In 1997, environmental education was incorporated as one of five cross-curriculum themes in the Brazilian Curriculum for schools. Notwithstanding this, the status of environmental education in schools is generally marginal The separation between concrete environmental problems experienced by children and environmental education practice generally results in a failure to construct a more sustainable and equitable society. Considering that teachers are important agents in the construction of an emancipatory environmental education concerned with sustainable alternatives, citizenship and social justice, this study focuses on the development of praxis-oriented research grounded by an action research methodology. The action research was developed with 36 primary teachers from four public schools in Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil. The goal was to provide teachers with an opportunity to reflect on their practices and to encourage changes regarding the development of their students' critical thinking and emancipatory actions towards environmental problem solving. The analysis of the findings gathered from distinct phases of the research - teachers' planning, taking actions, evaluation and (re)planning - indicated important progress in changing pedagogical practice of environmental education. As a result of the action research, most of the participating teachers were able to move from reductionist conceptions to more complex understandings of environmental problems. The findings endorsed the importance of promoting environmental education connected with real problems experienced by children in terms of developing skills to critically analyse and implement solutions to environmental problems.


This paper presents a new approach based on modified adaptive probabilistic neural network for brain segmentation with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The SOM (Self-Organizing Map) neural network is employed to overly segment the input MR image, and yield reference vectors with a large training data set for the probabilistic classification. For improving the training quality of neural work, the feature set is extracted from the statistical intensity and gradient information of the image pixels. The proposed approach also incorporates modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) to optimize the smoothing parameter of the kernel function in the neural network, enhancing its performance. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach.


A wave power generation device of the present invention comprises: a floating body floating on a sea surface; an electricity generation part for generating electric energy or hydraulic energy; a power transfer part for connecting the floating body and the electricity generation part; and a wire which has one end and the other end connected to the floating body or the power transfer part and has a tension changing according to the movement of the floating body.


ALMEIDA, F.S. Effect of insulin on bovine semen cryopreservation on in vitro embryo production [Efeito da insulina na criopreservação do sêmen bovino sobre a produção in vitro de embriões]. 2020. 64 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências) Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2020. Insulin is an anabolic hormone capable of acting in the protection of sperm cells to minimize cryopreservation insults, also acts in the production of in vitro embryos (PIV) bringing benefits in embryonic development due to its effect antiapoptotic and mitogenic. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the effects of insulin addition to the means of cryopreservation of semen on the potential of PIV of embryos. For this, two ejaculates of six bulls (n=12) were used, each ejaculate was distributed in two treatments for cryopreservation: Control group (CO): semen diluted in Triladyl medium (n = 12) and Insulin Group (IN): semen diluted in Triladyl medium supplemented with insulin (150 μIU/mL, n = 12).Two semen reeds from each match of each treatment were thawed, homogenized and submitted to percoll gradient selection. Sperm obtained after Percoll were evaluated for motility, vigor, (acridine orange), plasma membrane and acrosomal integrity, mitochondrial potential and DNA fragmentation, and after they were used for in vitro fertilization (IVF) of embryos. For PIV, four replications were performed, and ovaries follicles from commercial slaughterhouse were aspirated and the cumulative-oocyte complexes that presented layers of compact and oocyte cumullus cells with homogeneous cytoplasm were selected The oocytes were submitted to the maturation process in vitro (IVM) (22h/38.5C/5%CO2) and IVF performed shortly after maturation. Matured oocytes were distributed into two groups, one group received semen CO (n=1587) and the other semen IN (n= 1580). After fertilization the oocytes were incubated (18h/38.5C/5%CO2) and the presumed zygotes were transferred to in vitro cultivation following the order of treatments and incubated for 8 days (38.5oC/5%CO2/5%O2/90%N2). The IVF response was determined by the cleavage rate on the third day of cultivation. On day 8, the number of blastocyst and the development rate were evaluated in relation to presumed zygotes. The data were submitted to variance analysis by the mixed procedure (PROC MIXED) of the SAS version 9.3 program. In all statistical analyses, the significance level considered was P≤0.05. Cleavage rate was not affected by the addition of insulin to the cryopreservation dilution of semen (64.21±2.04 x 63.62±1.69%), but insulin was noted to have caused a reduction in blastocyst rates (CO: 24.06±2.69% x IN: 20.04±2.54%) and embryonic development (CO: 35.81±3.23% x IN: 30.21±3.37%). On the other hand, bull effects were found for cleavage rates (ranging from 54.19±2.34 to 71.91±2.39%), blastocyst (ranging from 6.76±0.97 to 36.18±2.22%) and embryonic development (ranging from 12.32±1.53 to 50.12±2.04%), but these changes were not related to variations in sperm quality. In conclusion, insulin added to sperm cryopreservation extender has no beneficial effect on embryo production rates in vitro.


In this paper the task of Information Foraging (IF) is considered as a useful paradigm to address Exploratory Search. In the context of IF, a Web navigation strategy is introduced and formalized, and a multi-agent based model is proposed to exploit a collaborative approach to Information Foraging. A system based on this model has been developed, and its evaluations on the ACM and DBLP repositories are reported. Two datasets with different sizes were considered to show the effectiveness and the efficiency of the developed system. Furthermore, comparative evaluations were conducted in order to compare our approach with classical information access approaches. The results are promising and show the ability of the proposed Web Information Foraging system to find relevant Web pages in a very short time.


but these laws are neither universal nor consistent. This study estimates the hospitalwide prevalence, cost, and mortality of CLABSI-associated discharges for all US community hospitals. Hypotheses are that CLABSI prevalence and mortality are increasing and cost is unchanged. METHODS: Data for the study was extracted from the AHRQ HCUP National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database for 2002 and 2006. CLABSI was defined as a discharge with an ICD9-CM procedure code for a central line procedure (38.92, 38.93, and 38.95) and an ICD9-CM diagnosis code for a BSI (24 codes). SAS Proc Surveyreg was used to estimate (log of) cost, and Surveylogistic was used to estimate mortality and CLABSI prevalence. NIS weights were used to make national estimates, charges were adjusted using cost-to-charge ratios, and costs were adjusted to 2006 US dollars using the hospital service CPI. RESULTS: Average cost of a CLABSI-related hospitalization was $31,879 in 2006 dollars. Presence of CLABSI had a positive significant effect on cost (0.128, p 0.001), as did the number of procedures (0.125, p 0.001) and LOS (0.034, p 0.001) while being female had a significant negative effect ( 0.027, p 0.001). The time variable was not significant ( 0.056, p 0.052). OR for CLABSI increased over time (1.196, p 0.001) when controlling for gender, LOS, number of procedures, liver disease, and renal failure. For mortality significant ORs (p 0.001) were time (0.761), female (0.875), LOS (0.982), age (1.026), number of procedures (1.204), liver disease (1.814), and CLABSI (2.348). CONCLUSIONS: CLABSI-related hospital mortality in the US is decreasing as is the cost of treatment. However, the prevalence of CLABSI is increasing.


Background: In vivo platelet function is a product of intrinsic platelet reactivity, modifiable by dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), and the extrinsic inhibitory endothelial mediators NO and PGI2 whose actions are increasingly understood to be potentiated by P2Y12 receptor antagonists. Thus, the in vivo synergy between NO and PGI2 may amplify the anti-thrombotic effects of P2Y12 inhibitors suggesting that at the level of individual patients, endothelial function could influence therapeutic potential. Here, we investigate this by characterising the interplay of PGI2, NO and P2Y12 blockade on platelet function. Methods: 8 healthy male volunteers received aspirin (75mg) and prasugrel (10mg) for 7 days. Platelet responses to TRAP-6 (25μM) or collagen (4 or 10μg/ml) in the presence of PGI2 (1nM), NO (100nM), PGI2+NO or vehicle were assessed by LTA. Experiments were replicated in vitro (n=4) utilizing aspirin (30μM) and prasugrel active metabolite (PAM; 6, 3 or 1.5μM) to represent maximal and partial P2Y12 bloc...


The extraction of nonlinear dynamic fault features is a key scientific problem in the condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of diesel fuel injectors. In order to obtain effective fault features and improve fault diagnosis accuracy, this article proposes a new fault diagnosis method for diesel fuel injectors based on multiscale bidirectional diversity entropy (MBDE). Compared with common information entropy methods, bidirectional diversity entropy (BDE) has obvious advantages in consistency, robustness, and computational efficiency. Finally, the fuel injector fault diagnosis method is applied to the fault-type identification and fault degree identification of diesel fuel injectors. The results show that, compared with the other three commonly used information entropy methods, the method proposed in this article has the highest recognition accuracy in the identification of fuel injector fault-types and fault degrees.


The conclusion reflects on the eleven decades examined across this book and looks ahead to what the lessons of this study are. What becomes clear from this history is a shift from protecting girls from forced sex to seeing their potential fertility as a population threat to then seeing girls as targets of investment. The chapter notes that the expansion of girlhood as a special life phase has been accompanied by the gathering force of protectionist parental control. It recounts, across each chapter, how laws ostensibly focused on protecting adolescent girls were simultaneously aligned with other forces, such as national prestige, imperial ideologies, economic development priorities, and parental anxieties about respectable reproduction. It closes by proposing directions for future exploration


'obsolescent ' British images. The collection offers a bracing challenge to some of the conventional wisdom of Victorian studies, especially generalizations about distant and authoritarian fathers and the decline of the companionate family. In particular, the editors' introduction is one of the most successful chapters of the book. In it, Broughton and Rogers brilliantly place a painting – Frederick Daniel Hardy's The Volunteers (1860) – at the centre of their discussion of Victorian fatherhood, offering a range of possible interpretations, all highlighting the importance of political, social, artistic and cultural contexts to any understanding of the concept. So, too, Brian McCormack's discussion of the importance of the role of the father to the franchise debate is especially adept at revealing the symbiotic ideological relationship between women's domestic place and the chivalric roles that men were expected to play in the public sphere to protect them. Alison Twells deftly unravels the conflicting subject positions available to missionaries in the course of their Christianizing missions – many of them were working-class, and regarded by the missionary society directors who sent them as barely less heathen than the natives they were to civilize. The book's only shortcoming is that its exclusive focus on men and father figures forfeits the opportunity to make broader statements about economies of gender in this period: for example, McCormack's essay suggests interesting questions about female suffrage, because he shows that the arguments for workingclass male suffrage were based on, and to an extent justified by, the exclusion of women from the public sphere. Again, the book's consistent emphasis on the role of fathers as breadwinners might have been complicated by a discussion of the role of the wife as consumer and spender, a role which at times conflicted with, and undermined, that of the father. (See, for example, Erika Rappaport, ' ''A husband and his wife's dresses '' : consumer credit and the debtor family in England, 1864–1914', in The sex of things: gender and consumption in historical perspective, ed.Victoria de Grazia and Ellen Furlough (Berkeley and London, 1996), 163.) Such speculation is, however, at least arguably beyond the book's scope, and what lies within its scope is compelling and valuable.


One of the effective technique to deal with cancer cell is microwave ablation (MWA). During the treatment, electromagnetic wave energy is absorbed in the desired areas, which could cause tumor to heat up and necrosis when it reaches a certain temperature. In the actual application process, it makes many existing antenna disable that tumors in patients have large size. In order to better using MWA treating cancer, studies should be focused on the temperature distribution of the tissue after applying the antenna that can apply to tumor in large size. In this study, we propose a model which use three multiple-slots antenna working at 2.45 GHz and 60 W. By analyzing the temperature distribution and the SAR of the liver tissue, we can find a good distance among the three antennas in simulation software.


Sign language elevates the communication gap between special and ordinary people. It allows them to connect with society. Many studies have proposed image-based or sensor-based models for sign language whereas this study develops a sign language recognition (SLR) system for Italian sign language through Myo armband Electromyography (EMG) sensors only. The sensor keeps the subject comfortable during its utilization. In the proposed methodology, raw EMG from the Myo armband was denoised using an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter. A combination of 11 features was extracted from various domains after preprocessing of EMG signals. Subsequently, some prominent classifiers were trained and tested for accurate system design. The system has achieved the highest accuracy of 93.5% using the Linear Discriminant technique. The system authentication was performed on a 10-folds cross-validation


Released in the cell: Three N-acetylgalactosamine units, which recognize the asialoglycoprotein receptor, were tethered through disulfide bonds to the three coordinating thiol functions of a sulfur tripod ligand that has a high affinity for CuI (see scheme). The resulting glycoconjugate can be considered as a prodrug, because after uptake by hepatic cells the intracellular reducing glutathione (GSH) releases the high-affinity intracellular CuI chelator.


Data are presented from some 321 Keeshond dogs attending a clinic for electroencephalographic records, and their 108 close ancestors. They are examined to see whether the EEG readings are diagnostic of a tendency to epileptiform fits, and what hereditary basis there is, if any, for both the readings and the fits. The evidence does not support the idea of a diagnostic value; finds no hereditary basis for the readings; and, as far as the limited information about dogs which have had fits allows, slightly favours some hereditary component in the aetiology of epilepsy. These findings are discussed in relation to those concerning hereditary epilepsy in other breeds.


The development of international law shows the tendency of value diversification.The chief value of international law is to maintain international peace and security.On such a basis,traditional international law seeks the value of nations,such as independence,equality,autonomy,territorial integrity,inviolability,etc,which presents as sovereignty.Meanwhile,modern international law increasingly pays attention to individual rights,emphasizing the human value,which displays as the generalization of human rights and the humanizing trend of international law.The peace and development of China needs a peaceful and stable international environment,and China itself is an important force to maintain international peace.China has to adhere to the principle of sovereignty to defend national interests,while the protection of human rights and the humanizing trend of international law are consistent to the concept of 'human-oriented' concept and the idea of 'harmonious community'.


PURPOSE: A viewer embedded into a document is provided to realize a document format not subordinated to a language by needing no separate viewer and including font data needed for viewing to the document. CONSTITUTION: The document format is divided into an application level(11) and a document data level(21). The application level comprises a basic application(12), a graphic rendering engine(13), and a font rendering engine(14) of the viewer. The document data level includes contents, font/graphic information, location information, and color information of the document, and code/location information of each character. The basic application offers a frame for viewing the document, and offers a function for moving the document, determining a background color of the document, or printing the document. The graphic rendering engine analyzes/displays a part realized as grahics in the document. A font rendering engine reads/analyzes/displays various kinds of codes in the document.


IJSR INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 132 INTRODUCTION III-Nitride materials have been commonly used by researchers, due to its high mobility, wide and direct band gap and high electron saturation velocity [1-2]. GaN based quantum well devices are high reliable, stable and energy efficient [3]. Auger recombination, polarization charges/field (lattice mismatch), non uniform distribution of hole in quantum well, junction heating and electron overflow over active layers are some problems faced by researchers in InGaN/GaN quantum well devices [4]. e major problem, which limits the InGaN/GaN quantum well devices are, growth conditions and cost effective, so an alternate semiconductor is required. ZnO can be used as an alternative due to its large and wide band gap, good transparency, high electron mobility, strong room-temperature luminescence, non toxicity, easy to grow, similar hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure as that of GaN [5]. For material science applications, zinc oxide has high refractive index, binding, high thermal conductivity, UV-protection properties, high exciton binding energy (~ 60 meV) than GaN (~25 meV) at room temperature which makes it suitable candidate for quantum well devices like solar cells, transparent conducting films, varistors, chemical sensors, laser diodes, lightemitting diodes etc [6-7]. ZnO shows n-type behavior due to oxygen vacancies or zinc interstitials. Now, we focus our attention on the requirement of optoelectronic device; quantum well, p-type behavior and n-type behavior of ZnO. Quantum wells are fabricated from Cd doping in ZnO, Sb doping can be used to check p-type behavior and Al doping can be used as n-type doping. Mg doped ZnO layer can be used as electron blocking layer to reduce electron overflow at higher current density [8-11]. For the same, we have used Cd, Mg, Al and Sb doping in ZnO and study the structural properties by XRD and Raman spectroscopy


The utility model discloses a depth-limiting osteotome for lower lumbar vertebral plates, and belongs to the technical field of medical apparatus and instruments. The depth-limiting osteotome comprises an osteotome handle (1) and an osteotome bar (2). The osteotome handle (1) is fixedly connected to the upper side of the osteotome bar (2), and an osteotome head (3) is fixedly connected to the lower side of the osteotome bar (2). The depth-limiting osteotome is characterized in that the sectional area of the osteotome bar (2) is larger than the maximum sectional area of the osteotome head (3), and a stop groove (5) is formed on a joint surface of the osteotome bar (2) and the osteotome head (3). The depth-limiting osteotome for the lower lumbar vertebra plates has the advantages that the design idea of the depth-limiting osteotome is that the stop groove is formed on the joint surface of the osteotome bar and an osteotome point by the aid of the difference between the sectional area of the osteotome bar and the maximum sectional area of the osteotome point, and the osteotome head is stopped from being excessively deeply fed into a bone gap of a patient by the stop groove and accordingly is prevented from excessively deeply injuring the spinal cord of the patient; and the depth-limiting osteotome is convenient to use, the osteotomy depth of the osteotome head can be controlled, and surgical risks are reduced.


In this paper, we present a study of circuit models for single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). We used Orcad PSpice software to model the device and to represent the detector's behavior in Geiger mode. This model properly characterizes the self-sustaining avalanche and the self-quenching process. Through this model, we were able to correctly present the avalanche current signal, the voltage drop and the recovery time in the SPAD's cathode. The results obtained with such a model show a good corresponding with experimental measurements acquired with passive quenching circuit (PQC). Such a study allows us to present better results for the avalanche process and enable us to detect weak avalanches.


The new generation X-ray Free Electron Laser (SwissFEL) under development at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) will employ a transverse deflecting cavity [3] for beam diagnostics. Since this cavity design breaks the symmetry, a complete 3-dimensional eigenmodal analysis is indispensable. The 3-dimensional eigenmodal solver Femaxx has been developed in a collaboration between PSI and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich. Femaxx [2] aims at large-size generalized eigenvalue problems, therefore it has been optimized for distributed memory parallel compute clusters. We use Femaxx to analyze the transverse deflecting cavity, i.e., to compute electromagnetic eigenmodes corresponding to the lower eigenfrequencies. For further usage in the beam dynamics code OPAL [1], we sample the eigenmodal fields on a 3dimensional Cartesian grid. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM The Femaxx code solves the Vector Wave Equation: Let Ω be a closed domain describing a large accelerator structure. Neither do we assume that external fields, sources or charges are present, nor do we consider loss mechanisms. The perfect boundary condition applies on the surface Γ of the domain. Then the electromagnetic eigenmodes and eigenfrequencies can be computed by solving the eigenvalue problem. curl curl E(x) = λE(x), x ∈ Ω, λ = ω/c, (1) divE(x) = 0, x ∈ Ω (2) n ×E(x) = 0, x ∈ Γ (3) (2) imposes the divergence-free constraint in the sourcefree domain, and (3) is the infinite conductivity boundary condition on the surface. The magnetic field H is then calculated by the relation. H(x) = 1 −iωμ0 curlE(x) (4)


Background: Intertrochanteric fracture of the femur is one of the common fractures in the elderly with osteoporosis due to trivial fall. When occurs in the young, intertrochanteric fracture is usually due to high-energy injuries such as motor vehicular accident or fall from height. Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS) fixation has remained the gold standard for the treatment of stable intertrochanteric femoral fractures to which other options are compared.The aim of this study was to assess radiological and functional results in stable intertrochanteric femoral fractures treated with Dynamic Hip Screw fixation.This study was a prospective, interventional study involving 48 consecutive patients with stable intertrochanteric femoral fractures that were treated using internal fixation with DHS between December 2015 and November 2018 at the National Orthopaedic Hospital, Dala Kano. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 6 months. The mean age of the patients was 56.8 ± 15.0 years. There was a preponderance of males over females in a ratio 4.3:1. At the end of 6 months postoperatively, 45 (93.8%) patients had their fractures united with mean RUSH score of 27.1 ± 3.1. The mean HHS in the preoperative period was 19.2 ± 24.8. At the end of 6th postoperative month, the mean score was 91.7 ± 12.5. It was concluded that DHS is a reliable implant in surgical treatment of stable intertrochanteric fractures.


Analysis of Nτ-methylhistidine is intricate and time consuming. In the present study, a modified technique using high-performance liquid chromatography, which utilizes a reversed-phase separation with ion pairing and post column fluorescence derivatization for the analysis of Nτ-methylhistidine in chicken feed and excreta is described. Two ml of the hydrolyzed sample was applied directly into the ion-exchange resin column without evaporation of HCl to roughly separate Nτ-methylhistidine from acidic and neutral amino acids. The Nτ-methylhistidine fraction was eluted with 1M pyridine and then evaporated, and the residue was dissolved in the mobile phase and subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography. The present method shortened the time needed to complete the assay by about 30min per sample and improved the separation of Nτ-methylhistidine.


Istrian cheese is the traditional hard cheese produced exclusively from the raw milk of the autochthonous Istrian sheep. The aim of this study was to determine the bacteriological quality, physicochemical properties of the sheep milk and Istrian cheese as well as proteolysis of cheese produced on six family farms during the cheese ripening. The hygienic microbial indicators of the sheep milk were poor in comparison to the other East Adriatic regions. However, the number of bacterial indicators rapidly declined during the ripening and they were under the detection limit for "ready to consume" cheese and therefore indicated their good bacteriological quality. Regression function of the effects of the ripening time on physicochemical properties of Istrian cheese during ripening showed a substantial increase in total solids, in salt, in moisture and in salt content as well as in the lactic acid in the total solids. However, these changes were not significant due to the high variability of the Istrian cheese production. The farm cheese making procedure affected the electrophoretic profile of the primary proteolysis in the cheese samples. Significant (P<0.01) increase of the index beta was found due to the high content of salt in moisture (>5 %). Equal degradation of as1-casein and ß-casein during ripening of Istrian cheese occurred. A low percentage of nitrogen fractions soluble in water and in 12 % trichloroacetic acid were determined.


The development status of Nanjing Jiangning"Five Golden Flowers"was analyzed,the experience and shortcomings were summarized,several countermeasures and suggestions for rural tourism development were put forward.


The improved grey association is applied to effect element of certain class include 20 students with non-dimension count method of achievements.The selective effect elements are literacy class average value(A1),practice achievement(A2),graduation thesis(A3),ideological moral character(A4),comend and reward(A5) and punish(A6).The quantitative relation is determined of effect element and students achievement.These elements have fixed objectivity and science and simple and convenient and high-speed in calculating.It is easy to understand and simple in non-dimension.


Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) affects up to 2.4 million persons in the United States and is the leading cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer worldwide.1 Thus, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States Preventive Services Task Force and American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases have recommended CHB screening all persons born in countries with endemicity ≥2%. Despite this, screening for the virus remains low because of gaps in physician and patient knowledge.2– 4 Our group has previously shown that electronic messages sent to primary care providers (PCPs) within 24 h and electronic alerts embedded in patient electronic medical charts both significantly increased rates of CHB testing for atrisk Asians.5 While effective, sending electronic messages individually to PCPs is a tedious, onebyone, process. Electronic alerts placed in patient charts were an advancement as thousands of alerts could be released in patient charts simultaneously, but if these patients did not present to clinic, the alerts would not be seen by PCPs and appropriate CHB testing would not be ordered.6 Here, we present the results of an automated, electronic health registry (EHR)based method designed for mass CHB screening which obviates the need for a clinic visit. 2 | METHODS


The Amundsen Sea Low (ASL) is a distinctive feature of the Southern Hemisphere high latitude atmospheric circulation, regulating regional Antarctic climate, meridional heat transport, ocean circulation, and sea‐ice in the Amundsen‐Bellingshausen Seas. Most previous research on the ASL has focused on its variability with only a few studies attempting to understand why the climatological ASL exists. These studies have proposed different hypotheses to explain the presence of the ASL, however, a clear understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the generation of the ASL remains uncertain. Here we use an atmospheric general circulation model to show that the ASL is a consequence of the interaction between Antarctic topography and the westerly wind jet, with negligible influence from low‐latitude teleconnections. A nonrotating fluid flow simulation further suggests that the ASL can be explained by flow separation resulting from the interaction of westerly winds with the topography of Antarctica.


Modern speleology can profit from accurate measuring of cave climate components through long-time monitoring. Our aim is to test a set of new type of wireless temperature sensors in a cave environment. Apart from testing the new device we also want to demonstrate anthropogenic effects on the cave climate. The device is a low-cost and low consumption TELOSB wireless sensor module. The highly sensitive sensor records even the smallest changes in air temperature. These sensors are easy to manage. They allow continuous monitoring both in pits and horizontal passages of the cave and even to cover the whole extent of a cave. We measured the temperature in two caves in four time periods with 4 to 40 sensors. The number of sensors placed in a cave depends on the structure and morphology of the cave. Measurements were carried on in the warm and cold seasons and with different time spans. During the data evaluation, we checked the appropriate operation of the sensors. Our test sites were Trio Cave and Upper Szajha Cave in the Mecsek Mountains (southern Hungary). The purpose of the measurements is to survey the change in temperature caused by the visitors of the cave, depending on their number and the length of their stay in the cave. The time changes due to draft in a pit have also been investigated. From the data it can be seen that the visit of a group in the cave was accompanied by the quick rise in temperature, sometimes even more than 1 °C which returned to normal over a longer period of time.


Field observation, petrological and geochemical characteristics of plagiogranite from Kuerti ophiolite indicate a similar origin to those in shearing zones. It is derived from partial melting of amphibolite that is developed from gabbro within the ocean layer 3 shear zone by the low-angle shearing deformation during the oceanic crust migrating process. Zircon SHRIMP age of 372±19 Ma for the plagioganite from Kuerti ophiolite indicates that this ophiolite formed in the Devonian period and it also represented the time of extension of the Kuerti backarc basin that is relevant to the northwards subduction of the Paleo-Asian oceanic crust. Therefore, the northwards subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean beneath the Siberian Plate began in the early stage of the Late Paleozoic era.


The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo activities of pure curcumin, as well as its combination with fluconazole, against Cryptococcus gattii.


In the present day teaching environment the necessity to work towards meaningful and rewarding achievements is often felt by both teachers and students This may mean that changes in the traditional curriculum are necessary. This paper examines the development of good teaching practices, which have resulted from the combination of Action Research techniques, student involvement in decision making and encouragement of student motivation. It reports the transformation of a traditional teaching/learning routine into a relevant training for life. The contents of this article derive from a one-year school project in an Italian Technical Secondary School.


A new terminal area has been created for the Port of Houston Authority's Barbours Cut Container Terminal to provide the Port with the opportunity to redevelop existing terminal's almost 20 years old infrastructure. Design criteria were developed using equipment and operational parameters to define the redevelopment options. The paper discusses a study of terminal cross sections conducted to evaluate the benefits of the sections with respect to the design criteria and to select a preferred cross section for the terminal redevelopment plan.


Fine assembly tasks such as electrical connector insertion have tight tolerances and sensitive components, requiring compensation of alignment errors while applying sufficient force in the insertion direction, ideally at high speeds and while grasping a range of components. Vision, tactile, or force sensors can compensate alignment errors, but have limited bandwidth, limiting the safe assembly speed. Passive compliance such as silicone-based fingers can reduce collision forces and grasp a range of components, but often cannot provide the accuracy or assembly forces required. To support high-speed mechanical search and self-aligning insertion, this paper proposes monolithic additively manufactured fingers which realize a moderate, structured compliance directly proximal to the gripped object. The geometry of finray-effect fingers are adapted to add form-closure features and realize a directionally-dependent stiffness at the fingertip, with a high stiffness to apply insertion forces and lower transverse stiffness to support alignment. Design parameters and mechanical properties of the fingers are investigated with FEM and empirical studies, analyzing the stiffness, maximum load, and viscoelastic effects. The fingers realize a remote center of compliance, which is shown to depend on the rib angle, and a directional stiffness ratio of $14-36$. The fingers are applied to a plug insertion task, realizing a tolerance window of $7.5$ mm and approach speeds of $1.3$ m/s.


We can get the maximum buckling load of an assigned materials, web thickness, weight, size and structure of composite laminated beam with sublaminates designed by Laminated Ranking Method. By comparing two kind of beams, the buckling load of optimal beam is greater than the quasi-isotropic beam 28.5% by experiments and 28.4% by analysis. That means we can reduce at least one-fourth the weight of the optimal beam by decreasing the number of piles to endure the same buckling load as quasi-isotropic beam. It will greatly increase the velocity and decrease the energy exhausted of industrial products with composite structure, such as airplane, automobile, marine, rail transportation system and so on.


In the " We Media" era,social mobilization works in a way that facilitates wider social participation in group events,however,due to its features of communication, " We Media" also presents new problems for public participation,which include abstract anger and collective revelry,the " unstructured" state under populism,and the irrational disruption in social discourse and activities. To reshape orderly political participation from the citizens,the government should not only have wisdom in governance,but also adopt the new mindset that is responsive to the social development. To cope with the problems of public participation in the age of " We Media",the only possible choice is to establish and perfect institutionalized rights protection mechanism,facilitate the smooth operation of the mechanism that ensures free expression and protection of the citizen' s interests,and to enhance the negotiation capacity of the vulnerable groups in interests synthesizing and policymaking.


Qualitative studies, the investigation of experiences and opinions through careful questioning and data analysis, can be extremely important in improving healthcare. In this issue there is a detailed investigation into the experiences of both patients and staff when faced with incontinence of urine after stroke. It particularly concerned with the effects of increased staff training. Patients still find communication difficult, but training started to improve staff skills. "Improving but still a long way to go." might be the summary. The lack of previous research into incontinence after stroke, compared with research into motor recovery, probably demonstrates our lack of concern. The second study concerns patient-centred goal setting, a phrase we would all agree with if asked but ... is it actually practiced? A detailed study suggests that it not practiced as espoused, and highlights many reasons why this may be true, spanning most aspects – people, organizational systems, social culture etc. However a third study of an intervention aimed at caregivers found that the treatments delivered in a trial were delivered much as intended. This is impressive, because in many process evaluations a low level of compliance is found. Measures are essential both in research and in practice. We encourage detailed and critical evaluations, to improve our use of existing measures. A large study(n = 684) from Norway evaluated a communy used measure, the timed up and go (TUG) test. It was found not to be useful as a predictive measure when used five days after hip fracture – a surprise to me as I would expect mobility early on to be quite closely associated with mobility at 12 months. A substantial proportion of patients could not perform the test. This measure was also one of many in a pilot study of visual cues in people with Parkinson's disease who were training on a treadmill. The timed up and go test did detect a beneficial effect, so it seems sensitive to change and difference. Giving your intervention a good name always helps. MSinvgor8 is an intervention aiming to reduce the effects of fatigue in people with multiple sclerosis. This internet-based therapy when email contact was added in, led to a a large effect; this study needs early replication, given the importance of fatigue in people with multiple sclerosis – and many other neurological conditions. The intervention was derived from a qualitative study of patients. Another way to develop interventions is through using a theory, and the biopsychosocial model of illness was used to develop a tailored programme which was much more effective that standard therapy for people with chronic neck pain. Moreover the internet-delivered programme was as effective as a face-to-face delivery. Digital technology underlies many interventions being developed, and 'virtual reality' is a term applied to a range of different interventions. A systematic review of virtual reality (Nintendo Wii etc) used after stroke to improve balance found significant benefits – including improve mobility measured by the timed up and go. Finally another technology, not digital, that is becoming widely investigated is whole body vibration. A systematic review (4 studies, 201 patients) of its use in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease found not strong evidence of benefit – an no evidence of harm. Introductory paragraph 639477 CRE0010.1177/0269215516639477Clinical Rehabilitation research-article2016


Leading theories for the presence of plate tectonics on Earth typically appeal to the role of present day conditions in promoting rheological weakening of the lithosphere. However, it is unknown whether the conditions of the early Earth were favorable for plate tectonics, or any form of subduction, and thus, how subduction begins is unclear. Using physical models based on grain‐damage, a grainsize‐feedback mechanism capable of producing plate‐like mantle convection, we demonstrate that subduction was possible on the Hadean Earth (hereafter referred to as proto‐subduction or proto‐plate tectonics), that proto‐subduction differed from modern day plate tectonics, and that it could initiate rapidly. Scaling laws for convection with grain‐damage show that though either higher mantle temperatures or higher surface temperatures lead to slower plates, proto‐subduction, with plate speeds of ≈1.75 cm/yr, can still be maintained in the Hadean, even with a CO2 rich primordial atmosphere. Furthermore, when the mantle potential temperature is high (e.g., above ≈2000 K), the mode of subduction switches to a "sluggish subduction" style, where downwellings are drip like and plate boundaries are diffuse. Finally, numerical models of post‐magma ocean mantle convection demonstrate that proto‐plate tectonics likely initiates within ∼100 Myr of magma ocean solidification, consistent with evidence from Hadean zircons. After the initiation of proto‐subduction, non‐plate‐tectonic "sluggish subduction" prevails, giving way to modern style plate tectonics as both the mantle interior and climate cool. Hadean proto‐subduction may hasten the onset of modern plate tectonics by drawing excess CO2 out of the atmosphere and cooling the climate.


Background. Competent execution of business letters is one of the important factors in conducting successful business activities. With the widespread use of video communication, voice messages and instant messengers, written business correspondence remains relevant. Electronic business correspondence, which determines the social and cultural specifics of the modern world community in the field of business, management and material production, is considered in the article as a linguistic phenomenon.
Purpose. To reveal the pragmalinguistic features of the texts of English-language electronic commercial letters and consider the specifics of the English-language electronic commercial letter.
Materials and methods. To solve the tasks set, a set of scientific research methods was used: analysis of scientific literature on the research problem and texts of English-language electronic commercial letters, continuous sampling method, descriptive method, comparative method.
Results. Particular attention is paid to business letters as a traditional way of communication between organizations, enterprises, associations and bodies. It was revealed that each business letter has its own communicative purpose, pragmatic essence. The pragmalinguistic aspect of the texts of electronic business correspondence is carried out through the implementation of a specific communicative intention with a specific goal.
Practical implications. The results of the research can be useful for further research in the field of communication technologies: problems of communication efficiency, public relations, advertising, speech etiquette, theory and practice of translation.


Should senior vacationers be segmented according to how old the person feels, in order to develop and position new tourism products that match the senior's self-perceived age? In this study, 356 people in the 55-plus age group revealed how old they felt, how healthy they felt, and their personal values, travel motives, travel risk perceptions, travel patterns and holiday destination preferences. Upon dividing the seniors into two groups — the young at heart and the not so young at heart — it was discovered that the subjectively younger senior felt in better health, sought fun and enjoyment in life, travelled for physical stimulation and a sense of accomplishment, and had higher expectations of the holiday — and was thereby more prone to disappointment if the holiday turned out not to be satisfying.


The purpose of this project is to analyze and develop a "student" guidebook to manage a senior design or capstone project. The outcome of the project will be a booklet which can be handed to the students chosen as project managers for their capstone project. This booklet will contain a step-bystep guide on leading projects. The guide will include best practices, software tools and how to use them, as well as describing exactly what steps should be taken in order to achieve a successful conclusion to the project. The booklet will also describe some personality traits which are seen in successful project managers both on real world projects and in past student capstone projects. To complete this project, recent graduates will be interviewed, as a means of learning what they felt were the strengths and weaknesses of their capstone projects. These interviews will also investigate what tools the graduates have used for project management and which ones they feel are the easiest to use while having the highest success rate. These analyses will then be used to determine which tool is best for student projects. Throughout the process, research will be done to develop a list of key personality traits shared by project managers in varying disciplines. Research will also be done to collect a listing of techniques that are used in helping to teach students the field of project management and explain which are the most successful and why they work. The final booklets will be available as handouts on the day of the presentation. Summary To complete this project, I surveyed 25 professionals regarding their experience in the field of Project Management. There were about 25 questions on the survey which included subject such as how many projects the individual worked on and managed, their ideas on the personality traits of a good team leader, advice on efficient meetings, advice on project binders and project management software tools, and reflections on their experiences with college projects. The professionals surveyed came from a wide variety of academic backgrounds, including Engineering, Mathematics, Business, Education, Music, Theatre and Science. Most of the questions in the survey were essay style, open-ended questions so it was interesting to see the wide variety of responses I received. For example, in response to my question regarding the personality of a team leader, I got almost 100 unique words or phrases. Due to the overwhelming number of unique answers I chose to make a word map instead of attempting to narrow it down into something that would make a realistic looking pie chart. I hope that those who view this project come away with a better understanding of what it takes to have a successful project. Through my research, I found that the most important aspects of a project are efficient and effective meetings, an organized team leader who communicates with his or her team, and a clear, documented schedule or list of tasks with deadlines for each member of the team. All materials are the property of Kelsey Diachun ©2015


he purpose of this research is to know the influence : 1) Competence to productivity of employee at Dinas Syariat Islam Kabupaten Bener Meriah, 2) Organizational climate to productivity of employee at Dinas Syariat Islam Kabupaten Bener Meriah, 3) Motivation to productivity of employee at Dinas Syariat Islam Kabupaten Bener Meriah, 4) Competence, Organizational climate, and Motivation to productivity of employee at Dinas Syariat Islam Kabupaten Bener Meriah. The population is the research were all employee at Dinas Syariat Islam Kabupaten Bener Meriah as much as 44 employee and all it become sample. The sample strategy employee in this research using saturate sampling. Methods og data collection using questionnaire. Futher testing validity and reliability. Analysis techniques used is multiple linier regression. The result this research was showed that : 1) Competence have a positive and significant effect to productivity of employee at Dinas Syariat Islam Kabupaten Bener Meriah, 2) Organizational climate have a positive and significant effect to productivity of employee at Dinas Syariat Islam Kabupaten Bener Meriah, 3) Motivation have a positive and significant effect to productivity of employee at Dinas Syariat Islam Kabupaten Bener Meriah, 4) Competence, Organizational climate and Motivation have a positive and signific productivity of employee at Dinas Syariat Islam Kabupaten Bener Meriah.


We investigated the potential evolutionary mechanisms associated with maintenance of reproductive species barriers between V. simplex and V. scalaris through morphological and genetic data. Nuclear genomic admixture suggests hybridization in sympatric populations, although interspecific gene flow is low among species in all sympatric zones (N < 0.5). Thus, morphological and genetic divergence (10.99%) between species can be maintained despite ongoing natural hybridization. Cross-evaluation of our genetic and morphological data suggests that species integrity is maintained by the simultaneous action of multiple barriers, such as divergent reproductive systems among species and differences in floral traits.


In order to improve accuracy of mental task classification,we propose a new method of EEG classification with feature extraction.First,the raw signals are decomposed by wavelet packet decomposition(WPD).Then,using wavelet packet entropy reflecting the distribution of signal energy in time and frequency domains,the best basis of wavelet packets is selected from a wavelet packet library according to the wavelet packet entropy.Afterwards the statistical features are used to represent the best basis wavelet coefficients.Moreover,the eigenvector is obtained by calculating the asymmetry ratio of the hemispheric brainwave at each electrode in different mental tasks.Finally,the performance of the eigenvector is evaluated via a support vector machines classifier.A publicly available EEG database was used to validate this study.Compared to the conventional WPD,wavelet packet best basis decomposition and existing autoregressive feature extraction methods,the average accuracy for the proposed method ranged from 95.41% to 99.65% for ten different combinations of five mental tasks.


Culture is influenced by decisions, and decisions are influenced by information from collected data. This paper presents an overview of development of indicators of sustainable development (SDI) in Croatia and Slovenia. It is based on the national sets of SDI developed recently ; it focuses on EU and comparison with other regions in the world. Key challenges include (1) comparability and aggregation variability of SDI determined by SD policies ; (2) Social responsibility, as a contribution to, and framework of sustainability. The paper concludes with some key lessons learned about the implementation of SDI, which could be highly contextual and dependent on the needs of the end-users.


In the uplink of multi-user multiple input multiple output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, there are multiple carrier frequency offsets (CFO's) from the multiple users. In this paper, we study algorithms to estimate these multiple CFO values. We first derive the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator and show that the complexity of the ML estimator increases exponentially with the number of users so that the estimator is not suitable for practical implementations. To reduce the complexity, we propose a suboptimal algorithm using constant amplitude zero autocorrelation (CAZAC) sequences. The complexity of the proposed method increases only linearly with the number of users. Using computer simulations, we compare the performance using CAZAC training sequences with that using the m sequence and the short training field (STF) of the IEEE 802.11n systems. The results show that in the low to medium SNR regions, the performance using CAZAC sequences is very close to the single-user Cramer-Rao bound. For high SNR regions, an error floor exists due to multiple access interference (MAI). The error floor using CAZAC sequences is more than 10 times smaller compared to the error floor using the other two sequences.


This paper proposes that third-party beneficiary clauses, rights ius quaesitum tertio, can be used to create platforms for private actor intervention in the fight against corruption that can help to shape an environment that discourages corruption in a self-regulatory manner. By linking those who bear the brunt of the negative consequences of corruption to public contracts tainted by corruption, third-party beneficiary clauses would give victims of corruption a seat at the table, a right to sue and a right to be engaged in the sanctioning processes with regard to such corrupt transactions. This approach can also act as a check on the actions of government officials and corporations by increasing the risk they incur through corrupt activity. However, there are good reasons for rules of standing; the machinery of justice may break down under the weight of a multiplicity of claims or, worse, an onslaught of frivolous claims. This paper therefore proposes that it is possible to provide third party redress, while also providing mechanisms to avoid encouraging excessive litigation, through establishing a sleeping third-party beneficiary clause in procurement contracts. Such clauses remain dormant unless the third party can demonstrate evidence of corrupt activity relating to the award of a specific contract. A threshold of evidence of corruption or fraud can be defined that will trigger the clause into operation, upon which it automatically comes into effect, making the identified third-party beneficiaries parties to the contract and giving them standing to sue on the contract. Ultimately, such a clause would be most successful if the specter of direct intervention discourages corruption so effectively that the clause is in fact never triggered into operation.


52 Background: In HCC, surgical resection is associated with high recurrence rate, and no effective neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapies currently exist. On the basis of previous reports on the efficacy and safety of anti–PD-1 (nivolumab) and anti–CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) antibodies against HCC, we initiated a randomized pilot trial of perioperative immunotherapy for resectable HCC. Methods: This is a randomized, phase II pilot trial of nivolumab (Arm A) or nivolumab + ipilimumab (Arm B) as peri-operative treatment for patients (pt) with HCC who are eligible for surgical resection. Pt are given nivolumab 240 mg every 2 weeks (wk) for a total of 6 wk. Pt in Arm B are treated concurrently with ipilimumab 1 mg/kg every 6 wk. Surgical resection occurs within 4 weeks after last cycle of therapy. Pt continue adjuvant immunotherapy for up to 2 years after resection. Primary objective is the safety and tolerability of nivolumab +/- ipilimumab. Secondary objectives include overall response rate, complete response rate and time to progression. Exploratory objectives include evaluating the pre- and post-treatment immunological changes in tumor tissues and peripheral blood. Results: 9 pt were enrolled at the time of first interim analysis, and 8 pt were evaluable (5 in Arm A, 3 in Arm B). Most pt (78%) were 60-69 yo, and males (78%). 5 pt were HCV-positive and 1 had chronic hepatitis B infection. 7 pt proceeded with resection as planned; surgery was aborted for 1 pt due to frozen abdomen from previous surgery. Pathologic complete response (pCR) was observed in 3/8 pt – 2 in Arm A and 1 Arm B (37.5% pCR). 2 pt in Arm B and 1 in Arm A experienced grade 3 or higher toxicity. No grade 4 or higher toxicity were observed. Immune analysis of the first case with a pCR in Arm B demonstrated that clinical response correlated with an increase in CD8+ T cell infiltration, notably an increase in two effector T cell clusters. Conclusions: We report a pCR rate of 37.5% in the first interim analysis of a phase II pilot trial of perioperative immunotherapy for resectable HCC. Treatment was safe and surgical resection was not delayed. The study is ongoing and results may contribute to a paradigm shift in the perioperative treatment of HCC. Clinical trial information: NCT03222076.


The invention discloses a clamping structure of an inner rear-view mirror. The clamping structure is used for clamping a lens assembly of the inner rear-view mirror on a mirror housing, wherein the lens assembly comprises a mirror frame, and a lens embedded into the mirror frame. The clamping structure comprises a first enclosed wall which is arranged at the side edge of the mirror frame and extends toward the direction of the mirror housing; a plurality of second clamping holes are formed at intervals in the first enclosed wall. The clamping structure further comprises second one-way clamping blocks which are formed in the sidewall of the mirror housing and clamped to the second clamping holes, and a plurality of clamping parts which are in match with the second one-way clamping blocks, wherein each clamping part comprises a first clamping column and a second clamping column which are correspondingly arranged at two sides of the corresponding second one-way clamping block; the lower ends of each first clamping column and each second clamping column are fixed to the inner wall of the mirror housing, and the horizontal positions of the fixing parts are lower than the horizontal positions of the second one-way clamping blocks; the horizontal positions of the upper ends of the first and second clamping columns are corresponding to the horizontal positions of the second one-way clamping blocks.


Ants are fascinating creatures that demonstrate the ability to find food and bring it back to their nest. Their ability as a colony, to find paths to food sources has inspired the development of algorithms known as Ant Colony Systems (ACS). The principle of cooperation forms the backbone of such algorithms, commonly used to find solutions to problems such as the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). Ants communicate to each other through chemical substances called pheromones. Modeling individual ants' ability to manipulate this substance can help an ACS find the best solution. This paper introduces a Dynamic Ant Colony System with three-level updates (DACS3) which embeds individual ant behavior(agent) in existing ACS. Experiments were conducted to observe single ant behavior in a colony of Malaysian House Red Ants. Such behaviour was incorporated into the DACS3 algorithm. We benchmarked the performance of DACS3 against several Ant Colony Optimizations (ACO) algorithms on TSP instances ranging from 14 to 100 cities. The result showed that embedding a simple behaviour into an ant improved an ACS algorithm.


Very little literature exists on the nature of external reporting lines and funding structures of academic special libraries. This study focuses on academic health sciences libraries. The authors analyze information gathered from statistics published by the Association of Academic Health Sciences Libraries (AAHSL) from 1977 through 2007; an anonymous online survey of AAHSL library directors; and phone conversations with a select number of directors who were willing to take part in follow-up interviews. The history of changing trends in reporting lines over the years and a view of the diverse arrangements, including strengths and weaknesses, currently existing in academic institutions are examined.


Introduction: Conceptualizing a Pluralist Framework for Labour Mobility Gottfried Zurcher, Marion Panizzon and Elisa Fornale PART I: MOBILITY REGIME PERSPECTIVES: A MULTILEVEL GOVERNANCE 1. Trade, Migration and the Crisis of Globalization Jim Hollifield, Lucie Cerna and William Hynes 2. Labour Migration, Trade and Investment: From Fragmentation to Coherence Thomas Cottier and Charlotte Sieber-Gasser 3. GATS Mode 4 and Labour Mobility: The Significance of Employment Market Access Johanna Jacobsson PART II: DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE: THE EMERGING ROLE OF PRIVATE SECTORS, TRANSNATIONAL FAMILIES AND THE DIASPORA 4. Labour, Migration and Development: An Analysis of the Role of International Organizations and Civil Society Jerome Elie 5. Public Private Regulation of Labour Migration: A Challenge to Administrative Law Accountability Mechanisms Tesseltje de Lange 6. Migration Regimes and Their Linkages for Family Unity and Integrity, and Development Piyasiri Wikramasekara 7. Mobilizing Development-Friendly Investments and Entrepreneurship by Overseas Migrants Leila Rispens-Noel and Jeremaiah Opiniano PART III: LABOUR (HUMAN RIGHTS) STANDARDS PERSPECTIVE: MIGRANT WORKERS' RELATIONSHIP WITH MIGRATION STRATEGIES 8. Low-Skilled Labour Migration and Free Trade Agreements Philip Martin 9. Evaluating Bilateral Migration Agreements in Light of Human and Labour Rights Ryszard Cholewinski 10. Human Security and Human Rights of Labour Migrants in the Inter-American System Dorothy Estrada-Tanck PART IV: ASIA 11. Labour Migration in Asia and the Role of Bilateral Migration Agreements Graziano Battistella 12. 'Migration as Diplomacy' in the Labour Migration and Refugee Flows between the Gulf and the Asian Countries Helene Thiollet 13. Labour Migration under the Japan Philippines and Japan Indonesia Economic Partnership Agreements Yoshiko Naiki PART V: EUROPE 14. Free Movement Law within the European Union: Workers, Citizens and Third-Country Nationals Sarah Sanchez Iglesias 15. The Temporary Movement of Natural Persons in the Context of Trade in Services: EU Trade Policy Under Mode 4 (WTO/GATS) Jan Schmitz 16. Euroafrican and Latin American Bilateral Migration Agreements: The Role of State-Diaspora Partnership Marion Panizzon, Myriam Hazan and Sonia Plaza PART VI: AFRICA 17. Operationalizing the ECOWAS Protocol on Free Movement of Persons: Prospects for Sub-Regional Trade and Development Adepoju Aderanti 18. Migration Partnerships And The Role Of Public Private Partnerships: The Nigeria Switzerland Migration Partnership Amanda Bisong PART VII: LATIN AMERICA 19. Intra-Regional Mobility in South America: The Andean Community and MERCOSUR Natalia Bernal, Maria Angelica Prada and Rene Fernando Uruena Hernandez 20. Challenges and Features of Migration and Trade Policies towards Latin America Cesla Amarelle and Elisa Fornale 21. Comparative Analysis of Migration and Development Policies in Latin America: Joint Reflections on their Impact on Highly Skilled Mobility and Diaspora Caroline Caplan, Marion Panizzon and Elisa Fornale


The nonlinear propagation of ultrasound in medical imaging has recently been exploited to improve image resolution and remove nearfield artifacts generated by overlying tissue structures. The images are formed using the second harmonic energy generated by nonlinear propagation. This propagation can be modeled using the KZK wave equation. The authors present an analytical solution to the KZK equation for a circular piston transducer. The solution is based on the method of slowly changing wave profile and is valid for moderate nonlinearity. The resulting analytical solution provides an easy way to estimate the generation of harmonics in the radiation pattern. Excellent agreement was found between the analytical predictions and experimental results.


At a time when Pacific environmental and cultural heritage is facing growing risks while at the same time becoming an object of debate on the international scene, Donaldson's book is most useful. I...


The dimethyl fumarate is synthesized by onestep from maleic anhydrid and methanol in the presence of mixed catalyst.The optimum conditions were as follows:a mixture of 0.5 g ferric chloride,1.0 ml sulfuric acid,2.0 ml phosphoric acid,1.0 g sulfourea and 1.0 g natrium brominates,4 g maleic anhydride with methanol was refluxed for 2 h. The yield of product can reach 88% with 99% purity.The method has advantages of simple operation and short reaction time.


PURPOSE: To produce a temperature-sensitive bacterium that is useful for externalization of a desired product by using a certain kind of DNA molecule. CONSTITUTION: The temperature-sensitive bacterium is produced by transforming a bacterium with (i) a selection marker of the gene encoding a selectable character, (ii) λ prophage DNA sequence that has the gene encoding functional lysozyme, bears the functional N, Q, S and R genes, lacks in the gene between No. 58 and No. 71 positions in the gene map and loses the functions of the O and P genes because of their mutation, and (iii) the DNA fragment of the flanking sequence homologic to the adjacent sequence in the chromosome of the host cell causing the recombination between the fragment and the chromosome of the host cell. COPYRIGHT: (C)1995,JPO


The temperature distribution in a rotor of a single centrifuge should be investigated to improve the centrifuge performance. A gas centrifuge rotor made of two layers of materials was analyzed using the finite element method with isoparametric quadrilateral elements with four nodes. The numerical analysis was used to predict the centrifuge rotor temperature field for different conditions for two dimensional axially symmetrical steady state condition. The results are compared with experimental data.


Objective To investigate the effect of trimetazine on vascular endothelial function in patients with coronary heart disease.Methods Fifty eight patients with coronary heart disease were divided into trimetazine group(n=30) and control group(n=28).With high resolution ultrasound,flow-mediated dilation(FMD) and nitroglycerin-mediated dilation(NMD),intima-media thickness(IMT) and the change rates of FMD and NMD,velocity of systolic phase of the brachial artery were measured in control group and trimetazine group.Results The FMD,NMD,the change rates of IMT with flow-mediated and nitroglycerinmediated,velocity of systolic phase,resistent index(RI) of the brachial artery in trimetazine group and control group had no differences before treatment(P 0.05).The FMD and NMD,IMT,the change rates of IMT with flow-induced and nitroglycerin-induced,velocity of systolic phase and RI in trimetazine group were significantly higher than those in control group after treatment(P0.05),but the IMT was lower than that in control group(P0.05).Conclusion Trimetazine can improve the vascular endothelial function of coronary heart disease.It can relieve the damage of endotheliocytes,and revival the function of endotheliocytes.


A series of lithium, sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts were investigated by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 1,3-dimethylethyleneurea, a relatively new non-aqueous solvent of high polarity and moderately high dielectric constant. The salts were found to shift the solvent proton peaks linearly as a function of salt concentration. Thiosulfate, perchlorate, and iodide salts shifted the solvent peaks downfield while tetraphenylborate salts uniquely shifted the peaks upfield indicating an unusual type of solvation behavior for the tetraphenylborates in this solvent.


Karl Popper,the famous British historical philosopher,puts forward the theory of falsity-proving standard,which serves as a standard for differentiating the scientific from the non-scientific,has become the philosophical cornerstone in his historical methodology.Based on this,Popper adopts conjectures and refutations as the research method in history,namely,the question-condition analyzing method.He also makes a contrastive study of his method and the subjective-reenacting method by R.G.Collingwood.Additionally,Popper applies"the error-trial method"in natural science to the historical research,which results in the theory of"fragmentary engineering".As to the"historical causal relation",Popper advocates an explanation by considering both general rules and initial conditions.


209 Vitreoretinal surgery has experienced an explosion of advances in the last decade and a half. New advances in pars plana vitrectomy systems including small‐gauge instrumentation have provided many potential benefits to patients and surgeons. These include more efficient surgery; decreased postoperative inflammation leading to less pain and more patient comfort; improved cosmetic appearance following surgery; decreased astigmatic changes; and more rapid visual recovery. Pharmacotherapy and chromovitrectomy have facilitated pars plana vitrectomy and peeling of membranes. Better visualization with better microscopes and optics is also available. Advances and technology continue to add to the explosion of possibilities available in our armamentarium. Spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) is a rapid, noncontact and noninvasive method of imaging intraocular tissues that has significantly contributed to the understanding, diagnosis, preoperative evaluation, and follow‐up of macular diseases. SD‐OCT has become the gold standard to evaluate these patients before and after surgery. In this issue of JOVR, Riazi‐Esfahani et al[1] report a very timely and well written study titled "Macular Surgery Using Intraoperative Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography". In this retrospective case series on patients who underwent macular surgery with concurrent intraoperative SD‐OCT for full thickness macular hole (MH), vitreomacular traction (VMT) or epiretinal membrane (ERM), the authors wished to evaluate intraoperative SD‐OCT for detecting anatomical changes during macular surgery. Intraoperative use of SD‐OCT for macular surgery may provide the surgeon with immediate information about anatomical changes during surgery, such as the presence of subretinal fluid, fluid dynamics, traction and amount of surgical trauma.[2] The literature on the intraoperative use of SD‐OCT in retinal surgeries is quite scarce with very few cases reported.[3,4] To the best of my knowledge, Riazi‐Esfahani et al[1] report the largest series to date of patients undergoing concurrent pars plana vitrectomy and intra‐operative SD‐OCT. Intraoperative Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography; Its Time has Come


Establishing strong electron-correlations not only shed lights on overcoming the trade-off limitations for optimizing thermoelectric materials, but can also introduce new functionalities that extend the vision of conventional thermoelectric applications. Here, we demonstrate that the high thermoelectric and thermistor functionalities coexist in lattice distorted SrNbxTi1-xO3 films with electron correlations between carriers and ordering aligned lattice dipoles. As-grown SrNbxTi1-xO3/SrTiO3 with effectively preserved interfacial strains exhibits cross-plane charge ordering and orbital anisotropy, as indicated by the polarization dependent near edge X-ray absorption fine structures. The resultant coulomb-correlations regulate the carrier transport and enhance the Seebeck coefficient more independently via enlarging the system vibration entropy. As-achieved maximum thermoelectric power factor exceeds 100 uWcm-1K-2 measured in the bulk performance of SrNb0.2Ti0.8O3 (2.2 um)/SrTiO3 (100 um), which is comparable to the best thermoelectric materials for low temperature applications. In addition, the strong temperature dependence of the carrier scattering aroused by the lattice dipoles introduces a positive temperature dependent thermistor transportation behavior with large temperature coefficient of resistance ranging from 30 to 300 K, which is rarely seen in conventional thermistors. Combining both functionalities largely extend the horizon in exploring new Joule sensors for detection of temperature and thermal perturbations across a broad temperature range.


Two magnetless double-rotor (DR) dual-mode machines, namely the DR DC-excited multi-tooth switched reluctance (DR-DC- MSR) machine and the DR ∞ux-switching DC (DR-FS-DC) machine, are proposed for special direct-drive applications where two rotating bodies are required to operate independently. Both machines can ofier two difierent operation modes, namely the doubly-salient DC (DSDC) mode and MSR mode, normal and fault-tolerant operations, respectively. With the independent armature windings, both machines are able to couple their two rotors with two rotating bodies operating at various speeds. The proposed machines are designed and analyzed by using the time-stepping flnite element method (TS-FEM). The simulation results conflrm the validity of the proposed machines.


1. Network electromagnetic signal detector comprising: an electromagnetic signal detector; transmitting unit that transmits data to the server based on the electromagnetic signal detector detects said electromagnetic signal; receiving unit receiving from said server a preliminary calculation of danger level when such a preliminary calculation is based for analyzing data collected from the at least one electromagnetic signal detector network, and the geographical position related a network with a detector of the electromagnetic signal; ipolzovatelskogo interface for transmitting user ukazannogopredvaritelnogo calculating said detector of electromagnetic signala.2. Network electromagnetic signal detector of claim 1, wherein said electromagnetic signal comprises a radio wave and light volny.3. Network electromagnetic signal detector of claim 1, wherein said transmitting module and receiving module are components interfeysa.4 network. Network electromagnetic signal detector of claim 1, wherein said data consist of information regarding at least one of the following: geographic location, speed, and acceleration of the vehicle, which uses electromagnetic signala.5 said detector. Network electromagnetic signal detector of claim 1, wherein said data consist of information regarding at least one of the following factors: the direction, the time stamp and the time interval for a vehicle, which uses yk


Pneumonia is a potentially fatal bacterial or viral lung infection. The detection of pneumonia anomalies in the early lungs, can save the life of a child or an old lady, especially, in the early moments;These divergences have a very minimal size.In this paper we propose a new architecture based on ResNet 50, we project the adjusted Resnet50 model, based on medical images of the chest to bring out the infected examples with pneumonia. The result predicted are very interesting (97, 65 %) by comparing them with several prior scientific researches and radiologists hope.


In order to improve the efficiency of prevention and control of avian influenza, this paper collected and analyzed the occurrence status and characteristics of avian influenza in China during 2004-2014. The results showed that the numbers of avian influenza outbreak, poultry disease and culling decreased to zero year by year from2004 to 2010, but rebounded slightly after 2010. Most of the avian influenza viruses were H5N1 which was known as highly pathogenic avian influenza. Numbers of avian influenza outbreak in west China were the most, Xinjiang,Guangdong and Xizang were the regions where avian influenza outbroke most frequently, danger of each avian influenza outbreak in Yunnan and Guizhou was greater. Chicken had the highest susceptibility. Most of the avian influenza occurred in the winter and early spring. The propagation path of avian influenza in a year started from the Southwest to the East, then to the South and then to the North and Central China. At last, relevant policy suggestions to prevent and control avian influenza were put forward.


Objective:Through studying the changing of AQP-4 expression of injured section of spinal cord,the mechanism of molecular biology of water transportion is to be probed into.Methods:Using the method of immunohistochemistry to Label the expression of AQP-4 in spinal cord of rats and using image analysis system to estimate average degree of spectrum absorption of male area,And analysing.Results: The expression of AQP-4 is significant more in spinal pia mater and around of Spinal cord central canal and around of Gray Matter blood vessel than central of Gray Matter and white matter.It is no difference in spinal pia mater and around of Spinal cord central canal and around of Gray Matter blood vessel.Conclusions: It is of polarity distribution of AQP-4 in spinal cord in rats,And AQP-4 Concentrate in such spot of close relation with water transportion.Such is molecular biology Dissection of water transportion.


Drought is one of the main environmental factors that limit plant development and growth. Accordingly, plants have evolved strategies to prevent water loss under drought stress, such as stomatal closure, maintenance of root water uptake, enhance of stem water transport, synthesis and deposition of cuticular wax. However, the molecular evidence of cuticular wax biosynthesis regulation in response to drought is limited in woody plants. Here, we identified a MYB transcription factor PtoMYB142 in response to drought stress from Populus tomentosa. Over-expression of PtoMYB142 (PtoMYB142-OE) resulted in increased wax accumulation in poplar leaves, and significantly enhanced drought resistance. We found that the expression of wax biosynthesis genes CER4 and KCS were markedly induced under drought stress, and significantly up-regulated in PtoMYB142-OE lines. Biochemical analysis confirmed that PtoMYB142 could directly bind to the promoter of CER4 and KCS6, and regulate their expression in P. tomentosa. Taken together, this study reveals that a P. tomentosa MYB transcription factor (PtoMYB142) regulates cuticular wax biosynthesis to adapt water deficit conditions.


This manuscript describes experiments to evaluate the impact of modifying how analysis increments of the surface skin temperature are represented within a 4D-Var data assimilation system for numerical weather prediction (NWP). The previous approach, used in the operational system up until now, uses a skin temperature variable for the analysis increments that is independent for each instrument and each observation location and time. That is, the background error correlation between the skin temperature at different locations/times and between different satellite instruments is assumed to be zero. In the new approach, a pair of 2D time-dependent gridded fields of skin temperature (one for microwave sensors and one for infrared sensors) is used to compute the skin temperature increments when assimilating observations from all instruments. These fields are assumed to have both spatial and temporal background-error correlations that are non-zero. Simultaneously, the specified background-error standard deviation is modified in the new approach, with one notable change being the reduction in the value over sea ice.


The high luminosity, high polarization electron-ion collider (EIC) will provide great opportunities in nuclear physics study. In order to maintain high polarization, the electron beam will be replaced every few minutes during the collider operation. This frequent replacement of electron beams can affect proton beam quality during the collision. In this paper, we report on the study of the transient effect of electron beam replacement on proton beam emittance growth through strong-strong beam-beam simulation. The effects of electron beam injection imperfection will be included in the study.


With the extensive use of power electronics in modern HEVs comes the need for efficient methods of condition monitoring and fault diagnosis to ensure the reliability of the electrical power system. This paper addresses sensor faults in a DC/DC power converter system interfacing the main energy storage unit and the AC drive in a hybrid electric vehicle. A residual-based fault diagnosis system that detects and localizes sensor faults in the examined system is designed. The proposed scheme extends the classic Kalman-based detection filter commonly used in linear time-invariant systems to a piecewise switched filter suitable for switched linear systems as those encountered in power electronics. Residuals of measured signals are generated by employing a bank of switched Kalman filters on a stochastic model of the converter. The generalized likelihood ratio test is then used as a statistical change detection method to evaluate the residuals and generate a detection function which is compared with a decision threshold to detect the occurrence of a sensor fault.


Microporous materials have a wide application foreground and have been applied in many fields due to the unique micro-structure with special properties.The special properties and the applications of porous materials are reviewed,and the common classification of porous materials is introduced.Principally,the preparation methods of the microporous materials which include molecular sieve materials,micro-porous ceramics,microcellular foam and microporous films are summarized.


The article views the Chuvash book structure of the period before the October 1917. The authors point out the Chuvash, Russian and Foreign layers. This approach views to organize the knowledge about the Chuvash book in the harmonious (well-composed) system.


Analysis of Confucians' and Taoists' different understandings and pursuit of "Tao" not only aims at its philosophical and political thought,but also its aesthetical thought,because to a mature and influential cultural thought,the implied theories about morality,humanity,beauty,literature and art,and so on are closely interwoven,not to mention the profound aesthetical implications intrinsic in ancient Chinese Taoist theory.In the light of the above view,the writer of this article holds that "Tao" is an important category in classical Chinese aesthetics.Clarifying the differences and aesthetical features of Confucianism and Taoism is very beneficial to understanding the essence of Chinese aesthetics and its relevant categories.


Shippers of international container inland segment from Yiwu to Ningbo are taken as research object, attributes of transportation chains, shippers and cargoes are then selected to construct transportation chain utility function, after that, shippers'freight choice data which are collected by stated preference investigation are used to analyze choice mechanism. MNL model (Multinomial Logit) and threshold models including MNLS model (MNL put forwarded by Swait) and CMNL model (Constrained MNL) are compared on parameter estimation results and interpretation capability of choice behavior. Results show that transportation chain time, cost, time threshold and enterprise scale of shipper play an critical role in choosing freight service, meanwhile introducing time threshold can improve the accuracy of model effectively, while ignoring the time threshold will lead to biased value of time; when railway transportation chain time is far from or near to time threshold requirement, ignoring time threshold will underestimate or overestimate the


Introduction: For people whose chronic condition results in an acute episode requiring treatment at a hospital, the development of an effective care plan is complicated by the segregation of service providers in Australia's complex multi layered health system. As with most complex systems, the incentive structure is a key driver of behaviour. Changes to the mix of incentives can produce desired results or unintended consequences, as such, there is considerable interest in the use of incentives to influence the provision of services and outcomes for people with chronic conditions. However, in order to frame potential changes, an evaluation of the interactions between the current suite of incentives (particularly government funding) is required to better understand the nature of the problem. This research explores the impact of incentives upon integration for patients with chronic conditions. Methods: This research explores the use of incentives to deliver integrated care through two indepth case studies of current health care policies. Case study 1 considers the impact of the incentives created through the Intergovernmental Agreement on Federal Financial Funding Framework. Case study 2 examines incentives deriving from policies developed by regional health service organisations (local health districts and Medicare Locals). The case studies were conducted through document review, key system informant interviews and conceptual analysis. Results: The results indicate that interactions between the funding models applied at the macro, meso and micro levels influence the ability for providers to collaborate. The researcher found discrepancies between the extrinsic incentive structure and the agreed objectives, outcomes, roles and responsibilities contained within the policies relating to chronic disease, integration and patient centred care. The discrepancies encourage various incentives to compete with each other, undermining the ability for service providers to integrate. Discussion: Financial incentives have been shown to be successful in changing behaviours within the health sector workforce. The lack of coherence in the incentive structures found within the current health system could be inadvertent, but could also reflect the ideological tension between government desire to intervene to influence groups of people (e.g. service providers or patients with chronic conditions), and a growing trend towards deregulation and a less prescriptive, more outcome focused government role. The paper finishes with a discussion around options to improve integration and patient centred care for people with chronic conditions through incentive design. It World Congress on Integrated Care 2014, Sydney, November 23-26, 2014. International Journal of Integrated Care – Volume 14, 8 December – URN:NBN:NL:UI:10-1-116680– http://www.ijic.org/ challenges our current methods of engaging with people and patients with a view to improving outcomes. Suggestion for future research: The evidence in this paper has serious methodological limitations and is not generalizable, and whilst it presents a picture of the impact of the funding models (incentives) upon care for people with chronic conditions, the nature of the subject is broad and the paper is not able to be definitive. Further analysis of the impact of incentive design to elicit behaviour change for people, patients and providers may provoke further options worth exploring.


T he purpose of this study is to improve the process skills and mastery of students' knowledge in linear program material through the improve method in class XI IPA 4 SMA Negeri 1 Pandaan. This research is a classroom action research (CAR) with the Kemmis and McTaggart models, through two stages: (1) the initial observation stage (pre-action); and (2) the implementation phase of the action. Data instruments used were (1) an observation sheet to assess students 'learning process skills, and (2) written test questions sheets in the form of a post test to conduct an assessment of the mastery of students' learning outcomes. The data analysis technique used is the triangulation technique. The results showed there was a significant increase in the learning process skills and the mastery of students' learning outcomes knowledge. Based on the results of these achievements, it is necessary to take alternative actions in implementing appropriate and effective improve methods.


The computation minimization which is associated with neurofuzzy models and controllers may be installed in industrial programmable Logic controllers (PLC). The implementation of thermal sterilization is both model and control in order to validate the pilot plant of water canned industry. Volume control in beverage manufacturing companies requires that a certain measured volume be filled into specific container sizes to conform to already predetermined standard to ensure competitiveness in the industry. However, most industry does not have accurate and reliable monitoring mechanism capable of sensing when the canned bottles are not properly filled. This operational failure can be overcome by designing a model that will monitor and control the filling process thereby improving volume control in water canning industry using feedback Neuro-fuzzy control. MATLAB Software was used to carry out simulations to develop volume control in water canning industry with aims of improving operational mechanism of industry. The result of the research revealed the empirical data collected in Rancor Nig. Ltd., Enugu, Nigeria and feedback Neurofuzzy. This ANN model can then be trained with values generated from an already existing mathematical model to be able to monitor and control the filling of the cans. The result showed that volume control in water canning industry with and without feedback Neuro-fuzzy were 63cl and 50cl respectively. The volume increased by 13cl. With these results, it shows that using feedback Neuro-fuzzy gives a better result in terms of filling to the required volume of the bottle than when feedback Neuro-fuzzy is not used.


Introduction. Neva River is the source of water supply of St. Petersburg. The physical and chemical properties of its water are unstable. Therefore, due to corrosion in distribution networks of both cold and hot water supply it is not always possible to provide the consumers with high-quality water, particularly in terms of organoleptic indicators and content of iron. Russian housing market now includes a considerable share of comfort class estate characterized by low water intake and considerable breaks in water consumption. Thus, the beginning of consumption demonstrates such quality of cold, and especially hot, water that does not meet the organoleptic requirements of Sanitary Regulations and Norms (SanPiN 126.96.36.1994-02). Methods. The paper provides data on stabilization processing of tap water by filtering through the fractioned natural materials: calcite, dolomite and sorbent of «MS»; technological schemes of installations of tertiary treatment and possible structure of their equipment and technical characteristics. The study presents test results and water samples for hot water distribution in house networks of two different designs: one with polypropylene pipes and partial use of carbon steel fittings and connecting elements and the other one built completely from corrosion-resistant materials. Results. Improvement of quality of cold and hot water in apartment houses is possible by application of local installations of tertiary treatment of cold and hot water and use in the parting networks of pipelines of polymeric materials, shut-off and control valves, connecting elements of polymeric materials and alloys of non-ferrous metals.


INTRODUCTION This document presents the key findings of the impact study of Amnesty International's Still Separate, Still Unequal campaign, which aimed to reduce the segregation of Romani children in Slovakia and to increase their access to a quality education. Launched in November 2007, the campaign was implemented in three phases and is currently under way. This impact study covers the first two phases of the campaign, which took place between 2007 and 2010.


East China Sea is an important part of West Pacific Tectonic Zone and a window to discuss the formation and evolution of west edge of the Pacific Ocean.Upward continuation has been used as a common method to process original gravity anomaly through strengthening deep anomaly and weakening local anomaly and it's important to deep structure research.Wavelet analysis is an effective tool to separate gravity and magnetic fields and it can not only extract deep anomaly but also separate regional and local anomalies.Based on the new Bouguer gravity anomaly data of East China Sea and adjacent regions,upward continuation and wavelet analysis methods were utilized in the present study.Bouguer anomaly results of 20 km upward and the 4th order wavelet approximation were compared and buried Moho depth was calculated and the characteristics of deep structures were analyzed.Anomaly of the 4th order wavelet approximation represents Moho and the 4th order detail wavelet result represents depression and uplift of East China Sea.


Empirical research and sociological theory are inseparable for Bourdieu. In this paper I pretend to offer an analytical overview and critical appraisal of the notion of symbolic violence, less in terms of a systematic theoretical formulation and more in terms of a flexible instrument according to the specific issues of research through his work. The main hypothesis being exposed is that this concept can not be isolated from his specific researches on the symbolic domination and that it can be properly understood only in the context of his theory of practice.


: Synergic e ff ects between ancillary N-hetero-cyclic carbenes [(1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-1,3-imidazo-line-2-ylidene or 1,3-bis(2,6-di iso propylphenyl)-1,3-imidazo-line-2-ylidene] and chelating benzylidene − ether ligands were investigated by studying initiation rates and kinetic pro fi les of Hoveyda − Grubbs (HG) type Ru complexes. A newly designed Ru-benzylidene-oxazinone precatalyst 4 was compared with Grela and Blechert complexes bearing modi fi ed iso propyloxy chelating leaving groups and with the standard HG complex to understand how the ancillary and the leaving ligands interact and in fl uence the catalytic activity.


ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. cytoplasmic effects, epistasis, self incompatibility, hybrid seed production, Brassicaceae ABSTRACT. Lesquerella fendleri (Gray) Wats. (lesquerella, Brassicaceae), native to the southwestern United States, is a potentially useful industrial oilseed crop. The seed oil contains hydroxy fatty acids, similar to castor ( Ricinus communis L.) seed oil. The unique properties of the oil, along with coproducts, allow additional applications that would not compete with castor oil. Plants with vestigial anthers (male-sterile) were discovered in a greenhouse-grown, nonselected population in 1993. The inheritance of the trait was investigated through four crop seasons. Crosses were made among male-sterile and male-fertile plants from an open pollinated population, thus, they were heterozygous for many traits. Statistical analysis indicated that male sterility is expressed as a result of two nonlinked nuclear genes with epistatic relations and different cytoplasms, which cause partial or total fertility restoration. These ratios fit a 13:3 epistatic ratio , indicating that male sterility is controlled by homozygous recessive alleles at one locus in combination with at least one dominant allele at the second locus, i.e., ms1ms1 Ms2_. Some cross results were skewed in favor of fertile phenotypes presumably due to cytoplasmic effects causing partial fertility restoration. Male-sterile lines could be used for hybrid development and this information will be helpful in implementing a strategy for hybrid development. Hybrid plants and higher yields will enhance the potential for commercialization of this new alternative crop. that are functional. Flowers occur indeterminately on inflores- cences. Following anthesis, seeds develop in siliques attached along the axis of the infructescence. A silique resulting from pollination of a single flower may contain up to 32 seeds. Seed yield from lesquerella is determined by the number of siliques, the number of seeds per silique, and the individual seed weight. A sporophytic multiple allelic incompatibility system occurs in some Lesquerella S. Wats. sp. (Sampson, 1958). We have observed that L. fendleri has a similar system of self-incompat- ibility (unpublished). This system insures a high degree of het- erozygosity and a high percentage of outcrossing. Self-incompat- ibility also prevents production of an F 2 generation. Under field conditions, bees, flies, and other insects pollinate flowers that occur from February until June in most low desert elevations. Male sterility has not been reported previously in any Lesquerella sp. Many related Brassica L. sp. exhibit both nuclear and cytoplasmic control of male sterility including Brassica campestris L. (Ohkawa and Shiga, 1981), mustard greens (B. juncea (L.) Czerniak), (Rawat and Anand, 1979), and oilseed rape (B. napus L.) (Yang and Fu, 1990). Cytoplasmic male sterility in many Brassica sp. is the result of specific nuclear and mitochon- drial interactions (Delourme and Budar, 1999). Both nuclear and cytoplasmic male sterility have been re- ported for oilseed rape. Two genes at two loci, designated Ms1 and Ms2, interact so that male sterility occurs when plants are either homozygous or heterozygous for the dominant allele at one locus and homozygous for the recessive allele at the other, indicating dominance epistasis at the Ms2 locus over the Ms1 locus (Li et al., 1988). In another study by Thompson (1972), a dominant cytoplasmic gene was found to restore fertility. Several male-sterile cytoplasmic restorers have been discovered in oil- seed rape as a potential pollination control system for production of commercial quantities of hybrid seed.