Abstract Background: Renal anemia (RA) is one of the most common complications in patients with end-stage renal disease, and it is also one of the reasons for the decline of quality of life and functional status in patients with end-stage renal disease. Traditional treatment methods often fail to achieve satisfactory therapeutic effects, so it is very necessary to find effective adjuvant treatment methods. Bailing capsule (BLC), a traditional Chinese medicine, which has been widely used in the treatment of RA in maintenance hemodialysis patients, but a systematic review of the efficacy and safety of this drug is currently lacking. Therefore, this study used meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of BLC in the treatment of RA, in order to provide guidance for finding effective auxiliary methods for the treatment of RA in maintenance hemodialysis patients (MHP). Methods: Using the computer to retrieve PubMed, EMbase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP Database, WANFANG Database, SinoMed from 1990 to 2021 and collecting the clinical randomized controlled trial and retrospective cohort study of BLC in the treatment of RA in MHP. Two researchers independently read and screened the literature, followed by evaluating the retrospective cohort studies that met the selection criteria using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) scale. The randomized controlled trial used the Cochrane manual standards to assess the risk of bias, and the RevMan 5.3 software was used to conduct a meta-analysis of the result data. Results: This study will use the method of meta-analysis to evaluate the clinical efficacy and incidence of adverse reactions of BLC in the treatment of RA in MHP through the primary and secondary outcome indicators. Conclusion: The results of this study will help clinicians find safe and effective adjuvant therapy in the treatment of RA in MHP. OSF registration number: DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/732KP (https://osf.io/732kp).


With the advance of modern imaging technologies,many examinations especially mammography have been used for the screening examination of the breast cancer.This article reviewed the character of various imaging technologies for breast.


Bizarre treatments for alcoholics abound, but one of the oddest is that of a Dr Illich from Yugoslavia. He uses, according to the Federation of Alcoholic Rehabilitation Establishments newsletter of April/May 1982, "a combination of Wagnerian music, spartan exercise, psychodrama, and a diet of apples." Dr Illich gets his come-uppance in a new Yugoslav film which exposes him as an "official tyrant" rather than a "liberal reformer."


the Blind fill a large gap in our current procedures to assess the intellectual capabilities of low-vision and blind children. Both forms of the test serve too important a function for the limitations mentioned here not to be remedied as soon as possible. Until such time as the test author can correct and publish revisions, examiners using the Perkins-Binet should find it helpful to follow the recommendations made throughout this discussion and summarized as follows:


Objective: This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalance of rubella antibodies among women of reproductive age and to emphasize the importance of vaccinating this population. Material and methods: Serum specimen of 180 students of College of Nursing Nishtar Hospital Multan was screened with IMMULITE/IMMULITE 1000 Rubella Quantitative IgG assay at MINAR (Multan Institute of Nuclear medicine and Radiotherapy). Results: Out of 180 serum specimens screened 168 (93.33%) were seropositive.9 (5%) were seronegative and 3(1.6%) fell in the intermediate range. All subjects were unmarried, between 16 and 24 years of age and none had a previous history of rubella vaccination. However there was non specific history of fever and rash in 11(6.1%) students. Conclusion: It is evident from this small hospital based study that rubella virus infection is prevalent in our population. However women who reach child bearing age without acquiring natural immunity need to be immunized to prevent repeated pregnancy loss and birth of infants with congenital rubella syndrome. (CRS)


It is frequently necessary in physiological work to control the humidity of an environment in which studies are being made. Alany methods of control have been devised and used. In most cases these controls are of limited application. We have recently devised an effective control which seems to have broad applications and employs simple and relatively inexpensive materials. The device consists essentially of a radio tube whose grid is activated by the opening and closing of the contacts of a humidistat. This tube runs a motor which turns an eccentric. The eccentric compresses and releases the rubber bulb of a Bunsen water pump which delivers water from a reservoir into a glass tube leading into the top of an evaporator. The fan in the evaporator runs continuously but water to maintain humidity is added only when the humidistat calls for it. The mechanism functions very consistentlv and any humidity can be maintained within one per cent.


The existing problems of the science and educational work of higher agricultural colleges to invigorate agriculture under the new circumstance of the readjustment of rural industrial structure and the attendance to WTO of China were analyzed. The reformation and innovation of the working mechanism and service form of the science and educational work to invigorate agriculture was put forward.


We investigate fluid transport in random velocity fields with unsteady drift. First, we propose to quantify fluid transport between flow regimes of different characteristic motion, by escape probability and mean residence time. We then develop numerical algorithms to solve for escape probability and mean residence time, which are described by backward Fokker-Planck type partial differential equations. A few computational issues are also discussed. Finally, we apply these ideas and numerical algorithms to a tidal flow model.


The anti-settlement dehydration process of the phosphate ester fire-resistant oil is analyzed with Lab VIEW which is a kind of graphical programming language. It describes the process of the anti-settlement dehydration of the fire-resistant oil and compiles the simulation program, find the movement feature of the droplet and the operation mechanism of the system in the process of the anti-settlement. It is a foundation for further enhancing the dehydration of the anti-settlement method to fire-resistant oil.


(1) GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Sect. 5.3. Geomicrobiology, Potsdam, Germany, (2) GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Sect. 4.1 Lithosphere Dynamics, Potsdam, Germany, (3) GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Sect. 4.3 Chemistry & Physics of Earth Materials, Potsdam, Germany, (4) Research Center Juelich, Institute of Bio& Geosciences 3: Agrosphere, Juelich, Germany, (5) Institute of Geography, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany, (6) Institute of Paleontology & Geobiology, GeoBio-Center, University of Munich, Munich, Germany


Pain is one the few sensory and emotional experiences experienced by almost all humans. When pain is uncontrolled, prolonged or disabling, people are likely to seek help from healthcare professionals1. Community pharmacies are located in the centre of communities, providing easy access to highly trained healthcare professionals, and medicines, without an appointment. Consequently, many customer interactions within pharmacies may relate to pain, however current information on the utilisation of community pharmacies for pain management and the nature of interactions is limited.

 To gain a greater understanding of how pharmacy customers use community pharmacies to manage pain.

 A questionnaire survey was administered to customers in 14 community pharmacies situated within the East Midlands between 7th and 26th March 2022. Pharmacy customers were approached and invited to take part if they were aged 18 years or above and had capacity. Participants were asked information about their use of community pharmacy in general, and their use of community pharmacy in relation to pain and pain medicines. Responses were recorded electronically using the Qualtrics survey platform. Descriptive statistics were derived using Microsoft Excel. Ethical approval for the study was given by the School of Pharmacy Research Ethics Committee at the University of Nottingham (ref 2017-017er).

 Of the pharmacy customers approached, 2798 consented to taking part in the survey (response rate = 36.2%). Approximately two-thirds of participants were female (68.7%, n=1901), and around half were aged 50 years or older (51.8%, n=1434). The most common reason for visiting the pharmacy was to collect a prescription (42.5%, n=1159), followed by purchasing a non-medicinal product (34.4%, n=937). The third most common reason for visiting the pharmacy was to purchase a medicine (19.8%, n=540). The majority of customers reported purchasing a medicine for pain from the pharmacy counter in the past (84.8%, n=2277), approximately half had used a community pharmacy to get advice about a medicine for pain (55.4%, n=1468), and slightly fewer had used a community pharmacy for advice about a painful condition (41.9%, n=1076). Of those who had sought advice for a painful condition, most customers reported this being for a new painful condition (70.5%, n=759), with a third seeking advice for pain from a long-term problem (32.5%, n=350). Fewer customers had sought advice for long-term pain which had recently become worse (17.8%, n=191).

 A significant proportion of pharmacy customers participating in this survey reported purchasing a pain medicine from the pharmacy counter and/or seeking advice about a pain medicine or a painful condition. These results suggest community pharmacies play an important role in the management of pain and supporting the wider NHS. Whilst survey participation was substantial, the results may not reflect the use of community pharmacy throughout the UK. Further analysis of this survey and future work will help to inform how community pharmacies can develop their role in pain management to improve care and support other parts of the health service.

 1. Thorstensson, C.A., Gooberman-Hill, R., Adamson, J. et al. Help-seeking behaviour among people living with chronic hip or knee pain in the community. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2009;10(1):153.


Futuristic scenarios involving a variety of co-operating uninhabited vehicles have been analysed to identify operational hazards, mitigation strategies and potential consequences, taking into account the effects of an uncertain communications environment. The possibility of role reassignment is discussed with a view to continuing to safely maximise operational effectiveness when resources are depleted. Planned future work includes the development of requirements to be incorporated into a simulation environment.


Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a worldwide problem that cannot be condoned. Prevalance rates of CSA vacillate but strongly imply that the problem is exstensive. In Iceland, the situation is the same. In this study, 93 convicted male child sex offenders, who were convicted between 2001 and 2011, were subjected to a risk assessment using the Static2002R scale. Their sentences were coded accordingly and a total score of risk of recidivism generated. Data from the Icelandic Prison and Probation Administration on the offender's was obtained and examined in relation to their risk assessment score. Results demonstrated that the majority of convicted CSA offenders represent a low risk offender who offend outside of the family. The total number of victims that were victimized by the participants of this study was 139 and the majority of offenders had been prosecuted for offending against a single victim. The seriousness of victimization was coded and most victims had experienced an offence with seriousness level 2, which includes touching within clothing, oral sex and an attempted penetration. Recidivism rates were low, both when regarding general reoffending and child sexual offending. Recidivism rates were positively correlated to a total score of recidivism risk.


A guided-inquiry laboratory pedagogy called Discovery Chemistry, in which students discover chemical concepts in the lab and the instructor uses their pooled data to guide the lecture portion of the course, was developed by this chemistry department. A Discovery Chemistry experiment that reinforces the students' understanding of stoichiometry and allows them to discover neutralization reactions and thermochemistry is described. This experiment examines the neutralization of citric acid, lactic acid, and oxalic acid by sodium hydroxide. The comparison of the three acids facilitates the pooling of data and the ability to include testable hypotheses in pre- and post-laboratory discussions, key components of the Discovery process.


The stochastic equations of the preceding paper are used to study stress, dielectric, mode and conformational relaxation of chains with threefold symmetric rotation barriers. The modes, qk ∝Jbi sinκi where bi is a bond vector, relax independently, insofar as low order time correlation functions are concerned. For stress and dielectric relaxation, most of the theory of mode relaxation in Gaussian chains is directly applicable, with the significant exception that constraints and rotation barriers cause major decreases in relaxation rates from their values for Gaussian chains. This modification suffices to give a large high frequency viscosity limit, which turns out to be a plateau value when a very fast process (of small amplitude in the mode correlations), is incorporated. The rates of passage over barriers show very small effects of chain connectivity, and are well described by Kramers theory. However, the mode relaxation rates show significant dependence on chain length, and approach the conformational r...


The aim of this article is to present some results of investigations on machined surface quality produced by high-speed cutting technologies and conventional turning. Machined surface quality demands significantly affect cost of production and increase the price of a product. Hence, obtaining a good quality of surface while lowering production costs has been metalworkers' preoccupation since beginning their jobs. One possible approach for solving that problem is introducing high-speed machining facilities into production. High-speed machining allows higher productivity, excellent surface finish and good dimensional accuracy in the manufacturing process. Therefore these technologies have considerable advantages over traditional machining technologies. In this article some high-speed machining tests on different materials with different hardness, different machinability index, and by using different experimental approaches have been illustrated. Hard turning and high-speed turn milling, in particular, have been analyzed from the aspect of applicability of these technologies on conventional machines, since these machines still can be found in many manufacturing facilities. Results obtained through these experiments confirmed advantages of high-speed technologies over conventional machining. It has been shown that common production machines, e.g., a universal lathe, in combination with new cutting tools, might be use effectively in some high-speed applications also.


Cognitive Metaphor Theory (CMT), originally formulated by Lakoff and Johnson in 1980, rejects the traditional view of metaphor being a rhetorical phenomenon, and redefines it as a cognitive instrument by which humans perceive, categorize, and conceptualize the world. The cognitive method of metaphor studies offers an innovative research perspective on metaphor translation, which is more a process of reproducing in the target language the mapping relations of the original metaphor than a simple transplantation of the concept on the linguistic level. Metaphor is one of the most common figures of speech in children's literature, but its translation is not as effortless as it might be, for translators have to take into account not only factors such as linguistic, cultural, and social differences, but also children's limited linguistic level and cognitive abilities, which altogether pose a formidable challenge to translators. This paper attempts to construct a cognitive metaphor translation model by exploring the cognitive process that translators go through when dealing with metaphor from the perspective of CMT. The cognitive metaphor translation process is specified as including three steps: metaphor comprehension, metaphor adjustment, and metaphor reconstruction. By analyzing metaphor examples extracted from two Chinese versions of The Wind in the Willows , a masterpiece of Kenneth Grahame in children's literature of Britain, this article summarizes metaphor translation techniques in children's literature.


The unsteady hydrodynamic forces on a moving body and resulting free-surface deformations are of considerable importance in many engineering applications and theoretical interest. The interaction of a free surface wave motion with moving bodies has been principally the subject of experimental investigations 1;2 . Computations of nonlinear viscous free surface problems including cylindrical bodies are relatively few 3;4 . A literature survey reveals that there are no computational studies considering the problem of unsteady, laminar, two dimensional flow of a viscous incompressible fluid past a circular cylinder subject to streamwise oscillations in the presence of a free surface. The same problem is considered in the present study. The key to the numerical method used in this paper is the use of a single set of governing equations, in their special integral form, for the whole flow domain. The governing equations are the integral form of the well known fractional area/volume obstacle representation (FAVOR) equations with both a moving solid body and a free surface. The differential form of the FAVOR equations are originally introduced by Hirt and Sicilian 5 for an incompressible, inviscid fluid case when the solid body occupies a fraction of the computational domain. The method of solution is based on the fixed Cartesian grid finite volume method. A second-order accurate central-difference scheme is used to discretize the governing equations in space in conjunction with the first-order explicit forward Euler scheme to advance these equations in time. The cell merging procedure is utilized which allows to develop a spatial discretization scheme that preserves the global second-order accuracy. This done by merging the velocity cells cut by a fluid-body interface with the appropriate neighbour fluid cells to form the trapezoidal cells near the cylinder. A combination of a B-spline and polynomial interpolations is then used to evaluate convective and diffusive fluxes near the cylinder surface. The preliminary numerical experiments conducted in the present study shows that when the body moves through the fixed staggered grid (i.e., when the inertial frame of reference is considered) the pressure cell which belongs to the body at the time step t = t n may become a fluid cell at the next time step, t = t n+1 , and the continuity equation will be discretized there. Since at the time step t = t n the velocities in the pressure cell do not satisfy the mass balance exactly, the pressure field has to do extra work to restore the mass balance in the pressure cell at the time step t = t n+1 . This extra work seems to reflect as a spike in


Ethyl 5-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate was synthesized by one-pot reaction method, and was used further for the synthesis of nine 5-phenyl-1H-3-pyrazole hydrazones, which were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and 1H NMR. Furthermore, a trinuclear copper complex was obtained in the monoclinic space group of C2/c with cell dimensions of a=2.576 7(3) nm, b=1.194 42(15) nm, c=14.126 5(17) nm, β=98.993(2)°, V=4.294 1(9) nm3, Z=4, Dc=1.629 g/cm3 and R1=0.035 5 by the reaction of Cu(AcO)2 and 5-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid which was obtained by hydrolysis of ethyl 5-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate, and as a result the molecular structure of pyrazole was confirmed.


This work is devoted to the development of a theoretical approach for the calculation of entropy in metals under plastic deformation. The thermodynamic analysis of the plastic deformation process allowed us to obtain the expression for determination of the entropy production. The value of the entropy production in an Armco iron specimen under plastic deformation as calculated the basis of the proposed technique and infrared thermography data. This method also lets us define the inelastic strain caused by the initiation and growth of the defects which was used as the internal variable in the considered thermomechanical model from the experimental data. In order to verify the obtained results a theoretical analysis of the modeled situation was carried out.


Among the most interesting recent discoveries is an Egyptian collection of proverbs very similar to a portion of the biblical Book of Proverbs. This article discusses the relationship of this Egyptian document to the Proverbs of the Bible.


The plate tectonic processes, or "plate," model for the genesis of melting anomalies ("hotspots") attributes them to shallow-sourced phenomena related to plate tectonics. It postulates that volcanism occurs where the lithosphere is in extension, and that the volume of melt produced is related primarily to the fertility of the source material tapped. This model is supported in general by the observation that most present-day "hotspots" erupt either on or near spreading ridges or in continental rift zones and intraplate regions observed or predicted to be extending. Ocean island basalt-like geochemistry is evidence for source fertility at productive melting anomalies. Plate tectonics involves a rich diversity of processes, and as a result, the plate model is in harmony with many characteristics of the global melting-anomaly constellation that have tended to be underemphasized. The melting anomalies that have been classified as "hotspots" and "hotspot tracks" exhibit extreme variability. This variability suggests that a "one size fits all" model to explain them, such as the classical plume model, is inappropriate, and that local context is important. Associated vertical motion may comprise pre-, peri-, or post-emplacement uplift or subsidence. The total volume erupted ranges from trivial in the case of minor seamount chains to ~108 km3 for the proposed composite Ontong Java–Manihiki–Hikurangi plateau. Time progressions along chains may be extremely regular or absent. Several avenues of testing of the hypothesis are being explored and are stimulating an unprecedented and healthy degree of critical debate regarding the results. Determining seismologically the physical conditions beneath melting anomalies is challenging because of problems of resolution and interpretation of velocity anomalies in terms of medium properties. Petrological approaches to determining source temperature and composition are controversial and still under development. Modeling the heat budget in large igneous provinces requires knowledge of the volume and time scale of emplacement, which is often poorly known. Although ocean island basalt–type geochemistry is generally agreed to be derived from recycled near-surface materials, the specifics are still disputed. Examples are discussed from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, which show much commonality. Each ocean hosts a single, currently forming, major tholeiitic province (Iceland and Hawaii). Both of these comprise large igneous provinces that are forming late in the sequences of associated volcanism rather than at their beginnings. Each ocean contains several melting anomalies on or near spreading ridges, both timeand non-timeprogressive linear volcanic chains of various lengths, and regions of scattered volcanism several hundred kilometers broad. Many continental large igneous provinces lie on the edges of continents and clearly formed in association with continental breakup. Other volcanism is associated with extension in rift valleys, back-arc regions, or above sites 1 *E-mails: email@example.com, email@example.com. Foulger, G.R., 2007, The "plate" model for the genesis of melting anomalies, in Foulger, G.R., and Jurdy, D.M., eds., Plates, plumes, and planetary processes: Geological Society of America Special Paper 430, p. 1–28, doi: 10.1130/2007.2430(01). For permission to copy, contact firstname.lastname@example.com. ©2007 The Geological Society of America. All rights reserved.


nating fun. Yet, regardless of whether the hospitality unit is a hotel, restaurant, club, or motel, the main idea is to have sales income exceed expenses. This desirable excess of income over expenses can be kept at the maximum by instituting certain control procedures and then by constantly checking these procedures through reports, spot checks, and regular physical counts of wine inventory at the end of each account-


Advanced solidification processes like welding, soldering, and brazing are often characterized by their specific solidification conditions. But they also may include different types of melting processes which themselves are strongly influenced by the initial microstructures and compositions of the applied materials and therefore are decisive for the final quality and mechanical properties of the joint. Such melting processes are often not well- understood because - compared to other fields of solidification science - relatively little research has been done on melting by now. Also, regarding microstructure simulation, melting has been strongly neglected in the past, although this process is substantially different from solidification due to the reversed diffusivities of the involved phases. In this paper we present phase-field simulations showing melting, solidification and precipitation of intermetallic phases during diffusion brazing of directionally solidified and heat-treated high-alloyed Ni- based gas turbine blade material using different boron containing braze alloys. Contrary to the common belief, melting of the base material is not always planar and can be further accompanied by detached nucleation and growth of a second liquid phase inside the base material leading to polycrystalline morphologies of the joint after solidification. These findings are consistent with results from brazed laboratory samples, which were characterized by EDX and optical microscopy, and can be explained in terms of specific alloy thermodynamics and inter-diffusion kinetics. Consequences of the gained new understanding for brazing of high- alloyed materials are discussed.


Evidence mounts that flu vaccine in pregnancy is safe, but congenital anomalies need to be better defined and slight increases in maternal outcomes explained.


The study explored factors that mediate the choice of psychology as a major subject by undergraduate students. Participants were a convenience sample of 368 students from two higher education institutions in Southern Africa (males =186, females =182, mean age = 22.35 years, SD=2.84 years). Data were collected using a survey that investigated social agents that are considered important in students' career choices. The data were analysed to explore differences by family and peer influences. The findings suggest that the students in the sample regarded social influences important in their choice of psychology as a major subject.


Russia is one of the dominant countries in its region. Russia's domination began since the dissolution of Soviet Union, which during that time Russia claimed to be the successor of Soviet Union. Because of this, Russia still believes that it owns and has a right to intervene with former Soviet Republics. Russia's intervention during Euromaidan is an interesting topic to research because it was the cause of why Ukraine's bill on joining European Union was stalled. Russia's worst nightmare is the independent Ukraine that become a part of European Union and NATO, and excel at economy, technology and military, replacing Russia as regional leader.


The global incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection is now very low. Despite the vaccination drive worldwide, the emergence of new omicron variants and their infection have been reported in a few countries. It is now required to identify potential risks associated with the COVID-19 disease aftermath's 3rd disease wave. During pandemic stages, the healthcare system bears a significant burden in identifying early risk and providing early management to reduce infection.

In this investigation, an attempt has been made to assess the laboratory risk of SARS-CoV-2 contamination. The samples were collected from the various blocks of the testing centre, including the surface, floor, diagnostic instruments, solutions, and tap water, and then RNA was isolated and in-vitro diagnostic RT-qPCR was performed. A total of 316 samples were collected and analysed for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Our findings confirmed that only four samples (1.77%) had ORF-1ab and E gene signals, which indicated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The CT values for the E gene were 34.52 [IQR: 32.37-36.36] and 35.02 [IQR:34.25-35.76] for the ORF1-ab gene, respectively.

All four were taken from the surfaces, indicating that other parts were contamination-free. Very few positive contaminations demonstrated that laboratory sterilising processes are fully functional and effective.

This study eventually provided more information about the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA traces in the environment aftermath of 3rd disease wave of COVID-19, including diagnostic laboratories.


A noise theory for the two-tier matrix amplifier is developed that permits the computation of the amplifier's noise figure as a function of the active device and circuit parameters. The computed results based on the noise parameters of a GaAs MESFET with gate dimensions 0.25 mu m*200 mu m are discussed. In addition, a comparative study is done on the performance data from a 2*4 matrix amplifier and its equivalent two-stage distributed amplifier. Finally, the noise characteristics of two 2*4 matrix amplifiers incorporating GaAs MESFETs processed on either ion-implanted or VPE (vapor-phase epitaxial) substrate material are compared with those measured on actual amplifiers. >


Purpose: Previous analysis of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scale in patients with chronic heart disease have given little consideration to scores during the acute phase of cardiac rehabilitation (CR). Our objective was to determine whether discharge FIM score at acute phase (phase I) CR can predict subsequent patient discharge to their home (as opposed to another destination at discharge); the FIM cutoff score that best predicted discharge home was calculated.

Methods: This study included 1015 patients enrolled during a 24-month period from January 2010 through December 2011. Criteria for participating in CR included acute myocardial infarction, cardiovascular surgery, and others. The measurement items were FIM score at starting of CR and at discharge, length of stay (LS), and CR discharge outcome (discharge to home or other). Furthermore, data on age, sex, and presence of heart failure at admission were also obtained. In a multiple logistic-regression analysis, home discharge was set as a dependent variable. All other data were adopted as independent variables. The FIM cutoff score for discharge home was determined using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated using the ROC curve. This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of our institution. Participants provided informed consent in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Results: Home discharge was possible for 760 people (74.9%); the remaining 255 (25.1%) had other destinations at discharge. After regression analysis, FIM at discharge, LS, and presence of heart failure were extracted as prediction factors (Table). The capability of the regression model to correctly predict discharge home was 88.0%. ROC curve analysis determined the FIM cutoff point to be 100.5 points at discharge, with an AUC of 0.918.

View this table:

Prediction Factors for Home Discharge

Conclusion: Discharge FIM score at phase I CR may be the strongest predictor of a patient subsequently being discharged home (rather than to another destination); the FIM cutoff score was 101 points.


Abstract This paper uses the cross-sectional absolute deviation (CSAD) in static and time-varying versions to examine herding in the cryptocurrency market from April 2013 to November 2019. Results from the static model confirm the evidence of an anti-herding behavior over the considered period. However, the time-varying analysis suggests the presence of herding behavior around the end of 2013 and persists until the end of the sample period. Furthermore, by examining the factors relating to market microstructure and general economic conditions that can drive herding, we find that the level of herding in the cryptocurrency market rises as volatility, the S&P500, and the dollar index increase. However, the rise in the trading volume, gold price, and the economic policy uncertainty index (EPU) reduce the herding in the cryptocurrency market.


A cumulative examination of 4,070 schoolchildren aged 7 to 14 years was conducted in Kazan. Symptoms of digestive tract lesions were found in 340 children. In addition to these patients 290 children with a history of gastroenterological risk factors were identified. Parents had gastroenterological diseases in 40% of those examined, 63% had chronic foci of infection, and 36.9% had acute gastrointestinal and parasitic diseases.


ABSTRACT The paper presents a generalized method for improving security of information systems based on protection of the systems from reconnaissance by adversaries. Attacks carried out by exploiting almost all vulnerabilities require particular information about the architecture and operating algorithms of an information system. Obstructions to obtain that information also complicates carrying out attacks. Reconnaissance-protection methods can be utilized for establishing such systems (continuous change of attack surface). Practical implementation of the techniques demonstrated their high efficiency in reducing the risk of information resources to be cracked or compromised.


Mobile edge computing (MEC) can use wireless access network (RAN) to provide users with nearby information technology (IT) services and cloud computing functions, which creates a high-performance and low latency service environment. By caching the popular content at small base station (SBS) can reduce the heavy backhaul load and the content retransmission. However, the time-varying and dynamic of the content requests may lead to the base station to cache the useless contents. In this paper, we study a distributed caching optimization problem in edge networks (ENs) with the spatio-temporal requirements. In the considered ENs, the cache control is described as a stochastic differential game (SDG) in which each SBS defines a caching strategy to reduce the total cost in terms of the service delay and backhaul link load. To reduce the computational complexity, the original optimization problem is transformed into a mean field game (MFG). We propose a distributed caching iterative control algorithm that decouples the information interaction between the general SBS and others through the mean field distribution. In addition, we obtain the optimal edge caching control strategy, while the existence and uniqueness of the mean field equilibrium (MFE) can also be guaranteed. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed caching control algorithm can average reduce 27.12% storage cost and achieve better performance than other existing schemes.


A computer spectrum-stripping method is proposed to strip the interference spectrum from the original complex spectra using a home-built photodiode-array ICPspectrometer.The principle of the method and the stripping procedures are fully discussed.Several examples are presented to illustrate the feasibility of the method in eliminating variours kinds of spectral interferences.Two reference samples were analysed.The results aresatisfactory.


Dr Guillermo Perry of Colombia's Foundation for Higher Education and Development (FEDESARROLLO) and Dr John Whalley of UWO's Centre for the Study of International Economic Relations (CSIER) are coordinating the cooperative project with researchers in Argentina, Colombia, Ivory Coast, Mexico, the Philippines, and South Korea. The main goal of the project, funded by IDRC, is to help improve fiscal reform by combining quantitative analysis of the economic effects of fiscal reform with an institutional analysis of the political and administrative problems faced by tax reformers. Dr Perry is organizing and monitoring the institutional analysis. Part of the research looks at fiscal reforms introduced or imposed on many developing nations as a result of the debt crisis. One such reform is the emergence of value-added taxes (VATs) in nearly 70 countries. Fifteen years ago only a handful of countries imposed VATs.


Background: "Targeted" epidural blood patches (EBP)" successfully treat "focal dural tears (DT)" diagnosed on thin-cut MR or Myelo-CT studies. These DT are largely attributed to; epidural steroid injections (ESI), lumbar punctures (LP), spinal anesthesia (SA), or spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SICH). Here we asked whether "targeted EBP" could similarly treat MR/Myelo-CT documented recurrent post-surgical CSF leaks/DT that have classically been effectively managed with direct surgical repair. Methods: Utilizing ultrasound, fluoroscopy, or O-arm guidance, "targeted EBP" effectively manage "focal DT" attributed to ESI, LP, SA, or SICH. Here we reviewed the literature to determine whether similar "targeted EBP" could effectively manage recurrent postoperative CSF leaks/DT. Results: We were only able to identify 3 studies involving just 20 patients that attempted to utilize EBP to control postoperative CSF fistulas/DT. EBP controlled CSF fistulas/DT in 6 patients in the first study, and 9 of 10 patients (i.e. 90%: 2/2 cervical; 7/8 lumbar) in the second study. However, in the third study, 3 (60%) of 5 EBP failed to avert recurrent CSF leaks/DT in 4 patients (i.e. 1 cervical patient (2 EBP failed attempts), 3 lumbar patients (1 failed EBP)). Conclusion: Early direct surgical repair of recurrent postoperative spinal CSF leaks/DT remains the treatment of choice. Our literature review revealed 3 underpowered studies including just 20 patients where 20% of EBP failed to control recurrent postoperative fistulas (range of failure from 0-60% per study). Although there are likely other studies we failed to identify in this review, they too are likely insufficiently powered to document significant efficacy for performing EBP over direct surgical repair for recurrent postoperative CSF leaks/DT.


has had 3 fits at yearly intervals, in each case accompanied by fever. In this third attack she had been unconscious for 4 hours. Lumbar puncture by one of us (D.P.) revealed a clear fluid under pressure, which gave a marked reaction to Rothera's test, showing much acetone to be present. The cerebro-spinal fluid was in other respects perfectly normal.


The innovation management literature describes a competitive advantage when applying Design Thinking (DT) in corporate environments. In this paper we study the perceived challenges, enablers, and benefits for implementing DT in publicly funded transdisciplinary industry-academia research and innovation consortia (RIC). We facilitate and investigate five large RIC from the food and high-tech industry in Norway and Germany using an explorative qualitative action research design. Our research shows that the challenges of using DT in RIC are to some extent comparable to those for the corporate context. Additionally, we identify distinct challenges for RIC. Benefits from using DT in RIC are stronger user and innovation focus, better transdisciplinary collaboration, and triangulation of qualitative with scientific data. We suggest that complex RIC benefit from an intermediary (DT) role translating business needs into research questions, and research results into understandable and business-relevant information and innovation.


Damping ditch is an important measure to reduce the blasting vibration effect. Based on the numerical simulation, peak particle velocities (PPVs) are compared between two cases with a damping ditch and without damping ditch; the attenuation law of PPV is analyzed for different distances between blasting points and damping ditches. Damping effects are compared and analyzed for different depths or different widths of damping ditch and different relative depths between the damping ditch and the blasting hole. The result indicates: the more close to damping ditch excavation face is, the better the damping effect is; on the side of protection zone, near the damping ditch, there is a zone that its vibration velocity is little because of the shield effect of damping ditch; damping effect increases with increase of depth of the damping ditch, but the width of the damping ditch does not quite change the damping effect correctly.


Background: Gastric cancer is the 2nd leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide as most of the patients present very late during the course of the disease due to non-specific symptoms.Aims: To study the gastric neoplasms with reference to the age and sex occurrence, endoscopic presentation and histomorphology.Settings and Design: Descriptive studyMethods and Material: The present study included biopsies of patients with suspected gastric malignancy at Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, from January 2003 to January 2011. Brief clinical data were collected. Sections studied were diagnosed as per W.H.O classification and The Revised Vienna Classification of Gastrointestinal Neoplasia and the presence of any associated lesions noted.Results: The study included 163 gastric biopsies of which 157 were neoplastic. There was a male predominance with a peak in the 5th to 7th decade. The commonest site of origin was antrum & prepylorus (59.87%) and commonest endoscopic presentation observed was ulcerative growth (62.42%). Of the 157 neoplasms, 153 (97.45%) were adenocarcinomas. The other 4 cases comprised of 2 cases of gastric carcinoid, one case each of gastric lymphoma and GIST. The associated findings noted were H. pylori infection (22.87% adenocarcinomas), chronic atrophic gastritis (23.52% adenocarcinomas), intestinal metaplasia (9.15% adenocarcinomas), fungal infection and a hyperplastic polyp. Of the 163 biopsies, majority were grouped under categories 4 and 5 (61.34% and 29.44% respectively) of The Revised Vienna classification.Conclusions: Endoscopy with assisted biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis of gastric cancer. A team approach towards treatment involving the pathologist and clinicians becomes crucial.


Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop and empirically examine a model of cloud-based human resource information systems (HRIS) adoption by small businesses based on the technology organization environment model (Tornatzky & Fleischer, 1990). Methodology/approach This study utilized a survey of 41 smallto medium-sized enterprises in the northeastern United States to examine what HR functions were being supported by cloud-based HRIS and the relationship between three technology factors, three organizational factors, and


Cases of fractured mobile unicompartmental knee bearings have recently been reported;, the purpose of this study was to understand the mechanics behind these fractures and to examine the influence of different design modifications.. A parametric finite element model was used to examine the influence of different geometrical factors on the stresses within the bearing. Crack initiation occurred clinically in the centre of the bearing; , this correlated with the position of the maximum von Mises stress. Tensile stresses, thought to propagate the fatigue crack, were maximal at the medial-lateral sides of the bearing, and the tensile vectors were normal to the fracture direction observed clinically. Fully congruent femoral articulation on the bearing, use of a thicker bearing size, and minimising wear of the component; all reduced the risk of fracture. For example, an unworn 6.5 mm thick bearing (no clinical fractures reported) had 21.6% lower medial-lateral tensile stress compared to an unworn 3.5 mm bearing (5 clinical fractures reported). In turn, an unworn 3.5 mm bearing had 34.3% lower tensile stress compared to a 3.5 mm bearing after 1.9 mm wear (average linear wear reported for clinically fractured bearings). The fracture risk was also reduced when the radio-opaque marker wire was positioned further from the centre of the bearing, and when marker balls were used instead of marker wires (19% reduction in some regions). These results indicate the importance of minimisinggood surgical technique to minimise component wear; the data also supports the current component design which uses posterior marker balls instead of marker wires, and the continuing use of a congruous femoral component.


The anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) hinders the development of hydrogen production by electrolysis of water due to its slow reaction kinetics. Ni in the high-valent state has shown promising...


Abstract: 'Kilis yaglik' is the most common variety cultivated in the South-east region of Turkey and represents around 52% of the growing area. During the last few years new cultivars have been introduced in South regions being mostly the cultivar "Gemlik" without evaluating their behaviours in this environment. Unfortunately, it is now understood that this cultivar with good plantation characteristics did not adapt well to the environmental conditions of South Turkey. This has led to an increase in the need of research on traditional autochthonous cultivars. 'Kilis yaglik' although shows alternate; has a high yield of fruits. The aim of this work is was to study changes in virgin olive oil composition of 'Kilis yaglik' variety according to origin of plantation. Olives from this variety were collected in four characteristic and representative olive growing locations in South-east of Turkey. The analytical parameters studied were fatty acid composition, total phenolics, chlorophylls and carotenoids, free acidity, peroxide value, colour indexes and some individual phenolic compounds. The contents of some of the individual phenolics (tyrosol, hydroxyl tyrosol, oleuropein, 4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid, 3-4 hydroxy benzoic acid, taxifolin, verbascoside, vanillic acid, luteolin, apigenin and rutin) were determined with a qualitative and quantitative analysis performed by HPLC-DAD.


Females carry on to be feebly represented in sport as participants, coaches, advisers and as team administrators and are seldom seen in the capacity as managers of different sporting codes. This systematic review sets out to determine the factors affecting the participation of women in sport. After review available article and abstract on the subject; several factors were identified as influential determinants of whether girls decide to participate or not to participate in sport. The following factors were identified: financial benefits; family support; career opportunities; stereotypes about female sport participation; physiological nature of females; self-esteem; ability; motivation; competitions; need for recognition; coaching preferences and how well females get the recognition over their male counterparts; lack of motivation; pressure and the competitive nature of the world of sport. Educational Institutions should maintain the spirit of sport participation and by so doing generate sport participation by women as a lifelong skill.


In our model, the latest EUV data on the chromosphere-corona transition region havebeen used. We have assumed that the plasma conditions above an active region are varyingcontinuously from the centre of the region to the adjacent quiet region. We have taken thethree physical parameters of the plasma (electron temperature and density, and magneticfield) to be functions of both the height above the photosphere and the distance from thecentral axis of the active region. According to the combined mechanism including both the gyroresonance radiation and thebremsstrahlung, using a dipole magnetic field and above-mentioned model of the electrontemperature and density, we have calculated the radio radiation of the slowly varying compo-nent (SVC) and emphatically studied the radiative characteristics of the SVC radiation (suchas the spectra of flux density, polarization degree, and brightness temperaturc, and thebrightness distribution) and the geometrical features of the SVC radiation source (such asheight and radius), and their variations with the magnetic field. Some very interesting resultshave been obtained and they are considerably in agreement with the observations.


The general theory of a third-order generalized photoconductivity in glass is developed using a density matrix approach in the generalized master equation approximation. The theory is applied to third-order photogalvanic effect in glass in connection with photoinduced second-harmonic generation in silica.

[Russian Text Ignored].


The content of Mg and Ca in black embryo grains exceeds that in healthy grains in susceptibility varieties. The content of K, Mg and Ca in black embryo grains is lower than that in healthy grains in middle or higher susceptibility varieties. The content of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in black embryo grains exceeds that in healthy grains, and some of them are lower than that in healthy grains. In black embryo grains, the content of protein increases, the content of starch and total content of amino acid reduces, which are caused by black embryo disease of wheat.


A approach presented in this paper allows for the conceptual modelling of workflow processes using primitive constructs such as nodes, rules and business documents. It also presents a graphical notation for modelling workflows as well as a mapping of the workflow constructs to XML models that follows the Workflow Management Association interoperability standards. This allows the modelled workflow to be interpreted and executed by a variety of workflow engines.


### Key Points

> It is exceedingly difficult to explain many statistical concepts in terms that are both technically accurate and easily understood by those with only a cursory knowledge of the topic.

This wise note appears at the opening of a valuable book on reporting statistics (4). In this


One aspect of the invention relates to a homogenization process of the height of a plurality of son (2) from said plurality of son (2) standing on one surface of a substrate (1), the method comprising first step of depositing a first film (3) on the side of the substrate (1) comprising the plurality of son (2), said first film (3) embedding the plurality of son (2) at a first height (h1) ; a second step of depositing a second film (4) on the first film (3), said second film (4) embedding at least a portion of the plurality of son (2) to a second height (h2); a step of removing the second film (4), the portion of the son of the plurality of son (2) embedded in the second film (4) being withdrawn together with said second film (5), a mechanical stress between the first film (3) and the second film (4) being exerted during the removing step. A second aspect of the invention relates to a device having a plurality of son (2) obtained using a method according to a first aspect of the invention.


This thesis includes one essay about the information production of institutional investors and two essays about the monitoring role of institutional investors. The first essay empirically examines the association between investor base and information production in the context of stock splits. Using the proportion of 13F filers as the proxy for the size of investor base, we show that three proxies for stock price informativeness, adjusted probability of information-based trading (AdjPIN), price non-synchronicity and probability of information-based trading (PIN), decrease significantly due to enlarged investor base after stock splits. It suggests that institutional investors are less incentivized to gather firm specific information when firm's investor base expands, which is consistent with the "risk sharing hypothesis", proposed by Peress (2010). Furthermore, we find that the change of the price informativeness around splits is negatively related to the magnitude of positive return drifts following splits. This result is consistent with the notion that less information incorporated in stock prices results in a sluggish response by the market to corporate event. The second essay empirically identifies an external corporate governance mechanism through which the institutional trading improves firm value and disciplines managers from conducting value-destroying behaviors. We propose a reward-punishment intensity (RPI) measure based on institutional investors' absolute position changes, and find it is positively associated with firm's subsequent Tobin's Q. Importantly, we find that firms with higher RPI exhibit less subsequent empire building and earnings management. It suggests that the improved firm values can be attributed to the discipline effect of institutional trading on managers, which is in line with the argument of "Governance Through Trading'. Furthermore, we find that the exogenous liquidity shock of decimalization augments the governance effect of institutional trading. We also find that the discipline effect is more pronounced for firms with lower institutional ownership concentration, higher stock liquidity, and higher managers' wealth-performance sensitivity, which further supports the notion that institutional trading could exert discipline on a manager. The third essay focuses on a particular type of institutional investor, short sellers, and explores the discipline effect of short selling on managerial empire building. Employing short-selling data from 2002-2012, we find a significantly negative association between the lending supply in the short-selling market and the subsequent abnormal capital investment. Besides, we find a positively significant association between the lending supply and the mergers and acquisitions announcement returns of acquiring firms. These results suggest that the short-selling potential could deter managers from conducting over-investment and value-destroying acquisitions. In addition, the discipline effect is stronger for firms with higher managers' wealth-performance-sensitivity, for firms with lower financial constraints, and for stock-financed acquisition deals. Finally, firms with higher lending supply also have higher Tobin's Q in the subsequent year. These results indicate that short-selling is another important external governance force.


The sheath which occurs in front of a plane metallic surface immersed in an electronegative plasma is analysed taking into account the positive ion collisions and thermal motion. Collisions do not affect the equations of the sheath but have a significant influence on the initial conditions, which are obtained from the plasma solution. The combined influence of collisions and positive ion thermal motion on the sheath, the sheath thickness, the positive ion saturation current and the floating potential is analysed.


A meta-analysis of 62 experimental and 10 non-experimental studies was conducted to evaluate the positive-mood-enhances-creativity generalization. While the results demonstrate that positive mood enhances creativity, the strength of that effect is contingent upon the comparative or referent mood state (i.e., neutral or negative mood) as well as the type of creative task. Further, the pattern of effect sizes supports a curvilinear relationship between affective intensity and creative performance. In general, a contextual perspective of mood–creativity relations is supported. 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. A large body of theoretical and empirical work testifies to the keen interest in how affective states influence work-related cognition and behavior (Forgas & George, 2001). One domain that has received considerable attention is the relationship between affect and creativity. The current emphasis that many firms place on enhancing creativity, a key to organizational effectiveness and competitive advantage (Amabile, 1996; Woodman, Sawyer, & Griffin, 1993), is a strong impetus for creativity research. Further, there is general agreement that tasks of creative thinking are mood sensitive. Unfortunately, whether positive or negative moods facilitate or inhibit creativity is an ongoing debate in the literature. On the one hand, a number of studies support the view that positive mood facilitates creativity across a range of tasks (e.g., Forgas, 2000; Hirt, 1999; *Isen, Daubman, & Nowicki, 1987) leading some researchers to conclude that ''pleasant moods promote original thinking" (Lyubomirsky, King, & Diener, 2005). On the other hand, findings that contradict the positive mood—enhanced creativity perspective have been reported. In fact, some studies demonstrate that positive moods can inhibit creativity and negative moods can facilitate it (George & Zhou, 2002; Kaufmann & Vosburg, 2002). Consequently, Kaufmann, 2003 contends that a positive-mood-promotes-creativity generalization is premature; rather, researchers should adopt a contingency view that incorporates contextual characteristics and conditions likely to moderate mood–creativity relationships. To shed some light on this debate, this paper presents a meta-analytic review of mood–creativity research. Given the conflicting perspectives on the relationship, a primary objective of the research is to provide evidence for the direction and magnitude of mood effects on creativity, and investigate moderator variables with the potential for altering those effects. The criteria for including or excluding studies for any meta-analysis necessitate a coherent definition of the focal constructs. In fact, varying theoretical and empirical definitions employed in mood–creativity studies may explain some of the inconsistent results in this literature. Accordingly, the paper begins with an overview of creativity. Next, concepts and definitions of mood are addressed. Lastly, theory and hypotheses linking mood and creativity are presented. Conceptualizations of creativity When discussing creativity, it is useful to distinguish creative outcomes from creative processes. Amabile (1983, 1996) and others define creative performance in terms of the creative outcome: ''Creativity means a person's capacity to produce new or original ideas, insights, restructuring, inventions, or artistic objects, which are accepted by experts as being of scientific, aesthetic, social, or technological value (Vernon, 1989, p. 94)." This definition describes creativity in terms of results, which are judged on the dual standards of (1) novelty or uniqueness and (2) usefulness or value. Although standards for recognizing creative outcomes are essential, an obvious question remains ''what processes bring about creative outcomes?" Runco and Chand (1995) posit a two-tiered componential model of creative thinking that may be useful for understanding these processes. The 0749-5978/$ see front matter 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2008.04.001 q I thank Philip Bobko and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful and constructive comments; and William McDowell and Zhen Li for assistance in data


Waste is commonly regarded simply as a useless byproduct. But as the global population increases, we need to utilize resources ever more efficiently while finding alternative means for fulfilling p ...


Based on semi-structured interviews with high school teachers in Edmonton, Alberta, the reported study examined teachers' attitudes towards their roles and responsibilities in marketing their school, and the perceived impact of educational markets upon teachers' well-being. The teachers define marketing negatively and narrowly, resist any involvement of teachers in marketing their schools, and feel that working in a market-like environment leads to high levels of stress and uncertainty in their work. Yet many of them provided evidence of their contribution to prospective students' recruitment by promoting their subject matter in the open house. Theoretical and practical implications are suggested.


HEALTH has been described in what appear to be universally acceptable terms as &dquo; a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.&dquo; However inadequate this attempt at definition may be, however much it may require elucidation or expansion, at least it recognizes and draws attention to different aspects of health, grants them an equivalence in value, and implies their inter-relationship in the unity of health. The need to raise the health standards of individals and communities in our society is obvious. It is seen not only in the incidence of serious yet preventable ill-health, but also in the indifferent health endured by many; it is evident in the consequent and material losses borne by society and, above all, in the existence of unnecessary physical and mental pain and suffering in our midst. The raising of health standards is the aim of health education, the sum of all the efforts made to this end. Health education is the responsibility of many individuals and institutions, but among those with special responsibilities are parents, teachers, and public health workers. Unfortunately, however, the health education of children by their parents is frequently casual and indifferent, of pupils by their teachers generally limited in scope and results, and that of the public by health authorities less effective than it might be, not through any lack of desire to promote it, but because of limited acquaintance with and practice in the application of appropriate methods. We are not concerned here with the health education of children and young people by parents or teachers, but with that of the general public by health authorities. Our present purpose, then, is to consider the use of more promising methods to supplement


Mathematicals problem solving ability is one of the goals that must be achieved by students in learning mathematics. However, the reality  was that the mathematical problem solving ability of class XI IPA SMAN 1 Sutera students is still low, as can be seen from the results of daily assessments of students who have not been able to solve mathematical problems correctly in accordance with the indicators of mathematical problem solving ability. Effort that can be made to overcome these problems are by applying the Problem Based Learning model. This type of research is a pre-experimental research with One Shot Case Study design. The purpose of this study was to describe the development of mathematical problem solving abilities of students in class XI IPA SMAN 1 Sutera after applying in the prolem based learning model. The population of this study were students of class XI IPA SMAN 1 Sutera with the research sample being students of class XI IPA 3. The research instrument used was a mathematical problem solving ability test in the form of essay questions. Based on the results of data analysis, the average mathematical problem solving ability of students is 71,41. The percentage results of each indicator on the test questions are in the capable category. Thus, it can be concluded that in general the development of student's mathematical problem solving abilities during the application of the problem based learning model has increased. Keywords — Mathematical Problem Solving Ability, Pre-Experiment, Problem Based Learning


This paper specifies the coupling parameters for multioscillator arrays (2" in number) such that nondegenerate symmetric and antisymmetric states may be sequentially accessed by electronic control of the coupling parameters. A requirement of this coupling configuration is that, when mutually locked, the oscillator amplitudes are identical to one another. Thus, when the oscillator signals are combined with a series of magic-T's, the output power is the sum of the oscillator powers in the array minus some small loss in the coupling circuit for the symmetric state and zero for the antisymmetric state. Switching from one state to the other is accomplished by control of the feedback phase delay between oscillators. Ideal oscillator cases are analyzed for two, four, and higher numbers of oscillators by induction. By this electronic-mode control of mutually locked oscillators, we have been able to generate pulse-time modulation (PTM) signals which are useful for communication systems. We describe some results of an X-band PTM signal generator.


Music plays a key role in our lives. It is a way in which our feelings and emotions can be expressed. It brings positivity to our lives and helps in connecting to our inner selves. It acts as fuel to our minds and thus fuels our creativity. It has the power to command our attention, inspire and unite us. Music is all around us and all we have to do is just listen to it, like in the chirping of birds, the sound of waves and raindrops, and also the rustling leaves in the wind. Some people listen to music to escape from the pain they are going through or some listen to it so that they can be at their serenity. Because of tough competition and struggles in life, many young adults are suffering from various health issues and mental health problems such as anxiety, stress, etc. The purpose of the study is to analyze the effect of music in men and women ranging from 20 to 30 years in age. The study was conducted on a total of 140 participants i .e., 70 male and 70 female. Standardized scales were used to study the effect of music in young men and women. The results found out that males are higher than females in cognitive regulation. We can further expand our horizons for research by studying the effect of different genres of music on people.


Asymptotic properties of multidimensional nonparametric regression, synthesis of which is grounded on estimations of a probability density of Rosenblatt-Parzen, are explored. Their quantitative dependence on flavor of kernel function and features of initial statistical data is determined.


In a field study, three age groups (1935, 1945 and 1955) in a German city will be tested by questionnaires and a half standardized interview. The hypotheses relate in a descriptive way to the rates of prevalence and incidence of the psychogenic diseases of the ICD numbers 300–307. In the follow‐up study after three years, the prognosis will be compared with the actual state of health of the proband. Various rating scales will be used for the measurement of complex variables (e.g. social integration). A general characterization of the ratings will be given. Then the intuitive rating will be compared with the rating on the basis of a concept.


The paper describes a highway safety analysis system, designed for the Haifa Municipality in Israel, which is Arc\Info-based (GIS). As the result of a successful 3 year test using accident data, the software package was adopted for use for the management, analysis and improvement of highway safety. It should be able to identify and solve those traffic event problems relating to streets, street segments, neighborhoods and intersections. This labor saving package will allow for more in-depth investigations and complex analyses.


Abstract. The Po Valley (Italy) is a well-known air quality hotspot characterized by
particulate matter (PM) levels well above the limit set by the European Air
Quality Directive and by the World Health Organization, especially during
the colder season. In the framework of Emilia-Romagna regional project
"Supersito", the southern Po Valley submicron aerosol chemical composition
was characterized by means of high-resolution aerosol mass spectroscopy
(HR-AMS) with the specific aim of organic aerosol (OA) characterization and
source apportionment. Eight intensive observation periods (IOPs) were
carried out over 4 years (from 2011 to 2014) at two different sites
(Bologna, BO, urban background, and San Pietro Capofiume, SPC, rural
background), to characterize the spatial variability and seasonality of the
OA sources, with a special focus on the cold season. On the multi-year basis of the study, the AMS observations show that OA
accounts for averages of 45±8  % (ranging from 33 % to 58 %) and 46±7  % (ranging from 36 % to 50 %) of the total non-refractory submicron particle
mass (PM 1 -NR) at the urban and rural sites, respectively. Primary
organic aerosol (POA) comprises biomass burning ( 23±13  % of OA) and fossil fuel ( 12±7  %) contributions with a marked seasonality in concentration. As expected, the biomass burning contribution to POA is more
significant at the rural site (urban / rural concentration ratio of 0.67),
but it is also an important source of POA at the urban site during the cold
season, with contributions ranging from 14 % to 38 % of the total OA mass. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) contributes to OA mass to a much larger
extent than POA at both sites throughout the year ( 69±16  % and
 83±16  % at the urban and rural sites, respectively), with important
implications for public health. Within the secondary fraction of OA, the
measurements highlight the importance of biomass burning aging products
during the cold season, even at the urban background site. This biomass
burning SOA fraction represents 14 %–44 % of the total OA mass in the cold
season, indicating that in this region a major contribution of combustion
sources to PM mass is mediated by environmental conditions and atmospheric
reactivity. Among the environmental factors controlling the formation of SOA in the Po
Valley, the availability of liquid water in the aerosol was shown to play a
key role in the cold season. We estimate that the organic fraction originating
from aqueous reactions of biomass burning products ("bb-aqSOA") represents
21 % (14 %–28 %) and 25 % (14 %–35 %) of the total OA mass and 44 %
(32 %–56 %) and 61 % (21 %–100 %) of the SOA mass at the urban and rural
sites, respectively.


This work addresses the "As‐Built" modeling problem in ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE), in which one is given measurements of a mechanical part before and after use. The condition of the "as‐built" part (prior to use) is known, so that after the part has been used, it can be tested for damage. This enables a two‐step model‐based approach: (1) Given input‐output measurements (A‐Scans), estimate a dynamic prediction‐error model of the "as‐built" measurement(s) using system identification algorithms. The model is validated by testing the innovations (residuals) for statistical whiteness and then stored for future use. (2) Later, when testing the part for damage, the error between the measurement and the output of the stored model is tested against a short‐term whiteness confidence interval test statistic. If the part passes the test, this implies that the model remains valid and the part is declared undamaged. If the part fails the test, this indicates a model mismatch, which means that the part's...


When the plaintiffs in a products liability or mass tort case seek monetary damages for their injuries, the claim is within the scope of the defendant's comprehensive general liability coverage for "bodily injury" and "property damage." If the plaintiffs instead seek injunctive relief requiring the defendant to implement, for instance, medical monitoring, consumer education programs, the removal of a product from the market, a recall or modification of products already sold, or remediation of contaminated real or personal property, the defendant's insurer may deny coverage, reasoning that the relief requested does not constitute a claim for bodily injury or property damage, but rather is purely preventative in nature or relates to harms that have not yet occurred. In Northern Insurance Co. of New York v. Baltimore Business Communications, Inc., No. 02-1358, 2003 WL 21404703 (4th Cir. June 19, 2003), the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit rejected such arguments and ordered an insurer to pay defense costs for a case in which the plaintiffs alleged they were exposed to dangerous levels of radiation emitted by cell phones. The Fourth Circuit rejected the insurance company's assertion that the requested relief—the cost of purchasing headsets for each class members—sought merely to prevent future injuries, placing the claim outside the scope of bodily injury coverage. The court's decision was based on the finding that the plaintiffs' exposure to radiation caused bodily injury at the "cellular level." Northern Insurance's determinations with respect to bodily injury are consistent with recent cases which broadly define the scope of liability coverage for bodily injury and property damage, such as American Alliance Insurance Co. v. Jencraft Corp., 21 F. Supp. 2d 485 (D.N.J. 1998). Northern Insurance and these earlier cases provide support to those seeking coverage


Several observations are made on a recently publish- ed paper concerning gradual performance deterioration in semicon- ductor devices. The development of predictive tools for reliability assessments involving long-term deterioration in such devices re- quires that careful attention be paid to the operational physics of the device, including temperature dependent characteristics.


The genomic DNA sequence encoding soybean 24 kDa oleosin and its promoter were cloned and analyzed for investigation of the potentials of the oleosin acted as a carrier for production of recombinant proteins in plant. The -300 box, GA-rich, G-box, SEF-3, SEF-4, RY box, ABA box, CAn and TATA box were found in the upstream region of the soybean oleosin gene, which shows the functional oleosin promoter available. Homology comparison reveals that the soybean 24 kDa oleosin shares the highest identity with the soybean oleosin isoform A (U09118, GenBank), reaching to 98.4% in nucleotide. A soybean oleosinhirudin fusion gene driven by the oleosin promoter was constructed and inserted into plant binary expression vector. The intact tobacco plantlets were transformed by means of vacuum infiltration approach, with the Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring the above vector. The transient correct expression of oleosin-hirudin fusion gene was identified by SDS/PAGE, western blotting and enterokinase treatment.


This paper seeks to find out why states do not obey law beyond the nation-state, i.e. why they violate legally binding norms and rules that cannot relay on a monopoly of legitimate power for their enforcement. The EU is an ideal case to explore the sources of non-compliance with law beyond the nation-state. As it is the institution with the most developed body of supranational law, it presents a critical case for non-compliance in the sense of a least likely case. Moreover, it offers a rich field for empirical research since cases of non-compliance are comprehensively documented according to the nature of non-compliance, the type of law infringed and the policy sector to which the law pertains, the violating member states and measures taken by EU institutions in response to non-compliance.


Abstract Background There is a knowledge gap regarding the risk for labour market marginalisation among younger cohorts of refugees and non-refugee immigrants. We investigated if the risk of long-term unemployment (LTU) and disability pension (DP) differs between young refugees and non-refuge immigrants compared to the Swedish-born. The role of age at arrival, duration of residency and morbidity in this association was also investigated. Methods All 19- to 25-year-olds residing in Sweden on 31 December 2004 (1691 refugees who were unaccompanied by a parent at arrival, 24,697 accompanied refugees, 18,762 non-refugee immigrants and 621,455 Swedish-born individuals) were followed from 2005 to 2016 regarding LTU (>180 days annually) and DP using nationwide register data. Cox regression models were used to estimate crude and multivariate-adjusted (adjusted for several socio-demographic, labour market and health-related covariates) hazard ratios (aHRs) with 95% confidence intervals. Results Compared to the Swedish-born, all migrant groups had around a 1.8-fold higher risk of LTU (range aHR=1.71-1.83) and around a 30% lower risk of DP (range aHR=0.66-0.76). Older age at arrival was associated with a higher risk of LTU only for non-refugee immigrants. Both older age at arrival and a shorter duration of residency were associated with a lower risk of DP for all migrant groups. Psychiatric morbidity had the strongest effect on subsequent DP, with no significant differences between migrant groups and the Swedish-born (range aHR=5.1-6.1). Conclusions Young immigrants had a higher risk of LTU and a lower risk of DP than their Swedish-born peers. No differences between the different immigrant groups were found. Age at arrival, psychiatric morbidity and duration of residency are strong determinants of being granted DP. Key messages Young refugees and non-refugee immigrants both had a similar higher risk of long-term unemployment and a similar lower risk of disability pension than their Swedish-born peers. Age at arrival, psychiatric morbidity and duration of residency are strong determinants of being granted disability pension for young refugees and non-refugee immigrants in Sweden.


Сharacter which are accepted within the limits of the international conferences on the international cooperation of the states in the field of decrease in disasters is presented. The importance for international law of these documents and influence of their positions on development of a legal mechanism of regulation of one of kinds of cooperation of the states is analysed.


The role of surgery for the treatment of malignant gliomas in patients 70 years of age or older is unsettled. We conducted a randomized trial that compared surgical resection of the tumor and biopsy only, both followed by standard therapy, in such patients.

 Patients aged 70 years and older, with a KPS of at least 50, presenting with a radiological suspicion of an operable glioblastoma (GBM) were randomly assigned between tumor resection and biopsy. Subsequently, they underwent standard radiotherapy during the first years of the trial (2008–2017), with the adjunction of concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide when this regimen became standard (2017–2019). The primary end point was survival; secondary endpoints were progression free survival (PFS), cognitive status (MMS), autonomy (KPS), quality of life (EORTC QLQ C30 and BN20), and perioperative morbidity/ mortality.

 From 2008 to 2019, 107 patients from 9 centers were enrolled in the study, of whom 101 were evaluable for analysis because the diagnosis of GBM was histologically confirmed (50 patients in the "surgery" arm and 51 patients in the "biopsy" arm). There was no statistically significant difference of median survival between the "surgery" arm (9.37 mo) and the "biopsy" arms (8.96 mo, p=0.36). However, the surgery group had increased PFS (5.06 mo vs 4.02 mo; p=0.034; p=0.002 on multivariate analysis) and better QOL (e.g. physical and cognitive functioning, motor dysfunction, fatigue) and KPS score evolution as compared to the "biopsy" group. Surgery was not associated with increased mortality or morbidity.

 This study suggests that optimal debulking surgery does not provide a significant survival benefit in elderly patients suffering from newly diagnosed malignant glioma, but resection improves QOL and autonomy with a significant though modest improvement of PFS.


Which cities grow faster than others? Why do some regions prosper while others stagnate? What are the keys to such growth? These are the questions that have dominated economic development debates among policymakers and researchers alike. By demolishing much of the popular mythology regarding urban and regional development, Richard Florida has made important contributions to the scholarship and, one hopes, to future public policy in this area. One critical problem with this debate, however, is the seemingly unshakable belief in the benefits of growth. Despite widespread faith in growth (primarily, but not solely, economic) serious questions persist regarding the impact of growth and, particularly, the consequences of pro-growth public policies.


Objective. The main goal of this work is to analyze the main conceptual approaches to the problem of the historical path of Russia both in the field of theory and in official politics. This problem has been central in the domestic political and socio-philosophical discourse for many centuries. In recent years, there has been a noticeable interest in this topic by foreign authors, including A. Lynch, С. Miller, K.J. Mjor, A. Segrillo. Conclusions. In domestic science, there are three main conceptual approaches to the problem of the historical path of Russia: A universal (main) path, a unique (distinctive) path and an integral path. All these approaches at different historical stages of the development of the Russian state to a certain extent influenced state policy. The strongest influence on politics was exerted by the Marxist-Leninist concept of the transition from capitalism to socialism, which was viewed as the path of human development. The radical political and economic reforms of the 1990s were accompanied by a change in the concept of the main path: The path to democracy and a market economy was considered as such. The new concept at the political level combined universal human values and Russian traditions. As a result, reforms aimed at the transition to democracy and a market economy were accompanied by a change in the concept of the main path of humanity and the recognition of the need for Russia to accept universal human values while preserving domestic traditions. Originality/value. The paper attempts to compare three possible ways of Russia's development and to trace the mechanisms of their implementation in practical politics.


Abstract : During the past two years (12/00-3/03), we have developed a very efficient and reliable direct numerical simulation (DNS) and large eddy simulation (LES) software (DNSUTA) for compressible flow in a curvilinear coordinates which is a continuation of our previous effort supported by AFOSR. The software includes a high-quality grid generation code which can generate smooth and near-orthogonal, body-fitted grids and a parallel efficient flow solver which applies sixth-order compact scheme, eighth-order filter, LU-SGS flow solver, non-reflecting boundary condition, high-order weighted compact scheme for shock capturing, structure function sub-grid model, and MPI parallel computation. The code has been successfully used for prediction of flow transition around flat plate and airfoils with various attack angles. The code has also been used for flow separation control for low Reynolds airfoils with steady and pulsed blowing jets. All of these simulations are real time dependent, 3-D, with general geometry and have demonstrated qualitative or quantitative agreement with experiment or theoretical work. We believe the topics described above are very challenging and our accomplishment is very significant for both basic science and Air Force mission. The high-order weighted compact scheme and non-reflecting boundary conditions in a curvilinear coordinate are the original work conducted by us which is a significant contribution to the CFD community.


The International Association for Conflict Management (IACM) was founded to encourage scholars and practitioners to develop and disseminate theory, research, and experience that are useful for understanding and improving conflict management in organizational, societal, family, and international settings. We invite papers as well as proposals for symposia and workshops for the 2010 meeting of IACM to be held in Boston, Massachusetts.


The two steam generators at Schwarze Pumpe represent the beginning of a new generation of brown coal-fired power plants. This ensues from a capacity increase to now 2420 t/h corresponding to an electrical output of 856 MW in pure condensing operation and from the transition to supercritical steam conditions. Thus at present they are the largest brown coal-fired power plants in operation worldwide. Mostly proven technologies were applied for their conceptual desing, avoiding unnecessary technical risks. This includes the once-through circulation technology and the single-pass design. The positive experience from the modification of numerous plants to low-NO x firing systems was taken into consideration for the construction of the firing system. The subsequent operating experience confirms that the design concept was the right one. The guaranteed operating characteristics are not only reached or partly exceeded significantly, but promise safe operation in the long run with high efficiency and excellent availability.


We developed a facile solvothermal route to various CdS nanocrystals in diethylenetriamine. Well-crystalline CdS nanowires and flower-like CdS nanocrystals were obtained at temperatures 220°C and 200°C, respectively. The nanowires have smooth surfaces and are grown along polar [0 0 0 1] direction. The flower-like CdS nanocrystals have hierarchical architectures composed of fine nanowires with lengths up to 10 µm. The effects of temperature on the morphology and structure of the final products are also investigated. The experimental observations indicates that high temperature facilitates fabricate CdS nanocrystals with regular morphology and excellent crystallisation. Moreover, it is found that organic solvent diethylenetriamine plays an important role in the growth of CdS nanocrystals. Diethylenetriamine can bind Cd2+ ions to form intermediate complex, resulting in final CdS nanocrystals with regular morphologies.


This work investigates the dynamic behavior of grid-connected voltage source inverters with special focus on the differences that the use of SiC MOSFETs instead of Si IGBTs introduce to the system. SiC MOSFETs allow for a higher control bandwidth due to higher switching frequencies. Therefore, the current reference step response may achieve shorter settling times. However, SiC MOSFET based voltage source inverters may not react faster to grid faults despite the higher achievable current controller bandwidth, because the dynamics of the grid voltage amplitude and angle detection dominate the inverter current transients after grid faults. The reactive current settling time is largest during grid faults with high phase jump and small voltage sag depth. The study is based on mathematical models, time domain simulations and laboratory experiments.


The different responses, interpretations, and consequent critiques of my "Hegemony and the Politics of Policy Making for Education for Sustainable Development" highlight how our various critical outlooks are framed by, seemingly, incommensurable positions, or figures of reasoning, that inform our thinking. The critiques of policy making (including mine) implicitly or explicitly reestablish different foundations for thought and, possibly, avoid some of the central questions, or aporias, that lie at the center of our respective analyses and critiques. Some of these foundations appeal to logics of struggle/conflict (difference) or the logics of emancipation, and might be shared among us. Others emphasize the logics by which we constitute the conditions of possibility of struggle and emancipation are disputed. These logics are ontological in understanding, and have a historicity upon which they are formulated. They structure what conceptions of critical environmental education might be discursively possible. However, I see them not as historically determining the conditions of conceiving of the emancipatory potential of education. Hence, due to the possibility of the play of interpretation, and meaning, I see the responses in this SI—including mine—as engaging in a playful experimentation with these figures of reasoning that might allow for the development of new outlooks and critical engagement. There appears to be a consensus in the six response articles that the introduction of ESD some decades ago has failed to establish itself as a collective denominator for alternative conceptions of education and vision for a more just, equitable, and ecological present and future. We all share Bob Jickling's observation that sustainable development doesn t seem to have gained much traction in education in the ways its policies and practices aimed for. In different ways, we all call for a radicalization of the conception of education and envisioning of a future, where the radical refers ultimately to differences in our perceived pre-dominant conceptions of, and practices in education, and, indeed, the world. Put simply, our foundations and hence "world views" vary, as do their implications for the way we conceive of, interpret and construct, and critique ESD and its policy-making processes and, inevitably, consequences. Heila Lotz-Sisitka speaks here of a post-Westphalian policy framing need for transgressive moves and transnational learning that elevates the political possibilities of revitalized agencies for social and ecological transformations. Given the other responses in this SI, we might well agree to this proposition and, if so, conclude that this shared stance constitutes the core of what we might call critical in our collective position within the environmental education research field. Yet, once we touch the issue of how we conceive of this radicalization and the particular means that this radicalization consists of, the "we" we might refer to seems to diversify. In what follows, I entertain a dialogue of constructive plurality about the potential for radical or critical environmental education research as it might inform critical developments in ESD policy-making processes and practices. I aim to highlight points of intervention that might contribute to a modification of various figures of reasoning and, hence, generate some mutated conceptions of the role of environmental education (and, even, ESD).


Open-air museums often referred to as unique and diverse heritage sites with a vast potential for innovation in interpretation and revenue generation. In Armenia this potential remained largely unfulfilled. Most archaeological sites in Armenia are in vast demand to be taken care of. Operated either by a level of government or by a large heritage organization open-air museums can be explored for generating additional income on-site in order to maintain appropriate standards of historical integrity and community value. The following opportunities may be used: as sites for movie sets or conference centers; providing accommodation, facility rentals and summer educational function, camp activities; benefit concerts; in case of business approach there may be cooperation with the local business involving it in the process of operation of restaurants, shops of souvenirs and their production. Commercial tours can also be considered as a means to improve economical perspective for open-air museums.


A new vibration auralization system is developed to support remote factory inspections. The system leverages high-speed vision technology to accurately capture and analyse low-frequency sounds outside the audible range, and selectively isolate and amplify certain sounds against a noisy background. Furthermore, the system converts these vibrations to an audible frequency range, making it easier to detect changes and anomalies in the vibration patterns, which can indicate issues with machinery or other equipment. The system also performs real-time fast Fourier transform to convert low-frequency sounds to a comfortable frequency band for hearing. The vibration auralization system was designed to accommodate the changes caused by the pandemic in the social structure, and the demand for new technologies to support inspections and monitoring. Experimental results demonstrated the system's effectiveness in simulating low-frequency sounds and playing back circuit breaker sounds against a noisy background, demonstrating its potential as a valuable tool for remote inspections and monitoring in the manufacturing industry.


Abstract The paper explores the phenomena of social isolation due to the changing modern work and life style models and looks for possible design solutions by investigating the insect world and translating this into design principles, from the micro to the macro scale. It empirically investigates the 'anthropological leap' that Homo Sapiens, along with his habitat, is technically making, evolving to "Homo Technologicus" (Longo, 2001) and researches the natural environment for designing his new "technological habitus". The aim is to discover basic biologic principles applicable in designing both innovative human-centered devices (myPod) and intelligent collective systems (the campUS) where individuals can interact with themselves and their environment, as "Australian Aboriginals" used to do. Finally the project empirically engages with the challenges of designing "freeDOME": a mobile and autonomous load‐bearing shell structure inspired by insects, especially coleoptera, exploiting their structure, the bending properties and the spectacular structural colors of their wings.


The landslide at the entrance of a railway tunnel is large scale, and serious diseases are prone to appear under natural disasters, which threaten the safety of the tunnel. According to its characteristics, on-site long-term monitoring experiments and numerical analysis were carried out, and the mechanism of interaction between landslide and tunnel engineering was analyzed. The results show that under the impact of rainfall and earthquake, the original internal stress balance in the landslide body is disturbed, leading to the increase in landslide thrust and damage of the tunnel lining. Simultaneously, the excavation of the tunnel can slack the surrounding rock to increase the landslide thrust and make the landslide be finally formed; this landslide conversely acts on the tunnel, resulting in deformation and destruction of the tunnel. During the monitoring, under the influence of rainfall and earthquake, the stress of the secondary lining was continuously increased by 25%. Tunnel construction caused a maximum deformation of 30 mm in the antislide pile at a distance of 2.12 m, and the slope and the tunnel were also affected. Under extreme conditions such as rainfall and earthquake, shear failure occurred at the vault, bottom, and waist of the right-line tunnel located at the junction of soil and rock; at this time, the tensile strength of the tunnel reached 93.8% of the limit value of concrete, which seriously affected the safety of the tunnel. As for the weakened tunnel structure, measures such as dense planting and strengthening of concrete strength should be adopted to enhance the safety of the tunnel structure.


Dual-ion batteries (DIBs) have attracted much attention owing to their low-cost, high-voltage, and environmental friendliness. As the source of active ions during the charging/discharging process, the electrolyte plays a critical role in the performance of DIBs, including capacity, energy density, and cycling life. However, most used electrolyte systems based on the LiPF 6 salt shows unsatisfied performance in DIBs. In this work, we successfully developed a 7.5 m lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) in carbonate electrolyte system. Compared with diluted electrolytes, this highly concentrated electrolyte exhibits several advantages: (1) enhanced intercalation capacity and cycling stability of graphite cathode; (2) optimized structural stability of Al anode; (3) significantly increased battery energy density. A proof-of-concept DIB based on this concentrated electrolyte exhibits a discharge capacity of 94.0 mAh g -1 at 200 mA g -1 and 96.8% capacity retention after 500 cycles. By counting both the electrode materials and electrolyte, the energy density of this pro-type DIB reaches up to ~180 Wh kg -1 , which is among the best performance of previously reported DIBs.


Traffic accidents are a primary interest for traffic engineers and others involved in road safety and community health. However, road safety practitioners often have a limited view of sites and tend to rely on traditional investigation techniques and countermeasures. The roles of different participants provide the interaction between need, research and practice which should be improved to develop more appropriate analytical techniques. Some principles of ensuring that research is applicable to users are discussed. These are illustrated by an example of research into accidents at traffic signals supported by the Main Roads Department in Western Australia and applications which result.


Possibilities are investigated for influencing the dynamical behavior of diode lasers by means of integrated passive dispersive reflectors (PDR). The specific configurations comprise DFB lasers complemented with different PDR, which consist of a phase tuning section and a passive grating section. Among others, the potential of these configurations will be investigated for generation and tuning the properties of self pulsations (SP), as e.g. the frequency and the modulation depth. Our considerations are based on the Traveling Wave Equations (TWE) coupled to carrier rate Equations. Together with numerical time domain computations of this system, a single mode approximation is applied and checked as possible tool for tailoring the dynamic effects.