We have produced a spectrum oflimb defects in developing mouse embryos by exposing the mother to smoke from cigarettes with different nicotine concentrations, ethanol, and a combination of ethanol and cigarette smoke. The critical time of exposure was determined to be during day 10 of gestation (vaginal plug=day 0). This time is prior to the critical events occur between the apical ectodermal ridge and the developing limb mesenchyme. When pregnant animals were exposed to smoke from two high-nicotine cigarettes (at 10:30 a.m. and II :30 a.m. on day 10), no limb defects were observed. If ethanol was given (0.015 mg/g 25% i.p. in two doses on the morning of day 10) one percent of offspring showed a limb defect. By contrast, exposure to a combination of cigarette smoke and ethanol resulted in 43% (44/102) of newborns developing both fore -and hindlimb defects. Birth weight was reduced by about 33% in animals carrying the defects. When mesenchyme cells beneath the limb apical ectodermal ridge were examined two days after teratogen exposure, striking changes in cell shape and size were evident. In as much as the incidence of mesenchymal changes in the limb buds seen on day 12 parallels the incid ence of malformations seen in newborns, we postulate that anomalous limb development is secondary to the events occurring in the limb mesenchyme. We conclude that critical stages of development


It is difficult to estimate winter wheat water requirements with classical regression analysis method because there is obvious correlation among the influencing factors of crop water requirements.The principal components analysis method and the GIS technology are adopted to analyze the dominant factors influencing crop water requirement.The results indicate that the thermal factor and water factor jointly formed the first principal component of affecting crop water requirement;the spatial distribution of which increases gradually from northwest to southeast.As the second principal component,the dynamic factor increases gradually from west to east.The third principal component(thermal factor),the mean maximum temperature during wheat growth period appears a relative low value area in Shijiazhuang,Xingtai,etc.The spatial distribution of slope direction,as being the fourth principal component,has no obviously regularity;and the high value and low value of it staggers in the region with a great change of terrain.It is shown that the microtopography has some influences but its contribution rate occupies 6.64% of total information amount.Winter wheat water requirements in North China represent a great spatial distribution even if the effect of terrain is not considered.


Abstract The fluorescence of cold atoms, cooled to ultra-low temperatures and excited by pulsed laser radiation, is calculated. The fluorescence of cold atoms is calculated based on the solution of the non-steady-state Schrödinger equation for a combined system of atoms and an electromagnetic field. A universal function is proposed in the work showing the deviation of the fluorescence decay at the end of the pulse from the single-exponential model. To analyze the dynamics of fluorescence, a Radon–Nikodym method has been used based on the studies on the eigenvalues of a matrix constructed on the basis of the fluorescence signal. It is shown that a correlation exists between the parameter of distribution asymmetry inherent in signal matrix eigenvalues, and the temporal law of fluorescence decay. As an alternative method of fluorescence analysis, a multistage relaxation model is used, caused by collective multiatomic effects. The values of characteristic amplitude and relaxation time both at short times ("superradiance") and at long times ("subradiance") have been found.


A formula is derived for the error probability of partial-response continuous-phase modulation (which contains Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) as a special case) with N-b (N=1, 2) differential phase detection (DPD) for the satellite mobile channel, which contains as special cases the Gaussian and Rayleigh channels. In the satellite mobile channel, the input signal is the sum of a direct component, a diffuse component, and white Gaussian noise. The receiver is either with or without decision feedback, and the decision region is optimized for 2-b DPD to minimize the error probability. The error probability for GMSK is computed as a function of signal-to-noise ratio and other system or channel parameters (Doppler frequency, Gaussian filter bandwidth, ratio of powers in the direct and diffuse signal components, etc.). It is shown that decision feedback is more effective for GMSK with narrow bandwidth. The 2-b DPD is superior to the 1-b DPD for low Doppler frequencies and signal-to-noise ratios. For practical vehicle velocities and bit rates, a 2-b DPD with decision feedback outperforms all other analyzed schemes when the signal-to-noise ratio is low. >


Radiative flux measurements at the focal plane of solar concentrators are typically performed using digital cameras in conjunction with Lambertian targets. To accurately predict flux distributions on arbitrary receiver geometries directional information about the radiation is required. Currently, the directional characteristics of solar concentrating systems are predicted via ray tracing simulations. No direct experimental technique to determine intensities of concentrating solar systems is available. In the current paper, multiple parallel flux measurements at varying distances from the focal plane together with a linear inverse method and Tikhonov regularization are used to identify the directional and spatial intensity distribution at the solution plane. The directional binning feature of an in-house Monte Carlo ray tracing program is used to provide a reference solution. The method has been successfully applied to two-dimensional concentrators, namely parabolic troughs and elliptical troughs using forward Monte Carlo ray tracing simulations that provide the flux maps as well as consistent, associated intensity distribution for validation. In the two-dimensional case, intensity distributions obtained from the inverse method approach the Monte Carlo forward solution. In contrast, the method has not been successful for three dimensional and circular symmetric concentrator geometries.


: As an important predictor of violent crime, recidivism, and juvenile delinquency, psychopathy has received extensive attention in clinical psychology and justice research. The Triarchic Model of Psychopathy conceptualizing psychopathy as three phenotypic structures of boldness, meanness, and disinhibition, reveals the distinct cognitive and affective processing defects in neurobiology. To be specific, low threat sensitivity lays the main etiological foundation of boldness; the impairment of executive function, in particular the impaired attentional modulation, tends to result in disinhibition; while the empathy deficits associated with emotion recognition may contribute to the development of meanness. Based on these, greater attention should be paid to both the conceptualization of psychopathy and the common underlying etiological basis among different psychopathic variants. Moreover, further exploration of the precursors of adult psychopathic traits will do great help for early treatment and intervention.


Abstract This paper defines competitiveness as the ability of a country to increase its share of domestic and export markets, especially when they have a comparative advantage in a product and can produce at a lower opportunity cost. This paper briefly covers the theoretical information on this topic and provides empirical evidence of how domestic resource cost (DRC) can determine international competitiveness. A country is said to have a comparative advantage in the production of tradable goods if that country's production is efficient; if not, then it has a comparative disadvantage. The concept of comparative advantage has two meanings: The first definition states that efficiency of production is compared to two or more trading nations, and when the nations with the lowest opportunity costs are relatively more efficient, they have a comparative advantage. The other meaning of comparative advantage refers to the efficiency of different kinds of production within the domestic economy, which are compared in terms of earnings or savings of a unit of foreign exchange. Turkey seems to have a comparative advantage in plant products that do not exhibit economies of scale and are relatively labour-intensive, i.e. fruits and vegetables eliminating border and non-tariff barriers to trade in agriculture would allow both sides to exploit their comparative advantages better.


Recently we used the heavy ion microprobe of the Buenos Aires TANDAR Laboratory for Single Event Effects (SEE) and Total Dose (TD) experiments in electronics devices and components, requiring very low beam currents. The facility includes a fast beam switch that allows the control of the ion beam current and a mobile Si PIN (p-type, intrinsic, n-type) diode that directly measures the number of ions hitting the device. The fast beam deflector was used to reduce the current by producing a pulsed beam or generating a quasi-continuous (Poisson-like distributed) beam with currents ranging from tens to hundreds of ions/s. As an application for this current control method we present a single event effect (SEE) pulses map generated by a 32S8+ beam at 75 MeV on two 0.5 µm technology CMOS digital output buffers where the device was formed by cascading four CMOS inverters with increasing sizes from input to output to drive large loads. Using the same concept of pulse width modulated deflection, we developed a novel gradient scanning method. This system allows to produce in a single irradiation a distribution with a cumulative damage with a difference of two orders of magnitude at constant gradient. To demonstrate the method, we irradiated a lithium niobate monocrystal with 32S8+ beam at 75 MeV energy and later analyzed the produced damage by the micro-Raman technique and an optical profilometer.


Abstract Purpose Electronic prescribing (e-prescribing) is an important core measure of the meaningful use rules as indicated by HITECH ACT in 2009. E-prescribing has other benefits as well including increased patient safety, improved communication with pharmacies, decreased pharmacy wait time leading to improved patient satisfaction. The objective of this study is a to determine the current rate of electronic prescribing from the Pediatric Emergency Department (PED) upon discharge and evaluate any barriers to the process. Methods There are 19 attending physicians that work …


The proposed Micro-Mars Mission can contribute substantially to the international Mars exploration programme within the framework of a future low cost mission. The Micro-Mars Mission concept consists of an orbiter integrating a total scientific payload of 30 kg to investigate Mars including a light-weight lander of 15 kg. The spacecraft will be launched in 2007 as piggyback payload by an Ariane 5 ASAP into GTO with a total launch mass of 360 kg. It will use a bipropellant propulsion system with 210 kg of fuel and four thrusters of 22 N and four of 10 N for orbit and attitude control. Further attitude actuation shall be performed by three reaction wheels and a gyropackage, a star sensor and a sun sensor for attitude sensing. Communication will be performed in S-band and X-band to earth and in UHF-band between orbiter and lander. The orbiter will be designed as multipurpose platform, allowing the utilisation for missions to other planets to reduce development cost. The Mars orbit is highly elliptical with a periapsis below 200 km to enable high-resolution remote sensing. The payload is based on scientific needs for highresolution remote sensing from orbit by taking into account future mission plans in order to avoid overlaps. A major goal is the investigation of surface material and small-scale geologic processes by imaging which is also needed for the detailed characterisation of landing sites and the preparation of future missions. These observations will be complemented by detailed measurements of the magnetic field, the gravity field, the radiation environment as well as atmospheric and ionospheric studies from orbit. The light-weight micro lander is a very challenging task in the area of micro technology and a technological experiment by itself. It is equipped with a suite of scientific instruments which will supplement the orbiter measurements and concentrate on the environment (temperature cycle, atmosphere, magnetosphere and radiation).


The present invention relates to a layered material comprising at least the following layers in sequence: a) a gas barrier layer based on EVOH; b) an adhesive layer, based on at least one anhydride-modified polymer; c) an oxygen absorbing layer of at least one polymeric, non-particulate oxygen absorber, preferably wherein the total thickness of the adhesive layer (s) at least about 10 microns, and a process for their preparation and their use.


This paper uses literature method,video observation,statistic analysis method,Components of the 16 athletes,participating in the 2012 London Olympics men's trampoline competition results and achievements flight points,the difficulty points,completed in research. The analysis found that:(1) the difficulty reduced the proportion of sub-accounts in the results,the preliminaries first set of results on the preliminary results of the importance.(2) flight points trampoline Players' Action specifications quality increased the contribution rate of the entire exercise results. In other words,athletes set of actions to complete the specifications of the importance of quality improved.(3) Finals loss to the technical points and the lifting of the final ranking highly relevant,as well as increase the difficult points and control technology and flight time points loss more can decide the final result. In the later training:(1) the preliminary contest for the first set of actions appropriate reduction"difficult",strengthen the"high".(2) preliminary set of movements to add a second set of movements and final"difficult"to control the loss of"high".


Con-way driver wins NTDC : Wisconsin's Langenhahn bests 425 competitors -- Arizona's Watlington wins Inspectors Championship -- Trucker challenged at NTDC cheered for courageous fight against cancer -- And the winners are.


The airflow pattern inside a "laminar flow" clean room with ventilation through perforated panels was analyzed numerically, using a specially developed inlet boundary condition for the flow through the perforated inlet panels. The clean room was 2.1 m high and 4 m wide with exhaust ducts that were 0.4 m high. The air supply Reynolds number was 5×104. An Npoint air supply model was used to accurately simulate the inflow mass and the momentum rates at the air supply openings, without changing the location and figuration of the diffusers. The boundary condition was used in the 3D computational fluid dynamics software, STACH3 to model the airflow inside the clean room with full ceiling air supply and air returns at the bottom of the two side walls. The calculated results agree well with experimental measurements. The new method will be useful for other projects using perforated inlet panels.


Space offers the civil science and military science communities the location to measure the earth's gravity gradient to understand the Earth's underground behavior including the movement of magma from the Earth's core to the surface that is that is responsible for tectonic movement that leads to surprise catastrophic earthquakes, tsunamis and volcano eruptions. The same information will identify locations of voids in the earth that may hold weapons of mass destruction in hostile nations that are inaccessible. Using a global, real-time satellite-based underground mapping system offers the Earth science community the information necessary to understand and quantify the Earth and its internal behavior, on the Earth's surface and in the Earth's atmosphere. A real-time, global satellite-based underground mapping constellation will measure the earth's gravity in real-time and measurements from many satellites simultaneously will provide the data to model the earth's dynamic underground movement that drives the changes in the Earth's surface in 3-D. A 3D real-time model of the Earth will have the sensitivity to identify the behavior that scientists can use to predict tectonic plate motion that leads to earthquakes and volcano eruptions that will stop massive death and enormous destruction such as occurred in a variety of locations around the Earth. It will also be the platform for broadcasting globally the warning of an upcoming earthquake or volcano eruption in weeks and months rather than seconds and minutes that is achieved today.


This article traces the history of the Olympic participation of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, then the British colony of Southern Rhodesia, and then unilaterally independent settler-ruled Rhodesia after 1965, placing heavy emphasis on the racially integrated aspects of the sporting sphere. Rhodesia's status in the International Olympic Committee inevitably came under assault after 1965 owing to its white government and international sporting sanctions. The battles of the press, the high-level diplomatic manoeuvring, and finally the IOC debate first to exclude Rhodesia from Munich and then to permanently expel the Rhodesian NOC in 1975 are analysed in detail. As a charismatic organization, the IOC operated outside the world of rules and rational principles, devoted to certain values expressed in 'Olympism'. Because of this commitment, and the resulting belief that politics had no place in sport, the IOC was insulated from the great changes taking place in the world at large. The newly independent world sought to make democratic equality a part of the Olympic vision, trumping the long-held charismatic principles of the IOC; the expulsion of Rhodesia was the culmination of this trend.


Solid phase microextraction (SPME) has been coupled with liquid chromatography to widen its range of application to nonvolatile and thermally unstable compounds, generally limited for SPME-GC. A method for analysis of nitroaromatic explosives and its degradations products was developed by coupling SPME and high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC/UV), introducing a modified interface that ensure accuracy, precision, repeatability, high efficiency, unique selectivity and high sensitive to detection and quantification of explosives from surface soil samples and increased chromatographic efficiency. A pretreatment step was introduced for the soil samples which extracted the target compounds into an aqueous phase. Several parameters that affect the microextraction were evaluated, such as: fiber coating, adsorption and desorption time and stirring rate. The effect of salting out (NaCl) on analyte extraction and the role of various solvents on SPME fiber were also evaluated. Carbowax-templated resin (CW/TPR) and Polydimethilsiloxane-divinilbenzene (PDMS-DVB) fibers were used to extract the analytes from the aqueous samples. Explosives were detected at low &mgr;g/mL concentrations. This study demonstrates that SPME-HPLC is a very promising method of analysis of explosives from aqueous samples and has been successfully applied to the determination of nitroaromatic compounds, such as TNT.


Previous research has explored possible reasons to conduct academic dishonesty while there are only a few research studies that investigate the strategies to promote academic integrity and do not look at moral self-regulation as a mediating variable. This study, therefore, aims to examine whether moral self-regulation mediates the effects of mastery goal orientation and performance goal orientation on academic integrity. A self-report scale was distributed to 251 students (M = 41%; F = 59%) of one state Islamic university in Jakarta, Indonesia, in which the structural equation model was used to analyse the data. Using the root mean square error of approximation, comparative fit index and Tucker–Lewis Index as indicators of the model of fit, the results proved that moral self-regulation mediated two mentioned variables affecting academic integrity. This finding implies the need to consider the inclusion of moral selfregulation in the academic life of students.


The HALS stabilization mechanisms usually envisaged do not explain the experimental facts. New mechanisms are proposed instead. They include quenching of excited charge-transfer complexes (CTC) polymer-oxygen by CTC HALS-oxygen. In addition, the formation of CTC between peroxy radicals and NH-HALS is of prime importance. These CTC HALS-peroxy radicals can either react photolytically after absorption of UV radiation or with a second peroxy radical, thus promoting termination between two peroxy radicals.

Initiation of photooxidation in HALS stabilized polyethylene involves usually CTC HALS-oxygen throughout the useful lifetime of the polymer. In contrast to that, initiation of photooxidation in HALS stabilized polypropylene is classical and due to photolysis of tertiary hydroperoxides.

The formal kinetics based on the mechanisms envisaged explain the experimental results observed with HALS stabilized polyethylene and polypropylene. On the one hand, they concern, the performance of HALS: in polyethylene it is a linear function of the square root of HALS concentration whereas in polypropylene it increases linearly with HALS concentration as long as the last does not become too high. On the other hand, the experimental facts explained, concern the decrease of the HALS concentration during W exposure of HALS-stabilized polyethylene and polypropylene. The decrease is first order in both polymers but is independent of the initial HALS concentration in polyethylene, whereas it decreases with increasing initial HALS concentration in polypropylene. This is in agreement with the corresponding initiation mechanisms envisaged for polyethylene and polypropylene.


Translator's Note: These three papers by A. A. Logachev describe the pioneer work by the Russians in magnetic exploration with airborne equipment. Partly because of the language and partly because of the obscurity of the journals in which it was published, information on this work has not been widely circulated among American geophysicists. It is hoped that these translations will be of historical if not of practical interest to the profession.


This review is concerned with the following topics: 1. The occurrenc~ of chemical peculiar stars in binaries; 2. Determination of masses of CP stars; 3. Determination of radii of CP stars; 4. CP stars in clusters. The paper emphasizes the literature from the 23rd Liege Colloquium in 1981 on, and does not refer systematically to earlier papers.


Two-dimensional equations for guided EM waves propagating in a dielectric plate surrounded by free space are employed for the study of vibrations of circular disk dielectric resonators embedded in free space. Closed-form solutions are obtained for which the continuity conditions of the tangential E and H fields at the end faces and the lateral cylindrical surfaces are accommodated. It is found that the solutions represent two types of modes: (1) the modes in which the electric field is transverse to the axis of the disk (TE modes); and (2) the modes in which the magnetic field is transverse to the axis of the resonator (TM modes). Frequency equations are solved and resonance frequencies are computed as functions of the diameter-to-thickness radio and for variations of the refractive index of the resonator. Predicted values are compared with experimental data.<<ETX>>


Joseph Gillow in his "Bibliographical Dictionary of the English Catholics" gives a notice of Giles Hussey, the Artist, and refers to other members of the family only en passant. Following, no doubt, Hutchins "History of Dorset" and Burke's "Landed Gentry", he gives Elizabeth Hussey's maiden name as Walcot and states that she was the daughter of Charles Walcot of Waloot, Salop. This statement has been repeated many times; but Charles Walcot had no daughter named Elizabeth. An attempt is made here to set out the genealogy of the Marnhull Husseys on the basis of memoranda written in 1740 by a grandson of the George Hussey who purchased Marnhull Manor in 1651. These memoranda appeared in "Notes and Queries for Somerset and Dorset," Vol.xv, 1916–7, pp. 220–224 (cited here as N, & Q.).


Tourism is a highly developed destination in Indonesia, and Indonesian tourism is able to compete with other countries. A lot of tourism is in Indonesia especially in East Java. There is Ngebel lake in Ponorogo district and Sarangan lake in Magetan district. Among the 2 lakes have different visitors from each year. Ngebel Lake has a smaller list of visitors than Sarangan lake. The number of tourists from Ngebel Lake and the different Sarangan Lake makes the background of the researchers to take this research. The number of Ngebel lake tourists is less than Lake Sarangan. From there researchers take several factors based on observations that researchers do to tourists. Tourists view from several aspects or factors to visit these tourist attractions. The factors are Facilities, Ticket Prices and Attractiveness to Decisions Visiting Ngebel Lake attractions. This study aims to provide empirical evidence of the influence of facilities, ticket prices and attraction partially on the decision to visit the Ngebel lake tourism object.The research method used is a quantitative approach. The research population is tourists who visit Ngebel lake attractions. The sampling technique uses a non-probability sampling purposive category. The instrument of data collection is a questionnaire. The data analysis technique uses multiple linear analysis.The results of the study prove that: (1) There is an influence between the Ticket Prices on Decisions Visiting Ngebel lake attractions. (2) There is no influence between Facilities and Attraction on Decisions Visiting Ngebel lake tourism object Keywords: facilities, ticket prices, attractiveness, visiting decisions.


In this, we proposed, to convert solar energy from the solar tree for the generation of Hydrogen, Oxygen, and light. Very small space requires a solar tree than conventional solar panel system. The solar panels on solar tree convert solar radiation into electricity, which is used for decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen is released in the air to breathe and hydrogen is stored as fuel. Light Emitting Diode (LED) lights, driven from the generated electricity are used to radiate light during the night. Solar Tree can be implemented to meet oxygen and Hydrogen fuel requirements and lighting demands of the cities in an eco-friendly manner. The main component of this tracker is Microcontroller 89s51 which is programmed to detect the sunlight with the help Solar panels.


White cover (milky effect), iridescence and mechanical scratches on the glass surface are consequences of an automatic dishwashing process. Controlled dishwashing conditions were used to study the iridescence and milky effect created on the glass product. Glass surface, cutting cross-section and depth profile measurement of an unwashed and washed glass product at two different glass types were investigated. Measured areas were analysed using optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Electron Microprobe Analysis (EDX) and Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA). A presence of foreign components eventually their combinations were detected on the outer side of the washed damaged glass surface. Small concentration changes were found on the inner side ofwashed glasses. Both glass surface and depth profile analyses ofcorroded glass samples showed increasing concentration ofNa, Ba, Ca andAl towards bulk glass. Barium crystal glass containing aluminium was more corrosion resistant.


Expounded the study actuality of spherical motor,presented a new-style spherical motor—magnetic suspension spherical motor.Analyzing its application trait and work principle,and introducing key techniques of its theoretical Study.


All who are interested in the progress of science recoguise that at the present time Seismology receives an attention vastly different from that accorded to it only a few years ago. The old Seismology consisted of but little more than scattered accounts of great convulsions which altered the appearance of vast tracts of country and which were frequently accompanied by appalling destruction. For the most part these accounts were little better than the narratives which, in early times, exciting the imagination of primitive communities, gave rise to myths which have left their mark in literature, art, and religion. Not until the interval between the years 1840 and 1860 by the strenuous labours of many workers, amongst whom Perry and Mallet were conspicuous, was a general knowledge of the distribution of earthquakes in space and time reached. Mallet, in his classical work on the Neapolitan earthquake of 1859, drawn up under the auspices of the Royal Society, showed that from the ruins of a town many facts of scientific importance could be gathered. This work together with that of a few other seismologists, gave the first indications that earthquake phenomena lent themselves to systematic investigation. But little further progress was made until 1880, when as a side issue of Japan's material development along western lines, Seismology began to grow with great rapidity into its present form and became a distinct branch of observational science.


One desirable aspect of a syntactic parser is being meaningful (i.e., contributing to incremental interpretation) during the process of parsing and not only at the end of it. This becomes even more important when dealing with flexible word order languages, where the number of alternatives in parsing may grow dangerously. One such parser is WEDNESDAY 2. It is a lexicon-based parser, relying on the chart mechanism combined with a particular kind of unification, guided by the so-called Principle of the Good Clerk. The paradigm is a multiprocessing one and the experimentation with dynamic syntactic strategies (what heuristics may sensibly guide the process, for instance within a particular sublanguage) is a relevant task here. An interactive integrated environment built around the parser is described. Flexible idiom processing is one of the best features of WEDNESDAY 2. Idioms are treated as decomposable parts of speech and the treatment of idiom recognition does not differ from the "literal" process until a threshold of activation of a flexible pattern is crossed. At that point a new, idiomatic process is added.


A fatty condition of the blood has repeatedly been observed post-mortem in cases of diabetes mellitus. Less frequently, however, has the observation been made during life, and the probability that lipemia is a more common occurrence during the course of a case of diabetes than is generally supposed has led me to report the following case: G. K., a male, aged 31 years, a brakeman by occupation, was admitted to Dr. Osler's service in the Johns Hopkins Hospital, April 10, 1899, complaining of aching pain in the back and legs, and loss of strength. Family History. —Unimportant, with the exception that a sister and maternal uncle died of tuberculosis. No family history of diabetes. Personal History. —The patient had whooping-cough and measles when a child and scarlet fever when 8 years of age. He states that he has had malaria every spring and fall for the past ten years. The


Research has examined who gains authority in knowledge production communities, but has neglected the community members granting authority. We ask: when do community members engage in the authority granting process and why do they support or oppose a candidate? We theorize that community members willingness to engage in the authority granting process depends on their task similarity. We depart from earlier literature by arguing that task similarity is a two-edged sword as a source of support and opposition, which we explain is related to strategic considerations of the voter. Using a unique dataset of all Wikipedia elections from 2003 to 2014, we study when community members vote and whether they vote in favor or against candidates standing for election for administrator positions.


The article describes the characteristics of the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, treatment and prevention of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) in order to deepen the knowledge of practitioners and students about infectious diseases transmitted by ticks.


This study employs regression analysis to explore population and sex differences in the pattern of age-associated bone loss, as reflected by histomorphometric variables that are measures of intracortical and endocortical bone remodeling. A comparison of an African American sample from the Washington Park Cemetery in St. Louis, Missouri, and a European American rib sample composed of cadavers, autopsies, and forensic cases from Missouri reveals the existence of complex age-associated patterns for differences in measures of intracortical remodeling and cortical area. Females from the two samples express similar bone dimensions and dynamics. The African American females appear to lose more bone than their male counterparts, but this difference is absent in the European American sample. When age-associated patterns are considered, it is in the younger cohorts that African Americans exhibit greater relative cortical area than European Americans, but this is reversed in the older ages, when the latter group manifests greater bone mass. The European American males consistently differ in the slopes and intercepts for the variables compared to the other groups, and differences are highly significant with African American females, with the former group maintaining bone mass while the latter exhibit a more rapid bone loss. Achieving larger relative cortical area due to smaller endosteal area, coupled with better bone quality due to lower intracortical porosity early in life, may be a mechanism by which African Americans, especially females, maintain adequate bone mass in older ages, which buffers them from bone loss and related fragility fractures despite higher rates of intracortical remodeling and endosteal expansion later in life. These results suggest that both genetic and environmental factors are responsible for the differences in bone remodeling and bone mass observed between these samples.


Warming or cooling of the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) in-vivo evokes appropriate thermoregulatory responses. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether single neurons (and astrocytes) of primary rat MnPO cell cultures maintain properties, which are consistent with their putative role within the central thermoregulatory structures. Using the fura-2 ratio imaging technique, we therefore measured changes of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) in neurons of rat MnPO primary cultures stimulated by rapid cooling from 37 to 25°C, or warming from 37 to 45°C, or glutamate, the transmitter which transfers thermal information to MnPO neurons. In the first experiment, we tested the responses to external cooling in a group of 212 neurons. Overall, 165 of these neurons were responsive to stimulation with glutamate; just four of them responded to the cold-stimulus with an increase of [Ca2+]i, and only one of these neurons was responsive to stimulation with menthol. In the second experiment, 24 of 327 neurons and 23 of 241 astrocytes responded to external warming with quick and pronounced Ca2+ signals. Another 33 (10%) neurons showed a moderate and slowly developing increase of [Ca2+]i during the warming, which reflected the temperature changes in the chamber. These data correspond to properties of MnPO neurons upon thermal stimulation obtained by other experimental approaches. Primary cultures derived from the rat MnPO can thus be used to investigate neuronal thermosensitive properties and their possible modulation by other stimuli.


In approximating factors influencing decision for coming on the market activity there are some characteristic factor influencing it. The factors are wage (earnings), earnings of non labor income, individual characteristic, social environment characteristic, and household chartered investment counsel values. The variables have an effect on in signifikan to decision of individuals work in market activity. Existence of individual characteristic influencing number of hours working respondent from model equation of the regression, there are some characteristics variables having an effect in signifikan and have an effect not signifikan. At this research known that average of earnings of respondent is bigger than household chartered investment values so that, can be said that by woman working in urban in south Sumatera, work rationally element inexistence perforced. From estimation earnings yield is found empirically factors influencing decision for working, have some enough considerations for women having reasoning of higher educations for taking decision coming on the market activity. The side also, known that existence of trend of friction of decision making which seen from culture working woman, so that, can influence their productivity.


In this work, the mass and linear thicknesses of AlN and CrN coatings deposited onto silicon substrates by magnetron sputtering were measured, respectively, by a combination of the methods of nondestructive radioactivation analysis on proton beams of the U-120M cyclotron and optical micro-interferometry. It is shown that, at linear thicknesses in the range of 2.2-5.7 μm, the coating density is close to the values for bulk materials AlN (3.26 g / cm3) and CrN (5.9 g / cm3), and the stoichiometry of nitrides is controlled by the parameters of magnetron deposition. The technique can also be used to determine the density of wear-resistant coatings from carbides and metal oxides.


The aim of this research is to develop the electronic learning media using 3D Pageflip on subject matter of Classification of living things for the Seventh Grade of Junior High School. Based on observation in several junior high schools in Jambi district, it is found that the subject matter about Classification of living things is difficult to understand and boring due to many organism in world that must be studied and every organism have the specific characters and it usually uses Latin. One of the solution of the problem is to develop the electronic learning media using 3D Pageflip. The 3D Pageflip is the software that is completed with several learning material like: power point, students worksheet, video, animation, pictures, photos. Research and development was designed by using ADDIE's model following five steps namely: Analyze, Design, Develop, Implementation and Evaluation. The qualitative data was obtained from validator suggestions, and the quantitative data was collected through the trial test of the seventh grade students of Junior high school. This media was validated by the experts. The result of the design obtained the score of 70 (93%) with very good category. The result of content obtained the score of 41 (82%) with very good category. The suggestions from validators were used to revise the learning media. The trial test was also carried out to the biology teacher of Junior High School 7 Muaro Jambi and obtained the score of 60%, that is categorized to very good. The students conveyed that the media is appropriate to be used for the seventh grade students, in which obtained the score of 3.92. In conclusion, the electronic learning media in the subject of Classification of living things is very good and appropriate to be used for the seventh grade of Junior High School students.


38 Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 is the key transcription factor involved in adaptation of 39 mammals to hypoxia and plays, e.g., a crucial role in cancer angiogenesis. Recent evidence 40 suggests a leading role of HIF-1 in various inflammatory and infectious diseases. Here, we 41 describe the role of HIF-1 in S. aureus infections by investigating the HIF-1 dependent host cell 42 response. For this purpose, transcriptional profiling of HIF-1α-deficient HepG2 and control cells 43 both infected with Staphylococcus aureus was performed. Four hours upon infection, expression 44 of 190 genes was influenced of which 24 were regulated via HIF-1. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) was one 45 of the upregulated genes with a potential impact on the course of a S. aureus infection. LOX is 46 an amine oxidase required for biosynthetic cross-linking of extracellular matrix components. 47 LOX was upregulated in vitro in different cell cultures infected with S. aureus and also in vivo in 48 kidney abscesses of intravenously S. aureus-infected mice, and in clinical skin samples from 49 patients suffering from S. aureus-infections. Inhibition of LOX by beta-aminopropionitrile 50 (BAPN) did not affect the bacterial load in kidneys or blood but influenced significantly abscess 51 morphology and collagenization. Our data provide evidence for a crucial role of HIF-1 regulated 52 LOX in abscess formation. 53 Beerlage et al.: HIF-1 regulated LOX in S. aureus abscess formation -3-


The invention relates to a position optimal selection method for active vibration control of a helicopter. The position optimal selection method comprises the following steps of: firstly, building a transfer function calculation model by building and revising a helicopter finite element model; secondly, calculating transfer functions of actuators/passive vibration absorbers reaching an evaluation point, optimizing installation positions of the actuators/passive vibration absorbers and the installation numbers of the actuators, and giving out corresponding vibration reduction efficiencies; and finally, screening out the installation position of the optimal actuator/passive vibration absorber and the installation numbers of the actuators by using comprehensive method for combining vibration reduction efficiencies. The method is simple to use and convenient to operate, the optimal installation position is accurate, the optimal process is short in time, and the method is independent to a helicopter frame structure, and is applicable for different helicopter types without any modification.


L-Asparaginase (EC 126.96.36.199) is an amidohydrolase which catalyzes the breakdown of L-asparagine to ammonia and L-aspartic acid. Its broad use in both: food industry and chemotherapy makes it an object of wide research. It can reduce acrylamide formation in the baking of starchy foods and selectively kill tumor cells by depleting asparagine levels in the blood which is essentially required by tumor cells for continuous growth. However, hypersensitivity and toxicity puts a big question mark on L-Asparaginase therapy and raises the need to research for the ideal enzyme which should exhibit lower antigenicity, toxicity and a higher efficacy. Thusall future research should be directed towards lowering or eradicating of the undesirable properties to produce such enzyme for therapy. Some of the promising methods include: Site directed mutagenesis to remove immunogenic epitopes from the enzyme, using Random mutagenesis to increase efficacy of the enzyme or using Poly-L-Asparaginasenano capsules for increased efficacy and delivery with reduced toxicity. Although this subject has been reviewed in the past but an updated review with a comparison with previous studies can serve as fuel and direction for future research. The following review discusses the current research on L-asparaginase, its properties, sources, uses and future implications.


Effective management, particularly the one favouring broadly-understood security 5 and defence, requires the integration of economic processes, including the processes referring 6 to logistics, and the occurrence of a positive synergy effect. Access to an increasing amount 7 of data, as well as the possibility to process them and share them with partners, is becoming 8 a crucial matter in terms of integrating and improving management at every company and 9 organisation. Economic practice refers to two basic tools of e-economy for that purpose: 10 automatic data capture (ADC) and electronic data interchange (EDI), which are compliant with 11 the global system of standards, GS1. 12


In 1966, Chief Justice Earl Warren pronounced Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), an approximately 100 page opinion, revolutionalizing constitutional criminal procedure in the area of police interrogation. For decades, perhaps for a century, the U.S. Supreme Court stood by and watched as blacks and others were coercively interrogated by local police. The U.S. Constitution offered protection, by way of the Fourteenth Amendment due process clause, but it was a mediocre protection indeed. Due process demanded merely voluntariness. That is, suspect statements were admissible if there was no police over-reaching and if the statements were a product of free will. The perceived problem with this test was that it was so fact-specific that judicial review of each and every case was a necessity. The problem is that judicial review by the U.S. Supreme Court, of each and every state criminal case making use of an admission born of police interrogation is nothing short of an impossibility. That is, there were simply too many instances that the U.S. Supreme Court would have liked to have reviewed, but couldn't - by the shear weight of the numbers.


Results: A total of 233 patients were included in the analysis. Common causes of elderly psychiatric referral to our centre include schizophrenia (26.2%), depression (24.9%), dementia (14.2%) and mood disorders (12.0%). Among the commonest mental health illness in the elderly, schizophrenia had the youngest age of referral among the elderly at 50.7 ± 16.12 years old while dementia had the oldest (72.7 ± 10.56 years old). Depression had a significantly younger age of referral as compared to dementia (p<0.001). Additionally, elderly with depression had a significant poor social/family support as compared to those with dementia (p<0.001).


Preface Changes to the Residential Mortgage Market: Legislation, Demographics, & Other Drivers Revisiting Mortgage Loan Disclosures Under the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Ability to Repay, Risk-Retention Standards, & Mortgage Credit Access Analysis of the Tax Exclusion for Canceled Mortgage Debt Income An Economic Analysis of Large-Scale Mortgage Refinancing Proposals: A Brief Overview National Mortgage Servicing Standards: Legislation in the 112th Congress Commercial & Residential Mortgages Index.


PURPOSE: A method and a system for diagnosis and treatment are provided to diagnose and treat tumor using ultrasound. CONSTITUTION: A method for diagnosis and treatment is as follows. A shear wave is induced around an affected part using ultrasound for treatment. Diagnostic ultrasound is irradiated on the affected part. The characteristic change of the tissue of the affected part is obtained using the displacement of the shear wave. The death of the tissue of the affected part is determined based on the characteristic change of the tissue of the affected part. [Reference numerals] (30) Processor


2014-2016 PhD in Behavioral Psychology, University of Kansas (Mentor: Derek D. Reed) Dissertation: "The Effects of Happy Hour Drink Specials in the Alcohol Purchase Task" 2011-2014 MA in Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas Thesis: "High-Resolution Effects of Modified Episodic Future Thinking: Personalized Age-Progressed Pictures Improve Risky Long-Term Health Decisions" 2008-2011 BGS in Applied Behavioral Science and Psychology [dual majors], University of Kansas Senior Thesis: "On the Relation Between Maximizing Tendencies and Various Discounting Modalities"


Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) was described in Bulgaria, in the district of Vratsa in 1956, and for more than 40 years this disease has been the subject of extensive studies. In this review, the author describes geographic and physico-clinical characteristics of the endemic region epidemiology of BEN, etiology, pathomorphology and morphogenesis, clinical picture, and one of the most interesting finding in BEN - the unusually frequent combination of parenchymal renal injury and uroepithelial tumors of the urinary tract. Most frequent are tumors of renal pelvis, followed by tumors of ureter and urinary bladder. All these facts make BEN more mysterious and interesting, and the efforts and means for clarifying its nature and etiology are worthwhile. On the basis of clinical, morphological and up-to-date etiologic studies AN, CHN and BEN are separate chronic tubulointerstitial kidney diseases, frequently associated with urothelial malignancy.


Bullying is an act of using power to hurt a person or group of people verbally, physically, or psychologically so that the victim feels depressed, traumatized, and helpless. Teenagers who are victims of bullying are more at risk of health problems both physically and mentally. Bullying behavior often occurs if someone has a deficiency in him, both physically and mentally. Increasing the understanding of teenagers regarding bullying behavior can reduce cases of bullying, why prevention of bullying is very important from a young age because basically this bullying behavior is very dangerous. The impact of bullying for adolescents is in the form of mental disorders ranging from sensitivity, extreme anger, depression, low self-esteem, anxiety, decreased sleep quality, and feeling afraid to get along in a social environment. Through the bullying prevention counseling method, it is expected to have awareness and expertise in understanding the dangers of bullying behavior. The results of this activity are expected to be able to understand the dangers of bullying in an effort to prevent bullying behavior among teenagers.


In response to an increasingly global and competitive environment, the flexibility to adapt to changing market needs and develop innovative cross‐functional processes is quintessential to success. Emphasizes that, in order to succeed in BPR, the firm must make the organizational structure change from a hierarchical to a flat form, management goals must change from being functional sub‐optimized to global‐optimization, process‐oriented measurement, and employees' work must change from being fragmented to team‐oriented. It is important that the firm combine core business process reengineering and holistic outsourcing and rethink its business from an integrated, systematic "whole" and value chain viewpoint to beat competition with flexibility and innovation.


Abstract In the medium of 0.128 mol/L nitric acid and 0.450 mol/L sulfuric acid, silicon(IV) and ammonium molybdate form molybdosilicate blue blue complex in the presence of ascorbic acid. The maximum absorption wavelength of the complex locates at 810 nm. The apparent molar absorptivity is ϵ810 nm = 3.18 × 104 L · mol−1 · cm−1. Beer's law is followed over the range of 0 ∼ 1.0 µg/mLof silicon(IV). The present method has been successfully applied to the determination of silicon in rice and alloy steel samples.


This work considers the prediction in real time of physicochemical parameters of a sample heated in a uniform electromagnetic field. The thermal conductivity (K)and the combination of density and heat capacity terms (pc) were estimated as a demonstrative example.The sample (with known geometry) was subjected to electromagnetic radiation, generating a uniform and time constant volumetric heat flow within it. Real temperature profile was simulated adding white Gaussian noise to the original data, obtained from the theoretical model. For solving the objective function, simulated annealing and genetic algorithms, along with the traditional Levenberg-Marquardt method were used for comparative purposes. Results show similar findings of all algorithms for three simulation scenarios, as long as the signal to noise ratio sits at least at 30 dB. It means for practical purposes, that the estimation procedure presented here requires both, a good experimental design and an electronic instrumentation correctly specified.If both requirements are satisfied simultaneously, it is possible to estimate these type of parameters on-line, without need for an additional experimental setup.This work considers the prediction in real time of physicochemical parameters of a sample heated in a uniform electromagnetic field. The thermal conductivity and the combination of density and heat capacity terms ( were estimated as a demonstrative example.The sample (with known geometry) was subjected to electromagnetic radiation, generating a uniform and time constant volumetric heat flow within it. Real temperature profile was simulated adding white Gaussian noise to the original data, obtained from the theoretical model. For solving the objective function, simulated annealing and genetic algorithms, along with the traditional Levenberg-Marquardt method were used for comparative purposes. Results show similar findings of all algorithms for three simulation scenarios, as long as the signal to noise ratio sits at least at 30 dB. It means for practical purposes, that the estimation procedure presented here requires both, a good experimental design and an electronic instrumentation correctly specified.If both requirements are satisfied simultaneously, it is possible to estimate these type of parameters on-line, without need for an additional experimental setup.


Ezra Stiles first went to Newport, Rhode Island, as minister of the Second Congregational Church, he soon became acquainted with the local history of the Narragansett Bay area. One of the stories that immediately arrested his attention and continued to engage his interest for the next thirty years was that of Theophilus Whale. This "very singular" old gentleman, obviously of good family and liberally educated, had lived a life of austerity and obscurity in Kingston from about 1680 to about 17 19, respected by his neighbors, all of whom believed firmly that he was one of the judges responsible for the execution of King Charles I of England. Ezra Stiles was the first scholar to investigate the history of Theophilus Whale and the only person to write a complete account of him. During his presidency of Yale College, Stiles published a History of Three of the Judges of King Charles I (Hartford, 1794), setting forth at length the lives of Major General Edward Whalley, Major General William Goffe, and Colonel John Dixwell, with accounts of his own investigations into their activities in New England. As an epilogue to the book (pages 339-57), Stiles added a chapter which he entitled "Memoirs of Theophilus Whale." He had spent a great deal of time searching for material on Whale during the years 1758 to 1760 when he lived at Newport, and again between 1782 and 1785 when he returned from New Haven to visit his old parish and see his many friends in the surrounding towns. His account is of interest not only for the curious story of the strange old man but also for the excellent demonstration it provides of Stiles's remarkable enthusiasm for solving a mystery, his methods of research, his tireless efforts to discover the facts, his unwillingness to be influenced by popular opinions, his acceptance of the impossibility of ever finding answers to all his questions, and his ability to turn his report into an interesting dissertation. The account of Theophilus Whale current in Newport in 1755 was as follows: Whale had suddenly appeared in the Narragansett Bay region, having come from Virginia with his wife and two small


This research work deals with the antidiabetic and antioxidant evaluations of Averrhoa bilimbi L. and understanding its mechanism of action as an antidiabetic agent. A. bilimbi leaves are used in folk medicine for treatment of different diseases including diabetes. The present study investigates the antiradical and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of A. bilimbi leaves. Crude methanol extract and fractions of A. bilimbi leaves were evaluated for DPPH radical scavenging effect and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, and the active constituents were identified by LC-MS-QTOF analysis as well as molecular docking. The n-butanol fraction of A. bilimbi extract displayed significant DPPH radical scavenging effect with IC50 (4.14 ± 0.21μg/mL) (P<0.01) as well as xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity with IC50 (64.84 ± 3.93 μg/mL) (P<0.05). Afzelechin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside and cucumerin A were identified through LC-MS-QTOF and molecular docking as possible metabolites that contribute to the antioxidant activity of the n-butanol fraction. Results of this study provide a chemical lead for the synthesis of new derivatives which might prove to be potential novel therapeutic agents in the treatment of diabetes.


Pwc 170 step test, 15 min run and 12 min run were carried through in 153 students of Grade two in arts and science departments in Shangrao Teachers College. O 2max was calculated respectively by applying indirect calculation. The results showed: (1) The indirect calculation of O 2max value by applying Pwc 170 step test and 15 min run reflected the students' aerobic performance more accurately; (2)The aerobic performance of students in arts department is better than that of students in science department. (3) The O 2max value calculated indirectly by Karepuman formula is more reasonable.


Sigmoid volvulus complicating pregnancy is an extremely rare condition, that need an emergency management. Intestinal obstruction in pregnancy it self is a rare entity but when associated with sigmoid volvulus and history of chronic constipation in late pregnancy need emergency attention.


This chapter explores William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night. Beyond any reasonable doubt, Twelfth Night is pervasively an Epiphany play; it calls for a set positively festooned with holly. Twelfth Night marks the end of a festive season in which there were other occasions alluded to by Shakespeare rather than Twelfth Night. But the correlations with Twelfth Night itself are salient: its customary activities provide plot material, and its emotional tone, as the last of festivity, can be sensed in the melancholy atmosphere of transience. Viewed as a seasonal mélange, the themes of Twelfth Night fall into place and gain coherence. The chapter then looks at the Platonic and Pythagorean content of Twelfth Night. Meanwhile, in Shakespeare's unfolding of true love, narrative motifs are not the only resource; others range from implicit emblem to rhetorical explication. If Twelfth Night presents a philosophy of love, and traces the moderating of various erotic passions, there is nevertheless a focus on one excess in particular: love melancholy.


Introduction Natural polymers or biopolymers, produced by living organisms, are organized as monomeric units covalently bound to form larger structures [1,2]. They in nature play an essential role, performing many fundamental functions like cell energy storage as well as preservation and transmittance of genetic informations. Moreover, they represent an inexpensive biomaterial, easily degraded to chemical compounds that, while release carbon dioxide, resorb it directly on the land by crops, reducing its level in the atmosphere [1,2]. However, the majority of the biomaterial present on the Earth is represented by polysaccharides, such as starch, lignin, chitin and other polymers, the most common of which cellulose, comprises 33% of all the plant components. On the other hand chitin, the second component present in nature after cellulose, is industrially obtained in quantity of 1 billion tons from marine source. This biomaterial, obtainable by agricultural or industrial by-products is considered of great interest to produce, for example, biodegradable plastics.


The performance and reliability of AC adjustable speed drives (ASDs) is continually improving. One of the key reasons for improvement has been the advent, development and use of pulse width modulated (PWM) drives utilizing faster switching devices, primarily insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). As with many other developments, improvements in some areas may cause problems in others. An increased bearing failure rate in motors is one of the negative effects of these types of drives. To mitigate bearing current damage in motors, as well as in loads and other auxiliary equipment attached to the motor shaft, it is important to understand how these currents are generated. In addition to theoretical explanations, actual field cases and solutions are reviewed.


In this article, we investigate the actuator fault detection (AFD) problem for a class of closed-loop systems with nonlinear uncertain dynamics. Two AFD schemes are developed via the deterministic learning method (DLM). In the first scheme, knowledge of the system dynamics and actuator fault dynamics is extracted from state signals by using DLM. The learned knowledge is utilized to construct a bank of estimators. When the residual norm of a fault estimator becomes smaller than that of the nominal estimator, the occurrence of the actuator fault is deduced. In the second scheme, a learning controller is constructed to identify the feedback control dynamics under normal and fault conditions. The knowledge of the feedback control dynamics is utilized to construct a bank of controllers, which are embedded in a bank of estimators. When the residual norm of the estimator embedded with the matched controller becomes smaller than that of the estimator embedded with the nominal controller, the actuator fault can be detected. Finally, the properties of constant neural networks and the persistent excitation condition are exploited to derive the detectability conditions for diagnosis schemes. The attraction of this article is that two knowledge-bank-based AFD schemes are developed, in which the knowledge extracted from state and controller signals will enhance the sensitivity to actuator faults. Simulation results are also included to illustrate the effectiveness of these schemes.


Poly(2‐oxazoline)s have excellent biocompatibility and have been used as FDA‐approved indirect food additives. The inert property of the hydrophilic poly(2‐oxazoline)s suggests them as promising substitutes for poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in various applications such as anti‐biofouling agents. It was recently reported that poly(2‐oxazoline)s themselves have antimicrobial properties as synthetic mimics of host defense peptides. These studies revealed the bioactive properties of poly(2‐oxazoline)s as a new class of functional peptide mimics, by mimicking host defense peptides to display potent and selective antimicrobial activities against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus both in vitro and in vivo, without concerns about antimicrobial resistance. The high structural diversity, facile synthesis, and potent and tunable antimicrobial properties underscore the great potential of poly(2‐oxazoline)s as a class of novel antimicrobial agents in dealing with drug‐resistant microbial infections and antimicrobial resistance.


The binder force in sheet metal forming controls the material flow into the die cavity, and maintaining precise material flow characteristics is crucial for producing a high-quality stamped part. Process control can be used to adjust the binder force based on tracking a reference punch force trajectory to improve part quality and consistency. The purpose of this paper is to present a systematic approach to the design and implementation of a suitable MIMO process controller. The approach includes modeling of the sheet metal forming process, and the design of the process controller based on simulation. Experimental results from a complex-geometry part show that the MIMO process controller, designed through simulation, is effective.


Proposed is a new approach to synthesizing anti-windup compensators for stable uncertain plants subject to input saturation. Built on internal model control (IMC) anti-windup (AW) schemes, which preserve the stability robustness of the unconstrained system, a linear anti-windup compensation improves the performance. A novel structural analysis of the anti-windup system clearly reveals the impacts of the compensator on the stability robustness and the performance. This transparency allows a trade-off between the robustness and performance through the design of the anti-windup compensator. Several simple and effective methods for designing this AW compensator are suggested for the execution of this idea


Identifying defects in textiles is a key procedure for quality control. This study attempted to create a model that detects defects by analyzing the images of the fabrics. The models used in the study were deep learning-based VGGNet and ResNet, and the defect detection performance of the two models was compared and evaluated. The accuracy of the VGGNet and the ResNet model was 0.859 and 0.893, respectively, which showed the higher accuracy of the ResNet. In addition, the region of attention of the model was derived by using the Grad-CAM algorithm, an eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) technique, to find out the location of the region that the deep learning model recognized as a defect in the fabric image. As a result, it was confirmed that the region recognized by the deep learning model as a defect in the fabric was actually defective even with the naked eyes. The results of this study are expected to reduce the time and cost incurred in the fabric production process by utilizing deep learning-based artificial intelligence in the defect detection of the textile industry.


Transition metal ion promoted sulfated zirconia catalysts are active for the skeletal isomerization of n-butane even at room temperature [1]. However, the active species in this catalyst is formed only during an induction period after the catalyst is in the feed. Therefore, we are interested in measuring changes in the transition metal promoters during this induction period to try and understand their role in the catalyst [2]. Initial attempts to measure the Mn K-edge of a 2 wt% Mn promoted sulfated zirconia catalyst during its use for the isomerization of n-butane were not successful. The catalyst was not active for this reaction when it was mixed with BN and pressed into a pellet. We were thus prompted to construct an in situ cell which could be used to measure fluorescence mode X-ray absorption spectra of a powder catalyst while operating in a fixed bed reactor. The design parameters for the cell were the ability to heat the sample to 723 K (necessary to activate the catalyst), a catalyst capacity of 0.5 to 1 gram, reactant gas flows of 80 ml/min, simultaneous measurement of a reference foil, a minimal beam path in the reactant gases, and accurate control of the temperature of the catalyst in the measured volume at a reaction temperature of 333 K.


Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of pre-operative chemoradiotherapy with oral capecitabine in patients with locally advanced, resectable rectal cancer.
 Patients and methods: Thirty six patients, 23 males and 13 females with a median age of 53 years (range, 19-68 years), with potentially resectable T3N0 (17%), T3N1 (64%) and T4N0-1 (19%) rectal cancer, were treated with capecitabine (825 mg/m2, twice daily for 5 days/week) with concomitant radiotherapy (45 Gy/25 fractions) for 5 weeks. Approximately 6 weeks after completion of the chemoradiation, patients underwent resection according to the principles of total mesorectal excision followed by adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of oxaliplatin based regimen. The primary end points were to determine the clinical and pathological response, safety profile, preservation of the sphincter mechanism and rate of peri-operative complications.
 Results: Down staging rate was 67% (22/33) on CT, MRI and/or endorectal ultrasonography, and 61% (20/33) on pathology findings. Pathological complete response rate was 21% (7/33). Two patients had grade 3/4 toxicity, which consisted of diarrhea (6%). Grade 1/2 toxicity was frequent, but always reversible. Sphincter-preserving surgery was possible in twenty-five patients (76%). Peri-operative complications were seen in 9 (27%) patients and included mechanical ileus (6%), delayed wound healing (12%), wound infection (3%), anastomotic leakage (3%) and pelvic collection (3%).
 Conclusions: Pre-operative chemoradiotherapy with oral capecitabine in locally advanced, resectable rectal cancer achieves significant rates of tumor downstaging and sphincter preservation with a favorable safety profile.


The goal of the project is to work through its partners the Ministry of Health (MOH) and International Relief and Development (IRD) to reduce maternal and child morbidity and mortality in the project districts over October 1 2001 and September 31 2006. The major objectives are: sustained changes in care-giving and health seeking behavior; improved quality of health services; increased number of community health initiatives; improved support of primary health care (PHC) by the District Health Authority (DHA); and increased health programming capacity within Mercy Corp itself. (excerpt)


We have developed a method for controlled generation and in situ observation of nanoscopic metal clusters (Cu) on solid substrates: high-energy electron irradiation of weakly bonded salts (CuCl2). Employing the primary electron beam of a scanning electron microscope as a metal-generating probe, we can initiate, observe, and control the nucleation and further evolution of Cu clusters on a substrate covered with a layer of solid CuCl2. Agglomerates of metal clusters with lateral dimensions below 10 nm can be "written" by this method, e.g., to carry out diffusion experiments. Using this method, we have found strong evidence for the existence of a growth mechanism of metal particles that has not been described before in the literature: incorporation of metal atoms at the metal–substrate interface.


This study aims to determine the effect of current ratio, debt to equity ratio, and
return on assets on stock prices in the Agriculture Sector listed on the Indonesia
Stock Exchange period 2012-2016. Sample selection in this study using purposive
sampling method and got 6 companies that fit the criteria of a total of 21 companies.
The method used in this research is panel data regression analysis and it is found
that the more appropriate model used is random effect. From result of research got
value of adjusted R-square equal to 39,99%. This means that 39.99% of stock price
variables can be explained by the variables CR, DER, and ROA. While the remaining
60.01% is explained by other factors outside the study. Partially, the results of this
study indicate that debt to equity variable has a negative and significant effect on
stock price in agriculture sector, while variable of current ratio and return on assets
have positive and insignificant effect to stock price in agriculture sector.
Keywords: Stock Price, Current Ratio, Debt to Equity, Return on Assets.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh current ratio, debt to equity ratio, dan return on assets terhadap harga saham pada sektor Pertanian yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2012-2016. Pemilihan sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode purposive sampling dan didapatkan 6 perusahaan yang sesuai dengan kriteria dari total 21 perusahaan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis regresi data panel dan didapatkan bahwa model yang lebih tepat digunakan adalah random effect. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan nilai adjusted R-square sebesar 39,99%. Artinya 39,99% variabel harga saham dapat dijelaskan oleh variabel CR, DER, dan ROA. Sedangkan sisanya 60,01% dijelaskan oleh faktor lain diluar penelitian. Secara parsial, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel debt to equity berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap harga saham pada sektor pertanian, sedangkan variabel current ratio dan return on assets berpengaruh positif dan tidak signifikan terhadap harga saham pada sektor pertanian.
Kata kunci: Harga Saham, Current Ratio, Debt to Equity, Return on Assets.


The starting points of the paper are the classic Lototsky–Bernstein operators. We present an integral Durrmeyer-type extension and investigate some approximation properties of this new class. The evaluation of the convergence speed is performed both with moduli of smoothness and with K-functionals of the Peetre-type. In a distinct section we indicate a generalization of these operators that is useful in approximating vector functions with real values defined on the hypercube [0,1]q, q>1. The study involves achieving a parallelism between different classes of linear and positive operators, which will highlight a symmetry between these approximation processes.


In his book of interviews with Aimé Césaire, the filmmaker Patrice Louis designates him as "un nègre fondamental." It is a term that is entirely appropriate, calling attention as it does to the pre-eminent status of Aime Césaire as one of the founding figures of black expression in modern times. It sums up at once our perception of Césaire as the living embodiment of the historic passion of the black race, and the immense scope of the inspiration that has presided at the elaboration and evolution of all his work, both poetic and discursive. More specifically, it points us to the seismic impact and enduring significance of the great poem Cahier d'un retour au pays natal, which, in the nearly seventy years of its original composition, remains the master text of the resurgence of will and consciousness on the part of the black race in the twentieth century, a phenomenon that we now associate with Negritude, as concept and movement, of which the First Congress of Negro Writers and Artists was a high point—the very congress whose fiftieth anniversary we're celebrating today. And it is not without significance that we owe the word "negritude" itself to none other than Aimé Césaire. One might expand upon the term by which Patrice Louis sought to capture the historic role of Aimé Césaire, by remarking on the way in which his life and career as a writer have been so closely bound up with the black experience that it has become quite impossible to dissociate the two. We hardly need to emphasize that this experience, in its full historical perspective, has been central to Césaire's expression. In a personal response that was nothing short of visceral, reaching to the very recesses of his being, Aimé Césaire lent the extraordinary energy of his poetry to voicing the existential predicament of the black race. It is important


According to the UN classification of 11 classes of soil cover, the first three are grass, trees and shrubs and forests. In the city they correspond to the three elements of vegetation: lawns, tree plantings (trees) and shrubs. We have adopted zoning for city-building to identify statistical regularities. Map dimensions in GIS "Map 2011" Yoshkar-Ola was allocated to "residential zone" and "Area of construction of multi-storey residential buildings (cadastral 58 quart crystals)". The parameters of the elements of the vegetation cover have been considered: the number of elements of different levels, area and perimeter, the absolute and relative form, and activity of vegetation. As the result, we have obtained equations of binomial rank distributions, conducted the ratings and selected the best of cadastral quarter on environmental conditions.


This study examined principals' administrative effectiveness in the implementation of quality assurance standards in public secondary schools in Edo and Delta States. To guide the study, three hypotheses were raised. The study adopted the descriptive research design. The population of the study comprised all the principals and teachers in the public secondary schools in Edo and Delta States, Nigeria. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 240 principals and 720 teachers from the schools. Data was collected using 'Administrative Effectiveness and Implementation of Quality Assurance Standards Questionnaire (AEIQASQ)' to find out principals' level of administrative effectiveness in the implementation of quality assurance standards using the Normative mean of 62.5 which was established from the instrument as the benchmark for effectiveness. The findings revealed that principals' administrative effectiveness was high in the public secondary schools in Edo and Delta States. There was also a significant relationship between administrative effectiveness and implementation of quality assurance standards in the States based on principals' gender and experience. It was therefore recommended that since principals in public schools are effective, Government should provide them with adequate funds and all necessary support to ensure that quality assurance standards are fully implemented in the schools. Also, experience and gender should be considered in appointing principals among other criteria as experienced female principals were found to be more effective.


Corticosteroids are effective in the acute improvement of symptoms in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) but are not recommended as maintenance therapy due to lack of long-term efficacy and significant adverse effects. Long term goals for medical management in IBD include achieving steroid-free remission. Biologics such as the anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha Infliximab (IFX) are used to achieve clinical remission, however patterns of continued steroid use among patients on maintenance IFX have not been fully studied. The aim of this study is to evaluate patterns of concomitant steroid use in individuals with IBD on maintenance IFX.

 We performed a retrospective cohort study using the national Veteran's Health Administration dataset. Patients with IBD were identified using a previously validated algorithm of ICD9/10 codes and confirmed by manual chart review. Dispensed medications and demographic data were obtained from VA Corporate Data Warehouse. Patients were eligible for inclusion if they had a confirmed diagnosis of IBD and on maintenance IFX. Maintenance IFX- index date was defined as the first dose of IFX in 2017 with receipt of IFX 7 to 9 weeks before and after IFX-index date. The study period for steroid use was six months prior to and following the IFX-index date. Continued steroid use was defined as two or more filled prescription of oral steroids during the study period.

 There were 642 individuals included who met the criteria outlined above. The majority (594, 92.5%) were male. The racial breakdown was as follows: 516 (80.3%) White, 85 (13.3%) Black, 18 (2.8%) other races, and 23 (3.6%) with unknown race. A total of 402 individuals (62.6%) had ulcerative colitis, 240 individuals (37.4%) had Crohn's disease. The average age at the IFX-index date was 46.8 (±15.8) years. The average time from initial date of IFX exposure to the Maintenance IFX-index date was 3.6 years. During the study period, 198 (30.9%) patients filled at least one prescription for steroids. 145 of the 198 (73.2%) individuals prescribed had continued steroid use with two or more filled steroid prescriptions, with an average of 3.9 filled prescriptions of steroids during the study period.

 While IFX has been shown to be effective in the induction and maintenance of remission in IBD, we observe high rates of continued steroid use in a national cohort of patients with IBD on maintenance IFX. Continued steroid use in patients on IFX maintenance implies inadequate IBD control despite IFX. Further study is required to understand reasons for continued steroid use in order to improve rates of steroid-free remission in IBD.


Interoperability between Clouds is a desire of the last half decade to fulfill the dream of apparently unlimited capacity of the interconnected e-infrastructures as well as the elimination of the vendor lock-in. In this paper we try to point towards the missing pieces by identifying the requirements and the degree of their coverage by the existing solutions. Moreover, a particular case, of application interoperability, is studied using a concrete and recent deployable and open-source platform as a service.


Protopanaxadiol was prepared by hydrolysis of leaf saponins of Panax notoginseng(Burk.)F.H.Chen with 2 mol/L of sodium hydroxide solution on boiling water bath for 8 h,extraction with ethyl acetate and separation with silica gel chromatography.Its epimer 20(R)protopanaxadiol was obtained by treating leaf saponins with conc.hydrochloric acid at room temperature for 7 h,and then stirring with saturated solution of sodium carbonate for 24 h,followed by extraction with ethyl acetate and separation with silica gel chromatography.Their structures were characterized by spectroscopic analysis and comparison with the literature.


The chapter describes the research publications on altmetrics research during 2012-2019. A total of 461 publications were brought out on this area over period of study. 25.81% of the publications were published in the year 2018. It is analyzed that information science and library science areas hold the majority 293 (63.55%) of the publications, and the University of Wolverhampton has contributed the highest number (40; 8.67%) of the publications in the field of altmetrics. The study found that lowest relative growth rate (RGR; 0.04) was found in 2008. 2010, 2012, and 2014 RGR rose up to 0.75 in 1990, and the average mean value of relative growth rate (RGR) is 0.15. The highest number of publications (293; 63.55%) accumulated from information science library science. This area has been ranked first among 25 research fields listed in the study.


90 male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into six groups.The mice in three experimental groups and model control group were given 80mg/(kg·d)cyclophosphamide via intraperitoneal injection for 3 days.Three Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides(CMP)groups were respectively administrated 17.5,35 and 70mg/kg body weight CMP via gavage.The healthy control group and the model control group were given physiological saline,and the positive control group was orally administered 70mg/kg CMP,lasting for 18 days.24 hafter the last administration,3 mice of each group were detected macrophage phagocytic index by carbon clearance test;3 mice were measured lymphocyte proliferation by MTT method;the remaining mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation after weighing,acquisition of visceral and weighing.The results showed that 3 groups of CMP in a dose-dependent manner increased spleen index,thymus index,spleen lymphocyte proliferation and macrophage phagocytic index,and the phagocytic activity of high dose group returned to normal level.The results indicated that CMP could reverse the immune organ atrophy induced by cyclophosphamide in immunosuppressed mice,and enhance the cellular immunity and macrophage function.


Guidelines for ethical research can inform the creation of standards for ethical international health partnerships. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.


This information is current as of August 16, 2007 Subject Collections Ł€Surgical Procedures (698 articles) Ł€Hip (526 articles) Ł€Adult Hip (455 articles) Ł€Adult Disease (1292 articles) € Articles on similar topics can be found in the following collections Reprints and Permissions Permissions] link. article, or locate the article citation on jbjs.org and click on the [Reprints andClick here to order reprints or request permission to use material from thisPublisher Information www.jbjs.org 20 Pickering Street, Needham, MA 02492-3157The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery


The application of laser light containing several wavelengths can be advantageous in the determination of aerosol''s particles sizes with the method of light scattering because the accuracy of such measurements can be improved. The knowledge of size and concentration of aerosol particles present in the atmosphere is of great importance in many industrial technologies and also in basic researches. There are many methods of measurements of these parameters each characterized with certain advantages and disadvantages when considered from the point of view of the sampling process duration of the measurements measurements'' range and precision. It seems that one of the best methods of finding aerosol''s concentration and size distribution is based on the analysis of scattered light 2 The essence of this method is the measurement of power of light scattered into a definite sol id angle (Fig. 1 ). Lasers are most frequent ly used as 1 ight sources i 1 luminat ing aerosol '' s part ides3 . High intensity of 1 ight and the concentration in small volumes inherent in laser beams make it possible to extend the range of measurable sizes and concentrations of aerosol particles. direction of aerosol''s flow to . . laser beam 0 - :io e 0 . . . . . . scattered''*i light Fig. 1. The illustration of the principle of operation of the apparatus for the determination of particles'' sizes


The invention relates to injectable insulin formulations long action for the treatment of type I and II diabetes in humans and most animal.L'objectif of the invention is to provide an injectable formulation of long insulin Action in the form of a colloidal suspension that is stable, which has good local tolerance and toxicity compatible with the chronic treatment of diabetic and maintains a significant hypoglycemic effect extending over at least 24 hours after a single administration, for example by subcutaneously. To achieve this objective, the invention relates to a colloidal formulation aqueous and stable nanoparticles of at least one poly (Leu-block-Glu), loaded with insulin, wherein the pH is between 5.8 and 7 , 0, osmolarity O (in mOsmol): ≤ 270 W ≤ 800 and the viscosity v (in mPa.s) is low, namely v ≤ 40. the nanoparticles of poly (Leu-block-Glu) have a diameter average hydrodynamic as Dh 15 Dh ≤ ≤ 40, an anti-diabetic drug based on this formulation of long-acting injectable insulin on needles gauge 29G, 30G or 31 G.


Answering an informal question of K. Park, we show that by fixing some irrational alpha to have a particular standard continued fraction expansion, we may force the associated discrepancy sequences for all x in [0,1), which track the difference between the number of values in the orbit of x under rotation by alpha (modulo one) less than one half versus the number larger than one half, to have maximal values which grow at a prescribed rate.


The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Net Profit, Operating Cash Flow and Sales Growth on Dividend Policy in manufacturing companies. The population in this study were all manufacturing company engaged in the Manufacturing Industry in Indonesia Stock Exchange and using the 2011 -2013 financial statements of 142 companies. The sample in this study were all manufacturing companies that meet the criteria numbering as many as 26 companies. The analytical method used in this study was multiple regression analysis. Based on the analysis of data, it can be concluded that: 1) there is no significant influence of Net Profit on Dividend Policy; 2) there is a significant influence of Operating Cash Flow on Dividend Policy; and 3) there is a significant influence of Sales Growth on Dividend Policy. In addition, this study also showed that the influence of variables Net Profit, Operating Cash Flow, and Sales Growth can be explained the model of this equation is 31.4% and the remaining 68.6% is influenced by other factors that are not included in the regression equation. Keywords: Net Profit, Operating Cash Flow, Sales Growth influential and Dividend Policy


Objective To observe the expression of parathyroid hormone (PTH) gene and protein in vitro and evaluate the effect of gene therapy for hypoparathyroidsm (HPT).Methods (1) Recombinant plasmid pcDPG was transformed into 293 cells by Lipofectamine2000TM once and multi-times,and fluorescent inverted microscope was used to observe the GFP expression.(2)PTH cDNA and protein expression at 24,48,72 and 96 h was assayed by real-time quantitative RT-PCR technique and Western Blot.(3) HPT rats' models were developed and plasmid pcDPG was injected into muscles once and multi-times.Serum calcium and PTH were assayed.Results Twenty-four h after transfection GFP expression could be detected and reached peaks at 72 h,then declined at 96 h,while GFP expression rate got to more than 90%.In real-time quantitative RT-PCR,cDNA copies were 5×103,highest (8×104 at 72 h) and decreased at 96 h,while copies were much higher after multi transfections (P 0.01).PTH protein expression could be detected by Western Blot at 48 h,highest at 72 h after multi-transfections,which made the signs of HPT disappear.Serum calcium and PTH levels were lower (P 0.05),returned to normal levels 48 h after treatment at the plasmid pcDPG doses of 300μg/kg and 500μg/kg.Conclusion Recombinant PTH gene could treat HPT model with a satisfactory therapeutic effect.


Currently it has become a market trend to outsource the contact center service to the 3rd party, a professional contact center service company. MPC(Marketing Pioneer Corporation, Ltd.) has introduced the contact center service business in Korean market around 20 years before, and keeps the leading position in the industry. This study focuses on MPC`s contact center service business using the windows of the Service-Profit Chain model developed by Heskett et al.(1994, 1997). Through this research, we could find that MPC`s strategies and business processes were quite in line with the S-PC model, and could get many important stories and ideas from MPC. In addition, we have traced the KSFs(Key Success Factors) for the contact center service business to be ``People``, ``System`` and ``Process``. As customer really wants to get a solution on his/her problem from contact center, the importance of professional service capability of service agent will grow continuously. As the contact center service company has to satisfy two customers, the end-users and the client company, a mutual understanding on KPI between contact center service company and client company is quite important. Finally, we emphasize the importance of non-financial performance in addition to financial performance for the sustainable growth of the business. We shares important messages found from this case study and propose some suggestions for MPC.


This paper proposes a Closed-loop Supply Chain game-theoretic model that mimics the DellReconnect Supply Chain. Within this framework, we characterise a game between an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) and a social collector, who work together to recover electronics. The market comprises three segments: consumers purchasing only new goods, consumers purchasing only used goods, and indifferent consumers. The social collector decides whether the returns will be used to serve the used-market segment or the indifferent market segment first, thereby establishing the market structure and deciding whether to opt for competition or coopetition. We find that, whereas the social collector is indifferent when it comes to a choice between coopetition and competition, the OEM strictly prefers coopetition.


Background: Cancer patients choose to understand at home. Families have an important role in the care of clients specifically at home. Readiness is needed in order to provide optimal care and will be able to improve the quality of life of patients. This literature review aims to see how families are prepared to care for patients with cancer at home. Method: Writing this journal literature uses study literature originating from the database, namely EBSCO, PROQUEST, PubMed, and Google Scholar using the keywords Family Preparedness, Family Caregiver, Symptom Management, Palliative Care, family quality of life, Care Parenting. Using inclusion criteria that contain literature sources taken from 2009 to 2019, inclusion criteria, using English, conformity of approval keywords, linkages between the results of literature research and the discussion raised.Results: There are 4 themes found in this literature review, namely family care in patient care, instruments in measuring family readiness, self-affection for families who care for patients at home, and psycho-education in increasing family readiness to care for patients at home. Conclusion: Family readiness to treat patients at home needs to be considered. Nurses play an important role in providing education to the family in providing patient care at home so that the patient's welfare is fulfilled.


Dear Editor,

Spigelian hernia can be described as a protrusion of a peritoneal sac, organ, or preperitoneal fat through a congenital or acquired defect in the Spigelian fascia, which is the part transeversus abdominis aponeurosis that lies between the semilunar (Spigelian) line and the lateral edge of the rectus muscle, often above the inferior epigastric vessels, at the level of the arcuate line where the fascia is widest and weakest.[1] Some authors have suggested that perforating vessels can weaken the fascia, permitting the entrance of a lipoma and leading to hernia formation.[2] Because of their small neck size, approximately one third of Spigelian hernias in adults appear incarcerated during surgery.

Spigelian hernia is in itself very rare and is difficult to diagnose clinically. It has been estimated that it constitutes 0.12% of abdominal wall hernias.[3] Despite the fact that cases of Spigelian hernia have also been reported in children or even infants, it is a relatively rare hernia that occurs usually in females between 40 and 70 years of age, while the etiologic factors classically associated with this defect are claimed to be obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, prior surgery, and abdominal trauma.[4] Patients with Spigelian hernia usually complain of pain or lump or both at the site of herniation.[5] The pain is sharp and constant or intermittent, or there is a dragging and uncomfortable feeling.[5] It has been estimated that Spigelian hernias are approximately 2% of the abdominal wall hernias that require emergency operation due to incarceration.[6] When strangulation or incarceration of the herniated contents is present, the pain at the hernia site will be severe and constant. A correct preoperative diagnosis is made in only 53 to 75% of patients, and a significant percentage of incarcerated Spigelian hernias are diagnosed during an emergency laparotomy.[4][7] Spangen reported that 24.1% of Spigelian hernias reach the surgeon incarcerated and that the hernial sac contents are usually found to be small bowel, colon, or omentum.[5] This is supported by our patient in whom hernia sac content was omentum. This report emphasizes possibility of a hernia while a surgeon is dealing with an abdominal wall abscess and the surgeon has to be totally sure about the appropriate treatment to prevent devastating complications.

A 60-year old obese female presented to our hospital with history of constant pain and lump in the right lower abdominal wall for the last three days. She also gave history of fever for the last two days. Her bowel habits were normal and did not have any other complaint. On examination, a soft lump of about 4x4x1.5 cm was found on right lower abdomen at the margin of the right semilunar line with inflamed overlying skin (Figure 1 and Figure 2).

Fig. 1

Spigelian hernia as abdominal wall abscess.

Fig. 2

CT scan showing abdominal wall abscess and adjacent bowel walls.

There was no cough impulse and lump would not decrease on lying down position. Bowel sounds were normal. Aspiration of swelling revealed purulent materials. Digital rectal examination was normal and x-ray of abdomen revealed nothing significant. Ultrasound (USG) abdomen showed parietal wall abscess with gut loop adherent to it. Computed tomography (CT) scan was advised which confirmed Spigelian hernia with strangulation or incarceration of the omentum and abscess formation in abdominal wall. The patient was taken up for exploratory laparotomy. On exploration, about 25 ml of pus was drained. The defect was seen in peritoneum and gangrenous omentum was seen herniating (Figure 3).

Fig. 3

Gangrenous omentum.

The strangulated omentum was excised and the defect was closed with herniorrhaphy. Pus culture sent grew Klebsiella sensitive to imipenam. The post-operative course of the patient was uneventful. The patient was followed up for over six months without any local recurrence.


Article history: Received 2 January 2008 Received in revised form 11 June 2008 Accepted 27 June 2008 Available online xxxx


Using several recently available global datasets, this Staff Discussion Note examines macroeconomic effects of financial inclusion. It finds significant benefits to economic growth from financial inclusion, but the benefits diminish as financial inclusion and depth become large. Broadening access to credit can compromise economic and bank stability in countries with weak bank supervision. Other forms of financial inclusion—such as access to and use of bank accounts, branches, and ATMs—do not hurt stability, and can be promoted extensively. The note finds that gaps in financial inclusion are associated with economic inequality, but the association appears relatively weak.