Sources of a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack can be identified by the traffic they generate using the IP traceback technique. Because of its relevance, the Probabilistic Packet Marking (PPM) schemes for IP traceback is an intensively researched field. In these schemes, routers are given the extra function of randomly selecting packets from those that go through them, to embed their address information in those selected packets. During or after the attack, the paths that were traversed by the attack traffic can be identified based on the router information in the marked packets. Since these schemes require a large number of received packets to trace an attacker successfully, they usually demand a high time and space complexity to trace many attackers as is the case in DDoS attacks. This is partly because the marking scheme allows remarking, where routers can overwrite previous marking information in a selected packet, which leads to data loss. We present the Prediction Based Scheme (PBS), which is an addition to the PPM schemes for IP tracetrack. The proposed approach consists of two parts: (a) a marking scheme, that reduces the number of packets required to trace a DoS attacker and (b) an extension to a traceback algorithm, whose main feature is to return a complete attack graph with fewer received packets than the traditional algorithm. The proposed marking scheme alleviates the problem of data loss by ensuring previous marking information is not overwritten. Additionally, the proposed traceback algorithm uses graphs built using legitimate traffic to predict the path taken by attack traffic. Results show that the marking scheme in PBS, compared to PPM, ensures that traceback is possible with about 54% as many total packets to achieve complete attack path construction, while the traceback algorithm takes about 33% as many marked packets.


In the present study, digestive dynamics, measured through the changes in the in situ pH along the digestive tract, was evaluated along with the glycogen concentration in the digestive gland (DG) and the proteolytic enzyme activity of the gastric juice (GJ) (both acid and alkaline proteases) to obtain useful information that will allow for the understanding of the DG's function and the role that it plays as an extracellular digestive enzyme source and for energy storage, providing new information on the digestive physiology of Octopus maya. The results showed that pH along the digestive tract changed according to the postprandial time following the food transit. At the beginning, the pH on crop (St) was 5, changing to 6 when the food arrived. Similar changes were observed on the caecum (Ce) and DG. Glycogen from DG is used as a source of energy during digestion and recovered 8 h after feeding. Maximum activities of digestive gland GJ enzymes were observed 6 h after feeding, indicating that chyme enzymes are still active when they arrive at the DG's lumen. The presence of food in the digestive tract modi¢es the pH, which, in combination with GJ, favours the activity of the released enzymes of O. maya.


The electron spin resonance spectra of a series of 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl free radicals substituted at the para positions of the phenyl rings were observed in dilute solution in benzene. Nuclear hyperfine coupling constants for interaction of the unpaired electron with the hydrazine nitrogen atoms were determined by an automatic curve-fitting procedure. In three cases, these constants were assigned to the individual nitrogen atoms by studying the N/ sup 1//sup 5/ labeled compounds. The observed variations of the Coupling constants and line widths were discussed in terms of the known effects of the various substituents on electron delocalization. (auth)


Egg recognition and rejection is a common and effective anti-parasitism adaptation in bird hosts. Hosts reject alien eggs using recognition signals such as egg ground color and maculation. Green-backed tits (Parus monticolus) have a highly developed capability for recognizing parasite eggs, but the cues used for egg recognition are unclear. We combined avian visual perceptual modeling and field experiments to explore the effects of egg ground color and maculation on the recognition of parasite eggs. P. monticolus uses a multi-cue with possible hierarchical mechanism for egg recognition. The mechanism of egg recognition in P. monticolus appears to be a specific adaptation to the phenotypes of eggs laid by local brood parasites.


A metal-organic coordination polymer [Co(ip)(phen)]n (ip = isophthalate, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) 1 has been hydrothermally synthesized and characterized.Compound 1 crystallizes in P2/c space group with a = 8.37(2), b = 10.41(1), c = 18.36(3) (A), β = 100.41(7)o, C20H12CoN2O4, Mr = 403.25, V = 1573(4) (A)3, Z = 4 and Dc = 1.703 g/cm3.Two Co(II) ions are bridged by μ-carboxylate to form a dinuclear unit, which is extended by ip ligands resulting in a ribbon-like chain.Pairs of phen ligands attach to the dinuclear units on both sides of the chain alternately.Magnetic study reveals that the interaction between the carboxylate-bridged Co(II) ions in 1 is weakly antiferromagnetic.


Employees' proenvironmental behaviors (PEBs) are important to the success of corporate sustainability initiatives. Seeking to understand these behaviors, we tested a model of the determinants of PEBs. Using data from 294 employees in China, we examined the links between organizational commitment to sustainability, managerial transformational leadership on environmental issues, employees' extrinsic and autonomous motivation, and employees' PEBs. Our results generally support our model. Organizational commitment to the environment was associated with increases in employees' autonomous and extrinsic motivation to perform PEBs. Autonomous motivation, but not extrinsic motivation, was positively related to PEBs. In addition, organizational environmental commitment was positively related to environmental transformational leadership, which, in turn, was positively related to PEBs. Surprisingly, transformational leadership was not related to autonomous motivation. Overall, these findings suggest that organization...


The paper formulates and proves a second order interpolation result for square-integrable functions by means of locally nite series of Daubechies' wavelets. Sample values of a suuciently smooth function can be used as coeecients of a wavelet expansion at a ne scale, and the corresponding wavelet interpolation function converges in Sobolev norms of rst order to the original function. This has applications to wavelet-Galerkin numerical solutions of elliptic partial diierential equations.


A dual‐band 8 × 8 antenna array operating in the long term evolution (LTE) band 42 (3400‐3600 MHz) and LTE band 46 (5150‐5925 MHz) for 5G communication multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) operation in the smartphone is presented. The proposed dual‐band antenna array element is composed of an L‐shaped open slot antenna and a U‐shaped monopole antenna. The measured results exhibited acceptable isolation (better than 12 dB) and good efficiency (more than 50%) across the two desired operation bandwidths. In addition to that, the proposed antenna array has also shown good MIMO performances with envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) lower than 0.1, and ergodic channel capacities higher than 38.8 bps/Hz in the operation bands. The hand phantom effects are also investigated, and the results show that the proposed antenna array can still exhibit good radiation and MIMO performances when operating under the single hand mode (SHM) and dual hands mode (DHM).


One method of confirming in a laboratory the resistance of concrete to frost damage is freezing and thawing testing. The Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) established a standard method, JSCE G 501, in line with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C 666 Procedure A. However, whether this method accurately evaluates the resistance of actual concrete structures to frost damage should be open to further discussion. The test method needs modifications particularly for lightwieght aggregate concrete. With aggregate being prewetted in the production process, lightweight aggregate concrete in Japan is doomed to be evaluated as having low durability by the JSCE-specified laboratory tests, as such concrete tends to break up during testing by the freezing expansion of water in critically saturated aggregate. However, a number of actual structures, such as bridge decks where drying proceeds after placing, have exhibited sufficient durability. The authors verify the durability of lightweight aggregate concrete against frost damage by freezing and thawing tests on specimens containing lightweight aggregate with the degree of saturation being modified by drying, as well as by the measurement of the degree of drying and frost resistance of concrete specimens exposed to an outdoor environment in winter.


In Man's Search for Meaning the author, psychiatrist and Holocaust survivor Viktor Frankl, describes his life as a prisoner in a concentration camp during the second world war. He believed that, in the most dire circumstances, finding a sense of meaning or purpose is the key to enduring and surviving great pain and suffering.


The situation of development of network computing and the principle of thin-client/server computing are discussed in this paper, especially focus on the Citrix thin-client/server computing. The Citrix thin-client/server computing relies on three critical components: a multi-user operating system, a remote presentation services architecture capable of separating the application's logic from its user interface, centralized application and client management. An example of Citrix thin-client/server computing in chemical engineering calculation is presented.


The author extends a previous review and focuses on feed-forward neural-net classifiers for static patterns with continuous-valued inputs. He provides a taxonomy of neural-net classifiers, examining probabilistic, hyperplane, kernel, and exemplar classifiers. He then discusses back-propagation and decision-tree classifiers; matching classifier complexity to training data; GMDH (generalized method of data handling) networks and high-order nets; K nearest-neighbor classifiers; the feature-map classifier; the learning vector quantizer; hypersphere classifiers; and radial-basis function classifiers.<<ETX>>


Fuel consumption is calculated using a modelling procedure for automobiles travelling on three alternative street patterns designed for a subdivision in Kingston Township, Ontario. The modelling procedure is described. The results indicate that grid and solar superblock street patterns, compared to the existing street pattern, offer small fuel savings to a tripmaker in the portion of the work trip travelled in the subdivision.


Abstract The studies relating to measurement of compression of Mortality in India is scarce. Most of the studies relating to mortality in India are focused on either life expectancy, or adult, and child mortality. We have used methods suggested by Kannisto (2000) and Canudos (2008) to measure the compression of mortality phenomenon for India for four decades viz. 1970-2015. Dispersion measures like simple mean, median, modal age at death; and some complicated measures like life disparity, standard deviation above mode, standard deviation in highest quartile, Interquartile range, Gini coefficient, AID and C-family were calculated for India from 1970-2015. We used the age specific death rates from abridged Life tables given by Sample Registration System published by Govt. of India. Our results show that inequality in mortality is decreasing in general but the gap between male and female is increasing. There was an average of three years difference in mean and modal age at death between male females in 2011-15. Overall, mean, median and modal age at death has increased in four decades but other inequality measures like Gini coefficient, AID, Standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation has decreased in four decades in India. C50 indicator, which indicates that 50 percent of deaths are happening in that age interval, declined from 26 years to 20 years for males and 27 years to 17 years for females, thus indicating the rate of compression of mortality is higher for females than males in India during 1970-75 till 2011-15.


Abstract While there is growing evidence that stock prices do not follow pure random walks, the degree of existence of temporary components in stock prices is not well known. Modeling stock prices as the sum of a random walk and a general stationary (predictable) component, the paper proposes an estimable lower bound on the proportion of total stock return variance caused by the predictable component. Contrary to the absolute value of the first-order auto-correlation coefficient estimates of Fama and French (1988a), this lower bound reasonably estimates the true variance proportion in finite samples also when the temporary component does not follow a first-order autoregressive process. The estimated mean values of the lower bound reach a maximum of 10 percent for the equal-weighted market portfolio of NYSE stocks over the post-war period 1947–1986, while the maximum is 25 percent for the pre-war period 1926–1946. The value-weighted market portfolio exhibits generally smaller variance proportion estimates. The pure random walk hypothesis is also reexamined using a standard variance ratio statistic extended to multiple return horizons.


ABSTRACT Differences in independent retail small business entrepreneurs' COVID-19 resilience enactment are investigated using a qualitative retroductive analytic approach. We observed that some entrepreneurs, even in the same industry, sector and city, with similar offerings, chose to adopt online store technologies while others did not. Identity motives are uncovered as a likely explanatory construct, as those with externally focused identity motives generally adopted these technologies while those with internally focused identity motives generally did not. Identity motives appear to influence entrepreneurs' perceptions of technology affordances, potentially moderating the impact of these perceptions on technology adoption decisions. Contrary to conceptualizations of individual resilience being a trait or process, we find support that resilience is more appropriately viewed as a mindset. Implications for entrepreneurship theory, practice, and education are discussed.


Traditional criticism of Ben Jonson's relationship to his audience emphasizes the animosity that Jonson feels towards spectators who are unable to perceive his intentions correctly. Even sympathetic interpretations conclude that Jonson is at odds with his audience and disenchanted with the theatre. In forming this conclusion critics assume that Jonson's personal attitudes concur with the direct address to and sniping at the on-stage and off-stage audiences in his dramas. They find further support by decontextualizing specific instances of Jonson's complaints in his poetry and prose writings as a means to interpret the entire body of his work. This "antitheatricality" has become axiomatic to the majority of Jonsonian criticism since the eighteenth century. In this project, I examine this tradition of criticism to point out the flawed assumptions on which it is based. Informed by the practises of performance theory, I reexamine both Jonson's attitude toward the stage itself as a medium of expression and the nature of his relationship to the audience. Examining Every Man Out of His Humour, The Staple of News and The Magnetic Lady as performances, I find these comedies illustrate neither an antagonism for the audience nor the antitheatricalism of which Jonson has been accused. Instead, they demonstrate a dynamic relationship between auditor and performance, a reliance upon the physical theatre as a site of interpretation and Jonson's commitment to this medium.


The utility model discloses a workbench clamping device for a turning and milling composite machine tool, which comprises a plurality of clamps for clamping a workbench. A ring groove is arranged at the bottom part of the workbench; each clamp comprises a clamping body, a conical wedge block matched with the clamping body and a driver for driving the wedge block; one end of the clamping body extends into the ring groove, a clamping block is sleeved outside the one end of the clamping body, a conical hole matched with the wedge block is arranged inside the one end of the clamping body, and the large-diameter end of the conical hole faces to the ring groove; and the wedge block and the clamping body are driven by the driver in a clamping state to mutually act, thereby driving the clamping block to be in contact with the ring groove to clamp the workbench. With the adoption of the technical scheme, the workbench clamping device is simple in structure, has high reliability and completely realizes the clamping of the workbench when the turning and milling composite machine tool is used for milling a key groove and the like.


Abstract In [Rahimi, M.: Entropy as an integral operator, Math. Slovaca 69(1) (2019), 139–146], we assigned an integral operator on a Hilbert space to any topological dynamical system of finite entropy and stated the entropy of the system in terms of the spectrum of the defined operator. Unfortunately, there is a mistake in the proof of the main theorem of the paper which makes the result incorrect. So, we can not extract the entropy of a topological dynamical system in terms of the spectrum of the introduced operator. In this note, we modify the main theorem of [11] by giving a modification to the proof of the theorem. Then, replacing the integral operator introduced in [11] by another linear operator, we will state the entropy of the system in terms of the spectrum of the new operator.


We used radiotelemetry to determine habitat use and home range characteristics of 16 blunt- nosed leopard lizards (Gambelia sila) at two sites on the Naval Petroleum Reserves in California. Space use parameters of eight lizards occupying an area of relatively dense vegetation in 1982 and eight lizards inhabiting a sparsely vegetated site in 1984 were compared. Home range size, core area size, and amount of overlap of ranges did not differ significantly between sites. The difference in average home range size between males (4.24 ha) and females (2.02 ha) was borderline significant (P = 0.054). Female home ranges and core areas were overlapped extensively by male ranges (x = 79.8% and 50.3%, respectively). There was no evidence of intrasexual overlap of core areas. Male home ranges overlapped the ranges of up to four other males but female ranges did not overlap one another. At the more densely vegetated site, leopard lizards used washes significantly more than grassland, floodplain, and road habitats and they used grassland significantly less than other habitats. At the sparsely vegetated site, grassland was used more than wash habitat and hills were used less than all other habitats. Our data indicate that leopard lizard activity is concentrated in washes and other open areas when herbaceous cover is dense, but they are capable of utilizing the more extensive grassland habitat if vegetation is sufficiently sparse. Creating open space within the grassland habitat may have important management implications for this species in some areas.


During recent years a program of work has been in progress at the National Physical Laboratory with the objective of providing improved data on several aspects of subjective acoustics. In connection with standards for audiometry, measurements have been made of the threshold of hearing for pure tones by earphone listening, and these have since been extended to the case of listening in free field. Latterly a redetermination of the equal‐loudness relations for pure tones has been completed aimed at resolving discrepancies between former determinations and providing an improved basis for the establishment of a standard set of contours. These results apply to a large team of otologically normal observers, and cover the range from 25–15 000 cps and up to 130 db in sound pressure level. The results of this investigation enable the equivalent loudness of any pure tone to be expressed by simple formulas with coefficients varying smoothly with frequency. Considerable attention has also been devoted to the determination of the loudness scale, i.e., the function relating loudness level in phons to the magnitude of the loudness sensation expressed on the sone scale. An assessment of the experimental evidence has led to the formulation of a simple relation which appears adequate for practical purposes in noise measurement. Investigations are continuing on the determination of loudness levels of complex sounds from their objective spectra.


8 to bronchitis, and 1 to enteritis. In 25 of the admissions the insanity was caused by such moral causes as domestic trouble, mental anxiety, &c., in 22 the cause was intemperance, in 90 previous attacks, and in 92 hereditary influence. Dr. Davies says " the general health of the asylum has been good," and he offers no explanation of the high mortality from lung diseases. The commissioners remark that phthisis accounted " for no less than 23 per cent, of the deaths," and they "draw attention to the overcrowding which is everywhere apparent." It would seem that close on 600 out-county cases are in residence, and that the contract for these will expire on the last day of 1900. The weekly cost of maintenance is a fraction under 10s. a head.


Two new flavonol triglycosides, named manghaslin (I) and clitorin (II), were isolated from the leaves of Cerbera manghas L. (Apocynaceae). The structures of I and II were elucidated as quercetin-3-O-L-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-O-[L-rhamnosyl-(1→6)] D-glucoside (I) and kaempferol-3-O-L-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-O-[L-rhamnosyl-(1→6)] D-glucoside (II), respectively, by chemical and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric studies.


The unpleasant reaction to alcohol experienced by patients taking disulfiram was reported twenty-four years ago (Hald and Jacobsen, 1948; Martensen-Larsen, 1948). For as long as patients continue to take oral disulfiram they may be too afraid to drink. Unfortunately in practice they often discontinue the therapy, and drink with impunity a few days later. Thus a long-acting preparation of disulfiram would be desirable.


We use Finnish data to estimate the extent of the recreation benefits obtained from visits to second homes. Special emphasis is placed on how environmental attributes of second homes influence the recreation value of visits. The impacts are valued using the travel cost method. We estimate the recreation value to be about approximately €170– 205 per trip. The aggregate non-market benefits of the use of the current summer home stock are considerable – approximately €500 million per annum. The presence of algae that prevent aquatic recreation decreases the value per trip by 40%, and the lack of a beach reduces it by 45%; electrification increases the value by 3–5%. These impacts should be balanced against the social costs of second homes when designing environmental policies on leisure-time housing.


The purpose of this paper is to examine whether salience of neighbor comparison information attracts more attention from residents and consequently leads to significant energy conservation. An eye-tracking experiment on 54 residents in a local apartment complex in Korea found that the average time of attention to the neighbor comparison information increased to 277 ms when the size of the information was four times larger and the information was located to the far left. However, the interviews with the subjects suggest that salience of the information is seemingly unrelated to energy conservation, because most of them did not agree with the social consensus that individuals need to refrain from consuming energy when they know that they have consumed more than the neighbor's average. Utility data on 502 households in the apartments revealed that, of the households notified that they consumed more than their neighbors, only less than 50% reduced their energy consumption, which supports the interview results. Therefore, it was concluded that neighbor comparison information did not lead to significant energy conservation effects in the community, although salience of the information contributed to attracting more attention to the information. Unavailable household data remained as limitation to clarify the effect by households.


In early 2013, Japan enacted a monetary regime change. The Bank of Japan set a 2 percent inflation target and specified concrete actions to achieve this goal by 2015. In 2013, Shinzo Abe's government supported this change with fiscal policy and planned structural reforms. Together with the Bank of Japan's aggressive monetary easing, this policy package is known as "Abenomics." We show that Abenomics ended deflation in 2013 and raised long-run inflation expectations. Our estimates suggest that Abenomics also raised 2013 output growth by 0.9 to 1.8 percentage points. Monetary policy alone accounted for up to a percentage point of growth, largely through positive effects on consumption. In both the medium and the long run, Abenomics will likely continue to be stimulative. However, the size of this effect, while highly uncertain, thus far appears likely to fall short of Japan's large output gap. In part this is because the Bank of Japan's 2 percent inflation target is not yet fully credible. We conclude by outlining a way to interpret future data releases in light of our results.


A planned overhaul of health services for gay men in London has been put on hold after protests from campaigners.


The homology design concept was devised for application to the large telescope structure by S.V.Hoerner. He defined the deformation of a structure as homologous if a given geometrical relation holds for a given number of structural points before, during, and after the deformation. Some researchers have utilized the design theory on structural design with the finite element method. In the present study, a simple method using geometrical equality equations is suggested for performing the homology design. The previous methods are improved for the cost of making simultaneous equations. The homology design technique is expanded to designs for user-specified responses. The basic formulations of the homology design with the optimization concept are described and several practical examples are solved to verify usefulness and validity.


A theoretical model for the flow through a single slot of finite length in a wall separating a uniform freestream and a quiescent fluid at different static pressures is constructed. This problem is relevant to understanding the aerodynamic behavior of slots which are used in the test sections of some ventilated wall transonic wind tunnels. The theoretical relationship which is obtained between the pressure differential across the slot and the flow through the slot shows both the linear and quadratic regimes observed in experiments. The linear behavior arises from the acceleration of the cross flow into the slot downstream of the leading edge and from the interaction of streamwise stations along the slot, as well as from the effect of slot taper. Analytical solutions are obtained for two slot planform shapes, and some other cases are solved numerically. The quantitative agreement with experimental data is very encouraging.


The teaching of positive and negative integers is considered in this paper. Two types of models are presented: address – operation models like thermometer or stepping environment in Hejnýs mathematical approach and opposite quantity models like ancient China counting chopsticks or our application "Záporné ísla" (Negative numbers). With the application pupils learn how to count with positive and negative integers while integers are presented as two types of amounts red balls for positive numbers and blue balls for negative numbers. The application was created in the App Inventor, so it works on any android device including mobile phones and tablets. The application is distributed into Google Play for free.


Depth Estimation and localisation is a critical and computation heavy task. Due to its computation complexity, it is hard to achieve the high rate performance on the normal CPU. We here have as purpose compact, low power architecture for real time stereo depth estimation and stereo visual odometry that can be easily used on the UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) and other autonomous navigation vehicles. A novel implementation of Stereo odometry based on careful feature selection and tracking [2] on GPU is described. It accelerates core computations like feature tracking, RANSAC based non linear solver using the GPU. 3D Mapping using stereo disparity estimation based on More Global Matching (MGM) a variant of SGM is implemented on FPGA. A Pipeline Architecture is introduced to increase throughput of the 3D map by leveraging multiple ARM cores. The programs are tested on Jetson Nano (an embedded GPU) and Ultra96 (ARM-FPGA Soc) which have less form factor and consume less power. Update rate of 20 is achieved for 6 degrees of freedom pose on Jetson Nano (60 on i7 core with Nvidia 1050ti) and an update rate of 16 fps is achieved for 3D point cloud on Ultra96 making the system desirable for above mentioned applications.


This book is based on two meetings held at the Jewish Hospital, University of Louisville (Louisville, KY) in 1998 and 1999 and was published last year. The purpose of the monograph is to give an overview of past, present, and possible future biochemical markers for myocardial injury and to address each marker's analytical, technical, and clinical performance, as well as outcome assessments, including risk stratification.

In spite of the title, the focus is not cardiology in general, but rather ischemic heart disease [read acute coronary syndromes (ACS)] and, partly, congestive heart failure (CHF). The book is aimed toward cardiologists and laboratorians, in both clinical practice and research, and in part toward primary physicians. It provides a good overview of analytical problems …


Applying documentation,questionnaire,mathematical statistics and so on,investigates and analyzes the actuality of undergraduate physical activity after school,finds out many problems such as female undergraduates are accustomed to passive participation in physical activities,physical activity space is serious insufficiency,etc.Puts forward some suggestions such as strengthen the guiding and organizing for physical activity after school,produce good atmosphere,increase funding for athletic facilities and so on.


The enormous potential of agro biomass can be exploited to produce sustainable bioenergy. Proper management and further exploitation of this potential could lead to economically profitable approximations and solutions for the agricultural industry and even energy production industry. Gasification in-situ with energy production or pyrolysis of the above mentioned residues, under a non-oxidizing atmosphere for alternative fuels production could be a solution to the environmental problems that land filling or conventional combustion could create. The present work focuses on combustion and pyrolysis of cotton gin residues in Greece, as an alternative way of energy production. The purpose of presentation of a case study of the two alternatives methods (combustion and gasification or pyrolysis), by using cotton ginning waste as biofuel, is to show the appropriateness of new bioenergy sources by coupling them with energy production technologies. These technologies can be applied in northern Greece as well as in other Balkan or Mediterranean countries. .


This paper examines the impact of exchange-rate changes on export pricing behavior through the estimation of export price equations for Swedish exports of machinery and transport equipment and four subcategories therein. The results support the pricing to market hypothesis that exporters adjust their profit margins in response to exchange-rate changes or remain competitive in the world market. Thus, the main conclusion of this study is that no matter how small a country is in terms of its market share, if specialized in a range of products, there is no presumption that it is a price-taker in the world market. Copyright 1995 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd


OBJECTIVE
To explore the surgical efficacy of lesions in mesencephalic aqueduct and around it with neuroendoscope.

METHODS
A total of 14 cases with lesion underwent neuroendoscope. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV), excision or biopsy and mesencephalic aqueduct plasty were performed.

RESULTS
There were primary obstruction (n = 4), glioma (n = 4), intraventricular cysticercosis (n = 2), pineal cell tumor (n = 1), lymphoma (n = 1), brain abscess (n = 1) and germinoma (n = 1). Postoperative cranial computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed narrowed ventricle. The outcomes were symptomatic improvement (n = 5), no change (n = 5), worsening (n = 4) and mortality (n = 0).

CONCLUSION
ETV, lesion biopsy or partial lesion resection and aqueductal plasty are efficacious for the patients with lesions in mesencephalic aqueduct and around it.


Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate kinematic changes and muscle fatigue in jump gait during a walking exercise and the relationship between kinematic changes and muscle fatigue and strength. Design This preliminary study included 10 children with cerebral palsy who walk with jump gait. Hip and knee maximal isometric muscle strength were measured using a dynamometer. Then, lower-limb kinematics and electromyography were collected while children walked continuously for 6 min at their self-selected speed. Electromyography median frequency and lower-limb joint angles were compared between the first and the sixth minutes of the walking exercise using t test and Wilcoxon rank test. The relationship between kinematic changes and muscle strength and changes in electromyography median frequency were assessed using correlation analyses. Results During stance, maximal knee flexion significantly increased at the sixth minute (P = 0.01) and was associated with knee extensor muscle weakness (ρ = −0.504, P = 0.03). Muscle fatigue was observed only in the gluteus medius muscle (P = 0.01). Conclusions Children with cerebral palsy who walked with jump gait and who had knee extensor weakness were more prone to an increase in knee flexion during a continuous walk. The fatigue in the gluteus medius muscle suggests that physical intervention should target the endurance of this muscle to improve jump gait.


3D scene reconstruction has important applications to help to produce digital twins of existing buildings. While the community has mostly focused on surface reconstruction or semantic segmentation as separate problems, the joint reconstruction of both volumes and semantics has little been discussed, mostly due to the lack of large scale volume datasets with semantic annotations. In this work, we introduce a new dataset called VASAD for Volume And Semantic Architectural Dataset. It is composed of 6 building models, with full volume description and semantic labels. It approximately represents 62,000 m2 of building floors, making it large enough for the development and evaluation of learning-based approaches. We propose several methods to jointly reconstruct both geometry and semantics and evaluate on the test set of the dataset. We show that the proposed dataset is challenging enough to stimulate research. The dataset is available at https://github.com/palanglois/vasad.


Spectrums are heterogeneous, especially from the aspect of their central frequency. According to signal propagation properties, low-frequency spectrum generally has lower path loss, thus longer transmission range, compared with high-frequency spectrum. Cellular operators with different targeted cell size will have different preferences for spectrums with different frequencies. Furthermore, the transmission range also affects the interference relationships among transmitters. Transmitters who can reuse the same high-frequency spectrum may interfere with each other when reusing the low-frequency spectrum, so it is difficult to decide how to construct the interference graph to exploit spectrum reusability among transmitters. Auction is considered as an efficient way for spectrum allocation. However, most of the previous works only considered homogenous spectrum auction, failing to address the problem of spectrum heterogeneity. In this paper, we propose TAMES, a Truthful Auction Mechanism for hEterogeneous Spectrum allocation, which allows buyers to freely express their different preferences towards different spectrums. Frequency-specific interference graphs are constructed to determine buyer groups. The proposed heterogeneous spectrum auction is theoretically proved to be truthful and individual rational. The simulation results verifies that the proposed auction mechanism outperforms other auction mechanisms with homogenous bid or homogenous interference graph. The proposed auction mechanism is able to yield higher buyers' satisfaction, seller's revenue and spectrum utilization.


Tests on - cells, immune systems, blood and lymphatic circulatory systems, respiratory systems, alimentary tract, hepatobiliary system, special senses, nervous system, musculoskeletal system, endocrine system, urinary system, male reproductive system, female reproductive system, skin and breast.


Organismal distributions are largely mediated by temperature, suggesting thermal trait variability plays a key role in de fi ning species ' niches. We employed a trait-based approach to better understand how inter- and intraspeci fi c thermal trait variability could explain diatom community dynamics using 24 strains from 5 species in the diatom genus Skeletonema , isolated from Narragansett Bay (NBay), where this genus can comprise up to 99% of the microplankton. Strain-speci fi c thermal reaction norms were generated using growth rates obtained at temperatures ranging from − 2 (cid:1) C to 36 (cid:1) C. Comparison of thermal reaction norms revealed inter- and intraspeci fi c similarities in the thermal optima, but signi fi cant differences approaching the thermal limits. Cellular elemental composition was determined for two thermally differentiated species and again, the most variation occurred approaching the thermal limits. To determine the potential impact of interspeci fi c variability on community composition, a species succession model was formulated utilizing each species ' empirically determined thermal reaction norm and historical temperature data from NBay. Seasonal succession in the modeled community resembled the timing of species occurrence in the fi eld, but not species ' relative abundance. The model correctly predicted the timing of the dominant winter – spring species, Skeletonema marinoi , within 0 – 14 d of its observed peak occurrence in the fi eld. Interspeci fi c variability approaching the thermal limits provides an alter-native mechanism for temporal diatom succession, leads to altered cellular elemental composition, and thus has the potential to in fl uence carbon fl ux and nutrient cycling, suggesting that growth approaching the thermal limits be incorporated into both empirical and modeling efforts in the future.


The world of basketball is one sport that can be considered a sport with very many enthusiasts, with manydiverse exercises sometimes the players are confused to understand the exercises that are so much varied,especially for beginners, it is expected that learning media can help beginners to understand the practice, atleast to understand the basics of basketball. Today's technology has penetrated into all aspects of human life,both technology as a work aid, technology as a means of socializing, educating, or technology forentertainment such as games. The development of technology also means the development of learningapplication, the development of learning application has an impact on education. The world of educationtoday has become more sophisticated in its implementation. Not only using whiteboards and chalk, buthaving switched to computers and projectors even through learning application a science can be delivered ina way that is more fun and interesting. Educators are even easier in sharing their knowledge with the help oftechnology. Multimedia Development Life Cycle Multimedia development so that it can be included inlearning must go through well-designed and coherent stages so that the multimedia products produced are ofgood quality and appropriate to be used in learning. This learning application produces material that canhelp beginner basketball players to learn basketball which is good and right


Given the univariate marginals of a real-valued, continuous-time martingale, (resp., a family of measures parameterised by t ∈ [ 0 ,T ] which is increasing in convex order, or a double continuum of call prices), we construct a family of pure-jump martingales which mimic that martingale (resp., are consistent with the family of measures, or call prices). As an example, we construct a fake Brownian motion. Then, under a further "dispersion" assumption, we construct the martingale which (within the family of martingales which are consistent with a given set of measures) has the smallest expected total variation. We also give a pathwise inequality, which in the mathematical finance context yields a model-independent sub-hedge for an exotic security with payoff equal to the total variation of the price process.


Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem – RCPSP is one of the most popular topics of optimization problems in the last decades. Many research workers occupy themselves with this problem and improve it, however, leading company managers still have problems with source allocation for project activities and have no overview of a current state of production. This article aims at using already known knowledge about RCPSP and applies new characteristics in the field of resources, projects and their activities. A new fitness function of minimization penalty costs of projects will be defined as an optimization criterion for project scheduling with limited resources.


Background: Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) in Japan, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the US and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in the EU review drug applications for market approval. It was shown that most new molecular entity (NME) agents were first approved in the US because the FDA has reviewed applications more quickly (N Engl J Med. 2012; 366: 2284-93). However, differences in regulatory actions among Japan, the US and the EU in terms of relationship between the approval date and primary endpoints of pivotal trials in marketing applications including supplemental applications for additional indications have never been analyzed comprehensively. Methods: 93 indications of 55 hematologic anticancer drugs approved in Japan, the US or the EU (only central marketing authorization by the European Commission) between August 2000 and June 2014 were examined in this research. Information concerning regulatory decisions made by PMDA, the FDA and the EMA was obtained from publicly accessible data only such as PMDA's review reports, the PMDA website, the FDA's review reports, the Drugs@FDA website, the European public assessment reports published by the EMA's Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) and the EMA website. Results: 24, 60, and 9 indications were first approved in Japan, the US, and the EU, respectively. 2 NME agents were first approved in Japan and the EU each; mogamulizumab for relapsed CCR4-positive adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma as well as relapsed CCR4-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma/cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and tamibarotene for relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia in Japan and pixantrone dimaleate for relapsed aggressive non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma and histamine dihydrochloride for acute myeloid leukemia in the EU. 17 indications were approved only in the US and 13 of these were approved based on response rate in single-arm trials. The other 4 indications were approved based on results of comparative trials. Of the 13 indications approved based on single-arm trials, 8 indications were approved through the accelerated approval scheme in the US. 5 indications (pixantrone dimaleate, histamine dihydrochloride, temsirolimus for relapsed mantle cell lymphoma, rituximab as maintenance therapy for relapsed follicular lymphoma and decitabine for acute myeloid leukemia) were approved only in the EU and 4 other indications (ibritumomab tiuxetan as consolidation therapy for follicular lymphoma and rituximab for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, newly diagnosed chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia) were approved the earliest in the EU. All these 9 indications were approved based on results of comparative trials. Of these 9 indications, only pixantrone dimaleate was approved through the conditional approval scheme and only histamine dihydrochloride was approved through the approval under exceptional circumstances scheme. Although 23 indications were approved only in Japan, most of them were additional indications of old drugs and not based on results of comparative trials. Primary endpoints were different between the US and the EU in 3 of 41 indications approved in both the US and the EU. All these 3 indications were approved earlier in the US and response rate or time to progression (TTP) in the US instead of progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) in the EU was adopted as the primary endpoints as follows; thalidomide for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (TTP in the US and OS in the EU), pomalidomide for relapsed multiple myeloma (overall response rate in the US and PFS in the EU), and azacitidine for myelodysplastic syndrome (complete remission rate in the US and OS in the EU). Conclusions: The conditional approval scheme or the approval under exceptional circumstances scheme in the EU and the accelerated approval scheme in the US are available, while there are no similar schemes for oncologic drugs in Japan. However, this analysis suggests that the FDA has taken a more active attitude to acceptance of surrogate endpoints. Therefore, not only shorter review time but also this attitude may lead to earlier marketing authorization of drugs for hematologic malignancy in the US. Disclosures Off Label Use: I will discuss off-label drug use in the US which has been approved in the EU or Japan..


The experience of Ribomunyl application in domestic pediatrics has shown its high preventive efficacy at respiratory infections, especially in sickly children with various somatic pathologies even in postvaccinal period. Peroral administration of Ribomunyl, its low toxicity, capability for creating cross-immunity to various serotypes of the pathogen, makes it indispensable in pediatric practice.


This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author MKI was responsible for conducting the experiments. Author AAB designed the study, wrote the protocols for different experiments and the first draft of the manuscript and managed literature searches. Authors AK and MKZ analyzed the data and supported author AAB to write the manuscript. Author AI helped to identify and characterize all bacteria. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. ABSTRACT The popular food, dairy products like curds are consumed by many people in its various forms in Bangladesh. Infact, these different types of curds are made without real respect for basic standards of technology and hygiene. This situation will be improved if lactic ferments are well-identified and their synergy taken into consideration. Not much information has been reported about the Lactobacilli species responsible for curd production in Bangladesh. In this context, this study was conducted to identify and characterize lactic acid bacteria in curds to provide scientific data needed for improvement of the fermented product. Twenty samples were collected from the producers of curds in the supermarket of Shaheb Bazar, Rajshahi. The culture media used were Czapek Dox (pH 5.3), M17, MRS and nutrient broth and agar for the investigation of lactic acid bacteria. The identified lactic acid bacteria were Lactobacilli including Lactobacillus casei (sample 1), Lactobacillus delbrueckii (sample 3), Lactobacillus plantarum (sample 4) and Lactobacillus helveticus (sample 6) based on morphological characteristics, catalase activities, milk coagulation, growth at different temperature, growth in medium with different NaCl concentrations, growth at different pH, carbohydrate fermentation profiles, exopolysaccharides production, resistance to antibiotics and other biochemical tests. The results of this work will help in the production of dairy products with better quality and longer shelf-life. The isolation of lactic acid bacteria particularly Lactobacilli could be a good tool for information to improve the characteristics of curds and hygienic quality of the dairy products.


During Mississippi's 2014 Regular Legislative Session, Representative John L. Moore, Chair of the Education Committee, introduced House Bill 767 (HB 767). The goal of HB 767 was to create a pilot program that would "remove the requirement for passage of Subject Area Tests as a mandatory requirement for graduation... and to establish the minimum composite score to be attained on the ACT assessment to qualify a student for graduation and for college and career readiness"1 in the state of Mississippi.
By a vote of 118-1 HB 767 passed the House. The bill was then transmitted to the Mississippi State Senate where it died in the Education Committee. The senators then amended a senate bill to include a provision that would enact the ACT pilot program. The senate bill failed to receive enough votes to be passed. I believe that the state of Mississippi will continue to try to implement the ACT as an alternate route to high school graduation, so this thesis will attempt to answer the following questions:

1. What effects would HB 767 have on Mississippi's educational system?

2. Is the ACT a good alternate route to graduation?

3. How should the state handle alternate routes?


PURPOSE: A filler for ejecting ingot steel and a manufacturing method thereof are provided to increase quality and productivity since high mobility and sintering resistance are satisfied and the rate of a hole becomes high in refining and casting processes. CONSTITUTION: A filler for ejecting ingot steel(2a) comprises a core material, a coating layer and an adhesive layer. The core material comprises fireproof composition. The coating layer is formed on the surface of the core material and contains a carbon-based material. The adhesive layer is installed between the core material and the coating layer.


Using ab initio plane waves ultrasoft pseudopotential method based on generalized gradient approximation (GGA), the two different terminated surfaces of CoSi2 (001) surface are considered, Si-terminated and Co-terminated surfaces. The calculated results show that the relative stable Si-terminated surface has the lower surface energy than the Co-terminated surface. However, the difference is not very large and the two different terminated surfaces can coexist. The interlayer spacing between the first and the second layers contracts of the two different terminated surfaces and the interlayer spacing for the top four layers of Si-terminated surface relaxation is larger than that of the Co-terminated surface.


Abstract Several bis(oxazoline)–copper complexes have been supported by cation exchange in nafion and nafion–silica nanocomposite. The catalytic performance of these solids and that of the materials prepared with laponite clay have been compared in the benchmark cyclopropanation reaction of styrene with ethyl diazoacetate at room temperature in 1,2-dichloroethane. The results depend on the nature of both the chiral auxiliary and the support. Nafion-type supports are better than laponite for the complex between Cu(II) and 2,2 ′ -isopropylidene-[(4 R )-4-phenyl-2-oxazoline] because of their weaker electrostatic interaction with the complex, and the nafion–silica nanocomposite is the best support due to its high surface area. In this case the enantioselectivities (58% ee in the trans -cyclopropanes and 47% ee in the cis -cyclopropanes) are similar to those obtained in the homogeneous phase and the catalyst is recoverable and retains almost the same catalytic performance. However, this is not the case for the other two Cu–bis(oxazoline) complexes. For example, the complex between Cu(II) and 2,2 ′ -isopropylidene-[(4 S )-4- tert -butyl-2-oxazoline] leads to good results (69% ee in the trans -cyclopropanes and 64% ee in the cis -cyclopropanes) when supported on laponite, but it is the worst catalyst when exchanged in sulfonic supports, in spite of being the best catalyst in the homogeneous phase. This effect might only be explained by an interaction between a support and ligand which must have a steric nature.


A case of AML presented with basophilia in peripheral blood and Ph1 chromosome in karyotype analysis is reported. After one year of treatment with intensive chemotherapy and clinical and hematological remission, molecular analysis (RT-PCR) detected minimal residual disease (b2-a2 rearrangement). Thus, the patient relapsed as AML and, after second remission, he developed a hematological picture of chronic CML. Ten months later, he relapsed again as AML. The difficulties of diagnosis between AML Ph1-positive de novo and myeloid blast crisis of CML, as the first manifestation of disease, based on clinical and molecular aspects are discussed.


Haptic feedback for minimally invasive surgery is a widely debated topic, especially force sensors for this kind of application are thoroughly researched. The current state-of-the-art includes several realization options, but none of them are suitable to be integrated in small diameter instruments. In this work, we present a new approach for the generation of haptic feedback by using two separate feedback mechanisms for spatial kinesthetic and unidirectional tactile feedback in a teleoperation system with a parallel kinematic slave robot and the design of the corresponding user interfaces. Kinesthetic forces are measured with proximal sensors in the robot kinematic and displayed with a delta-type kinematic mechanism. Tactile signals are acquired with an acceleration sensor placed closely at the tip of the robot manipulator and conveyed open-loop by a vibrating cylinder to the user's palm. Kinesthetic forces up to 15 N can be displayed up to a frequency of 50 Hz. The tactile interface displays accelerations up to 15m/s for frequencies from 50 Hz to 1000 Hz. The combination of the two interfaces allows the display of high-fidelity haptic feedback with greatly reduced requirements on the interface components.


In this paper, g-C3N4/TNTs composites were in situ prepared based on TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). After deposition of platinum (Pt), Pt/g-C3N4/TNTs catalytic electrode was used for catalytic oxidation of methanol. SEM and XRD were used to characterize the morphology and crystal of the catalytic electrode. Compared with Pt/g-C3N4 and Pt/TNTs, Pt/g-C3N4/TNTs catalyst has better catalytic performance and anti-CO toxicity. Pt/ g-C3N4/TNTs has better anti-CO toxicity ability in catalytic oxidation of methanol, due to higher ratio of forward peak current density and reverse peak current density ratio (Jf/Jb). The improved electrocatalytic performance is attributed to the improved CO adsorption resistance of Pt nanoparticles prepared in situ by g-C3N4/TNTs complex. One possible mechanism is the synergistic effect of g-C3N4 and TNTs to enable Pt catalysts immobilized in g-C3N4/TNTs composite to achieve better catalytic performance. The results showed that g-C3N4/TNTs composites prepared in situ, as a support material, was suitable for preparing Pt base catalyst for electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol.


Although cultural control and resistance in organizations have been widely researched, this has invariably been within the context of paid work. This paper examines how they operate within voluntary work, using the case of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI). Here, volunteers undertake the dangerous work of sea rescues, working for local lifeboat stations. While the RNLI deploys standard techniques of cultural control, the combination of volunteering, localism and dangerous work creates the possibility of complex and ambiguous forms of resistance to cultural control, thereby extending our understanding of these phenomena.


Objective: To compare the outcome of day hospital to day centre rehabilitation. Design: Single blind randomized controlled trial with home assessments at baseline (twice), six weeks and three months. Setting: Mainly rural health district. Day hospital and social services day centres in market towns. Subjects: One hundred and five physically disabled older patients living at home referred for day hospital rehabilitation or maintenance before discharge from hospital (66) or referred as outpatients (39). Interventions: Day hospital treatment or day centre rehabilitation by a physiotherapist and two health support workers. Main outcome measures: Barthel Index, Philadelphia Geriatric Morale Scale and Caregiver Strain Index. Results: More day centre (23/55) than day hospital patients (6/50) (p <0.001) withdrew from allocated treatment by choice or because of operational difficulties. Both groups improved significantly in functional ability and reduction of care-giver strain by three months but there was no significant difference between groups. The mean improvement in Barthel Index (standard error) for day hospital = +1.5 (0.41) (n = 34) and day centres = +1.5 (0.48) (n = 38). The mean difference (95% confidence interval) between day hospital and day centre was 0 (–1.28, +1.28). Likewise the mean Philadelphia Geriatric Morale Scale improvement for day hospital +1.8 (0.66) (n = 35) and day centres was +0.9 (0.63) (n = 38). The mean difference was –0.88 (–2.7, +0.95). The mean reduction in Caregiver Strain for day hospital was –1.45 (0.5) (n = 23) and day centre was –1.59 (0.47) (n = 27). The difference was –0.14 (1.52,+1.24). (These analyses are all on an intention-to-treat basis.) Conclusion: Whilst the improvement in functional ability and care-giver strain was similar in both groups, day centre rehabilitation was less popular and had practical difficulties. If these difficulties can be overcome the model should be tested elsewhere.


As communication technology and smartphones develop, many indoor positioning applications based on Bluetooth low energy (BLE) beacons have emerged. However, in a complex BLE network, it can be challenging to select the optimal reference beacon, and accurate positioning becomes difficult. Fortunately, if the BLE network is displayed on a map, we can intuitively grasp the structure and density of the beacons in each area, which is important information for accurate positioning. Therefore, in this study we developed a map-aided indoor positioning algorithm to model the relationship between beacons in the positioning area in a parking lot. Specifically, the algorithm split all beacons into multiple cell areas to find the optimal reference beacon in that area. Then, the optimal reference beacon is used to find the preferred reference beacons among the real-time beacons. Finally, the positioning results were calculated and evaluated according to the preferred beacons. According to the results, our method can optimize the selection of reference beacons in different areas. The average positioning accuracy was 2.09 m and the results can be scored accurately. The results verify that our algorithm can effectively use map information to guide the selection of reference beacons in complex environments.


As health providers join together to provide integrated care services, it raises the question of how their contractual responsibilities are going to be shared, writes Justin Cumberlege


Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of administration of corticosteroids on the course of HELLP syndrome in pregnancies between 27-37 weeks' gestation. Materials and methods: This prospective, randomize d study was undertaken in 2O antepartum patients with HELLP syndrome. Fourteen women were randomized to receive lOmg intramuscular dexamethasone, twice 12 hours apart follewed by 5mg intramuscular dexamethasone, twice 12 hours apart and 6 women were randomized to the control group that not taken corticosteroids. Management and delivery decisions for all patients were based on a common protocol with delivery undertaken for a deteriorating maternal or fetal conditions. Results: Between the two groups we did not find statistical difference according to maternal platelet count, LDH, SCOT, SGPTlevels (p>0.05). In the corticosteroid treated group, required blood or blood products and overall hospitalization significantly decreased (p0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that corticosteroids produce a significant reduction in required transfusion with blood or blood products and overall hospitalization period. In the corticosteroid treated group, the mean platelet count, LDH, SCOT, SGPTlevels are significantly different among the control arm. Also the corticosteroid treated group had an accelerated recovery from their disease. Treatment deserves further investigation about corticosteroid dosages and duration.


Cloud monitoring involves dynamically tracking the Quality of Service (QoS) parameters related to virtualized services (e.g., CPU, storage, network, appliances, etc.), the physical resources they share, and the applications running on them or data hosted on them. Monitoring techniques and services can help a cloud provider or application developer in regards to: (i) keeping the cloud services and hosted applications operating at peak efficiency; (ii) detecting variations in service and application performance; (iii) accounting the SLA violations of certain QoS parameters; and (iv) tracking the leave and join operations of cloud services due to failures and other dynamic configuration changes. In this paper, we describe the PhD research motivation, question, and approach and methodology related to developing novel cloud monitoring techniques and services enabling automated application QoS management under uncertainties.


Objective To observe the effect of levocarnitine on serum levels of leptin and nutrition status in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis(PD).Methods Forty patients receiving peritoneal dialysis were randomly divided into treatment group and control group,20 patients for each.Levocarnitine was given to treatment group intravenously in a dose of 1 g per day for 6 months,while routine treatment to control group.Both groups were measured for serum albumin(Alb),prealbumin(PA),cholesterol(TC),triglycerides(TG),leptin,triceps skinfold thickness(TSF),mid-arm muscle circumference(MAMC),body mass index(BMI) and modified subjective global assessment(SGA) before treatment and after 6 months of treatment.Results After 6 months of treatment,the serum levels of PA,Alb and Hb increased significantly in treatment group(P0.05),while scores of modified SGA decreased markedly(P0.05).However,there was no significant difference in the levels of TG,TC,TSF,MAMC and BMI between the two groups.Conclusions Levocarnitine could effectively lower the serum level of leptin and improve the nutrition status in PD patients.


This dissertation explores the role of work in the lives of women in interwar Britain. In order to gain an understanding of the real experiences of women in this period, this project is underpinned by the study of thirteen autobiographies from the Burnett Archives in Brunel University, written by women about their experiences of the interwar period. Analysing these sources through concepts of identity and self, exposes the role work not only played in their lives but also its influence upon forging their identities as working class women. This dissertation will argue therefore that work was a key element in how these women negotiated their sense of self and identity, by the role it plays in their narratives and how they choose to present themselves both in terms of gender and class.


Aristide Zolberg and Peter Benda (eds) Global Migrants, Global Refugees: Problems and Solutions Oxford: Berghahn, 2001, 368 pp., £47.00/$69.95 h.b. (ISBN 1 57181 169 9), £17.00/$25.00 p.b. (ISBN 1 57181 170 2) This book sets out to debunk the notion of an 'international migration crisis' - the idea that the developed countries of the North are about to be swamped by floods of migrants propelled by impoverishment, violence and chaos in the South. In one sense the book is out-of-date: its genesis lies in the early 1990s, when the end of the Cold War was generating fears of uncontrolled migration. The papers on which the book is based were originally written in 1995-96; it is not clear why the book did not appear until 2001. In another sense the book is timely. The migration panic of the early 1990s had receded towards the end of the decade. But by the beginning of the new millennium, movements were edging up again. And the events of 11 September 2001 drove migration and refugee movements right to the top of the security agenda. Zolberg and Benda's book examines the 'securitization of migration' long before it became fashionable.


A physician or cardiologist needs equipment that can analyze patient heart
condition into the signal so that the cardiologist can know the patient's status
prediction . The Electrocardiograph (ECG) is one of the medical equipment that
investigates any heart disease or any cardiac abnormalities. Each portion of the ECG
waveform or signal can obtain the patient's status prediction whether they are in good
condition or not. This project is to design, analyze and s imulate signal from ECG
using Joint-Time-Frequency Distribution. All the formulas in Joint-Time-Frequency
Distribution were rewrite into MA TLAB 7.0 programming as source code. Data in
.file. txt were ana lyzed and simulated in MA TLAB 7.0. The figu re of the signal was
appeared in MA TLAB 7.0 based on data given. This project can help the cardiologist
to know the patient" s status prediction by referring the signal that has been simulated.


Disclosed are a refrigerator and a method for informing the amount of residual foods stored in the refrigerator. An infrared ray irradiation part irradiates infrared rays into the refrigerator. A photographing device photographs the inside of the refrigerator to which infrared rays are irradiated. A communication part transmits or receives data to or from an external device which is physically separated from the communication part. A control part detects an event; controls the infrared ray irradiation part to irradiate infrared rays in response to the detected event; controls the photographing device to photograph the inside of the refrigerator; and controls the transmission of the photographed image of the inside of the refrigerator to the external device. [Reference numerals] (801) Measurement request; (807) End; (AA) Refrigerator application; (BB) Remaining amount 100 ml; (CC) Relative amount of 50%


This study aims to provide major insight in 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), which will describe the 24 h (Circadian rhythm) blood pressure (BP) profile by measuring its impact on the sleep quality.

For the study, 25 men and 25 women were recruited. Sleep quality was assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Index. Using wrist actigraphy, sleep-quality was assessed during seven working non-ABPM days (starting point) and the three following 24-h ABPM days.

During the day, the average AMP was 139.2 10.9/83.4 8.6 mm Hg, while at night, it was 118.9 12.9/68.5 9.7 mm Hg. There were 40 dipper and 10 non-dipper, respectively, on the standard of a systolic BP dip of <10%. Time had no bearing on total sleep time or sleep efficiency between ABPM days and non-ABPM days, indicating that ABPM has no negative effects on sleep quality.

Both male and female having untreated hypertension were found to have disrupted sleep quality. Importantly, it is now evident that the ABPM has a negative impact on sleep quality for either dippers or non-dippers.


Navigation used to be solely concerned with the safest and most expedient means of directing an aircraft to its objective—either the destination airport or a military target. Nowadays, especially in civil aviation but increasingly in military transport operations, the need to comply with air traffic control (A.T.C.) procedures is tending to dominate both the technique of navigation and the kind of navigation aids used. In recent years great stress has been placed on the problem of air traffic control and now, with the imminent arrival of jet air liners in large numbers, the consternation is even greater. Reactions to the problem vary, so that on the one hand there are the down-to-earth realists who see no immediate prospects of any revolutionary improvement in A.T.C. methods; on the other hand there are the optimists who already speak of the present A.T.C. system as though it is a thing of the past and talk of the " new " system which will replace it when the jets arrive. Despite the most extensive studies of the problem, such as that recently undertaken by the Curtis Presidential Committee in the United States, no entirely satisfactory description of the " new " system of A.T.C. has materialised. Meanwhile the penalities of restriction and delay of jet aircraft by air traffic control need no emphasis, but to give one example, the Comet I, when operated by B.O.A.C., regularly arrived at London Airport with at least two hours fuel as diversion and traffic reserve. The weight of this fuel was of a similar order to the total payload of the aeroplane, so it will be realised that economic operation of jet aircraft can stand or fall on this single issue of air traffic control.


This paper explores the surge in crime rates that are seen in countries after the termination of an internal conflict. It looks at the drivers for people to join insurgencies, what has motivated people to demobilize and how are they reintegrated into society or failed to do so after an internal conflict is over. It analyzes the circumstances in which crime rates increase in a country that has undergone an internal conflict. I hypothesize that without proper reintegration programs, demobilized combatants may engage in different criminal activities, therefore the latter are likely to pick up after the termination of an internal conflict. In order to test my hypothesis, I propose a two-stage approach. First, using several dimensions of crime, I empirically test whether the observed pattern in Guatemala and El Salvador hold for a larger set of countries after the end of an intra-state conflict. Second, I analyze key features of the reintegration process in Guatemala and El Salvador, countries that have seen increasing levels of crime after their civil wars. My empirical findings point to the importance of reintegration programs of former combatants during post-conflict stabilization and nation-building in countries emerging from an intra-state conflict. As I show in my case studies, the lack of successful reintegration programs may lead former combatants to use their weapons and join criminal structures that can provide the sense of protection and support they received from the insurgent organizations they belonged to. This implies that reintegration and reconciliation efforts are essential pillars of sustainable post-conflict nation-building.


Background Primary healthcare (PHC) is the first point of entry, providing basic services to individuals. South Africa is in the process of re-engineering its PHC as part of National Health Insurance (NHI) plans to ensure universal healthcare coverage. Aim This study aimed to establish whether newborn and infant hearing screening (NIHS) could be integrated into the re-engineering process of the PHC as part of the NHI framework. Setting The NHI pilot clinics in five provinces in South Africa. Methods A non-experimental, descriptive, cross-sectional survey research design was adopted. Questionnaires were sent to nursing managers, unit managers or acting managers at PHC facilities. Nineteen of these self-administered questionnaires were completed. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results Immunisation services were the most common type of service offered at the clinics. Over a quarter of the respondents indicated that NIHS services were offered at their facility in the form of universal NIHS. Equipment was limited with a lack of valid and reliable screening measures. Only 2 (11%) respondents indicated budgetary resources. Follow-up and referral pathways were reported by 10 (53%) respondents, which did not include an audiologist. Conclusions There is a need for careful and systematic planning in terms of early hearing detection programmes at PHC level. Planning needs to commence with considerations of who will perform NIHS, training of these personnel by audiologists and the role of the audiologist within the teams outlined in the NHI Bill.


We study the correction to the scale invariant power spectrum of a scalar field on de Sitter space from small black holes that formed during a pre-inflationary matter dominated era. The formation probability of such black holes is estimated from primordial Gaussian density fluctuations. We determine the correction to the spectrum of scalar cosmological perturbations from the Keldysh propagator of a massless scalar field on Schwarzschild-de Sitter space. Our results suggest that the effect is strong enough to be tested — and possibly even ruled out — by observations.


The efficiency of surface pretreatment with natural essential oils relative to the weathering performance of Norway spruce wood was examined. This study investigated the combination of this pretreatment increasing biological resistance and oil-based coating with protection against ultraviolet light and hydrophobic topcoat with silicon nanoparticles during natural and artificial weathering. The coating systems were exposed to 24 months of natural weathering in climatic conditions of Central Europe and 2,016 hours of artificial weathering. The synergistic effect of a coating system based on safflower with essential oils and commercial oil-based coating was the most efficient. The application of one layer of an oil-based coating in a wet state of surface pretreatment exhibited results comparable to the application of two layers in a dry state. For all coating systems, increasing changes of colour, roughness, and surface wettability were observed, which differed according to the weathering method. Weathering performance of transparent coating systems was evaluated during both weathering tests by exact measurements, laser scanning microscopy and visual evaluation as well. Total colour difference did not prove to be a sufficient evaluation criterion to indicate coating performance during weathering.


Building on the foundations laid by the gate control theory, Melzack and Casey theorized in 1968 the existence of three separate, yet related determinants of pain: sensory–discriminative, affective–motivational, and cognitive–evaluative. These determinants have roots in separate neurophysiological pathways that modulate the pain experience. The importance of this paper lies in its theoretical contribution to our understanding of pain. Melzack and Casey's seminal paper, written almost 50 years ago, is not only still contemporary, as evidenced by the internationally agreed upon definition of chronic pain (the IASP taxonomy) but has also contributed to moving from a biomedical understanding of pain to a biopsychosocial model of evaluating and treating pain. This conceptualization of pain continues to influence the way pain is evaluated and is the foundation of the use of non-pharmacological and non-interventional modalities for the treatment of pain (e.g. psychological techniques), and multidisciplinary approaches to pain treatment.


Purpose – The purpose is to analyze the impact of intellectual capital (IC) on export performance of firms and industries.Design/methodology/approach – This research used value added intellectual coefficient (VAIC) to measure intellectual capital as an independent variable. An export performance, as dependent variable, was measured as growth of exports. The sample consisted of 134 firms in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). Empirical analysis was done by linear regression analysis.Findings – The results of regression analysis show a significant (p<0.01), positive influence of the value added intellectual coefficient and its components on the export growth in the sector of food and beverages and manufacturing of furniture and wood products in B&H. For other sectors there is no significant relation of independent and dependent variable.Practical implications – The results correspond with the results of the EU project that determined competitive advantages of B&H by Michael Porter's methodology. Results of this r...


A review of the monograph "History of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University in documents and photographs" (Simferopol, 2018), sponsored by the staff of the Museum of History of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. This is a structural subdivision headed by A. A. Nepomnyashchiy, the Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Historical Regional Studies and Local History of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that, despite of the significant number of publications on the history of this educational institution, the true history of the university in the scientific sense of the word, has not yet been published. The publication is prepared by the museum staff and based on the materials obtained in the course of painstaking research, which are stored in the archives of Simferopol, Moscow, Makhachkala and St. Petersburg. The monograph attempted to summarize the data found by the authors in the archives, as well as the information available in the literature today regarding the history of one of the oldest universities in southern Russia. The monograph "The history of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University in documents and photographs" has become a worthy continuation of publications about the history not only of the university itself, but also of the entire scientific school of the Crimea. I would like to express the hope that these books will be in demand among the scientists, professors and university students, and all those who are interested in the history of the Crimea.


Day 5: Bringing it all together: the effective analyst. Good presentation, disclosure control, interpretation of health data and technical writing. Week commencing 7th December 2009 – exact date to be confirmed. YHPHO Offices, Innovation Centre, University of York, York Science Park, YO10 5DG. Please complete the nomination form and return to Liz O'Brien firstname.lastname@example.com


ABSTRACT The use of university-based Animal Visitation Programs (AVPs)—programs aimed at reducing student stress through human–animal interaction (HAI)—has increased. Implementation has expanded despite our limited understanding about program effects on student and animal wellbeing. Moreover, little is known about the nature of interactions between students and animals and how interaction quality might influence effects. The aim of this study was to identify and describe dog and student behaviors that inform the quality, type, and quantity of human–animal interaction during a university-based AVP. Over a period of three semesters, university students (n = 150) and therapy dogs (n = 27) were videorecorded during a 10-minute "meet-and-greet" activity conducted in small group settings. Based on coding 22.9 hours of 135 videos, comparisons of the frequency and duration of dog behavior (e.g., postural state, oral behavior) before and during interactions with students revealed an increase in the frequency of lip licking (Mbefore = 1.23, Mduring = 1.76, Z = –4.651, p < 0.001, r = 0.283) and yawning (Mbefore = 0.08, Mduring = 0.16, Z = –3.051, p = 0.002, r = 0.186) in dogs. Correlations between dog and student greeting behavior (e.g., posture, petting behavior) revealed a positive correlation between the frequency of lip licking and mutual greetings between students and dogs (r(133) = 0.283, p = 0.001). Results suggest dogs experience heightened arousal upon greeting and interacting with students. The absence of severe stress behaviors and continued presence of sustained social approach behaviors suggests that the dogs were not severely stressed during interactions. Implications for the implementation of AVPs are discussed.


The new anti-neutron, first proposed in 2011 [16], and ordinary neutrons, are both without electric charge, and are therefore rather difficult to accelerate and/or impact together in a high energy collider sufficient to cause annihilation, and thus create a 100% energy "Higgs" styled Boson, such Bosons arguably representing all of the mass in the universe. This very high energy impact combination was first suggested during conversation, publicly, by U.K. chemist R. Guy Grantham, MRSC, on 25 August 2011. [18] This writer had proposed, previously [16], a simple universal theory/model of the atom composed of anti-neutrons, electrons, positrons, and neutrinos, which better explains fusion, fission, radioactivity, electromagnetic radiation, gravity, electric force, magnetic force, and the strong force. Dr. D. Sasso's recent formalisms for electrons, positrons, and photons [19] are adopted herein to better describe the author's original 2011 anti-neutron model of the atom. [16]


Establishing neurological prognosis after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) safely and early in those patients who remain in a coma at 72 hours of admission.

 To analyze the prognostic performance of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and electroencephalogram (EEG) in these patients.

 Prospective and observational study, including all OHCAs admitted to a Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit (CICU) of a tertiary hospital. Neurological stratification was performed at 72 hours with NSE (poor prognosis >60 ng/mL), SSEP (poor prognosis in the absence of N20) and EEG (poor prognosis). The sensitivity and specificity of each test for poor prognosis were calculated, as well as the three tests together.

 Between 03/17/2013 and 02/24/2022, 422 OHCAs were registered, of which 170 patients remained in a coma at 72 hours. The EEG had a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 89% due to poor prognosis. SSEPs had a sensitivity of 68% and a specificity of 98% due to poor prognosis. The NSE had a sensitivity of 67% and a specificity of 100% due to poor prognosis. The three tests were able to be performed on 110 patients, the sensitivity for poor prognosis of the three combined tests was 49% and the specificity was 100%.

 In patients in a coma at 72 hours of OHCA, the most specific test to establish a poor prognosis was SSEP and the most sensitive was EEG. The combination of the three had a specificity of 100%.

 Type of funding sources: None.


Background Of the 65 million residents in Thailand, >1.5 million are undocumented/illegal migrants from neighboring countries. Despite several policies being launched to improve access to care for these migrants, policy implementation has always faced numerous challenges. This study aimed to investigate the policy makers' views on the challenges of implementing policies to protect the health of undocumented/illegal migrants in light of the dynamics of all of the migrant policies in Thailand. Methods This study used a qualitative approach. Data were collected by document review, from related laws/regulations concerning migration policy over the past 40 years, and from in-depth interviews with seven key policy-level officials. Thematic analysis was applied. Results Three critical themes emerged, namely, national security, economic necessity, and health protection. The national security discourse played a dominant role from the early 1900s up to the 1980s as Thailand attempted to defend itself from the threats of colonialism and communism. The economic boom of the 1990s created a pronounced labor shortage, which required a large migrant labor force to drive the growing economy. The first significant attempt to protect the health of migrants materialized in the early 2000s, after Thailand achieved universal health coverage. During that period, public insurance for undocumented/illegal migrants was introduced. The insurance used premium-based financing. However, the majority of migrants remained uninsured. Recently, the government attempted to overhaul the entire migrant registry system by introducing a new measure, namely the One Stop Service. In principle, the One Stop Service aimed to integrate the functions of all responsible authorities, but several challenges still remained; these included ambiguous policy messages and the slow progress of the nationality verification process. Conclusion The root causes of the challenges in migrant health policy are incoherent policy direction and objectives across government authorities and unclear policy messages. In addition, the health sector, especially the Ministry of Public Health, has been de facto powerless and, due to its outdated bureaucracy, has lacked the capacity to keep pace with the problems regarding human mobility.


Abstract Precisely timed and regulated thyroid hormone (TH) levels are essential for vertebrate development and metabolism. To detect environmental chemicals that disrupt TH action, we developed an integrated luciferase reporter cell line in rat pituitary GH3 cells that is TH responsive through activation of endogenous thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). High throughput screening as part of the Tox21 program identified several non-TH related positive hits as RXR agonists, a supposed "silent" heterodimer partner for TRs. These data showed RXR agonists can affect TR signaling at least in pituitary cells. We extended these results to our sensitive and specific in vivo model for TH action, Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. We previously demonstrated that RXR agonists like organotins and the pharmaceutical bexarotene, strongly potentiate (and RXR antagonists inhibit) TH induced metamorphic programs, at the morphological, cellular (e.g. apoptosis or proliferation), transgenic reporter gene levels, and transcriptomic responses in tadpole tails. We have now extended this analysis to include RNA-Seq experiments over distinct time points in the tadpole brain, a common target of TH in humans and frogs, revealing specific gene sets particularly affected by TH and RXR ligands working in concert. Very few genes were affected by RXR ligands alone. The remarkable overlap between the environmental toxicant tributyltin and the synthetic and specific RXR ligand bexarotene regulated transcriptomes provides strong evidence that they have a common molecular target in multiple tissues. We have also created germline mutations in all RXR family members in Xenopus tropicalis (alpha, beta and gamma), and both copies of the duplicated TR beta gene in Xenopus laevis via genome editing approaches. This will allow us to further investigate TR-RXR heterodimer function across tissues and developmental timeframes, and in response to known and suspected TR and RXR ligands. Our studies revealed an unanticipated degree of TR and RXR ligand interactions in vitro and in vivo, highlighting a surprising role of RXRs as avenues for TH endocrine disruption, including the brain.


The invention relates to a liquid polishing wax. The liquid polishing wax consists of the following components in parts by weight: 10-20 parts of a stearic acid, 20-30 parts of liquid paraffine, 6-10 parts of a brightener, 5-10 parts of an emulsifying agent, 10-15 parts of aluminium oxide, 15-20 parts of quartz powder and 15-20 parts of water. Compared with the prior art, the liquid polishing wax disclosed by the invention adopts different raw materials, different compounding ratios and different preparation technologies, compared with an ordinary liquid polishing wax, the polishing effect of the liquid polishing wax disclosed by the invention is enhanced by 1-2 times, and the use time is shortened by 1-2 times, so that the work efficiency is effectively improved, and the production cost is obviously saved.


The ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC is installing a new, fast, ultralight Inner Tracking System made of monolithic active pixel sensors (ALPIDE) during the second long shutdown of the LHC (2019–21) to improve upon the present physics measurements and providing insights to physics. ALPIDE is based on TowerJazz 180 nm technology and is a result of an intensive R&D programme over the last few years. Several ALPIDE prototypes with different design parameters were developed before converging on the final design to fulfill the physics goals. A portable readout system was developed at INFN Cagliari in collaboration with CERN to characterize and test the single ALPIDE full-scale prototypes and the final sensor. The readout system was used to conduct comprehensive tests on single ALPIDE chips and its prototypes in the laboratory and in beam testing facilities. These results helped to converge on and validate the design parameters. In this presentation we will discuss the concept, features and performance of the readout system.


Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of photoselective vaporization of prostate(PVP)for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH).Methods A total of 65 patients with symptomatic bladder outlet obstruction due to BPH underwent PVP via transurethral approach with un-contact laser system of American Lasercope Company.The therapeutic results were assessed using following variables:blood loss,operative time,indwelling time,mean IPSS,QOL and Qmax.Results All patients had minimal(≤30ml)or no blood loss.The mean operative time ranged 15 to 85 min(28.8±12.6 min).The mean catheterization time ranged 2 to 12d(4.2±1.8 d).All cases were followed up for 2 months after treatment.IPSS decreased to(6.2±1.82)scores from(25.8±2.9)scores,QOL decreased to(1.78±0.64)scores from(4.7±2.4)scores,and Qmax increased to(18.8±3.2)ml/s from(6.7±1.82)ml/s,respectively,which showed significant improvement,compared with those before operation(P 0.05).No patients of the 65 cases required blood transfusion,no patients had water intoxication or incontinentia urinae.Postoperatively,18 cases had uroclynia,12 cases had anal region ache,1 case experienced delayed hematuria,3 cases had transient dysuria,and 13 cases had infection of urinay tract.Conclusions The PVP has good safety and minimal invasion.It is the excellent treatment modality for BPH.It has the advantage of minimal blood loss,rapid rehability and minimal complications,especially for those at advanced age and at high risk.


Hematite (α-Fe2O3) is an intensively studied photoanode for water splitting. However, the solar-hydrogen efficiency of an α-Fe2O3 photoanode remains limited because of its low conductivity and high surface recombination rate that limit its photocurrent output. In this work, hematite (α-Fe2O3) photoanodes prepared by electroplating were investigated for their majority and minority carrier concentration and surface-trapped states. The results show that the photocurrent generation strongly depends both on the bulk doping and the interface density of states (Dit). A high electron concentration (over 1.2 × 1020 cm−3) with high Dit (1.4 × 1016 cm−2 eV−1) may jeopardize the water splitting, with negligible photocurrent output under AM1.5 illumination. In contrast, a photocurrent is detected when the electron concentration and Dit is lower than 6.1 × 1019 cm−3 and 8.8 × 1014 cm−2 eV−1. This result has also been interpreted with the variation of the α-Fe2O3–electrolyte band diagram with the bias potential.


In Appendix II of my article 'Westminster Abbey and the Academy of Ancient Music: A Library once Lost and now Partially Recovered' (Music & Letters, 95 (2004), 329^73) I drew attention to three sets of parts whose wrappers all bore the date 26 September 1749, and to one other dated 19 September 1749; these, I conjectured (p. 370), must be indicative of some sort of stock-taking exercise initiated by Benjamin Cooke, who had only recently taken over from Samuel Howard as the Academy's librarian. A fifth set of parts also dated 26 September 1749 is London, British Library Add. MS 34279B, an orchestrally accompanied setting of Nisi Dominus ascribed there to Bassani, but to Bernabei in the corresponding score (London, Guildhall Library, MS G Mus 352). When I first saw these parts the date meant nothing to me andçassuming it to have been simply the date on which the parts had been copiedçit had been virtually forgotten by the time I came to write the article. When I stumbled upon them again three or four years later, my article was already in proof and it was thus too late to do more than to append a fleeting reference to them at the end of my entry for London, Royal Academy of Music MS 27D. I return to them here because the score with which they belong (and which I discovered many months after my initial examination of the parts) is still in its original binding with its AAM number (63) embossed on the spine. It follows therefore that any set of parts bearing either of these dates must definitely have once formed part of the Academy's library. Since my article was published, Michael Talbot has unearthed the 'Old Jewish Chant' on which Francesco Barsanti's Hebrew motet (see p. 351) is based; this can be found in The Ancient Melodies of the Liturgy of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews as edited and arranged by Emanuel Aguilar (London, 1857). And thanks to Jeremy Barlow, who kindly put me in touch with a present-day descendant of Samuel Arnold, it is now possible to say quite definitively that both he and his son, the playwright Samuel James Arnold, did indeed die intestate (see p. 357).


In Strickland v. Washington, the Supreme Court sought to create a uniform standard to guarantee effective assistance of counsel to criminal defendants, to "ensure a fair trial," and to assure the reliability of "a just result."' Justice O'Connor's majority opinion created a two-pronged test for overturning a trial verdict: deficient performance and resulting prejudice. The Court explicitly established a difficult burden for proving deficient performance, but set a moderate standard for prejudice as the "reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome." 3 The Court elaborated that this standard is lower than preponderance.' Thus, for penalty-phase ineffectiveness claims, a defendant may establish prejudice without having to "show that counsel's deficient conduct more likely than not altered the outcome in the case." 5 For guiltphase ineffectiveness, the standard drops from reasonable probability to reasonable doubt.6 While Strickland may have been a good faith attempt to balance the right to counsel with judicial efficiency, the system still does not ensure reliability or justice One reason for this national crisis is that too many


Theoretical models of criminal justice are important tools for identifying the value systems that underpin the various criminal justice systems of the world. Hailed as the 'victims' court' for conferring wide-ranging participatory rights to victims at all stages of the criminal process, the International Criminal Court and its constitutive treaty, the Rome Statute, offer an interesting subject matter of analysis from this theoretical standpoint. The focus of this article will be on studying the ICC's practice and procedure in relation to victim participation, in order to identify the values of criminal justice that influence these processes.


The invention provides a method for manufacturing hydroxyl apatite from fish scale powder. A weight ratio of collagen in the powdery fish scale powder to the hydroxyl apatite is 1:2.3-19.0. The method includes respectively arranging the fish scale powder and water in a container, and stirring and grinding mixed liquid of the fish scale powder and the water; adding zinc oxide nano particles into the mixed liquid; continuously stirring and grinding the mixed liquid until the collagen in the fish scale powder is in a liquid gel state by means of hydrolysis; filtering the mixed liquid; drying the filtered mixed liquid; smashing lumpy semi-finished products to obtain the hydroxyl apatite. A weight ratio of the fish scale powder to the water is 1:1.5-9.0. A weight ratio of the zinc oxide nano particles to the fish scale powder is 1:5-30. The method has the advantage that the hydro apatite with antibacterial, odorless and low-price characteristics can be widely applied to various daily necessities, beauty products and biomedical materials.


Olympic games are not only a great game but also a force driving economy and society to advance. As a well-known tourist city, Dalian shall make good use of the opportunities brought by 2008' Olympic games to further develop tourism and profit from Olympic economy and tourist trade.