Accelerated bridge construction (ABC) has gained popularity in urban areas where construction risk and traffic delays need to be minimized. The use of prefabricated elements is essential in most ABC projects to meet tight scheduling demands. Due to lack of knowledge regarding non-linear performance of connections, prefabricated substructure elements have been utilized more frequently in areas of low seismicity compared with areas with higher seismic hazard. Connections employing grouted coupler splices are becoming one of the more popular options for some U.S. transportation agencies. Previous studies have shown that precast columns with grouted splice connections behave similar to cast-in-place columns when subjected to non-linear cyclic loading. However, these connections have also been shown to disrupt plastic hinge formation, which results in premature failure and reduced displacement ductility. This paper presents the preliminary results from an experimental study on precast concrete columns with grouted splice moment connections. The primary goal of the study is to develop new connection details employing grouted splices that exhibit improved seismic performance compared with previously tested connections details. Four 0.42-scale bridge column models were designed based on Caltrans' Seismic Design Criteria with different aspect ratios to represent flexural and flexural-shear dominated configurations. Of the four models, two precast columns were designed such that plastic hinging forms above the grouted couplers. In previous studies, columns employing these couplers exhibited concentrated plastic rotation at the column-footing interface, which resulted in premature bar rupture and reduced ductility. Thus, the proposed design method shifts plastic hinging to a region with higher plastic rotation capacity to increase ductility and improve seismic performance. Precast columns are compared with a corresponding set of cast-in-place column models that establish baseline performance. All four columns were subjected to slow cyclic lateral loading in a single cantilever configuration. Hysteretic force-displacement relationships, damage observation and energy dissipation for the precast models are compared with like results from corresponding CIP column models. Furthermore, quantification of the displacement components that contribute to the total lateral displacement is performed to assess the hinging behavior of the precast column compared with CIP column.


How does a local authority re‐provide for 26 residents with learning difficulties living in a hostel run by social services which fails to comply with current standards? This case study describes how three‐quarters of residents were enabled to move on to supported housing and outlines a model that could be adopted by other councils.


Interferon-alpha (IFNα) can promote anti-tumor immunity through its actions on immune cells. We have shown in murine models that a class of immune suppressor cells known as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) have inhibitory effects on IFN signal transduction and gene regulation. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 are produced by tumor cells in cancer patients and can regulate the survival and function of MDSC. This study evaluated relationships between plasma IL-6, IL-10, circulating MDSC subsets and IFNα-induced signal transduction in 40 patients with gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. Plasma IL-6 and IL-10 levels were significantly higher in patients versus normal donors. CD33 + HLADR − CD11b + CD15 + and CD33 + HLADR −/low CD14 + MDSC were also elevated in patients versus normal donors (p + ) and monocytic (CD15 − ) subsets. Therefore relationships between CD15 expression on MDSC and cytokines elevated in GI patients were examined. A significant correlation between plasma IL-6 with CD33 + HLADRCD15 + MDSC (p=0.008) and IL10 with CD33 + HLADR − CD15 − MDSC (p=0.002) was observed. The level of CD15 + and CD15 − but not CD14 + MDSC subsets were inversely correlated with IFNα-induced STAT1 phosphorylation in CD4 + T cells, while co-culture with in vitro generated MDSC led to reduced IFNα-responsiveness in PBMC from normal donors. In a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model, an increased percentage of the CD33 + HLADR − CD15 − MDSC subset was associated with reduced overall survival (hazard ratio = 1.43; p = 0.049) while an increased percentage of the CD33 + HLADR −/low CD14 + subset was associated with greater overall survival (hazard ratio = 0.69, p=0.033). These data provide evidence for a unique relationship between specific cytokines, MDSC subsets and IFNα responsiveness in patients with GI malignancies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5517. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5517


The T cell receptor (TCR) consists of the Tiot[3 heterodimer and the associated CD378E and ge chains. The structural relationships between the subunits of the TCR complex are still not fully known. In this study we examined the role of the extracellular (EC), transmembrane (TM), and cytoplasmic (CY) domain of CD37 in assembly and cell surface expression of the complete TCR in human T cells. A computer model indicated that the EC domain of CD37 folds as an Ig domain. Based on this model and on alignment studies, two potential interaction sites were predicted in the EC domain of CD3~/. Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that these sites play a crucial role in TCR assembly probably by binding to CD3e. Mutagenesis of N-linked glycosylation sites showed that glycosylation of CD3~ is not required for TCR assembly and expression. In contrast, treatment of T cells with tunicamycin suggested that N-linked glycosylation of CD38 is required for TCR assembly. Site-directed mutagenesis of the acidic amino acid in the TM domain of CD3~/demonstrated that this residue is involved in TCR assembly probably by binding to Ti13. Deletion of the entire CY domain of CD3~/did not prevent assembly and expression of the TCR. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that specific TCR interaction sites exist in both the EC and TM domain of CD3% Furthermore, the study indicated that, in contrast to CD3q¢, glycosylation of CD38 is required for TCR assembly and expression. T HE T cell receptor (TCR) 1 consists of the disulfide linked Tiot13 heterodimer and the non-covalently associated CD3~/8~ and 42 chains. The function of the Tia13 dimer is to recognize antigen presented on major histocompatibility complex encoded class I or class II molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells (15, 49), whereas the major role of the CD3 and the 4 chains is to mediate activation signals and to regulate the level of TCR expression (16, 38, 57). All of the TCR chains are type I integral membrane proteins (12, 30, 50). Except for 4 the TCR chains belong to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily (10, 22, 35, 60). All the TCR chains are required for efficient TCR expression at the cell surface (8), but despite extensive research the subunit interactions within the TCR are still not fully understood. Several studies have described the presence of intracellular CD38e, ~/e, 44, and Tiot13 dimers (2, 4, 43) and these dimers can form independently of other TCR chains. Transfection of TCR chains into COS cells has demonstrated a preferential binding of Tia to CD38e Address correspondence to Carsten Geisler, M.D., Ph.D., Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen, The Panum Institute, Building 18.3, Blegdamsvej 3C, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark. Tel.: 45 3532 7880. FAX: 45 3532 7851. e mail: firstname.lastname@example.com 1. Abbreviat ions used in this paper: C, extracellular constant; CY, cytoplasmic; EC, extracellular; PA, protein A-Sepharose; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PE, phycoerythrin; TCR, T cell receptor; TM, transmembrane. dimers (2) and cross-linking experiments have shown that Ti[3 is in close contact to CD3~ and to a lesser extent to CD3e at the surface of T cells (6, 31, 52). From these resuits a TCR model has been proposed in which CD38~ dimers associate with Tic~ and C D 3 ~ dimers associate with Ti13 (41). It is presently thought that 42 associates with this putative hexameric partial TCR complex via a compound determinant created by the complex. The specific chains that interact with 42 are not known although experiments have indicated that Tia and 13 are involved (20, 21). Recent experiments have indicated that the extracellular (EC) domains of the TCR chains are involved in assembly of the TCR. One study demonstrated that the association of CD3 chains with Ti13 was stabilized by the EC constant (C) domain of the Ti13 chain (59). In another experiment it was shown that the assembly of Tia and Ti13 was dependent on the EC domains of these chains (41). Both experiments involved the use of COS cells. As different conditions for TCR assembly might exist in non-T cells compared with T cells, conclusions on TCR assembly based on results obtained with non-T cells should be drawn with caution. We have recently demonstrated that the EC domain of CD38 can not substitute for the EC domain of CD3-y in assembly of the complete TCR in T cells (58). This indicates that the EC domain of CD3~/has a specific role in TCR assembly and expression. The CD3"y chain contains two N-linked glycosylation sites in the EC domain. The general role of protein glycosylation is still not fully understood. However, experiments © The Rockefeller University Press, 0021-9525/96/02/299/12 $2.00 The Journal of Cell Biology, Volume 132, Number 3, February 1996 299-310 299 on N ovem er 9, 2017 jcb.rress.org D ow nladed fom have shown that glycosylation might be involved in stabilizing the structure of proteins, in modifying the functional activity of proteins, in recognition events, and in signal transduction after ligand-receptor binding (reviewed in reference 53). In addition, it has recently been demonstrated that mutation of a glycosylation site in the transferrin receptor has a profound negative effect on the appearance of the receptor on the cell surface (61). The role of CD3~/ glycosylation in assembly, intracellular transport and expression of the TCR is unknown. Each of the TCR chains contains one or two charged amino acids in their transmembrane (TM) domain. Several studies have demonstrated a requirement of these charged amino acids for complete TCR assembly. Mutation of both the TM basic amino acids in Tict abolished TCR expression in T cells (3, 26). Furthermore, in COS cells the association of Tit~ with CD3~ was impaired if both the TM basic amino acids in TioL were changed to Leu or if the TM acidic amino acid in CD3~ was changed to Leu (42). Point mutation of the Til~ TM basic amino acid also abolished TCR expression in T cells due to the inability of the mutated Til3 chain to associate with the CD3 chains (1). In agreement with this, it has been shown in COS cells that if the charged amino acid in the TM domain of any of the CD3 chains was changed to a hydrophobic amino acid the association between CD3 and the Ti chains was abolished, whereas the CD3-CD3 associations were not dependent on the presence of these charged amino acids (23). These experiments indicate that the charged TM amino acids of the TCR subunits play an import role in the interaction between Ti and CD3 chains. However, the role of the charged amino acid in the TM domain of CD37 in assembly of the complete TCR has not been studied in T cells. Furthermore, the role of the cytoplasmic tail of CD3~ in TCR assembly and surface expression is unknown. On the basis of a computer model and alignment studies we identified sites in the EC domain of CD3~/that could be involved in interactions with other TCR chains. The role of these sites in TCR assembly was subsequently analyzed by transfecting site-directed mutagenized CD3~/ cDNA into the CD3~/ negative T cell variant JGN (18). Furthermore, the role of N-linked glycosylation of the EC domain, the role of the charged residue in the TM domain, and the role of the cytoplasmic (CY) domain of CD3~ for TCR assembly and expression was studied. Materials and Methods Computer Model Building The model of CD3~, was built using software programs from Biosym Technologies (San Diego, CA). The initial model was built using Homology ® and three structures (44, 48, 55) all containing the Ig superfamily fold. The resulting structure was energy minimized using the Discover ® program and the CFF91 forcefield and molecular dynamics were subsequently performed. The final structure was analyzed using program PROCHECK (37), and the secondary structural elements were identified based on the Kabsh-Sander algorithm (27).


The heat of formation of C5 has been computed ab initio using a variation on G1 theory. The computed ΔH0f = 251.7 ± 4 kcal/mol disagrees quite appreciably with the third‐law measurements of Drowart et al.; however, the cause of this is shown to be in the use of very approximate free energy functions by these authors. Using better free energy functions leads to a revised experimental value of 253.3±5.8 kcal/mol, in excellent agreement with our ab initio value. A revision of previous estimates for C6 to C10 by Raghavachari and Binkley is presented.


Transport and communication networks are some of the most important factors which influence the socio-economic development, and particularly the tourist sector, of Sicily, a peripherical region by comparison with the European central areas. The most recent changes in the transport sector are: a) the creation of integrated trans-national networks, based on specific systems such as the inter-modality transport one and the hub and spoke one. b) the solution of the conflicts between transport development and environmental impact. These changes lead to the creation of global national and regional logistic networks, which increased the competition and efficiency of states/regions/local economic systems. In this paper the authors will analyse how Sicily wants to face these transformations in order to change its economic functions in the Euro-Mediterranean area. On the other side they will take in consideration how the principal choices of European Union influence the projects of Sicilian transport Plans and if Sicilian actors are able to use the European financial resources available in transport sector.


Two mutants, blond (bl) and maroon eye (mar) , are described in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). Both are spontaneous, recessive, fully penetrant, and sex-linked. The gene order is M–bl–mar . The map distances in M–bl and bl–mar are 0.84 to 2.85 and 1.68 to 15.85, respectively. The mutants are evident in late 4th-instar larvae and pupae; bl is associated with somewhat prolonged larval development.


The notion of the public good is a fundamental of Erasmus's political thought and bound up in his intellectual authority. Courage, a major quality demanded of the involved intellectual today, was also displayed by Erasmus in writing in favor of public good, albeit with some severe exceptions. The kings' financial demands of the common people must be moderate, to allow the poor to survive. If required to raise taxes, they should be progressive taxes, i.e., the rich should pay a greater share. Erasmus's moral, as well as social and economic preference was that the prince will impose as little tax as possible on things such as corn, bread, beer, wine, clothes, and all the other things without which human life cannot be carried.


The regional frequency analysis is widely used in flood analysis. The approach based on the theory of L-moments recently developed by Hosking and Wa llis (1997) is a very reliable method for assessing exceedance probab ilities of extreme environmental events when data is available from more than one site. The method of L-moments is analogous to the method of ordinary moments. The main advantage of L-moments is that, being a linear combination of data, they are less influenced by outliers whereas the ordinary moments requires squaring and cubing of the observed data. A well conducted regional frequency analysis involves objective and subjective techniques for defining homogeneous regions, assigning of sites to regions, identifying and fitting regional probability distribution to data, and testing hypotheses about distributions. The standard discordancy measure of Wilks for detection of multivariate outliers in terms of the sample L-moment ratios of the site's data is recommended by Hosking and Wallis ( 1997) as a guideline rather than a formal test during the process of initial data screening for forming the homogeneous region. It is well known, however, that this test is not robust against outliers as it is based on the sample mean and covariance matrix which are themselves affected by outliers. Existing alternatives to it based on robust estimates of the location and scatter are studied on a case study of extreme water levels at several locations along the North Sea coast of the Netherlands. The results show that the robustified analogs are superior and look promising in this case.


"Quality and Quantity: maintaining biological diversity in space and time"—Session II of the 5th Symposium of the International Association for Lichenology, Tartu, Estonia, 16–21 August 2004. As naturalists and especially as lichenologists, we would all agree that lichen diversity is desirable for its own sake. A species-poor forest looks 'wrong' to an experienced outdoors-person, and, conversely, a lichen-rich forest is a delight, even if the viewer knows nothing about lichens per se. This is why many people, not just lichen-lovers, agonize over the loss of lichen diversity in our natural landscape.


Background:  The respiratory movement measuring instrument (RMMI) is a method for examining the differences in anteroposterior diameter of the body during breathing.


Menke/Koerner et al. use structural MRI to explore the extent of longitudinal changes in cerebral pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and their relationship to clinical features. A characteristic white matter tract pathological signature is seen cross-sectionally, while cortical involvement dominates longitudinally. This has implications for the development of biomarkers for diagnosis versus therapeutic monitoring.


In the 20th century,especially in the period from the May 4th Movement to the Cultural Revolution,Soviet literature had a huge impact on Chinese literature,which is a unique phenomenon in the Chinese literary history.Literary trends,like literature with the purpose "For the life" in the May 4th period,the revolution literature between the 1920s and 1930s,Yan′an literature in the 1940s,socialist realism literature in the 1950s,and even the "underground literature" during the Cultural Revolution,were all subjected to the direct influence of the Russian-Soviet literature.Since the ending of the Cultural Revolution,the Soviet literary model has been no longer the only choice for Chinese literature as the Chinese writers selectively use the Soviet literature as reference.


On Wednesday, January 10, the American Federation of Teachers and the Albert Shanker Institute cosponsored a panel moderated by AFT President Randi Weingarten on the role that American education should play in responding to the threats confronting our democracy. Two leading public intellectuals, Timothy Snyder, the Richard C. Levin Professor of History at Yale University and the author of On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century, and Danielle Allen, the James Bryant Conant University Professor at Harvard University and the director of Harvard's Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics, discussed the importance of civics education in preserving our republic and sustaining the American ideals of liberty and democracy. Below is an excerpt of their wide-ranging conversation. –EDITORS


The high performance of an elliptic curve (EC) crypto system depends efficiently on the arithmetic in the underlying finite field. We have to propose and compare three levels of Galois Field , , and . The proposed architecture is based on Lopez-Dahab elliptic curve point multiplication algorithm, which uses Gaussian normal basis for field arithmetic. The proposed is based on an efficient Montgomery add and double algorithm, also the Karatsuba-Ofman multiplier and Itoh-Tsujii algorithm are used as the inverse component. The hardware design is based on optimized finite state machine (FSM), with a single cycle 193 bits multiplier, field adder, and field squarer. The another proposed architecture is based on applications for which compactness is more important than speed. The FPGA's dedicated multipliers and carry-chain logic are used to obtain the small data path. The different optimization at the hardware level improves the acceleration of the ECC scalar multiplication, increases frequency and the speed of operation such as key generation, encryption, and decryption. Finally, we have to implement our design using Xilinx XC4VLX200 FPGA device.


The objective of this study is to understand the spatial distribution of ethnopedological aspects in the Faxinal Taquari dos Ribeiros (PR), based on the use of geotechnologies. The identifi cation and evaluation of ethnopedological units has been determined by semi-structured interviews, Remote Sensing techniques, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) that identifi es classes of slope declivity and the representation of the geomorphological surface in 3D), as well as fi eld and topographical profi les. The most important soil types that have been identifi ed by the traditional community and mapped in their spatial distribution ate: Terra de Areia (sandy soil); Terra Branca Solta (loose white soil); Terra Branca Batumadeira (compact white soil); Terra Preta Batumadeira (compact black soil); Terra Preta Solta (loose black soil); Terra Vermelha do Agricultor (farmer's red soil); Terra Vermelha do Faxinal ou do Agricultor (farmer's red soil or red soil of the faxinal); Terra de Cascalho (gravel soil); e Terra Roxa (Terra roxa).


This paper presents differential pressure based flow configuration software implemented using FDT2 technology. FDT2 is a latest version of FDT standard (IEC62453) which is useful for configuration, monitoring, diagnosis and asset management of field device. Using FDT2 technology, client server system for flow configuration will be achieved keeping the interoperability of host system. The original design achieving unified application implementation on FDT2 without the difference of host integration technology and communication protocols is shown. The flow configuration business logic implemented in server function on FDT2 can be integrated as FITS (FDT IIOT Server) and a lot of benefits will be achieved referring to RAMI4.0. This will greatly improve plant operation in future.


The present invention is a graft monomer is (i) an aromatic vinyl compound, (ii) an acrylic compound, (iii) (i) compound and (ii) at least one mixture of water and (iv) hwaham (i) compound or at least one (ii) compounds relates to mixtures thereof copolymerizable with the graft blend comprising the copolymer of graft copolymer and olefin rubber material of a propylene polymer material selected from the group consisting of other monomers.


The services of the AWS cloud provider on information security are analyzed. The paper deals with a method of authentication of web application users using the AWS Cognito service. There is described the process of verifying access to a web resource.


This study involved 633 Grade 5 Chinese students in Hong Kong. Based on peer nominations, students were divided into 5 status groups: average, popular, neglected, rejected, and controversial. The perception of students' degree of creativeness was obtained by peer nomination and by teacher ratings. Results from 2~way analyses of variance showed significant sex and group differences in peer-nominated creativity and group differences in teacher-rated creativity. Among students, boys were regarded by classmates as more creative than girls. Contrasts of the average group with the other groups were statistically significant except with the rejected group. In regard to teacher-rated creativity, the differences between the average and the other groups were much less extensive, with only the popular group a little higher than the average group. Overall, peer status and perceived creativity were highly related. Students tended to make greater differentiation in judging creativity than did the teachers.


Nearly 20 years ago, Mixon (1995) found that urban warming is positively related to the probability of an EPA citation for a violation of carbon emissions standards, whereas lobbying effort reduces the probability of such a citation. This study revisits the Mixon (1995) framework by using data on ozone violations. The results indicate that EPA citations for ozone violations are not significantly related to lobbying effort.


Sequence-to-sequence language models can be used to produce abstractive summaries which are coherent, relevant, and concise. Still, model sizes can make deployment in latency-sensitive or web-scale implementations difficult. This paper studies the relationship between model size, structured pruning, inference efficiency, and summarization accuracy on widely used summarization datasets. We show that model accuracy is tied to the encoder size while inference efficiency is connected to the decoder. Using asymmetric pruning can lead to nearly 3x improvement in inference latency with ~1 point loss in Rouge-2. Moreover, we find both the average degradation and the role of asymmetry to be consistent across model sizes and variations in datasets.


BACKGROUND
Prehospital plasma improves survival in severely injured trauma patients at risk for hemorrhagic shock and transported by air ambulance. We hypothesized that prehospital plasma would be associated with a reduction in immune imbalance and endothelial damage.

METHODS
We collected blood samples from 405 trauma patients enrolled in the Prehospital Air MedicalPlasma (PAMPer) trial upon hospital admission (0 hours) and 24 hours post admission across 6 U.S. sites(9 level-one trauma centers) with air medical transport services. We assayed samples for 21 inflammatory mediators and 7 markers of endothelial damage. We performed hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) on principal components of these biomarkers of the immune response and endothelial injury. Regression analysis was used to control for known differences across study arms near the time of randomization and to assess any association with prehospital plasma administration.

RESULTS
HCA based on inflammatory mediator and endothelial damage marker concentrations distinguished two patient clusters, each with different injury patterns and outcomes. Patients in cluster A had greater injury severity and incidence of blunt trauma, traumatic brain injury, and mortality. Cluster A patients that received prehospital plasma as compared to standard care fluid resuscitation showed improved 30-day survival. Prehospital plasma did not improve survival in cluster B patients. In an adjusted analysis of themost seriously injured patients (ISS>30), plasma was associated with a an increase in circulating levels of adiponectin, IL-1β, IL-17A, IL-23, and IL-17E upon admission. One day following admission, prehospital plasmas was associated with a reduction in syndecan-1, TM, VEGF, IL-6, IP-10, MCP-1, and TNF-α, and an increase in IL-33, IL-21, IL-23, and IL-17E.

CONCLUSION
This is the first human study to suggest that prehospital plasma may ameliorate the endotheliopathy of trauma and modulate an imbalance between pro-inflammatory (e.g. IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1) and protective (e.g. IL-33 and IL-17E) mediators. These effects of early plasma administration may contribute to improved survival in severely injured patients.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01818427Funding: National Institutes of Health T32; U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command W81XWH-12-2-0023; National Institutes of Health R35; National Institutes of Health 1R35GM119526-01; the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs, through the Defense Medical Research and Development Program W81XWH-18-2-0051 and W81XWH-15-PRORP-OCRCA. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions and recommendations are those of the authors and not necessarily endorsed by the Department of Defense.


Teaching English in senior high school is oriented to master the skill of English.Beside that, teaching English is also oriented to master the language components. There are grammar, pronunciation, etc. It is known that grammar is the important one in English teaching learning process. So, it is expected for the students to master grammar.Media have been used in this research to increase students' mastery of the simple past tense is puppet. Puppet is a media which is made from picture and have stem to hold on.
The purpose of this research is to find out whether there is a significant difference of the mastery of simple past tense of the eleventh grade students of MA NahdlatulMusliminin the academic year 2013/2014 before and after being taught by using puppet.
 This is quantitative research, which relies on quantitative data based on computation and measurement, operational variables and statistics. The design of the research is experimental. The experimental design is one group pretest posttest.Before doing pretest, the writer gives test to know the reliability of the test, and then it is continued by pretest, giving treatment, and the last is giving posttest. The subject of the research is the XI IPS 3. It consists of 42 students. The instrument of the research was test.
The result of this research shows that (i) the mastery of simple past tense of the eleventh grade students of MA NahdlatulMuslimin in the academic year 2013/2014 before being taught by using puppet islow. The score of mean and deviation standard are 53.8 and 8.22. Meanwhile, the mastery of simple past tense of the eleventh grade students of MA NahdlatulMuslimin in the academic year 2013/2014 after being taught by using puppet is categorized excellent. The score of mean and standard deviation are 80.1 and 5.64. The calculation of t-test gets result 34.02 with the level of significant 0.05 and degree of freedom (df) 41 which is gained N – 1, t-table is 2.021. It is concluded that there is significant difference between the mastery of simple past tense of the eleventh grade students of MA NahdlatulMuslimin in the academic year 2013/2014 before and after being taught by using puppet.
Considering the process and results of this research, the writer suggests that the English teacher should be more creative and innovative in selecting the suitable methods and media in teaching learning process. Puppet can be used as alternative media to teach tense. In fact, puppet can help the mastery of simple past tense and solve students' bored in the classroom. Besides, the students should be more active during teaching learning process.


Purpose: Differential diagnosis between arteriovenous (AVMs) aud non-arteriovenous malformations (nAVMs) is important in patients with congenital vascular malformations, because AVMs can cause hemodynamic alteration and require immediate treatment. We investigated whether transarterial lung perfusion scintigraphy (TLPS) was useful for the diagnosis and post-therapeutic evaluation of AVMs in extremities. Materials and Methods: Fifty-seven patients (M:F=26:31, yr, 9 upper and 48 lower extremities) suspected of congenital vascular malformations in extremities underwent TLPS using before embolization/sclerotherapy. Dose-corrected shunt fraction (SF) was calculated from time-activity curve of the lung. Final diagnosis of AVMs was determined by angiography. in patients with AVMs, follow-up TLPS was done for post-therapeutic evaluation. Results: Sixteen patients (8 upper and 8 lower extremities) had AVMs, while the remaining 41 had nAVMs (1 upper and 40 lower extremities). The mean SF of AVMs on TLPS was significantly higher than that of nAVMs (), p=0.003). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of TLPS (cut-off of SF = 20.0%) in diagnosis of AVMs before treatment were 93.8% (15/16), 100% (41/41) and 98.2% (56/57), respectively. The follow-up TLPS and angiography for post-therapeutic evaluation showed concordant results in 13 of 16 patients (81.3%) with AVMs. The mean SF of TLPS was significantly decreased after embolization/sclerotherapy (, p=0.01). Conclusion: TLPS provides hemodynamic information of AVMs in extremities semiquantitatively. Furthermore, the results of TLPS showed a high concordance rate with angiographic findings. Therefore, TLPS is useful for the diagnosis and post-therapeutic evaluation of AVMs in extremities.


The current study examined teacher ratings of the executive capacities of child and adolescent groups of ADHD-diagnosed students and matched controls. Teacher ratings of each clinical group were compared with the teacher ratings of a group of matched nonclinical peers, then the teacher ratings of the child and the adolescent clinical groups were compared. The data for both clinical groups and their respective matched control groups were part of the data collected during the standardization of the McCloskey Executive Functions Scale – Teacher Report Form (MEFS-TR). It was hypothesized that when compared to their matched control groups, teacher ratings of the ADHD-diagnosed child group would reflect a greater number of executive capacity deficits within the Academic Arena of Involvement than the Self/Social Arena of Involvement. Results supported to some degree the hypotheses; for many aspects of executive control, significantly larger percentages of ADHD-diagnosed students than matched controls were rated as having more deficits within the Academic Arena than within the Self/Social Arena and significantly larger percentages of ADHD-diagnosed children than matched controls were rated as having more deficits within the Self/Social Arena and within the Academic Arena than ADHD-diagnosed adolescents.


Background: There are many landmark clinical trials in ophthalmology, the context of which provide a more relevant understanding of their results. The Age-related Eye Diseases (AREDS) studies were conducted in a large population to understand the effect of nutritional supplements on the progress of age-related macular degeneration. Purpose: This instructional video is being presented to familiarize the postgraduate residents as well as interested researchers of the details of the landmark AREDS studies. Synopsis: The video describes the enrollment of participants, their demographics, the protocols of the studies, and the key results. Highlights: The AREDS formulations, the specific effects of key components of the formulations, and results of the trials that guide present day treatment guidelines are discussed. Video link: https://youtu.be/SPsikgx8SCI


The paper deals with experimental investigations of the surface perturbation effects on the flame propagation velocity along the surface of the liquid. It is revealed that at low velocities the effect is quite significant. Under certain conditions the flame even stabilizes for some time. The experiments were conducted to elucidate the mechanism of flame propagation. However, it was impossible to determine expressly the flame propagation mechanism along the surface, because this requires visualization of gas flows.


Despite a consensus that marital research would benefit from more ethnically diverse samples, most marital research continues to address samples composed primarily of middle-class Whites. The goal of the current study was to identify reasons that attempts to recruit ethnically diverse samples may fall short. Analyses of data from couples responding to solicitations to participate in a longitudinal study of newly-weds revealed that, relative to White couples: (i) non-White couples were less likely to respond than would be expected given their representation in the local population; (ii) non-White, and especially Black, couples were more likely to be excluded by eligibility criteria; and (iii) non-White, and especially Asian, couples were less likely to participate after being told they were eligible. These results suggest directions for new procedures to address diversity at every stage of the sampling process.


Thls paper describes the salient feature:, of a kirowledge enginrerlng tooi developed for scene rccognitmn. Thuugh the tool has been developed based on thc requirements of a specriic application arta, the tool has been made gcnera1 enough to be ahle to cater to a larze number of applicatmns. The tool, m its extended version, can deal wrth fuzzy as well as ciisp data and knowledge. A aovel technique, termed mlr atratification, has been introduced and utilized in this tool. The paper also describes an application of the tool and presents a comparison of rhe features with those of rhe commercially avaiiablc tools.


A method for direct measuring the magnetostriction of ferromagnetic films (deposited on nonmagnetic substrates) in using an atomic force microscope was suggested. In measuring the magnetostriction for films 10 [mm] in length and 0,2 [μm] in thickness, which were deposited on substrates 200 [μm] thick, the minimum measured magnetostriction magnitude is ~10-7. The procedure was tested for Ni and Fe films. The magnetostriction magnitudes measured for the films are comparable with those obtained by other magnetostriction-measuring methods. The effect of alloying with zirconium and nitrogen on the magnetostriction of nanocrystalline Fe films was studied.


Application of phosphonate was investigated as a means of controlling phytophthora root rot (Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. medicaginis) in lucerne (Medicago sativa). Foliar sprays of the chemical at rates of 2, 4 and 8 g/L did not improve the persistence or dry matter production of susceptible or resistant cultivars of lucerne, despite a small reduction in the degree of damage inflicted on lucerne plants by a severe epiphytotic of the disease. Regular monthly applications gave no better control than single applications at establishment or at the time of the development of an epiphytotic. It is concluded that phosphonate is not efficacious in controlling phytophthora root rot in lucerne and will not improve the performance of susceptible cultivars in high risk situations.


Part 1 of this article provides factors for constructing frequently required intervals for a normal population and describes the situations in which each interval is applicable. The specific intervals considered are ones to contain with a high probabili..


FIELD: process engineering. SUBSTANCE: claimed applicator comprises outer surface, inner surface located opposite the latter to make the cavity to house self-adhesion material. Self-adhesion material is glued by its side facing the applicator to at least the part of its inner surface. Adhesion force between inner surface part and the side facing the applicator is lower than that between the base and side opposite the latter. Application system comprises outer surface, inner surface making the cavity to house self-adhesion material, ring, coating secured to said ring. Said system inner surface, at least its portion, serves to glue self-adhesion material side facing the applicator at adhesion force between inner surface part and the side facing the applicator lower than that between the base and the side facing the latter. Claimed process comprises provision of applicator with outer surface and inner surface, bringing of applicator in contact the base, pressing the applicator against the base and removal of applicator from the base. EFFECT: simplified design of applicator. 24 cl, 12 dwg


Sweet potatoes have become a research focus in recent years, due to their par-ticular nutritional and functional qualities. Considering yoghurt is one of the most popular dairy products, sweet potato supplementation will play a significant impact on the produced yoghurt texture it will also add attractive orange colour to the final product. The article focused on the replacement of the stabilizers used in the manufacture of yoghurt with sweet potato flour dehydrated in a lab (SPFL) due to its functional features and a less expensive alternative and the improvement of yoghurt colour due to the presence of anthocyanin pigment. In order to reach these goals, experimental yoghurt was fortified with 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 g SPFL/100g cow milk (%) and stored at 4˚C for 14 days. The obtained data were then compared with commercial yoghurt samples (CS1, CS2, CS3, and CS4). Sensory evaluation revealed that the 2% SPFL, CS1, and CS3 obtained higher scores than the other treatments. The fat content of the yoghurts was identical whereas, the other physicochemical parameters and water holding capacity (WHC %) levels varied. SPFL supplementation had a significant impact on the rheological properties of yoghurt production, allowing sweet potato flour to replace the industrial stabiliser. Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) of yoghurt enriched with SPFL revealed denser and smaller gaps, as well as the presence of sweet potato globules embedded in and attached to the gel matrix. The results obtained in the present research imply that sweet potatoes can be used to produce a kind of cohesive and gummy yoghurt that can be used instead of industrial stabilizers.


The Rotating Target Neutron Source (RTNS-II) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is an accelerator-driven fusion neutron source. Neutrons are produced by beaming deuterium into a tritium-loaded target. To increase the neutron yield, we attempted to produce a larger version of our current target; however, we experienced problems in the diffusion-bonding portion of the fabrication process. We have identified the causes of these problems and are currently studying several methods for improving the bonding process.


The application relates to the technical field of network, and particularly relates to an exchange message output method, a transmission method and a device. The method is applied to first electronic equipment; the first electronic equipment is connected with media output device via data; and the first electronic equipment is connected with a server via data. The method comprises the steps of obtaining mark information from the media output device, associating the mark information with content which is currently output by the media output device; accessing the server according to the mark information; outputting a first exchange message at a first storage position in the server; and associating the first storage position with the content which is currently output by the media output device, wherein the first exchange message is transmitted to the server from second electronic equipment. By adopting the method provided by the application, a user can obtain the exchange message corresponding to the program which is watched or listened currently when watching or listening to the program; the requirement of the user is met, and the experience of the user is improved.


The braking performance is one of the most important active safety performances of vehicle, which plays a key role in the traffic safety. It is necessary to research on braking efficiency and it becomes a hotspot to express the braking performance scientifically and rationally. To improve braking capability and efficiency of vehicle disk brake, a multi-objective optimization model with the lowest braking temperature and the largest braking torque as the objective function was proposed. The model was on the basis of property indexes and restraints needed for disk brake designing. The example to verify its fitness was provided and Genetic Algorithm (GA) in Matlab optimization toolbox was used for solving ideal result.


Psychological factors such as stress, anxiety and depression are frequently related to IBD. However, there are few studies of these factors in patients with a new diagnosis of IBD. The aim of the present study is to test the psychological burden in patients with a recent diagnosis of IBD and to check if there are differences between Crohn's disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC).

 Prospective, multi-center, observational study in patients with a new diagnosis of IBD (<6 months). The patients were recruited from 4 different Spanish hospitals. Patients were evaluated using the Holmes and Rae social readjustment rating (SRRS), the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HAD), Scale of Stress Perceived by the Disease (EAE) and quality of life questionnaire for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBDQ).

 We included 156 patients, 69 (44.2%) women and 87 men (55.8%); 80 (51.3%) CD and 76 (48.7%) UC, mean age 42.3 (SD 16.21) years. The sample was homogeneous between groups in relation to socio-demographic variables. In the total sample a 60.9% of the patient associated the onset of the disease with a stressful life event. Patients with CD showed a greater psychological impact on measures of anxiety, CD 48.8% - UC 25%, OR 2.8, (95% CI 1.4–5.6), depression CD 25% - UC 9.2%, OR 3.2 (95%CI 1.2–8.3) and stressful life events CD 86.3% - UC 67.1%, OR 3 (95%CI 1.3–6.8). In terms of general quality of life, 82.9% of UC patients showed high scores compared to 57.5% of CD patients, OR 0.27 (95%CI 0.13–0.58). In the IBDQ domains, CD patients had lower scores than UC patients, except in the digestive domain, where scores were similar. In the scale of perceived stress due to the disease, both groups showed elevated values (CD 86.3% - UC 80.3%).

 Patients with a recent diagnosis of CD are more emotionally affected and have a poorer quality of life at the beginning of the diagnosis when compared to patients with UC. Both have high scores in perceived stress due to the disease. They perceive the disease at diagnosis as a highly stressful life event, so this should be considered to promote interventions (perhaps disease-specific) aimed at alleviating that stress and preventing it from interfering with the course of the disease.


Mixtures of gaseous hydrogen chloride and gaseous 2-butyne at total initial pressures less than 500 Torr, and at temperatures between 296 and 336 K, react in Pyrex IR cells (NaCl windows) to yield only (Z)-2-chloro-2-butene, i.e., the product of net trans (or anti or antarafacial) addition. Kinetic measurements have been made by observing the reaction throughout its course utilizing FT-IR spectroscopy. It is concluded that surface catalysis is required for product formation and that the reaction is occurring at the walls


We present a method with two steps based on diffraction and interference for the characterization in situ of the spatial light modulators in a real-time correlator. The operating curves are used to adapt the filter.


More power semiconductors are applying to the aircraft power system to make the system smaller, lighter and more reliable. Average models provide a good solution to system simulation and can also serve as the basis to derive the small signal model for system-level study using linear control theory. A new average modeling approach for three-phase and nine-phase diode rectifiers with improved ac and dc dynamics is proposed in this dissertation. The key assumption is to model the load current using its first-order Taylor Series expansion throughout the entire averaging time span. A thorough comparison in the time domain is given of this model and two additional average models that were developed based on different load current assumptions, using the detailed switching models as the benchmark. The proposed average model is further verified by experimental results. In the frequency domain, the output impedance of a nine-phase diode rectifier is derived, and the sampling effect in the average model is investigated by Fourier analysis.


Introduction: Muscle strength impairment has been shown before in patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH). Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been proposed to increase muscle strength in patients with chronic diseases who are unable or unwilling to exercise. However, effects of NMES in patients with PAH remains unclear. Aims: To investigate the effects of NMES on physical and psychosocial variables in patients with PAH. Method: In totally 22 patients (treatment=11, control=11) completed this study. For the treatment group, NMES was applied to the bilateral deltoid and quadriceps femoris muscles with 50 Hz for 3 days/week, 8 weeks. Muscle strength (hand-held dynamometer), muscle cross-sectional area and thickness (ultrasound), arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity), exercise capacity (6 Minute Walk Test), physical activity (IPAQ), and quality of life (Nottingham Health Profile) were assessed. Results: There was no significant difference in the demographic and clinical characteristics between the groups (p>0.05). Patients in the treatment group showed a significant improvement in muscle strength, grip strength, rectus femoris muscle cross-sectional area and quadriceps femoris muscle thickness, pulse wave velocity, 6 minutes walking distance, physical activity level and quality of life from the baseline assessments (p Conclusion: This study showed that the NMES increases peripheral muscle strength, muscle cross-sectional area and thickness, exercise capacity, physical activity level, and quality of life, reduced arterial stiffness. The NMES intervention is an effective method for cardiopulmonary rehabilitation in patients with PAH.


This study used special reading-comprehension tests to compare the speed and accuracy with which the same Russian technical articles in physics, earth sciences, and electrical engineering could be read by technically sophisticated readers when they were presented in English translated from the original Russian by machine only, by machine plus postediting, and by normal manual procedures. Thus, the emphasis was on the transmission of the technical message rather than on linguistic characteristics. In general, the results consistently showed that manual translations exceeded post-edited translations, which exceeded machine translations across all three disciplines and various types of questions. Losses in speed and efficiency were substantially greater than in accuracy, and differences between machine alone and post-edited generally exceeded differences between post-edited and manual translations. However, it was concluded that machine-alone translations were surprisingly good and well worth further consideration under the proper circumstances.


In a previous study I described the ability of the tide-pool-dwelling goby, Bathygobius suporator (Cuvier and Valenciennes) to jump from one small rock pool to another when it was not possible for the fish to see the second pool at the onset of the jump because of the high rims of the pools.2 Field studies conducted at Bimini, Bahamas, during 1949, revealed that, except in unusual circumstances these gobies are so well oriented before jumping that they always land safely in a neighboring pool or in the open water. On the basis of this study a working hypothesis was formulated, namely, that the fishes swim over the tide pools at high tide and acquire effective memories of the general features of the topography of the area around their home pools. Later, when the fishes are enclosed in these home pools at low tide, these experiences form a basis for orientation prior to jumping. Adler,l in his review of orientation in animals, considers the question of topographic memory comparatively and especially with respect to homing and migration in birds, a situation where the role of landmarks in orientation appears to be well established. Topographic memory has even been described among invertebrates. Davise has provided convincing evidence that limpets (Patella sp.) depend upon the configurations of rock surfaces when they repeatedly return to the position (or scar) that they regularly occupy on a rock. Wicklerg noted that with gobiid and bleniid fishes, individuals learn very rapidly and have an extraordinary memory, particularly for the topographic features of their surroundings. It is particularly noteworthy that learning these topographic features of the substratum occurs in Bathygobius without apparent reinforcement or reward and that the jumping behavior is seemingly dependent on a rather unusual method of orientation that was only superficially investigated in our first study. We considered it appropriate, therefore, to examine the phenomenon in greater depth, using more adequately controlled conditions. In 1950 the field observations were repeated with comparable results. In addition, a series of artificial tide pools was constructed on the grounds of the Lerner Marine laboratory in Bimini, Bahamas. Preliminary trials in these laboratory pools showed that the fish did not jump properly until they first had the opportunity of swimming over the pools during an artificial "high tide."s Impending hurricanes caused the temporary abandonment of this project, but more recently, a new system of artificial tide pools was constructed at Bimini and a third system was built at a site on the west coast of Florida. The current report is an account of the experiments conducted in these new artificial tide pools.


0 ver the last twenty years there has been a great deal of researc , in both the laboratory and the class oom, on the relationship between anxiety and various types of performance and achievement.1 A general conclusion of this research is that anxiety interferes with the academic achievement of college students.2 One clear implication from this conclusion is that effective teaching ought to incorporate efforts to handle the problem of anxiety associated with learning. Whether those teaching at the college level perceive student anxiety as a problem in their own classrooms is another matter. Teachers might not have this problem uppermost in their minds if, for example, it is not widespread or if the signs and results of anxiety are not clearly visible. A survey of sociology faculty at one large university showed, however, that most of the respondents did see reducing student anxiety as part of the task of teaching.3 Given that students' anxiety interferes with their learning and is perceived as a teaching problem, the crucial question is how it might be dealt with in the college classroom. This paper


Introduction: Studies of visual attention in people with autism spectrum disorder often lead to contradictory results. These contradictory results are due to the use of assumptions, consideration of limited properties, and limitation of the type of stimuli. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the visual attention patterns of people with autism through a comprehensive study using eye-tracking data analysis, as well as image processing tools and models. Methods: In this study, the eye-tracking data of 28 subjects with a mean age of eight years (range 5-12 years) were initially processed. Three hundred images of this study were then analyzed, visually segmented, labeled, and categorized based on low-level features (color, intensity, and directions), higher-level features (such as object size), and communication and social features by using models such as Itti Koch Model and image processing tools such as LabelMe. Visual attention patterns among people with autism were assessed using statistical tests. Results: The obtained results revealed that people with autism pay less attention to parts of the images that include semantic and communicative features. On the contrary, they spend more time on the parts that contain tools and equipment. Besides, they are slower to pay attention to parts of the image that contain social features and instead spend more time paying attention to the background parts of the image that include repetitive patterns. In addition, they spend more time in each fixation in parts that lack semantic or social features. Conclusion: The present study concluded that the main signs and symptoms of autism spectrum disorder could be observed in the visual attention patterns of people with autism, and these patterns may also be used to design an autism screening tool based on eye-tracking technology. Abstract


Characterized by cyclic axisymmetric perturbations to both the magnetic and fluid parameters, magnetohydrodynamic fast sausage modes (FSMs) have proven useful for solar coronal seismology given their strong dispersion. This review starts by summarizing the dispersive properties of the FSMs in the canonical configuration where the equilibrium quantities are transversely structured in a step fashion. With this preparation we then review the recent theoretical studies on coronal FSMs, showing that the canonical dispersion features have been better understood physically, and further exploited seismologically. In addition, we show that departures from the canonical equilibrium configuration have led to qualitatively different dispersion features, thereby substantially broadening the range of observations that FSMs can be invoked to account for. We also summarize the advances in forward modeling studies, emphasizing the intricacies in interpreting observed oscillatory signals in terms of FSMs. All these advances notwithstanding, B. Li Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com P. Antolin Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK M.-Z. Guo Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China A. A. Kuznetsov Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Irkutsk 664033, Russia D. J. Pascoe Centre for mathematical Plasma Astrophysics, Mathematics Department, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200B bus 2400, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium T. Van Doorsselaere Centre for mathematical Plasma Astrophysics, Mathematics Department, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200B bus 2400, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium S. Vasheghani Farahani Department of Physics, Tafresh University, Tafresh 39518 79611, Iran


Smart warehousing is a internet of things based monitoring arrangement. After reap, crops are kept and preserved in a good condition. IoT sensors catch information on the warehouse environment and act rapidly in response of farmers remarks. Using NodeMCU and sensors, this system provides farmers with live temperature and humidity data. The use of proper air conditioning to preserve fruits and vegetables is generally acknowledged. Smart warehousing is utilised in this project to preserve crops by adjusting warehouse factors such as temperature and humidity, as well as withholding ambient circumstances and the atmosphere of the room. The decision to control the temperature is made using a supervised machine learning algorithm called the decision tree algorithm.


has many features in common with the case of Mihama nuclear power plant in 2004 in terms of piping materials, environmental conditions as well as in the location where the damage took place: very close to an upstream flow-meter. On this case, the cause was analyzed based on the best available knowledge and seemingly the best countermeasures for preventing a recurrence were taken. Seven years after the accident, in 2000, the effectiveness of these countermeasures was examined. The results of the examination and the newly obtained knowledge from the Mihama's case together confirmed the ratio- nality of the opinion that the unusual thinning of pipe wall can be attributed not to the turbulence in fluid flow, but to a macro-cell corrosion.


Background: Metabolic syndrome in mothers has been associated with metabolic syndrome in offspring. the objective of this study was to determine the association between mothers' metabolic syndrome and its components and the presence of metabolic syndrome in their offspring. Methods: Data were collected cross-sectionally from mothers and their children in six schools between April and september, 2008. Anthropometric measurements, tanner stages, blood pressure, glucose, lipids, and insulin were obtained in mothers and their offspring. the Adult treatment Panel iii definition for metabolic syndrome was used. Results: A total of 595 children (296 males) aged 9.05 ± 1.93 yr and their mothers aged 35.81 ± 7.02 yr were examined. For each combination of tanner stages and gender, the variation of the probability of a child to have metabolic syndrome went from 6% to 12% if the mother had metabolic syndrome, compared to only 2% to 5% if the mother did not have metabolic syndrome. Addition - ally, the variation of the probability of a child to have metabolic syndrome went from 12.9% to 21.5% if the mother had four or more components of metabolic syndrome, compared to only 1.1% to 2.2% if the mother had no components of metabolic syndrome. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed a significant association between children's metabolic syndrome (odds ratio (OR) = 1.6; 95% confidence interval (C i) 1.01-2.5) and maternal status of components of metabolic syndrome adjusted for confounding variables. Furthermore, a significant association between children's M s (OR = 2.7; 95% Ci 1.1-7.1) and maternal metabolic syn - drome was also found. Conclusions: the likelihood of metabolic syndrome in children was highly correlated with maternal components of metabolic syndrome adjusted for confounding variables consistent with known familial associations of metabolic syndrome.


We have developed two effective aerosol dynamical models MULTIMONO and MONO32, The models take into account gas-phase chemistry and aerosol dynamics and includes the following processes: (1) emissions of gases and particles; (2) chemical reactions in the gas phase; (3) dry deposition of gases and particles; (4) homogeneous binary H 2 SO 4 -H 2 O or ternary H 2 SO 4 -H 2 O-NH 3 nucleation; (5) multicomponent condensation of H 2 SO 4 , H 2 O, HNO 3 , NH 3 and some organic vapour X onto particles; and (6) inter- and intramode coagulation of particles. The particles can be classified into four different size modes which are monodisperse (all particles in a mode possess the same size and composition). In these models the different aerosol properties, such as the particle number concentration, the particle diameter, the mass and composition of the whole distribution, and the mass of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) and smaller than 10 μm (PM 10 ) can be studied. Particles can include soluble material such as sulphate, nitrate, ammonium, and sodium chloride, as well as insoluble material such as organic carbon, elemental carbon, and mineral dust. We have chosen five different particle classes for each size mode (MULTIMONO), or assumed internally-mixed particles (MONO32). The developed models have been compared with a more detailed sectional model AEROFOR2. The comparison shows that the developed models are physically sound. The performed model runs show that the composition of aerosol particles depends mainly on emissions and condensation. Coagulation seems to be of minor importance. The state of mixing can be studied effectively using MULTIMONO or MON032. E.g. the degree of internal mixing depends on the condensation rate and condensation time. The developed models can be used as sub-models in one-dimensional boundary layer models and three-dimensional Eulerian models.


In this paper, an instantaneous controller of a single-phase PWM power converter is realized using a DSP. The stable PI gain of the input current and the DC link voltage control system is designed. An observer is used to feedforward the load current estimate. The load current observer has an outer adaptive routine to compensate for the DC link capacitance. It is shown in the experimental results that the observer performance and system dynamics can be enhanced and input current distortion can be reduced by compensating for the DC link capacitance to the observer.


In this chapter we look at the management of costs on projects, and in particular at the use of the Earned Value Management system. Earned Value Management (EVM) is a methodology used to measure and communicate the real physical progress of a project and to integrate the three critical elements of project management (scope, time and cost management). It takes into account the work completed, the time taken and the costs incurred to complete the project and it helps to evaluate and control project risks by measuring project progress in monetary terms. The basic principles and the use in practice have been comprehensively described in many sources (for an overview, see Fleming and Koppelman (2005)). Although EVM has been set up to follow up both time and cost, the majority of the research endeavors and practical applications have been focused on the cost aspect. It is only recently that the time dimension has received attention from both practitioners and academics. This chapter reviews the basic key metrics used in earned value management, describes their usefulness for measuring both a project's time and cost performance and highlights the importance of integrating EVM with risk management.


Do military regimes spend more on the military than other regime types? All leaders cater to their winning coalition. For military leaders, core supporters are other members of the military. To solicit support from this group, first, leaders are persuaded to spend more on the military to ensure their political survival, while other autocratic leaders tend to view the military as a competing power center. Second, the cost of repressing challenges from the public in military regimes is cheaper than in other regimes; therefore, leaders in military regimes allocate more resources to the military to satisfy them. We test this argument by examining military spending in different regime types for 1960–2000. The empirical results from Prais-Winsten regression with panel-corrected standard errors indicate that military regimes allocate more, on average, to the military than other regimes and that military rulers brought into power through military coups or who have experienced military coup attempts against them increase their military resource allocation.


Locomotion is a fundamental activity of living creatures, but it is also energetically expensive. It is possible that animals have evolved to optimize this energetically expensive function, but they also learn to use their body in efficient ways to produce locomotions that dependent on speed and task [Alexander 1996] (for instance, a slow gate to search for shelter or a fast gate to escape a predator). Learned locomotion strongly depends on the morphology of the animal, and we can deduce a lot of information about plausible modes of locomotion just by observing an animal's musculoskeletal structure. Furthermore, changes such as injury, weight gain, and muscle tone modulation all produce subtle yet important differences in locomotor patterns. Since humans and animals tend to locomote in an optimal way, it is plausible that we learn how to passively use our own dynamics to minimize the effort of muscular activity. That is, animals can take advantage of swinging limbs and elastic compression at joints in a dynamic cycle that produces locomotion passively, with little or no control at all. This has been demonstrated in robotics with passive mechanical leg systems (i.e., no motors and no control), which are able to generate dynamic walk cycles that closely resemble human walking [McGeer and Alexander 1990]. In real life, the skeletal structure, deformation of tissues, and stiffness of muscles and tendons all play an important role in body dynamics. An appealing strategy for modelling the dynamics of locomotion is to simplify the biomechanical system as a set of rigid bones connected by compliant joints, where the stiffness of joints is due to tendons, the activation of muscles, and the deformation of surrounding tissues. With this simplified model, we then target our study to energetic movements, where the swinging of limbs is predominantly due to elastic forces rather than gravity. In this situation, we can then look at the passive elastic dynamics of the system, and focus only on the important, low frequency, global body motions, which can be easily determined by modal analysis [Pentland and Williams 1989]. Modal vibrations can be combined in small number to produce locomotion controllers (see Figures 1 and 2). Intuitively, locomotion can be generated with small regular pushes from the muscles to make the whole body vibrate with the selected mode shapes, frequencies, and phases. Searching for controller parameters is greatly reduced since we only need to consider a small number of modes rather than a large number of degrees of freedom. This search can be done by optimization, guided by captured motion analysis, but is also easy enough to do by hand. In fact, the mode shapes make a good low dimensional basis for interactive human control with a mouse or haptic device (see Figure 3). In conclusion, mixing different multi-joint motions is an attrac5.26 Hz 5.26 15.7 14.7 27.5 27.5


Objective To investigate the effects of morphine on the expressions of phosphorylated CREB (P-CREB) in CA1 area of hippocampus of the morphine dependent rats. Methods 48 healthy adult SD male rats were randomly divided into experimental and control groups: experimental rats were initially injected of morphine dose 5 mg / kg, twice a day, increasing daily 5 mg, for 10 days. The animals of control group were injected with NS instead of morphine. The animals were sacrificed on the 7, 14, and 21 d after stopping injection. P-CREB expressions in CA1 area of hippocampus were observed by immunohistochemical technique (ABC method), and the mean gray values of immunoreactive product was detected by image analysis system. Results the expressions of P-CREB had significant differences between experimental groups and control groups on 7 d, 14 d after stopping injection (P0.05). There were no differences of P-CREB expression on 21 d after stopping injection compared with control groups. Conclusion P-CREB expression in CA1 area of hippocampus may be one of the reasons for morphine dependence after morphine treatment in the adolescent.


Problem: Companies need to maintain a competitive position in the market to financially perform, and in order to do so, the companies need to have a good corporate governance structure. In the ...


Nowadays Bazhenov Formation is in focus of exploration as reservoir. Reservoir quality is the function of structural-facies zonation. In this paper lithological, correlation and structural questions are presented. Zonation is based on three representative wells with full core and extended well log data. First of all, all deposits are described by target classification. Then they are allocated in the different structural or sedimentary source distance zone. In the result all of them are assigned of different level of prospects.


A study is presented on the evolution through thickness of the angular and magnetic field (H) dependence of the critical current density (Jc) for YBa2Cu3O7 films grown by the trifluoroacetate route. A clear relation between Jc at self-field (sf) and the thickness-dependent distribution of pinning centers parallel to the ab-planes is found and confirmed by microstructural analysis. Results indicate that stacking faults and their associated partial dislocations are relevant pinning centers for determining the thickness dependence of and Jc(sf), respectively, supporting the hypothesis that the thickness dependence of Jc is related to defect density.


Based on need of evaluation for seismic fortification criteria of highway bridges in the harder-hit and extremely harder-hit areas in Wenchuan Earthquake,this paper introduces and evaluates development of fortification criteria in 3 versions of seismic design codes for construction of bridges in the hit areas,compares and studies fortification criteria and targets in existing seismic design codes for highway bridges at home and abroad,and based on which evaluates development and status quo of fortification criteria in seismic design codes for China national highway project.


. Insects have both positive and negative sides to humans, both directly and indirectly. This study aims to determine the diversity of insects in Leweung Buah Gunung Ciremai National Park area. Data collection in this study used the sweep net method, food trap and literature study on insect morphology. Data analysis used relative frequency and relative density, while diversity used the Shannon Winner Index and morphological identification using the google lens method, Identification guide for butterflies of West Java: families Papilionidae, Pieridae and Nymphalidae and BugGuide.net 2013, Discoverlife.org. The results showed that Leweung Buah in Gunung Ciremai National Park has 8 orders which include: Araneae, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Odonata and Phasmatodea. And 39 species with the highest number of species , Lethe confusa godana , and the least Ariadae pravera esra , Cupha clagia clagia and Delias dorylea dorylea . The largest relative density is occupied by thespecies Idea ieuconoe javana with a percentage of 16.11% and the lowest is in the Lucilia sericata , Apis cerana and Appias leptis leptis species, for the largest relative frequency it is occupied by thespecies Lethe confusa godana with a percentage of 13.33%. and the lowest was in the species appias leptis leptis , Ariadae pravera esra and Chersonnesia rahria rahria with a percentage of 1.11%. For the diversity of insects in Leweung Buah, Gunung Ciremai National Park, it is categorized as high and acts as a pollinator that maintains ecosystem stability.


Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) has been used as a food additive for paste-type wasabi (Japanese horseradish) and karashi (Japanese mustard) almost only in Japan, even though it has been reported to be carcinogenic and mutagenic. In the present paper, the capacities for DNA damage and the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by AITC were examined by a 'rec-lac assay' and a 'kat-sod assay' by using E. coli mutants lacking DNA repair capacities and ROS scavenging enzymes, respectively. Both assays were developed by Nishioka et al. and consist of a streak test, a survival test and a β-galactosidase test. The results show strong DNA damaging capacity, and intracellular generation of ROS by AITC. These results indicate the possibility that intracellular ROS performs some role in DNA damage in bacterial cells treated with AITC. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


It is shown that thin patches of clear-air turbulence (CAT) of limited horizontal extent may be a self-maintaining phenomenon due to the relative decrease of Richardson number at the lower and upper edge of the patch.


Abstract: The Quest for finding this solution to millennium problem has its own unique history. Perhaps, the most under rated element about this conjecture is that it's jargonising language to understand. The impacts which it lays on laymen's life are immense. Often this conjecture is difficult to understand for majority of technical student also. It lays its foundation among the various branches of engineering such as applied maths, mechanical, E.C., computer and physics. Seeing its potential impacts, a heuristic approach is tried in this paper to demonstrate Riemann hypothesis in simplified form and unique way. Also, the impacts which can be brought by the solution of this problem in foreseen future are discussed. Keyword: 1. Riemann Hypothesis, 2. E.C., 3. Cryptography, 4. Physics, 5. Robotics, 6. Mechatronics, 7. Quantum mechanics


A moving object detection method based on the cellular automata is presented in this paper. The method set the initial condition based on the Frame subtract ,then use the current frame grayscale value of the image to define the Moore neighborhood and a simple transform rule of cellular automata. At last, an experiment is given and it shows the method is relatively effective and has advantages in detecting the moving object.


This paper considers materials for the movers, the volume ratio of the stator and of the mover, and the structure of the mover in a cylindrical moving iron-type linear oscillatory actuator (LOA) having a permanent magnet. As a result, we obtain the following:

(1)
the static thrust characteristics are evaluated on two movers: movers P and S are made of a permendur and a stainless steel, respectively. It is clarified that the static thrust of the mover P is 30 percent larger than that of the mover S;

(2)
it is suggested that the structure of the mover P should be improved to eliminate a "lump" in the static thrust-displacement curve due to the step on the mover, and which disturbs the smooth motion of the LOA.


The United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics produces two measures of the cost of compensation, neither of which is easily understood-not even by compensation professionals. The Employment Cost Index (ECI) measures pure wage rate and compensation cost changes, while the second measure, Employer Costs for Employee Compensation (cost levels) provides information on compensation cost trends not available from the ECI and is generally a better measure of the changes affecting the welfare of workers. Differences between the cost levels and ECI indices in year-to-year changes can be explained by differences in the way the two measures are constructed-that is, the set of weights used and the way the data are linked from quarter to quarter. This article summarizes data collection for these two measures and notes the major trends reflected. It also discusses the differences between the measures and how they can be used, both separately and side-by-side.


Considered is a method to improve the quality of images compressed by the JPEG algorithm using pre-scaling. The choice of the quantitative evaluation of the image quality is proven. Scaling methods are analyzed in terms of processing speed and quality of the reconstructed image


The present paper describes an application magnetic pulsed compaction of powders (MPCP) for laying coatings made of Fe-C-Cu powder. It is shown that MPCP process can be used for joining metallic parts with coatings made of Fe-C-Cu powder, where powder coating may act as an antifriction material on the surface of solid metallic part. Some perspective applications of MPCP process have been reported.


Data mining techniques have been widely applied in several domains to support a variety of business-related applications such as market basket analysis. For instance, basket market transaction accumulate large amounts of customer purchase data from their day-to-day operations. This paper delivers a strategy for the implementation of a systematic analysis framework built on the established principles used in data mining and machine learning areas.We employ Apriori and FP-growth algorithms coupled with support vector machine to implement our recommendation systems. Experiments are done using a real market dataset and the 0.632+ bootstrap method is used here in order to evaluate our framework. The obtained results suggest that the proposed framework will be able to generate benefits for grocery chain using a real-world grocery store data. FP-growth algorithm shows better performance over Apriori in terms of time complexity.


A small-plot field experiment was conducted to screen insecticides for control of lorn seedling damage by the lesser cornstalk borer. Corn was planted 10 Jul in an Appling coarse loamy sand (75% sand, 15% silt, 10% clay). The soil was pH 7.7, with 1.07% organic-matter content. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with 2-row plots, 20 ft long and 30 inches wide, with 3-ft alleys, replicated 5 times. Granular formulations were applied in a 7-inch band over the row at planting time. The granules were lightly raked into the soil. On 20 and 30 Jul all plants in each plot were examined for damage, and selected plants were examined for the presence of lesser cornstalk borer larvae. On 5 Nov all plants in each plot were harvested for grain.


107 patients with secondary infertility of 3 or more years duration and with no abnormal findings were treated with oral contraceptives (OCs) for a period of 6-19 months (September 1 1965-December 31 1970). 31 patients received norgestrel plus ethinyl estradiol for 20 days during each cycle beginning on Day 5 and 76 patients received mestranol for 11 days beginning on Day 5 followed by mestranol plus chlormadinone for a further 10 days of each cycle. After discontinuation of treatment 21 patients (32.8%) became pregnant. 10 of the pregnancies occurred within 4 months after termination of therapy. 3 patients aborted but 2 subsequently became pregnant again and carried to term. 3 of the remaining patients conceived 10-11 months later and 4 became pregnant following other types of therapy. Weight gain was the most common side effect. Clinical and hormone studies revealed that ovarian function was reestablished immediately after treatment.


Most Open Government Data initiatives are centralised and unidirectional. For non trivial applications reusers make copies of the government datasets, so that they can curate their local copy of the data (e.g., by fixing errors). This situation is not optimal, it leads to duplication of efforts reducing the possibility of sharing. In this paper we describe a data publication pipeline that exports legacy-databases data into RDF and we investigate possible implementations of a feedback-channel. We show that reusers may want to merge changes at different stages of the pipeline; i.e. fixing errors to improve RDF triples as well as contributing better code for generating such triples, thus improving (open) data quality and therefore reusability and transparency. We discuss the features of the feedback-channel arguing that a full-fledged RDF versioning system is beneficial. We conclude reviewing existing RDF-versioning solutions and suggesting the next steps needed to implement a distributed RDFversioning system.


Despite being defeated at the end of World War II, and being the only country in the world to have had nuclear weapons used against it, Japan has emerged from devastation and occupation to become a major regional military power and a world economic power. It boasted the third largest economy in the world in 2014 with a gross domestic product of $4.6 trillion.1 However, the traumatic experience of World War II has consistently shaped Japan's foreign and defence policy, and thereby its view of how it structures, operates, equips and supports its armed forces. It is only in the last few years that such an outlook has started to change, primarily with the coming to power of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's Liberal Democratic Party. This article looks at the current state of the Japanese Self-Defence Forces (JSDFs), its defence acquisition policies as well as the economic, strategic and geopolitical factors that have shaped them.


Print is undergoing a revolution as significant as the invention of the printing press. The emergence of ePaper is a major disruption for the printing industry; defining a new medium with the potential to redefine publishing in a way that is as different to today's Web, as the Web is to traditional print. In this new eBook ecosystem we don't just see users as consumers of eBooks, but as active prosumers able to collaboratively create, customize and publish their own eBooks. We describe a transclusive, collaborative publishing framework for the web.


Objective: To determine the reliability of the Brown Location Test paper and computer versions. Method: At a small, north-eastern U.S. state university, twenty-two participants (mean age ¼ 23.41, SD ¼ 5.46; mean education ¼ 15.93, SD ¼ 1.20; 63.6% female) were administered a small battery of neuropsychological tests, which included both a paper and computer version of the Brown Location Test (BLT). The order and form of each of the paper and computer versions of the BLT were counterbalanced to account for practice effects, and they were administered two hours apart. Block Design and Matrix Reasoning subtests of the WAIS-IV were two of the other measures. Results: Initial analysesto see if the paper versions differed from each other demonstrated that there were not significant differences. The alternate versions of the computer-based admin-istration were also not significantly different. Correlations between the paper versions and the computer-based versions were significant for all measures on the paper and computer versions. The correlations ranged from .51 to .77, which were all significant (p , .05). The Perceptual Reasoning Index calculated from the Block Design and Matrix Reasoning subtests of the WAIS-IV was also correlated significantly with both BLT paper and computer version recall and recognition scores. Conclusion: Given the relatively short interval between administrations, there may have been practice effects. The sample size was small, so more research looking at the alternate forms reliability of these different versions would be desirable. Implications and future directions will be discussed.


Energy harvesting by means of any source of energy has become necessary for developing countries. Most of the energy harvesting is done through wind source. But such a kind of source is highly seasonal and uncertain in terms of power quality. Alternatively some areas like Runways provide cleaner and easier environment for energy production. This project aims at utilizing the pressure generated at the runways for power production in large scale thereby eliminating its paucity. The aim of the project is to check whether full runway is being used by an aircraft and also to check how much power/ voltage it generates. Principle of the project can be achieved by giving pressure on the piezoelectric crystal which results in power generation. It is placed in the runways as layers to sense vibration and give electric power/voltage without any input. Also, during the touchdown a pressure of air blows the wind turbine installed on both the sides of the runway to provide Wind Energy.


In order to promote the successful implementation of extended producer responsibility(EPR) in China,the role of government and core producers during EPR is emphasized.Game and strategy optimizing process between government and producer are studied.Static two-entity EPR game model under complete information is proposed.By crossly analyzing the expected benefits in both short-term and long-term,six key affecting factors are identified including cost of government′s implementing EPR,punishment for violations,cost for producer to take responsibilities,potential benefits to violate the regulations,eco-image value for producer,and the international market development and promotion.Based on discussion of the influences of the above factors,functioning environment of implementing EPR in China is further studied based on the local environment in China.Suggestions are given accordingly in the end.


An accelerometer is provided using at least one sensor with flat pendular structure formed by micro-machining a fine monocrystal wafer and comprising a flat mobile mass suspended from the rest of the structure by means of two thin parallel strips situated on each side of the mass. The mass comprises at least one mobile capacitor plate disposed between two fixed capacitor plates provided on the fixed part of the structure. The mobile plate is brought to a voltage VO, whereas the fixed plates are respectively brought to voltages V1 and V2 which are capable of generating an electrostatic return force on the mobile mass.


*Corresponding Author E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com This study examined economic assessment of government expenditure on agricultural sector in Nigeria, in order to establish if it has any direct link with economic growth. The specific objectives were to examine the relationship between recurrent expenditure and economic growth, ascertain whether there is a relationship between capital expenditure and economic growth, determine if there is any relationship between commercial banks loans and advances to agriculture and economic growth, examine the relationship between agricultural credit guaranteed scheme releases and economic growth and examine the impact of government expenditure on agriculture and agricultural sector output on economic growth. A time series data from 1981 – 2017 sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria was collected for the analysis. Real gross domestic product (RGDP) was used as a proxy to economic growth while recurrent expenditure, capital expenditure, commercial banks loan and advances to agricultural sector and agricultural credit guarantee scheme loans were used as indicators of government expenditure. Pearson correlation and Ordinary least square techniques were employed for analyzing the secondary data collected. The results reveal that there is a substantial positive correlation between economic growth and recurrent expenditure, a very high positive correlation between economic growth and capital expenditure, a very high positive correlation between economic growth and commercial banks loans and advances, a negligible positive correlation between economic growth and agricultural guaranteed scheme loans and that government expenditure on agriculture and agricultural sector output have significant impact on economic growth. Based on the findings, it was recommended that government should empower the farmers with equipment, capital and technology, formulate and implement policies aimed at improving agricultural sector spending in Nigeria.


The superplastic behavior was studied in an Al-4Cu-1Li-0.4Mg-0.4Ag-0.1Zr alloy. The alloys were manufactured both by a conventional rolling route and a thermo-mechanical treatment route. The superplastic properties were evaluated as a function of temperature, strain rate, and processing history. Prior to thermo-mechanical processing, the alloys have elevated-temperature ductilities of 94% to 130%, strain rate sensitivities of about 0.25, and activation energies corresponding to lattice diffusion. After thermo-mechanical processing, the alloys have ductilities of 200% to 630%, strain rate sensitivity of about 0.42, and activation energies corresponding to grain boundary diffusion or a mixture of grain boundary diffusion and lattice diffusion. Skipping rapid recrystallization annealing can supply a higher value of elongation-to-failure.


Abstract In order to evaluate the relationship between stress and social support, on the one hand, and indices of psychological and physical health, on the other, questionnaires were administered to 120 secondary school teachers. Full data were retrieved from 88 teachers, a response rate of 73%. Bivariate correlational analysis revealed associations between life stress and job stress and a variety of General Health Questionnaire measures of psychological wellbeing. Job stress was also correlated with self-reported short-term sickness absences from work. Social support measures were not. in the main, predictive of psychological health outcome measures. In contrast, neither stress nor social support measures were related to self-reported physical health problems or long-term sickness absences. It would appear that self-reported stress is largely associated with psychological wellbeing, and is not substantially related to indices of physical wellbeing. The former relationship does not appear to be substantia...


Sandia Laboratories expertise in Earth-penetrating projectiles has been applied to problems of geothermal resource research. Field trials of an experimental terradynamics electrode for resistivity surveys have been carried out in cooperation with the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, and the design of an instrumented magma penetrometer begun. (auth)


The article is trying to present main ethical ideas supporting the education for sustainable development. The interest is focused on the following topics: -Presentation of general assumptions of sustainable development education, -Philosophical basis of the idea of sustainable development, values of life, health, justice, responsibility, moderateness and solidarity, -The role and importance of developmental ethics for the idea of sustainable development, -The cognitive, volitive and behavioral levels of action in the scope of developmental education being an element of education for sustainable development.


Purpose
Online travel agencies (OTAs) have been offering tourists trip planning services (TPS) for more than a decade. However, they are less popular than other online travel services such as metasearch with price comparison. This study aims to investigate why TPS on the internet, although important to tourists, are not well accepted by young mainland Chinese tourists.

Design/methodology/approach
A trip planning service acceptance model (TPSAM) was constructed and tested by inviting participants to take part in a trial using the TPS of a China OTA and then participants were asked to complete a questionnaire based on their user experience. Partial least square technique was used to perform a path analysis on the model.

Findings
Social influence and effort expectancy have significant direct influence on reuse intention. Social influence increases the trust level of the tourists on the TPS and effort expectancy's strong influence on joy suggest that a joyful and effortless experience is critical for tourists to consider reusing the TPS.

Practical implications
The findings could provide some insight to the OTAs on improving their TPS. For instance, OTAs should let tourists feel that the TPS requires little effort and is fun to use and more promotion is needed through social media.

Originality/value
Although trip planning is essential for tourists in achieving a delightful travel experience, few studies have examined the adoption of Web-based TPS. This study contributes to the literature by establishing a TPSAM and extends previous work by showing that a causal relationship exists between social influence and trust in the service acceptance context.


Specific-heat measurements on pressed pellet samples of highly disordered bis(tetrathiotetracene) tri-iodide (TT${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$${\mathrm{I}}_{3}$) have been made from 20 to 100 K using thermal relaxation methods. An anomaly at 50 K in the form of a broad bump is reported which is coincident with magnetic susceptibility structure and occurs approximately 25 K above anomalies in electrical and optical behavior. The specific-heat discontinuity is consistent with a mean-field model for a Peierls phase transition with correction for fluctuations.


The proton-ligand constants and the formation constants of Ni(II) chelates with picolinic acid N-oxide at 30T and !l =0.1 M (KN0 3) have been measured in dioxane-water, isopropanol-water, acetone- water, ethanol-water and methanol- water media. Variation in p K; and log K I with the inverse of dielectric constant or mol fraction of organic component has been studied. The results are discussed in the light of solvent effects such as change of dielectric constant of the mixed solvent, change in structuredness of water, change in hydrogen bonding ability of organic solvent in water, solvent basicity and proton solvation by organic solvent.


We report on experiments characterizing hyper Rayleigh scattering from high-pressure helium. While odd harmonic scattering of intense laser light is expected, observation of even harmonics would support the Bohmian interpretation of quantum mechanics.


In a previous paper an account has been given of an investigation of the effect of water vapour on the diffusion coefficients and mobilities of ions in air. It was found that as the concentration of water vapour in the air varied, the values of the diffusion coefficients for positive and negative ions showed rather wide oscillations. These oscillations appeared to be of an irregular character, but a long series of experiments showed that the values of the coefficients found for any vapour pressure could be reproduced with a considerable degree of accuracy. In a subsidiary investigation, it was found that the mean mobilities of the ions varied in the same way with vapour pressure, if the fields to which the ions were exposed were less than about 1.4 volts per centimetre. In stronger fields the oscillations were suppressed, the mobility values plotted against vapour pressure lying on a smooth curve. The method used for the determination of the diffusion coefficients was practically the same as that originally used by Townsend. The chief difference was the employment of only one long and one short tube for the capture of the diffusing ions, instead of the sets of 24 tubes in parallel used in Townsend's apparatus. The ionization was produced by α -particles from polonium. A rather small volume of air, enclosed and kept at a definite humidity, was passed alternately through the long and the short tube, after exposure to the α -radiation, and the diffusion coefficient was calculated from the ratio of the concentrations of the ions in the issuing air by the use of Townsend's formula.