolution of 60 ps and up to 4096 histogram channels. The overall instrument response function in combination with a low cost picosecond diode laser and an inexpensive photomultiplier tube was found to be 180 ps and well sufficient to measure sub-nanosecond fluorescence lifetimes.


Aim To analyze Wu Jian-xiong′s main contribution in the history of science and education,study the inspiration of his deeds to young students,and provide new clues for the history of physics research.Methods Analysis of the original journal and literature research.Results Wu Jian-xiong′s main scientific achievements: overthrowing the parity conservation law in the weak interaction;beine the world authority of the β decay experiment;proving the weak vector current conservation law;usine the Mossbauer effect for biological research;supporting the orthodox rule of quantum mechanics,and so on.Conclusion Noble attitudes and values is the soul of the outstanding talents.Wu Jian-xiong was able to become outstanding,made remarkable achievements in the scientific career,one of the most fundamental reasons is because of her noble attitudes and values: dedicated,ready to help,full of;courage and the scientific spirit of innovation;spirit of cooperation and teamwork;focused while keeping wide interests,integrating arts with science sense of mission and responsibility of rejuvenating China and so on.


In this paper, we present an analog canceller architecture combined with transmit and receive digital beamforming for reduced complexity Full Duplex (FD) Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems. Our proposed analog cancellation architecture comprises of AUXiliary (AUX) Transmitters (TX) and a novel use of DEMUltipleXers (DEMUX) that enables flexible signal routing for the signals at the AUXTX outputs. This signal routing allows a reduction in the number of AUXTX that are required for analog cancellation compared to State of the Art (SotA) architectures. We also present a novel transmit and receive beamforming design that takes into account the constraints imposed by the analog canceller architecture. We provide representative simulation results that demonstrate the superiority of our FD MIMO design compared to SotA approaches.


Current problems in cooling and lubricating system of bearings in pumps for melted salts are analysed and compared with the existing devices . It was found that whatever the lubricant is used, grease or oil, water-cooling can achieve better effect. When the lubricating oil is cycled with an oil-rising equipment, it is more reasonable to choose the rise-angle between 10 and 13 degrees, the viscosity of lubricating oil between 40 to 80 m~2/s and the radial clearance of oil-rising equipment in the range of 0 2 to 0 3 millimeters. The advantage and disadvantage of the device with oil-lubricating and wind-cooling are to be examined in further experiment.


The article reveals the process of socialization of Ukrainian rural youth in boys` and girls` communities in the 19th and the first quarter of the 20th centuries. Youth communities are considered as associations that were organized on the basis of sex and age and acted on the basis of ethical and legal customs and norms of public life and consisted of boys and girls who had reached marriageable age or were about to reach it. It is emphasized that the category of rural youth of girls and boys of the 19th - the first quarter of the 20th century. was heterogeneous in its composition, since two subgroups were united within its borders - "male and female teenagers" (younger subgroup), who did not yet have the right to marry, and "maidens`" and "boyfriend`s" (the older group), who had already reached marriageable age. The publication highlights the peculiarities of the ritual change of social age status of boys and girls; changes in gender identity manifested in changes in clothing and hairstyle, socio-age terminology; initial procedures that ritually formalized the transition from one socio-age group to another and were evidence of the growth of the social status of young people in the hierarchical social-age system that existed in traditional society: recognition of the rights of young men and women to create a family, participation in family councils, under certain conditions - in village steps, etc. It was highlighted that the formation and activity of youth communities was based on the principles of customary law. Male and female communities had established internal organization, rules of conduct, rights, duties and occupations. It was revealed that youth communities performed a number of important pedagogical functions, in particular, their social and everyday orientation included the following main areas: regulating the relations of rural youth with the parish, the headman, and the landlord (the serfdom in this regard was a kind of executive body); establishment of normal life in the village, settlement of all conflicts that arose between boys and girls and between young people and other residents of the village; participation in the organization of celebrations in the village: church processions, celebration of the temple day and other traditional for the village holidays, etc. Youth communities also had certain labor duties before the village community. Youth communities were mediators between the family and the rural community, which ensured the integrity of the community and the continuity of the transfer of folk-pedagogical experience. Young women and girls acquired personal freedom, rights and status opportunities. The authors come to the conclusion that the existence of youth associations was particularly important from the point of view of the formation of a person as a full-fledged member of the peasant community in accordance with popular ideas about the gender-age principle of organizing social space and the need to prepare for family life, mastering the status roles of married men and women.


New algorithm of classified vector quantization based on wavelet transform for image coding is presented. According to the similarity in the same orientation but different levels of the discrete wavelet transform domain, this paper proposes a new algorithm of multiresolutional classified vector quantization. This algorithm exploits an efficient classifier to classify the vectors and uses the class information of the higher lever to instruct the vector classification of the lower lever by taking advantaging of the similarity. Simulation results show that this algorithm can get the higher image compression ratio and pleasant quality of the reconstructed image in comparison with others.


One of the most prominent consequences of human activities is the progressive rise in atmospheric pCO_2. This will also cause changes in seawater carbonate chemistry. However, to what extent anthropogenic perturbations in marine growth conditions will affect biological processes like species composition, ecosystem functioning, carbon production and vertical carbon export in the sea, as well as possible feedback mechanisms, is still under debate. In the present study, for the first time CO_2 effects were tested on a natural marine plankton community. In a series of floating mesocosms in a Norwegian fjord a phytoplankton bloom dominated by the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi was induced. By covering the enclosures by gas-tight domes, functioning as greenhouses, we were able to maintain CO_2 concentrations in the overlaying atmosphere ranging from pre-industrial to projected year 2100 levels over a three-week period. Here we present an overview of the experiment and report on the development of the bloom under different pCO_2 levels.


When the ox is exposed to heat, respiratory frequency increases before there is any increase in the temperature of the blood at the bicarotid junction (Bligh, 1957b) or of the brain (Findlay & Ingram, 1961). Furthermore, in cool conditions when the temperatures of the extremities are low, localized infra-red irradiation of part of the trunk may be accompanied by large increases in the temperature of the unheated extremities without any change in the deep body temperature (Whittow, 1962; Ingram & Whittow, 1962). These findings lead to the conclusion that, in the ox, at least part of the stimulus for the initiation of heat loss mechanisms originates at the periphery. Nevertheless it is known that the brain contains centres concerned with the maintenance of homoeothermy, and which are sensitive to changes in temperature (Ranson, 1940; Andersson, Grant & Larsson, 1956; Andersson & Persson, 1957). Previous observations on the ox revealed that localized heating of the region between the optic chiasma and the anterior commissure was accompanied by an increase in respiratory frequency and in the skin temperatures of the ears (Findlay & Ingram, 1961) and also in the rate of moisture loss from the skin (Ingram, McLean & Whittow, 1961). It seems probable, therefore, that the heat-loss mechanisms of the ox are controlled by the integration of stimuli originating from both central and peripheral receptors, but nothing is known about the relative importance of these stimuli. The present study was undertaken to provide information about changes in respiratory frequency, tidal volume and minute volume, and the temperatures of the extremities, when the temperature of the hypothalamus was increased by different amounts at various temperatures of body and environment.