The past literature indicates that performance is disrupted for defensive pessimists by encouragement. The goals of this research were to replicate this phenomenon, and then examine the mechanisms underlying it. Specifically, does the encouragement alleviate the anxiety defensive pessimists harness, and thus leave them unmotivated, or does it increase the pressure to perform well and make them overly anxious in a way that interferes with performance? Participants both high and low on defensive pessimism were randomly assigned to one of 2 conditions: an encouragement condition and a control condition. Participants were given three sets of 15 anagrams to solve in between a series of measures designed to assess their appraisals and emotions during the task. The phenomenon of encouragement disrupting performance for defensive pessimists was not replicated. However, there was evidence suggesting that the 4 negative items of the DPQ were a more reliable and valid indicator of defensive pessimism than the full scale. Therefore the reduced scale was used for analyses. Non-predicted findings using this reduced scale are described. Discussion centers on the possible reasons the original effect was not replicated, and advances suggestions for improving research on the defensive pessimism construct. The Effect of Encouragement on Defensive Pessimism as an Anxiety Amplifier The cognitive processes that guide our actions and interpretations of situations are a large part of what makes up human personality. Processes such as defense mechanisms help to shape how humans handle stressful situations. Defense mechanisms focus on negative affect and protection of the self. These mechanisms affect how we study, handle family member's sicknesses, tackle errands, deal with confrontations, strategize to obtain personal goals, etc. The particular mechanism I am interested in pursuing is Defensive Pessimism. Defensive Pessimism is a cognitive strategy in which people set low expectations and reflect extensively on possible (negative) outcomes prior to a situation, event, or performance. Defensive pessimism seems to be different than normal strategies for obtaining goals in that it actually elicits and then harnesses anxiety in an attempt to avoid failure and the (presumably) more negative emotions that failure would evoke. Therefore, the defensive pessimism and negative thinking are not symptoms to be cured, but rather effective ways of managing the situation. In a sense, it is a type of coping, where thinking about these negative outcomes and increasing their anxiety motivates them to work hard. As they approach their goals they keep their anxiety from interfering by focusing on the steps needed to obtain goals and avoid failure, and the emotional implications of failure. Psychological experimentation in this has examined a number of different aspects of defensive pessimism, usually compared against Strategic Optimism, where people set high expectations, feel calm, and avoid reflecting in order to do better at a task (Norem & Illingworth, 1993) Studies have demonstrated the actions of defensive pessimists to be useful. Norem and Cantor believe that defensive pessimists harness their anxiety over risky situations in order to control it so performance is not impaired (Norem & Cantor, 1986). The main purpose of their experiment was to test the hypothesis that those prescreened for defensive pessimism, relative to those identified as strategic optimists, would set predictably different expectations and exhibit predictably different anxiety levels before the start of the task and would not perform significantly different on the task. In their experiment they first prescreened the participants for using the strategy of Defensive Pessimism, and after used the Mandler-Sarason Test Anxiety Questionnaire to determine the level of anxiety the participants felt prior to the task. In the experiment the observed results were strongly in line with the investigators' predictions. The defensive pessimists gave lower predictions of performance, scored significantly higher on anxiety, yet, still had equivalent test results compared to the optimists. In a second experiment, the investigators set out to demonstrate that not only does the high anxiety and low expectations not hurt the performance of defensive pessimists, but instead it facilitates it. They wanted to see if interference with their strategy (harnessing anxiety and negative thinking) leads to decreased performance for subjects accustomed to using the defensive-pessimism strategy. They used encouragement as their interfering mechanism, which was interesting because it should interfere with the defensive pessimists tendencies to set low expectations, but on the surface appears to serve to help individuals improve their performance. Participants were prescreened for using defensive pessimism or optimism and then placed into encouragement and non-encouragement conditions. They were asked to give their GPA and to write a paragraph stating their thoughts before the night of a big test. In the encouragement condition, the experimenter looked at their GPA before starting them on the task and indicated that the subjects would probably do very well on the experimental task. Participants were then asked to do a tracing-puzzle task and an anagram task. In the non-encouragement condition, participants did the same tasks, but without the encouraging comment prior to the task. The results indicated that encouraged pessimists performed significantly worse than did non-encouraged pessimists, thus supporting Norem's belief that defensive pessimism is a useful strategy that people use in risky situations. Many situations that people encounter represent both the possibility for success and the possibility for failure. The possibility for failure can be interpreted as a risky situation where people use differing strategies to deal with the situation or avoid having the situation become debilitating or immobilizing. In one study (Norem & Illingworth, 2003), mood was assessed. Participants were prescreened for defensive pessimism and strategic optimism, then brought into the study session and a brief inventory was given to assess their naturally occurring mood. They were then asked to work on 70 mental arithmetic problems for 10 minutes. The findings indicate that for defensive pessimists, there was a significantly greater negative mood than with strategic optimists. Naturally occurring positive mood was somewhat negatively related to performance for defensive pessimists, but was unrelated to mood for strategic optimists. They also found that in this study, unlike previous ones, that defensive pessimists did not perform as well as strategic optimists. They suggest that this performance difference might possibly be attributable to a gender difference, because the male/female ratio for defensive pessimists (18 males and 35 females) was much lower than for strategic optimists, (22 males and 29 females), and the authors observed that college women often under-perform on math tests relative to college men. These studies suggest that defensive pessimism is an interesting coping strategy in that it employs negative affect to encourage good performance. The observation that encouragement disrupts performance for defensive pessimists is particularly interesting. However, there appear to be a couple of gaps in the literature that I attempt to address in the present literature. First, the mechanism by which encouragement disrupts the performance of defensive pessimists is somewhat unclear at present, and at least two possibilities suggest themselves. First, in line with the findings above, suggesting that defensive pessimists perform better when they are experiencing negative affect than when they are experiencing positive affect, it could be that the encouragement alleviates their anxiety, and leaves them relatively unmotivated. A contrasting possibility is that the encouragement, by undermining the defensive pessimists low performance expectations puts added pressure on them, which makes them overly anxious in a way that undermines their performance. Thus a primary goal of the present research is to replicate the disruptive effects of encouragement for defensive pessimists, but to do so in a way that allows me to differentiate between these two possibilities. To accomplish these goals, I will draw upon appraisal theory (e.g., Smith & Lazarus, 1990) to closely examine the emotional processes underlying these debilitating effects of encouragement. In particular, I will engage defensive pessimists in a challenging task under conditions of encouragement or a no-encouragement control condition, and will assess variables derived from appraisal theory (motivational relevance, or how important the situation is to the person; motivational congruence, or how desirable or undesirable the situation is to the person; problemfocused coping potential, or how able the person believes themselves to be to succeed at the task; emotion-focused coping potential, or how able the person feels to deal with the situation however it turns out [associated with anxiety] as well as the emotions of anxiety, challenge/determination [associated with high levels of engagement in the task] and resignation [associated with low levels of engagement in the task]; Smith & Lazarus, 1990). Observation of these variables should allow me to differentiate between the two alternative explanations for the deleterious effects of encouragement for defensive pessimists. If the encouragement serves as a safety signal that lowers their motivation, under conditions of encouragement, and relative to strategic optimists, defensive pessimists should report relatively low levels of importance and undesirability, relatively high levels of both problemand emotion-focused coping potential, along with relatively low levels of anxiety, and challenge-determination. On the other-hand


Generalized linear filtering techniques allow signals that have been nonadditively combined to be separated, and the analytical convenience of the principle of superposition for linear systems to be preserved. In this paper we employ Fractionally Exponential spectral models (FEXP) to adaptively modify homomorphic filtering of sea Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images, thereby improving target detection in sea SAR imagery. The presented method demonstrated reliable results when applied to ERS1 and ERS2 SAR PRI of the Mediterranean Sea and North Sea.


FIELD: transportation. SUBSTANCE: locomotive train control device contains a complex locomotive safety device with automatic locomotive signaling modules of continuous type and multi-digit automatic locomotive signaling. Module inputs are connected to the receiver coil unit output through a series-connected low-pass filter and an analog-to-digital converter, and the outputs are connected to the train's automatic braking unit and to the signal analyzer. The signal analyzer output is connected to the first input of the calculator, the second input of which is connected to the speed detection unit. The calculator input/output is connected to the output/input of the automatic train braking unit. A sequentially connected rectifier, integrator and threshold element are introduced into the locomotive device, with the additional output of the low-pass filter connected to the rectifier input, and the output of the threshold element is connected to the third input of the calculator. EFFECT: increased sites throughput. 1 dwg


This essay examines Frege's reaction to Russell's Paradox and his views about the grounding of existence claims in mathematics. It is argued that Frege's strict requirements on existential proofs would rule out the attempt to ground arithmetic in (HP). It is hoped that this discussion will help to clarify the ways in which Frege's position is both coherent and significantly different from the neo-logicist position on the issues of: (i) what's required for proofs of existence; (ii) the connection between models, consistency, and existence; and (iii) the prospects for a logical grounding of arithmetic in the wake of the paradox.


The article proves a relative version of one of the results from the influential article [4] of Kazhdan and Lusztig which introduced the Kazhdan–Lusztig polynomials. Given a Coxeter group W and a set S of simple reflections, let ℋ denote the corresponding Hecke algebra, it has a "standard" basis T w and another basis C w with many remarkable properties. The Kazhdan–Lusztig polynomials p x, w give the transition matrix between these bases. One of their results proved by Kazhdan and Lusztig is an inversion formula, which states that if W is finite with longest element w 0, then for all x ≤ w in W. The main result of this article generalizes this result to the following setting: for any subset J of S, we define elements η J , and , and consider the two "dual" ideals and , where their standard basis and a Kazhdan–Lusztig basis are, respectively, indexed by subsets E J and of W.


Girard, Victor 1971 Proto-Takanan Phonology. University of California Publications in Linguistics 70. Berkeley: University of California Press. Key, Mary R. 1968 Comparative Tacanan Phonology: With Cavineña Phonology and Notes on Proto-Tacanan Relationships. The Hague: Mouton. Wichmann, Søren, and Jan Wohlgemuth 2008 Loan Verbs in a Typological Perspective. In Aspects of Language Contact: New Theoretical, Methodological, and Empirical Findings with Special Focus on Romancisation Processes, edited by Thomas Stolz, Dik Bakker, and Rosa Salas Palomo, 89—121. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.


Phaffia rhodozyma is a carotenoid producing fermentative deuteromycete yeast having astaxanthin as the fundamental pigment, it is the most encouraging and natural resource of astaxanthin with an extraordinary application in biotechnology such as use of biosynthetic astaxanthin in the preparation of feeds for aqua cultures


This paper presents a new technique for determining the static voltage stability of load buses in a power system for a certain operating condition, and, hence, identifies load buses which are close to voltage collapse. With this technique, a voltage stability index applied to each load bus is formulated from the voltage equation derived from a two bus network. This index is computed for each load bus using the Thevenin equivalent circuit looking across the load bus concerned. It measures the stability of the load buses and also indicates how far the load buses are from their voltage stability limits. This technique is tested for validity on a 9-bus radial network and the 24-bus IEEE Reliability Test system. A comparison is made between this technique and that used by Sterling et al. [4], and it was found that the technique presented in this paper gives a better indication of voltage stability and it also requires less storage than Sterling's technique. A new method to compute a loadflow solution for a radial network is also presented in this paper; this method has proven to be superior to the Second-Order Newton Raphson and Distflow in that the number of iterations it takes the proposed method to give the load flow solution is less than those needed by the others.


Lahars represent one of the most destructive natural disasters regarding the loss of human lives, but also for making havoc on public infrastructures and ecological habitats. They are very complex surface flows subdivided into two main categories, primary and secondary lahars. Primary lahars are those that originated directly from eruptive volcanic activity, as in the tremendous 1985 Colombian event of Nevado del Ruiz. In contrast, secondary lahars may occur in post-eruptive events or quiescent periods. This volcanic debris flow, a mixture of water and pyroclastic sediments with high density and viscosity, under steep-slope conditions, is capable of reaching high speeds and can travel great distances.

A variety of approaches have been adopted to model the behavior of lahar and to predict the hazards posed to downstream communities: empirical models developed, accounting mainly for some macro-observable phenomena, simple rheological and hydrological models that assume reasonable simplifications as a composition-independent flow behavior or a Newtonian flow regime, partial differential equations (PDE) which approximately describe the lahars, highly complex physics and hydrodynamics, and the Cellular Automata alternative methodology.

Cellular Automata are a parallel computational paradigm for modeling complex systems by defining simple laws at a local level that generate a global complex evolution. The research, reported in this book, adopts a Multicomponent (or Macroscopic) Cellular Automata (MCA) approach that was developed for numerical simulation purposes by an interdisciplinary research group in Italy. Its reliability and validation on various past events, related to both primary and secondary lahars and debris flow catastrophic events, produced many significant scientific results.


Neuroanatomy is the consider of the structure and organization of the anxious framework. In differentiate to creatures with outspread symmetry, whose anxious framework comprises of a dispersed organize of cells, creatures with two-sided symmetry have isolated, characterized apprehensive frameworks. Their neuroanatomy is in this manner superior caught on. In vertebrates, the apprehensive framework is isolated into the inner structure of the brain and spinal line (together called the central anxious framework, or CNS) and the courses of the nerves that interface to the rest of the body (known as the fringe anxious framework, or PNS). The depiction of unmistakable structures and locales of the anxious framework has been basic in examining how it works. For illustration, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from watching how harm or "injuries" to particular brain regions influences behavior or other neural capacities.


Melting and deoxidizing stainless steel dust with 30 tons EAF can recycle expensive metals such as Ni, Cr and Mn contained in stainless steel dust. At the same time, it can avoid the secondary pollution of environment caused by stainless steel dust.


These presentation slides correspond to an advanced course in financial risk management given at the University of Evry/Paris-Saclay. They cover the following topics:

Lecture 1. Introduction to Financial Risk Management
Lecture 2. Market Risk
Lecture 3. Credit Risk
Lecture 4. Counterparty Credit Risk and Collateral Risk
Lecture 5. Operational Risk
Lecture 6. Liquidity Risk
Lecture 7. Asset Liability Management Risk
Lecture 8. Model Risk
Lecture 9. Copulas and Extreme Value Theory
Lecture 10. Monte Carlo Simulation Methods
Lecture 11. Stress Testing and Scenario Analysis
Lecture 12. Credit Scoring Models


Nothing confounds a parent or grandparent more than watching their young child walk "abnormally." Whether the concern is flat feet, in-toeing, or bowed legs, most of our orthopaedic care of these children consists of education and reassurance. However, when the family complains that their child is walking on his or her toes, red flags go up in the clinician's mind. Does the child have cerebral palsy that has not been diagnosed, does the patient have muscular dystrophy, or is this a case of idiopathic or habitual toe-walking? The first two questions can be answered by means of a careful history and physical examination and treated appropriately, but idiopathic toe-walking is a conundrum. What are its causes and what are the best ways to treat this perplexing and relatively common condition1?

It is clear to me that idiopathic toe-walking is a neurologically based diagnosis. Many of the children are on the autism spectrum2, and many have speech and language delays3. There is the hypothesis that this condition may be a sensory processing dysfunction4 or even a form of dyspraxia. Regardless of the etiology, the treating physician is faced with many different options: night splinting, serial casts, chemodenervation, and, …


-Distributional, ecological, and behavioral notes are presented for 34 species of poorly known birds from the Upper Urubamba River drainage in southern Peru. Records and data come from work by personnel of the LSU Museum of Zoology between 1974 and 1979. Received 30 July 1979, accepted 4 October 1979. LONG studied as a cradle of the Inca Civilization, the upper Urubamba River valley in the Department of Cuzco, southern Peru, is still poorly known biologically. Its avifauna has been reported upon by Sclater and Salvin (1869), Berlepsch and Stolzmann (1906), and Chapman (1921). The latter paper is a fairly comprehensive report on the bird collections secured by Edmund W. Heller for the Yale UniversityNational Geographic Society's Machu Picchu Expedition (April-November 1915), by Frank M. Chapman and George K. Cherrie (1-24 July 1916), and by Harry L. Watkins (3-25 April 1917). That paper also incorporates the records of the earlier authors who published on the collections of H. Whitely and Jean Kalinowski. Since the appearance of Chapman's 1921 work, no other paper dealing specifically with the avifauna of the region has been written. From July-September 1974 and again in June 1976, 1977, and 1978, October 1978, and August 1979, personnel from the Louisiana State University Museum of Zoology visited the valley in an effort to obtain distributional, ecological, and behavioral information on birds and small mammals. The purpose of this paper is to provide natural history information for some of the many poorly known species (those with restricted geographical and elevational ranges) encountered during our studies. Of these species, 9 were known from fewer than 10 specimens; 3 others represent the first published records for Peru. Three principal camps were made along the narrow Ollantaytambo-Quillabamba road that passes over Abra Mailaga (3,900 m), and a fourth was at Kiteni (450 m), a small village at the end of that road below Quillabamba. Brief descriptions of the localities, with longitudes and latitudes, follow. Camp 1.-Canchaillo (or Canchailloc) (13007'S, 72022'W), 3,260 m; about 14 road km NW Abra Malaga; 23 July-1 August 1974, 14-15 September 1974. Habitats visited include upper Humid Temperate Zone cloud forest, Puna Zone grassland, and Polylepis-Gynoxys woodland in an elevational range of 2,800-3,960 m. The forest near our camp, at treeline, was very dense, with trees ranging in height from 4 to 8 m and with a variety of short bushes present at the edge. Especially prominent near the camp were the trees Gynoxys spp. (Compositae), Polylepis spp. (Rosaceae), Miconia spp. and Brachyotum spp. (Melastomataceae), Clusia spp. (Guttiferae), bushes of the Ericaceae and Compositae (especially Gynoxys spp.), and bamboo (Chusquea). Tree limbs and trunks were thickly covered with mosses and lichens. About 300 m above main treeline, surrounded by grassland, were small (less than 1 ha) groves of Polylepis trees bordered by Gynoxys shrubs. Some of the rarest species of birds that we found inhabited these woodlands. Mist nets were set in openings cut in forest from 3,000 to 3,240 m; guns were also used to secure specimens at these and other elevations. We collected 152 specimens. Camp 2.-San Luis (13?06'S, 72025'W); 2,740 m; ca. 30 road km NW Abra Malaga; 1-8 August 1974, 17-22 August 1974. Most of our efforts here were concentrated in Humid Temperate Zone cloud forest averaging about 10 to 12 m in height, from 2,600 to 2,740 m. Arboreal epiphytic growth, including 167 The Auk 97: 167-176. January 1980 This content downloaded from 220.127.116.11 on Thu, 14 Jul 2016 06:11:30 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 168 PARKER AND O'NEILL [Auk, Vol. 97 mosses, bromeliads and climbing ferns, was abundant. Tree ferns (Lomaria?) and Chusquea bamboo (Gramineae) were also prevalent. In disturbed areas at the forest edge and near potato gardens were groves of alder trees (Alnus jorullensis). Nets were placed in the forest understory, especially in or near bamboo thickets. We collected 168 specimens. Camp 3.-Aputinye (13?0'S, 72?32 'W); 1,670 m; humid subtropical forest on the mountain slope directly above (south of) the village of Huyro; 23 August-3 September 1974. We worked this area from 1,730 m (the upper limit of the Huyro tea plantation) to 1,830 m. Average tree height in the undisturbed forest was about 25-30 m, with some as tall as 40 m. Epiphytic growth was not as abundant as at previously described camps, but hanging vines and orchids were conspicuous. Large tree ferns were common. Along the forest edge fruiting trees of the Melastomataceae and flowering Cecropia spp. (Moraceae) attracted numbers of tanagers and other frugivores and nectarivores. Chusquea bamboo was common in forest openings such as treefalls. A number of bird species were recorded only in trees shading the tea plantation (mainly flowering Inga spp.). We collected 214 specimens. Camp 4.-Pefias (13?10'S, 72?18'W); 3,240 m; about 25 road km NE Ollantaytambo, west of Abra Malaga; 8-11 August 1974. This camp was in a narrow deep valley in and around the Inca ruins of Pefias, in a shrub zone not far below grassland. The area was a patchwork of clumps of bushes (primarily Ericaceae and Compositae) and grazed, small pastures. Bordering a small stream were thickets of alders, Alnus jorullensis (Betulaceae) and Clusia sp. (Guttiferae). Small, remnant Polylepis woodlands occurred high on the valley slopes. We collected 88 specimens. Camp 5.-Kiteni (or Quiteni) (ca. 12020'S, 72050'W); 450 m; about 66 road km beyond Rosalina; 5-12 September 1974. In the transition between Dry Tropical Zone deciduous forest and Humid Tropical Zone forest, this camp was on the floodplain of the Urubamba River at the village of Kiteni. On a ridge north of camp, the forest was fairly open, with some arborescent cacti and tall Bombacaceous trees. Arboreal bromeliads were common. Ground cover was sparse. The north-facing ridge opposite camp was covered by denser, more humid forest with a closed canopy averaging about 30 m in height and sparse undergrowth. Immediately adjacent to the river were taller trees (up to 40 m). Several manioc gardens bordered by second growth had been planted on the village outskirts. We collected 90 specimens. In addition to the above localities, observations were made in the vicinity of the city of Cuzco and the villages of Ollantaytambo, Machu Picchu, Quillabamba and in intervening areas.


Tensile tests are used to clarify the basic mechanical properties of tested specimens and the obtained stress-strain relation gives important information for plastic flow under metal forming processes, i.e. formability and anisotropic properties. The specimen size, test procedure and data measurement method are specified under tensile test standards in order to assure reliability of the tested data. However, many various tests are performed in industrised, universities and research institutes for their convenience in reality. In this study we performed tensile tests according to the different test method and compared their results. These finding will contribute the understanding of each test method.


Mammography is a particular type of imaging that uses a low-dose xray system to examine breasts. A mammography exam, called a mammogram, is used to aid in the early detection and diagnosis of breast diseases in women. In this paper, we have proposed a method that consists of combination of different methods. First we have performed enhancement on breast mammogram to enhance the image quality. We have used Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) for enhancement. After that local window based discrete cosine transform has been applied for features extraction. Principle component analysis has used for features reduction and selection. Bayesian Classifier has been used for classification into benign and malignant. It has been noted that results are very much satisfactory. We have used MIAS data set for experimentation purpose.


Lifetime data at 25 °C for the decay of SO2 (3B1) molecules have been obtained in the presence of high pressures of CH4, C2H6, and C3H8. At high pressures, the physical quenching channel saturates and a kinetic model which incorporates this effect has been applied to the SO2, alkane systems studied. This model permits one to evaluate the partitioning of the total quenching rate constants into their chemical and physical components. The value (in units of 103 torr−1 s−1) of the chemical and physical quenching rate constants (zero pressure limit), respectively, are (0.18 and 4.70), (CH4); (1.66 and 7.70),(C2H6);and (12.5 and 6.5), (C3H8).


The single factors test about influence of trace elements Na in calcined petroleum coke on quality of carbon anodes was carried out,and the CO_2 reactivity,air reactivity,air permeability and resistivity of carbon anode were tested.The test results showed that when Na is(370~870)×10~(-6),the residual anode rate of carbon anode in CO_2 increased to 9.45%,and in the air decreased to 51.17%,and both air permeability and resistivity decreased. However,when Na is above 870×10~(-6),the residual anode rate of carbon anode in CO_2 decreased,and in air properly increased,and both air permeability and resistivity increased.


The aim of this essay is to investigate the function and development of non-player characters (NPC) in the TV/computer game Dragon Age: Origins. The NPCs are analysed in order to see if their devel ...


Nowadays the problem of wrongful acts committed on the internet represent a very controversial issue with regards to the incrimination of these kind of acts and jurisdiction over them. This is why a great number of cases arrive to the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) to seek for justice that could not be found at the national level. The Court has not settled on drawing the negative obligations for States parties at the European Convention on Human Rights not no breach its provisions, but has established throughout its case law the so called " positive obligations" under its article 8, that are meant to offer a concrete protection of individuals against wrongful acts that occur on the internet. However even this proves not to be enough. The Internet is a forum where freedom of expression, is often used under anonymity. In addition, it could be difficult to identify the real sender. Thus different elements have to be taken into consideration while weighing the freedom of expression and right to respect for private life on the Internet.


Clinical and experimental studies are presented documenting the occurrence of foreign body reactions and their effects on adhesion formation after abdominal surgery; results reported are gleaned from 309 patients and 49 experimental animals. Clinically 61% of cases developed foreign body reactions postoperatively. Age and sex of patient and previous intraabdominal surgery did not affect the frequency. A correlation was observed between the occurrence of foreign body reactions and adhesions; the frequency of reactions increased with an increasing amount of adhesions. Foreign body granulomas to talc were the most frequently identified (31% of patients). Gauze lint-induced lesions occurred in 16%; starch granulomas were observed only twice. Foreign body reactions caused by mixed foreign material were relatively common (11%). The mechanism of adhesion formation was investigated in experimental animals. It was found that foreign matter introduced into the abdomen accumulated in traumatized areas. Adhesions developed in these areas and persisted; occurrence of permanent adhesions seems dependent on whether the resolution process is impeded by foreign matter. From studies of the vascular pattern of experimental adhesions it was concluded that the omentum is the only intraabdominal vascular source of importance to tranumatized areas of the peritoneum.


Most clinical studies involving rheumatoid factors are made on sera; relatively few investigations are reported on rheumatoid factors in joint fluid, connective tissue extracts, interstitial fluid and cells. Joint fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis often contains rheumatoid factor, measured by the latex fixation and sheep cell agglutination tests.,"'8 Mellors, et al.' established evidence that in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid factor is synthesized by plasma cells in at least three tissues, lymph nodes, rheumatoid nodules and synovialis. Since plasma cells do not circulate, the rheumatoid factor molecule probably appears first in connective tissues and moves to serum, presumably via the lymphatic system. Krehl, et al.' reported results of sheep cell agglutination tests on simultaneously collected sera and joint fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and certain other diseases. Joint fluid tests were less often positive than serum tests, but when joint fluid was positive, it was so in higher titer than serum. Joint fluids were examined before and after incubation with hyaluronidase. Fluids showing positive tests before hyaluronidase treatment did not change after incubation. However, significant numbers of tests previously negative became positive after hyaluronidase treatment. Except for its hyaluronic acid content joint fluid is regarded as having the chemical composition of an ultrafiltrate of plasma; since hyaluronidase specifically hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid, and the sheep cell agglutination tests in joint fluid, previously negative, disclosed positive tests after hyaluronidase treatment, Krehl, et al.' interpreted the change to positivity as being due to some change in hyaluronic acid or a consequence of such change. One possibility is that a protein in complex with hyaluronic acid


Abstract The structure and reproduction of Blossevillea brandegeei Setch. et Gardn. from Guadalupe Island, Mexico, was studied, resulting in the decision to erect a new genus of Cystoseiraceae, Stolonophora, to accommodate this species. The suite of distinguishing characters includes stoloniferous holdfast; monopodial axes which are centrally thickened, flat (to compressed), and flexuous (zigzag); and all branches of limited growth.


The accumulation of amyloid β‐peptide (Aβ) in the brain is a critical pathological process in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies have implicated intracellular Aβ in neurodegeneration in AD. To investigate the generation of intracellular Aβ, we established human neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells stably expressing wild‐type amyloid precursor protein (APP), Swedish mutant APP, APP plus presenilin 1 (PS1) and presenilin 2 (PS2; wild‐type or familial AD‐associated mutant), and quantified intracellular Aβ40 and Aβ42 in formic acid extracts by sensitive Western blotting. Levels of both intracellular Aβ40 and Aβ42 were 2–3‐fold higher in cells expressing Swedish APP, compared with those expressing wild‐type APP. Intracellular Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios were approximately 0.5 in these cells. These ratios were increased markedly in cells expressing mutant PS1 or PS2 compared with those expressing their wild‐type counterparts, consistent with the observed changes in secreted Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios. High total levels of intracellular Aβ were observed in cells expressing mutant PS2 because of a marked elevation of Aβ42. Immunofluorescence staining additionally revealed more intense Aβ42 immunoreactivity in mutant PS2‐expressing cells than in wild‐type cells, which was partially colocalized with immunoreactivity for the trans‐Golgi network and endosomes. The data collectively indicate that PS mutations promote the accumulation of intracellular Aβ42, which appears to be localized in multiple subcellular compartments.


Introduction: Over the last two decades, there have been many publications reporting experimental observations of excess heat generation and anomalous nuclear reactions occurring in metals at ultra-low energies, now known as "low-energy nuclear reactions" (LENR). Theoretical explanations of the LENR phenomena have been described based on the theory of Bose-Einstein condensation nuclear fusion (BECNF) in micro/nano-scale metal particles [1-7]. The BECNF theory is based on a single basic assumption capable of explaining the observed LENR phenomena; deuterons in metals undergo Bose-Einstein condensation. Proposed experimental tests of the basic assumption/theoretical predictions as well as potential application to cryogenic ignition of deuteron fusion in micro/nano-scale metal particles will be described. Anomalous Experimental Results: The conventional deuterium fusion in free space proceeds via the following nuclear reactions: {1} D + D → p (3.02 MeV) + T (1.01 MeV); {2} D + D → n (2.45 MeV) + 3 He (0.82 MeV); {3} D + D → 4 He + γ (23.8 MeV). The cross-sections for reactions {1} – {3} are expected to be extremely small at low energies (≤ 10 eV) due to the Gamow factor arising from Coulomb barrier between two deuterons. The measured cross-sections have branching ratios: (σ{1}, σ{2}, σ{3}) ≈ (0.5, 0.5, ~10 -6 ). From many experimental measurements by Fleischmann and Pons in 1989 [8] and many others over 20 years since then (see references in [6,7,9]), the following experimental results have emerged. At ambient temperatures or low energies (≤ 10 eV), deuterium fusion in metal proceeds dominantly via the following reactions: {4} D(m) + D(m) → 4 He(m) + 23.8 MeV (m), where m represents a host metal lattice or metal particle. Deuteron Mobility in Metal: Experimental proof of proton (deuteron) mobility in metals was first demonstrated by Coehn in his hydrogen electromigration experiment [10]. A theoretical explanation of Coehn"s results [10] is given by Isenberg [11]. The Coehn"s results are not well known in review articles and textbooks. Theory: For applying the concept of the BEC mechanism to deuteron fusion in a micro/nano-scale metal particle, we consider N identical charged Bose nuclei (deuterons) confined in an ion trap (or a metal grain or particle). Some fraction of trapped deuterons are assumed to be mobile as discussed above. The trapping potential is 3-dimensional (nearly-sphere) for micro/nano-scale metal particles, or quasi twodimensional (nearly hemi-sphere) for micro-scale metal grains, both having surrounding boundary barriers. The barrier heights or potential depths are expected to be an order of energy (≤ 1 eV) required for removing a deuteron from a metal grain or particle. For simplicity, we assume an isotropic harmonic potential for the ion trap to obtain order of magnitude estimates of fusion reaction rates. N-body Schroedinger equation for the system is given by   1 H E   


Dynamic transfer functions based on four pole arguments are formulated for a typical discharge system. Various models, such as a lumped Helmholtz model, a one dimensional wave motion model and a three dimensional fmite element model are discussed. An iterating method that couples the time domain calculations of port flow to the frequency domain transfer functions is applied to predict pressure pulsations under various conditions. Typical comparisons to experimental data are shown also.


In his third article in this series, John Wellens describes the progress made so far in creating a training system for the construction industry as a whole


Abstract In this article different characterizations for a uniformly strongly prime ring are given as well as a way of constructing a uniformly strongly prime ring. Uniformly strongly prime rings of bound one as well as the upper radical determined by this special class of rings are also investigated.


This report describes the nature, prevalence, and trends of drug and alcohol abuse among members of the US adult population and among personnel in non-nuclear industries. Analogous data specific to the nuclear utility industry are not available, so these data were gathered in order to provide a basis for regulatory planning. The nature, prevalence, and trend inforamtion was gathered using a computerized literature, telephone discussions with experts, and interviews with employee assistance program representatives from the Seattle area. This report also evaluates the possible impacts that drugs and alcohol might have on nuclear-related job performance, based on currently available nuclear utility job descriptions and on the scientific literature regarding the impairing effects of drugs and alcohol on human performance. Employee assistance programs, which can be used to minimize or eliminate job performance decrements resulting from drug or alcohol abuse, are also discussed.


Significance: Efficient methods for the synthesis of potentially bioactive complex heterocyclic molecular architectures are of growing interest. In this regard, there are only isolated examples of cascade sequences based on C–H functionalization, particularly of sp3 C–H bonds. The current study presents a facile method for the construction of isoxazolines, which are found in a range of natural products as well as chiral ligands, from readily available starting materials (for example, see: V. Kumar and co-workers Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2014, 77, 121). Isoxazolines are classically accessed through the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of dipolarophiles with in situ generated nitrile oxides (R. Huisgen Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1963, 2, 565). In the present work, isoxazolines are formed from the reaction of 2-ethylazarenes and olefins with four bonds (C=O, C=N, C–C, C–O) being constructed in a single operation. The catalyst and reagents are inexpensive, and this C–H oxidative functionalization reaction can be carried out without the need to stringently exclude air or moisture. Comment: The model reaction between 2-ethylquinoline and butyl acrylate was used to identify the optimal reaction conditions through an extensive screen of different catalysts, oxidants, solvents and nitro sources. Both CuBr and CuCl were found to catalyze the reaction effectively with K2S2O8 found to be the best oxidant. Either KNO3 or NaNO3 could be utilized with significantly depressed yields obtained with other nitrate salts. Under the optimal conditions, 2-ethylquinolines (or 2-ethylquinoxalines) bearing a range of substituents underwent reaction with a variety of terminal olefins containing a range of functional groups to provide the isoxazoline products in moderate to good yields. Disubstituted alkenes, styrenes, and aromatic coupling partners 2-ethylpyridine, 2-propylquinoline, and ethylbenzene were not successful substrates. Terminal alkynes could also be utilized in the reaction leading to isoxazoles. Mechanistic studies indicate that the reaction proceeds through a radical pathway with H2O and NO3 anion, jointly providing the oxygen source for the carbonyl unit, and KNO3 serving as the nitrogen source for the isoxazoline. N O BnO


By analyzing the main problems and characteristics of higher vocational education, the essay discusses English teaching content reform in higher vocational college from some angles.


The salicylal-isoniazid Schiff base,were synthesized by the room temperature solid-phase reaction of salicylal with isoniazid.Were elemental composition and structures characterized by the melting point,elemental analysis,UV,IR and~1H NMR.It studies the spectroscopic properties.


As the number of interstate wars has diminished in recent years, peace scholars and practitioners have redirected their attention to three kinds of intergroup violence: (1) structural violence, (2) terrorism, and (3) cycles of intergroup violence. Structural violence is a pernicious form of violence that is built into the structure of a society and generates enormous inequalities in power, wealth, and overall well-being. Structural violence occurs when there are enough resources for everyone in a society but some segments of the society remain deprived of need satisfaction. The result is disproportionately high levels of infant mortality and shorter life spans for groups that are oppressed. Terrorism has been defined in a number of ways but usually refers to acts committed by nonstate actors who seek to target and kill civilian noncombatants with the purpose of advancing a political, religious, or ideological agenda. The current article addresses the third type of violence, cycles of intergroup violence. Three phases of the cycle will be identified and psychosocial intervention strategies that are most appropriate for each phase will be presented.

Keywords:

structural violence;
terrorism;
cycles of intergroup violence;
psychosocial intervention strategies;
intractable conflict;
conflict;
peacekeeping;
peacemaking;
unilateral initiatives;
dialogue;
negotiation;
mediation;
interactive problem solving;
intergroup contact;
conflict resolution;
confidence-building measures;
reframing;
unofficial diplomacy;
perspective taking;
joint problem solving;
generating options for mutual gain;
zero-sum problem;
de-escalation;
ethos of conflict;
ideology;
leadership-induced readiness;
grassroots antiwar activism;
mutually hurting stalemate;
ripeness;
victimization;
intergroup forgiveness;
reconciliation;
intergroup empathy;
trust


An optical disc (101) can reproduce and record information by laser irradiation. The optical disc (101) includes a first recording layer (102) and a second recording layer (104). On the first recording layer (102), a first recording mark (103) is formed on a spiral-shaped track. The second recording layer (104) is arranged at a plane deeper or shallower than the read plane of the first recording layer (102). On the second recording layer (104), neither of a track for reproduction or recording of information by laser irradiation or wobble track is formed. Furthermore, on the second recording layer (104), a second recording mark (105) is formed with positioning in the radial direction of the optical disc in accordance with a predetermined position on the spiral-shaped track of the first recording layer. The optical disc (101) can assure secrecy of the recorded copyright protection information or the copyright protection function of the optical disc (101) and has resistance against unauthorized copy.


The activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, ascorbic acid peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase and glutathione reductase are enhanced in cucumber cotyledons in response to UV-B radiation. External application of antioxidants like α-tocopherol and benzoquinone suppressed the UV-B induced response of all the enzymes except guaiacol peroxidase. Free radicals generated by UV-B are likely to be involved in the induction of antioxidant defence system. External application of antioxidants altered the UV-B-induced enzyme activity, which might be due to their ability to scavenge free radicals.


The increased prevalence of mobile phones provides exciting opportunities for the growth of mobile banking (m-banking). This paper reviews the emerging research literature on mbanking. It presents a classification framework for m-banking research based on 65 m-banking papers published between 2000 and mid-2010 in Information Systems (IS), technology innovation, management, and marketing journals, and major IS conferences. These papers are classified into five main categories: m-banking overview and conceptual issues, Features & Benefits of Mobile Banking, Current operating practices of commercial banks, Mobile banking/payment practices in Indian Commercial Banks and Challenges in India strategic, legal and ethical issues. It is expected that the comprehensive list of references and assessments presented in this paper will provide a useful anatomy of young m-banking literature to anyone who is interested in m-banking and help stimulate further interest.


Within the United States Air Force exist various Tactical Fighter Wings. The mission of the Wing simulated in the model is twofold: (1) Training of airmen for combat and (2) Maintaining a combat ready status. In the model the Wing consists of three squadrons, with a total of fiftysix F-4E fighter aircraft. Two of the squadrons are used for fighter training and the third is on combat ready status.


Management of inappropriate behaviour is a major priority in special education. Evidence‐based practice dictates that interventions to reduce inappropriate behaviour should be evaluated at the individual level to demonstrate their efficacy in the classroom. This study illustrates the evaluation of an evidence‐based procedure (response interruption) for reducing perseverative requesting in an adolescent boy with autism and severe intellectual disability. The boy used a speech‐generating device to request snacks during baseline and response interruption conditions. During both conditions, the boy had to wait 30 seconds while the snack was being prepared. Requests that occurred during this wait interval were defined as perseverative. Intervention involved blocking perseverative requests and prompting the child to wait. An ABAB design was used to evaluate the effects of the response interruption procedure. The results demonstrated that response interruption effectively reduced perseverative requesting, while ...


We study transport properties of graphene-based $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}n$ junctions irradiated by electromagnetic field (EF). The resonant interaction of propagating quasiparticles with an external monochromatic radiation opens dynamical gaps in their spectrum, resulting in a strong modification of current-voltage characteristics of the junctions. The values of the gaps are proportional to the amplitude of EF. We find that the transmission of the quasiparticles in the junctions is determined by the tunneling through the gaps and can be fully suppressed when applying a sufficiently large radiation power. However, EF can not only suppress the current but also generate it. We demonstrate that if the height of the potential barrier exceeds a half of the photon energy, the directed current (photocurrent) flows through the junction without any dc bias voltage applied. Such a photocurrent arises as a result of inelastic quasiparticle tunneling assisted by one- or two-photon absorption. We calculate current-voltage characteristics of diverse graphene-based junctions and estimate their parameters necessary for the experimental observation of the photocurrent and transmission suppression.


Abstract Plants of nine Euphorbia pithyusa subsp. pithyusa populations growing in Mallorca (Balearic Islands) under distinct bioclimatic conditions were chosen for the study, from coastal, with a semi-arid thermo-Mediterranean bioclimate, to mountain (1250 m), with both meso-Mediterranean and supra-Mediterranean bioclimate. The cyathia and fruits differed significantly in size between the populations, with the coastal populations producing smaller cyathia and fruits. Flowering and fruiting were prolonged and extended through different orders of the dichasia. However, the third-order dichasia produced, independently of the environmental conditions, the highest number of fruits of all the populations. Although seeds of all the populations showed comparable germination capacity at 20 °C, seeds from the highland populations were slower to germinate and exhibited prolonged dormancy, suggesting a direct relationship between the degree of dormancy and rainfall. These differences were significant (p ≤ 0.05) and independent of the yearly climatic variations for each of the populations studied. The reproductive strategies permitting E. pithyusa to have success in the colonization of zones with different bioclimates are based on possessing: a generalist pollination system and the capacity to adapt the length and intensity of the flowering and fruiting periods to climatic conditions and to vary the size and dormancy levels of seeds.


Plasma cutting is a method of cutting metal, especially steel, with relatively low cost and effectiveness, with satisfactory results. Where in the cut, it is enough to need a plasma cutting machine/inverter that is quite affordable, widely available in the market, and simple tools, an air compressor (no special oxygen/gas needed as in gas/oxygen and acetylene/LPG cutting), a power source, the material being cut and the cutting process can be carried out. How to use plasma cutting is relatively easy, namely by setting the machine and then directing the plasma torch to the cutting plane as needed by maintaining a stable movement and height. However, when we make repeated cuts, our concentration and physical strength will automatically decrease, so we need a tool that can help us direct/adjust the plasma torch, which is called a plasma cutting mechanism. After paying attention to these needs, a plasma cutting mechanism was designed with a working space/cutting length of 1200 mm, with a tool size of 1400 mm x 300mm x 200 mm length, width and height, estimated cost of Rp. 3,050,000,-, with a cutting speed setting of 100 mm/minute to 1000 mm/minute, a cutting height of 0 to 10 mm with an angle of 0 degree to 90 degree.


The frequency ranges of filter consists of linear transfer members and an organ 301. The deadband zero point N of beach insensitivity member 301, which is applied the signal d input f1 (t) to be filtered, is proportionally controlled in the output signal fD (t) of a pass-range filter 302 mounted parallel to the organ 301. the deadband signal fD (t) can also be fT added to the output signal (t) of the organ to deadband. This nonlinear frequency ranges of filter is used to eliminate spurious signals which are superimposed on a useful signal in a variable predetermined frequency range.


We propose a nonautonomous version of Wien-bridge oscillator with diode nonlinearity. It is a kind of simple circuit which exhibits chaotic behaviour. This oscillator circuit contains an operational amplifier, four resistors, two capacitors, a diode as a nonlinear element and external periodic force. This system exhibits various interesting dynamical phenomena like periodic, quasiperiodic and chaotic oscillations. The detailed analysis is carried out numerically by using two-parameter phase diagram in the forcing amplitude-frequency plane, one-parameter bifurcation diagram, Lyapunov exponents and phase portraits. Most of these numerical studies are in good agreement with observations from experiments.


The W-band staggered double vane Slow Wave Structure (SWS)Travelling Wave Tube (TWT) adopting the negative phase-velocity tapering technique is proposed and investigated in this paper, benefiting the improvement of the output power. The input/output coupler, which uses resonators to feed electromagnetic waves into SWS, for this kind of SWS are put forward. It is not only simple to manufacture, but also greatly reduces the longitudinal size of the TWT. In this paper, the high frequency characteristics, transmission characteristics and beam-wave interaction are analyzed by simulation software. The particle-in-cell results show that its output power and gain at 91 GHz can reach 1800 W and 10.5 dB, respectively. Its 3-dB bandwidth is from 87 GHz to 96 GHz. Based on these, the experiment of the fabricated high frequency system with filleted staggered double vane slow wave structure is carried out.


Part of the Child Psychology Commons, Clinical Psychology Commons, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Commons, Counseling Psychology Commons, Counselor Education Commons, Educational Leadership Commons, Educational Psychology Commons, Junior High, Intermediate, Middle School Education and Teaching Commons, Mental Disorders Commons, Other Mental and Social Health Commons, Other Teacher Education and Professional Development Commons, Pre-Elementary, Early Childhood, Kindergarten Teacher Education Commons, School Psychology Commons, Secondary Education and Teaching Commons, and the Social Work Commons


We determine rigorously the effective permeability of magnetic metamaterials composed of passive particles exhibiting magnetic resonances. The effective permeability is expressed in terms of circuit parameters characteristic to these particles (L, C, and R) and particle geometry. The derivation takes into account the magnetic coupling between particles. We show that a bigger concentration of particles leads to an improvement in the metamaterial performances (such as bandwidth or loss tangent), but this effect saturates as the particles are packed more tightly. The theory is validated through numerical simulations of physically realizable metamaterials.


DIAGNOSIS OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION BASED ON LECTIN-INDUCED ERYTHROCYTE AGGLUTINATION A FEASIBILITY STUDY Nieschke K, Mittag A, Reichert T, Laffers W, Pierzchalski A, Piltz J, Esche HJ, Wolf G, Dähnert I, Tarnok A, Bocsi J Dept. of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig, University Leipzig, Germany, Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, University Leipzig, Germany, Gemacmicro-electronical application company, Chemnitz, Germany, University of Bonn, Clinic for ENT-medical science/surgery, Germany, amtecanalytical measurement technology, Leipzig, Germany Background: Myocardial infarction (MI) caused by arteriosclerosis is an acute lifethreatening disease and has a high incidence worldwide. Aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of lectin-carbohydrate binding-induced red blood cell (RBC) agglutination for the fast and precise diagnosis of MI. Methods: In this study, five different lectins (Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA), Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin (PHA), Datura stramonium agglutinin (DSA), Artocarpus agglutinin (ArA), Triticum agglutinin (TA)) were tested to investigate agglutination characteristics in patients with MI or angina pectoris without MI (AP) and healthy volunteers (HV) as control. RBC agglutination was analyzed by light absorbance of a stirred RBC suspension in a broad range in green and red light in an agglutimeter (amtec) for 15 min after lectin addition. Mean cell count in aggregates was estimated from light absorbance by mathematical model. Results: Each tested lectin induced agglutination of RBC. RCA led to the strongest agglutination of RBC (about 150 RBC per aggregate), while PHA, DSA, TA and ArA induced much slower agglutination (520 RBCs per aggregate). The speed of RBC-agglutination of patients with coronary heart disease was generally higher than that for HV. However, only PHA lectin induced agglutination was suitable to distinguish MI and HV among the tested lectins. Discussion and Conclusion: It is possible to differentiate between patients with MI and HP based on PHA-induced RBC-agglutination. We speculate that pathological changes induce modification of the composition of carbohydrates on the RBC membrane. Occurrence and distribution of carbohydrates on RBC membranes provide evidence about MI. The RBC-agglutination assay could be a valuable and fast diagnostic test for cardiac infarction. Acknowledgement: This work was supported by Sächsische Aufbaubank (SAB Project Nr: 11624/1845) and the BMBF Project MaDaKos (BMBF Project Nr. 990101-088. 12/2010-11/2013).


The training dataset collected from industrial processes usually contain some outliers, and partial least squares (PLS) regression will have poor properties due to the sensitiveness of PLS to outliers. Under this circumstance, a multivariate statistical process monitoring method based on robust PLS (RPLS) is developed. By means of weight strategy, RPLS can eliminate the effects of the outliers in the original data and construct precise model. Then, robust monitoring statistics and control limits are derived for process monitoring purposes. A case study of the Tennessee Eastman (TE) process illustrated that the proposed approach showed superior process monitoring performance compared to conventional PLS when the modeling data set contains outliers.


The popular cable show South Park has steadily entertained audiences since its debut in 1997. Much of the show's humor and entertainment value comes from its satirical treatment of public figures, institutions, and timely trends. One of the institutions often lampooned on the show is that of television news broadcasting. This thesis project seeks to shed light on entertainment media portrayals of television news journalists and television news journalism as a whole by examining the issues covered, how those issues are framed, and how the journalist is used as a figure on the border of entertainment and information in one show. A content analysis was performed on all news broadcasts contained within all 181 episodes of South Park through its twelfth season. Results indicate that Semetko and Valkenburg's (2000) five generic frames penetrate well into the entertainment realm; a broadcast's "relationship to reality" is framed significantly differently when Conflict and Speculation frames are employed; news broadcasters are not portrayed as exemplars of the media's "liberal bias;" and that South Park has used significantly more reality-based storylines in recent years than in its early years.


Lead is a ubiquitous environmental and industrial pollutant that has been detected in almost all biological systems. Forty (40) albino rat(125-225g) were used for this study, twenty of the rats were induced at 2 days intervals with lead(lead acetate: 0.013g/kg body weight) for two weeks, which was followed by oral administration of medicinal plant extracts as treatment for total period of ten days and then sacrificed.
The activities of cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, in the plasma were observed to be significantly higher in groups administered lead only when compared to control group and the groups administered with medicinal extracts. However, of the groups treated, the group given Amaranthus had the least activity of the cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol level in the plasma while in triacylglycerol, cabbage has the least activity.
Therefore, the use of extract rich in chlorophyll can be used in treatment of lead toxicity, with apparently no side effects on the plasma of the albino rats.


Abstract The mediaeval church of St Martin Outwich, escaping destruction in the Great Fire of 1666, was damaged in the Bishopsgate fire of 1765. Preliminary plans for its rebuilding by George Dance the Elder have been identified. In the event, the building was repaired and only the steeple rebuilt. In 1796, following deterioration of the fabric, the church was demolished and replaced with a new building by S. P. Cockerell. The plan of his building has been identified from the rearrangements undertaken by Sir Charles Barry in 1827. Falling population and pressure to release part of the site for street widening resulted in the destruction of the church and amalgamation of the parish with that of St Helen Bishopsgate in 1873.


Given the increasing interest and development of computational and quantitative methods in historical linguistics, it is important that scholars have a basis for documenting, testing, evaluating, and sharing complex workflows. We present a novel open-source toolkit for quantitative tasks in historical linguistics that offers these features. This toolkit also serves as an interface between existing software packages and frequently used data formats, and it provides implementations of new and existing algorithms within a homogeneous framework. We illustrate the toolkit's functionality with an exemplary workflow that starts with raw language data and ends with automatically calculated phonetic alignments, cognates and borrowings. We then illustrate evaluation metrics on gold standard datasets that are provided with the toolkit.


The true stress and strain curves of microalloyed heavy rails at different finishing temperature were measured by one-pass compression tests with Gleeble-1500D.The air cooling microstructures after deformation were observed by SEM.The effects of finishing temperature and the microalloyed elements such as vanadium,niobium and RE on dynamic recrystallization and microstructures were researched.The investigation results indicate that the dynamic recrystallization of the deformed austenite can be prohibited significantly by adding vanadium,niobium and RE.Therefore,trival and uniform microstructures can be obtained though the finishing temperature is higher.


The article is deal with ecological culture as a factor of sustainable development of industrial regions in modern conditions. The scientific understanding of the content and structure of ecological culture is specified. Based on the results of sociological research, the authors substantiate the level of environmental culture of both the population and business representatives in Ukraine, including Krivoy Rog is insufficient. It is necessary to improve the state environmental policy and environmental education.


A method for identifying the surfactant components of commercial heavy duty liquid laundry detergents was devised using two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. For the chromatography, Silica Gel G was used as the stationary phase and solvent system consisting of ethyl methyl ketone-benzene-ethanol-water in the first direction and 4-methyl-2-pentanone-1-propanol-acetic acid-acetonitrile in the second direction.The chromatographic patterns obtained from the two-dimensional thin layer chromatography of the commercial heavy duty liquid laundry detergents showed two series of spots in the upper and central areas. These spots were identified respectively as nonionic and anionic surfactants on the basis of Rf values and indicators. The ethanol extracts of these spots were examined by UV, IR and NMR spectroscopy, and the results were compared with the spectra of standard surfactants. The nonionic surfactnt was thus identified as alkyl poly (oxyethylene) ether, and anionic surfactants were detected as being only linear alkylbenzenesulfonate in one case and as both linear alkylbenzeneselfonate and alkylethoxylated sulfate in other case.The above data indicate that the two-dimensional thin layer chromatography technique is an effective method for detecting the surfactant components of a detergent consisting of anionic and nonionic surfactants.


This article explores the effect of cultural orientations on the sustainable household behaviours of Hispanic immigrants and non-Hispanic Whites in the United States. A model is tested in which the personal-level cultural orientations of interdependence-independence determine consumers' environmental value and concern, which in turn, affect sustainable behaviours (recycling, water, electricity and energy conservation). Results from a sample of 338 Hispanic immigrants and 249 non-Hispanic Whites indicate that interdependence predicts environmental values among non-Hispanic Whites. For the Hispanic sample, neither interdependence nor independence predict environmental value. In both samples, environmental value is positively associated with environmental concern, which is positively related to sustainable behaviours. The relationships between environmental concern and all four behaviours are relatively weaker among Hispanics compared to non-Hispanic Whites, suggesting that immigrants have not yet fully embraced mainstream American pro-environmental ideals and practices. Our study sheds light on cultural differences regarding environmental values and concerns, and implies theoretical and practical recommendations for marketers in the United States.


Mellin transform of fibre integral is calculated for certain classes of non-degenerate affine complete intersections. The lattice structure of the poles of the Mellin transform is clarified by means of the mixed Hodge structure of the affine variety in question. One establishes the relation of the fibre integral with the hypergeometric function of Horn and that of Gel'fand-Kapranov-Zelevinski. As an application we prove an hypothesis proposed by Berglund, Candelas et altri on the mirror symmetry.


Auditory thresholds are used to establish mitigation guidelines for anthropogenic noise exposure on marine animals. These thresholds are determined using either sinusoidal signals at specific frequencies or band limited, sinusoidal‐derived Gaussian noise. Given that the preponderance of naturally occurring noise in the marine environment is sinusoidal, marine animals may have lower thresholds and, thus, lower tolerance to non‐sinusoidal noise. Fast rise time impulse noise, continuous non‐sinusoidal noise, or a combination of these characteristics may induce biological responses at lower levels than sinusoidal noise with an equivalent power density. The author proposes a metric to evaluate and express signal characteristics as a component of determining noise exposure impacts on marine animals.


In the short space of just a few years the evidence base for orthopaedic surgery has been transformed. Seminal papers such as Schatzker's tibial plateau paper1 and Gustillo & Anderson's seminal work on open fractures,2 simply would not get published in todays enlightened world of evidence based orthopaedics. Yet we still rely on these papers in our day to day practice. They were exploratory papers, exploring new themes, treatments and ideas.

Randomised controlled trials are the biggest studies now performed, often evaluating thousands of patients randomised to one treatment or another. The methodology has been borrowed from medical doctors where life is simple. The patient is randomised to one drug or another (often unkindly referred to as 'red pill/blue pill' studies). These trials are easy to conceptualise, with everything controlled for (intervention length, diagnosis, treatment setting and intervention), making the comparison easy. Understand the inclusion and exclusion criteria and you understand the study. Randomised controlled trials in medicine have yielded some very important information.

The setting is …


The Brazilian lato sensu postgraduate developed in an expressive, disorderly and unsupervised way, requiring constant conceptual reflections from the National Education Council (CNE) about its nature. Currently, considering the demographic transition that predicts an increase in the number of graduates of higher education, there is an effort to regulate the expansion, which goes through the fundamental discussion of the concept of specialization. Thus, the objective of this article, made through analytical-synthetic method, was to analyze the concept of specialization in the regulatory process of the Brazilian lato sensu postgraduate by means of the norms 1 Professora Mestre, Centro Universitário das Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas (FMU), São Paulo, SP, Brasil of the post-graduation available in the electronic portal of the Ministry of Education. Sections of the norms associated to the concept of specialization or relevant to its understanding were selected. This brief analysis of the normative history allows us to conclude that the advisors of the CNE took care of the concept proposed by Sucupira, preserving the nature and the characteristics of the specialization in consonance with the Law guidelines and bases of national education (LDB). At present, the concept has been expanded and made explicit to attend to all sectors of Brazilian society, which are the reason for its existence, even though this conceptualization generates operational obstacles to the long-sought regulated and supervised expansion of the Brazilian lato sensu postgraduate.


The encoding and decoding advantages of high-rate punctured binary convolutional codes over memoryless channel are well known. The puncturing technique is applied to Trellis-Coded Modulation, resulting in simplified Viterbi decoding at the cost of a small reduction in coding gain compared to usual Viterbi decoding. Using computer search, short-memory rate 2/3 punctured codes with the same minimum free Euclidean distance as Ungerboeck's optimum codes have been found these codes provide the same error performance when decoded in the usual manner. In addition to the decoding advantages, puncturing provides greater flexibility, allowing an easy implementation of variable bandwidth efficiency systems.


A case of postpartum necrosis of the anterior lobe of the pituitary, known as Sheehan's syndrome, is presented. The patient has done well on a combined replacement therapy with cortisone and thyroid. It is hoped that increased awareness will be given to this clinical entity.


Tactics to address dietary overconsumption include reducing the energy density of meals on the assumption that eating for volume or mass leads to lower energy intake. This predicates the absence of compensatory mechanisms to maintain energy intake in the longer term. There is certainly evidence that energy density is positively associated with weight gain but it is less clear that manipulating energy density leads to long term weight loss or improved weight maintenance. Some research has focused on enhancing satiety to reduce energy intake at meals. Studies of test meals in laboratory conditions showed that water consumed with a meal reduced ratings of hunger and increased ratings of satiety. The effect of drinking water before a meal produced variable effects depending on age. However, there is a lack of similar free-living studies, so the aim of this study was to compare the effects of water preload on satiety ratings and fullness with those of no water preload in two age groups in free living conditions. There were ten young and four older subjects with a mean age of 26 (SD 8.2) and 56 (SD 5.3) years, respectively. Subjects chose two days in a typical week and recorded their main meals on those days in a food diary. In the second week, they were asked to use the same two days and have the same main meals but they were required to drink 500 ml of water as a preload in the 15 min before the main meal. Subjective appetite ratings were determined using visual analogue scales (VAS) before the meal (and the preload), immediately after, and 90 min after in both weeks. The table shows median VAS (mm) and inter-quartile range (IQR) for all subjects (n 14).


This paper discussed the unbonded elastic wire resistance type osmometer and vibrating wire type osmometer in aspects such as research and development history, production status, engineering practices and problems.It concluded that both the two types of sensors would be applicable in seepage pressure monitoring for earth-rockfill dam and concrete dam.According to production status and engineering practice lessons of monitoring instruments in China, some measures and suggestion to guarantee the quality of dam safety monitoring were put forward.


THE INVENTION CONCERNS A MODIFIED PROTEIN CAPABLE SUPPORT STOPPED SO Reversible BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE MATERIAL. HOLDER INCLUDES A SURFACE SITES ACCESSED BY LIGANDS MADE SUITABLE FOR COMBINE WITH SO REVERSIBLE ANTIBODY OR BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES. THE MEDIA ON WHICH ARE FIXED ANTIBODY MAY FORM A MEMBRANE Enzyme Activity THAT CAN COMBINE WITH ELECTRO-CHEMICAL SENSOR.


The purpose of this paper is to show the research results for improving the quality of a level control system by using an ultrasonic level sensor. By using an ultrasonic sensor in a liquid level control loop, the authors wanted to experiment the use of this new class of sensors, which are working without contact with the liquid surface or volume. In industry, using this type of transducer is becoming more and more useful, having large scale applications, from dangerous liquids reservoirs level monitoring, to waste water level monitoring in treatment plants, and to level control systems for a wide class chemical products. The research also demonstrated the efficiency of the system remote control by using a dual-loop PID controller.


A normal and healthy pregnancy is what every woman desires. Diseases experienced during pregnancy will be at risk for the baby. One of the most feared diseases is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The VCT strategy is at the core of all HIV / AIDS prevention and control efforts. Therefore, preventive service of HIV transmission from a mother to a child is one of the efforts to combat HIV and AIDS integrated with health services. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Relationship between Knowledge of Pregnant Women and HIV / AIDS and the Support of Husbands in Their Willingness to Perform VCT. The research design used in this study was an Analytical Survey using the Cross Sectional approach. The study was conducted in April to August  at the Public Health Center Baloi Permai in Batam. The population in this study was 273 respondents with a sample of 73 respondents, using a point time approach technique. Data collection using questionnaire instruments filled out by respondents. Data in tabular and textual form was analyzed using Chi-Square. The statistical test results obtained 66 respondents with good knowledge, husband less-support was 40 respondents and the willingness of pregnant women 73 respondents There is a significant relationship between Knowledge (p = 0,000) and husband support (p = 0.007) with the willingness of mothers to conduct VCT. It is expected to improve socialization about HIV / AIDS and VCT services at the Public Health Center and motivate health workers to play a role in increasing public knowledge about VCT testing through counseling in more creative ways. Hence, the community is interested in participating in these activities, and providing educative information so as to increase the knowledge of pregnant women related to VCT.


Abstract : This report presents and describes a new polarographic analytical procedure that should prove useful in the direct analysis of RDX and HMX in admixture. The single-sweep technique is rapid and sensitive to about 50 parts-per-billion of either RDX or HMX alone or in admixture in effluent for natural water. The method can also be used to analyze for HMX as an impurity in manufactured RDX or for RDX that may be present in manufactured HMX. A determination can be made in 5 min on a 2-ml aliquot of water to within + or - 10% of the actual amount of explosive present. No separation or concentration of the explosives from the water sample is needed prior to the analysis in most cases. (Author)


Objectives: The STAR-VA program in Veterans Health Administration Community Living Centers (CLCs, nursing home settings) trains teams to implement a psychosocial intervention with residents with behavioral symptoms of dementia (BSD). Methods: Across 71 CLCs, 302 residents selected as training cases had target behaviors categorized into one of 5 types: physically aggressive (PA), physically nonaggressive, verbally aggressive, verbally nonaggressive, and behavior deficit (BD). Results: Across all groups, there were significant declines in team-rated behavior frequency (36%) and severity (44%), agitation (10%), distress behaviors (42%), depression (17%), and anxiety (20%). The magnitude of changes varied across behavior category. For example, those with a PA target behavior experienced a greater percentage decline in agitation and distress behavior scores, and those with a BD target behavior experienced a greater percentage decline in depressive and anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: STAR-VA, a multicomponent intervention, is generally effective across various types of behavioral symptoms associated with dementia.


An exact relation between one of the recently introduced models for kinetic gelation and random percolation is displayed. This explains the frequently observed identity between the exponents of the two models. Moreover, it strongly suggests that any further universal properties of percolation are also shared by kinetic gelation. In particular, a rigorous inequality due to van den Berg and Kesten (1985) can be used to display an inconsistency between the observed values of the exponents beta and nu and the observed value of the fractal dimension of the backbone in kinetic gelation. The more complex issue of the observed variation of the amplitude ratio cannot be easily resolved, however. Should the observed discrepancies be real, they would, according to the author's results, indicate that the amplitude ratio can indeed vary depending upon the underlying lattice structure.


Domestic Politics National ideology. The search for shared roots and a national, communitarian ideology dominated the effort to consolidate 30 years of People's Action Party (PAP) government. An orderly, prosperous, and quality society remained the objectives of this rule. At the January 9 opening of Parliament, President Wee Kim Wee laid out a proposed set of common values intended to pertain to all communal groups. "These core values include placing society above self, upholding the family as a basic building block of society, resolving major issues through consensus instead of contention and stressing religious tolerance and harmony.1 The cabinet had obviously considered how to balance individual initiative and community norms; the essence of what would be the national ideology was determined but its integrative role and its format are still being widely discussed. It will be a personal set of values, not a constitutionally mandated political ideology. Its objective is to inculcate Asian values and fend off negative aspects of "Westernization" intruding on this global city-hedonism, materialism, and self-centeredness. Promoting creative traditionalism that eschews despotism and nepotism, strengthening the national identity and integrity, and all the while remaining at the center of the international economy are not easily reconciled into behavior axioms. But Prime Minis-


Abstract Focusing on the last decades before abolition (1888), this study examines slave labour and sugar production in the Bahian Recôncavo in Northeastern Brazil, one of the oldest slaveholding regions in the Americas. It demonstrates the marked contrast between the Recôncavo and the other main sugar-producing areas of Northeastern Brazil. In Bahia, the years 1850–88 did not witness an increase in sugar exports; on the contrary, exports stagnated and then, with abolition, suffered a nearly complete collapse. Furthermore, sugar planters in the Recôncavo, unlike other Northeastern planters, relied overwhelmingly on slave labour until the very eve of abolition. The study suggests that the explanation for the contrast between the Recôncavo and other Northeastern sugar regions lies in alternatives to sugar production for a significant segment of the planter class and in alternatives to work on sugar plantations for a substantial part of the poor free population in the Recôncavo.


TO THE EDITOR: We read with great interest the article by Gürbüz et al.1 (Gürbüz MS, Dağçınar A, Bayri Y, et al. Anterior third ventricular height and infundibulochiasmatic angle: two novel measurements to predict clinical success of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the early postoperative period. J Neurosurg. 2020;132[6]:1764– 1772). Bowing of the third ventricle has been increasingly recognized as a way to predict endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) success preoperatively.2,3 Using the signs of anterior and inferior bowing of the third ventricle, Gürbüz et al. used the two novel parameters of anterior third ventricular height (TVH) and infundibulochiasmatic (IC) angle to predict ETV success in both preand postoperative stages. We congratulate the authors on their excellent work, which proved that the change in morphology of the third ventricle can predict ETV success. In our department, we have used the sign of bowing of the third ventricle floor (TVFB) to preoperatively select ETV candidates since 2013. The ETV success rate in our series was 81%, which also proved that TVFB was an efficient method to select ETV candidates.4 However, although third ventricle bowing is useful to predict ETV success in both the preand postoperative period, its limitations should be remembered. In their studies, Foroughi et al.3 and Dlouhy et al.2 found that 46% and 33% of hydrocephalic patients without bowing of the third ventricle could still be successfully treated with ETV. Hence, it seems that in some patients, even without bowing of the third ventricle, ETV can be successful and changes in the anterior TVH and IC angle will not be present. Third ventricle bowing has been anecdotally suggested as predictive of more intraventricularly obstructive types of hydrocephalus, which can achieve higher success rates with ETV;2,5 however, when the obstructions appear in the cisterns, such as the basal cistern and supratentorial cisterns, bowing of the third ventricle may not be present. Rekate explored the sites of obstruction to CSF circulation that caused hydrocephalus and found that these sites included not only the aqueduct and the outlet of the fourth ventricle, but also the basal cisterns blocking the CSF pathway.6,7 In some types of communicating hydrocephalus caused by trauma, meningitis, and hemorrhage, there is always some extent of adhesive obstruction in the basal cisterns. And while bowing of the third ventricle may not be present in these patients with extraventricular intracisternal obstruction, ETV remains effective by creating an internal bypass.8,9 Furthermore, Singh et al. found that in some cases of hydrocephalus, even when MR ventriculography depicted CSF patent from the fourth ventricle into the cisternal spaces without intraventricular obstructions, ETV can still be successful (70%).9 Therefore, for hydrocephalic patients with third ventricle bowing preoperatively, the methods by Gürbüz et al. were very useful to predict ETV success. But for hydrocephalic patients without preoperative third ventricle bowing, other complementary preoperative prediction systems, such as the ETV success score,10 may be required to select ETV candidates. Other supplementary methods such as observing signs of periventricular infiltration of CSF, such as tension of the ventricles, fissures, sulci, and gyri of the brain, may help to determine ETV success in the early postoperative period in these patients.


CORBAtechnology can well solve the problems in net application system. The basic concept of CORBAtechnology is introduced; the application method and the operation process of CORBA technology in the charge system of water supply companies are described.


We study uncapacitated version of the minimum cost flow problem of one-commodity and two-commodity with not only fixed cost but also variable cost, and give them each a polynomial algorithm. Moreover, we solve an example of uncapacitated two-commodity minimum cost flow problem with the algorithm.


One main feature of recent change in the Finnish settlement system outside the national metropolitan area in the south has been the growth of a few strong but internally decentralizing city regions. The first part of this paper refers to the different settlement forms and socio-economic mechanisms of this partial decentralization in one of these growing city regions (joensuu). The local redistribution of population from the city itself to the surrounding rural municipalities has been mediated mainly by the new construction of single-family houses, first in planned satellite agglomerations (commuter villages), but today even more in scattered settlements .                         The prime aim of this paper is to evaluate the dual role of local government both in promoting and regulating dispersal of residential development in the city's countryside. The limited support for effective environmental policy in the urban-adjacent rural municipalities reflects the myth of a 'green' Finnish countryside, on the one hand, and the decisive role of the landed interests in Finnish policy-making, on the other. Only recently have we been able to identify some expressions of a growing environmental awareness in these areas, too. This seems inevitable, since the same municipalities see, ideally at least, favorable environmental qualities as the main attraction for new affluent residents.


Although many anti-spam techniques have been developed, they have difficulty in detecting spams whose contents are altered to evade detection and in tracking spammers that are comprised of botnets. There have been a few works to resolve these limitations, but most of them are not appropriate to be deployed at a gateway for online detection. In this paper, we find network-based characteristics that spammers cannot easily distort. Based on the characteristics, we develop an algorithm applying the metrics to a large volume of traffic in real time. The scheme is efficient enough to run at the ingress point as it only needs to inspect the transport information contained in TCP/IP headers of SMTP connections.


The present paper aims to examine some of the implications brought for the biotechnology for the contemporary society. The generating factors of the embryos surplus are analyzed, as well as the search for the best form to rethink the consequences disclosed for the biolaw in this context. The balance between technology, right and moral is evidenced as basic, in order to make compatible the scientific progress – that it does not possess as objective to exceed the limits of the proper one human being. This paper also demonstrates the divergences doctrinarian concerning the legal nature of the human embryo surplus, as well as consequential ethical questions.


A novel direction of radiology research is better understanding the links between cognitive and personality factors and radiologists' accuracy and performance. This study examines relationships between Emotional Intelligence (EI) scores and observer performance by radiologists in breast cancer detection. Three separate samples were collected with Australian and US breast imaging radiologists. The radiologists were asked to undertake a mammographic interpretation task to identify malignant breast lesions and localise them, in addition to use a confidence rating scale to report confidence in the decision. Following this activity, the radiologists were administered the EI Trait (TEIQue-SF) questionnaire. The Trait EI test gives a Global EI score and 4 sub-scores in Well-being, Self-Control, Emotionality and Sociability. Sample 1 (Sydney 2012) radiologists were divided into 2 experience bands; radiologists practicing <13 years as "less" experience and <13 years as "more". There was a significant correlation (r = 0.849, p =0.012) between Self-Control and Location Sensitivity in the "less" experience group; however there was little correlation between this EI trait in "more" experience, although more experienced radiologists had significantly higher EI scores for sociability than their less experienced counterparts (z = -1.981, P = 0.047). In the second sample (Darwin 2013) radiologists were divided into 2 groups: high and low experience, however there were no statistically significant correlation between EI and performance in any band. For sample 3 (Louisville 2013) radiologists were divided into 3 groups of experience, with the "medium "experience radiologists having correlations between EI factors "emotionality" and "sociability" to Location Sensitivity and JAFROC. Our preliminary results indicate EI is correlated to observer performance in lesser experienced radiologists. It is suggested that tasks perceived as more difficult by less experienced radiologists may evoke more emotion (uncertainty, frustration, pressure). As experience increases, radiologists may develop an ability to control their emotions or emotional intelligence becomes less important in decision making.


The definition of humor in English is that quality which appeals to sense of the ludicrous of absurdly incongruous. Humor reflects people's intelligence, wisdom and inspiration. This paper shows us the formation of humorous language from the aspect of rhetorics and stylistics.


In work is described the strategies for the exploration of Russian`s marine areas. The study of the formation of filtration capabilities at different phase relationships, interference wells, changes of reservoir properties, the producing formation and the energy potential of the deposit is determined by the task to correctly predict the levels of oil and liquids that form the requirements for collection and transportation of products. In this case, the object of study is presented Kravtsovskoye oil field, which belongs to the category of small. Oil-bearing complex of this field is complicated terrigenous deposits of the Middle Cambrian. Power mode - natural active water drive. As part of the horizon almost universally allocated to seven small-medium-interlayers of sandstones separated by interbedded siltstones and mudstones. The method for determining the filtration parameters, was to analyze the results of pressure recovery curves and the pressure drop curves , which are presented in semi-logarithmic coordinates, using the method of superposition (Horner) and MDC (Miller Dies, Hatchinson). Then, an analysis on the fund wells, which identified factors productivity. According to the method of hydrodynamic tests of vertical wells, defined permeability. Further, dependency analysis pressure recovery curves and the pressure drop curves showed that the filtration capabilities in parallel and transverse to the deposit bedding, and in relation to the object of study is defined permeability in the region located between the horizontal portion of the well bore and the top of the reservoir, as well as the horizontal portion and the lower boundary of the reservoir. Basically all the wells in the direction of the upper boundary layer filtration parameters are significantly higher than in the area beneath the horizontal portion of the drainage hole at 20-54%. This finding may reflect the fact that the development of oil reserves in the first place, will be implemented in prikrovelnoy part of the deposit, with delay implementation of bottom water and the slow rise of OWC. Confirmation of this scenario are the results of geophysical studies by INNK made at different periods in the vertical monitor well.


Telescopic and spacecraft spectroscopic and geochemical data have been used to constrain the surface mineralogy of Mars and to yield clues about past and present Mars surface weathering/alteration scenarios. Based primarily on their visible to near-IR reflectance properties, several terrestrial iron-bearing minerals have been either identified on Mars or proposed as Mars spectral analogs. Among these are crystalline hematite, pyroxenes, as well as poorly crystalline materials like nonophase hematite and palagonite. Other iron-bearing minerals include nontronite, magnetite, jarosite, and goethite and the have been proposed as Mars surface constituents based on Viking Lander measurements or geochemical modeling. If present on Mars, these materials likely appear as spectral mixtures at the coarse spatial resolution of remotely sensed data. The detectability of any of these components must be evaluated relative to the other components with which they occur. The primary goal of this study is to determine how much of any given mineral would have to be present for it to be detectable in remotely-sensed data. Here, the detectability of iron-bearing minerals was evaluated using detection threshold analysis (DTA), an analytical technique based on spectral mixture analysis.


AIM: To investigate the effect and the side effects of mycophenolate mofetil(MMF) combined with prednisone in the treatment of refractory lupus nephritis. METHODS: Forty-two patients who had been nonresponsive to conventional immunosuppressor or suffered from recrudescent infection were cure by MMF combined with prednisone. The clinical curative effect and the levels of active markers were examined before treatment and 3, 6, 12 month after treatment. RESULTS: ① After 3-month treatment, complete remission was achieved in 33%, partial remission in 24%. After 6 months, the proportion was raised to 38% and 26%, respectively. After 12 months, it was raised to 50% and 31%, respectively.The total efficiency was 81%. ② Compared with the data before treatment, 24 h urinary protein, urine IL-6, the serum C-reactive protein, ESR, anti-dsDNA antibody and anti-nucleus antibody were significantly decreased after 3 months, and further with the ongoing treatment. The albumin and complement C3 were significantly increased after 3 months, and increasingly with the extending time of treatment. ③ Side effects of MMF were very few, and the safety and tolerance were good. CONCLUSION: MMF combined with prednisone can improve the active indexes of refractory lupus nephritis and is of better tolerance and safety,as well as very few side effects.


Extra-pulmonary sites account for 10 of tuberculosis cases. Genito-urinary Tuberculosis accounts for 30 to 40 of all extrapulmonary tuberculosis second only to tuberculous lymphadenitis. The early radiographic findings of renal tuberculosis are fuzzy calyx and moth-eaten appearance. Later on, cavitations, calcifications or a segmental hydronephrosis may develop. This paper reports an unusual radiographic appearance of a renal tuberculosis presenting as a complex cyst.


An electron detector capable of transferring the quantum state of an electron to a set of superconducting qubits is proposed. The key element of the detector, which is insensitive to the kinetic energy of the electron, is a superconducting flux qubit with a ring-shaped magnetic flux quantum. The scheme enables quantum state transfer back to an electron as well. A single such qubit will already allow for non-destructive charged particle detection, leading to a potentially useful application. Major causes of measurement errors are also examined.