AIM:To investigate the effect and mechanism of liver ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)injury on the changes of cardiac energy metabolism and structure.METHODS:48 healthy Wistar male rats were randomly divided into 6 groups as follows(n=8 in each group):control group(CTL),simply ischemia for 30 min without reperfusion(I group);reperfusion following ischemia for 30 min(I/R group);2 h reperfusion following ischemia for 30 min(I/R 2 h group);4 h reperfusion following ischemia for 30 min(I/R 4 h group)and 6 h reperfusion following ischemia for 30 min(I/R 6 h group).The level of serum endotoxin was measured.The levels of insulin and insulin antibody in heart were detected by radioimmunoassay.The contents of MDA,MPO and lactic acid in heart were also determined.RESULTS:During the process of liver I/R injury,the level of endotoxin increased in I group and I/R group and declined gradually for long time during reperfusion,but was still longer than that in CTL group(P0.05).The level of MDA obviously increased in I group and in all reperfusion groups compared to CTL(P0.05).The obvious significant differences among I/R 2 h group,I/R 4 h group,I/R 6 h group with CTL were observed(P0.05).The activities of MPO obviously increased in all reperfusion groups,there was also an obvious significant difference compared with CTL and I group(P0.05).The level of lactic acid obviously increased with prolongation in reperfusion(P0.05),but decreased in I/R 6 h group(P0.05).The level of insulin decreased in I/R 4 h group and I/R 6 h group(P0.05).No difference of insulin antibody was observed among all groups(P0.05).CONCLUSION:During the process of liver I/R injury,endotoxin is absorbed from intestine and impairment of liver detoxication leads to endotoxemia,which might play a role in the changes of the energy metabolism and structure in heart.


On Absheron gray-brown soils, studies were carried out using various doses of copper microelement against the background of macrofertilizers on the productivity and quality of innab fruits. The results of laboratory analyses showed that Absheron's gray-brown soils are poorly provided with forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and copper microelement and potassium medium. The microelement copper was carried out under the innab culture against a background N100P40K70 in 3 doses. The results of the studies showed that the highest productivity increase (3.2 s/ha or 11.2%) and fruit quality (vitamin "C" 635mg/%, sugar 32.5%, acidity 0.57% and microelement content: Cu-28.3-Zn-30.5.0mg/kg,) the innab plant is observed in the version with copper application at the rate of 2.0 kg per ha. Key words:macrofertilizer, microelement, gray-brown soil, innab, productivity, quality


Objective To screen the proteins that are related to the sensitivity or resistance of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer and to provide molecular basis on the prediction model.Methods 10 patients were included in this study,who received neo-adjuvant taxane and anthracyclinebased chemotherapy,total protein was extracted from core needle biopsy samples of which 5 were sensitive to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and 5 were resistant to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy.The sensitivity criterion was based on Miller & Payne grading,grade 4 and grade 5 were considered as sensitive,grade 1 and grade 2 were considered as resistant.Protein profiling was analyzed by antibody microarray,then screening of sensitive and resistant related proteins and clustering analysis were conducted.Results Core needle biopsy can provide sufficient protein to conduct the antibody microarray analysis,61 differentially expressed proteins were identified,10 patients were grouped as sensitive or resistant to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy by clustering analysis with an accuracy of 100%.Conclusion Molecular subtype of breast cancer based on proteomic analysis has a potential value to predict the sensitivity to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy.

Key words:
Breast neopalsms; Protein array analysis; Antineoplastic combined chemotherapy protocols


In this paper, a new authentication mechanism is proposed, which reverses the protocol validation process into biometrics recognition to resolve uncertainty in the biometric data under the conditions of the inherent fault-tolerance in a variety of biometric technologies. The new signature scheme presented in this paper is based on the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP) and large integer factorization that gives public key recovery. It combines an identity-based signature scheme and a signature scheme based on elliptic curve giving message recovery. Using the challenge-response mechanism, it can resist eavesdropping and replay attacks on the network. Finally, we analyze the security of our presented scheme.


Features of core sampling process and pressure coring in different geological and technical conditions are considered. Results of core sampling development by the insulating sampler are described. High efficiency of pressure coring set testing is shown.


Motivated by a functional property of the Riemann zeta function, we consider a new form of the mollified function in the Levinson-Conrey method. As an application, we give the following slight improvement of Feng's result: assuming Feng's condition on the lengths of the mollifier at least 41.2948% of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function are on the critical line. The construction may lead to further improvements as one increases the number of terms in Feng's mollifier.


Political evolution is the ultimate objective of all political systems. Political development is the enemy of progress in several domains, as well as the syndrome of difference, equality, and mass ability creation. There is a substantial positive association between a country's national and socioeconomic circumstances and its political growth. This includes the GDP growth rate and the urbanization rate, mass mobilization and engagement, educational growth, and democratic principles. Since its birth, Pakistan has been on a path of political growth and has seen several social transformations and a modernization drive in its society. Pakistan has reached a modest rate of growth, and its society is in a transitional phase between a traditional agricultural civilization and an industrialized one. Although the development process is gradual, it is rather stable with few setbacks. The rapid expansion of information technology and increased communication platforms have ushered in new developments and modernization movements in society. In this paper, we will explore if there is any correlation between political development and social conditions in Pakistan.


Since 1990, City of Seoul have enforced a policy which encourages a supply of mixed use apartment to solve the problems such as shortage of housing land, urban cavitation and traffic etc. So the city tried to develop easily the mixed use apartment with architectural permit only in commercial district and after 1994, permitted the mixed use apartment to the semi-residential district expanding the residential rate to 90%. It contributed the supply of mixed use apartment to some extent. However this kind of indiscretion supply might raise another urban issues unintentionally at borderland. So we are focusing on the architectural elements of borderland around to analyze a characteristics of urban location to mixed use apartment complex. With the analysis, it especially shows a shortage of infrastructure at small complex which are under 100 units and the small compelex has been intensively developed to the crowded housing area. This is not the original purpose of the city and it might obstruct the complex and urban function. It is very important to support the supply policy of mixed use apartment with proper solutions which can recover the urban and residential function.


The Mediterranean Sea is considered a hot spot of global warming because it has been changing faster than the global ocean, creating a strong impact on the marine environment. Recent studies agree on the increase in the sea level, in the sea surface temperature, and in the sea surface salinity in the Mediterranean Sea over the last two decades. In this research, the possible interconnection between these and other parameters that contribute to the regulatory effect of the sea on the climate are identified and discussed. Spatio-temporal variability of four oceanographic and air–sea interaction parameters (sea-level, sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, and freshwater flux) are estimated over the last 27 years by performing the empirical orthogonal function analysis. Climatic trends, and interannual and decadal variability of the different datasets are delineated and described in the whole Mediterranean and in its sub-basins. On the climatic scale, the Mediterranean and its sub-basins behave in a coherent way, showing the seal level, temperature, salinity, and freshwater flux rise. On the interannual scale, the temporal evolution of the sea level and sea surface temperature are highly correlated, whereas freshwater flux affects the variability of sea level, temperature, and the salinity field mainly in the Western and Central Mediterranean. The decadal signal associated with the Northern Ionian Gyre circulation reversals is clearly identified in three of the four parameters considered, with different intensities and geographical extents. This signal also affects the intermediate layer of the Eastern Mediterranean, from where it is advected to the other sub-basins. Decadal signal not associated with the Northern Ionian Gyre reversals is strongly related to the variability of main sub-basin scale local structures.


In a recent work Malkiewich and Merling proposed a definition of the equivariant $K$-theory of spaces for spaces equipped with an action of a finite group. We show that the fixed points of this spectrum admit a tom Dieck-type splitting. We also show that this splitting is compatible with the splitting of the equivariant suspension spectrum. The first of these results has been obtained independently by John Rognes.


Abstract Covid 19 pandemic taught us many lessons. Wearing mask becomes an essential to save our lives. At the same time, management of mask wastages is becoming threat to the environment as they release harmful dyes and fibres. Here in this work we attempt to degrade the mask dyes from the surface of the mask using nano metal oxide based silicate photo catalysts. Two nanocomposites PbO-SiO2 and TiO2-SiO2 were studied on the degradation of coloured mask. The percentage degradation was found to be more than 90%. The results are encouraging so that the proposed catalysts can be used for coating on the masks or used as photo catalyst to degrade the used masks.


Echidnas exhibit polymorphism in their haemoglobins. The minor component in animals from the mainland of Australia is Hb-IIA, which can be identified by electrophoretic migration rate and separated by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. This minor component has IX- and fi-globin chains which were only partially separated by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose columns. By tryptic digestion of the partially purified chains, followed by fractionation by paper ionophoresis and chromatography, the component pep tides from the IX- and fi-chains were isolated and their amino acid sequences determined.


Unitary representations of diffeomorphism groups predict some unusual possibilities in quantum theory, including non-standard statistics and certain nonlinear effects. Many of the fundamental physical properties of "anyons" were first derived from their study by R. Menikoff, D.H. Sharp, and the author. This paper surveys new applications in two other domains: first (with Menikoff and Sharp) some surprising conclusions about the nature of quantum vortex configurations in ideal, incompressible fluids; second (with H.-D. Doebner) a natural description of dissipative quantum mechanics by means of a nonlinear Schrodinger equation different from the sort usually studied. Our equation follows from including a diffusion current in the equation of continuity.


Numerical simulations of geotechnical problems related to the maritime engineering require robust and e cient tools dealing with the coupled analysis of solid deformation and pore uid behaviour. In the paper two FE-solutions of the problem are presented: u− p and u−p−w. These methods use di erent equations (PDE of di erent order) for the physical problem and di erent FE discretizations. The general versions of the both problems contain nonlinear convective terms. In the presented calculations these terms are neglected. The implementation of the u− p−w requires several modi cations which can ease the de nition of the boundary conditions. Some results of the numerical calculations for di erent formulations will be presented in the accompanying lecture. The Mathematica script les used for the calculations will be available from the web page of the rst author.


Artery and vein (AV) classification of retinal images is a key to necessary tasks, such as automated measurement of arteriolar-to-venular diameter ratio (AVR). This paper comprehensively reviews the state-of-the art in AV classification methods. To improve on previous methods, a new Local Bi- nary Pattern-based method (LBP) is proposed. Beside its simplicity, LBP is robust against low contrast and low quality fundus images; and it helps the process by including additional AV texture and shape information. Experimental results compare the performance of the new method with the state-of-the art; and also methods with different feature extraction and classification schemas.


Scale invariant feature extraction (SIFT) has been proven to be the most robust technique for object detection. The features are invariant to image scale and rotation and are shown to provide good matching across a substantial range of affine distortion, addition of noise, change in 3D viewpoint and change in illumination. Implementing SIFT onto an image will produce a large values of data (key points) that represent the magnitude of the local gradient with respect to its orientation. We introduce a new technique using SIFT to classify our target object, narrow and broad weed for weeding strategy in oil palm plantation. The SIFT for classification technique (SIFT-C) was derived at magnitude and orientation histogram of local descriptor and its feature vector has been extracted and used as an input for classifier design. Linear discriminant system was used as a classification tools to determine the linear equation of classifier system. The classification result shows that narrow and broad weed were successfully identified with an average of correct classification rate of above 97%.


The present invention discloses a method for adopting the limonite and the siderite to produce iron powder and a reduction roaster. The material adopts the limonite and the siderite or the specularite, the hematite, and the sulphuric acid slag, the inclined rotary reduction roaster is used, the pressure of the furnace chamber is 250 to 350 Pa, under the deoxidizing atmosphere, the inert solid is rotated and moved to 650 to 900 DEG C from the low temperature, and is cooled and magnetized, and lastly become the iron powder through the dressing by magnetic separation. The present invention is adopted to produce the iron powder, the resources is rich and the production cost is low, and through the utilization of the powder metallurgy art, the iron content of the iron powder is controlled and the activation energy of the iron powder is reduced, and the chemical reaction ability is increased, thereby the output of iron powder is high, the quality is good, the iron powder is loose and porous, the specific surface is big, the apparent density is large, the manufacture cost of pellets sinter and steel smelting can be reduced greatly, and the iron powder can use directly to produce iron oxide red as well as H and N synthetic iron catalyst, or produce ultrapure iron powder.


The power output of the piles is being restricted primarily by three important limitations; those due to graphite temperatures, slug and tube corrosion and maximum power per tube or ``boiling disease.`` The purpose of this document is to present means for increasing very appreciably the ``boiling disease`` limits. In addition, means for alleviating the corrosion limitations will be discussed.


Highlights

 Technoeconomic analysis helps increase understanding of the potential of shrub willow debarking and provide assessment of economic opportunities.

 Harvest and transport costs are increased by debarking and account for more than 50% of total costs.

 The fraction of clean wood material is higher when shrub willow is harvested during the dormant season.

 Energy to break the wood-bark bond is almost five times higher in the dormant season than the growing season.

 High yield of willow biomass, high wood fraction, and high field capacity have a positive influence on profitability.

 Abstract. A technoeconomic model was developed for integrated debarking/harvesting of shrub willow that assesses the costs associated with debarking of willow and provides a platform for estimating the minimum selling price (MSP) for separated bark material. Harvest and transport costs are influenced by the addition of a debarking process and accounts for more than 50% of the total costs of willow production. The estimated MSP for bark material is $24.53 Mg-1 when the willow biomass is harvested in the dormant season and rises to $28.65 Mg-1 when harvested during growing season. The fraction of clean wood material recovered during the dormant season harvest averaged to 72% compared to 66% in the growing season (for shrub willow cultivars in this study). Increasing the field size from 10 to 50 ha decreases MSP of bark by 47%. High yield (~26 Mg ha-1) creates a condition in which a producer can be profitable by selling clean wood material only (with positive NPV). Likewise, sensitivity analysis shows that under the conditions modeled in this study, shrub willow varieties with high wood fraction have a lower MSP for bark material; MSP for bark material approaches zero when the fraction of wood rises to 86.6%. Keywords: Biomass, Debarking, Shrub willow, Techno-economic analysis.


The 3D of the shell part injection mould was designed by Pro/E,which realized the combination of intellectualized software and practical design.Through analyzing the structure and character of the shell part,the general structure designing project of injection mould were determined.The design process and the working principle were analyzed in detail.The design method of this injection mould could be used to the other similar injection moulds.


Excerpt To the editor:N-acetylprocainamide (acecainide; NAPA) is the principal metabolite of procainamide. We report a case ofN-acetylprocainamide-induced torsade de pointes that was resistant to o...


Recovery vehicles,as important support equipment both for daily military training and army operations,are on the list of major models military vehicles to be developed in the future.Foreign military recovery vehicles are provided with advanced technology and of excellent performance.We introduced the status quo of foreign military recovery vehicles,analyzed their traits of performance and technology,and summarized their developing trend.Such a study can provide references for the development of recovery vehicles in our country.


This paper presents a design optimization study of a main engine driven roof top bus air conditioning system using a thermo economic approach. The design optimization is conducted by investigating the effect of geometrical and operational parameters of bus air conditioner system (Compressor, Condenser and Evaporator) which have a significant influence on the performance. Two objective functions including the total exergy destruction of the system (as a thermodynamic criterion) and the total product cost of the system (as an economic criterion), have been considered. Since these objectives are conflicting, no single design will satisfy both simultaneously, a multiobjective optimization procedure is used to find optimal design values for design variables. Three scenarios including a single-objective thermodynamic optimized, a single-objective economic optimized and a multi-objective optimized are studied and compared with the base line. Detailed simulation models are typically complex and computationally demanding. An optimization algorithm requires several evaluations of such models, so response surface based metamodels for objective functions were used to save computational effort. A goal programming based optimization tool is used for multi-criteria optimization. In the case of multi-objective optimization, the Pareto frontier is generated to give guidance on the optimal trade-off on the multi objectives and aid the decision-making process for selection of the final solution. Using Multi objective optimization, 4% product cost reduction and 36% exergy reduction translating to 21% running cost reduction could be achieved simultaneously. The results have shown that the multi-objective design more acceptably satisfies generalized engineering criteria than other two single-objective optimized designs.


Some time between 86/705 and 99/717, Sahl b. 'Abd al-'Azīz wrote a letter to 'Uqba b. Muslim, conveying a message from the amīr al-mu'minīn, the caliph. The caliph, Sahl wrote, had announced that the time had come to make the pilgrimage, the ḥajj, and had exhorted all Muslims to do so. Sahl urged 'Uqba, if he was able, to join him on the pilgrimage and to bring Sahl's camels with him, bearing the costs for one camel himself.2


Driving a portion of the firing member assembly in the axial direction, to operate the surgical end effector connected to the instrument, a surgical instrument comprising a motor drive unit. Instrument, when stopped inadvertently or stuck during firing process, interacts with the firing member assembly, clinician, and is configured to retract a portion of the firing member assembly manually it may further comprise a retraction system. Surgical instrument, without physically separating the motor drive unit portion, in conjunction with the retraction system and the motor drive unit, preventing transmission to retraction force of the motor shaft caused by the retraction system includes a locking device.


The paper revisits Aizerman and Kalman conjectures for absolute stability through the lens of a novel graphical interpretation. Even though these conjectures have been proven false, such a graphical interpretation suggests natural ways to introduce additional conditions in order to obtain new valid absolute stability criteria. As an illustration, the paper proves a new absolute stability criterion obtained by the iterative application of a variation of the circle criterion


In recent years, the technical possibilities of educational technologies regarding online peer feedback have developed rapidly. However, the impact of online peer feedback activities compared to traditional offline variants has not specifically been meta-analyzed. Therefore, the aim of the current meta-analysis is to do an in-depth comparison between online versus offline peer feedback approaches. An earlier and broader meta-analysis focusing on technology-facilitated peer feedback in general, was used as a starting point. We synthesized 12 comparisons between online and offline peer feedback in higher education, from 10 different studies. Moreover, we reviewed student perceptions of online peer feedback when these were included in the studies. The results show that online peer feedback is more effective than offline peer feedback, with an effect size of 0.33. Moreover, online peer feedback is more effective when the outcome measure is competence rather than self-efficacy for skills. In addition, students are mostly positive towards online peer feedback but also list several downsides. Finally, implications for online peer feedback in teaching practice are discussed and leads are identified for further research on this topic.


We present a fourth order compact nite diierence scheme for a general three dimensional convection diiusion equation with variable coeecients on a uniform cubic grid. This high order compact diierence scheme is used to solve convection diiusion equation with boundary layers on a three dimensional nonuniform grid. We compare the computed accuracy and computational eeciency of the fourth order compact difference scheme with that of the standard central diierence scheme and the rst order upwind diierence scheme. Several convection diiusion problems are solved numerically to validate the proposed fourth order compact scheme.


The utility model relates to a hyperfiltration water purifier which comprisesa pretreatment unit, a hyperfiltration unit, a water supply sterilizing unit and a shell. The utility model is characterized in that: the entrance of the pretreatment unit is connected with the exit of the primary water pump B1 and the number one pressure tank; wherein, the entrance of the primary water pump B1 is connected with the primary water tank; the exit of the pretreatment unit is connected with the entrance of the hyperfiltration unit through pressurizing pump B2, the dense water exit of the hyperfiltration unit is connected with the water discharge tube that is out side the utility model, the fresh water exit of the hyperfiltration unit is connected with the entrance of the water storage tank whose exit is connected with the entrance of the sterilizing unit. The exit of the water supplying sterilizing unit is connected with a fresh water tank. The pretreatment unit, the hyperfiltration unit and the water supplying sterilizing unit are installed within the shell which is provided with a P L C controller within. The utility model integrates traditional separate module water processing method and has the advantages of compact structure, small area of occupancy, convenient assembly, advanced and complete method of treatment, easy controlling and high degree of automation, and therefore, can be used in various industries.


This research seeks to add a new dimension to the growing body of literature investigating disparities in sentencing outcomes. Our study used multilevel modeling techniques to incorporate legal and extralegal individual-level variables with macro-level data in an examination of the factors influencing the formal application of the criminal label when identical noncriminal sanctions are available. Results suggest that measures of police racial profiling are predictive of unfavorable plea outcomes and subsequent application of a criminal label. Findings indicated that the likelihood of receiving an unfavorable criminal plea bargain was greater for men, non-Whites, defendants with a prior arrest, defendants arrested in areas of low concentrated disadvantage, and defendants arrested in areas with high levels of racial profiling. In addition, both concentrated disadvantage and stop disparity conditioned the effect of race on plea outcome.


In seven concise chapters, Reese takes the Soviet military from the October revolution through the final collapse of the Soviet Union. Reese's focus, in keeping with his earlier work, is almost entirely on the social history of the Red Army. His focus for World War II could easily apply to the rest of the book: this chapter "is concerned primarily with the experience of war for the army as an organization and the individual participants rather than on strategy, tactics, weaponry, or great battles" (94) or operations, economics, or high politics, to add to his list. Reese covers one area well: the Soviet military's relation to society. The book is not comprehensive nor was it intended to be. That said, Reese provides an excellent survey of the Soviet army's development, beginning with the Bolsheviks' traditional socialist mistrust of standing armies and their resulting effort to create an army of a new type. From the earliest days of the civil war, the need to fight and win required compromises with ideology, and it is these compromises that form the core of his story. He follows the Soviet military through the chaos of the civil war and its constant disputes over proper organization and the use of nonrevolutionary tsarist officers and peasants to fight a revolutionary war. He continues through the Red Army's relatively successful downsizing through 1928, and its continuing disputes over the problem of political control. In keeping with his Stalin's Reluctant Soldiers (1996), he suggests the lion's share of the blame for the disasters of 1941 belongs not to the purges of 1937, the impact of which he believes has been overstated, but to the excessively rapid expansion of the late 1930s and the resulting shortage of trained officers, a situation worsened by low pay and a near-complete absence of noncommissioned officers. He continues through the terrible shortages of trained manpower during World War II, a vicious circle in which untrained soldiers suffered horrendous casualties, requiring still more raw recruits to be thrown into the front lines unprepared.


China Time-honored brand as a brand representative of the outstanding Chinese culture has very high representation because of its rich brand culture and higher brand value in the Time-honored brands. In the context of cultural self-confidence, how to promote the rejuvenation development of China Time-honored brand and show the Chinese brand characteristics to the world has become an increasingly important issue. Xiamen, as a five-port trade port, was once a city with a high degree of commercial civilization after the port opening. There were more than 10,000 brands, but only 140 Xiamen Time-honored brand left now. At the same time, quite a few Time-honored brands lost in the fierce competition. How the Time-honored brand reshapes the brand image among the younger generation of consumers and continues the brand influence has become the key to the Timehonored brand rejuvenation. Therefore, this study through questionnaires, personal interviews and other research methods, carries out brand cognition analysis on the China Time-honored brand in Xiamen area, and also gives targeted advice and suggestions on the rejuvenation of China Timehonored brand. Keywords—brand rejuvenation; China Time-honored brand; Xiamen Time-honored brand


In this article,the author thinks that museum is a very important window for an area,and even for a country,which reflects its cultural level and the level of civilization.The value idea of ethnic museums should refer to the value system of The International Council of Museums,bear the social responsibility of offering the audience popular and elegant national culture,and make contributions to construction of harmonious society.Ethnic museums should serve and promote the formation of national culture soft power and become a site of popularizing and enhancing populace energetic and cultural.By discussion,the author thinks that the display of the ethnic museums indicates the value pursue of museums.


Mast cells are widely distributed throughout the body in both connective tissue and at mucosal surface. They produce and release a spectrum of powerful mediators, including preformed mediators (e.g. amines, chemotactic peptides, proteoglycans, enzymes), newly synthesised mediators (e.g. arachidonic acid metabolites, nitric oxide) and cytokines [1, 2]. It is beyond doubt that mast cells play a pivotal role in immediate hypersensitivity reactions by virtue of the presence of high affinity receptors for IgE in their surface [1, 2]. Nowadays there is growing evidence that these cells are involved in other pathophysiological processes, such as chronic inflammation, tissue remodelling, wound repair, angiogenesis and fibrosis [3, 4]. Moreover, mast cells play an important role in homeostasis, normal host defence during innate immune response to bacterial infection and reactions to neoplasia [3, 5, 6]. Taking into account the significance of mast cells in the course of many physiological and pathological processes, it seems to be very important to recognise the factors that influence the biology and activity of these cells in tissues. For over two decades it has been determined that cytokines play a crucial role in the regulation of various biological processes acting as chemical communicators between cells. Moreover, it is well established that cytokines affect the function of various cell populations [7]. It is now clear that most, if not all aspects of mast cells development, including growth, proliferation, and the differentiation/maturation, are regulated by cytokines [2]. There is also growing evidence that cytokines modulate the biology of mature tissue mast cells. It was documented that some cytokines influence the expression of mast cell surface receptors and molecules [810]. It was also established that many cytokines affect mast cell migration and adhesion acting not only as mast cells chemoattractants but also regulating the expression of adhesion molecules [11-14]. What is more, certain cytokines may control mast cell survival and apoptosis [15-18]. At present, several lines of evidence indicate that cytokines can also significantly influence the secretory activity of mast cells having either direct stimulating or regulatory effect. It has been shown that stem cell factor (SCF), nerve growth factor (NGF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), macrophage Interleukin 4 (IL-4) influences rat mast cell releasability


Due to their thermal stability and high strength, polyimides are an aromatic type of polymer that is used in sliding equipment functioning under high loads and elevated temperature. However, its tribological behaviour under high temperature and atmospheric conditions is not fully understood. It has been reported that a transition from high towards lower friction occurs 'somewhere' in the temperature region between 100°C and 200°C; however, a correlation with changes in the polyimide molecular structure remains difficult to illustrate and it is not certain whether or not this transition is correlated to lower wear. In the present work sliding experiments under controlled bulk temperatures between 100°C and 260°C are performed. A transition is observed in both friction and wear at 180°C which is further explained by microscopic analysis of the transfer film on the steel counterface and Raman spectroscopy of the worn polymer surfaces. A close examination of the spectra reveals transitions in relative intensity of certain absorption bands, pointing to different orientation effects of the molecular conformation at the polymer sliding surface at 180°C. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Novel chiral synthetic procedures for indolizidine and quinolizidine alkaloids were developed, where a samarium diiodide-promoted carbon-nitrogen bond cleavage reaction was employed as a key step. Application of the procedure led to the total synthesis of (+)-(8R, 8aR)-perhydro-8-indolizidinol and (-)-deoxynupharidine.


In this paper we describe the process of designing this tool and the different steps preceding its programming. We start up with a feasibility study which is a crucial step in a project of this extent. The feasibility study includes an assessment of the current operations' mode and existing processes and a precise description of the human, material and organizational factors surrounding the pilot workstation. This analysis enabled us to determine the problems of the factory's Organization & Methods (O&M) department identify its needs and create the appropriate solutions. The main problems that we could identify were: the lack of a precise operation's time measurement and prediction tool and the absence of a complete and accurate gesture analysis technique. Therefore, to resolve these problems, we set the following goals according to the SMART Model [1]:


The future composition of forest depends on the potential regeneration status of tree species within a forest stand in space and time, which can be predicted by the age structure of their population. The present study investigated effect of biotic disturbance on plant diversity, regeneration status and standing biomass in a mixed oak-conifer forest in a part of Kumaun Himalaya, India. On the basis of disturbance level, the study area was divided into highly disturbed and least disturbed stands. Each site was further subdivided into three sub sites (hill base, hill slope and hill top). Regeneration status of individual tree species was determined on the basis of the population size of seedlings, saplings and trees. A total of 69 plant species (16 trees, 18 shrubs and 35 herbs) distributed in 66 genera and 47 families were recorded. The total tree density ranged between 610 and 1360 ind ha-1. All the sub-sites of highly disturbed site showed J-shaped curve for most of the tree species. At least disturbed site, hill top showed inverted J-shaped curve indicating good regeneration while hill base showed J-shaped curve indicating poor regeneration and hill slope showed no regeneration (absence of seedlings). At highly disturbed site, minimum tree carbon stock was reported in hill base position (82.99 Mg ha-1), while at least disturbed site, it was in hill top position (159.91 Mg ha-1). Over exploitation of forest resources may lead to site-specific changes in the population structure which decrease the stability and complexity of the species and also alter the future structure and composition of forests/ecosystems. An ecological approach to landscape management is needed which should be based on knowledge of natural vegetation structure and composition.


Background: Widespread use of internet as a source of health information has an effect on health-related knowledge, attitude and practices of general population as well as doctor-patient relationship. This study has been planned to see perception of doctors about patients who take medical information by internet search. The objective of the study was to assess impact of internet on doctor-patient relationship among doctors of tertiary health care centre.  Methods: After ethical approval a questionnaire based cross sectional study was conducted among teachers of a tertiary care hospital. Questionnaire was categorized in the two groups: i) negative impact of internet (14), ii) positive impact of internet (11), total= 25 statements, rated on Likert scale. Medical teachers who are involved in treating patients were included (n=54). Data was analysed using mean score and standard deviation for each item. Results: Most of the doctors opined that use of internet as a source of information has affected doctor-patient relationship (mean 4.35 SD 0.48) and that they were now questioned by already well-informed patients (4.76 SD 0.43).  Google search by patients may results in misguided self-treatment or wrong diagnosis (mean 4.85 SD 0.36).  Conclusions: Doctors were agreed that patients are still having same faith on doctors in spite of doing google search on medical information.


Selective search where unemployed job losers confine their job seeking efforts to matches in the pre-separation sector has attracted considerable attention as a possible source of high and persistent unemployment. However, this idea is questionable. ...


The invention is concerned with the flowing media transmission speed controlling method, including the following steps: the client end and the server unlock the order program service according to the standard real-time protocol; the client end counts the data dropping rate and the sparing space of the buffer, sends the feedback information to the server; the server adjusts the sending speed according to the information after receiving the feedback information. The sparing space of the client end buffer might start after the flowing media transmission, the client end cuts the current space that is free and can receive new audio and video frequency data to store the audio and video frequency data. The invention can use the free network bandwidth effectively.


The possibility of manufacturing silicon nanoparticles by picosecond laser fragmentation of silicon microparticles in water is analysed. It is shown that for fragmentation duration of 40 min, the dependence of the average sizes of particles on the initial mass concentration of the micropowder varied in the range of 0.5 – 12 mg mL−1 is nonmonotonic, with the maximum average size of 165 nm being achieved at a concentration of 5 mg mL−1. To explain the obtained result, the simulation of propagation of a focused laser beam in a scattering suspension of silicon microparticles is performed for their different mass concentrations. It is demonstrated that at concentrations not exceeding 5 mg mL−1, fragmentation occurs in the paraxial region of the beam when it propagates deep into the cuvette with a suspension, while at higher concentrations it occurs primarily in the superficial layer owing to strong extinction. Calculations results allow the experimental features of the formation of silicon nanoparticles to be explained. Spectrophotometry measurements on suspensions of nanoparticles obtained at the initial concentration of microparticles of 12 mg mL−1 are compared with the theoretical estimates of the absorption and scattering coefficients obtained in the framework of the Mie theory. Measured optical properties indicate the potential of using fragmented nanoparticles as scattering and/or absorbing contrast agents in optical imaging of biological objects.


A self-tuning electromagnetic shutter is introduced, consisting of a slotted metallic surface with computer controlled switches placed across the slots. By opening and closing the switches, the transmissivity of the surface may be adjusted over a broad range of frequencies. In particular, the surface may be placed into open and closed states, creating an electronically-controllable shutter. The ability of the shutter to act as an open or a closed surface over a broad range of frequencies, incidence angles, and polarization states is investigated using simulations and measurements, and the feasibility of the system is thereby demonstrated.


FOR most of this century, abundant, low-cost supplies of high quality water have been taken for granted in the United States. Even in arid regions water has been inexpensive and available to support rapid, water-intensive development. Seldom has water been treated as a scarce resource to be shared among competing uses. Attention turned to water only when problems arose. And the problems that did arise were generally attributed to "acts of God," such as drought and floods, that could be solved with another water project.

Water problems have become increasingly newsworthy in recent years, and they no longer are readily attributable to divine causes. Reports of declining groundwater tables, conflicting demands on water supplies, toxic chemicals in drinking water, polluted rivers and lakes, and deteriorating municipal water systems have become common in the news media. Complacency is giving way to concern and even alarm under a barrage of anecdotal evidence of water problems. Water is now commonly billed as the next resource crisis.

Are we really running out of clean water? Is the nation headed for a water crisis? If so, what can and should we do about it? To answer these questions, we must strive …


can be found at: Trauma, Violence, & Abuse Additional services and information for http://tva.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts  Email Alerts: http://tva.sagepub.com/subscriptions  Subscriptions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Permissions: http://tva.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/4/4/309 SAGE Journals Online and HighWire Press platforms): (this article cites 51 articles hosted on the Citations


During the course of study for the Graduate Certificate of Education (Tertiary Teaching) we participated in a seminar about Problem Based Learning (PBL) and were asked to write a piece of assessment about this topic. I struggled long and hard with PBL and came up with a fairly mediocre piece of work to be assessed. This led me to an interest in PBL itself and, to the writing of this general overview of the subject. It has helped me to understand the concept and its implications within the tertiary system to a much greater degree.


Topical corticosteroids constitute the major advance in dermato-pharmacology. Armed with a few grams of corticoid, a general physician with limited dermatologic knowledge might induce clearing of certain responsive dermatoses more easily than the most competent dermatologist before the steroid era. The efficacy-toxicity ratios of topical corticosteroids as a chemotherapeutic class are so favorable that most physicians are little motivated to study their pharmacology. We attempt to place in perspective three decades of observations on these compounds. Many of these data are directly relevant to clinical practice. Application of principles derived from these studies has led to increased efficacy in the management of dermatoses relatively unresponsive to steroids. But enhancing efficacy increases the hazard of adverse effects, and so the principles allowing for risk minimization are delineated.


Purpose
Acknowledging that brands age over time, this paper aims to investigate the exogenous and endogenous factors that influence this phenomenon.

Design/methodology/approach
The literature on brand ageing is scarce. Through a study of several Colombian organisations that have an international presence, the paper uses a grounded-theory qualitative methodology, including in-depth interviews and documentary brand reviews over a longitudinal time dimension, to perform an analysis of specific aspects that affect brand ageing processes.

Findings
The results revealed that the factors that determine brand ageing can be classified into the following two subgroups: exogenous (conditions of the economic environment, category conditions, entrance of new competitors, ageing current consumers and entry of new consumers) and endogenous (organisational growth, upper management convictions, marketing structure, brand architecture, inappropriate naming and obsolete brand image) factors.

Originality/value
This research provides substantial academic value and insights that allow a better understanding of specific aspects that influence the brand ageing process.


A two-stage stratified sampling with proportionate allocation has been used to assess the nutritional status and diet intake of preschool children in Delhi. 10000 households of Delhi have been covered. 1328 preschool children (1-5 years) were studied. Actual weight and 24 hour recall method was used to assess the food intake. Food intake was compared with Indian Council of Medical Research recommended dietary allowances (RDA) and nutritional status assessed by standard deviation (SD) classification. Intake of protein was observed at more than the RDA in all age groups of children. However the average intake of energy and nutrients was lower in all the age groups as compared to RDA. Calorie deficiency was about 50%. The overall prevalence of underweight and stunting was more than 50%. Stunting was more prevalent in male children as compared to female children. The variation in the level of malnutrition according to sex was nonsignificant. In conclusion nutritional status of preschool children is not very good. Though the consumption of protein intake is above the RDA level 50% of the children are still calorie deficient. According to SD classification males were more underweight and stunted whereas females were slightly more wasted in Delhi population. (authors modified)


ABSTRACT Purpose: To analyze the retinal radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) network in normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) eyes using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Material and Methods: Twenty-two patients with NTG, 22 patients with unilateral chronic NAION, and 23 age-matched controls were enrolled. Patients underwent OCTA to obtain en face angiograms of the peripapillary region. The main outcome measures were as follows: (1) the whole en face image perfusion density (WPD) and (2) the circumpapillary perfusion density (CPD). Results: Mean ± SD age was 66.3 ± 7.0 years in the NTG group, 68.1 ± 4.3 years in the NAION group, and 63.9 ± 7.0 years in the control group (p > 0.05 for all the comparisons). The visual field mean defect (MD) was worse in patients than in controls (p < 0.0001), but did not differ between NTG and NAION (−9.6 ± 2.6 dB and −8.2 ± 2.6 dB, respectively). The WPD was 0.41 ± 0.04 in the NTG group (p < 0.0001 in comparison with healthy subjects and NAION patients), 0.46 ± 0.04 in the NAION group (p < 0.0001 in comparison with the control group), and 0.56 ± 0.03 in the control group. The CPD was significantly reduced in both NTG (0.48 ± 0.04, p < 0.0001) and NAION eyes (0.52 ± 0.05, p < 0.0001), after comparison to control eyes (0.59 ± 0.03). Moreover, the CPD was significantly lower in NTG than in NAION eyes (p = 0.006). Conclusions: OCTA documented a reduction of the peripapillary perfusion in NTG and unilateral NAION. In presence of similar functional damage, the lower perfusion densities in NTG may indicate greater vascular alterations in chronic compared to acute ischemic optic neuropathies.


During the course of strengthening education of comprenensive qualities, campus culture plays a very important role in improving the quality of college students. So we must go out of misunderstandings about culture construction on campus, grasp some basic principles, and be devoted to constructing healthy and distinctive cultural enviornment on compus.


A Master of Arts Thesis in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) by Mary Anne John Entitled, "Evaluating an Additional Measure for the American University of Sharjah English Placement Test: Using Analytical Scoring," June 2009. Available are both Hard and Soft Copies of the Thesis.


The rapid economic growth of Mongolia as one of the mining countries requires improving of a legal framework on the basis of a long-term state policy in the geology and mining sectors of the economy, and using economic institutions of regulation. The role of economic institution of regulation such as mineral property valuation is emphasized as especially important in the formation and development of economic and particularly property relations. Some aspects of the mineral property valuation are becoming problematic in the relationship between the government and mining companies, and can become cases at law. The article brings forward the comprehensive code of rules and procedures, containing a series of methods, including a market approach or a comparable sales method to mineral properties, as well as methodologies for the calculation of the mining and another annuity for tax purposes, based on the analysis of the legislative, regulatory and methodological support for the mineral property valuation.


This work analyzed the effects of variable viscosity and thermal conductivity, with mixed convection, thermal radiation and viscous dissipation effects, on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)–aluminum oxide (Al2O3)/engine oil hybrid nanofluid flow due to a vertically inverted spinning cone embedded in a porous medium. Using suitable similarity transformation, the boundary layer fluid flow governing equations are transformed into dimensionless systems of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Then, the solutions are obtained numerically employing the spectral relaxation method. The influences of involved parameters are examined, and the results are presented with graphs and tables. The obtained results disclose that both the tangential and azimuthal skin friction coefficients increase with increasing values of temperature‐dependent viscosity and mixed convection parameters. The local heat transfer rate reduces with increasing values of the Eckert number and variable thermal conductivity parameter, whereas it enhances with greater values of the thermal radiation parameter. Generally, hybrid nanofluids of (MWCNTs–Al2O3)/engine oil show better flow distributions with good stability of thermal properties than MWCNTs/engine oil and Al2O3/engine oil mono‐nanofluids.


In this paper the concept of a ,-semilattice is introduced as a generalization to distributive *-lattice first introduced by Speed (i). It is shown that almost all the results of Speed can be extended to a more eneral class of distributive -cmilattices. In pseudocomplemented semilattices and distri- butive semilattices the set of annihilators of an element is an ideal in the sense of Gr'tzer (2). But it is not so in general and thus we are led to the definition of a weakly distributive semilattice. In 2 we actually obtain the interesting corollary that a modular ,-semilattice is weakly distributive if and only if its dense filter is neutral. In 3 the concept of a sectionally pseudo- complemented semilattice is introduced in a natural way. It is proved that iven a sectionally pseudocomplemented semilattice there is a smallest quotient of it which is a sectionally Boolean algebra. Further as a corollary to one of the theorems it is obtained that a sectionally pseudocomplemented semilattice with a dense element becomes a ,-semilatticeo Finally a necessary and sufficient con- dition for a *-semilattice to be a pseudocomplemented semilattice is obtained.


While the sociology of emotions has a long history, theories of affect claim to pose new questions about contagious currents of feeling. But the definition of affect as an autonomous force that is precognitive, outside of semiotic systems, inaccessible to interpretation and measurement, and resistant to structure and critique may present unnecessary limitations for social inquiry. The division between affect and structure has left some sociologists, specifically in the sociology of emotions and the body, unsure about how to use affect theory. My article suggests that the aims of affect theory could be better served by a deeper engagement with, rather than a departure from, the traditions and concerns of sociological thought. To explore this possibility, I revisit Emile Durkheim's efforts to understand the compelling power of social currents, which provide a way to rethink the divisions between affect and structure and the idea of a 'presocial' that has polarised scholars on the notion of affect.


The crystallization of metal–organic framework (MOF) materials [1] is an extremely attractive way in which to produce functional solid materials with complex three-dimensional structures, since an element of "design" is considered possible in their synthesis: the idea being that by using chosen metal polyhedral units linked by polydentate organic ligands with a known coordination preference, a network structure of desired connectivity may be formed. [2,3] This synthetic approach is presently the focus of some considerable attention and is yielding many novel hybrid inorganic–organic solids, often that possess some porosity on the nanoscale suitable for applications, such as gas separation, molecular sieving, and shape-selective catalysis. [4] Although these uses are already well-established in silicate zeolite chemistry, there are distinct advantages offered by the MOFs for uses under mild conditions. For example, the choice of framework metal may offer desirable binding sites for gases (currently the focus of much attention in the topical areas of storage of hydro-gen, [5] methane, or carbon dioxide [6] ), the functionalization of organic linkers (either pre- or post-synthesis) may allow tuning of the porosity, reactivity, and the selectivity towards binding of guest molecules, [7–9] and the use of chiral ligands may result in chiral framework materials. [10,11] In addition, MOF structures also often show great flexibility in the solid state, giving them properties distinct from the traditional inorganic zeotype materials. [12–14] To explore the extent to which new MOF materials may be "designed" it is now important to elucidate the funda-mental physico-chemical details of the crystallization of MOF materials: knowledge of how complex extended network structures are assembled from simple chemical precursors


To assess the prevalence of underweight (UW), overweight (OW), and obesity in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D).


We study the Narrowband Power Line Communications (NB-PLC) system intended to be used for Smart Grid applications. The performance of such system highly depends on the implementation and the used techniques. In this paper the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer of a specific system with the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) mechanism is studied. The main feature of the used technique is that it automatically adopts the parameters of the protocol to the dynamically changing network. We investigate the protocol and suggest the improvements that give a higher performance.


In order to study the molecular weight changes in milk allergens after heat treatment, commercial cow milk and a mixture of β -lactoglobulin and lactose, were heated on a stainless steel tray at 120℃ for 60 min. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that heated milk had milk proteins with slightly higher molecular weight. In the case of β -lactoglobulin, heat treatment induced dimeric and polymeric proteins, and heating with higher concentrations of lactose induced a molecular shift in the β -lactoglobulin band to a higher molecular weight with carbohydrate modification. In addition, monomeric, dimeric and broad polymeric proteins stained on Western blot analysis with anti β -lactoglobulin antibody suggested that heat treated β -lactoglobulin retained it' s immunogenicity.


1. Small, declining populations can face simultaneous, interacting, ecological and genetic threats to viability. Conservation management strategies designed to tackle such threats independently may then prove ineffective. Population viability analyses that evaluate the efficacy of management strategies implemented independently versus simultaneously are then essential to the design of effective management plans, yet such quantitative evaluations are typically lacking.

2. We used stochastic individual‐based models, parameterised with high‐quality multi‐year demographic and genetic data, to evaluate the efficacy of independent or simultaneous ecological (supplementary feeding) and genetic (translocations to alleviate inbreeding) management strategies for a red‐billed chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax) population of major conservation concern. This population is experiencing ecological threats from food limitation and genetic threats from escalating inbreeding. Conservation managers therefore face a dilemma: supplementary feeding may be ineffective if inbreeding is limiting stochastic population growth rate (λs), while translocations may be ineffective if food is limiting.

3. Model simulations suggested that the focal population will decline to extinction relatively rapidly with no conservation management (mean λs ≈ 0.86) and with genetic management alone (λs ≈ 0.90). Ecological management alone reduced, but did not halt the population decline (λs ≈ 0.93). However, simultaneous genetic and ecological management yielded population stability (λs ≈ 1), with genetic rescue lasting ~25 years.

4. These outcomes arose because the capacity for translocations to alleviate inbreeding depression is limited by food availability, while supplementary feeding cannot achieve population viability in the presence of accumulating inbreeding. However, supplementary feeding improved environmental quality enough to allow expression of variance in fitness and thus inbreeding depression, meaning that reductions in inbreeding following translocations can increase λs.

5. Synthesis and applications. Our analyses suggest that simultaneous management of ecological and genetic threats will be critical to ensuring viability of Scotland's chough population; neither strategy independently is likely to achieve population persistence and may consequently waste conservation resources. Managers of other resource‐limited, inbred populations should consider that the efficacy of strategies designed to alleviate ecological and genetic threats may be interdependent, such that holistic management is essential to ensure population viability.


The purpose of this work is to discuss fast food as a social relation,
highlighting socioeconomic factors and their influence on the consumption of this food
segment, making reference from the case study in the network of fried chicken - KFC in
branches in Rio de Janeiro and Washington DC area. The objective of the study is to
discuss the interconnection of the economy class with the consumption of fast food and
if the geographic positioning of each branch interferes in the forms in which the service
is provided, questioning if there is a variation of environment, cleanliness, product
quality, service and public according to the social class of the place where the affiliates
are positioned. Statistical surveys will be used based on the analysis of the geographic
positioning of 4 branches related to socioeconomic aspects. From a comparative
ethnographic work, food will be approached as a social relation and its unfolding. What
moves this research is the search for the understanding of the different compositions of
the public in the consumption of this segment and its motivations.


WITH THE 1596 PUBLICATION OF The Discoverie of the Large, Rich and Bewtifvl Empire of Gviana, Walter Ralegh promised Elizabeth I a gold-rich empire more lucrative than Peru-whose inhabitants, moreover, were eager to swear allegiance to "Ezrabeta Cassipuna Aquerewana, which is as much as Elizabeth, the great princesse or greatest commaunder."2 In 1616, Ralegh staked his life on his ability to find, claim, and work the Guianan gold mines of which he had written so confidently twenty years earlier-and lost. The Declaration of the Demeanor and Cariage of Sir Walter Raleigh, appearing after Ralegh's execution to relate at James's behest "the true motiues and inducements which occasioned His Maiestie to Proceed in doing Iustice upone him, as hath bene done," accused Ralegh of twofold duplicity; given a commission only "to discouer and finde out some commodities and merchandizes in those Countries [the Americas] ... whereof the Inhabitants there make little or no use or estimation,"3 his intentions, as revealed in action, were


Recently three-dimensional global seismic velocity models of crust and mantle have been developed and location improvements have been demonstrated with regional (CUB1 and CUB2 models) and teleseismic (J362 model) calibrations, respectively (Shapiro and Ritzwoller, 2002; Ritzwoller et al., 2002; Antolik et al., 2003). In this study, we validated event location improvements from these regional and teleseismic models, separated and combined, for Europe, the Mediterranean, North Africa, the Middle East, and Western Eurasia using a large set of high quality GT0-GT10 events (Bondár et al., 2003). To ensure effective comparisons between the models, we only used events that could be reasonably located, selected by secondary azimuthal gap less than 160o by Pn phase (epicentral distance less than 15o) and/or teleseismic P phase (epicentral distance between 25o and 97o). Besides relocating events using all station arrivals, a subset of the GT events was also relocated using controlled station geometries generated from "constrained bootstrapping". The advantages of this approach include: (1) simulating sparse network (named Simulated Sparse Network Bulletin or SSNB), (2) increasing the statistical power of the testing, (3) reducing the effect of correlated errors to ensure valid 90% error ellipse coverage statistics, and (4) measuring location bias due to un-modeled 3D Earth structures. We compared the location results, with and without calibrations, on


Media literacy educators talk about the importance of developing essential social skills, such as collaboration, by using video production in the classroom. Through media production students acquire types of literacy that are still considered problematic in traditional classrooms but that are crucial for young people's lives in the twenty-first century. Video production with disadvantaged youth can also play a role of art therapy, where students use their creativity to come to terms with traumatizing pasts. This paper offers an account of a media literacy intervention that involved making videos with a class of foster youth. Using the methodology of portraiture, I describe highlights and pitfalls of collaboration that one of the teams experienced. I focus on moments of conflict, unleashed creativity and transformation that were brought by one video project.


A strain of Serratia marcescens with marked lecithinase action has been isolated. It causes a selective hydrolysis of egg lecithin. In order to obtain the hydrolysis due to the choline phosphatase it is necessary to buffer the egg-lecithin emulsion at pH 8.8 with sodium tetraborate. Sodium tetraborate in quantities corresponding to 1.91% inhibits the lecithinase A and the lecithinase B of S. marcescens but not the activity of choline phosphatase. Choline phosphatase appears to be an endoenzyme and has been extracted from bacterial cells by means of water and toluene, and by means of ultrasonic disintegration. The inactivation of the enzyme by heat and the action of toluene on the enzyme have been studied. Boron in culture media causes morphological modifications of S. marcescens, which may appear as filaments. Thallium, gallium, and aluminum produce no morphological modifications.


The next generation of High-Pressure, High-Temperature (HPHT) well designs forges ahead with advancements in material testing, heavy load handling and technology.


The article analyzes the efficiency factors of the use of polyethylene pipes with coextrusion layers of PE100-RC on the outer and / or inner surface of the pipe in the natural gas distribution systems. It is noted that efficiency factors are manifested at the construction stage and allow reducing capital investments in the construction of gas distribution networks. The proposals for amendments to the current regulatory documentation specifying the requirements to the design, technical characteristics, application, design and installation of polyethylene pipes in gas distribution networks are formulated, the features of the application of PE100-RC polyethylene pipes are presented. An assessment of the economic efficiency of the use of polyethylene pipes with PE100-RC co-extruded layers on the outer and/or inner surface of the pipe in gas distribution networks was carried out.


To avoid the windup problem in adaptive pole-placement controllers in the presence of a saturating input, an antiwindup compensator based on a generalization to the conditioning technique is introduced to the controller. This modification to the controller also provides a unified approach to investigate the asymptotic properties of the adaptive controllers with a class of antiwindup compensators, at least, when applied to stable processes. >


Objective To explore the effects of closed enema tube application in preoperative preparation for patients w ith gynecology malignant tumor. Methods 80 patients undetermined gynecology malignant tumors in our hospital from June 2012 to March 2013 w ere selected and randomly divided into closed enema tube group( experimental group) and enema w ith 0. 2% soft soap group( control group) respectively. The time for enema,patients' endurance and compliance after treatment,flow ing-out of enema fluid,clearance of intestines,intraoperative bow el accumulated stool and gas,postoperative constipation and intestinal tympanites of the tw o groups w ere compared. Results Compared w ith control group,the time for enema significantly decreased in experimental group( P 0. 01);the endurance,flow-ing-out of enema fluid and clearance of intestines w ere all improved( P 0. 01). During the operation,clearance of intestines,accumulated stool and gas of patients in experimental group decreased. After the operation,constipation and intestinal tympanites w ere also improved( P 0. 05 or P 0. 01). Conclusion The method of the closed enema tube in preoperative preparation for patients w ith gynecology malignant tumor is simple w ith few er adverse reactions,it is w orthy of clinical application.


Two newspaper clippings from the Denton Record-Chronicle, the first clipping is a snippet about the University of North Texas, College of Visual Arts with Jack Davis, Dean of the college. The snippet shows a photograph of the college building, a map of where the building is located on campus and a photograph of Dean Davis. The second newspaper clipping features an article, "Students combine art, academics," where students work on art education projects developed by UNT faculty.


The patient management team includes a wide category of healthcare workers, who in one way or the other interact to render services, including radiation-based services. It becomes imperative that every healthcare worker must have appreciable knowledge and opinions on radiation issues for effective service delivery. Hence, this study assesses the perception of non-radiation healthcare workers about radiation. This was a prospective questionnaire-based study involving 340 consented participants from four hospitals in Cape Coast. A stratified sampling method was employed for the number of respondents from each hospital. The responses obtained from Google Forms WhatsApp-administered questionnaires, were systematically selected to obtain the sample size. Data obtained were analysed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL version 20.0) and the results were presented in appropriate tables and charts. Statistical significance level was set at p≤0.05. The majority of the 340 participants were males. The average age was 32.26±7.618 years. Nurses constituted majority 166 (48.8%) of respondents, followed by allied health professionals. The knowledge of participants about radiation issues was high with over 65% of responses. There were statistically significant associations between gender, educational level, work experience and willingness to accept postings to radiology departments. We conclude that, the majority of non-radiation healthcare workers had a high level of knowledge about radiation issues. The perception of non-radiation healthcare workers was positive from suggestions and recommendations they offered.


Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of forefoot rocker bottom shoes with metatarsal bar on gait during the stance phase of human walking. Background: In recent years, many studies related to various functional shoes have been conducted. One of the most important factors in developing the functional shoes for more efficient gait is the shoe outsole. As metatarsal bar transform the shape of the outsole as well as take forefoot rocker, more specific research related to the effects of shoe outsole structure and metatarsal bar on gait is needed. Method: Ten healthy young females participated in this study as the subjects. Each subject walked on a treadmill at a speed of 3km/h for 1 minute while under the following conditions: (1) with normal shoes and (2) with forefoot rocker bottom shoe with metatarsal bar. Muscle activities of four muscles (rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, and medial gastrocnemius) were acquired by the surface electrodes, and these data were rectified and normalized to the average activity to determine relative changes in muscles during walking. Also, plantar pressure distributions were obtained by using the Pedar Insole-system and various pressure parameters (force, peak pressure, and mean pressure) were analyzed during the stance phase of walking. Results: Muscle activity in rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and medial gastrocnemius decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from initial contact to terminal stance while tibialis anterior activity decreased insignificantly during initial contact and loading response, and medial gastrocnemius activity increased during terminal stance when wearing forefoot rocker bottom shoe with metatarsal bar. The force and mean pressure increased significantly (p < 0.05) while peak pressure decreased significantly (p < 0.05) during the stance phase of gait. Conclusion: The structure of the forefoot rocker bottom shoe with metatarsal bar can help to push the ground efficiently during walking and to walk more comfortably by reducing the fatigue of muscle and reliving the peak pressure. Application: This paper might help to design the structure of shoes and evaluate various functional shoes for more efficient gait.


Although the Reformation took place some four hundred years ago, one area in which reformation is really needed today is the counselling of people. Since Wilhelm Wundt started the "study of the mind" in 1879, William James and Sigmund Freud followed and secular psychology gradually has developed to take the "front seat"; hence moving Biblical counselling, which has been practised since the times of the New Testament, to the "back burner". This development had been going on for the greater part of the 20th century, up to the publication of Competent to Counsel by Jay E. Adams in 1970. In the model for counselling suggested by Adams, the principles of the Reformation of the sixteenth century, Soli Deo Gloria, Soli Scriptura, Soli Fidei, Sola Gratia, etc. were again implemented in assisting and counselling people with personal and interpersonal problems. The epistomological and anthropological approach of secular psychology differs radically from that of Biblical principles, thus necessitating a new "reformation" of counselling. Within this new form counselling, inter alia, implies the following: the Word of God has its rightful place, sin has to be taken seriously and the work of the Holy Spirit should be recognised. In this article it is proposed that the "reformation" of counselling was started by scholars with a Biblical Reformational approach and that this method of counselling followed the parameters of the Reformation of the sixteenth century. This "reformation" developed into a new direction in counselling and still continues today with fascinating new frontiers opening up for Biblical counselling.


Results are presented from quantitative comparisons between satellite microwave radiometer observations and digital radar observations of equatorial convective cloud clusters and midlatitude frontal precipitation. Simultaneous data from the Winter Monsoon Experiment digital radar and the SMMR for December 1978 are analyzed. It is found that the most important differences between the microwave response to rainfall in the equatorial tropics and to stratiform rain in oceanic midlatitude fronts is caused by the different spatial characteristics of stratiform and convective rainfall and by the different background brightness temperature fields associated with tropical and midlatitude levels of atmospheric water vapor.


The paper presents an overview of prevailing pedagogic practices of social science in India. It also offers an understanding of the obstacles in achieving an effective system of student-teacher interaction in actual humanities classroom which appear as hindrance in the achievement of optimal results. In this study, interview technique is used as qualitative research method and utilized as a means of data collection. For this purpose, interviews were conducted with the teachers as well as the students in the humanities study group. This provided us with the dual perspective on the issue, both from the teachers as well as the student point of view. The analysis of teachers' interview revealed that the teaching of social science is a reflection of teacher's own biases and beliefs; dominated by deficit model of thinking and learning. Against this backdrop the paper tries to find a solution to the problem associated with the issue of objectivity in teaching Social Science. The student interviews on the other hand proved as a resource to find the problems faced by them in understanding the various themes dealt by the teachers in the classroom. Hence, the dual perspective has helped us in understanding the problem from both the sides. This study tries to find the gaps that exist between the knowledge imparted by the teachers and the understanding developed by the students in this process.


Mobile IPv6 provides comprehensive mobility management for the IPv6 protocol. It provides many benefits compared to Mobile IPv4, such as reroute optimization, protocol extensions and IP Security (IPSec). One problem still remains; the handover time is relatively long. This is a big problem at least in real-time connections. This paper presents a new method for faster handover in IPv6 networks, called Flow based Fast Handover for MIPv6 (FFHMIPv6), which uses the features of the IPv6 protocol and benefits from IPv6 traffic control.


ABSTRACT Orientia tsutsugamushi shows both pro- and antiapoptotic activities in infected vertebrate cells. Apoptosis of THP-1 cells induced by beauvericin was inhibited by O. tsutsugamushi infection. Beauvericin-induced calcium redistribution was significantly reduced and retarded in cells infected with O. tsutsugamushi. Antiapoptotic activities of O. tsutsugamushi in infected cells are most probably due to inhibition of the increase in the cytosolic calcium concentration.


Skin cancer is an uncontrolled development of abnormal skin cells potentially due to excessive exposure to sun, history of sunburns, less melanin, Precancerous skin lesions, moles, etc. This occur when unrepaired DNA damages the cells of the skin. It is one of the diseases that are viewed on its quick evolution and the most common type of cancer that endangers life. Researchers have implemented several machine learning and deep learning techniques for classification of skin cancer. In this research paper, different cancer categories are classified using significant attributes. We have used International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC) dataset for classification purposes. This dermoscopic attributes dataset includes 1000 images and 10016 instances, seven categories, 5 features and 2 Meta attributes. We implemented K-Nearest Neighbor, Logistic Regression, Convolutional Neural Network, Naïve Bayes, and Decision Tree for classification and compared their performance. In order to implement classification algorithm, we used Orange which is an open-source machine learning, data mining, and data visualization toolkit. The models are evaluated based on matrices that include Accuracy, C. Automation, F1 score, Precision, Recall, and AUC. Furthermore, frequency of features is visualized using graphical method and the ROC analysis is also performed for the classifiers. It is observed that CNN technique provided the highest accuracy of 89% and the mentioned results are the highest results of classification with the state of the art techniques. For future, the improved and recent dataset and ensemble modelling techniques based on deep learning can used to enhance classification results. The research can also be extended for other cancer types using CNN.


Time-resolved observation of the fuel/air mixing process prior to ignition is crucial for the development of modern internal combustion engine concepts. The presented fiber optic sensor is designed for the acquisition of in-cylinder data in the area close to the ignition spark, based on UV-laser-induced fluorescence of organic fuel compounds. Excitation and fluorescence light are separately guided through silica fibers. The detection volume is defined by the optical design of the sensor head. Since the related components are completely integrated into a modified spark plug, the sensor can be applied to unmodified production line engines. We present the fundamental spectroscopic concept, the solution for the minimal invasive access through the spark plug and tracer spectra measured with a prototype.


Report presenting an investigation in the high-speed 7- by 10-foot tunnel using the transonic bump method to determine the gust-alleviation capabilities of spoilers and deflectors when mounted on a 35 degree swept semispan wing with NACA 65A006 airfoil sections. Testing was conducted over a range of Mach numbers and angles of attack.


Objective: To describe a home care service developed in Roozbeh Hospital for patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and report baseline and 6-month follow-up data. Method: Roozbeh Home Care Program consists of home visits by multidisciplinary home care teams, including general practitioners, nurses, and social workers who are supervised by psychiatrists. Home visits are scheduled as biweekly for the first three months following discharge and then on a monthly basis and the care includes biopsychosocial assessments and interventions. Baseline and 6-month data were extracted using a chart review. Results: After 10 months of the Program development, 53 patients were enrolled and a total of 349 home visits were made. Of these, 29 were followed for at least 6 months. More than 86% of the patients remained in the community throughout the follow-up period, most in full remission and a small minority (4 patients) with a mild to moderate relapse that was overcome with interventions made by the home care teams. Conclusion: A home care service is a feasible mode of community-based aftercare for patients discharged from the hospital. Its effectiveness should be assessed by a randomized controlled trial.


The Internet is becoming inundated. Inundated with new users. Inundated with information. Inundated with traffic. And considering that it was never meant to support the glut of information and users, this vast network has performed fairly well. Yet the solutions now employed will most likely not scale well for much longer at the current growth rate. As new tools have been developed which make "surfing the net" very easy, the Internet has rapidly changed from a network connecting scientists and engineers to a network connecting everyone. Email addresses are as common as fax machines with the advent of thè`Information Superhighway.'' The designers of the original Internet could not possibly have foreseen the current success of their creation or the myriad of purposes that it's being used for now (and will be used in the future). Scott Ruthfield takes us on a ride through the development of the network in``The Internet's History and Development: From Wartime Tool to the Fish-Cam.'' The Internet has become a way for people in different geographic areas to collaborate on projects easily. People have been using email for this purpose for years. But working with others over the network is getting even easier with the use of the Multicast Backbone. The MBONE provides an efficient way for people to use real time audio and video to communicate. In``The MBONE-The Internet's Other Backbone,'' Jay A. Kreibich introduces the concept of``IP multicasting,'' as well as the applications which currently use it. Security The point of connecting to a network is to communicate and share data with others who are also connected. But this has its drawbacks. Connecting a host or a network to the Internet means making it accessible to the world. This opens up the machine to possible break ins. This has been a very large issue for some companies, as they try to attach to the Internet. In his article, ``Network Security, Filters and Firewalls,'' Darren Bolding illustrates some of the ways in which networks are being``secured.''


Substantially all of the Honolulu produce dealers who maintain a stock of goods and sell fresh fruits and vegetables in quantity are service-type wholesalers. One of the major services provided by these firms is delivery of produce to retail stores and institutional outlets. Another hauling function performed in connection with the Honolulu produce business is the cartage from the docks of some two-thirds of the fresh fruits and vegetables consumed locally. The 35 produce dealers in Honolulu who offered regular delivery service were operating 175 trucks in March 1954. Only a few of these trucks were engaged exclusively in moving produce from the docks, but a considerable number were used for delivery and cartage combined. During the period of April-June 1954, trucks used for delivery of produce in the Honolulu market area averaged 9.4 delivery trips per 6-day week and required 17.2 hours to complete these runs. On the basis of delivery activities alone the trucks were used about 40 percent of full time. Each truck traveled 127 miles pet week in making deliveries with about 13.6 miles being required per trip. Stops per trip averaged 5.5 and the average quantity of produce delivered at each stop was 161 pounds. On a per-trip basis the average load was 972 pounds. Among the units surveyed the average load per trip was less than 500 pounds for almost one fifth of the trucks and another one-third of these trucks averaged between 500 and 1,000 pounds per trip. On a per-stop basis, deliveries made by half of the trucks averaged between 100 and 200 pounds. The average load per delivery trip rep resented about 33 percent of the actual carrying capacity of the trucks used for that purpose. Equipment cost averaged $0.28 per 100 pounds of produce delivered during the survey period. Labor expense on the same basis was $0.23 per hundred. The combined outlay was $0.51 per hundred pounds. Costs per mile traveled in making deliveries averaged $0.20 for truck expense and $0.16 for labor. The cost of truck and labor together was $0.36 per mile of operation. On the basis of time required in making deliveries the cost per hour of truck operation ( including labor) ranged from $2.12 to $3.52 with an average of $2.72 per hour for the 12 dealers surveyed. In taking action to reduce delivery costs Honolulu produce dealers seem to have their best opportunity in steps aimed at making more


The Temperley-Lieb algebra An-1, into which the n-strand braid group Bn maps homomorphically, has dimension equal to the Catalan number . The elements of the braid group called canonical factors, which come from the band presentation of that group and were used by Birman, Ko, and Lee in their solution to the word problem, form a set whose size is also Cn. In this paper, it is shown that the homomorphic images of the canonical factors form a basis for the vector space underlying the Temperley-Lieb algebra.


In this paper, the existence of chaotic behavior in the single-well Duffing Oscillator was examined under parametric excitations using Melnikov method and Lyapunov exponents. The minimum and maximum values were obtained and the dynamical behaviors showed the intersections of manifold which was illustrated using the MATCAD software. This extends some results in the literature. Simulation results indicate that the single-well oscillator is sensitive to sinusoidal signals in high frequency cases and with high damping factor, the amplitude of the oscillator was reduced.


Significance ARE ABC-F genes have been found in numerous pathogen genomes and multi-drug resistance conferring plasmids. Further transmission will challenge the clinical use of many antibiotics. The development of improved ribosome-targeting therapeutics relies on the elucidation of the resistance mechanisms. Characterization of MsrE protein bound to the bacterial ribosome is first of its kind for ARE ABC-F members. Together with biochemical data, it sheds light on the ribosome protection mechanism by domain linker-mediated conformational change and displacement leading to drug release, suggesting a mechanism shared by other ARE ABC-F proteins. These proteins present an intriguing example of structure-function relationship and a medically relevant target of study as they collectively mediate resistance to the majority of antibiotic classes targeting the peptidyl-transferase center region. The ribosome is one of the richest targets for antibiotics. Unfortunately, antibiotic resistance is an urgent issue in clinical practice. Several ATP-binding cassette family proteins confer resistance to ribosome-targeting antibiotics through a yet unknown mechanism. Among them, MsrE has been implicated in macrolide resistance. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of ATP form MsrE bound to the ribosome. Unlike previously characterized ribosomal protection proteins, MsrE is shown to bind to ribosomal exit site. Our structure reveals that the domain linker forms a unique needle-like arrangement with two crossed helices connected by an extended loop projecting into the peptidyl-transferase center and the nascent peptide exit tunnel, where numerous antibiotics bind. In combination with biochemical assays, our structure provides insight into how MsrE binding leads to conformational changes, which results in the release of the drug. This mechanism appears to be universal for the ABC-F type ribosome protection proteins.


The work was performed on the biopsy material of the heart with chronic coronary heart disease (CHD), and patients with CHD combined with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It was shown that the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes in the myocardium of patients with CHD was higher than in patients with combined pathology. Both groups had patients with both "high" and "low" SERCA2a protein. In addition, the inotropic myocardial response of patients in each group also divided into 2 subgroups. At the same time, the "high content" of the SERCA2a protein corresponded to the positive dynamics of the force-interval relationship, and the "low content" of the protein studied corresponded to the negative dynamics of the force-interval relationship (mechanical restitution). At the combined development of CHD and diabetes mellitus with a short duration of the disease, the positive dynamics of the force-interval relationship is more pronounced and corresponds to a higher level of SERCA2a expression than in the development of CHD only.


We adapt the model of comparisons of experts initiated by Lehrer («Comparison of experts JME 98») to a context of uncertainty which cannot be modelised by expected utility. We examine the robustness of Lehrer in this new context. Unlike expected utility, there exist several ways to define the strategies allowing to compare the experts, we propose some of them which guarantee a positive value of information.


The surface energy control capability of electrohydrodynamic force provides electrospraying with various potential advantages such as simple particle size control, mono-dispersity, high recovery, and mild processing conditions. Herein, particle fabrication of biodegradable polymers using electrospraying was developed. The major processing parameters such as the conductivity of spraying liquids, flow rate, etc., were examined to obtain the successful apparatus configuration of electrospraying. The choice of a consolidation medium was critical in obtaining well-dispersed nanoparticles. When triphenylphosphate aqueous solution was employed as a consolidation medium, its concentration was not an effective parameter to control the aggregation of primary particles. When organic solvents were employed, the processing windows of electrospraying were relatively narrow than water-based systems.


Patients and their physicians were asked to estimate the pain from needle aspiration and/or injection of joints or soft tissue using the visual analogue scale. On a lo-point scale, the mean score for patients prior to and after the procedure was 4.76 + 2.97 and 4.01 + 3.51, respectively, and for physicians was 4.15 + 2.45 and 3.36 _t 2.08. Analysis of correlations revealed that prior to the procedure patients could predict their 'true' pain (after the procedure assessment) better (r = 0.765) than physicians could predict patients' pain (r = 0.542). However, physicians significantly improved their estimates of patients' scores by observing the procedure. After the procedure correlation between physician and patient scores increased to 0.62 (P = 0.003). The overall pattern of results suggests that experienced patients may be somewhat better than their physicians in predicting the level of pain they experience with a procedure, but that physicians' estimates appear to be accurate enough to allow them to give useful information about the degree of discomfort that a patient will experience during an invasive procedure.


Pan River County is located in the northwest Panxian large population, land area but only one-third of the total area of the town, and in recent years taken off closing off well pressure, resulting in a lack of fuel in rural areas, development is essential to build biogas digesters.


This paper describes an applicator of electromagnetic fields for its clinical use in oncology hyperthermia treatments. The applicator is a rectangular waveguide working at 200 MHz. In order to reduce the applicator dimensions (8.5 cmtimes4.2 cmtimes16.9 cm), it was filled with deionized water. After designing the applicator, it was characterized for its clinical use. Electric field distribution, impedance, and calorimetric measurements are presented in this paper


Abnormal behavior poses a great threat to social security and stability. The resulting violence or crime leads to terrible consequences. How to utilize reasonable means to predict the dangerous intentions of massive crowds and prevent the potential hazard to the public is significant for social security. A crowd monitoring and management system is an effective way to detect abnormal behavior. In this article, we release unmanned aerial vehicles as well as fixed ground devices to achieve multi-level and multi-modal behavioral sensing on a massive crowd, deploy a hybrid model in edge cloud to extract global features from behavioral data of a massive crowd, and then utilize these global features to construct decent classification algorithms for action recognition and behavioral semantic cognition. With the cooperation of behavioral data and cognitive algorithms, we can understand the instantaneous emotions of the crowd. On the basis of behavioral data and the emotional state of the crowd, the correlation between daily behavior and any dangerous intention of a massive crowd has been revealed by utilizing behavioral big data analysis, which is a key foundation for predicting people's dangerous intentions. Finally, we conduct a case study of abnormal behavior detection based on pix2pix and continuous video frames. The experimental results show that the performance of our method is better than other algorithms in both public datasets and the customized Hajj dataset. The proposed novel pattern for the effective learning of a massive crowd is validated to effectively eliminate some of the possible dangers caused by abnormal behavior.


Neuraminidase, or sialidase, is a surface glycoprotein that possesses enzymatic activity essential for viral replication in both influenza A and B anuses. To date, 9 neuraminidase subtypes (N1-N9) have been identified from influenza A viruses and only 1 subtype has been identified from influenza B viruses. Because of the importance of this enzyme in the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection and the close correspondence of the conserved residues of the active sites from all influenza neuraminidases, the enzyme structure has been successfully used for the design of neuraminidase inhibitors, which would be effective for various influenza viruses. The neuraminidase inhibitors zanamivir and oseltamivir are now commonly used for the therapy of influenza virus infections with minimal adverse effects, and they can also be used for the prophylaxis of influenza, especially when vaccination is unsuitable or ineffective. Up to now, the data on neuraminidase inhibitors suggest that the enzyme is an attractive target for the discovery of new antiinfluenza drugs.


The paper attempts the recognition of multiple drivers' emotional state from physiological signals. The major challenge of the research is the severe inter-subject variation such that it is extreme difficult to build a general model for multiple drivers. In this paper, we focus on discovering an optimal feature mapping by utilizing the additional attribute from the drivers. Two models are reported, specifically an auxiliary dimension model and a factorization model. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperform existing algorithms used for emotional state recognition.


We investigate the deceleration of solar energetic particles (SEPs) during their propagation from the Sun through interplanetary space, in the presence of weak to strong scattering in a Parker spiral configuration, using relativistic full orbit test particle simulations. The calculations retain all three spatial variables describing particles' trajectories, allowing us to model any transport across the magnetic field. Large energy change is shown to occur for protons, due to the combined effect of standard adiabatic deceleration and a significant contribution from particle drift in the direction opposite to that of the solar wind electric field. The latter drift-induced deceleration is found to have a stronger effect for SEP energies than for galactic cosmic rays. The kinetic energy of protons injected at 1 MeV is found to be reduced by between 35% and 90% after four days, and for protons injected at 100 MeV by between 20% and 55%. The overall degree of deceleration is a weak function of the scattering mean free path, showing that, although adiabatic deceleration plays a role, a large contribution is due to particle drift. Current SEP transport models are found to account for drift-induced deceleration in an approximate way and their accuracy will need to be assessed in future work.