Physical education has been an institution in American schools since the late 19th century, and today almost all American children are exposed to physical education classes. It has often been claimed that physical education provides important benefits to public health. The purpose of this paper is to determine if physical education increases students' physical activity levels, in the short and longer terms, and thereby provides important health benefits. We reviewed the literature to determine the amount of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity during physical education classes, as well as to determine if physical education classes increase students' overall daily physical activity, and if physical education classes provide short-term and long-term health benefits. Our conclusion is that the literature addressing the public health effects of physical education is limited. Given the significance of this issue to the future of school-based physical education, studying the short- and long-term health and fitness effects of physical education should be a high priority for future research.


The standard edition ofRaimonVidal's ensenhamenwas for many years that of Wilhelm Bohs, published in Romanische Forschungen. It was a typical-perhaps rather above-averagespecimen of the German scholarship of its day: solid, conscientious, unimaginative, far from user-friendly. It is thismonument to the virtues and the limitations of the universities of Wihelmine Germany that Roger Teulat and Annick Puygrenier have chosen to refurbish for the benefit of French readers of today. Their object is to "réactualiser la vision, maintenant très vieillie, de l'érudit allemand, [to provide] que première approche destinée à la fois au public cultivé et aux spécialistes qui n'entendent pas l'allemand" (3). The scholarly utility of their work, however, is seriously diminished, ifnot entirely vitiated, by the existence ofW. H.W.Field's edition,which is superior in everyway to that ofBohs. Field's volume is mentioned only once here, with the laconic comment "édition introuvable chez nous" (3): Teulat has, therefore, been unable~or unwilling?~to make any use of it.


The paper analyzed the reasons for the differences between Chinese men's basketball team and the top teams in the world by comparing the technical data of Chinese Men's Basketball Team with Lithuania in the 16th World Championship from 2 points shots,field-goal percentage,3 points shots,offensive rebounds and defensive rebounds.


Water-based printing ink has been used widely and perfectly in printing the packaging of food, drug, and wine products etc. However, due to the need of altering different colors of ink, most water-based printing ink wastewater was generated from the equipment cleaning process. Coagulation combined with Fenton process has been used for this kind of wastewater treatment in this study, results showed that coagulation using polyaluminium chloride (PACl) as coagulant and ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) as coagulant aid was an efficient pretreatment process, around 96.5% of color and 91.1% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was removed at the condition of 750 mg L PACl, 500 mg L FeSO4 and without pH adjustment, suggesting that the coagulationtreated effluent could be recycled and reused for cleaning the production and printing equipments. Some residual COD and all color were removed from coagulation-treated effluent by Fenton process under the following conditions: pH 3, 300 mg L H2O2, 220 mg L FeSO4 and 90 min of oxidation. In general, the overall removal of color and COD could reach 100% and 94.5%, respectively. This integrated process is a promising approach for treating wastewater from water-based ink manufacturers and printing plants to meet the stringent discharge requirements.


Public Policies are logic sequential activities for solving some high priority problems, which are meant to achieve some objectives and obtain some results with limited, well-defined resources. The model used by public administration for elaborating and implementing the public policies is a result-oriented management model. In this model, the monitoring and evaluation phases play a crucial role in measuring and analyzing the results. The results obtained are then compared with the expected results. Public Policies Elaboration is an extremely complicated process, with many actors involved, lots of decisions and links with other public policies already implemented or being implemented. The decisions taken within this process have different results on the people affected by them.


Text for a speech given by Barbara C. Jordan at the 4th Annual Conference for the National Alliance of Black School Educators in Miami Beach, FLorieda.


To explore the limitations of the mean field approximation, frequently used in \textit{ab initio} molecular electronics calculations, we study an out-of-equilibrium Anderson impurity model in a scattering formalism. We find regions in the parameter space where both magnetic and non-magnetic solutions are stable. We also observe a hysteresis in the non-equilibrium magnetization and current as a function of the applied bias voltage. The mean field method also predicts incorrectly local moment formation for large biases and a spin polarized current, and unphysical kinks appear in various physical quantities. The mean field approximation thus fails in every region where it predicts local moment formation.


Doubly coded artworks—artworks that are embedded in other artworks—sometimes represent an art form (a medium, a genre) that at the time they are made cannot be represented except through double coding. The phenomenon is rare and occurs only when several conditions are met. First, in the doubly coded (embedded) section, the subordination of one voice to the other voice is so extreme that the section can be likened to a duet sung by one voice. This hierarchical relation in which the materiality of the representation is fully controlled by the embedding voice permits a filmmaker or visual artist or fiction writer to speak or embody a world-making voice other than her or his own. The final requirement for double coding to enable representation of a new art form is the imaginative leap of a perceiver, who interprets the artwork in the fictional world (the artwork made by the fictional world-making voice) as an example of a new art form potentially capable of independent existence in our world.


Belorussian culture made a great leap forward in the 16th century, a period that many scholars call the 'Belorussian Renaissance' and the 'golden age' of Belorussian culture.1 Its beginning is closely connected with the name of Doctor Francis Skaryna from Polotsk. The 'Belorussian Renaissance', according to V. Picheta, 'has an individualistic character which is reflected in the legislation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, in the rise of national literature, in the formation of Literary Belorussian based on the spoken language, and in the formation of a new Belorussian intellectual class.'2 Of the numerous surviving juridical documents the most important is the Litouski Statut ('Lithuanian Statute'), written in Belorussian. There are three editions 1529, 1566, and 1588 but only the last one was printed. The 1588 edition was in force until 1840, though the whole of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had been annexed to Russia for well over 30 years. After translation in the 17th century into Russian and Polish the Litouski Statut exercised great influence in these countries as well.3 It will be interesting to examine briefly the Litouskaya Metryka ('Lithuanian Register'), also written in Belorussian, considered to be the most important of the surviving historical documents. The first edition was begun in the third decade of the 15th century and the amplified second edition in the middle of the 1 6th century. The Litouskaya Metryka is not a single document, but a collection of the state archives embracing the 14th to the 18th centuries. It


The relationship between how an employee perceives support for participation in human resource development (HRD) practices, engagement, and turnover intent has been underrepresented in the literature. Using social exchange theory as a guiding framework, this research sought to better understand the possible linkages of HRD practices and employee engagement to turnover intentions. An Internet-based self-report survey battery utilizing a four-stage preparation method was used as the primary data collection tool. Research was conducted in the health care industry ( N = 207). Linear, simultaneous, and mediated regression analyses were used to examine the variables of interest. Results suggested that participation in HRD practices and cognitive, emotional, and behavioral engagement were negatively related to turnover intent. Mediated regression analyses indicated that engagement partially mediated the relation between HRD practices and turnover intent. The findings support the utility of supporting employee participation in HRD practices to improve employee engagement and reduce turnover intent.


ficient o provide the handicapped the wherewithal for the essentials of life. Among the methodological difficulties encountered are the choice of a suitable time period (anywhere between one year's operation and the total lifetime of the MSPE's); the valuation of inputs and outputs, given the elusive character of any opportunity costs involved; the impact of cyclical and other fluctuations in labor market conditions (full as against less than full employment); and difficulties of pricing products that are not sold on the market or are sold under other than fully competitive conditions, etc. One problem area to which no reference is made, but which is bound to affect the results of the comparisons undertaken, is the adequacy of the specific income-maintenance programs that are taken to constitute the alternative to productive employment. The latter is likely to become economically attractive-even if not profitable in itselfthe more adequate, and therefore the more costly, are these income-maintenance programs, and vice versa. Inadequate maintenance programs, therefore, would tend to raise certain criteria which MSPE's would have to meet in order to be economically attractive-rather an inversion of the rationale on which social policy choices ought to be made. As is apparent from the foregoing, the method of conceptualization and analysis stops short of what might be called "social accounting." The author desires to produce a model for cost-benefit analysis in hard economic terms and to test it within these same conceptual limitations. Yet, application and results raise some doubt as to whether any insights that are truly meaningful in terms of alternative policy choices can be gained within such a severely restricted frame of reference. Judging from the author's own observations expressed in the brief chapter "Human and Social Gains" and his repeated references to such gains which, even though not reflected within the purview of the accounting that he renders, really need to be considered in the evaluation of the results, Mr. Andersen would appear to share this uncertainty. George F. Rohrlich Professor Department of Economics Temple University International and Comparative Labor Relations


Autocratic governments routinely interfere in digital communication technology for political purposes. However, citizens can use different technologies to bypass government interference. This article examines how political protest influences the use of anonymity-preserving digital services in autocracies. Citizens should be more likely to use these tools during high political tension because they fear governmental surveillance or censorship. The analysis combining data on the Tor anonymization network with protest event data demonstrates noticeable increases in Tor usage after days with many protest events but not days with single protest events.


Abstract The extraction of Tb(III), Dy(III), Ho(III), Er(III), Tm(III), and Yb(III) with 5,7‐dibromo‐8‐hydroxyquinoline (Hdbq or HA) in chloroform from aqueous perchlorate solutions was investigated. The formation of the LnA3 species (where Ln = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb) in the organic phase was supported by the data. The parameters of the extraction processes were determined, and the separation factors between two adjacent lanthanides(III) were calculated.


Nanotechnology involves material with nanoscale dimension that range from 0.1 to 100 nm, to make devices, systems and materials with essentially new characteristics and applications due to their large surface area to volume ratio. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely known due to its wide band gap and high exciton binding energy. ZnO NPs are normally synthesized by chemical methods which involve the use of hazardous and expensive chemicals, resulting in toxic and environmentally hazardous by-products. Green synthesis of ZnO NPs by plants extract is non-toxic and economic. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the potential of plants extract in the green synthesis of ZnO NPs. Moreover, the capability of Coriandrum sativum leaf extracts to produce ZnO NPs in degrading dyes in textile wastewater is also discussed.


or Glasgow. In the letters and records of these migrants, Fender's 'dominant discourse' has no place at all. This seems to suggest that Fender's angle of entry is questionable. Can a real link be made between Puritan seventeenth-century exile and bourgeois nineteenthcentury traveller? The list in the nineteenth-century immigrant's letter home is made a trope equal to the list as it appears in the seventeenth-century New-England jeremiad. 'Emigrants' catalogs', Fender calls them and attributes the 'American' quality of emigrants' letters to some spontaneous discourse engendered by being in America. But lists of this kind must be found in every agricultural community which has writing. Only a thorough reading of Argentinian, Peruvian, Australian, Brazilian, etc, letters could begin to clarify the issue. A preoccupation with a dominant discourse and a single alternative discourse intimated, conjectured and extrapolated seems to deafen Seachanges to the endless variations of the millions of human voices. The exceptionalist nature of the United States is a premise being offered as a conclusion. A search for the American element leads the author to ask a series of questions about what makes an American American. We are even asked to consider the common elements in the autobiographical material of Arthur Miller, Walt Whitman, and Benjamin Franklin. The result is that Seachanges is a geography book not a history book. 'American literature', it claims, 'has always been exceptional; it has "lit out" from the dead conventions of Europe, freeing itself from endless experiments in form and reference'. This late repetition of Emerson's address to the American scholar incants the myths which it claims to discuss. European literature has been no more dead than American literature in the period under discussion.


This paper present an experimental investigation, carried out to study the effects of Rice Husk Ash on index properties of black cotton soil stabilized with 5%lime.Black cotton soil blended with 5% lime are treated by mixing Rice Husk Ash in 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% ratio by weight of dry soil as per relevant IS code of practice and tests for index properties are carried out. The results showed a marked change in index properties of soil sample. The liquid limit and plasticity index decrease from 48.5% to 41.8% and 25.8% to 12.3% respectively with increase in rice husk ash from 5% to20%to 5% lime blended black cotton soil whereas plastic limit and shrinkage limit increase from 22.7% to 29.5% and 8.61% to 13.76% respectively. Also the Differential Free Swell decreases from54.3% to 7.1%, showing appreciable decrease in swelling behavior. The improvement in Index properties of soil reveals that Rice Husk Ash is an important material to stabilize the Black Cotton soil and make suitable for construction purpose.


ON the basis of the first twenty-eight years of George Logan's life one would have predicted a sedate and successful career for him as a Philadelphia physician. Indeed, he had all the necessary qualifications: a famous Pennsylvania name, an independent fortune, an unparalleled medical education and a will to succeed. Yet his life took him far afield from medicine into the political arenas of the day, caused him to be expelled from the Society of Friends and labeled a seditionist by the press, and even inspired the Congress of the United States to enact a law expressly aimed at him. . . .


The present paper reports time behaviour study of HF laser transitions in SF6/C3H8 mixture employing double-discharge technique. Measurements of time delays and pulse width of the individual rotational lines indicate that 2→1 transition starts first and then followed by 1→0 and 3 →2 transitions.


AbstractA failed or failing roof system represents a heightened opportunity for failure in the building envelope and inherently increases the risk of additional costs. A leaking roof system also imposes costs on building occupants. Present roof asset management practice typically ignores user or occupant costs in making replacement decisions, basing roof management decisions on fixed intervals, inspection results, maintenance issues, and, occasionally, failure risk. This paper presents a process for valuating occupant costs with respect to roof system failures and then considers the impact of those costs in the roof management decision process. Feedback from occupants at Carnegie Mellon University regarding the impact of approximately 1,800 reported roof leaks over a period of 9 years was used to estimate occupant cost model parameters. Results found that the occupant costs coping with leaks exceed roof maintenance and repair costs in a typical year but are smaller than the average annual roof replacement...


Methods for preparing specimens and for processing the results obtained are described. Carbon black of grades T1 and KhS-72, monodispersed polystyrene (molecular weight 200 kDa), polyethylene, poly...


Peri ven t r i cu la r and in t raventr icular hemorrhage ( S E P / I V H ) is detected in 40 to 50% of i n fan t s w i t h b i r t h weight less than 1500 gms. The short term outcome of i n f an t s w i t h I V H varies w i d e l y , In order to undersrand the na tura l history of S E P / I V H , we designed a prospective study to determine its incidence, onset, extent, mor ta l i ty and the evolut ion of d i l a t e d ventr ic les in the survivors.


The triumph of the Khomeini forces and of the Iranian revolution in February 1979, sweeping away the old imperial regime and the transitional Bakhtiyar government, marked the beginning of a highly critical period in American-Iranian relations. The conflict culminated in the seizure of the American embassy in Tehran and in the holding of U.S. diplomats as hostages for well over a year. The hostage issue was the most controversial question for U.S. foreign policy in 1980 and marked a historic low point in relations between the two countries.1


Covering a range of topics, this work includes such areas as clustering techniques, classification techniques, mining association rules and patterns from large databases, and data visualization. Applications of knowledge discovery and data mining techniques are also discussed.


Methyl esters are chemoselectively deprotected by thiophenol in presence of catalytic amount of KF in dry NMP (1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone) under non-hydrolytic neutral condition.


White sweetclover, Melilotus alba Desr. (Fabaceae), produces white, papilionoid flowers on a simple raceme. Individual floral apices originate in the axil of a bract. Each flower consists of five alternating whorls that, from outside to inside, consist of (i) five sepals, (ii) five petals, of which two fuse along their abaxial edges to form the keel, (iii) five antesepalous stamens, (iv) five antepetalous stamens with shorter filaments, and (v) a single carpel containing two to four ovules. The development of the wild-type sweetclover inflorescence and flowers is described in detail and compared with a mutant in which secondary inflorescences, instead of individual flowers, developed in axils of the bracts, especially at the base of the inflorescence. This white sweetclover mutant, designated sid for "secondary inflorescence development", might serve as a test of the ABC model of floral development, which was based on the model plants Antirrhinum and Arabidopsis.Key words: white sweetclover, inflorescence...


This text commences from the literary world of Shen Congwen, inquirying into his literary idea and literary ideal, to further realizes the wishes of knowing this writer.


This article presents various explanatory models of electoral behavior: the sociological model insists on group membership; the psychological model insists on acquired dispositions, and the economic model insists on the strategic and instrumental dimensions of the vote. Tracing their American origins, it illustrates the evolution of these models over time and space and highlights their complementary nature.


Georges Rodenbach is the author of works in prose and verses exploring the resonance of the signs received from the outside world on the individual subjectivity. His fictions, poems and essays look into the interactions between the characters and the city - generally Bruges - in which they evolve, charging the objective reality with symbols revealing their own intimate determinations. The real or symbolic influence of the City on narrative developments, expressed by a poetics of Analogy, is the topic of this study, which will attempt to bring out the overall coherence of Rodenbach's works through the permanence of his "Poetics of the City".


Background: The study examined the relationship between organisational culture and the successful implementation of a Hospital Information System in a provincial hospital in Ghana. Organisational culture was operationalized and measured using the Competing Values Framework (CVF), whiles the successful implementation of an HIS was operationalized through the Technology Acceptance Model, such that organisational culture either influenced directly, attitudes towards the use of the HIS or indirectly through perceived usefulness (PU) or perceived ease of use (PEOU) of the HIS.
Methods: Using a cluster-based sampling technique, data for the study was collected from 120 staff members and was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Partial Least Squares based Structural Equation Modeling (PLS SEM).
Findings: The results of the study suggest that although a positive direct relationship exists between organisational culture and successfulHIS implementation, the relationship is not significant. On the contrary, organisational culture is significantly correlated with successful HISimplementation but through PU rather than PEOU.
Conclusion: We argue that this finding is a reflection of the heterogeneity of the interpretations of culture at the different levels of analysis. Assuch health facility-related employees who operate in different context and levels of the organisation, may be more interested in the usefulness of achange as opposed to how easy it is for them to adjust to a change program in an organisation.
Keywords: Organisational culture, Implementation, Hospital information systems, Ghana


This study explores the relationship between political instability and growth within the perspective of Greece's modern history. The narrative approach is used to identify major events of political unrest which took place in the period from 1833 onwards. Econometric estimates show that political instability exerts an adverse effect on economic growth. Likewise, poor economic performance increases the likelihood of political risk. Their relationship is not uniform across time but strengthens only after the second half of the 20th century. The impact of political instability is conditional on the stage of economic development with the most harmful effect observed in the phase of rapid industrialization. When distinguishing between permanent and temporary effects of political instability, a strongly negative effect is observed on the growth rate of potential output and a weakly negative impact on the cyclical component of GDP. Political instability is unfavorably affected by the growth rate of potential output.


Zn diffusion is commonly used for p-n junction formation in InGaAs/InP technology for short-wave infrared imaging devices. InP surface degradation during the diffusion process can lead to low device performance and fabrication yield. InP degradation is usually manifested as macroscopic etch-pits and In hillocks and is a consequence of preferential evaporation of P [1]. Other investigations have attributed the InP degradation during Zn diffusion to the chemical reaction between Zn and InP that results in the formation of In hillocks and crystalline Zn3P2 inclusions [2] or a ZnxP2 film [3]. This paper presents a different type of InP deterioration in InGaAs/InP P-i-N photodiodes occurring during Zn diffusion. It presents the microanalysis performed in finding the cause for this type of deterioration and the solution.


FIELD: printing industry. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to method to manufacture a silicon substrate of a liquid ejection head, which is equipped with an element of energy generation to eject liquid and a hole passing through silicon substrate, to supply liquid to the generation element. Method of the substrate manufacturing includes the following stages: formation of multiple concave sections at the back surface of the silicon substrate with plane orientation {100}, besides, the concave sections are oriented towards the first surface and are aligned in rows in direction of the first surface; and formation of multiple holes for liquid ejection by axial crystalline anisotropic etching at the silicon substrate via concave sections with the help of the etching fluid, etching speed of which on the plane {100} of the silicon substrate is less than the etching speed on the plane {110} of the silicon substrate. EFFECT: improved accuracy of silicon sections manufacturing between holes along width. 6 cl, 38 dwg


Greater than 20% of patients with apparently localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC) present with disease progression after surgery. The objective of the current study was to improve the ability of clinicians to predict prognosis in patients with localized RCC.


Limited progress has been made in the past few years in increasing demand response participation rate in the United States. The structural rigidity of existing price-based and incentive-based demand response programs results in inadequate and inefficient utilization of demand flexibility in electricity market operations. In this paper, an innovative proactive demand participation scheme is developed. This new scheme enables customers to actively express and communicate their consumption preferences to market operators rather than passively receive and react to time varying electricity prices and demand reduction signals. A novel framework for integrated wholesale and retail market operations with proactive demand participation and customer aggregation is proposed. The proactive demand response scheme is implemented in a simulation environment. The simulation results show that the proactive demand participation scheme is superior to the passive demand response approach. The proactive demand participation approach not only increases overall market efficiency but also reduces price volatility.


The QED running coupling constant α(s) and the anomalous magnetic moment of muon aμ are two fundamental quantities for the precision test of the Standard Model (SM). The current uncertainties on α(s) and aμ are dominated by the contribution from the R-values measured about 20 years ago with an averaged uncertainty of 15% in the energy region below 5 GeV. This review article summarizes the recent measurements of R-values in low energy e+e- annihilation. The new experiments aimed at reducing the uncertainties in R-values and performed with the upgraded Beijing Spectrometer (BESII) at Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPC) in Beijing and with Cryogenic Magnetic Detector, CMD-2 and SND (Spherical Neutral Detector) at VEEP-2M in Novosibirsk are reviewed and discussed.


Abstract : Legal positivists dominate discussions concerning legitimacy in military operations. From their perspective, the only valid form of legitimacy is an expression of will from sovereign rulers through international organizations. Thus, resolutions from the United Nations and regional organizations are important prerequisites for military operations. Unfortunately, such a strict focus on procedural expressions of sovereign will leads to irreconcilable paradoxes such as the procedural norms of sovereignty and protection of basic human rights. If states possess a sovereign right of noninterference from external intervention, how does the international community intervene to protect populations from mass atrocities? Many times the contradiction is not adequately addressed and peacekeepers are deployed to figure it out as they conduct operations. The result is confused operational approaches that lead to decreased efficacy in responsibility to protect (R2P) operations. One possible solution to the paradoxes associated with legal positivism is a renewed commitment to the theory of natural law. According to this theory, procedural expressions of sovereign will are absolutely critical to legitimacy, but these expressions must be linked to the antecedent principles of natural law. First principles may serve as a paradox mediator for military decisionmakers as they navigate the complex operating environments associated with humanitarian interventions. In understanding first principles, one must first come to terms with Aristotle's conception of telos, which is the Greek word for ends. The ultimate telos for international society is to increase the common good. Elections, democracy, sovereignty, and other legal norms are only a means to achieve this good. When they become ends unto themselves, the result is often confusion and a decline in operational efficacy; therefore, planners should constantly refer to teleological first principles when discerning right action in operations.


Numerous existing formulas predicted the ultimate interfacial bond strength in concrete-filled steel tubes (CFST) between steel tubes and concrete core without investigating the whole response under push-out load. In this research, four models are proposed to predict the interfacial behavior in CFST including the post-peak branch under the push-out loading test based on 157 circular specimens and 105 squared specimens from the literature. Two models (one for circular and one for squared CFST) are developed and calibrated using artificial neural network (ANN) and two models (one for circular and one for squared CFST) are developed based on multivariable regression analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA). The shape of the specimen (circular or squared), diameter of the tube, thickness of the tube, concrete compressive strength, age at the time of testing, and length of the specimen are the main factors considered. These models are then compared to other existing formulas to verify their capability to better predict the ultimate interfacial bond strength. It is found that the ANN model gives better results for most of the considered data. It is also found that ANN models can predict the overall bond-slip response for the considered dataset. In order to simulate the response of any CFST column using finite element (FE) method, it is vital to have sufficient input data on the overall bond-slip behavior between the interior face of the steel tube and the exterior surface of the concrete core including the post-peak branch. Accordingly, the suggested ANN model is used to generate the required input data related to the cohesive behavior and damage along the interface in ABAQUS model to simulate the response of two circular and two squared CFST columns under concentric compressive load. The results are in good agreement with experimental outcomes. The cohesive criterion and damage interface that are used based on ANN models in FE are found to be sufficient and can be adopted to model CFST columns.


It was party time at the National Maritime Museum Cornwall recently, as a number of volunteers celebrated over five or ten years of voluntary service.


The absolute viscosity of four oxygen-17 water samples is reported at 5°C intervals between 15 and 35°C. The absolute viscosity of 100 % H217O is determined by extrapolation of the measured viscosity of a highly enriched oxygen-17 sample, i.e., 86.53 %17O. The values calculated, based upon Eyring's theory of viscosity, for the other oxygen-17 samples are in excellent agreement with the experimental results. The isotope effect has been analyzed for H217O relative to natural water. The viscosity ratio at 25°C for H217O/H216O is 1.0226, whereas that for H218O/H216O and D216O/H216O is 1.0536 and 1.2316, respectively.


The control system of ankle rehabilitation robot based on galil motion control card is described.The ankle rehabilitation robot controller which based on 4-UP(Pe)S/PS selects the parallel mode of computer and motion control card.Space trajectory of the rehabilitation can be planned and programmed automatically by a computer.The motion controller can get trajectory planning from the computer and operate independently without the computer.This model can meet the relatively complex space trajectory of the rehabilitation and ensure the rapid response of rehabilitation robot system.The control system discussed has been used in the ankle rehabilitation robot and good effect is obtained.


Diffraction by a corner is one of the canonical problems remaining unsolved. However, several practical formulas have been proposed; any one of which must be able to be incorporated in the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD). Of these, the corner diffraction formulas that can be applied to the spherical wave incidence are Burnside-Pathak's formula (BP formula) and Zhang's formula (Z formula). In this paper, the BP formula and the Z formula are numerically compared by means of a hypothetical model consisting of a quarter infinite plane and an infinitesimal dipole. It is found that the BP formula and the Z formula become similar as long as they are not applied near the shadow boundary. The BP formula requires the edge parameters in the numerical process despite dealing with the corner diffraction. On the other hand, the Z formula needs only the parameters related to the corner. However, this formula experiences small discontinuity when the shadow boundary is traversed. In this paper, an empirical modification function is introduced into the Z formula so that a new corner diffraction formula (MZ formula) is proposed so that the diffracted field is uniform and continuous across the boundaries.


The focus of this article is the measurement of pavement marking performance in terms of retroreflectivity and 'presence.' New minimum retroreflectivity levels are forthcoming via an amendment to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). 'Presence' refers to how well pavement markings resist abrasion and retain bonds to the pavement surface. One method for comparing photographic references to estimate marking presence is described in the ASTM D913-10 Standard Practice for Evaluating Degree of Traffic Paint Line Wear. Another metric for assessing presence involves collecting photographs of markings and using an image analysis program to process them and reporting presence as a percentage. Using this latter strategy, both marking presence and retroreflectiivty can be measured, which can help determine annual re-striping needs or yield a life cycle performance curve. In this article, the authors report on the development of a Marking Condition Index (MCI), designed to standardize the process of combining the two metrics and reducing subjectivity.


The invention provides a method for preparing rubber composite by high-pressure mixing equipment, comprising the following steps: (a) dispersing fillers and auxiliaries acceptable in polymer science or combination thereof into the dispersant to obtain one or more suspension, (b) dispersing the suspension into the latex under the action of the high-pressure mixing equipment to obtain latex with filler and auxiliaries or combination thereof dispersed in the latex, and (c) dehydrating the latex to obtain the rubber composite.


Background: Organophosphates (OP) are the extensively used pesticides that protect the agricultural produce from being damaged by the pests. These inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity acutely which has a key role in the normal physiological functioning of the nervous system. There is an imminent possibility of deterioration of health in agricultural workers at the risk of OP exposure. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical symptoms and chronic health effects of OP exposure among agricultural workers associated with spraying of pesticides in Kashmir, India.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was undertaken among agricultural workers associated with pesticide spraying at least once a year. A questionnaire based survey and clinical examination was conducted among study participants. The specific questions regarding the occupational history, pattern of spraying, history and symptoms of OP pesticide exposure were noted. The use of personal protective equipment, number of years of OP exposure and the volume of pesticide used were also noted. Biochemical evaluation and serum acetylcholinesterase levels were measured by standard protocol.
Results: A total of 63 subjects participated in the study with n= 61 (96.8%) males and n= 2 (3.2%) females. The study population had a mean age of 40.90 ± 12.66 years. Our results show considerable association between OP exposure and various neurological, psychological, mucoskeletal and respiratory symptoms, but it was not enough to provide evidence of biochemical derangement. The neurological symptoms included weakness (60.3%), dizziness (44.4%), headache (38.09%), fatigue (30.1%), and muscle pain (19.04%). The psychological symptoms included low mood (66.6%), anhedonia (46.03%), insomnia (23.8%), anxiety (19.04%), and nervousness (11.1%).Among respiratory symptoms cough (58.7%) was most commonly reported followed by cough with phlegm (41.2%) and breathlessness (12.6%). Only 9.5% of the study population reported the immediate symptom onset while 33.3% of participants reported delayed onset.
Conclusion: The neurological complications were most commonly reported followed by ophthalmological symptoms. We concluded that OP exposure affects the nervous system followed by musculoskeletal, integumentary and respiratory systems with least impact on cardiovascular system.

Key words: organophosphorus; acetylcholinesterase; neurological; farm workers; occupational exposure; pesticides.


Abstract Risk factors for men becoming sexual perpetrators against underage victims were identified using data provided by 1,556 respondents who had been guaranteed unbreakable anonymity. Early behaviors occurring while the respondents and their partners were both under the age of 18 increased the risk that the respondents would begin masturbating using images of the same sex as their early partners. Masturbating using images of underage children and early experiences with children and adolescents increased the likelihood that the respondents would become adults who preyed on partners who were of an age and sex similar to those early underage partners and images.


Next-generation Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) must exhibit superior performances in order to meet the accuracy requirements of active distribution grids. Till now most researchers have focused their efforts on mitigating the impact of intrinsic amplitude and phase fluctuations as well as harmonic and inter-harmonic disturbances, since they are usually the largest sources of intrinsic uncertainty. The effect of wideband noise, both in amplitude and in phase, is instead often regarded as negligible, provided that the resolution of the data acquisition stage is chosen properly and both sampling jitter and synchronization uncertainty are kept strictly below worst-case limits. This paper extends and complements the results already available in the literature, by providing a general framework to evaluate the effect of wideband noise on synchrophasor, frequency and Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) estimation. The results of this analysis show that, when the influence of the other disturbances is reduced, the impact of noise can become not only significant, but even critical for compliance (especially on frequency and ROCOF estimates) with respect to the limits reported in the IEEE Standards C37.118.1-2011 and C37.118.1a-2014.


Abstract Objectives: The aim of this study was to survey methods that Dutch orthodontists use to prevent development or progression of enamel decalcifications during orthodontic treatment. Materials and methods: A pre-tested questionnaire was sent by post to all orthodontists in the Netherlands with a private practice (n = 189). Results: The response rate was 81%. At the start of orthodontic treatment a basic practice protocol for prevention of enamel demineralization was used by 93% of the orthodontists. This included oral hygiene instructions (92%) and the advice for additional use of a fluoride mouth rinse (64%). Other preventive measures were rarely prescribed. About 85% of those who prescribed a fluoride mouth rinse advised to rinse once a day, directly after evening tooth brushing. Conclusions: The results suggest that the commonly used practice of fluoride mouth rinsing directly after evening tooth brushing by orthodontic patients during fixed appliance treatment ignores actual evidence of preventive advices. This study recommends mouth rinsing at another moment than after evening tooth brushing, thus increasing the frequency of fluoride intakes, which might enhance the effectiveness in preventing WSL development or progression during orthodontic treatment.


The Department of Engineering Technology at Texas A&M University teaches "Electromechanical Systems for Technologists" to sophomore mechanical and electrical technology majors. The course transitions students from calculus and physics prerequisites to more advanced courses in vibrations, automation, and industrial/real-time controls. Students are introduced to the analysis and modeling of dynamic mechanical, electrical and mixed systems response using classical time and frequency analysis, and simulation. Because of the diverse mix of majors in the class and their prerequisite knowledge level more traditional simulation packages, PSpice or Working Model for example, are avoided. A generic simulation package, SIMULINK by MathWorks TM, which is closely tied to the underlying mathematics common to many technical disciplines is used to solve a variety of dynamic problems in mechanical and electrical engineering technology. The intent of this paper is to discuss course organization and to describe the use of this software in homework, lab assignments, and class demonstrations. A key feature of using this simulation software is the short student learning curve required to address simulation problems in the course. Course material in Electromechanical Systems follows the general outline of many courses in dynamic systems addressing; simple mechanical systems, passive and active electrical systems, mixed systems, and open/closed loop control. Students are introduced to common solution methods for dynamic systems modeled as first and second order differential equations followed by solutions utilizing Laplace transforms. Since most students lack prior coursework in differential equations a simulation package is taught early in the course to leverage their ability to investigate dynamic systems. Topics are initially taught using a systems or component assembly approach emphasizing the need to identify and model the individual components of larger systems. The generic nature of SIMULINK allows students to directly assemble component models based on governing physical laws expressed as one or more coupled differential equations. The ability to directly simulate governing differential equations encountered in this class using a single package unifies much of the student's understanding of dynamic systems, mechanical, electrical, or mixed, and the underlying mathematics. "Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2003, American Society for Engineering Education" P ge 817.1


For intermediate values of the Coulomb energy to Fermi energy ratio $r_s$, the ground state of a few spinless fermions confined on a two dimensional torus is the quantum superposition of a floppy Wigner molecule with delocalized vacancies and of a Fermi liquid of intersticial particles. This raises the question of the existence of an unnoticed liquid-solid phase between the Fermi liquid and the Wigner crystal for fermionic systems in two dimensions.


In the early period of the development of roentgen diagnosis, the impact of new impressions and the urgency to use these in diagnosis led to important discoveries in the field of anatomy, physiology, and pathology, but at the same time there were often unfounded interpretations. It was soon recognized that a close correlation of roentgenologic observation with morphologic and functional facts was a prerequisite to the intelligent use of this new tool, and early research started in two directions. First, it was necessary to translate the details of the "shadow-pictures" into terms of normal and morbid anatomy. On the other hand, many significant details visualized by fluoroscopy or on roentgenograms were not given sufficient attention in the traditional anatomical and pathological descriptions, or were presented in such a way that correlation between roentgenogram and anatomical preparation was not feasible, and comparative roentgen-anatomical studies had to be undertaken to create the fundamental basis of...


A content analysis method applicable to speech and its thematic aspects is described from the point of view of its eclectic theoretical basis and the operational steps whereby the magnitude of psychologic states can be derived from verbal behavior. Through the application of this procedure, though global interrelationships of relevant variables in the process of psychotherapy may be lost, precise measurement of specific psychologic states can be obtained.


This paper examines parents' effects on children's academic group placement. It suggests that parental involvement might affect children's reading achievement through its effect on a child's academic grouping. Naturalistic case studies of three Hispanic first graders at risk for reading failure are presented. In two cases, parents facilitated the children's reading achievement in one, or both, of two ways: through home teaching of the school reading curriculum and behavioral cuing for appropriate classroom behaviors. Observations and interviews suggested that parents' actions increased children's reading skill acquisition or motivation, which, in turn, resulted in higher group placement for the children. In the case of the third child, there were no comparable actions by the parents, and the child was placed and kept in a very low reading group. The paper concludes with a consideration of the theoretical and practical implications for the study of home effects on school achievement and the academic achievement of children at risk for failure.


The sickle cell diseases are caused by a genetic mutation in the hemoglobin molecule, resulting in the decreased ability to transport oxygen with subsequent clinical ramifications secondary to the sickling of the red blood cells. Routine dental and oral surgical management is possible in the office with adherence to basic principles, including hydration, oxygenation and adequate anesthesia/analgesia. The underlying pathophysiology and management protocols for the sickle diseases are discussed.


Background and purpose: For the economic feasibility study of waste water treatment plants, we need a method capable of evaluating the waste water treatment plants in terms of their cost-efficiency and their economy. In order to make a correct comparison between the investments on waste water treatment plants, their treatment capabilities and quality of their facilities need to be compared against one another. Through cost-efficiency analysis, wise decisions can be made to achieve these goals. The present research seeks to prepared and develop an optimized costefficiency model for urban waste water treatment plants. Methodology: one of the most important assessment methods utilized in this study is using two indicators of input and output. The method of using these indicators can be called the input-achievement method. This method utilizes environmental, social and economic parameters. Finally, the whole cost and efficiency of treatment procedure are studied and the above-said qualitative indicators are quantified and cost-efficiency index for waste water treatment plants will be calculated. Results: As the results indicate, the highest score for the influence of waste water treatment on the physical and chemical factors is associated with water quantity (+60) and the least score corresponds with ground water quality (+26). The greatest influence of waste water treatment on economic factors corresponds to job and expertise (+119) and the least influence is on the structural integrity of population (+19). Conclusion: We may generally conclude that further to operation costs, investment costs are also taken into consideration while studying the economic indicator, because this part of the expenditures is so great and causes high costs in the various procedures in different waste water treatment plants.


Objective:To compare with the occurrence of phlebitis during chemotherapy process of tumor sufferers between the impact of central catheterization from peripheral vein(PICC) and the impact of peripheral vein.Method: 96 patients suffering from malignant tumor underwent chemotherapy,in which 40 cases were administered chemotherapeutic drugs with centre venous catheterization,another 56 cases(control group) were transfused the same drugs from peripheral vein.The occurrence of phlebitis and the dependence on chemotherapy of all the patients were observed.Result: No phlebitis occurred in the patients performed with PICC,while 31 cases in control group manifested phlebitis(P0.01,compared with the patients undergone PICC).There was a significant statistical difference between the two groups,moreover,6 cases of the control group had to be changed chemotherapeutic way due to severe phlebitis.Conclusion: PICC is helpful to reducing the occurrence of phlebitis;meanwhile,it also facilitates the dependence on chemotherapy of tumor sufferers.


The purpose of this phenomenological, narratological, heuristic study is to understand the phenomenon of relationship building between teachers and students at an alternative high school. For this study, the phenomenon of relationship building is generally defined as the language, information, ideas, and feelings between a teacher and student that affect perception, understanding, and value between teachers and students. Areas explored in this study include understanding how teachers in an alternative high school build positive relationships with students who had previously experienced little success at school and often felt marginalized, and understanding how that relationship becomes the tool to allow students to experience success in the classroom. Not all students share the experience of a successful high school career of academics and extra-curricular activities, friendships, or the culture of a traditional school setting. Over half a million students drop out of school each year (U.S. Department of Education, 2008). There are some students who drop out of school due to the lack of experienced success, ownership of the school, or a non-acclimation to the setting (Jessor, Turbin, & Costa, 1998). Being deficient in course credits and not feeling connected to a caring adult at the school may lead some students to develop a sense of hopelessness (National Research Council, 2004). Thus,


The invention relates to an unlocking module based on a Z-Wave technique. The unlocking module comprises a lock body, wherein a controller, a Z-Wave module, a power supply circuit module, a motor control circuit, a monitoring module and a storage are arranged in the lock body, the monitoring module is used for monitoring a use state, and the storage is used for storing videos; the Z-Wave module, the power supply circuit module, the motor control circuit and the storage are electrically connected with corresponding control ports on the controller respectively, and a power supply input end of the power supply circuit module is connected with a storage battery or an electric supply; and a fingerprint identifier, a touch code keyboard, a burglar alarm and a camera are arranged on the lock body, and the fingerprint identifier, the touch code keyboard, the burglar alarm and the camera are electrically connected with corresponding control ports on the controller respectively. By combining the Z-Wave technique with a door lock, the remote unlocking is facilitated. The unlocking module has the advantages of low cost, low power consumption and high reliability. By setting multiple unlocking modes including a code unlocking mode, a fingerprint unlocking mode and a remote unlocking mode, the intelligent level is high, and the operation is relatively safe and convenient.


Massively Parallel Computation (MPC) is a model of computation widely believed to best capture realistic parallel computing architectures such as large-scale MapReduce and Hadoop clusters. Motivated by the fact that many data analytics tasks performed on these platforms involve sensitive user data, we initiate the theoretical exploration of how to leverage MPC architectures to enable efficient, privacy-preserving computation over massive data. Clearly if a computation task does not lend itself to an efficient implementation on MPC even without security, then we cannot hope to compute it efficiently on MPC with security. We show, on the other hand, that any task that can be efficiently computed on MPC can also be securely computed with comparable efficiency. Specifically, we show the following results:
- any MPC algorithm can be compiled to a communication-oblivious counterpart while asymptotically preserving its round and space complexity, where communication-obliviousness ensures that any network intermediary observing the communication patterns learn no information about the secret inputs;
- assuming the existence of Fully Homomorphic Encryption with a suitable notion of compactness and other standard cryptographic assumptions, any MPC algorithm can be compiled to a secure counterpart that defends against an adversary who controls not only intermediate network routers but additionally up to 1/3 - η fraction of machines (for an arbitrarily small constant η) - moreover, this compilation preserves the round complexity tightly, and preserves the space complexity upto a multiplicative security parameter related blowup.
As an initial exploration of this important direction, our work suggests new definitions and proposes novel protocols that blend algorithmic and cryptographic techniques.


To evaluate FACTS devices, we must engage into detailed system studies to first find the constraints in the segment of transmission network and then by choosing appropriate FACTS device and its location evaluate if the constraints are mitigated. Thus, we must start with initial feasibility studies to determine transmission system constraints and reinforcement needs; thereafter, perform studies to determine type of equipment, location, and ratings with key objectives for studies; identify solution options, evaluate performance of solution options.

FACTS can be used in two applications, in power grid, in the state of Kuwait. Thus, FACTS is either to be implemented in the transmission network or industrial network. If utilized for transmission network, must use voltage regulator control system to maintain voltage stability and reduce power losses simultaneously, by compensating reactive power at point of connection. While if utilized for industrial network, such as arc furnace, we must use load compensation control system to eliminate absorption of reactive power from the network bus, and correct power factor, maintain the voltage at the network bus and meet the regulation of point of common coupling (PCC) simultaneously, also by compensating reactive power. SVC and STATCOM are the most two devices that suitable for Kuwait network, since both are able to compensate reactive power at point of connection.


RESULTS: We identified a total of 209 patients (284 reconstructions) with BMI ≥ 30 who met the inclusion criteria [184 prepectoral reconstruction, 65%; and 100 subpectoral reconstructions, 35%]. The overall complication rate was significantly higher in the subpectoral group (50% vs. 37%, p=0.047) and device explantation in the subpectoral group was 2-fold higher than that in the prepectoral group (25%vs.12.5%, p=0.008). Subpectoral reconstruction was associated with nearly twice the hazard ratio of device explantation on the multiple Cox proportional hazards regression model [HR 1.97; 95% CI, 1.05 3.68; p=0.034]. No significant differences in mean scores for satisfaction with the breast, psychosocial well-being, and sexual wellbeing were identified between the two groups (p=0.47, p=0.91, p=0.93, respectively).


The article discusses the relationship of pedagogic skill of the teacher and the success of students' adaptation to the conditions of the educational process and reveals the essence of the concept of "adaptation" and "pedagogic skills." Pedagogic skill of higher school teacher is a complex system consisting of many interconnected components, among which, an important place is occupied by the personal qualities of the teacher, the existence of special pedagogic skills, of high level of organizational culture in him or her and, most importantly, of deep professional knowledge. The article also presents characteristics of a set of contradictions that exist in the educational process of a higher education institution, the removal of which would make the process of adaptation to training higher education institution freshmen less stressful. We describe the main distinguishing features of learning management, contributing to the establishment of productive relationships between the participants in the educational process. The article also presents the results of the survey conducted by the author with the students of Chechen State University. On the question: "What qualities in a teacher you think to be the most important?", the majority of respondents, along with professional knowledge, named such qualities as justice, goodness. Humanistic style of pedagogic dialogue is impossible without such personal qualities as humanism and intelligence, high spiritual culture and responsibility.


SUMMARY One of the defining characteristics of American Indian and Alaska Native communities is the removal of hundreds of thousands of children from their natural parents, extended families, and often, reservation environments. Though widely discussed, little is known about the sequelae of out-of-home placement among American Indians. In this paper we investigate the occurrence of out-of-home placement among 580 Southwestern American Indian tribal members. Out-of-home placement is examined here within a broad context of trauma, alcohol abuse and dependence, and other psychiatric disorders.


Objective To explore the efficacy of lung protective mechanical ventilation in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome patients with ventilator-induced lung injury.Methods In accordance with the treatment of respiratory support,58 patients of Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College For Nationalities from June 2010 to June 2012 were divided into the observation group and the control group,each group had 29 patients.The observation group were given lung protective mechanical ventilation to support treatment and control group children to take conventional me chanical ventilation strategy for treatment.Analysis of the two groups of patients observed indicators.Results The observation group total effective was 96.55%(28/29),the control group was 75.86%(22/29),there difference of total ef fective was significant(P 0.05);the observation group after treatment 7 d oxygenation index,interleukin-8(IL-8),interleukin-10(IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) levels(264 ±25) mm Hg,(74.3 ±40.6),(142.2 ±14.9),(170.4±98.8) pg/mL,were better than the control group(P 0.05);before and after treatment,difference of pH and blood oxygen partial pressure was not significant(P 0.05).Conclusion Lung protective ventilation strategy can significantly improve the therapeutic effect of ventilator-induced lung injury.


Background: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have been associated with lower rates of pancreatic cancer. However, some studies did not similarly reveal significant associations. The objective of this study was to examine the associations between use of ACEIs or ARBs and incident pancreatic cancer. Methods: Patients who were prescribed ACEI or ARB between 1 January 2000 and 31 August 2020 at Hong Kong public hospitals, or their associated clinics and ambulatory care facilities were included. The primary outcome was incident pancreatic cancer. Results: A total of 411,883 patients (ACEI users: n=355771, 86.38%; ARB users: 56112, 13.62%) were included. Over a median follow up of 2875 days (SD: 1901), 1194 incident cases of pancreatic cancer (0.28%) were identified. After 1:1 propensity score matching, univariable Cox regression found that ARB use was associated with lower risks of new onset new onset pancreatic cancer ( hazard ratio [HR]: 0.69, 95% CI: [0.53, 0.90], P=0.0065). This association remained significant after multivariable adjustment (HR: 0.67, 95% CI: [0.52, 0.88], P=0.0036). Similar conclusions were reached on competing risk analyses using cause-specific and subdistribution hazard models before and after matching, and after inverse probability of treatment weighting. Subgroud analyses identified higher protective effects of ARB exposures in females than in males, while more severe adverse risks of ACEI exposure effects for males than for females (log-rank test, P<0.05). Conclusions: ARB use was associated with lower risks of new onset pancreatic cancer both before and after propensity score matching compared to ACEI use.


The purpose of this study was to do a research on the influence of process parameters (frequency of electric motor, temperature of the head presses, and attachment for oil cake exit) of pressing mustard seed oil. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of adding natural antioxidant extracts was examined in concentration of 0,1%, 0,2% and 0,3% to oil production. Oxidation stability of oils, with or without the addition of antioxidants, was determined using a Scaal Oven test at 63°C for four days. The result is shown in the peroxide number values. To conclude, the process parameters of the pressing do affect the oil utilization. The best antioxidant activity showed the sample of sage extract with 96% ethanol, during 96 hours in concentration of 0,1%. The oil sample with addition of 0,3% sage extract with 65%, 96% ethanol and with water during 24 and 96 hours did not show any protection of oxidative degradation.


The New York (NY) area airspace is notoriously complex and demanding, and is responsible for a large portion of the delays and congestion in the United States. A new research effort was initiated to examine the chronic problems associated with NY, and to develop integrated Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) concepts that leveraged existing NASA and other NextGen technologies to reduce delays, increase throughput, and/or improve trajectory efficiencies in this region. This paper describes a concept, tools, and operational procedures for improving flight efficiency and runway throughput for Newark Liberty International airport (EWR) arrivals. The concept increases throughput by extending the Terminal Sequencing and Spacing (TSS) scheduling capability to precisely schedule runway 11 arrivals behind arrivals landing on intersecting runway 22L, thereby maximizing throughput on both runways. A human-in-the-loop (HITL) evaluation of the concept indicated that TSS can enable more energy efficient, trajectorybased optimized profile descent procedures to be used without sacrificing throughput, even in the very challenging New York environment. In addition, the results suggest that the enhancements to TSS to coordinate the threshold times of aircraft landing on converging runways could safely increase throughput for EWR from today's Visual Flight Rules (VFR) maximum of 52 to 67 arrivals per hour. A follow-up benefits analysis was conducted to identify how often meteorological conditions were suitable for using the 11-22L landing runway configuration, and estimate the actual resulting potential for increasing arrival throughput. Aviation System Performance Metrics (ASPM) data were used to determine the traffic demand, runway configurations, meteorological conditions, and wind magnitudes/directions during 2007, 2009 and 2012. Using fairly conservative assumptions about the meteorological conditions, runway usage, and peak demand characteristics, the analysis showed that the 11-22L runway configuration could have been used more than twice as often during high demand periods (arrival demand exceeds throughput), which in turn could either 1) reduce delays to the impacted aircraft by approximately 15 minutes per aircraft or 2) increase the overall throughput by approximately 8% 11% per year. This new operation has the potential to deliver even greater benefits if it were extended to include other runway configurations and demand conditions. The results suggest that a large throughput / delay benefit can be gained from a modest extension of the TSS tool that is already in the Federal Aviation Administration's planned new capabilities by 2020.


What is happening to the co-responsibility between State, Civil Society and Family, in terms of child protection, towards street children in Maputo? The following paper aims to identify and understand how the Child Protection System in Mozambique works to guarantee protection for street children. If children need to go to the streets in order to help with the income of the house-hold, the main causes for this to happen –poverty and violence within the family- are not being addressed. It is important that a clear shared responsibility among State, Civil Society and Family exists in order to guarantee the no violation of children's rights.


Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a type of radar capable of generating very high resolution images of ground based objects and working independently. For the problem of INS/GNSS integrated navigation system this paper fuses a sensor of SAR with it to improve its independence, fault-tolerance and navigation precision. The simulation results prove that SAR advances this system's performance. Meanwhile, the attitude stability of SAR antenna is enhanced. SAR images and the integrated system's precision are improved. So INS/GNSS/SAR integrated navigation system is of high performance with high fault-tolerance.


Permissible Computing Sensing and Assessing Needs Equity Artificial Intelligence Courseware Development and Evaluation Programming and Writing Student Role Teacher Role Parent Role Teacher Development and Research Appendix Bibliography Index


In this paper, a diffusive predator–prey system, in which the prey species exhibits herd behavior and the predator species with quadratic mortality, has been studied. The stability of positive constant equilibrium, Hopf bifurcations, and diffusion‐driven Turing instability are investigated under the Neumann boundary condition. The explicit condition for the occurrence of the diffusion‐driven Turing instability is derived, which is determined by the relationship of the diffusion rates of two species. The formulas determining the direction and the stability of Hopf bifurcations depending on the parameters of the system are derived. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out to verify and extend the theoretical results and show the existence of spatially homogeneous periodic solutions and nonconstant steady states. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


This research studies the effects of information sharing on the choices of collecting modes by one manufacturer.In a centralized collecting mode,one supply chain model is developed with information sharing,and three decentralized collecting models(the retailer,manufacturer and third party collecting models) are developed without information sharing and with information sharing respectively.The results show that: 1) Forecasting information sharing would damage the retailer's profit,but the profit of the supply chain with information sharing is higher than without information sharing in the manufacturer collecting mode;2) A mechanism of information sharing which compensates the retailer is developed to motivate the retailer to share his information with the manufacturer;3) The forecast information accuracy and the price of used products have much effect on information sharing strategies of the retailer and the choices of the collecting modes for the manufacturer.


Objective To study the chemical constituents of charred Sanguisorbae Radix.Methods The compounds were isolated and purified by column chromatography and their structures were identified on the basis of physicochemical constants and spectral analyses.Results Eleven compounds were isolated and their structures were identified as 3β-hydroxy-28-norurs-12,17-dien-22-one(1),3β,19α-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-β-D-glucopyranoside(2),3β-O-(α-L-arabinopyranosyl) urs-12,19(29)-dien-28-acid(3),3β-O-(α-L-arabinopyranosyl) urs-12,18-dien-28-acid(4),3β-hydroxyurs-12,19-dien-28-β-D-glucopyranoside(5),3β-hydroxyurs-12,18-dien-28-β-D-glucopyranoside(6),3β-O-(α-L-arabinopyranosyl) urs-12,19(29)-dien-28-β-D-glucopyranoside(7),3β-O-(α-L-arabinopyranosyl) urs-12,19-dien-28-β-D-glucopyranoside(8),3β-O-(α-L-arabinopyranosyl) urs-12,18-dien-28-β-D-glucopyranoisde(9),3,4′-O-dimethylellagic acid(10),and gallic acid(11).Conclusion The compound 1 is a novel one,named sanguisorbigenin V,compounds 2 and 5 are isolated from Sanguisorba officinalis for the first time.


S. S. Hidalgo-Tobon, M. Bencsik, R. W. Bowtell Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottingham, Trent University, Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, Sir Peter Mansfield, Magnetic Resonance Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom Introduction The need to avoid peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) due to rapidly switched magnetic fields sets an upper limit on the magnetic field gradient strengths that can be employed in MRI. PNS results from the electric fields induced in the conducting tissue of the body by temporally varying magnetic fields. In a complex heterogeneous conducting object such as the human body, the pattern of induced electric field can not be simply related to the imposed magnetic field variation. However it is generally the case that the stronger the magnetic field experienced by the body, the larger the peak induced electric field. Consequently limiting the largest magnetic field which the body experiences for a given gradient strength is a sensible approach to producing larger switched gradients at the PNS threshold. It is particularly important to limit the magnitude of the magnetic field, |B|, in body regions that have large cross-sectional area, since high fields in such regions lead to large rates of change of the flux linked and consequently large induced electric fields. In assessing the field magnitude |B|, it is necessary to consider the 'concomitant fields', Bx and By, as well as the axial component of the field, Bz, that is important for the evolution of the NMR signal; analysis of Maxwell's equations indicates that if Bz varies with position, at least one of the comcomitant fields must also vary spatially. This behaviour means that for all three types of gradient, one component of the field varies linearly with axial position. Since the height of the human body is considerably greater than its breadth or width, it is generally the axially varying component of the field that produces the largest field magnitude in the body. In designing a gradient coil to allow higher rates of change of gradient with time, dG/dt, to be produced at PNS threshold, it is therefore common practice to reduce the axial extent of the coil's region of linearity (1, 2). For axial gradient coils, this works by limiting the peak magnitude of Bz in the body, while in the case of xor y-gradient coils it is the peak magnitude of the concomitant field that is limited. This approach however has the disadvantage of reducing the extent of the region over which imaging can be carried out. An alternative method is to add a uniform field varying synchronously with the applied field gradient (3, 4). This can reduce the magnitude of the largest field component in sensitive regions of the body, without affecting the extent of the region over which a uniform gradient is produced. For example with the head (or hips) centred in the gradient coil, it is possible to reduce the peak field produced in the torso by adding a uniform field, at the expense of increasing the field in the head (or legs). Since the larger cross section of the torso generally leads to the induction of larger electric fields for a given rate of change of magnetic field than in the head or legs, this approach has promise for allowing larger values of dG/dt to be achieved before stimulation occurs. In the case of a transverse gradient, implementation of this method involves adding a uniform concomitant field, while for a z-gradient it is a uniform field Bz which must be synchronously applied. To evaluate the efficacy of this approach, we have therefore designed and constructed coil pairs that produce: (i) a y-gradient and a uniform By-field; (ii)a zgradient and uniform Bz-field. These have been tested in ethically approved volunteer studies to evaluate the gains in dG/dt that can be achieved at PNS threshold. Method Unscreened, yand z-gradient coils of approximately 62 cm diameter were designed using conventional methods (4) so as to have low inductance while producing a field which deviated from linearity by less than 5 % within a 40 cm diameter spherical volume. This process yielded a y-gradient coil with an efficiency of 93 μTmA and an inductance of 620 μH (4) and a z-gradient coil with 62 μTmA efficiency and 141 μH inductance. Low inductance coils that produce a uniform field, By or Bz were designed using a similar approach. In designing these coils it was ensured that addition of the field from the uniform field coil, did not compromise the size of the region of gradient linearity. Two uniform field coils were produced for each axis, to allow the effect of coarsely varying the strength of the synchronously applied uniform field to be evaluated. The coil properties, including the axial position where the field on axis is nulled when the uniform field coil is driven in conjunction with the appropriate gradient coil are detailed in Table 1. Coils were constructed by winding 3 mm diameter copper wire onto the surface of a fibre-glass cylinder and then overlaying with further glass-fibre and epoxy resin. Volunteer stimulation experiments were carried out by driving the gradient coils with a sinusoidal current waveform of 2.4 kHz frequency. The gradient and uniform field coils were connected in series, to ensure that the currents in the two coils were in phase. Each coil arrangement was also connected in series with an appropriately chosen capacitance to form a series LCR circuit with a 2.4 kHz resonant frequency. This allowed access to large values of dG/dt (350 Tms and 600 Tms for the yand z-coil arrangements respectively) with the limited available drive voltage of 300 V. Experiments were carried out with subjects located at four different axial positions within the coil set, such that the: (a) head [13 ± 2cm]; (b) heart [44 ± 4 cm]; (c) hips [-82 ± 7cm]; (d) knees [-124 ± 7cm] were located at the iso-centre of the coil arrangement. Here the numbers in square brackets represent the average (± standard deviation) of the distance from the top of the head to the coil centre. Three different coil arrangements ((i) gradient alone; (ii) gradient plus weak uniform field; gradient plus strong uniform field) were evaluated for each axis. In each case a burst of 32 cycles of the current waveform was applied approximately once a second with the strength gradually increasing until the subject reported the onset of stimulation. At this point the subject indicated the site of stimulation and the form of the sensation. 20 and 15 volunteers have been studied for the yand z-coil arrangements respectively. Two subjects were tested at a wider range of axial locations within the y-coil arrangement. Results and Discussion The results of the volunteer studies for the various coil arrangements are summarised in Table 2. For each configuration the average and standard deviation of the value of dG/dt at the onset of stimulation are detailed. The number of subjects who could not be stimulated at the largest accessible value of dG/dtmax is indicated in brackets where relevant. In such cases the value used in forming the average was taken to be dG/dtmax. The results show that as expected the threshold for stimulation is considerably lower for the y-gradient coil arrangements than for the z-coil. This is a consequence of the greater body cross section in the x-z plane. Table 2 also indicates that for three out of the four body positions studied (head-, hipsand knees-centred), significantly larger rates of change of gradient can be achieved when a uniform field is applied in conjunction with the gradient field. The achievable gains in dG/dt are greater for the y-coil arrangement (head ×1.7, hips ×1.5, knees ×1.3) than for the z-coil (head ×1.4, hips ×1.3, knees ×1.2). The inability to stimulate large numbers of volunteers in the headand knees-centred positions means these gain factors are likely to be significantly underestimated. Larger gains were generally achieved using the weaker uniform field coils. The more detailed study of two volunteers indicated that with the available By coils there is a range of only ~20-30 cm of body position relative to the centre of the coil's homogeneous region over which the gradient coil alone provides a higher achievable value of dG/dt. The ability to vary the relative strength of the uniform field more widely and thus find an optimum value for each body location (e.g. by using a separate amplifier for each coil) should provide further gains. References 1.Harvey, P.R. and E. Katznelson, Magn. Res. Med. (1999). 42.:561-570. 2.Kimmlingen, R., et al. Magn. Res. Med. (2002). 47: 800-808. 3. Heid O, US Patent Number 2001/0031918A1 4. Bowtell et al. Proc. 11 Annual Meeting ISMRM, p2424 Coil Type By-strong By-weak Bz-strong Bz-weak Efficiency 23 μTA 11.5 μTA 12.7 μTA 8.2 μTA Inductance 330 μH 85 μH 78 μH 34 μH Axial null 25 cm 12.5 cm 20.5 cm 13.2 cm Table 1


To evaluate the effectiveness of automated symptom and side effect monitoring on quality of life among individuals with symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy.


The temperature-dependent interplane resistivity rho(c)(T) was measured in the hole-doped iron arsenide superconductor (Ba1-xKx) Fe2As2 over a doping range from parent compound to optimal doping at T-c approximate to 38 K, 0 <= x <= 0.34. The measurements were undertaken on high-quality single crystals grown from FeAs flux. The coupled magnetic/structural transition at TSM leads to a clear accelerated decrease of rho(c) (T) on cooling in samples with T-c < 26 K (x < 0.25). This decrease in the hole-doped material is in notable contrast to the increase in rho(c) (T) in the electron-doped Ba(Fe1-xCox) Fe2As2 and isoelectron-substituted BaFe2(As1-xPx)(2). TSM decreases very sharply with doping, dropping from T-s = 71 K to zero on increase of Tc from approximately 25 to 27 K. rho(c) (T) becomes linear in T close to optimal doping. The broad crossover maximum in rho(c) (T), found in the parent BaFe2As2 at around T-max similar to 200 K, shifts to higher temperature similar to 250 K with doping of x = 0.34. The maximum shows clear correlation with the broad crossover feature found in the temperature-dependent in-plane resistivity rho(a)(T). The evolution with doping of T-max in (Ba1-xKx) Fe2As2 is in notable contrast with both the rapid suppression of T-max found in Ba(Fe1-xTx)(2)As-2 (T = Co,Rh,Ni,Pd) and its rapid increase in BaFe2(As1-xPx)(2). This observation suggests that pseudogap features are much stronger in hole-doped than in electron-doped iron-based superconductors, revealing significant electron-hole doping asymmetry similar to that in the cuprates.


Poland as the direct neighbour of Ukraine has a great impact on the development of its Western regions especially when it concerns the Volyn and Lviv regions. These regions are closely linked with Poland not only culturally, but also by trade and economic ties. The purpose of the article is to analyse the impact of Poland on economic potential development of Ukraine's Western regions before and after the signing of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement in terms of trade relations, investment, and participation in joint cross-border projects. The results of the research show that Poland's share in exports of Lviv, Volyn and Ternopil regions as well as the share of Polish investments in their economy increases yearly. As the major partner in the cross-border cooperation Poland transmits its experience to Ukraine that in turn strengthens the competitiveness of small and medium enterprises and stimulates the development of trade relations between Ukraine and Poland. This article is of the research nature.


Summary Desperate people wanting to commit suicide in the tombs of their beloveds, women waking up in their graves after the funeral, brides sacrified to Hades, reawakenings of the dead and descents into the realm of death – these are some examples of grisly, weird and tragical events which are the order of the day in the ancient novels. The Greek novels in particular, when read superficially give the impression that such motifs were used in a rather stereotype way. Consequently the general opinion has until recently been that if you know one, you know them all. These novels passed as populair readingmatter, meant for sentimental, naive people with little education, such as youngsters and women. As a result of this negative appreciation, scholars have shown very little interest in Greek novels, and have hardly had an eye for the differences between them. Moreover, specialists regarded all of Greek literature from later periods, especially after the beginning of the Christian era, as the decline of classical literature, as second rate. For that reason it was given little attention and appreciation. Although these prejudices have not disappeared yet, the Greek novels have found a certain revaluation during the last two decads, due to the great interest literary studies of today have shown in the novel in general, and in narrative art in particular. The only two Latin novels that have come down to us – the Satyrica by Petronius and the Golden Ass by Apuleius – may differ from the Greek novels in many ways, yet there are also many resemblances. The similarities can be found in the narrative motifs in particular. Which similarities and differences in the use of motifs can be found in these novels? What is the author's intention in using these motifs? And, in relation to this, what links are there with the historical truth? These are the central questions in this intertextual study. The emphasis will be on the Golden Ass, because the main purpose of this book is to contribute to the scholarship on Apuleius. The first chapter justifies the terminology, the use of comparing motifs, and the choice of the three motifs: suicide, presumed (=apparent) death, and marriage and death. After that the scope of the phenomenon 'ancient novel' is indicated. Finally the method used to interpret the relevant passages is explained. Interpretation should be read as a reconstruction of the possible textinterpretations the ancient readers had of these novels. However, who these readers were is not automatically clear. The second chapter will therefore deal with this problem, and will suggest a profile of the presumed readers. Because concrete responses of readers are very scanty, this typology must mainly be based on textimmanent indications, completed with sociological information about education, literacy, and the possession of books in the classical world in this particular period. The conclusion drawn from all this is that both the Greek and the Latin authors wrote especially for their kindred spirits, belonging to the educated higher classes, people who were able to acknowledge and appreciate the artistic pretentions and merits of the novels. These novels were not intended for mass consumption. Besides, this phenomenon did not exist in classical times as a reasonable level of literacy was not common, but was the privilege of a rather small group consisting mainly of men from wealthy families. Chapters three, four and five deal with the three motifs respectively (suicide in chapter three, presumed death in chapter four, marriage and death in chapter five). It is argued that in spite of the many parallels found in the texts, the motifs are not stereotype and often repeated structures. The situations consist of ever-changing combinations of various elements and motifs, which show the author's striving towards originality. Especially in the novel by Apuleius the great variety is striking. In all the novels suicide and presumed death are parts of the main motif. In the Greek novels, with the exception of the Onos, it is love combined with adventure, in the Satyrica it is adventure, in the Onos and the Golden Ass it is the experiences of Lucius. Apuleius' novel is a complex book structured as a frame story, with digressions and inner tales. The motifs in these digressions and inner tales turn out to be closely linked with the main motif of the frame story. In this novel suicide and presumed death are much more connected with death and the underworld than they are in the Greek novels. Therefore the world created in Apuleius' novel is much more gloomy than in the Greek novels. Another difference is that apart from the literal meaning of the two motifs in Apuleius as determined by the context, the reader can also attribute a symbolical meaning to these motifs, which is related to the religious ending of the novel, i.e. the initiation of Lucius in the mysteries of Isis. In the Greek novels the passages discussed in relation to marriage and death are nothing but stock formulas, topoi, meant to emphasize the tragedy of the situations. In Apuleius, on the other hand, they are not a topos, but a motif, part of the plot that is linked to the main motif of the novel in the same way as the other two motifs are. The way the motifs are being used is different in each novel, and varies from serious and sentimental to ironical, comical and burlesque. Typical of the motifs is their ability to evoke suspense and emotions in the reader. To what extent this happens depends largely on the narrator's point of view. Again in this respect the novels differ widely. Some novels are told, at least partly, from a perspective of the experiencing I, and this perpective is extremely suitable to effectuate surprise and emotions because the reader is left in the dark about the actual situation. In these novels – it concerns those of Achilles Tatius, Petronius and Apuleius – the opposition between appearance and reality forms an important theme, and the motifs suicide and apparent death contribute greatly to the realisation of this theme. Intertextual links can be made with a great number of other genres. Apart from that it is very likely that there are also relations with non-fictional texts, with myths and folklore. The narrative material available to the authors was plentiful, and it had a long tradition, going back as far as the Attic period. The fact that the motifs suicide and apparent death also occur in other genres, and not only used seriously, but also ironically, comically and in a burlesque way, makes one doubt the often heard opinion that various authors were actually aiming at parodying their predecessors' use of motifs.With reference to this problem the Appendix discusses some recent models of parody and justifies the conception of parody used in this study. With regards to the question about the relations that exist between the motifs and the historical truth, the following remarks are made: _ in the novels suicide is hardly ever judged negatively, so the attitude towards suicide is free from value judgements. This neutral attitude agrees with the attitude towards suicide we know about from other sources. There used to be a great amount of social freedom in this respect. _ The three motifs can be taken as a literary reflection of contemporary ideas about death, rebirth and immortality, ideas that took up a central position in philosophical and religious movements of those days. Representations in art also reflected these ideas. Some passages in the novels concerning apparent death and marriage and death can be related to these expressions. The question why and with what intentions the authors liked so much to use these particular motifs can be answered as follows: _ first of all these motifs are very suitable to evoke suspense and emotion in the reader; _ secondly they played along with the strong interest people had at that time for paradoxical, miraculous stories; _ the motifs are a literary expression of basic anxieties, ideas and phantasies concerning life, death, rebirth and immortality. The last chapter gives a synthesis of chapters three, four and five. It can be concluded that in classical antiquity, in spite of their common background and the many similarities, there used to be an enormous variety of novels and related texts. The novel did not appear to be a closed genre, with a fixed set of rules, but an open literary form. The writer was absolutely free to make his own choices. On the other hand, objections are made against drawing far too strict borderlines between the novels themselves and e.g. distinguishing between ideal Greek novels on the one hand, and comic-realistic Latin novels on the other. These characterisations are debatable, based on intrinsic arguments and recent findings of papyrus. The best description for the ancient novels may therefore be: unity in diversity.


We theoretically and experimentally show that the channel spacing of strongly chirped sampled fiber Bragg gratings can be adjusted by applying a linear strain along the gratings and changing the chirp rates. Using the method, we realize a channel-spacing-tunable multiwavelength fiber laser.


Aim To evaluate the diagnostic value of 320-detector row dynamic volume CT angiography(CTA) on patients with coronary artery stenosis.Methods A total of forty consecutive subjects with suspected coronary heart disease were enrolled in this study.CTA and invasive coronary angiography(ICA) were taken consecutively in order to evaluate the diagnostic value of CTA.The sensitivity,specificity,positive and negative predictive value were calculated with the ICA as the gold standard.Results Ninety-one and 67 lesions with ≥50% luminal stenosis were detected by CTA and ICA respectively.The sensitivity,specificity,positive and negative predictive value of CTA were 93%(95%CI: 84%~97%),95%(95%CI: 93%~97%),74%(95%CI: 6%~82%),99%(95%CI: 98%~100%) respectively,with the ICA as the gold standard.And the area under the curve(AUC) was 0.98(0.97~0.99).Conclusions 320-detector row dynamic volume CT angiography is reliable in diagnosis of suspected coronary heart disease,which provided a non-invasive method for the diagnosis.


The DSN 64-m antenna in Spain (DSS 63) has been calibrated prior to its upgrading to a 70-m High Efficiency configuration in preparation for the Voyager Neptune encounter in August 1989. The S-band (2285-MHz) and X-band (8420-MHz) effective area efficiency and system noise temperature calibrations were carried out during July 1986 to establish a baseline system performance for this station. It is expected that the 70-m upgrade will result in at least a 1.9-dB G/T improvement at X-band relative to the 64meter baseline reference. This article is the first in a series which will document 64-m and High Efficiency 70-m and 34-m antenna performance improvements due to size increase, high-precision surface panel installation, dual-shaped reflector profiles for uniform illumination, microwave holographic surface panel adjustment, or combinations of the above elements.


Numerical simulations of flow and acoustics in an idealized axisymmetric model of the human vocal tract have been conducted. The compressible Navier–Stokes equations were numerically integrated using highly accurate numerical treatments together with a forced glottal oscillation model and a moving grid. The effects of subglottal pressure and glottal oscillation frequency on velocity, vorticity, wall pressure, wall shear stress, and acoustic signal of the pulsating jet were investigated. An acoustic analogy was used to predict the far‐field sound. Excellent agreement between the predicted and directly simulated far‐field sound was obtained. The acoustic analogy was also used to decompose the acoustic source and identify monopole, dipole, and quadrupole contributions for analyses. The results show significant effects of subglottal pressure and glottal oscillation frequency on the jet vortical structure, wall forces, and acoustic radiation. The effect of including the ventricular (false) folds downstream of ...


The invention belongs to the field of lithium ion battery materials, and in particular relates to a method for preparation zirconium-doped lithium titanate through a one-step reaction; the invention aims to solve the technical problems of complicated technological processes, more steps, and insufficient performance of the prepared zirconium-doped lithium titanate at present; for solving the technical problems, the invention provides the method for preparation zirconium-doped lithium titanate through the one-step reaction; the method comprises the following steps: A, preparing materials; B, ultrasonic mixing; C, performing a hydrothermal reaction; D, filtering; E, drying the filter cake obtained from the filtering process; and F, grinding the dried filter cake, and calcining and crystallizing the grinded filter cake to obtain the zirconium-doped lithium titanate powder. The method is simple in technological processes, convenient in operation, low in cost and high in performance of the manufactured zirconium-doped lithium titanate; and in addition, the whole reaction is performed in a weakly basic condition, so that the method is less in subsequent processing, low in environmental pollution and wide in application prospects.


Background: Inserting chest tube following any chest trauma or Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting surgery is a frequent practice. This severe pain results due to chest endothelial tissue which is adhered to the tube tip and at the time of tube removal the pulling force will shear this adhesion and cause severe pain.1According to American Heart Association, annually more than 448,000 patients undergo cardiothoracic surgery annually including coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), valve replacement or repair, or repair of structural defects. Insertion of chest tubes (CT) after CABG was done to maintain heart and lung functioning and essential to prevent from pleural effusion, pneumothorax and hemothorax. Objectives: 1. To compare the effect of cold application and breathing exercise on anxiety score after chest tube removal.2.To compare the effect of cold application and breathing exercise on pain score during chest tube removal.3.To compare the effect of cold application and breathing exercise on pain score after chest tube removal. Method: In this study the research approach was Quasi-experimental Three group pre-test, post-test design was applied. Total 60 samples selected by Non probability purposive sampling technique. The intervention was cold application therapy and breathing exercise therapy methods were given to experimental group and routine care to control group. Results: It is observed that after giving cold application therapy and breathing exercise therapy there was a significant (p<0.05) difference between anxiety scores among cold application group and breathing exercise group as compared to control group after chest tube removal, anxiety scores were significantly (p<0.05) lower among breathing exercise group as compared to cold application group, this reveals that anxiety was lower among patient who received breathing exercise than cold application. There was no significance (p>0.05) difference in pain scores during chest tube removal as measured by visual analogue scale. This shows that cold application is not effective on pain during chest tube removal. The pain was significantly (p<0.05) lower among the patient of cold application (1.60±0.50) and breathing exercise (2.40±0.51) than controls (3.55±1.05) after chest tube removal, this reveals that pain is was significantly lower in cold application and breathing exercise group as compared to control group. The pain was significantly (p<0.05) lower among cold application (1.60±0.50) than breathing exercise (2.50±0.51), this reveals that pain was lower among the patient who received cold application than breathing exercise. Conclusion: The study concluded that, cold application and breathing exercise therapy is an effective way to reduce pain and anxiety level in chest tube removal. The study recommended that Cold application and breathing exercise therapy is a safe, inexpensive nursing intervention that can be used as a pain relief technique during chest tube removal.