Single-chain Monte Carlo simulations were carried out, in continuous space, of polymers with various topologies (branched and linear) in the good solvent. Using an inherently flexible bead-and-spring model, the backbone of linear polymers with either linear or dendritic side-groups attached was found to be elongated, indicative of an induced stiffness. This "topological stiffness" was compared to the "intrinsic stiffness" of semiflexible linear polymers in terms of various observables. Semiflexible comb polymers, which contained both types of stiffness, were also considered.


The author considers the parameters of verbal vocabulary functioning, as well as the connection between the semantic and structural organization of the sentence with the valent potential of verb in the quality of propositional component of statement, and pays special attention to the verb, which semantics reflects the contours of situations, composing the nominative basis of the statement.


Water electrolysis has been recently recognized as a very important technology for hydrogen production. It has been well-known that electrolytic bubbles cause an increase in effective resistivity of the electrolyte, and there have been many electrochemical studies of the bubble dispersion effects on electrolysis characteristics. There are, however, very few studies that measure the growing phenomenon of bubbles from generation to departure on an electrode surface, the bubble rising velocity distribution and the void fraction in the interelectrode gap; moreover, their effects on the electric resistance characteristics have not been discussed extensively. We conducted an experimental study focusing on a small-scale electrolytic cell for hydrogen production in order to resolve the these issues, and discussed the fluid forces (surface tension, buoyancy, drag) acting on hydrogen bubbles from a viewpoint of gas-liquid two-phase flow. We used a PIV technique with a high-speed video camera and a shallow focal image system. As a result, we were able to successfully capture the images of hydrogen bubbles during the growth, and found that there was a linear relationship between log(We) and log(Re), where We is the Weber number and Re is the Reynolds number for a circulation type of the electrolytic cell. We also found an optimal gap between two electrodes when the flow pattern changes from bubbly flow to plug flow.


This monograph review on medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) includes chemical and physical data (synonyms and trade names), structural and molecular formulae and molecular weight, chemical and physical properties of MPA, and the production, use, occurrence, and analysis of MPA. Production of MPA, which is not known to occur naturally, can be accomplished by 4 main chemical reactions, and several patents for synthesis routes have been issued; these reactions are summarized. MPA is used orally for treatment of secondary amenorrhea and dysfunctional uterine bleeding in the U.S. It is also administered for treatment of endometriosis. Other countries use MPA as an injectable contraceptive, and Japan uses it in treatment of threatened abortion. MPA also has various veterinary uses. Typical analytical methods for determining MPA purity and chemical clarity are outlined tabularly. Biological data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans of MPA are also presented. In experimental animals (mice and dogs), MPA produced mammary tumors in dogs when injected intramuscularly. MPA is also reported to have teratogenic effects in some animal species. Human data consist of 1 epidemiological study on breast nodule development and 2 studies of the development of dysplasias and carcinoma in situ of the cervix. These studies have conflicting results and methodological problems, but it is concluded that there is limited evidence for the carcinogenicity of MPA in dogs. No conclusions can be made about its carcinogenicity for humans based on the extant studies.


Using experience to interpret a user's information need is embedded in the process of every library reference transaction. Reference workers need to constantly grow and update their base of knowledge to have a deep understanding of a variety of resources and subjects (Miller, 2011). The expert reference worker not only has knowledge of specific subjects and resources, but also has an additional level of professional knowledge regarding the successes and failures of past reference interactions. In other fields, like design, bodies of knowledge iteratively built from previous experiences are known as repertoire. Designers develop repertoire over time by integrating information from previous situations into new ones (Goldschmidt & Porter 2010). Research shows that designers with broader and more diverse repertoires make better design decisions and demonstrate greater expertise (Salmon & Gritzer 1992; Wahl & Baxter 2008). Much like designers, reference workers often deal with problems that are complex and benefit from previous experience and expertise, as well as diverse and individual perspectives built into a reference worker's personal repertoire. Our research aims to understand how, over time, reference workers collect and reflect on experiences to develop their repertoires to deal with complex inquiries and how diverse and extensive the personal repertory knowledge of reference workers is.


Track ball Track ball project ion Cam era Using FicTrac to accurately measure the motion of animals walking in virtual reality G.J. Taylor*1,2, R.J.D. Moore1,3, A.C. Paulk1,4, T.W. Pearson1, B. van Swinderen1, and M.V. Srinivasan1 1Queensland Brain Institute, 2Lund University Department of Biology 3Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 4Massachusetts General Hospital *Contact: email@example.com


The low economic growth and lack of qualified institutions have led to a lower level of health in the resource-rich developing countries. This paper explores the effects of resource rent, human capital and government effectiveness on government health expenditure in Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). It uses Panel Fully Modified Least Squares (Panel-FMOLS) method in Eviews software over the period 2002 – 2015. Findings imply that the resource rent, human development index and government effectiveness influence directly the government expenditure on health, when the interactions between explanatory variables are ignored. However, the sign and magnitude of coefficients are changed, when interaction terms are included in regression models. The oil rents affect the healthcare sector in OPEC. Accordingly, the abundance of oil resources is not bad per se. Thus, the key determinant in the transformation of rents from oil resources into disaster or blessing is the government effectiveness across oil exporting countries.


Abstract Predation pressure has often been postulated as a major selective force for the evolution of life histories, with high predation (particularly on small sizes) resulting in a fast-living strategy characterized by fast growth, early maturation, and short lifespan. However, due to the difficulty of assessing actual predation pressure in the wild, evidence for a role of predation in life-history evolution is rare. We examined the relationship between avian predation and life-history strategy in replicate populations of fast and slow-living garter snake ecotypes. To assess avian predation, we first compiled a list of known and suspected predators based on direct observations of predation events recorded in our long term detailed field notes from 1978 – present. Furthermore, we added to this list with published records of snake predation involving avian species known to occur in our study site, and a novel method of inferring predator identity via analysis of bill marks on live snakes. Using this list of candidate predators, we conducted surveys quantifying predator incidence in replicate habitats of both ecotypes. We found that known and suspected predators are more abundant in habitats of the fast-living ecotype than in those of the slow-living ecotype. We also show a higher incidence of bill marks on slow-living snakes, which may indicate an increased effectiveness at escaping predation attempts. In general, we provide evidence to suggest that predation pressure may indeed have been an important selective force in the evolution of fast growth and early maturation in the fast-living ecotype and may continue to constitute an important source of extrinsic mortality leading to differences in lifespan between the two ecotypes.


Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are well known as one of the most promising next-generation batteries owing to its ultra-high theoretical energy density and abundant sulfur resources. During the past 20 years, various sulfur materials have been reported. As the representative of molecular scale sulfur composite cathode, sulfurized pyrolyzed poly(acrylonitrile) (S@pPAN) exhibits several competitive advantages in terms of electrochemical behaviors. Currently, S@pPAN attracts increasing attentions although it was first reported in 2002. In this review, we firstly summarize its molecular model, which benefits to elucidate the correlation between structure property and exceptional electrochemical performance. Secondly, we classify the modification strategies into three parts, including material improvement, binder and electrolyte screening. In consideration of promising future of S@pPAN, several research and development directions are also suggested.


Secret communiqués, rumour, arguments, and finally divorce. Such is the story of rugby football and the birth of its twin codes. Steeped in the language of class postmodernists take note please and debates over amateurism and professionalism, Fagan's work lays bare the story of rugby league in its early years and revels in the conflict and intrigue that dogged rugby union in Australia and New Zealand in the two decades either side of 1900. Rugby League in Britain has benefited from a community of historians (following in the wake of Robert Gate and Trevor Delaney) who have constructed the history of 'Rugby's Great Split' (to borrow from Tony Collins) and secured the 13-man game a rightful place in the canon of literature on sport and sporting culture. Fagan's work both here and on his equally fascinating website has the very real potential to do the same for Australia and New Zealand. Yet, it is not in his trailblazing that Fagan has given us his most important work, nor is it in the narratives that abound in this book; rather, it is the light shed on the transnational context of rugby's development and revealing the dynamics of change in Australian national identity as reflected in the rebellion in rugby. In this so-called Postmodern Age, it is (for this reviewer) comforting to find a work steeped in the language and discourse of class and it is little wonder when the players on their 'amateur' tours from the Southern Hemisphere were granted as little as 3s a day on which to survive. For many working-class players this left them destitute upon their return from 'Home'. The British Isles particularly England for many in this era of fundamental change in Australia and New Zealand, was Home in a romantic sense. But with the federation of Australia and the formation of the Dominion in 1901 (New Zealand following in 1907) there was a shift in attitudes towards Britain as Home, especially from the working class. As Fagan tells us, 'older members of the NSWRU [New South Wales Rugby Union], rather than Sport in History Vol. 30, No. 1, March 2010, pp. 164 187


In this issue of @TOG we start a series of web reviews on allied specialties about which we need to maintain a certain amount of knowledge when caring for women. We begin with a review of endocrinology websites. Endocrine diseases impact on many aspects of obstetric and gynaecological practice and they include diabetes, thyroid disorders, obesity and, less commonly, prolactinoma. The sites we review will, hopefully, be particularly useful for those working in infertility, reproductive endocrine or medical antenatal clinics.


The use of guided waves enables to monitor wide areas of structures with a limited number of sensors and/or a limited acquisition time. In particular, guided wave tomography algorithms give a quantitative image of the residual thickness of the monitored structured, for example a corroded pipe. The idea is to use the dispersion curves to link a change in phase or group velocity to a change in thickness. The method developed at CEA-List includes an auto-calibration phase, eliminating the need of a baseline to work, therefore enabling its use in presence of varying environmental and operational conditions. One drawback of tomography techniques is that they need many sensors compared to more conventional algorithms such as RAPID or Delay and Sum. We propose here a passive version of tomography to limit its intrusiveness by using data obtained by post-processing the ambient elastic noise in the structure. This enables the use of Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG) on optical fibers as ultrasonic sensors. The use of FBGs drastically reduces the burden of the system, as several gratings can be multiplexed on a single optical fiber. Furthermore, these sensors are suited for many applications because of their resistance to harsh conditions (extreme temperatures, explosive atmosphere, radiations…).


The invention relates to a low voltage investigation method, in particular to a low-voltage user low voltage investigation method based on normal distribution statistics. At present, low-voltage users are distributed at the tail end of a power distribution network and are numerous, the prior art is lack of low-voltage user voltage monitoring methods and has the problems of a large number of monitoring points and tremendous cost when installing voltage monitoring instruments. The low-voltage user low voltage investigation method comprises the steps of: carrying out voltage interrogation for some users in a selected area in a low-voltage user comprehensive investigation step; analyzing the interrogation results, and listing the low-voltage users as objects of low-voltage governance; judging whether all areas are selected, and returning to the area selecting step if not all the areas are selected; and finishing the investigation if all the areas are selected. The technical scheme is high in investigation efficiency, can deal with the low-voltage users timely to obtain corresponding solutions, is fast in low-voltage user low voltage investigation, is timely in governance, improves power supply quality, shortens failure outage time, and guarantees production and living electricity utilization for people.


The structure of two-layer agarose gels containing yeast cells is investigated experimentally by spectrometry, to shed a light on the theoretical foundations for the development of bioreactors by the method of 3D bioprinting. Due to division, cells overcome the layer of the dispersion phase separating successively applied layers of the agarose gel. However a gel layer of 100 μm thick with a high concentration of silver nanoparticles completely excludes the infiltration of yeast cells through it. A special sort of agarose is suggested where the concentration of silver nanoparticles formed by cells from salt of silver can serve as an indicator of the state of the yeast cells in the volume of the gel.


The rights of migrant workers and their experiences in host countries have been high on the political agendas of Europe and beyond. This article uses data from 138 semi-structured interviews conducted with migrant workers in the UK, Russia and Ukraine to study their relationships with the police in host countries. We aim to contribute to the literature on policing and migration by analysing three different host countries, and the experience of temporary migrant workers regarding policing within each country. We suggest that the interplay between the experiences of policing in home and host countries can provide important insights into the practicalities of policing, but should not be considered apart from the context of the ethnic origin of migrant workers.


In order to corroborate with the geographic study on the landscape, the present study introduces an article of bibliographical revision that approaches an analysis about the theoretical and methodological aspects of Georges Bertrand for the mentioned subject. Present in an important context for a geographic science, Bertrand presents an integrated analysis of landscape, culminating in many applications, expanding by Brazilian research. Against the background, an attempt was made to contemplate historical-philosophical events and bases that would encourage the author in his Um resgate a obra de Georges Bertrand: contribuições teóricas e metodológicas na análise da paisagem Gabriella Cristina Lima; Anderson Geová Maia de Brito; Juliana Felipe Farias 4 v. 3, n.1, 2021 https://www.periodicos.unimontes.br/index.php/verdegrande integrative conception; As this methodology influenced the analysis of the landscape, developing concepts and methods, an application of its legacies to a geographic economy through cartography


The D-wave quantum annealer requires embedding with ferromagnetic (FM) chains connected by several qubits, because it cannot capture exact long-range coupling between qubits, and retains the specific architecture that depends on the hardware type. Therefore, determination of the chain strength $J_c$ required to sustain FM order of qubits in the chains is crucial for the accuracy of quantum annealing. In this study, we devise combinatorial optimization problems with ordered and disordered qubits for various embeddings to predict appropriate $J_c$ values. We analyze the energy interval $\Delta_s$ and $\Delta_c$ between ground and first excited states in the combinatorial optimization problems without and with chains respectively, using the exact approach. We also measure the probability $p$ that the exact ground energy per site $E_g$ is observed in many simulated annealing shots. We demonstrate that the determination of $J_c$ is increasingly sensitive with growing disorder of qubits in the combinatorial optimization problems. In addition, the values of appropriate $J_c$, where the values of $p$ are at a maximum, increase with decreasing $\Delta_s$. Finally, the appropriate value of $J_c$ is shown to be observed at approximately $\Delta_c/\Delta_s=0.25$ and $2.1 E_g$ in the ordered and disordered qubits, respectively.


Recently it has been shown how a topologically twisted version of N = 4 super Yang-Mills may be discretized in such a way as to preserve one scalar supersymmetry at nonzero lattice spacing. The remaining fifteen supersymmetries are broken by terms of O(a) where a is the lattice spacing. One would like to know whether these remaining supersymmetries are regained in the continuum limit a → 0 and, if not, how much tuning of the couplings in the lattice action is required. In this paper we derive the form of these additional twisted supersymmetries by combining a set of discrete R-symmetries of the continuum theory with the action of the scalar supersymmetry. We then argue that restoration of rotational symmetry in the continuum limit of the lattice theory likely implies restoration of R-symmetry and hence should lead to an automatic enhancement to the full N = 4 supersymmetry without further fine-tuning.


Seven children were identified by staff consensus as being the most troublesome pupils in a comprehensive secondary school. A study was then conducted to examine the effects of 'say‐do' correspondence training in reducing the amount of troublesome behaviour engaged in by these pupils in the classroom. Such behaviour was defined as 'talking out of turn' and 'hindering other children', behaviours which had already been found to be the most common categories of troublesome behaviour for secondary classroom teachers. A multiple baseline across subjects design was employed which brought about a reduction in these two behaviours for three girls and three boys. The behaviour of a fourth boy, however, did not improve beyond the first half of the intervention period. This outcome is discussed in terms of a general deterioration in behaviour and competing contingencies in the classroom. There was some evidence of the generalisation of effects across settings and an increase in the amount of homework submitted. Thes...


From the movie screen to the printed page, Native American culture and history have earned a significant place in the country's imagination. Now, in a fast-paced and authoritative narrative sure to become a standard reference in the field, historian Alan Axelrod looks back at 400 years of a violent and tragic struggle as the Indians fought to protect their lands from white colonizers. Photos, line drawings and maps.


A simple and selective method for the conversion of hydrazones to the corresponding carbonyl compounds is described here using KMnO 4 -Al 2 O 3 under solvent-free conditions. Regeneration reaction of carbonyl compounds fromhydrazones takes place at room temperature in a few minutes in almost quantitative yield.


A model of two-phase flow involving non-Newtonian fluid is described to be more reliable to present the fluid that involves industrial applications due to the special characteristics in its behavior. Many models of non-Newtonian fluid were discovered in the last few decades but the model that captured the most attention is the Williamson model. The consideration of the existing particles in the Williamson flow (two-phase Williamson fluid) will make the model more interesting to investigate. Hence, this paper is aimed to explore the flow of two-phase Williamson fluid model in the presence of MHD and thermal radiation circumstances. The obtained ordinary differential equations after the transformations are solved using the Runge-Kutta Fehlberg (RKF45) method. The flow is considered asymmetric since it moves over a vertical stretching sheet with external stimuli. The result displays variation in dust phases compared to the fluid phase under distribution of velocity and temperature. It can be concluded that the fluid–particle interaction (FPI) parameter lessening the motion of fluid and heating characteristics. In addition, the upsurges on skin friction and heat transfer are resulting from the rising FPI. Furthermore, the presence of Williamson parameter increases the skin friction while causing degenerations on heat transfer of flow.


Delirium is an acute confusional state accompanied by agitation or lethargy (APA, 2013). Despite the prevention strategies based on clinical practice guidelines, nearly half of the patients undergoing a cardiac surgery will present delirium (Gosselt et al., 2015). Complications of delirium are important and include increased length of stay in addition to a slower recovery (Inouye, Wastendrop & Saczynski, 2013; Saczynski et al., 2012). This study focused, on a new nursing intervention aiming to facilitate participation from a family caregiver in the management of delirium. The study also focused on the validity of a new measure to monitor delirium, cerebral oximetry, a non-invasive measure potentially able to indicate the presence and severity of the delirium. The primary objective of the randomized pilot study was to assess the acceptability and feasibility of the design and nursing interventions, and the validity of cerebral oximetry to monitor delirium. The secondary objective was to assess the preliminary efficacy of the intervention. Thirty dyads including a patient who had post-cardiac surgery delirium and a family caregiver were randomly assigned to either the control group receiving the usual care or a group receiving the experimental nursing interventions. The intervention, rooted in a caring approach, aimed to facilitate family caregivers' transition to an involved role in delirium management in addition to promoting the enhancement of their self-efficacy. The primary indicator to assess the acceptability of the design was the consent of at least 75 % of family caregivers who were approached to participate in the study. Afterwards, the acceptability and feasibility was were evaluated based on criteria in the field of pilot studies for the study design, for example, on recruitment data, and on criteria in the field of evaluation of nursing interventions for the intervention, for example, the satisfaction of the caregivers . The preliminary effects of the intervention of the patients were measured using a score reflecting delirium severity, the amount of postoperative complications as well as the length of hospital stay and patient's psycho-functional recovery. Scores for anxiety and selfefficacy were also obtained from the caregivers. In order to test the validity of the new


PROBLEM:  Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐G is thought to be expressed in all placental extravillous trophoblasts (EXTs). In pre‐eclamptic placentas, a lack of HLA‐G expression on EXTs had been found, and deduced as a possible cause of pre‐eclampsia. However, a subset of EXTs lacking expression of HLA‐G can also be found in normal placenta. Therefore, we sought to compare these cells in normal and pre‐eclamptic placentas.


Hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramics were prepared from the bone ash which is mostly used as animal feeds or raw materials. Dissolving behaviors of the HA in buffered water were investigated and compared with commercial HA for further use as biomaterials. HA ceramics were prepared by soaking the bone ash in 0.1 M of NaOH solution at 80°C for 4 h. The ash was calcined at 800°C for 1 h to completely remove organics, and then sintered at 1200°C for 1 h under moisture protection. The bone ash derived-HA consists of mostly HA and small amounts of α-tricalcium phosphate, calcium oxide phosphate, magnesium oxide and calcium oxide. After polishing the HA ceramics, they were immersed in buffered water at 37°C for 3 and 7 days. We previously found that grain boundaries of synthetic HA were intensively dissolved in buffered water. On the other hand, the bone ash derived-HA shows high stability in liquid environment with immersion time compared with commercial HA.


also the relations with non-officials. The progress of the zila parishad in its various spheres of activities has been reviewed along with actual examples of how its successes and failures came about. Similarly reviewed are income generation and budget spending as also audit procedures in actual practice which show that many of the ills of the zila parishad are similar to those of a regular government department. The lack of generation of people's participation and of the evolution of a community developmental (as opposed to parochial or sectorian material benefits-oriented) approach amongst elected non-officials has also been pointed out, as has been the role of the State Government vis-a-vis the zila parishad. Nandedkar has also tried to assess the quality of rural leadership available. but perhaps an examination of the relationship between intra village/ panchayat samiti/zila parishad conflict and actual development achieved would have been more meaningful. In the end one may add that despite Nandedkar's simplistic attempts at generalisation, the fact that he has not tried to update his study or indicate whether the 1967-69 trends have persisted till 1979 (when the book under review was published), adversely affects its value. Thus the price of Rs. 75 appears too high for a dated case study, even though the subject of panchayati raj has again gained in importance following the publication of the Asoka Mehta Committee report on panchayati raj institutions in August, 1978.


In this study, they authors introduce a suboptimal training sequence for burst-mode continuous phase modulation. The optimum training sequence has been prove to be optimal for the estimates of carrier frequency offset, carrier phase error and timing error. However, the optimum sequence brings high side-lobe of the log-likelihood function (LLF), that is not benefit for detecting the start of the sequence (SOS). Thus, the suboptimal sequence is designed to improve the SOS performance through decreasing the side-log effect of the LLF. Meanwhile, the proposed sequence can minimise the Cramer-Rao bound for the joint estimation of carrier frequency offset, carrier phase error and symbol timing error. The data-aided maximum likelihood algorithms for timing error and phase error estimation are derived for evaluating the performance of the proposed sequence. The simulation results demonstrate that the new sequence provides better performance on start detection of the sequence than the optimal one. The performance of timing and carrier phase recovery is also close to the ideal synchronisation performance.


Abstract : This study is an investigation of crash-resistant design principles for integral fuel tanks. The objective was to improve fuel containment as a means of minimizing or eliminating post-crash fires during severe but survivable accidents. Aircraft types studied were multi-engine transports. Analytical studies indicate relative strengths, weights and costs for various tank configurations subjected to concentrated impact, distributed impact and fuel inertial loadings. Results of full-scale tank tests substantiate analytic results.


ABSTRACT Extrusion behaviour of milled and brown rice grits obtained from six rice cultivars (Jaya, IR-8, PR-103, PR-106, Pusa No.1 and Basmati 385) was investigated using Brabender single screw extruder. Feed moisture of the grits was adjusted to 16%, and extrusion cooking was done at barrel temperature of 150°C and screw speed of 100 rpm. The milled and brown rice grits from different rice cultivars differed significantly with respect to extrusion behaviour and extrudate characteristi cs. Extrudates obtained from milled rice grits showed higher die pressure, expansion, water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI) as compared to those from brown rice. WSI of extrudates varied from 3.38 to 10.5%, WAI from 5.20 to 6.90, die pressure from 6068 to 9325 kPa and expansion from 7.52 to 11.30 respectively. The grits from cultivars which had lower length-breadth ratio and mealy endosperm resulted into more expanded extrudates and hence were found to be more suitable from extrusion.


Wave forces exerted on circular cylinders in regular waves are investigated. The circular cylinders are fixed horizontally below the water surface.Experimental results are compared with values calculated by linear theory and the other data obtained differently.Main conclusions obtained are as follows :1) In case of small period parameters, inertia coefficients obtained by experiments show good agreement with theoretical values calculated by linear theory. But for large period parameters, the experimental values are much smaller than the theoretical ones.2) For large period parameters, drag coefficients derived in the present investigation approximately coincide with those obtained in experiments on hydrodynamic forces acting on circular cylinders in oscillatory flow. But there is much difference between them in case of not so large period parameters.


This patent describes cytotoxic agents, ie pyrrole [2,1-c] [1,4] benzodiazepine (PBD) derivatives, conjugates with cell adhesion molecules and their preparation, and cancer, autoimmune diseases and infectious diseases. Related to use for targeted therapy.


This paper is investigating and analyzing the current sport situation among residents of City and Town in Agriculture and Pastoral Area of Qinghai Province with dividing-layer sample method,discussion method,sport inspecting method and document method.Several results can be seen from this survey.Firstly,the population of attending sports tends to be lower with unreasonable structure;there are obviously seasonal and optional characteristics in the sport time of residents.Then the individual spontaneous activity is regarded as the main sports with low degree organization;since the motive of attending the sports is to keep body healthy and spirit cheerful,simple and practice are emphasized in choosing the sports item.After that the residents take the option,nearby and convenience as the principles when choosing the sports activity place;the consumption level is pretty low on sports,the average consumption amount is about 24.26Yuan/ per year,and most of them are real object consumption.At last,there is a great need to the instructors of social sports,for only one among every 5792 people.The main factors that restrict the development of residents' exercises in agricultural and pastoral area of Qinghai province are including: 1) lack of sufficient funds and the installation of sports facilities;2) not enough propaganda and organization to sports activities among residents;3) influence of plateau environment.To these mentioned above,this paper proposes six policies for developing people's sports activities in Qinghai agriculture and pastoral area of city and town.


Two works by the Chilean writer Diamela Eltit, El Padre Mío (1989) and El infarto del alma (1994; produced in collaboration with Paz Errázuriz), contain an undeniable testimonial impulse that aligns them with testimonio, a genre of subaltern personal narrative that has emerged with new force in Latin America in recent decades. Yet these texts, which present subjects who are mentally ill, incoherent, or lacking identities, call into question some of the key assumptions about testimonial practice and its reception, disrupting the usual responses of identification with and empathy for the narrator. By reading and writing testimonial discourse through a postmodern aesthetic, Eltit advocates the recognition of testimonial subjects as producers and agents of culture rather than as victims in need of compassion. Her project, with its particular merging of the aesthetic and the ethical, constitutes a local yet politically urgent attempt at rethinking the predominant conceptualizations of marginal culture, refusing the notion that the aesthetic is the exclusive privilege of elite culture.


To the Editor: Although the patient's home was once a common venue for medical care, in recent decades, physician home care has become a vanishing practice. One reason that care has moved away from the home has been growth in the use of technology that has become centralized in offices and medical centers. Recently, an analysis of house calls to Medicare beneficiaries demonstrated a 40% increase from 1998 to 2004. Advances in portable medical technology has been suggested as a reason for this recent burst in house call activity. Although centralization of technology may have contributed to the historic decline in physician home care, the miniaturization and portability of technology may be contributing to renewed interest and practicality. In addition to supporting traditional house calls, portable medical technology may support the emergence of cuttingedge models of transitional and acute care for older adults like ''hospital at home.'' However, it remains unknown whether there has actually been an increase in the use of home diagnostic testing. Thus, trends in Medicare Part B claims for home diagnostic testing were analyzed.


Introduction: The SAM domain and HD domain 1 (SAMHD1) protein is a deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) triphosphohydrolase initially described to restrict human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in the immune cells through depletion of intracellular dNTP substrates required for HIV-1 replication. Because of its ability to deplete the dNTP pool, SAMHD1 may operate as a tumor suppressor in cancer. Mutations of SAMHD1 gene have been associated with Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome and have been detected in certain hematologic malignancies. However, the potential role of SAMHD1 in breast oncogenesis as well as its expression patterns and clinical significance are not yet known. Methods: SAMHD1 expression was investigated at the mRNA and protein levels in a large cohort consisting of 562 patients diagnosed with primary breast cancer between 1997-2005 in Stockholm health care region. Gene expression profiling was performed using DNA microarrays (GSE48091). SAMHD1 protein expression was assessed by a previously validated double immunostaining method (SAMHD1/CD68) using tissue microarrays (TMA) that included duplicate cores from each tumor and specific antibody (SAMHD1, Bethyl laboratories; #A303-691A). CD68+ macrophages known to be strongly positive for SAMHD1 served as positive controls in each tumor core. Any nuclear staining for SAMHD1 was considered positive with either weak (1), intermediate (2), or strong (3) staining intensity. At least 500 neoplastic cells were counted in order to determine the percentage of SAMHD1+ tumor cells. The latter was combined with the staining intensity into the quickscore method, and a positive cutoff of greater or equal to 3 was used to dichotomize SAMHD1 protein expression. Survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method (SAMHD1 mRNA level cutoff: median) and Cox proportional hazards models (univariate and multivariable analysis; SAMHD1 mRNA level was evaluated as continuous variable). Distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) was used as the clinical endpoint. Results: Evaluable immunohistochemical (IHC) data for SAMHD1 were available for 439 of 562 (78%) patients. In the entire study group, SAMHD1 mRNA and protein levels were significantly correlated (Mann-Whitney p=5.2e-5). SAMHD1 mRNA level was higher in HER2-enriched (PAM50) tumors compared to the other subtypes (Kruskal-Wallis p=2.5e-12). By IHC, SAMHD1 was positive in 33/192 (17%) Luminal A, 17/85 (20%) Luminal B, 10/49 (20%) HER2-enriched, and 26/99 (26%) basal-like (BL). In the entire cohort, SAMHD1 expression was not associated with DMFS. However, in the group of BL subtype (n=122), high SAMHD1 mRNA level (logrank p=0.026) or SAMHD1 protein expression (logrank p=0.025) were associated with favourable DMFS. Using the Cox proportional hazards model, high SAMHD1 mRNA level (HR=0.68; 95% CI=0.48-0.96; p=0.029) and high SAMHD1 protein expression (HR=0.22; 95% CI=0.05-0.95; p=0.042; reference: SAMHD1 negative) were associated with improved survival in patients with BL subtype of breast cancer. In the multivariable analysis, SAMHD1 mRNA level was independently associated with survival (HR=0.66; 95% CI=0.47-0.94; p=0.021), after adjustment for lymph node status and tumor size, along with lymph node status (HR: 3.29; 95% CI=1.58-6.83; p=0.001; reference: lymph node negative) in the BL subgroup. At the meeting we will also present data on prognosis in relation to given adjuvant therapies.Conclusions: SAMHD1 gene is differentially expressed at the mRNA and protein levels among the breast cancer subtypes. SAMHD1 expression is significantly and independently associated with favourable clinical outcomes in breast cancer of BL subtype. Citation Format: Maria Kouvaraki, Emmanuil G Sifakis, Ioannis Zerdes, Nikolas Herold, Jonas Bergh, George Z. Rassidakis, Theodoros Foukakis. Expression of the novel tumor suppressor gene SAMHD1 correlates with favourable clinical outcome in basal-like (BL) early breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-08-07.


The variation of activity coefficients at low concentrations is examined to determine if one can demonstrate charge transfer and formation of ionic solutions for mixtures of some metals.


In a recent contribution toThe Journal(Young, H. H.: Transurethral Resection of the Prostate,The Journal, June 9, p. 1913) a slight error credits me with a death rate of 40 per cent following the operation of suprapubic prostatectomy. The error would not be worth comment had it not elicited from a number of kindly disposed urologists protests that exhibit a misconception of certain social phenomena that underlie the ancient dispute between the prostatectomists, perineal and suprapubic, as well as the modern antagonism between the champions of prostatectomy and those of prostatic resection. Operations owe their initial vogue to advertisement. The adjective "conservative" attributed by Dr. Young to the operation of perineal prostatectomy, for example, conveys an aroma of sexual immortality most enticing to the aging male. In the history of prostatic surgery there have been a large number of operative procedures (most of them covering incompetence to do


In order to meet the needs of customers in small quantity and diversified customization requirements,it applies the top-down design method and the product level of parametric design method,establishes parts model. This model takes the skeleton model as a benchmark to complete the assembly of parts. Based on the topdown step by step,it establishes the parameters and their constraint relation,achieves the transfer of control. Finally it creates the engineering drawing. At designing new similar structures models through the skeleton model parameters change,this model can realize the rapid variant design and extract the product neutral structure.


Jainism is an ancient religion that is rooted in the philosophy that teaches the way to liberation and a path to spiritual
purity and enlightment through disciplined nonviolence to all living creatures.It came into prominence in sixth century
BCE, when Lord Mahavira propagated the religion. The main religious premises of the jain dharma are Ahimsa (nonviolence), Anekantavada (many-sidedness), Aparigraha (non-attachment) and asceticism (abstinence from sensual
pleasure). Devout Jains take five main vows: Ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (truth), Asteya (non-stealing), Brahmacharya
(sexual continence) and Aparigraha (non- possessiveness). These principles have affected Jain culture in many ways,
such as leading to a predominantly vegetarian lifestyle. Parasparopagraho jivanam (the function of souls is to help one
another) is its motto and the Namokara mantra is its most common and basic prayer.


An expanded set of control objectives is proposed for the Czochralski crystal growth process. Consideration of the thermal stress near the interface yields an operating regime specification in terms of interface shape. A lumped parameter model is used to determine the performance of alternate inputs and outputs. Based on these considerations, a new control structure is proposed to maintain crystal diameter, interface shape, and thermal gradients throughout the batch growth cycle. The performance of alternative control structures are evaluated


Sweetbox (Sarcococca confusa) is an evergreen shrub valued for attractive foliage, winter fragrance, black fruit, as well as shade and drought tolerance. The high degree of apomixis in Sarcococca limits the effectiveness of conventional breeding practices. However, mutation breeding may be a valuable tool to induce variation in seedling crops. As such, a study was conducted to expose seeds of S. confusa to ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) at varying concentrations and exposure durations, and to evaluate the effects on seed germination, growth, and relative frequency of polyembryony. In 2010, seeds of S. confusa were treated with 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% EMS for 24 and 48 hours. Seeds were sown and the relative germination and occurrence of polyembryony were recorded. Seedlings were later evaluated for size and phenotypic variation in the subsequent growing seasons. Percent germination was found to decrease with increasing EMS rates in the 24- and 48-hour treatments. The occurrence of polyembryony also decreased with increasing EMS rates in the 24-hour treatment but was observed to be greatest at 0.2% EMS. No significant differences in plant size index (SI) were found after four growing seasons. When mature, seeds were collected from any plants that bore fruit in each treatment and were then sown. The percentage of plants that bore fruit in each treatment decreased with increasing EMS rates, although the germination rate of these seeds did not differ. A chlorophyll mutant and several dwarf forms were identified in this population as well. They have been propagated asexually for future evaluation as new cultivars. This study demonstrates the utility of chemical mutagenesis to induce phenotypic variation in S. confusa while reducing the rate of polyembryony.


For the last few years, our laboratory has been involved in the study of specific neuron-neuron interactions between the mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and their target cells from the striatum. We have demonstrated that the growth cones of the dopaminergic neurons do specifically recognize their target cells and that the establishment of reciprocal interactions between dopaminergic and striatal neurons is accompanied by an increased ability of the monoaminergic cells to take up and synthesize dopamine. More recently, our focus of interest has shifted toward the specificity of neuronastrocyte interactions. Some evidence has been provided showing that the morphological traits of dopaminergic neurons differ when these cells are allowed to develop on astrocyte monolayers derived from the mesencephalon or from the s t r i a t ~ m . ~ Following this observation, we would like to discuss here the possibility that astrocytes from different brain regions have a specific trophic influence on the neurons from the same region.


Provided is a container-accommodating case which is compact and inhibits damage to flange parts during transportation. This container-accommodating case (1) is for accommodating a container (30) provided with: a container main body (20) provided with a bottom part and a side-wall part; and a plate-like auxiliary member (28) for covering an opening facing the bottom part of the container main body (20), said auxiliary member (28) being provided with a flange part (28E) which extends in a radial direction from an edge of the opening. In this container-accommodating case (1), pairs of recesses (2), each pair receiving two container main bodies (20) such that the container main bodies (20) are disposed next to each other, are provided so as to be separated from each other by a distance corresponding to a maximum length of the flange parts (28E).


In this paper, we propose multiuser two-way relaying strategies for pairwise internode communication in a network consisting of ultrawideband transceivers with limited signal processing capability, via a central relay unit. We propose reducing the complexity associated with the design of filters at the relay by using pre/post-rake processing in conjunction with optimized filtering at the relay. Two relaying strategies relevant to multipath fading channels, namely, detect-and-forward and filter-and-forward with self-interference cancelation, are considered. For both methods, we start with a convex optimization problem formulation with closed-form solutions, then extend the design to the more general case, which is a nonconvex problem, and use an alternating optimization algorithm to solve the design problems. Furthermore, for both design schemes, widely linear design formulations are devised. The presented numerical results demonstrate the capability of the proposed design schemes in establishing a reliable communication link between nodes with limited signal processing power and in the absence of a direct link.


The poly (vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) has been of great interest for energy conversion of microelectromechanical system devices. A semicrystalline polymer, the PVDF has five crystallo-graphic forms, α, β, γ, δ, and ϵ. The latter four structures exhibit a permanent dipole moment. In this research, we investigated effects of microstructures of the PVDF on its piezoelectricity for energy harvesting. Using various experimental techniques, we observed the power density generated by a mechanical force that was correlated with the phase transformation between amorphous, α, β, and γ phases. The transformation was time-dependent in a nonlinear manner. Such transformation influences the energy transition and storage of small devices.


This study was carried out in a commercial herd from 2008 to 2012 in order to determine the most prevalent reasons for culling Holstein cows and to assess the effects of risk factors. Overall, 519 (28.2%) cows were culled for involuntary (98.8%) and voluntary (1.2%) reasons. The involuntary causes of culling were diseases (38.7%), reproduction problems (36.0%), udder disorders (7.7%), lameness (3.7%) and death (12.7%). Mean age of cows at culling was 70.5±15.6 months and the time interval from last calving to culling averaged 263±196 days. Logistic binary regression was used to model the hazard of culling. The analysis of risk factors showed that parity, calving season, and age at first calving had significant effects on the hazard of culling (P < 0.05 to P


MySociety charity designs and builds public service web sites. Founder, Tom Steinberg feels journey planning websites currently offered by bodies such as Transport Direct and Transport for London are now rather unimpressive. He feels these bodies' aspirations should be to provide something that is uniquely internet. Ideas include overlapping route planning with travel time available; connecting the travelling public into schemes such as cab sharing in the event of a train being cancelled; identifying appropriate house hunting locations based on transport to work links; providing parents with customised home school routes in order to avoid problems of the school-run. Website builders such as MySociety need to be able to obtain high quality information from the transport providers but feel this is impossible to acquire, often due to data restriction legislation. Reflecting on other projects in which MySociety has been involved the founder refers to a colleague who has produced a rail timetable website. MySociety would like to set up a model similar to their FixMyStreet website, called FixMyPublicTransport. Inserts describe non-transport websites and explain how the mapping works. Illustrations include examples of contour maps.


In the _ previous reports from our laboratory (Os o go e, 1950 ; Os ogo e and Hitachi, 1950), it has been demonstrated that after homoiotransfusion of a large amount of lymphocytes in rabbits, there occurs a striking focal accumulation of lymphocytes in the periportal areas of the liver, with the formation of many lymphoid foci therein. A similar new formation of lymphocyte aggregations in the liver has been reported by Sanders and Florey (1940) after the nearly complete extirpation of the organized lymphoid tissues in rats. The experiments with rabbits similarly conducted by these investigators, however, failed to produce any lymphoid foci in the liver. In the course of his earlier study on the effects of the removal of chief lymphoid organs on the blood counts in adult rabbits (K a r a sa w a, 1954), the author observed a new formation of lymphocyte aggregations in the periportal spaces of the liver, which may be considered to be compensatory to the reduction in the mass of lymphoid tissue. It is worthy of notice that not only the introduction of a large amount of superfluous lymphocytes into the circulating blood but also the removal of a large part of lymphoid tissue leads to a new formation of lymphoid aggregations in the liver.


The integration of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations into investment processes, often termed "sustainable finance," has gained significant traction in the global financial system. Yet, despite its growing significance there remains widespread ambiguity about what sustainable finance refers to. Macro-political oriented studies from different disciplines have traced the evolution of sustainable finance and related it to broader financial and political dynamics like financialization or the rise of private environmental governance. By foregrounding these elements, they have, however, tended to paint a too monolithic picture of sustainable finance and related it to abstract discussions such as whether it is controlled by public or private actors. Micro-political accounts, inspired by Science and Technology Studies, have, by contrast, focused on the nuances and contingencies of amongst other metrics, accounting standards or green bond classification frameworks that make the connection of finance and sustainability possible. While these treatments have provided rich accounts of these technical devices, they de-emphasize the connections and evolutionary dynamics of their objects of study. This article aims to bridge macro- and micro-political treatments of sustainable finance by (re-)conceptualizing the evolution of the field in terms of an emerging and expanding infrastructure of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) information. Drawing from secondary literature, interviews, and participant observation data, it provides a three-staged history of sustainable finance from the perspective of the technical devices making up ESG information. It, thereby, offers a comprehensive view that goes beyond attributing sustainable finance to macro-level trends or isolated micro-level occurrences.


Citizen science is a form of social computation where members of the public are recruited to contribute to scientific investigations. Citizen-science projects often use web-based systems to support collaborative scientific activities, making them a form of computer-supported cooperative work. However, finding ways to attract participants and confirm the veracity of the data they produce are key issues in making such systems successful. We describe a series of web-based tools and games currently under development to support taxonomic classification of organisms in photographs collected by citizen-science projects. In the design science tradition, the systems are purpose-built to test hypotheses about participant motivation and techniques for ensuring data quality. Findings from preliminary evaluation and the design process itself are discussed.


We propose to reduce the photodamage in optical trapping of living cells by using azimuthally polarized beams (APBs). APBs achieve higher axial trapping efficiency and lower photodamage than linearly polarized Gaussian beams when used for optical trapping of individual red blood cells (RBCs). In particular, we further achieve reducing photodamage in optical trapping of individual RBCs in living zebrafish. Our work is expected to benefit in vivo optical trapping and study of living cells.


ABSTRACT With ubiquitous, mobile computing, health care systems, and smart factories, socio-technical phenomena continue to emerge that challenge traditional design and evaluation methods. We perceive such phenomena as the intertwinement of technical artifacts and social practices. Previous work shows that there is no sufficient method to evaluate the quality of this socio-technical intertwinement. Hence, our goal was to develop socio-technical heuristics, in short ST-heuristics, that can be applied by individuals to detect issues. Drawing inspiration from the success of usability heuristics in the field of human–computer interaction, we first applied a literature review to develop an initial set of ST-heuristics derived from six domains comprising groupware/computer-support cooperative work, job design, usability, socio-technical design principles, privacy, and process design. We then conducted two studies to evaluate and improve this set using empirical data from 13 cases from health care, industry, and engineering education fields. In total, we analysed 306 problems. The results substantiate a final set of eight ST-heuristics which allow for evaluating the socio-technical intertwinement in situ. We perceive the contribution of this work as a starting point for evaluators to uncover crucial issues and to improve current practice. We discuss the developed set of ST-heuristics within existing literature.


The mechanism and technological process,as well as the characteristic of uncooked material fermentation and influencing factors are briefly introduced.The prospect of ethanol production through uncooked material fermentation is also carried out.


The composition [Formula: see text] of a distribution [Formula: see text] and a locally summable function [Formula: see text] is defined as the neutrix limit of the regular sequence [Formula: see text] In this paper, we prove that the neutrix composition of the distributions [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] exists and equals [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] denotes the Beta function, [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text]


The present invention discloses a β- ketimine ligand binuclear copper complexes and the preparation method and the binuclear copper complex in the catalyst acrylate monomer, methacrylate monomer, a norbornene monomer homopolymerization and applying catalytic acrylic monomer and α- olefin copolymerization. β ketimine ligands of the present invention binuclear copper complex synthesis method is simple, mild reaction conditions, the catalyst is low cost; high catalytic activity; especially methacrylate monomers used to catalyze the coordination polymerization of the resulting product has a more good stereoregularity, selectively controlled to achieve a polymerization product.


This article mainly introduces you the first domestic product (series)-NC Hydraulic Double-chuck Rotary Lathe and its basic structure, basic principle, performance index of product technology, parameters, key technology and innovations. And at the same time, this paper compares this product with the similar products both at home and abroad. The blade gap NC mechanism and power-drive anti-bend press roller of this product are completely new in China, which have filled the domestic blank and met the international advanced level.


Careful attention to the concept of the signature is especially important in neutrino experiments where the background usually predominates strongly over thesignal. Examples are given of signature techniques that have been successful, as well as cases where signatures have proved to have shortcomings.


High order compact scheme has extensively been used for solving the Helmholtz equation on uniform mesh. Although uniform spacing is computationally advantageous for isotropic problems, the non-uniform mesh will be superior to the problems with the anisotropic properties or boundary layers. In this paper, we proposed a compact scheme on nonuniform mesh which has at least third order accuracy for the 2D Helmholtz equation with variable wave number. A novel adaptive mesh algorithm is also presented to generate the orthogonal nonuniform mesh. The 2D Helmholtz equation is solved by combining the HOC scheme on nonuniform mesh with the moving mesh method. The multigrid method is used to solve the discrete algebraic system. Numerical experiments are executed to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the presented method.


Psyttalia lounsburyi is an African parasitoid of the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae. Its introduction in France has been made with two different objectives: i) controlling the olive fruit fly in France, and ii) testing how intraspecific hybridization affects the demographic success of small introduced populations. For this, we introduced two parental strains of P. lounsburyi originating from either Kenya or South Africa, and a hybrid strain resulting from their admixture. In this paper, we report the first years of research and progress toward our two objectives. In 2006 and 2007, intensive field surveys were carried out to locate 60 suitable release sites in South of France. During fall 2007, before the introduction of P. lounsburyi, a first set of olive samples was collected to assess the density of B. oleae and the diversity of indigenous natural enemies. The year 2008 was dedicated to parasitoid mass production, release, and a second set of sampling. In summer, a total of about 43,000 individuals P. lounsburyi were introduced in the 60 sites. Individuals of the genus Psyttalia were found in some samples, suggesting the ability of the released parasitoids to locate B. oleae in French olive trees and to complete their preimaginal development into these hosts. However, molecular identification of the recaptured individuals needs to be done to confirm these results. More sampling is also necessary to test the ability of African P. lounsburyi to overwinter and establish in South of France.


We investigate the nucleosynthesis in a massive star of 70 Mwith solar metallicity in the main sequence stage. The helium core mass after hydrogen burning corresponds to 32 M� . Nucleosynthesis calculations have been performed during the stellar evolution and the jetlike supernova explosion of a collapsar model. We focus on the production of elements heavier than iron group nuclei. Nucleosynthesis calculations have been accomplished consistently from hydrostatic to dynamic stages by using large nuclear reaction networks, where the weak s-, p-, and r-processes are taken into account. We confirm that s-elements of 60 90 are produced via photodisintegrations of seed s-elements. However, the produced p-elements are disintegrated in later stages except for 180 Ta. In the explosive nucleosynthesis, elements of 90 50) are overproduced via the p-process because of the low peak temperatures in the oxygen- and neon-rich layers. Compared with the previous study of r-process nucleosynthesis calculations in the collapsar model of 40 Mby Fujimoto et al. (S. Fujimoto, M. Hashimoto, K. Kotake and S. Yamada, Astrophys. J. 656 (2007), 382; S. Fujimoto, N. Nishimura and M. Hashimoto, Astrophys. J. 680 (2008), 1350), our jet model cannot contribute to the third peak of the solar r-elements and intermediate p-elements, which have been much produced because of the distribution of the lowest part of electron fraction in the ejecta. Averaging the overproduction factors over the progenitor masses with the use of Salpeter's IMF, we suggest that the 70 Mstar could contribute to the solar weak s-elements of 60 <A< 90 and neutron-rich elements of 90 <A< 160. We confirm the primary synthesis of light p-elements in the ejected matter of high peak temperature. The ejected matter has (Sr/Eu) ∼− 0.4, which is different from that of a typical r-process-enriched star CS22892-052 ((Sr/Eu) ∼− 1). We find that Sr-Y-Zr isotopes are primarily synthesized in the explosive nucleosynthesis in a similar process of the primary production of light p-elements, which has been considered as one of the sites of a lighter element primary process (LEPP).


1. Riboflavin may play a part in the transport of iron across the gastrointestinal mucosa. Fe absorption was measured in the rat by monitoring whole-body retention of a dose of 59Fe using a small-animal γ-counter. 2. Female Norwegian Hooded rats were fed on a diet deficient in riboflavin (B2−) from 5 weeks of age. Control animals, fed on a complete diet (B2+), were weight-matched to rats fed on the B2− diet. After 7 weeks all rats were fed on a test meal extrinsically labelled with 59Fe and whole-body radioactivity measured for 15 d. 3. Riboflavin deficiency was associated with a reduction in the percentage of the dose absorbed and an increase in the rate of loss of Fe post absorption. 4. A smaller percentage of the absorbed dose was present in the livers of the riboflavin-deficient animals.


This well-known book fh-st published in 1927 deals ?with the methods of visual-field testing in which the author describes, and explains a simple procedure which the experience of others as well as himself has shown to be both easy and satisfactory. This procedure is that known as the quantitative method of perimetry which is essentially the method of Bjerrum, who discovered nearly fifty years ago that he could obtain,


We propose a method of constructing an example-based machine translation (EBMT) system that exploits a content-aligned bilingual corpus. First, the sentences and phrases in the corpus are aligned across the two languages, and the pairs with high translation confidence are selected and stored in the translation memory. Then, for a given input sentences, the system searches for fitting examples based on both the monolingual similarity and the translation confidence of the pair, and the obtained results are then combined to generate the translation. Our experiments on translation selection showed the accuracy of 85% demonstrating the basic feasibility of our approach.


In this study the effects of two ways of storage by chilling and vacuum packaging on the physicochemical changes of hunted pheasant meat were determined during the refrigerate storage. Lactic acid, phosphate and pH value in breast and thigh muscle of chilled (n=10) and vacuum packed pheasants (n=10) were evaluated at 1st, 7th and 14th day after weaning. On day 7 lactic acid concentrations significantly increased in thigh (1.63 ± 0.41 g/100g; p ≤ 0.05). On day 14, lactic acid in the nonvacuum packed thigh significantly decreased (0.73 ± 0.56g/100g; p ≤ 0.05) compared to day 7. Significantly higher (p ≤ 0.01) concentrations of lactic acid were recorded in vacuum packed than non-vacuum packed thigh muscles on day 14. In breast, significant difference (p ≤ 0.01) in lactic acid between vacuum and non-vacuum packed meat was observed on day 14 (1.88 ± 0.18, respectively 1.15 ± 0.67g/100g). Increased pH value in non-vacuum packed thigh was observed on day 7 (6.49 ± 0.15g/100g), and in vacuum packed on day 14 (6.42 ± 0.13g/100g). Significantly higher concentrations of phosphates in thigh were recorded on day 7 in both groups, vacuum (0.90 ± 0.17; p ≤ 0.05) and non-vacuum packed meat (0.91 ± 0.10; p ≤ 0.05), in comparison with day 1. The significant decrease (0.68 ± 0.18; p ≤ 0.01) of phosphates in thigh were observed on day 14 in non-vacuum packed thigh. In vacuum-packed thigh the phosphates showed significantly increased level (0.89 ± 0.15; p ≤ 0.05) on day 14 compared with day 1. Our results indicate that the most suitable method of storage of pheasant meat is a combination of chilling and vacuum packing. Key words: pheasant; meat; lactic acid; pH; vacuum


Rinse the shelled shrimps and drain off the waten Add 2 grams salt,egg white and cornstarch and water mixture. Marinate until ready to use.


One of the most significant contributions to the field in recent times, David Clough's work On Animals: Volume 1, Systematic Theology, should ensure that theologies of creation, redemption, and eschatological fulfillment give proper attention to animals. In a landmark study, he draws upon resources in Scripture and tradition to present a systematic theology that is alert to the place of animals in the divine economy. Amidst his relentless criticism of all forms of anthropocentrism, however, it is asked whether some unresolved tensions emerge in relation to the traditional doctrine of God, the use of the category of the "personal" in theology, and the incarnation of the Word of God as a human creature.


NEUROSCIENCEOn page [864][1], scientists show that when a bullied mouse becomes fearful and withdrawn, the brain's reward circuits--the areas usually associated with addiction--play a big role in these reactions. Furthermore, they find that such negative responses are enabled by brain-derived neurotrophic factor, a chemical that elsewhere in the brain is associated with antidepressant actions. ([Read more][2].)

 [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/311/5762/864
 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/311/5762/759


Using inexpensive KI as the catalyst in the presence of ambient air, benzimidazoles were synthesized from aromatic aldehydes and o-phenylenediamine with excellent yields via intermittent microwave irradiation without reflux equipment. The synthesis process was mild and only needed only a short reaction time (7–10 min). As a simple example of the utilization of molecular oxygen under mild conditions, this method provides a novel way to synthesize benzimidazoles. The industrial synthesis of benzimidazoles may be realized by a cycle of microwave irradiation.


Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a clinically heterogeneous subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma for which the type and intensity of induction therapy with


A new instrument, the Chinese Adolescent Self-Esteem Scales (CASES), was developed to measure the self-concepts of the young people in Hong Kong in seven aspects: social, academic, appearance, moral, family, physical/sport, and general selfesteem. LISREL procedures were utilized to test the extent of factorial invariance for age and gender based on the responses to CASES of 551 Hong Kong adolescents. It was found that CASES possesses the necessary invariance properties for between-group measurement in terms of the number and pattern of the underlying factors, item factor loadings, and inter-factor relations, but not in terms of item uniqueness. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the use of CASES and of empirical support for the equivalence of self-concept factor structure for age and gender groups for both Western and non-Western adolescents. Dans cet etude, un nouvel instrument, le CASES (Chinese Adolescent Self-Esteem Scales), est developpe pour mesurer sept aspects du concept de s...


potentials. The results can be summarized as follows: (1) the adsorption of glycerol under potentiostatic conditions proceeds via a dehydrogenation process of the organic molecule followed by the ionization of the adsorbed hydrogen; (2) the adsorption is a rapid process and maximum surface coverage (0.25 + 0.01 mC cm-2) is attained within few minutes; (3) the maximum surface coverage by the adsorbed glycerol is attained about 0.40 V (RHE) (4) the adsorption of glycerol is well described by the Temkin logarithmic isotherm and the heterogeneity factor is equal to 5.9; (5) from the kinetic isotherm the value of a = 0.5 is obtained.


Two experiments examined the effects of manipulating grazing pressure during spring on the liveweight and wool-growth response of fine- and broad-wool genotypes of Merino wethers grazing annual pastures. One-year-old broad- and fine-wool Merino wethers (Bungaree and Peppin; mean fibre diameter 25.4 v. 20.7 m and 22.1 v. 19.8 m before years 1 and 2, respectively) were grazed on annual pastures maintained near target amounts of green feed on offer (800, 1100, 1400, 2000 and 2800 kg green DM/ha), or set-stocked at the district average of 8 sheep/ha, during the spring of 1992 and 1993. Within the control-grazed treatments, there was no significant difference in the total amount of pasture produced during the experimental periods but more (P<0.05) pasture was produced under set-stocking (7900 v. 5400 kg DM/ha and 7700 v. 5600 kg DM/ha in years 1 and 2, respectively).
Liveweight change was linear for most treatments over the first 90 days or so of the spring grazing period, and in both years the average rate of liveweight change was similar for both genotypes. Liveweight change increased (P 0.05) difference in liveweight change during spring for sheep grazing treatments 2000 kg DM/ha or above.

Sheep from the broad-wool genotype produced more (P<0.05) wool than those from the fine-wool genotype and, as expected, the wool was also significantly broader at all feed on offer levels. For both broad- and fine-wool sheep, feed on offer and liveweight change were closely correlated with wool growth rate and fibre diameter in both years. The asymptote of the relationships with feed on offer and the intercept of the relationships with liveweight change was greater (P<0.05) for broad- than fine-wool sheep. However, there was no significant difference between genotypes in either size and shape or slope of these relationships. In other words, the wool-growth and fibre-diameter response of broad-wool sheep to decreasing feed on offer in the spring was the same as that for fine-wool sheep.

For both genotypes, annual clean-wool production (P<0.001) and mean fibre diameter (P<0.05) increased withincreasing feed on offer during spring. The total amount of wool grown per hectare during spring decreased linearly (P<0.001) with increasing feed on offer. Grazing to about 2500 kg DM/ha more-than trebled the total clean wool produced per hectare compared with set-stocking. Thus, irrespective of sheep genotype, managing feed on offer in spring is a useful tool for manipulating wool characteristics, and increasing pasture utilisation and total wool production per unit area.


ABS TRACT Objective: We investigated whether statin treatment, associated with slightly increased risk of incident diabetes, confers elevated coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, and circumstances thereof. Material and Methods: Totally, 2959 participants 270 of whom were medicated with statins, and free of CHD at baseline, were analyzed at 7.9-years' follow-up using Cox regression. Results: Participants using statin at baseline–compared with remaining participants–had significantly higher values of metabolic syndrome (MetS) components, but lower apolipoprotein B, were fewer current smokers, and had similar HDLand LDL-cholesterol levels. Women additionally had higher plasma fibrinogen and lipoprotein[Lp](a). Adjusted Lp(a) concentrations were significantly associated with statin medication, especially in men. In Kaplan-Meier analyses for 381 incident CHD cases (stratified to gender, age category and changed status of statin usage) demonstrated steadily separating curves in statin users, compared with non-users (Log rank <0.0001). Cox regression hazard ratio for developing incident CHD was 2.42 (95% CI 1.80; 3.25) in individuals using statin, after adjustment for traditional risk factors, in men irrespective of MetS-status. Conclusion: Appropriately instituted statin therapy in population subsets with MetS or enhanced inflammation may increase CHD risk in a primary prevention setting. Excess risk imparting may be attributed to a modifying effect of statins on Lp(a).


ABSTRACT Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, also known as true cinnamon, has gained more attention recently because of its proven medicinal properties. Having uniform quality raw materials is the key to the sustainability of pharmaceutical and other industries. Nevertheless, the majority of the cinnamon plantations in Sri Lanka and elsewhere have originated from highly cross-pollinated seeds. However, no reported studies exist on the variability of individuals caused by the natural cross-pollination of cinnamon. Therefore, our work focused on morphological, genetic, and biochemical characterization of a population of individuals that resulted from a single cross-pollination event of a known C. zeylanicum mother plant. The mother plant, the possible pollen donor and the selected progeny were assessed with several age- and environment-independent morphological traits and several Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) regions. Progeny had significantly different leaf and apex shapes and ISSR regions were about 80% polymorphic compared to the parents. The morphological and genetic diversity of progeny was also represented in the cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamyl acetate content at the seedling stage.


Objective: To explore the effects of progynova combined with misoprostol and lidocaine on intrauterine device(IUD) removal in postmenopausal women,and to find out a better removal method.Methods: A total of 216 postmenopausal women requiring IUD removal were divided into 3 groups randomly: control group(48 cases) without pretreatment;progynova combined with misoprostol group(84 cases),taking progynova orally in 7 days before operation,1 mg once,once a day,and 400 μg misoprostol intravaginally 2 hours before operation;progynova misoprostol and lidocaine group(84 cases),taking progynova orally in 7 days before operation,1 mg once,once a day,400 μg misoprostol intravaginally 2 hours before operation;and in the same time lidocaine 5 mL for paracervical nerve blocking anesthesia during operation.The cervical dilating degree,operating time,adverse reaction during operation and success rate of operation were compared among three groups.Results: There were differences in cervical dilating degree,operating time,adverse reaction during operation and the difficulty level of IUD removal between control group and progynova misoprostol group,or between control group and combination of progynova,misoprostol and lidocaine group(P0.01).But there was no difference in cervical dilating degree or operating time between combination of progynova,misoprostol group and progynova group and misoprostol lidocaine group,while there were differences in adverse reaction during operation(P0.01) and difficulty level of IUD removal between combination of progynova,misoprostol group and progynova group and misoprostol lidocaine group(P0.05),Conclusions: Treatment of progynova and misoprostol with or without lidocaine before IUD removal can simplify the operation,effectively relief the pain.In terms of relieving operative malaise and improving the effects of the IUD removal,combination of progynova,misoprostol and lidocaine is superior to combination of progynova and misoprostol only.


A data disposal method based on RBF neural network was presented,as well as technology of virtual instrument was took,and the data disposal for electric dynamometer system was used in vehicle.The experimental result of in-wheel motor of vehicle shows that: comparing to the result of polynomial fitting,the virtual instrument technology has the advantage of high precision,more flexibility,high compatibility and reusability.


This article reports progress on the construction of a 1.6km long road tunnel in Perth, Western Australia. It includes a route map. The tunnel is the first road tunnel to be built in Western Australia, and is part of a 6.5km new bypass to ease congestion in Perth's city centre, which is scheduled to open in June 2000 and will also include a new bridge across the Swan River. The tunnel was designed by the Maunsell Group. In September 1996, Baulderstone-Clough JV (BCJV) began construction, using a specified top-down method. The BCJV contract also includes laying the road surface, installing ventilation and drainage and pumping, construction of surface works, and extensive diversions of underground services. In addition, there is a 200m cut-and-cover tunnel to relocate railway tracks under the new road alignment. By February 1998, about 50% of the diaphragm wall was complete, and the concrete roof slab had been placed over about 40% of the route. Excavation of the core and integrated casting of the floor slab had advanced about 250m, and internal walls had begun. By early June, work remained on schedule, with 620m out of 1612m of the tunnel core excavated, about 570m out of 1630m of the concrete floor laid, over 400m out of 1630m of internal walls cast, diaphragm walling 72% complete, and 63% of the roof slab in place.


Constructivism is the base of joint between multimedia and foreign language learning,as the development of Internet and technology of multimedia,more people began to make the best use of Internet.Junior college student in different phase will choose different Multimedia Terminal,which will play an important role in teaching English.


High resolution X-ray diffraction and reflectivity have been used for the structural characterization of thin porous silicon layers of p and p + doping type. Thin porous silicon layers studied either by diffraction or reflectivity, in the range of 10–1000 nm, exhibit several thickness fringes, corresponding to a lateral homogeneity of the layer thickness. The comparison between the experimental results with simulations enables one to deduce structural information relative to the porosity, thickness, lattice parameter as well as interface thickness. For p + type samples a double fringe system was observed, showing the existence of a surface film probably at the porous silicon layer top surface.


For the evaluation of well resistance which is the effect of resistance to the internal flow within the drain, longitudinal discharge capacity tests for the different kinds of PDBs were performed with various test conditions in this study. By analyzing the test results from these tests, proper shapes and composite structures which vertical drains with the adequate performance should retain were described. Eventually, the range of minimum required discharge capacity for field application was presented by analytical comparative study with conventional radial consolidation theories proposed so far.


ATS 46 soft starter is a special torque control system (TCS) which can improve the starting perfor mance greatly for AC asynchronous motor and without increasing the additional expenses to user. This technology is provided with best starting performance as compared with other methods of decreasing starting voltage. The block diagram, starting characteristics and its advantages of ATS 46 soft starter were introduced.


Abstract The geosciences consist of multiple disciplines including geology, oceanography, and atmospheric science. Significant work expended to understand spatial thinking skills important to teaching and learning geology has advanced our ability to support students in geology courses and to achieve increased student success, retention, and diversity in geology programs. However, as we investigate teaching and learning broadly, including oceanography and atmospheric science, an important question is how well spatial thinking frameworks previously used in geoscience education research (GER) map onto these disciplines. A cross-disciplinary exploration of spatial thinking reveals multiple frameworks that classify spatial thinking skills from different perspectives. The spatial sciences, including geographic information systems and cartography, employ frameworks that emphasize geospatial thinking related to maps and navigation. In contrast, GER highlights key spatial skills such as those necessary to visualize landforms from topographic maps, or interpret folded and overturned rock units. Intelligence theorists develop taxonomies based on measurable human intelligence factors, while some cognitive scientists distinguish between object and spatial visualizers. New typologies support categorization of spatial thinking skills by intrinsic-extrinsic and static-dynamic relationships, and recently, a heuristic framework synthesizes spatial factor literature in support of STEM education. In this commentary we recognize the landscape of spatial thinking perspectives, review various frameworks potentially applicable to thinking and learning in multiple geoscience disciplines, raise questions intended to drive forward spatial thinking research across geoscience disciplines, and reflect on how different approaches at the forefront of the field may serve to address related GER Grand Challenges.


A program package for XAFS data analysis, especially of liquid and amorphous samples, has been developed. For the first time a consequent error propagation is presented for all functions to be calculated in the course of the data analysis. The structural investigation of the Grignard compound CH3MgBr in diethyl ether is taken as an example for the various steps of the data analysis.


Security has always been a privilege for governments and banks, from the old Egyptian civilization to the latest technologies. Nowadays, security has become an essential part in our daily life; from protecting mobile chats to bank accounts to confidential data. It is everywhere due to the huge amount of data stored and transmitted over public and unsecure networks. On the other hand, computers are advancing so fast that some cryptosystems may vanish in the upcoming years. For this, a need of robust security systems is raised to ensure that our data will be kept safe. This paper introduces a new approach in cryptography based on the distribution of data using an x-y key function. The approach is based on concepts: transforming data, distributing data, and XORing it with other data. Several algorithms are applied to serve the goal, and promising results have been recuperated. Security has been maximized although there are limits concerning time and space.


This paper highlights the analysis and comparison of link encoding,instruction and anti-collision mechanism of ISO/IEC 18000-6 Type B and Type C standard in UHF channel.Manchester coding which Type B uses is earlier encoding standards.This encoding achieves relatively easy but with a lower coding efficiency,PIE encoding which Type C uses has advantage of easy of physical realization and transmission of high efficiency.Commands of Type B are 8 bits,while commands of Type C use variable length prefix encoding which improves transmission efficiency.Adaptive binary tree anti-collision mechanism of Type B is low efficiency when identification tags are in large number.Random time slot anti-collision mechanism of Type C is a simple algorithm with easy realization,but the time slot of mechanism is random distribution and is uncertain.


Simple Summary Here, we aimed to characterize the structural features, to descript the bedding material, and to observe the management practices of compost (CBP) barns in the state of Kentucky (USA). These systems allow thermal comfort for animals, as well as better hygiene conditions for cows. All CBP barns showed structural variations. Sawdust and wood shavings were the most used materials in beds and coliforms E. coli, Bacillus, and Streptococcus were present in the CBP barns with a lower moisture content. In addition, the most frequently cited benefits of the CBP barn include increased cow comfort compared to free stalls; increased cow cleanliness; low maintenance; its ability to work well for heifers and lame, fresh, problem, and old cows; and its ability to allow natural resting positions with no free stalls. Abstract This study was conducted to describe the building layout and dimensions, characterize the bedding material, and observe the management practices in 42 compost-bedded pack (CBP) barns in Kentucky (USA). The average herd size found in the study was 90 cows and the breeds consisted of Jersey (6.8%), Holstein (72.7%), and mixed (20.5%). The average CBP barn dimensions were 49.1 m (length) by 21.9 m (width). Many of these barns had feed alleys and driveways; overshot ridges with frequent orientation from NE to SW; and green sawdust, kiln-dried sawdust, or a mixture of both as the most common bedding materials. The bed-turning process was performed mechanically at depths of less than 0.25 m, and the loading of fresh material was performed every one to five weeks, varying by season, weather conditions, barn size, and cow density. The average bedding moisture content was found to be 59.0% (wet bulb—w.b.) and ranged from 36.2 to 71.8%. Coliforms were not present in barns that had a higher compost temperature, and the E. coli, Bacillus, and Streptococcus counts were higher in the barns that had a lower moisture content. In conclusion, it was observed that heterogeneous management was used among the barns and that the producers were satisfied with the compost barn system.


There are some drawdown areas around the three gorges reservoir. Drawdown areas of the three gorges reservoir have many characteristics of wetland ecosystem. However, the ecological characteristics are very complex. The greenhouse gas production and emissions are seldom studied in this zone. This study selected the drawdown area in three gorges upstream tributaries Zhuyi River as the research object. The N2O emission flux and the change of environmental nitrogen had been studied continuously. The results showed that the drawdown areas were the important source of N2O emission in Zhuyi river and summer was the biggest period of N2O emission. Temperature and soil moisture content were the main influencing factors of N2O emissions in drawdown area.


Bolts are widely used in towers, insulators, and fittings. In transmission lines, their role is to fix fittings and maintain the stability of line structure. However, bolt defect is a visually indistinguishable problem that bolts located on different fittings have different definitions of defects. Aiming at the problem of the visually indistinguishable bolt defect in transmission lines, a bolt defects recognition method based on bolt position and attribute is proposed. Firstly, we use the target detection model YOLOX-S to detect several small-scale fittings, cut out the bolts and record the position of the bolts in the fittings. Then, we introduce the deformable patch module into the fine-grained transformer (TransFG) to enhance the learning ability of the model to fine-grained features and obtain a variety of bolt attributes. Finally, the bolt attribute and position are combined to further determine whether the bolt has defects. We conducted experiments in the Visually Indistinguishable Bolt Defects Dataset (VIBD Dataset) and the pre-training weight of vision transformer on the ImageN et dataset is used for transfer learning, in the training process. The experimental results show that compared with other bolt defects recognition methods, the proposed method solves the problem of visually indistinguishable bolt defect recognition, and has great significance for intelligent inspection of transmission lines.


The fact that traditional radio is synchronous and unidirectional, with little or no room for interaction and content selection, is one of the main reasons why young people have turned their backs on it. In retrospect, conventional radio never cared for the younger generation, never designing strategies to bring them in. As a result, radio lost its relevance and it does not feature as part of young people's digital diet. Over the last year, the number of podcast consumers has steadily increased, which is causing this format to become more and more cemented in society. It could be a way to gain younger listeners, an opportunity not to be missed by the radio industry. In the past, young people continued to listen to the radio as they got older, but that is no longer the case nor is radio seen as the go-to resource for new musical content. The challenge for radio is clear: regaining its influence through proposals with added value to differentiate itself from global platforms. In order to carry out this research, a total of 410 young university students were surveyed. The results show what the current picture is in such a changing atmosphere. It has been observed that this audience bases their audio consumption on personal preferences, they mainly access it via social media and they would find it useful and interesting to create their own podcast. This paper includes a podcast where academic experts and audio professionals, interviewed for the doctoral thesis "xxx (anonymity for review)", reflect on the strategies that radio should adopt in order to gain young listeners.


Genotype × environment interaction (G x E) is a major constraint to identify single superior genotype for a number of variable environments. In order to quantify G × E interaction effect on grain yield in chickpea, 16 chickpea genotypes were studied for grain yield at 6 locations for two years using randomized complete block design. Combined analysis of variance showed significant effects of locations, genotypes, years and their interactions on grain yield. The genotypic effects contributed 45.60% and G × E interaction contributed 54.40% to the total sum of squares. The genotypes and environments, each, were divided into four groups on the basis of similarity in their response. None of the genotypic group performed consistently across the environmental groups. The parametric approach and stability parameters indicated that genotypes; G1 (BRC-1), G8 (BRC220) and G9 (BRC-224) were relatively stable in different environments. The results of bi-plot analysis, however, indicated that BRC-4, BRC-62 and BRC-231 were more stable for grain yield as they had lesser interaction with environments as compared to other genotypes.


Introduction The reader will find here a concise summary of established notions on the structure and function of von Willebrand factor (vWF), followed by a brief discussion of selected recent advances that illustrate how this molecule supports platelet function in hemostasis and thrombosis. A comprehensive review of the topic is beyond the scope of this chapter and may be found elsewhere.1-3


Radiative forcing of Earth's climate due to increases in greenhouse gases is compared in a number of Geneal Circulation Models. Feedback effects due to water vapor and clouds are discussed. (AIP)


The need for high quality electron optical systems for small size color camera has remarkedly increased since the advent of compact VTRs. A new magnetic-focus static-deflection system has been developed under a program of exploration of possibilities of designing vidicon tubes. The objective is to make a focusing and deflection system which will have high quality electron optical characteristics with simple construction and require low power consumption. The main characteristics required are small focus spot size, scan linearity and normal beam landing. The beam landing angle affects shading, resolution, lag and flicker of camera tubes which employ low-velocity electron beam [1]. The normal beam landing performance is essential especially for a single tube color camera system in order to read out coded color signals with accuracy.


One of the oldest challenges to literary studies is the explanation of the principles of canon formation which would be satisfactory to most critics and readers. Nowadays the dominant view is that they will most probably never be found, if only because there is no agreement about what the canon is. The ideal (or idealistic) definition would be that a canon is a collection of literary works characterised by inherent, universal values independent of the petty interests of current politics or moral ideology. It seems that the eighteenth-century understanding of the term partakes of the idealism in the way literature, or art at large, is perceived. David Hume in an essay published in 1757 argues that despite the proverbial conviction about the lack of the standard of taste even within groups of uniform cultural background, "there is certainly a species of common sense that opposes it, at least serves to modify and restrain it" (Hume 2001 [1757]: 488). There are works which are universally admired and once they are freed from the pressures of their own contemporaneity, their value becomes fully evident. "Authority or prejudice may give a temporary vogue to a bad poet or orator", he says, "but his reputation will never be durable or general. When his compositions are examined by posterity or by foreigners, the enchantment is dissipated, and his faults appear in true colours" (Hume 2001 [1757]: 489-90). Dr Johnson likewise believes that time is "the test of literary merit" since it is impossible to see the true value of literature within its original context of creation and reception. "Whatever advantages he [the author] might once derive from personal allusions, local customs, or temporary opinions", when the "effects of favour and competition are at an end; the tradition of enmities has perished; his works support no opinion with arguments, nor supply any faction with invectives; they can neither indulge vanity nor gratify malignity but are read without any other reason than the desire of pleasure, and are therefore praised only as pleasure is obtained". It is only in the texts that "have passed through variations of taste and changes of manners" that we may look for some intrinsic artistic value (Johnson 2000 [1765]: 420). In contemporary criticism the concept of a canon is no longer so closely associated with inherent literary merit which transcends ideological contingencies. On the contrary, it is more commonly believed that the merit is dependent on prevalent ideologies and extra literary conditions. The view at its extreme was expressed by Terry Eagleton in his introduction to Literary theory. An introduction (1983) wherein he argued that that "the so-called 'literary canon' ... has to be recognised as a construct', that "there is no such thing as a literary work or tradition which is valuable in itself and that value is "a transitive term", which "means whatever is valued by certain people in specific situations, according to particular criteria and in the light of given purposes" (Eagleton 1983: 11). This view, however, is fiercely opposed by Harold Bloom, the author of a study entitled The Western Canon (1994), who is a vehement advocate of the traditional conceptualisation of the canon. Bloom insists that it is a mistake to perceive the survival of particular literary texts only as an outcome of ideological forces, to believe that "to make a canon is an ideological act in itself (Bloom 1994: 21). For him the canon is to be seen as "the relation of an individual reader and writer to what has been preserved out of what has been written", or, in other words, as "the literary art of Memory" (Bloom 1994: 17). The debate between the two concepts of canon formation is particularly interesting to observe in the context of eighteenth-century fiction. It is commonly believed that the formation of genres is governed by the same logic as the formation of the canon: genres crystallise as a result of the interplay of various cultural, philosophical, and economic forces. …


The main effect of climate change is to reduce the global ocean carbon uptake when compared to experiences with similar levels of atmospheric CO2 but in which the climate does not evolve. This reduction is mostly due to the increase in sea surface temperature and CO2 concentrations, which respectively lead to a lower solubility and a larger buffer factor. At the regional scale however some processes may temporarily result in an enhanced uptake with increasing sea-surface temperatures (e.g. sea-ice cover change).