Hydrothermolysis is one of the most effective pretreatment processes for enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses. The yields for the conversion of pretreated celluloses by a Trichoderma viride cellulase preparation are strongly dependent on two process parameters, namely the reaction temperature and the flow rate. In order to minimize the demand for energy and the consumption of water for optimal saccharification of birch wood the best pretreatment parameters had to be found. 80% sugar yields were obtained at a pretreatment temperature of 199°C and a flow which corresponds to a 0.7-fold water exchange rate of the reactor volume per minute.


[Objective] To explore the relationship between the MR manifestations of peritumoral brain edema(PBE) caused by WHO Ⅰ meningioma and their pathological types.[Methods] The study conducted a retrospective analysis of the clinical,pathological data of 83 cases of cerebral convexity and the falx WHO Ⅰ meningioma which all were undergone MR and enhancement scanning,and the relationship between the MR findings of PBE and the pathological types of meningiomas was analyzed.[Results] The study showed that different subtypes of meningiomas had different MR of PBE findings.Enhanced manifestations were closely related to the PBE,and the rates of very significant enhancement were 66.35% and 100.00% in the extensive PBE and without.The order prone to PBE meningioma as the following: secretory,hemangioma,microcystic,transitional(mixed),epithelial,psammomatous and fibrous type;the order prone to extensive pathological subtypes of brain edema was as follows: secretory,microcystic,.hemangioma,transitional and epithelial type.[Conclusion] The possible conclusion of this study is that MR manifestations of PBE are indispensible with the pathological types of meningiomas.


it analyzes and compares the features of autoclave sand-lime bricks and autoclave-aerated concrete building blocks and the features of common bricks, researches the mechanism of wall crack of autoclave sand-lime bricks and concrete building blocks and puts forward corresponding measures to prevent crack.


BACKGROUND
We previously showed that therapy with anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD-1 agents was more effective for men as compared with women. However, since the sex-dimorphism of the immune system is complex, involving multiple elements of immune-responses, it is possible that women could derive larger benefit than men from strategies other than therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) alone. Here we investigated whether women could derive larger benefit than men from the combination of chemotherapy and anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1.

METHODS
We performed two meta-analyses. First, including all RCTs testing anti-PD1/ anti-PD-L1 plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy, to assess different efficacy between men and women. Second, including all RCTs of first-line systemic treatment in advanced NSCLC testing anti-PD-1/PD-L1 given either alone or combined with chemotherapy to assess different efficacy of these two immunotherapeutic strategies according to patients' sex. For each RCT included in the two meta-analyses, firstly, a trial-specific ratio of HRs was calculated from the ratio of the reported HRs in males and in females; secondly, these trial-specific ratios of HRs were combined across trials using a random-effects model to obtain a pooled HRs ratio. A pooled HRs ratio estimate lower than 1 indicates a greater treatment effect in men, and higher than 1 a greater effect in women.

RESULTS
Eight RCTs were included in the first meta-analysis. The pooled OS-HR comparing anti-PD-1/PD-L1 plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy was 0.76 (95%CI, 0.66-0.87) for men and 0.48 (95%CI, 0.35-0.67) for women. The pooled-ratio of the OS-HRs reported in men versus women was 1.56 (95%CI, 1.21-2.01), indicating a statistically significant greater effect for women. Six RCTs were included in the second meta-analysis: 3 tested an anti-PD-1 alone, while three RCTs tested anti-PD-1/PD-L1 plus chemotherapy. The pooled OS-HRs were 0.78 (95%CI, 0.60-1.00) in men and 0.97 (95%CI, 0.79-1.19) in women for anti-PD-1 alone, compared with 0.76 (95%CI, 0.64-0.91) in men and 0.44 (95%CI, 0.25-0.76) in women for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 plus chemotherapy. The pooled-ratio of OS-HRs, was 0.83 (95%CI, 0.65-1.06) for anti-PD-1 alone, indicating a greater effect in men, and 1.70 (95%CI, 1.16-2.49) for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 plus chemotherapy, indicating a greater effect in women.

CONCLUSION
Women with advanced lung cancer derived statistically significantly larger benefit from the addition of chemotherapy to anti-PD1/PD-L1 as compared with men.


Introduction: No appropriate animal model for studying adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) exists and this hampers research. In recent years, we have been examining a model in which scoliosis consistently develops in young chickens following pinealectomy and which has been shown to have many characteristics similar to those seen in AIS. Not all of the pinealectomised chickens develop scoliosis following the pinealectomy and so we have the opportunity to examine differences between the two groups. The obvious candidate for study of the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is melatonin which is the principal product of the pineal gland. In this study we have measured the serum melatonin levels of pinealectomised chickens that have developed scoliosis and compared these with similar measurements taken from chickens that have developed scoliosis. Methods and results: Newly-hatched chickens were obtained from a local hatchery and kept in a single pen with standard heating and lighting. A 12:12 light dark cycle was introduced immediately and the two-thirds of the chickens were pinealectomised three days later. The remainder acted as controls. At weekly intervals following surgery, the chickens were radiographed in a supine position while anaesthetised and the presence of scoliosis was determined from the radiographs. Three weeks after surgery the chickens were euthanised and blood samples were collected and analysed using radioimmunological techniques to determine levels of serum melatonin. The samples were collected in the presence of red light in the middle of the dark cycle when melatonin levels have been shown to be at their highest. Approximately 55% of the pinealectomised chickens developed scoliosis within the three weeks following surgery whereas none of the control chickens developed scoliosis. The results showed that the serum melatonin levels of pinealectomised chickens were significantly lower than the normal controls and were in fact all close to zero. However, there was no significant difference in serum melatonin levels between those chickens that developed scoliosis and those that did not. Conclusion: The results of this study have shown that pinealectomy significantly reduces serum melatonin levels close to zero in all chickens. The results also show that there is no significant difference in serum melatonin levels between those pinealectomised chickens that develop scoliosis and those that do not. Unless there is a subtle threshold level that is unable to be detected using our methodology or that melatonin levels in the days immediately after surgery are of critical importance, these results suggest that other causes for this phenomenon need to be examined. An understanding of the underlying cause would be of great importance and might represent a significant breakthrough in the study of AIS.


This study was designed to investigate whether culture conditions (media, seawater concentration and pH) could lead Streptomyces sundarbansensis strain (isolated from marine brown algae Fucus sp. collected from Algerian coastline) to produce bioactive secondary metabolites. The most favourable condition for the production of anti‐MRSA compound 1 [2‐hydroxy‐5‐((6‐hydroxy‐4‐oxo‐4H‐pyran‐2‐yl)methyl)‐2‐propylchroman‐4‐one] was determined.


mail:  firstname.lastname@example.com Summary: Article is dealing with conditions for a wider share of RES in Slovak energy. What are technical, organizational and economical challenges for low-carbon energy mix. Article tries to show possibility bigger integration of Renewable energy sources and low-carbon sources into


We predict that the test market is close to dividing, with the high end staying with expensive ATE systems and the rest of the market going to the very low cost DFT tester. This trend will be driven first by time to market demands and short product life cycles, followed by lower costs of silicon made possible with larger 300 mm wafers and smaller die. As test becomes a larger % of the final overall device costs, more time and effort will be spent to reduce this expense.


IN THE EVER-INCREASING BODY of literature pertaining to music education, the area of evaluation has been strangely neglected. Most current texts, though they discuss aptitude and achievement tests, do not discuss evaluation as such or attempt to relate the use of aptitude and achievement tests to an evaluation of the music program. Since evaluation provides a means for determining the worth of the entire music program, as Leonhard and House point out, it is surprising that so little attention is given to it.l There is a growing awareness of the need for sound objectives for music programs yet the fact is that objectives are largely useless without a process of evaluation to determine whether the objectives are being achieved, and to svhat degree they are being achieved. This report describes an investigation of relative achievement among students in the three primary phases of public school music: vocal, instrumental, and a combination of the two.2 The study did not concern the acquiring of factual knowledge, which is easily measurable by any number of printed tests, but rather achievement in the


Preventive services compose a large portion of primary care pediatrics, and pediatricians by their nature and training seem extraordinarily disposed toward clinical prevention. Therefore, when the first edition of the Guide to Clinical Preventive Services appeared in 1989 from the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), the negative reaction of the organized pediatric community was disappointing.
 The second edition of that guide has just been released, and we three pediatricians, who have worked hard during the past 5 years as members and staff of the second task force, hope for a far more positive reaction from our colleagues this time around.


One year is not enough time to draw conclusions about independent Slovenia's prospects, and it may not be easy for other countries to copy Slovenia's model. Slovenia is ethnically homogeneous, culturally and historically compatible with the West, and near (and somewhat protected from) friendly Western neighbors. And despite sharp political divisions, it has shown a political will to fight counterproductive redistribution. Still, Slovenia's experience may offer insights for other new post-Communist economies. Despite the obvious short-run costs of the brutal breakup of Yogoslavia's federal structure, Slovenia's medium- and long-run economic prospects are fairly good. Declining trade with the rest of Yugoslavia dims Slovenia's short-run prospects. But in the long run it may benefit from greater macroeconomic stability, freedom from subsidizing less-developed regions of Yugoslavia, and speedier integration with Western Europe. What has happened to Slovenia does not prove that separation necessarily improves welfare. In fact, had forces amenable to rational debate and compromise prevailed in Yogoslavia, Slovenia's secession might have decreased welfare. Slovenia's experience suggests that secession from a larger entity that is wrecked by political instability may produce economic benefits. Local autonomy gives Slovenia a chance to introduce a new currency and achieve macroeconomic stability, for example. This can work only if the local political constellation is not controlled by coalitions bent on preserving the old system of redistribution and is not hampered by major political divisions that paralyze decisionmaking. In short, secession can be beneficial if the new state is more homogeneous and functions more coherently than the old state. Not all newly independent states would face the costs Slovenia has faced. In the Czech-Slovak breakup, for example, political risk and refugee costs (or rather, the costs of migration) were much smaller than in Slovenia. Indeed, the Czech republic may also expect short-term costs but long-term gains.


One two-dimensional heteropolyoxoniobate compound [Cu(H4dap)2(H2O)]8{K[Cu(H3dap)2]4}2[VNb12O40(VO)4]3[VNb12O40(VO)4(VO)](OH)939H2O (1) (H4dap = 1,2-diaminopropane) was obtained by hydrothermal method. In this mixed 2D layer, the ratio of four- and five-vanadium-capped Keggin heteropolyoxoniobates is 3:1. Compound...


Promoting the scientization of party-building is the latest achievements which a central collective leadership continuously explores, and it is also a major proposition about keeping abreast of the times. The basic contents about promoting the scientization of party-building conclude guiding the construction of the party with scientific theory; protecting the party-building with scientific system and promote the party building with the scientific method. The paths on how to improve the party-building efforts in promoting the scientization of the party governing the country, the scientization of organization work, the scientization of publicity, the scientization of grass-roots party-building, the scientization of united front work, integrity and anti-corruption.


The gauge inrariant expressions and relations of various physical quantities in the non-Abelian SU (2) gauge field, such as electric charge, dual charge (magnetic charge), electromagnetic field and massive vector field, are studied, The relation between magnetic charge and the large scale topological property of the isotopic directions of the charge operator is shown.


Summary. Some clinical trials follow a design where patients are randomized to a primary therapy at entry followed by another randomization to maintenance therapy contingent upon disease remission. Ideally, analysis would allow different treatment policies, i.e., combinations of primary and maintenance therapy if specified up‐front, to be compared. Standard practice is to conduct separate analyses for the primary and follow‐up treatments, which does not address this issue directly. We propose consistent estimators for the survival distribution and mean restricted survival time for each treatment policy in such two‐stage studies and derive large‐sample properties. The methods are demonstrated on a leukemia clinical trial data set and through simulation.


We design an array of air-guided plasmonic waveguides for high-resolution line imaging. With a coupling effciency of up to 90%, moderate losses and negligible cross-talk, a resolution of lambda/15 is demonstrated at near-infrared wavelengths.


In this work we evaluate the strategy of using 3C-SiC as a substrate for III-V nitrides heteroepitaxy (AlN, GaN…). Our methodology is based on the elasticity theory of strained interfaces and involves not only geometric parameters of host materials but also parameters related to their elastic properties. The basic physics involved in the theory correlates lattice dynamics and strain gradients via effective elastic constants associated with the host materials forming the heterosystem (S factor). Within this approach, the optimization of the IIIV/ 3C-SiC interface is achieved by applying, at the interface, continuity conditions to the host material S factors and the related geometric features. An alloyed layer, i.e. Al x Ga 1−x N, simulates the III-V compound. We find out that the optimizing composition of this layer is x=1 corresponding to a stoechiometric AlN layer. This is consistent with the result showing that AlN presents the closest structural characteristic to SiC. Our results also predict that, when used as a buffer layer, AlN may provide a mean to optimize the GaN/SiC interface.


This paper presents determining the actual values of the effective resistance and reactance components of a single phase auto-transformers, the measured values of voltages and currents were used for the calculation of R and X components for fundamental frequency of the system. The obtained values are simulated in the PSpice environment and then how the currents, voltages and power are distributed between them is explained based on calculations.


The £1·6 million Rawcliffe Bridge project forms part of the Environment Agency's Flood Protection Project between the Aire and Calder Canal and the Dutch River in Yorkshire. The unique Trenchmix sy...


Over the past decades, many countries have started to place emphasis towards electricity production from renewable sources, such as solar and wind, to limit the amount of CO2 emissions in the atmosphere and reduce global warming. However, solar and wind energy are exclusively reliant on climate conditions; thus, secure and continuous power supply cannot be guaranteed. Therefore, maintaining reliable and continuous power supply calls for concepts and implementation of energy storage techniques. CO2 subsurface energy storage is one of the most innovative techniques that could be applied to solve drawbacks of traditional storage techniques such as scale limitation in both capacity and time, low efficiencies, environmental concerns, or high costs.
 In this paper, we reviewed and assessed the use of CO2 subsurface energy storage systems by looking at the thermodynamic cycles, machinery, and reservoir conditions. Moreover, a comprehensive study on multiphase flow in porous media has been conducted by looking at capillarity, relative permeability, mass balance, heat balance, thermal properties, and phase behavior. Different well configurations have been compared by performing injection and production simulations to conclude that the use of horizontal injection and production wells is preferred over other proposed well configurations for many reasons such as decreasing the amount of initial CO2 needed to develop and operate the reservoir, covering a large area of the reservoir, and increasing the system's capacity and efficiency.
 The findings show that CO2 subsurface energy storage system can operate if certain requirements exist: 1) availability of initial CO2 supply, 2) availability of the necessary equipment and solar, or wind, power plants, 3) safety of the targeted location, 4) two deep, clean reservoirs with high porosity and high permeability and 5) presence of a caprock. Ensuring the existence of requirements determined from this study will allow a safe, large (in terms of capacity and time), efficient, and cheap method to store and produce renewable energy continuously.
 In the foreseeable future, the world will inevitably depend on electricity production from renewable sources; therefore, more energy storage techniques have to be developed. CO2 subsurface energy storage systems have to be considered as they can contribute to reducing emissions and global warming, ensuring a secure and continuous power supply, and solving the drawbacks of traditional storage techniques. The outcomes of this paper will contribute to the growth and development of CO2 subsurface energy storage systems


The research study aims to focuses on significant relationship between RATER service quality dimensions and satisfaction of the customers of the travel agents in Punjab, to achieve this objective the researcher used self-administrative questionnaire to collect primary data from 1000 customers by using non probability convenience sampling technique. Opinions on customer satisfaction were recorded on 7 point semantic differential scale and RATER dimensions were quantified by using 21 item SERVQUAL instrument. This study employed a descriptive single cross sectional design. Research study used IBM SPSS version 20 for multiple regression model and ANNOVA test. Findings of the research study revealed the existence of statistically signification relationship between RATER service quality dimensions and customer satisfaction.


Peripheral arterial embolism (PAE) caused by malignant tumors is a rare manifestation of cancer. PAE may originate from several sites, including heart, aorta, and pulmonary veins. Such veins are a major source of thrombotic embolism or tumors with vascular erosion. Although uncommon, lung cancer should be regarded as a source of emboli in the extremities, especially when there is neoplastic invasion of the pulmonary veins. We report on a case of a male patient who underwent pneumonectomy for lung cancer who developed acute arterial occlusion of the lower extremities caused by saddle tumor embolus.


The objectives of this study is to know the total of product combination that should be CV Buana Guna Jambi factory can reach it's maximum profit. The writer takes this tittle because CV Buana Guna Jambi factory has two problems that are product combination is not maximum and the decrease of profit since the last three years in that factory. The writer use interview and library research. The data were analyzed by using Quantitative Method were using Linear Programming of Simplex Method. From the analysis, the result showed that the total of product combination of Mixed Rimba wooden is 442,575 m3 and the total of product combination of Meranti wooden is 0 m3. I hoped that CV Buana Guna Jambi factory can reach optimal of product combination and reach the maximum profit.
Keywords: Product Combination, Maximum Profit


Instruction in the basic engineering disciplines of energy efficiency and process control can be enhanced and expanded by incorporating various imaging capabilties into experiments and projects used to teach the concepts and practice of these subjects. Image capture, image processing, and image analysis offer means for visualization of phenomena and processes, and enable convenient and more expansive measurement capabilities to characterize and analyze fluid motion, phase transitions, and various thermal phenomena. Infrared imaging (thermography) offers new capabilities for measurements and analyses, as well as unprecedented means for visualization as an aid in learning science and technology in micro-manufacturing. Moreover, infrared thermography is becoming a commonplace— if not essential —tool in process control and analysis, quality assurance, nondestructive testing, materials characterization, and reliability; and in our view should therefore take a more prominent place in engineering education. For green manufacturing and sustainability, infrared imaging can be used to reduce waste and energy consumption, assess the performance of new energy conversion technologies, characterize heat and mass transfer in microscale devices, and support or enable more quantitative and objective metrics in product life cycle management. Educational institutions seeking to incorporate thermography in their curricula can benefit from a new generation of infrared imaging cameras that are comparatively inexpensive, easier to use, and more functional, as well as free-ware and widely available commercial image processing software (ImageJ, MATLAB). The paper presents an effort on developing educational laboratory projects with an infrared imaging analysis component for compatibility with course delivery by remote access via the web, or in traditional lecture and hands-on laboratory format.


Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology, with broad prospects, provides a safe and convenient charging solution for electric vehicles and promotes the development of electric vehicle industry. In this paper, the WPT system is modeled by Generalized State Space Averaging (GSSA) method and the influence of system parameters on the dynamic characteristics of the system is analyzed. Based on this model, a controller design method which can intuitively adjust the stability and response speed of the system is proposed and verified by simulation.


The present invention relates to a polypropylene blend comprising component (A) is a propylene copolymer component by 13C-NMR spectroscopy to determine the 2,1 regio defects than 0.4%, and the propylene homopolymer or copolymer ( B), determined by 13C-NMR spectrum of its 2,1 regio defects is 0.4% or less.


Introduction In Alberta, 80 percent, or roughly 135 billion barrels, of the oil sands are buried deep below the surface and are not accessible by open pit mining. To access these valuable resources, industries use an in-situ extraction method called Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) (shown in Figure 1). Because in-situ extraction takes place mainly under the Earth's surface, less land is disturbed during the extraction process than surface mining. In 2012, Alberta's total in-situ bitumen production was about 990,000 barrels per day, a 16 percent increase over 2011. This accounts for 52 percent of Alberta's total crude bitumen production. By 2022 in-situ production is expected to reach 2.2 million barrels per day [1]. SAGD is a thermal in-situ production process where parallel wells are drilled horizontally into an underground bitumen reservoir. Steam is produced at the surface and injected into the reservoir through the shallower of the two wells (the injection well). The steam heats the bitumen to a...


© 2019 Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice | Published by Wolters Kluwer Medknow hypertension and diabetes. The dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet advocates high intake of fruits, vegetables, and low‐fat dairy products and lowers the systolic blood pressure (BP) by 5.5 mmHg and diastolic BP by 3 mmHg.[7] Diabetic patients should be encouraged to have food with low‐glycemic index.


In this letter Heidelberger's former mentor and collaborator Oswald Avery, affectionately called "Fess" by his
 colleagues, congratulated him on the development of his quantitative theory of the precipitin reaction. A break-through in
 immunology, the theory established the multivalence of antigens and antibodies, or the ability of each to form chemical bonds
 with two or (in the case of most antigens) more molecules of the other. "I rejoice to see the mysteries of immunological
 phenomena yielding beautifully to the laws of classical chemistry," Avery wrote.


BACKGROUND
Breastfeeding is not only important for the bond between the mother and the child but is also associated with many health benefits. Socio-demographic factors have been found to be important for the initiation and longer duration of breastfeeding.

AIM
To record the breastfeeding characteristics and to explore possible associations with socio-cultural and demographic factors in a culturally diverse area in Greece.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A questionnaire including information about breastfeeding characteristics, medical history and demographics was completed by parents of children in the primary schools of the area.

RESULTS
The study included 700 school-age children (352 boys), mean age 9.4±1.9 years. Breastfeeding was reported in 54.9% of them, with median (IQR) duration of 120 (range 60-360) days. Prevalence of breastfeeding was slightly higher in semi-urban areas, versus rural or urban settlements, but the duration there was significantly lower (.

CONCLUSION
Prevalence of breastfeeding in Greece is approximately 55%, similar to previous reports and along with duration is determined by certain socio-cultural factors.


Technological advances in the area of electronic data processing have led to a significant increase in the processing power and storage capacity of computer systems and a commensurate decrease in their cost and availability. Coupled with advances in network technology, this has caused an exponential increase in the amount of information that is available electronically. Although this vast quantity of readily available data can be a tremendous source of knowledge its sheer volume makes the task of filtering out and assimilating useful information much more difficult. This is certainly the case with the analysis of financial information where even an organization of moderate size may be faced with thousands of records of detailed transactional data that must be carefully reviewed to extract information that is vital to the business. As the volume of financial data increases assimilation of this information becomes a time-consuming and increasingly error-prone task. The Financial Information Visualizer is proposed as an implementation of Information Visualization principles to facilitate this type of analysis. Information Visualization techniques exploit the visual nature of human beings by presenting information graphically so that it can be absorbed using perception rather than cognition, thereby accelerating the rate at which it can be digested. We describe the development of the Financial Information Visualizer including the theoretical basis for the application and use financial data from an operating business to demonstrate its implementation. The efficacy of the application is then evaluated against the visualization principles applied and some common financial analysis tasks. 3 All sentences or passages quoted in this report from other people's work have been specifically acknowledged by clear cross-referencing to author, work and page(s). I understand that failure to do so amounts to plagiarism and will be considered grounds for failure in this report and the degree examination as a whole.


Non-minimum phase system contains zero/zeros on the right hand side of S-Plane. When a step change or sudden change occurs in set point of non-minimum phase system, response of system first go in opposite direction then it reach at set point value. To reduce negative peak and settling IMC and Fuzzy controller has been used. IMC controller have many advantage over convention PID controller and many controllers. By using IMC it is easy to analyze effect of process characteristics such as right hand zero on over all controllability of process. Tuning of IMC controller is very easy because it has only one parameter. IMC controller has a disadvantage over disturbance rejection. It has very low capability to reduce disturbance. To remove this problem FUZZY CONTROLLER has been used. Nowadays Fuzzy controller is very popular among all controller because it works according to human experience. Fuzzy controller contains rule base. Rule base is set of rules according to which controller provides output. Designing of rule base for non-minimum phase system is very difficult. A number of Fuzzy rule base and membership functions range can be design and to find best fuzzy set is very difficult. IMC controller gives very good response for non-minimum phase system but if there is disturbance then response of system become worse. Disturbance effect on output of system is reduced by controller. By using both controller, response of system is improved in project work. 1DF IMC and 2nd DF (degree of freedom) IMC controller is also used to improve the system response. Due to non-minimum phase system IMC controller is designed by different method.1DF IMC controller response is better than 2DF IMC response. In this thesis IMC and FUZZY controller used in such a way that so we can get optimal result. For this both controller is used in various way. Some method did not provide better result. So, to improve them some modification has been done in design. In this thesis performance of Non minimum phase system has been improved by using IMC and FUZZY controller. MATLAB Simulink software is used for the simulation purpose. Designing of fuzzy controller is done by using Mamdani's fuzzy inference method in MATLAB.


Little data is available in the scientific literature on postharvest changes taking
place in three varieties of Syzygium samarangense fruits, an increasingly popular fruit
in the Asian region. In this study, the postharvest physico-chemical and mechanical
properties of three varieties of Syzygium samarangense (red, pink and deep red)
namely, fruit color, weight loss, pulp firmness, total soluble solids, pH, titratable
acidity, total sugar, total starch and total protein were determined during the postharvest
storage period under ambient conditions of Syzygium samarangense fruits. It was
observed that weight loss, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, total sugar and total protein of
the jambu air fruits increased significantly (p < 0.05) with time whilst pulp firmness,
total starch and the color index of the fruits decreased. Analysis of the antioxidant
activity, determined in the methanol extracts of the jambu fruit extracts over a period of
9 days after harvesting, using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and the ABTS
(2,2 azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-suphonic acid) methods, showed that the
antioxidant activity increased gradually during post harvest ripening. The total phenol
content determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method revealed a high concentration of
phenol content in the jambu fruits, with values around 372.62 ± 69.64, 188.59 ± 24.22
and 254.27 ± 78.20 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) / 100g fresh fruit in red, pink and
deep red S. samarangense, respectively. Similarly, the flavonoid content measured
spectrophotometrically, using the aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, also showed an
increasing trend over the same period. The results were expressed as mg of ascorbic
acid equivalent (AAE), GAE and catechin equivalent (CE) per 100g of sample. The
activity of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), was also studied in the jambu fruits.
PAL activity increased significantly (p < 0.05) throughout the ripening process. These
results represent new data on postharvest changes occurring in Syzygium samarangense fruits and show that this increasingly popular fruit has great potential for future
development in the agriculture sector.


Excessive hepatic fibrosis leading towards the cirrhosis is the major determinant of morbidity and mortality in chronic liver disease patients. The reversing hepatic fibrosis has been intensively studied and fuelled up the hope in development of effective and targeted antifibrotic therapy in upcoming years. There are four pillars of pharmacological approach in regression of fibrosis- cessation of damage, the changes in pro-fibrogenic microenvironment, deactivation of activated hepatic stellate cells and degradation of ECM. In this review, we are going to discuss therapeutic concepts and estimate the leading candidate antifibrotic therapy to be introduced in the intervention of hepatic fibrosis.


generally obtainable from routinely collected data sets, but it will be useful for specialists. The section on basic structural features contains much material of interest mainly to chemists concerued with organic and organometallic compounds, but it does include a section on incommensurate and commensurate modulated structures which will certainly be of interest to mineralogists, and the section on precautions against radiation injury ought to be required reading for all users of radiation. What, then is missing? Mineralogists are concerned largely with crystals formed long ago and far away, and there is almost no mention on crystallography at controlled temperatures or pressures, although of course electron diffraction invovles vacuum technology. Such work requires as much, if not more, skill and attention to detail as RTP experiments, and plays a large part in the study of minerals. Site occupation and solid solutions are not discussed, nor kinetic experiments to follow continuous processes, although synchrotron radiation is certainly capablc of such research. 'Crystallography' in this context only involves interaction with radiation, excluding radiography, and excludes all other techniques such as goniomctry or spectroscopy which give information about crystals, but in the areas which it has chosen to cover, it is a tour de force, and a must for anyone seriously interested in crystal structures and in how they are determined. The 1935 title is still the most accurate description of this international series. M. J. MENDF.I.SSOHN


Abstract Numerical modelling of crater blasting suggests that the placement of the initiation point in the explosive charge has significant influence on the final blasting results while initiation at the gravity centre is not recommended. When an explosive charge is initiated from its gravity centre, the rock mass is loaded uniformly in all directions from the charge resulting in considerable energy loss. It was found that when the explosive charge is initiated from one end, the stress waves in the rock mass superimpose in the direction of detonation wave propagation, resulting in a loading wave in the other end which has higher peak value, longer duration and lower frequency than that at the initiation end. Blasting results were found to improve as the length/diameter ratio increases from near 1, while the optimum occurs at ratios between 5.33 and 11.47.


The magnetotransport properties of Fe4N∕MgO∕CoFeB and Fe/MgO/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) were investigated at room temperature. In the Fe/MgO/CoFeB-MTJ, normal tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) effect and roughly symmetric bias voltage (VB) dependence were observed, similar to the MTJs exhibiting coherent tunneling such as Fe/MgO/Fe. On the other hand, the inverse TMR effect, showing higher tunnel resistance for parallel magnetization configuration than for antiparallel configuration, and strong asymmetric VB dependence of TMR ratio were observed in the Fe4N∕MgO∕CoFeB-MTJ. The maximum TMR magnitude of 18.5% was obtained at VB=−200 mV, where the current flows from Fe4N to CoFeB. The enhancement of the inverse TMR ratio around VB=−200 mV is due to the broad peak of tunnel conductance in antiparallel configuration of Fe4N and CoFeB magnetizations. A large peak of the density of state at +300 meV from the Fermi level for minority spin electrons of bulk Fe4N might be an origin of this phenomenon.


Students in an undergraduate ergonomics course within the Industrial Engineering Department participated in a service-learning project. While working with a local sweet potato farm, student teams evaluated packaging operations at the farmand developed both ergonomics and operations improvements. At the conclusion of the course, students (n = 45)completed a survey on their perceptions of the project and its influence on learning outcomes, community engagement, andstudent development. More than 90% of the students reported that the project helped them learn course topics better than atraditional course method. The transfer students (transferred from a junior college or other university) especially foundservice-learning as an effective tool to better understand the course topics by having practical experience. Positiveresponses to the project were significantly higher in female students and students who had parents with an engineeringbackground. Students with prior volunteer experience also had more favorable perceptions of the service-learning projectthan those who did not volunteer.


The estimated number of earned exposure units can help corporate executives of auto insurance company in calculating their own individual claim reserves. We conduct the estimation of this number of earned exposure units by using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis to generate the survival table. The generated survival table were then divided to be 9 risk groups based on the issuance of Financial Services Authority of Indonesia No. 6/SEOJK.05/2017 and the duration of auto insurance coverage in Indonesia. We used Root Mean Squared of Error (RMSE) as one of error measurement of the survival model. Meanwhile, a series of one-sample test with log-rank weighted function were performed for each risk group to demonstrate the goodness of fit. The estimation generated by using the survival table produce more conservative results compared to the reality. This gives assurance for one of the auto insurance company in Indonesia to use the expected earned exposure units as a basis to calculate the amount of unit that have risk to suffer a partial loss claim but still support the company in optimizing their resources.


The present invention, first and second of the first internal electrode, and includes an inner electrode is the first electrode plate and an outer second second interior containing one lid part, and the electrode is exposed to the ceramic body has a second electrode la including plate and the second lead portion is exposed to the outside of the ceramic body, the first and the length from the second electrode plate to the first and second lead portion of the ceramic body is exposed mounting surface Mb, and When the from the first and second electrode plates that Mt the length of the first and the up side looking second lead portion facing the mounting surface of the ceramic body is exposed, Mb> service Mt of the multilayer ceramic capacitor and a mounting substrate do.


The swage autofrettage barrel is formed depending on the depth of plastic deformation since the diameter of the tool is slightly larger than the barrel inner diameter.The barrel forged in this way can withstand large internal pressures.In order to calculate the degree of autofrettage,the relation between the interference and the plastic radius must be accurately investigated.In loading process,the radial stress of cylindrical section of swage and thick-walled cylinder contact section is equal.By using this boundary condition,an elastic analysis for swage and a plastic analysis for thick-walled cylinder were conducted,and formulas were obtained for calculating excess and plastic radius.Knowing interference,the plastic radius could be calculated directly and the tight tolerance could be pre-estimated by using the plastic radius.To verify the accuracy of the formula,the process of mechanical autofrettage with ten kind different interferences were simulated.Calculated plastic radius agreed well with the results of numerical simulation.


14 morphological traits of plant ear were used to analyze the morphological diversity of plant ear among 8 Elymus species consisting of 101 populations.The results of this study showed that the phenotypic features were different among populations of different species from the same area and different populations of the same species from different regions,indicating that 14 morphological traits were different among 8 Elymus species.The E.excelsus was maximum in ear length,ear width,spikelet length,spikelet width,spikelet number,florets number per spike,awn length of the first lemma,the first glume length and the first node length of the main rachis,and the E.atratus was minimum in ear width,length of the first lemma and awn length of the first glume.The coefficient of variance of 14 ear traits was in order by the first glumedistance between boot leaf and earthe first glume lengththe first node length of the main rachisthe first glume widthawn length of the first lemmaear widthspikelet numberflorets number per spikespikelet widthear lengthspikelet lengthawn length of the first lemmathe first palea length.The totally genetic diversity index of the total populations of each species showed a decreasing trend by E.nutansE.sibiricusE.dahuricusE.tangutorumE.excelsusE.cylindricusE.breviaristatusE.atratus and the average genetic diversity index among species was E.sibiricusE.excelsusE.nutansE.dahuricusE.atratusE.breviaristatusE.cylindricusE.tangutorum.The phenotypic differentiation coefficient was in order with E.tangutorumE.cylindricusE.dahuricusE.nutansE.sibiricusE.excelsusE.breviaristatusE.atratus.This study suggested that the diversity of 8 species in Elymus developed by diversity within population and diversity among populations,and contribution of diversity within population and diversity among population was different.


Bayesian networks (BNs) have characteristics and capabilities that make them useful for assessing and responding to risk due to natural and man-made hazards posed to infrastructure systems. In this paper, we emphasize the use of the max-propagation algorithm of the BN for identifying critical components in a system subject to an arbitrary hazard. The paper begins with a brief introduction to BNs. This is followed by brief descriptions of inference and max-propagation in a BN, and use of the latter for identifying critical components. Limitations of the methodology are discussed. Two simple examples demonstrate the use of the proposed algorithm.


The buttress load strength of that concrete brick is more influenced by the strength of its mortar, and that mortar strength depends on the water content inside.
This research is done to know about the the relation between water content of that mixture-mortar with the movement strength change of the solid concrete bricks-buttress and the workability. The test material is buttress model of the solid concrete brick with 80 cm length
size. The high is like 3 solid concrete brick layers with the horizontal and vertical siar is 2 cm on each independent variable in the form of variations of the water content mixture-mortar between 70% to 115% with a bound variable in the form of shear strength solid concrete brick buttress and the workability.
Based on the result of mortar spreading experiment, a mortar which is very easy to do is the mixture-mortar on the water content between 85%-95%. On the other hand, the strength of the buttress movement on each water-content variations are : 1:4:75% is 9.87 kg/cm2, 1:4:80% is
10.36 kg/cm2, 1:4:85% is 10.91 kg/cm2, 1:4:90% is 13.68 kg/cm2, 1:4:95% 1s 12,19 kg/cm2, 1:4:100% is 9.94 kg/cm2. From that experiment, we know that the optimum value of the most orkable mortar is a mixture-mortar on the water content 90% with the movement strength of the brick-buttress is 13.68 kg/cm2.


The aim of this study was to investigate the probabilistic thinking of young children, focusing in particular on the judgements that influence their identifications of the most and least likely outcomes of experiments. Research studies present conflicting results pertaining to young children's potential to engage in probabilistic thinking and a wide variance exists across international mathematics curricula regarding the age at which children receive formal probabilistic instruction. At present, young children in Ireland are not formally introduced to probability until Third class when they are approximately 8 or 9 years old. In this study, the probabilistic thinking of 16 children aged 5-6 years was examined using task-based group interviews. The results suggest that young children are capable of engaging in sophisticated probabilistic thinking and highlights that the current practice of formally introducing children to probability in Third class warrants further investigation.


"Little Aunt Duo He"from Yan Ge-ling shows great concern on humanity and morality through describing minor life in huge environment,through tracing ordinary people's daily life in a huge social tragedy.After analyzing its artistic spirit and human awareness,we believe human emotions and ethics this work reflects have great implications.Highlighted expressions in the work are the author's basic serious concern on humanity and the excellent moral and ethical insight.


: This study is part of a research project on testing the effectiveness of an APA (adapted physical activity) protocol aimed at promoting the maintenance and development of autonomy and wellbeing among the elderly. The research was carried out in two elderly people centers located in Salerno (Southern Italy). The sample consisted of 33 people aged between 69 and 97 years (81.53 ± 7.02). The experimental group consisted of 18 participants aged between 70 and 92 (81.11 ± 6.85), while the control group of 15 participants were between 69 and 97 years old (82 ± 7.43). The effects of the APA protocol, was measured using the SPPB (Short Physical Performance Battery) before and after the 18-week intervention, which included two weekly sessions of structured training modules focusing on the coordinating and organic conditioning of the elderly. The results obtained found a substantial improvement in motor performance in the experimental group compared to the control group (72.2% vs. 33.3%) and hence suggest the need for further research on the effects of APA interventions, across a larger range of subjects.


LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) are considered by many researcher to represent the next-generation lighting technology. Furthermore indoor LED lighting has a potential to converge with IT technology such as Visible Light Communication (VLC) based Location Awareness. In this paper, we suggest Angle of Arrival (AOA) estimation algorithm under VLC environment in order to find out the location of a light source (LED) using circular-PD-array. We propose truncated-weighting method in order to enhance the accuracy of estimated AOA. Through simulations, we confirm that the number of PDs in circular-PD-array affects the AOA estimation error performance of a light source. In addition, our proposed truncated-weighting scheme shows better AOA estimation performance than those of simple average and Max schemes. Based on AOA algorithms, we also investigate the performance indoor location estimation. As a consequence, we can final that our truncated scheme also shows better location awareness performance than other conventional ones.


With the deterioration of environment in which man lives, protecting environment, saving energy, preserving good surroundings to live and creating green design to rebuild ecological family of humanity have been a pressing subject of society of preserving sustainable development.


A machining station, working together with a lathe, was designed and constructed for the stabilisation of the axis of low-rigidity parts in the process of machining. The basic element is a self-centring lunette with hydraulic drive, allowing part centring without any preliminary alignment. The methodology of calculation of the parameters of the "semi-finished product/supports" subsystem is given. The effect of various schematics of support arrangements on the dynamics of the semi-finished product was analysed. The analysis of schemes of low-rigidity part fixing in the device for the stabilisation of its axis was conducted with the method of initial parameters. The choice of supports and the positioning of backstays and/or buffering steady rests was also analysed for increasing the stationary character of the process of machining and the quality of shaping the machined surface.


ODs use their acumen to help patients maintain or establish the best quality of vision. They use tools of their trade to establish a diagnosis, then elaborate to patients in order to create a cooperative treatment. How ODs establish that cooperation is critical to how they manage patients.


s of the 37th American Cytogenetics Conference held on 25–28 April 2002 at the La Fonda Hotel Santa Fe NM (USA) Conference Co-Chairs Laurel Estabrooks, PhD, Genzyme Genetics, Tampa FL Sue Ann Berend PhD, Genzyme Genetics, Santa Fe NM Kathleen Rao PhD, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC Recipients of the Student Travel Awards Judith Brown, Deidre Parish Student Awards Sponsored by Irvine Scientific and Genzyme Genetics American Cytogenetics Conference Distinguished Cytogeneticist Award Dr. Catherine Palmer The American Cytogenetics Conference gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the following companies: A.G. Heinze Applied Spectral Imaging Carl Zeiss, Inc. Dynagene Genzyme Genetics Invitrogen Life Technologies Laboratory Corporation of America Olympus America Inc. Spectral Genomics Welligent LLC Applied Imaging Baylor College of Medicine Medical Genetics Laboratories Chroma Technology Corporation Genesys Insitus Biotechnologies Irvine Scientific MetaSystems Rainbow Scientific, Inc./Cytocell Vysis Inc. 262 Cytogenet Genome Res 97:261–275 (2002) Cytogenet Genome Res 97:261–275 (2002) 263 Program


once the four Friends refused to take the scheduled coach because the driver was "completely drunk." Prejudice against Negroes was "deep" and "general." John Candler recognized that some slaves were well-fed and clothed and not overworked. However, "cheerful and happy" bondsmen did not prevent his looking "beneath the surface," and seeing "how evil and bitter a thing it is to be in bondage." The letters also reveal something of John Candler's character. Although he lacked race prejudice, Candler displayed class pride when he lamented that he was "compelled sometimes to remain at spots where we are surrounded by low-lived, tobacco chewing, idle trash of white men." He found more "refinement" in the "cities and among merchants and professional men" than in the towns, where some inhabitants exhibited a "coarseness which is really repulsive." If John Candler felt the sting of Louisiana's Governor Paul O. Hebert who indignantly denounced "what he termed the greater slavery of the poor in England," he failed to confess it to his wife.


Technology plays a large role in many aspects of day-to-day life, and education is no different. Technology is rapidly changing the way students learn and how instructors teach. Due to the rapid expansiveness of technology and its wide array of uses, the incorporation of technology in learning has become a viable and inexpensive option. Technology provides new possibilities for the creation of innovative effective environments of teaching and learning, by re-defining the educational frameworks and by deploying new learning facilities (Papadourakis et al., 2006). Moreover, the concept of lifelong, individualized learning engineered through online education is emerging as a major force in elementary, secondary, and higher education, as well as in professional training and development (Jones International University, 2002).


The authors have developed Optical Coherence Straingraphy (OCS) as a visualizing technique of tissue strain distribution, by means of deformation of speckle pattern obtained by Optical Coherence Tomography. In this study, ex vivo OCS imaging experiment was carried out using atherosclerotic plaques of WHHL rabbit, compared with simulated results of histologically image-based FEM. Consequently, strain pattern obtained by OCS has qualitative agreement with simulated results. Therefore, it was confirmed that OCS could diagnose biomechanical properties of atherosclerotic plaque tomographically.Copyright © 2009 by ASME


As a blended teaching strategy, the flipped classroom model has shifted the teaching task from traditional knowledge instruction to ability enrichment. Based on the main future of it, this report illustrates advantages of the flipped classroom and gives suggestions, including establishing the instruction structure and designing every process, of the model implement. Finally, a conclusion is given as utilizing the flipped classroom model is good for both teachers' and students' development.


Abstract —Rotation or tilt present in an image capture by digitalmeans can be detected and corrected using Artificial Neural Network(ANN) for application with a Face Recognition System (FRS). Prin-cipal Component Analysis (PCA) features of faces at different anglesare used to train an ANN which detects the rotation for an input imageand corrected using a set of operations implemented using anothersystem based on ANN. The work also deals with the recognitionof human faces with features from the foreheads, eyes, nose andmouths as decision support entities of the system configured usinga Generalized Feed Forward Artificial Neural Network (GFFANN).These features are combined to provide a reinforced decision forverification of a person's identity despite illumination variations. Thecomplete system performing facial image rotation detection, correc-tion and recognition using re-enforced decision support provides asuccess rate in the higher 90s. Keywords —Rotation, Face, Recognition, ANN. I. I NTRODUCTION


T H E HYPERACTIVE CHILD is apt to be difficult to live with at home and difficult to teach in school. The accumulated nega.tive effects of hyperactivity on family, teachers, and peers over the years can be substantial. The hyperactive child himself frequently develops a negative self-image with which to live the remainder of his life. Medical treatment can often effectively manage the hyperactive child. Distractibility, low attention span, aggressive behavior, irritability, etc., often disappear in the child receiving carefully supervised medical treatment. Because of the large number of hyperactive children and the important help that can be provided, this article will discuss the varied forms of treatment t o overcome this frequent problem. No one method of treatment has been found to be uniformly successful with the hyperactive child. The following treatments, however, are among those which are sometimes effective in alleviating hyperactivity and its associated symptoms: Stimulants Food elimination Tranquilizers Air filtration Megavitamins Allergic desensitization Corticosteroids Perceptual-motor training Antihistamines Behavioral counseling Anticonvulsants


Samples of bright stars, as they emerge from surveys such as RAVE, contain comparable fractions of dwarf and giant stars. An efficient separation of these two luminosity classes is therefore important, especially for studies in which distances are estimated through photometric parallax relations. We use the available spectroscopic log g estimates from the second RAVE data release (DR2) to assign each star a probability for being a dwarf or subgiant/giant based on mixture model fits to the log g distribution in different color bins. We further attempt to use these stars as a labeled training set in order to classify stars which lack log g estimates into dwarfs and giants with a Support Vector Machine algorithm. We assess the performance of this classification against different choices of the input feature vector. In particular, we use different combinations of reduced proper motions, 2MASS JHK, DENIS IJK, and USNO-B B2R2 apparent magnitudes. Our study shows that—for our color ranges—the infrared bands alone provide no relevant information to separate dwarfs and giants. Even when optical bands and reduced proper motions are added, the fraction of true giants classified as dwarfs (the contamination) remains above 20%. Using only the dwarfs with available spectroscopic log g and distance estimates (the latter from Breddels et al.), we then repeat the stream search by Klementet al. (KFR08), which assumed that all stars were dwarfs and claimed the discovery of a new stellar stream at V ≈ −160 km s−1 in a sample of 7015 stars from RAVE DR1. The existence of the KFR08 stream has been supported by two recent studies using other independent data sets. Our re-analysis of the pure DR2 dwarf sample exhibits an overdensity of five stars at the phase-space position of the KFR08 stream, with a metallicity distribution that appears inconsistent with that of stars at comparably low rotational velocities. Compared to several smooth Milky Way models, the mean standardized deviation of the KFR08 stream is only marginal at 1.6 ± 0.4. Our data therefore do not allow to draw definite conclusions about its existence, but future RAVE data releases and other (best spectroscopic) surveys are going to help in resolving this issue.


Dr Harold Love, his secretary Mrs Vicki Graham and the publishers Blackstaff Press have together produced a most elegant book. The attention to detail seen in the beautiful photographs and line drawings on its cover sets the tone for the painstakingly researched information it contains. The history of the Belfast Hospital for Sick Children from its foundation in Queen Street in 1873 to its present site on the Falls Road in 1932 and its acquisition of the "Royal" title in 1948 has already been documented in detail by Dr H G Calwell in his book "The Life and Times of a Voluntary Hospital." A brief resume ofthis period by Dr Love introduces his history from 1948 to 1998. Against this backdrop of the previous one hundred and seventy five years and the introduction of the National Health Service in 1948 the author takes up his brief. As you read through the book the enormous progress that has taken place in the treatment of ill children in RBHSC in the past fifty years becomes apparent. Intensive care units, techniques such as renal dialysis and transplants, surgical treatment of complicated congenital cardiac anomalies, the prevention of brain damage in children with inborn errors of metabolism by special diets, effective treatment for cystic fibrosis and many forms of malignant disease, and chromosomal analysis are only some of the advances undreamed of in 1948. At that time the only antibiotic available was penicillin G, and IV infusions were given by metal cannulae into exposed veins. The author also draws attention to how childhood diseases have changed in the period under review. Many infectious diseases, once the cause of infant and child mortality, poliomyelitis, whooping cough, diphtheria and measles have been almost eradicated by immunisation. Tuberculosis in all its forms, rheumatic fever and its complications and severe fatal gastro-enteritis in infants have all disappeared. These changes have resulted in the closure of the large infectious diseases hospital at Belvoir Park and the provision of a new small unit at RBHSC. Rh incompatibility in the newborn , requiring exchange transfusion, a treatment pioneered in the UK by the late Dr Wilfrid Campbell, is also a thing of the past due to anti-D immunisation of the mother. In all there are eighteen chapters, each introduced by a line drawing. As well as dealing with the birth and development of each specialty, Dr Love takes us through the …


IN a critical note in the December, 1969, issue of this journal Daniel Lyons argues that H. L. A. Hart's "utility-cum-rights" theory (as Lyons describes it) for justifying legal excuses does not survive, any better than retributivism, the challenge of even a modified form of determinism. Through his failure to take into account Hart's procedural separation of issues, however, Lyons wins his case by distorting the main thrust of Hart's argument. In defence of Hart, therefore, I shall argue that, granting the sort of determinism Lyons has in mind, the doctrine of retribution can be seen as a perversion of justice, whereas Hart's "fair opportunity" principle, espoused in Punishment and Responsibility (Oxford, 1958), can be seen as a legitimate call for an enlightened recognition of excusing conditions. First let me sketch Lyons' argument as I understand it. He postulates a relatively weak form of determinism, to the effect that we can rarely be sure about whether or how easily any given agent could have avoided any given misdeed (p. 498). Given this uncertainty, he regards the classic retributive theory which would punish in accordance with degrees of wickedness as ludicrously impractical. In his eyes this seems to discredit retribution as a sufficient justifying aim for legal punishment (p. 499). (While I do not wish to pause at this point, the reader should note the unsupported move from the indeterminate question of degree of moral guilt to the question of justification per se.) In the light of his postulated determinism, Lyons then considers Hart's double non-retributive rationale for insisting upon legal excuses, as it occurs in Hart's book of essays, Punishment and Responsibility. The one rationale is utilitarian. It points out the obvious benefits to be derived from providing individuals with an "open space" within which to act with predictable results. Quite rightly Lyons charges Hart with the responsibility of showing these benefits outweigh the minuses brought on by the clumsiness of the excuse system (a responsibility Hart shares with the opponents of this rationale). The other rationale ought to be put in Hart's own words: "Thus a primary vindication of the principle of responsibility could rest on the simple idea that unless a man has the capacity and a fair opportunity or chance to adjust his behaviour to the law its penalties ought not to be applied to him" {Punishment and Res-


Based on data of listed companies both in Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange from 2001 to 2011,this paper establishes a binary relative evaluation model of overseas resource obtaining MA with Factor Analysis and Data Envelopment Analysis.This paper then creatively examines the performance and efficiency of the enterprise both before and after the MA,and then analyzes and inspects the factors affecting the MA by multi linear regression method.The results indicate the overseas resource obtaining MA can reduce the operation performance of the enterprise but improve its operation efficiency.The senior leaders' share holding ratio,the percentage of floating stock,the scale of MA and the cost of supervision all exert influence on the performance and efficiency of overseas resource obtaining MA.Conclusions in this paper are practically referable for Chinese enterprises wishing to perform resource obtaining MA overseas.


I got some local ancient contract books when I do fieldwork in Mei county.Now more than 2000 pieces have been sorted into file.To my delight, based on many ancient contract books we can explore the location and clans of the affairs,even the attenders. We can find out the history of hakka clans and explore the history struture of Hakka society and culture by reading these books. For example, in the traditional society, the country people sold their land for a certain reason.But in the clan society,they would firstly sell to the relatives in the clan,then others. In these contract books, the ones refered to the change of the own right had a big proporation. The ancient contract books contains a variety of aspects. This article will make an attempt to explore the struture and motive force of the traditional society in Mei county.I hope the experts can give some advice.


While reading the thesis on 'Renormalization in area preserving maps' by Robert Mackay (Princeton 1982), I noticed an intriguing method proposed for computing an unstable fixed point of a nonlinear operator, in the case where we know approximately the eigenvalue of the linearized operator. Mackay attributed this method to his advisor Martin Kruskal. Although simple and practical, I had not seen this idea before, and since an error in the thesis makes it unnecessarily difficult to follow, I thought this presentation would be of interest. All credit is due to Mackay and Kruskal.


This article presents the author's observations on traffic engineering, design, and planning methods and practices in North America and Europe, underscoring the strengths various countries have demonstrated in particular areas of public transit, highway transportation, vehicle design, and traffic signals and markings. Potential areas for improvement in North American and European transportation systems are also identified and discussed.


W HILE pharmacy in Canada outwardly resembles its counterpart in the United States of America, there are subtle differences which are due in turn to certain basic differences between our two nations. Geographic, climatic, economic, as well as ethnic factors are responsible. Canada has an area of 3,845,144 square miles, several hundred thousand miles larger than the U. S. A. including Alaska, yet it has a population of around 17,000,000, roughly onetenth or one-eleventh of that of its neighbour. This population is scattered over a coast to coast distance of about 4,000 miles, yet in a relatively thin line because about 90 per cent of the population lives in about one-third of the total area for climatic and topographical reasons. So, one basic difference is a small population scattered over an enormous area. In addition the Canadian education system is between that of the British and the United States. This is not unexpected in view of the high proportion of Canadians of British stock. Yet, economically, Canadian industry is dominated by United States industry. All of these factors have had influence on the development and the practice of pharmacy. Let us bear them in mind as we consider certain of the changes and problems evident in the profession in Canada to-day.


For a basic understanding of the interaction of thermal plasmas with powders, a technique based on emission spectroscopy to investigate the vapour cloud surrounding a single particulate has been developed. The temperature within this "diffusion zonew is determined by the intensity ratio of two lines simultaneously measured. Its radius is deduced from the measurement of particulate velocity by laser doppler anemometry and the vapour concentration is calculated from the line intensity profile, once temperature is known. A specific computer algorithm of data acquisition and signal treatement allows systematic measurements.Paralle1 to the experimental study, a model has been developed to predict the heating and the vaporization of a single particulate (assumed to be spherical) immersed in an infinite stagnant plasma. In a first approximation, thermodynamical equilibrium at the particulate surface is assumed.Results on iron particulates injected in an argon - hydrogen dc plasma jets are presented.


The utility model discloses a three unique catalytic converter, aiming to provide a three unique catalytic converter high in converting effect, firm in structure, good in heat-shielding performance, convenient and reliable in installation, quiet, dispensable of an additional thermal shroud and low in vibration. The utility model consists of a metallic packaged shell, a gasket, catalyst and an end cover. A gasket is arranged inside the metallic packaged shell, catalyst is arranged inside the gasket, insulation washers are arranged on the end covers on both ends of the metallic packaged shell, two inner end covers are arranged inside the insulation washers. The two end covers are trumpet-shaped, and so are the inner end covering on both of the ends and the insulation washers. Materials for the gaskets and the insulation washers are vermiculite-based heat-insulating washers. The utility model is applicable to the installation of the gas exhaust piping prior to a muffler of varieties of automobiles.


The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean in 1995 introduced the concept of ethnodevelopment or indigenous self-development based on the right of each people in a multiethnic state to define and manage its own development. This work reflects on the communications media and ethnodevelopment within the framework of a new world order that promotes globalization. The case of Chile illustrates a homogeneous conception of the national state in which the multiethnic and multicultural character of society is not acknowledged. The traditional press is among structures supporting this conception; indigenous conflicts are condemned as disturbances and their causes and consequences are not examined in depth. Indigenous uprisings in Chiapas Ecuador Guatemala and Chile are modern expressions of very old problems. Ways in which the key attributes of globalization are intertwined with ethnic conflicts in Latin America are then examined in particular the development of communications the weakening of national states and the existence of problems and causes common to all humanity among them the environment and human rights. The next section analyzes the significance of the Internet in allowing indigenous movements to make their case and forge alliances throughout the world free of the filter of the official press. Weakening of the identity between culture and nation under the influence of globalization favors the expression of indigenous culture in Latin America. The dominant ideology in Chile and elsewhere perseveres in the concept of a national state with one culture and views integration of indigenous peoples in terms of assimilation to the prevailing state and culture.


In this paper, reduced-order synchronization of uncertain chaotic neuron models with different orders is investigated. The identifier and controller modules are designed completely independently. A modified recursive least square algorithm is used to identify the unknown parameters of the slave system, and the control module is designed based on optimal control strategy. A performance index is introduced, and by minimizing a Hamiltonian function both deviation from the desired trajectory and the needed control signal are minimized. The HR neuron model and the cable model of cylindrical cell are considered as the master and slave systems, respectively. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method, even in the present of parameter variations.


Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the respiratory system. There are different types of drugs and routes to administer them, these drugs generate systemic and local side effects; in oral cavity, are associated to decrease, production and secretion of saliva. The objective of this research was to analyze the effect of the inhaled therapy for bronchial asthma on the Rate of Salivary Flow (TFS). This study was quantitative, observational, descriptive and transversal. The sample was 50 patients with bronchial asthma diagnosis and prescription who attended the consultation of Pneumology of the Venezuelan Red Cross, ambulatory Dr. Joaquin Marmol Luzardo, MeridaVenezula, The data collection tool was a questionnaire; the TFS was measured by sialometry. An exploratory analysis of data, analysis of variance and the t-student were made depend on the case, concluding that most of the majority of patients evaluated presented a TFS decreased prone hyposialia, no gender predilection. Not showed variation in the TFS with respect to the treatment time. Depending on the frequency of use of the treatment, there was a directly proportional relationship; finally, the β2 -adrenergic and corticosteroids were medications that decrease to a greater extent the TFS, as well as the inhaled spray and dry powder in relation to the pharmaceutical presentation.


The ruined and gutted barrow called Tregulland Burrow, when totally excavated, proved to have had a complex structure. Stake holes denoting withdrawn stakes, an infilled 'ritual' pit, a satellite grave containing a cremation and arrowheads, and most probably the central grave pit, were the features of the first phase of its construction. A cairn-ring, with a buttressing bank, the soil for which was dug from an encircling ditch, and its turf covering, comprised the second. A great slab bearing cup-marks and an 'eyebrow' motif, also other lesser cup-marked and ornamented slabs, were incorporated in cairn-ring and bank. Cup-marked stones recovered from the disturbed central area suggested the one-time existence of a stone-built grave incorporating such elements. After this second phase the barrow centre was open and arena-like, and a food vessel and a cremation were put in close by the cairn-ring. All was finally enveloped by material from the depths of the ditch. Poorly built walling or turves retained the final mound.


This study is to observe the cortical activation pattern by fNIRS and fMRI during grasping in patient with TBI. PMA, SMA, M1, and S1 were focused on the analysis of cortical activations. The measured BOLD and HbR signals were t-statistically analyzed using SPM and NIRS-SPM, respectively. The results showed that contralateral M1 and SM1 were mainly activated during non-affected hand(left) grasping in both fNIRS and fMRI (fNIRS: p<;0.05, fMRI: p<;0.001). The SMA was activated with non-affected hand(left) movements after fMRI analysis. On the other hand, the ipsilateral M1 and SM1 was activated with the affected hand(right) movements(fNIRS: p<;0.05, fMRI: p<;0.001). fNIRS revealed similar cerebral cortical activation to fMRI. As expected, fNIRS could be a powerful candidate of brain mapping of TBI patients.


The number of Chinese tourists visiting Taiwan has been closely related to the political relationship across the Taiwan Strait. The occurrence of political events and disasters or accidents have had, and will continue to have, a huge impact on the Taiwan tourism market. To date, there has been relatively little empirical research conducted on this issue. Tourists are characterized as being involved in one of three types of tourism: group tourism (group-type), individual tourism (individual-type), and medical cosmetology (medical-type). We use the fundamental equation in tourism finance to examine the correlation that exists between the rate of change in the number of tourists and the rate of return on tourism. Second, we use the event study method to observe whether the numbers of tourists have changed abnormally before and after the occurrence of major events on both sides of the Strait. Three different types of conditional variance models, namely, the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity, GARCH (1,1), Glosten, Jagannathan and Runkle, GJR (1,1) and Exponential GARCH, EGARCH (1,1), are used to estimate the abnormal rate of change in the number of tourists. The empirical results concerning the major events affecting the changes in the numbers of tourists from China to Taiwan are economically significant, and confirm the types of tourists that are most likely to be affected by such major events.


We prove the existence of a smooth complete conformal metric with constant kth elementary symmetric function of negative Ricci curvature under certain condition on general domain in Euclidean space. We then formulate this problem for more general equations.


The Environmental Protection Agency is assessing the potential for the emissions of dioxin/furans from combustion sources under Tier 4 of the National Dioxin Study. If any of the combustion sources are found to emit dioxins, the secondary purpose of the Tier 4 study is to quantify these emissions and, if possible, related the emissions to combustion parameters. Carbon-regeneration furnaces are 1 of 8 source categories that have been included in the field test program. Carbon-regeneration furnaces reactivate spent carbon from industrial or municipal water-treatment facilities. The spent carbon may contain absorbed chlorinated compounds. The report presents the results of an emission-test program conducted by Radian during May 28-31, 1985, at an industrial carbon-regeneration furnace designated as Site CRF-A. The furnace was selected after an initial information screening and a pretest survey visit. The facility is considered representative of other carbon-regeneration furnaces in the United States. Furnace CRF-A regenerates spent carbon from more than 20 plants that use activated carbon for industrial wastewater treatment. Data presented in the report include dioxin (tetra through octa homologue +2378 TCDF) and furan (tetra through octa homologue +2378 TCDF) results for both stack samples and ash samples. In addition, process data collected during sampling aremore » also presented.« less


Objective By investigate the awareness situation of knowledge about drinking water health among residents in Chengdu,to and provide scientific evidence for drinking water health education and interferences.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among 401 adults drawn from 8 residential committees in Chengdu by multi-stage random sampling.Their knowledge about drinking water health was investigated.Results 41.3% of the people investigated didn't know the daily minimum quantity of drinking water was 1 200 ml.More than 80% of the respondents didn't know long-term inadequate water drinking may cause diesease such as high blood pressure,headache,apoplexy and coronary heart disease,even 18.0% of the respondents didn't know the hazard of inadequate water drinking.Conclusion The awareness rate of knowledge on drinking water health is low,especially in rural areas.It is necessary to strengthen health education to guide the healthy water drinking behaviors.


Toni Morrison, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993, is one of the most popular American authors of all time, and her influential novels - including Sula, Song of Solomon, Beloved, and Paradise - continue to inspire new generations of readers. Bloom's "How to Write about Toni Morrison" offers valuable paper-topic suggestions, clearly outlined strategies on how to write a strong essay, and an insightful introduction by Harold Bloom on writing about Morrison. This new volume is designed to help students develop their analytical writing skills and critical comprehension of this important author and her works.


Limited attention has been given in the literature to the impact of off-farm work on farm performance. More knowledge about the determinants of part-time farming and its effects on farm performance could help policymakers to introduce better targeted rural development policies. The aim in this article is to fill part of the above-mentioned gaps by analyzing factors that influence the choices of off-farm work by either the farmer alone or jointly by both the farmer and partner; and simultaneously examining how off-farm work influences farm performance. These analyses were based on an unbalanced panel data set from Norwegian grain farms during 1991 to 2005. Among the determinants of off-farm work hours, we found that, in addition to demographic, time trend, and some regional effects, there was a significant negative effect of farm output on farmers' off-farm work hours. The production function results revealed that off-farm work had a positive effect on farm output, at first increasing but then decreasing with increase in hours spent in off-farm work. Furthermore, our analysis revealed no systematic effect of off-farm work on farm technical efficiency.


The article, based on the analysis of foreign and domestic scientific sources, attempts to summarize the experience of school mediation services in foreign countries and analyze the state and prospects of such technology of socio-pedagogical work with school conflicts in Ukrainian educational institutions. It has been established that school mediation exists in many countries of the world: Australia, New Zealand, the USA, Great Britain, Germany, Finland, Russia, Belarus and others. But the models of functioning of school mediation services have certain differences. In those countries where the traditions of indigenous peoples have been preserved (Native Americans in America, Maori tribes in New Zealand), the neighborhood (community) model of school mediation is popular. Professional mediation is more common in European countries, when specialists (lawyers, judges, psychologists) are turned to for help in resolving conflicts. Working with young offenders, restorative practices, peer mediation and multicultural mediation are popular. It was found that in Ukraine the first attempt to operate mediation services at school was made in Odessa in 2001. The introduction of school mediation is mainly carried out through the School Reconciliation Service. They use restorative practices in their activities and operate on the principle of "peer to peer". Today, the activity of these services has not become a mass phenomenon in domestic educational institutions, but remains an innovation, the spread of which is constrained by a number of reasons.


Abstract Assume that d  ≥  4. Then there exists a d -dimensional dual hyperoval in PG ( d  +  n , 2) for d  +  1  ≤  n  ≤  3 d  −  7.


Deterioration had begun to take its toll on the Stony Creek Arch, a classic elliptical sandstone arch highway bridge built in 1894 in Danville, Illinois. Conventional rehabilitation methods of masonry structures could not provide a long-term economically feasible repair of the structure. A unique method of preserving the arch structure would need to be developed if it was to be saved from demolition. During the course of the initial study to restore the structure, it was officially listed on the National Register of Historic Places. If the structure was to be saved, it had to be saved in its entirety and at its existing location. As a result, Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc., developed a conceptual and final design of a reinforced concrete arch which supports the stone arch. The end result is an economical, visually unobtrusive solution to preserving the Stony Creek Arch as a historic structure.


OBJECTIVE:To analyze the chemical compositions of the effective anti-kinesia fraction of Zingiber officinale.METHODS:The effective fraction was extracted by using n-hexane,and the chemical compositions of the extract were analyzed by GC-MS.The content of 6-gingerol in n-hexane extract was determined by HPLC.RESULTS:The constitue-nts of effective fraction were composed of alkenes(61.41%),gingerols(21.60%),gingerones(4.90%)and alcohols(2.74%),with Zingiberene(23.596%)and 6-gingerol(15.004%)taking the lead in terms of content.The content of 6-gingerol which determined by HPLC was 15.97%.CONCLUSION:The contents of alkenes and gingerols are high in the effective anti-kinesia fraction of Z.officinale.HPLC can be used as a quality control method for the 6-gingerol in the effective anti-kinesia fraction of Z.officinale.


Messe, his co-authors, and I agree on one thing: opinion is not science.1 2 However, Messe and colleagues misled BMJ readers by suggesting that I used polls to prove whether a treatment is good or not. On the contrary, I cited the polls because the guideline sponsors need to explain why they failed to include even one sceptic on the guideline writing panel when it seems that most emergency doctors, including prominent and respected experts, do not believe the science supports …


The vertical structure of the Carina-Sagittarius spiral arm is analyzed in relation to the two-dimensional density distribution of young star-gas supercomplexes in the Galactic plane. The Z profile is obtained as a cut of our three-dimensional topography of the Galactic disk in the solar neighborhood (Alfaro, Cabrera-Cano, & Delgado 1991) along the spiral arm segment contained in it. Spectral analysis of this vertical profile leads to a set of significant frequencies, which can best be interpreted in terms of a nonlinear oscillatory process with a characteristic wavelength of 2.4 kpc


The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident induced a new challenge to the nuclear society. To enhance the plant safety against the extended station blackout (SBO), Diverse and Flexible Coping Strategies has been considered. The main objective of this paper is to present a comparative study for a small mobile gas turbine generator (GTG) and a large mobile GTG to cope with extended SBO condition. In this study, a small mobile GTG is connected to the class 1E dc bus to recover dc power and battery charger before depletion of the station battery. In the same manner, a large mobile GTG is connected to the class 1E ac bus to recover ac power. PRA model of both cases are developed with simplification. Based on the comparative study results using conceptual simple modelling, the CDF of SBO is more effectively reduced by using the small mobile GTG. It shows the selection of the strategies under severe conditions is different from the selection under normal condition because of different environment.


The Harary index of a graph is defined as the sum of reciprocals of distances between all pairs of vertices of the graph. In this paper we provide an upper bound of the Harary index in the class of all connected n-vertex bipartite graphs with a given matching number q. We characterize the unique graph with the maximum Harary index in the class of all connected n-vertex bipartite graphs with a given matching number q.


By reforming the experimental system, strengthening laboratory construction, we have achieved the results of sharing resources, opening labs,improving students' innovation ability,quality education and management efficiency.


Let $a\in \mathbb{R}$ , and let $k(a)$ be the largest constant such that $\sup |\text{cos}(na)-\cos (nb)|<k(a)$ for $b\in \mathbb{R}$ implies that $b\in \pm a+2\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}\mathbb{Z}$ . We show that if a cosine sequence $(C(n))_{n\in \mathbb{Z}}$ with values in a Banach algebra $A$ satisfies $\sup _{n\geq 1}\Vert C(n)-\cos (na).1_{A}\Vert <k(a)$ , then $C(n)=\cos (na).1_{A}$ for $n\in \mathbb{Z}$ . Since $\!\sqrt{5}/2\leq k(a)\leq 8/3\!\sqrt{3}$ for every $a\in \mathbb{R}$ , this shows that if some cosine family $(C(g))_{g\in G}$ over an abelian group $G$ in a Banach algebra satisfies $\sup _{g\in G}\Vert C(g)-c(g)\Vert <\!\sqrt{5}/2$ for some scalar cosine family $(c(g))_{g\in G}$ , then $C(g)=c(g)$ for $g\in G$ , and the constant $\!\sqrt{5}/2$ is optimal. We also describe the set of all real numbers $a\in [0,\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}]$ satisfying $k(a)\leq \frac{3}{2}$ .


We describe a new benchmark approach which is needed for two reasons. First, today's computer systems almost exclusively use relational database management systems (DBMS), and, besides (purely) relational DB technology, only the new trend of object-relational technology is expected to obtain practical relevance. Second, today's (complex) software systems are developed in an object-oriented way. Thus, a benchmark approach is needed assessing the contributions of (object-)relational DBMS to object-oriented software development. Consequently, such a benchmark does not only have to 'measure' the efficiency of the DBMS itself but does also have to take the overhead to be spent for mapping object-oriented data structures to the DBMS interface into account. We describe how our approach achieves this goal and report on first measurement results.


Brain Machine Interfaces (BMI) have shown great promise for quadriparetic patients after spinal cord injury. These usually entail high-density intracortical matrices of electrodes or subdural grids recording, filtering and processing cortical activity related to motor planning and execution. Patients (and nonhuman primates) have been able to control cursors on a computer screen or robotic arms with increasing proficiency. BMI systems can also be utilized to train individuals to produce certain cortical rhythms. For example, imagery of movement or thinking about movement can change cortical activity from one frequency domain into another and this can be reinforced by training if adequate feedback or rewards are given. Investigators in Germany, Spain, Italy, and the United States collaborated to evaluate if a noninvasive BMI (utilizing scalp electroencephalographic recordings) could assist in motor rehabilitation of individuals with severe motor deficits following strokes. In this experiment, the BMI was not utilized to control a cursor but, rather, as a biofeedback tool for training patients to change their cortical neurophysiological activity away from a less desynchronized state (thought to be pathological) into a state of greater desynchronization of sensorimotor rhythms . Patients were given specific "go" cues indicating the start of each trial. A robotic system was utilized to move the patient's paretic arm as a positive reward for successful generation of the desired cortical rhythms. Well-designed control conditions were set in place including a group receiving sham feedback, in which the robot produced random arm movements without any link to cortical rhythm. Patients in the experimental group improved in upper extremity Fugl-Meyer scores by an average of 3.5 points. This was significantly better than patients in the control group, who presented with no measurable improvement. These findings also correlated with fMRI measurements of cortical activity lateralization. Unlike normal individuals, severely affected stroke patients tend to have bilateral cortical activation during movement of the paretic upper extremity. Well recovered patients tend to have greater lateralization of cortical activity towards the affected side. When asked to move the paretic hand during fMRI acquisition, 11 of 14 patients in the experimental group presented with improved lateralization of activity toward the affected hemisphere compared to none of the seven patients in the control group. The extent of motor improvement with this novel approach may be modest. However, patients with severe motor impairments after stroke have poor prognosis and often do not respond to therapy. This study represents a significant step forward in the use of BMI technologies to assist post-stroke motor rehabilitation.


This paper describes an analysis of a data set in which satellite acquired microwave data (Seasat Synthetic Aperture Radar) have been registered with Landsat Multispectral Scanner data and the combined data processed using conventional multichannel spectral pattern recognition programs. Results of this analysis indicate that the combined data set offers improvement in surface classification that is significant to certain applications. A brief description of the registration procedure is given. The improvement in results rendered to selected resource management applications is discussed. The presented results are preliminary due to the short time that the satellite microwave data have been available; however, a more comprehensive analysis is in progress and will be completed during the coming year.


We investigate a new type of quantum ratchet which may be realised by cold atoms in a double-well optical lattice which is pulsed with unequal periods.
The classical dynamics is chaotic and we find the classical diffusion rate $D$ is asymmetric in momentum up to a finite time $t_r$.
The quantum behaviour produces a corresponding asymmetry in the momentum distribution which is 'frozen-in' by Dynamical Localisation provided the break-time $t^* > t_r$. We conclude that the cold atom ratchets require $Db/ \hbar \sim 1$ where b is a small deviation from period-one pulses.


The invention relates to a three-level failure detection system and method for guaranteeing the normal play of video and audio. A video-audio playing server comprises a video-audio I/O (input/output) board card, an application software failure detection device, an operating system, a board card driving program and a video-audio playing application program, the video-audio I/O board card comprises a board-carried signal switching device, a hardware failure detection device, a board card hardware register, a board card hardware control module, a signal input interface and a signal output port software failure detection device. The multilevel emergency causing sudden stop of the system can be detected in real time through the switching device, the failure detection device and the like, and a detection result can be announced in time, so that different countermeasures can be taken. Under the situation that the manual interference is not needed, the stability and safety of an entire playing process can be maintained.


Based on survey Preliminary done researcher at SMA Negeri 2 Kendari, interview conducted against 15 students there are 9 students not yet knowing about causes and dangers abortion. While 6 students already knowing about causes and dangers abortion. interview conducted about health reproduction of 15 girls there are 8 people who haven't knowing about personal hygiene tool reproduction and personality hygine at the moment menstruation. While 7 girls other already knowing about personal hygiene tool reproduction and personality hygine at the moment menstruation. Destination Research: for knowing description knowledge teenager Princess about abortion and health reproduction in SMA Negeri 2 Kendari. Method Research: using method Descriptive, population in study this totaling 474 students. Taking sample with use formula sampling size. with use technique Stratifeid Random Sampling. Data analysis using Analysis Univariate. Research results: show level knowledge teenager Princess about abortion, obtained as many as 24 respondents (38.1%) have knowledge good, while respondents who know not enough good as many as 39 respondents (61.9%). Whereas level knowledge teenager Princess about health reproduction, obtained as many as 25 respondents (39.7%) have knowledge good, while respondents who know not enough good as many as 38 respondents (60.3%). Conclusion: overview knowledge teenager Princess about abortion and health reproduction at SMA Negeri 2 Kendari districts poasia city vehicle have description knowledge not enough good as many as 39 respondents (61.9%) in knowledge about abortion whereas for knowledge about health reproduction have description knowledge not enough good as many as 38 respondents (60.3%).


The absorption characteristics of the manganic ion in a 30Na 2 O, 70SiO 2 glass were investigated and the molar extinction coefficient of the Mn 3+ ion was calculated to determine accurately the intensity of its band for the first time in a silicate glass. The value of ∈ Mn3+ was found to be of the order of around 140 g.mole l -1 cm -1 at its wavelength maximum of ∼500 nm in the glass, which is within the range ∈≃1×10 -2 -2×10 2 g.mole l -1 cm -1 as expected for the ligand field transition


The applicability of liquid biopsies is studied intensively in all types of cancer and analysis of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has recently been implemented clinically for mutation detection in lung cancer. ctDNA may provide information about tumor quantity and mutations present in the tumor, and as such have many potential applications in diagnosis and treatment of cancer. It has been suggested that ctDNA analysis may overcome the issue of intra-tumor heterogeneity faced by tissue biopsies and serve as an additional diagnostic tool. Furthermore, liquid biopsies are potentially helpful for monitoring of treatment response as well as detection of minimal residual disease and relapse.