Abstract Traditional Indian aesthetic theory (Kumar 2010; Pollock 2016; Shwartz 2006) defines rasa as a knowledgeable audience's taste of aesthetic pleasure, and bhava as the actor's performance of embodied emotional states. This conventional interpretation of an aesthetic theory first articulated in the Natyashastra suggests the actor does not experience pleasure or rasa, and by implication, the actor's craft is primarily in the service of the audience's pleasure. If, on the other hand, the actor does taste rasa, as evidenced by Pollock (2016) through Krishnamoorthy's (1979) interpretation of the Natyashastra, then, contrary to the conventional understanding, a transfer of this ability from guru or master practitioner to learner, is at the heart of its actor training pedagogy. To transfer this very specific skill full ability, the master practitioner's actions need to be imitated precisely and not interpreted. The dominant western academic narrative of Kathakali's imitative pedagogy represents it as "mimicking", a quality for low, and specially not of the high arts. A renegotiating of the idea of mimicry with a more complex and nuanced "mirroring," offers up fertile conceptual ground for an investigation into its offerings of rasa. Practice-led research conducted by the practitioner researcher as part of his doctoral thesis exploring the teaching of Kathakali in Australia, offers original theoretical and practical insights into a transfer of rasa from master practitioner to learner, at the site of intercultural actor training.


The union of the unique diamond properties with steel (most common substrate material) provides a new solution for machine parts under critical mechanical conditions and severe environmental. However, CVD diamond coating directly on steel comes with several issues. The fundamental reasons for the lack of adhesion are an iron catalytic effect, the high carbon solubility in iron and high mismatch in thermal expansion coefficient of diamond and steel. The use of interlayer may solve these issues acting as a diffusion barrier, for both iron and carbon, and match thermal expansion coefficients. Several articles describe the PVD deposition or electroplated interlayer. In the present study, the diamond film coated steel with an intermediate barrier deposited by laser cladding process. In this novel technique, laser irradiation melts the powder (preplaced) and the substrate surface to create the coating on a steel substrate. We used the SiC/Ti and SiC/Cu powder mixtures to create the intermediate barrier. Diamond film deposition was carried out in an HFCVD reactor (Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition). The samples characterization included X-ray Diffraction (XRD); Field Emission Gun - Scanning Electron Microscopy (FEG-SEM) and Raman Scattering Spectroscopy (RSS). Results showed that laser incidence dissociated partially the SiC powder, forming FeSi, Cu_3Si phases. Further, the composite layer assisted the high thermal stress relief in steel/diamond interface.


writing in the early 1990s) that addressed the surprising impact, during the war, of American-led mechanisation. This is a minor oversight – Biggs goes much further than some of this earlier Vietnamese-language scholarship. In summary, I would like to reiterate that Biggs has authored an exciting work that clearly breaks new ground. I have little doubt that the book will be well received by multiple audiences.


A series of samples are being fabricated in YBCO thin films on LaAlO3 substrates to further use in ( microelectro-mechanical systems (MEMS) devices. Pulse la r deposition was found to be the best deposition proc ess for the YBCO layer because of the ability to stoichiometrically transfer the composition of the arget to the substrate. The LaAlO3 substrate has low loss ta ngent at low temperature, resulting in minimal dielectric loss in microwave circuits. Its dielectric constant of 24.5 provides a possibility of circuit miniaturization. The resolved examination of surface morphology will be presented using characterization techniques as x-ra y diffraction, SEM and AFM. After the substrate is we ll covered by YBCO it is ready to implement the MEMS device layout patterning process. This device will be designed to be switched and its details will be als o presented in this work. After the design process is complete the dc actuating part of the system is int roduced and verified through simulations for an optimum switching device.


This paper proposes a novel feedback protocol for relay-based two-hop networks, in which the channel state information matrix of the second hop is compressible due to the presence of spatial correlation and distance dependent path loss among the communication channels from the relay nodes to the users. The proposed protocol makes use of recent developments in the fields of low rank matrix recovery and compressed sensing to approximate the channel matrix by a low rank and sparse matrix. As a result, accurate channel state information can be provided to the base station for optimal relay selection, while significantly reducing pilot contamination and feedback overhead. Simulations demonstrate that approximately 50% of the training and feedback overhead can be saved if the compressibility of the channel matrix is taken into account.


Part time graduate students are an important way and means to cultivate high-level talents. There are contradictions between student work and learning, difficulties in selecting topics and writing papers in the training process, which are important factors affecting the training quality. Combined with the current situation and problems in the training process of part-time graduate students, the countermeasures are discussed respectively from the aspects of strengthening the characteristic development of the training program, strengthening the whole process supervision of the training process, strengthening the online and offline integration of teaching, strengthening the in-depth implementation of the "double tutor system", strengthening the construction of the academic discussion atmosphere, and strengthening the construction of the teaching team, in order to improve the training efficiency and quality of graduate students.


The recent experiments on individual quantum dots display quite often a special shape of the luminescence emission line, namely a very narrow peak with a pronounced shoulder at the low-energy side. In the present work an attention will be paid to the theoretical interpretation of this line shape in terms of the multiple scattering of quantum dot electrons on the longitudinal optical phonons. It is shown that this interaction mechanism gives the line shapes observed in experiment. It is shown that the line shape depends on the electronic statistical distribution and can thus provide information about this zero-dimensional object and can help to decide the plausibility of models and approximations.


Background: The F1 domain of F1Fo-ATPase was initially believed to be strictly expressed in the mitochondrial membrane. Results: F1-ATPase is present at the cell surface of colonic epithelial cells and serves as a receptor for a gastrointestinal peptide mediating cell growth. Conclusion: We identified a new localization and a new function for the F1-ATPase in colonic cells. Significance: Cell surface F1-ATPase represents a new target in anti-proliferative strategies. F1 domain of F1Fo-ATPase was initially believed to be strictly expressed in the mitochondrial membrane. Interestingly, recent reports have shown that the F1 complex can serve as a cell surface receptor for apparently unrelated ligands. Here we show for the first time the presence of the F1-ATPase at the cell surface of normal or cancerous colonic epithelial cells. Using surface plasmon resonance technology and mass spectrometry, we identified a peptide hormone product of the gastrin gene (glycine-extended gastrin (G-gly)) as a new ligand for the F1-ATPase. By molecular modeling, we identified the motif in the peptide sequence (E(E/D)XY), that directly interacts with the F1-ATPase and the amino acids in the F1-ATPase that bind this motif. Replacement of the Glu-9 residue by an alanine in the E(E/D)XY motif resulted in a strong decrease of G-gly binding to the F1-ATPase and the loss of its biological activity. In addition we demonstrated that F1-ATPase mediates the growth effects of the peptide. Indeed, blocking F1-ATPase activity decreases G-gly-induced cell growth. The mechanism likely involves ADP production by the membrane F1-ATPase, which is induced by G-gly. These results suggest an important contribution of cell surface F1-ATPase in the pro-proliferative action of this gastrointestinal peptide.


Metastatic melanoma is a disease with high mortality and limited therapeutic options. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can be used to classify melanoma stage.


The PLoS Medicine Editors and partners from the Maternal Health Task Force at the Harvard School of Public Health announce their partnership and a call for papers on "quality of maternal health care."


Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are widely recognized to play an essential role via target genes in the development of intervertebral disc degeneration( IDD), but the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. To identify the key microRNAs and potential targets during IDD, the Gene Expression Omnibus datasets (GSE19943, GSE63492, and GSE116726) were downloaded.An R package was used to identify differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and four online tools(TargetScan, miRDB, miRTarBase, and DIANA-TarBase) were performed to predict their target genes. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that DEMs gene targets were highly enriched in cell development, cell differentiation, and the p53 and Wnt signaling pathways. we identified 13 hub genes with node degree≥10 through established a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Among them,MAPK8, BMP4, and GSK3B were top 3 highest degree. After constructing the miRNA-target gene-functional analysis network, we found that most hub genes could be regulated by miR-557 and were mainly enriched in cell development, cell differentiation, and Wnt signaling pathway. Further in vitro experiment by qRT-PCR confirmed that miR-577 was significantly downregulated than the control,whereas miR-516-3p was significantly upregulated. Together, the key microRNA and their target genes identified in this study help us understand the underlying pathogenesis mechanisms in the development of IDD, and provide diagnostic biomarkers and new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of IDD.


Objective It is to evaluate the adjuvant effect of hemodialysis on insensible diabetics with high osmotic pressure. Methods Insensible diabetics with high osmotic pressure who stayed in hospital from Jan. 1999 to Feb. 2003 were randomized into two groups. The treatment group were treated with general method and hemodialysis. The control group were treated with general method. The changes of carbamide nitrogen, sugar, Na +, K + in plasma and plasma crystal osmotic pressure were observed before treatment and 6, 24, 36 hours after treatment. Results The differences between blood bio-chemical indexes of the two groups 6 hours after treatment were significant (P0.05). 24 hours after treatment, the indexes of treatment group except blood sugar were lower than those of control group (P0.05). 36 hours after treatment, no obvious difference between two groups was found (P0.05) except plasma osmotic pressure (P0.05). Salvage successful rate, reducing death rate and the patients' conscious time of the treatment group were more effective than those of the control group (P0.05). Conclusion Hemodialysis is one of the effective means to insensible diabetics with high osmotic pressure.


In this paper, we describe a workflow for the data-driven acquisition and semantic scaling of a lexicon that covers lexical items from the lower end of the German language register—terms typically considered as rough, vulgar or obscene. Since the fine semantic representation of grades of obscenity can only inadequately be captured at the categorical level (e.g., obscene vs. non-obscene, or rough vs. vulgar), our main contribution lies in applying best-worst scaling, a rating methodology that has already been shown to be useful for emotional language, to capture the relative strength of obscenity of lexical items. We describe the empirical foundations for bootstrapping such a low-end lexicon for German by starting from manually supplied lexicographic categorizations of a small seed set of rough and vulgar lexical items and automatically enlarging this set by means of distributional semantics. We then determine the degrees of obscenity for the full set of all acquired lexical items by letting crowdworkers comparatively assess their pejorative grade using best-worst scaling. This semi-automatically enriched lexicon already comprises 3,300 lexical items and incorporates 33,000 vulgarity ratings. Using it as a seed lexicon for fully automatic lexical acquisition, we were able to raise its coverage up to slightly more than 11,000 entries.


The important value of regional tourism in supporting the preservation of customs, culture, environmental sustainability indicates that there is a need for division of bureaucratic roles between related sectors in developing regional tourism. Presumably the area of the Old Banten Sultanate is one of the historical icons of Banten Province which is believed to be able to contribute significantly to regional income, therefore it requires innovation. The success of increasing competitiveness and quality of tourist attraction objects still depends on the seriousness of the local government and is supported by high public awareness of the importance of the presence of tourist objects around it. Related to this, to develop the tourism potential of the Old Banten Sultanate, the role of local governments, institutions, the private sector and the local community is also needed to be responsible for developing and managing tourism potential in Banten through the creative economy. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with the consideration that this method presents directly the nature of the relationship between researchers and informants, so that it is expected to obtain a complete picture of the phenomenon to be studied, focusing on the description of bureaucratic synergy between government, creative economy actors, tourism actors, and community institutions in encouraging the acceleration of sustainable creative economic development for tourism in the Banten Lama sultanate area, Serang City.


Alzheimer's disease is a chronic brain disease with multi-factorial causes that begins in the middle of life. It affects the patient in many ways, like the ability to perform daily life activities. In this paper, we proposed an assistance system for Alzheimer's patients to assist them in performing their activities of daily living autonomously. The developed system is based on a human activity recognition system and a prompt system to provide alerts to the patient in case of need. To detect the anomalies in the patient's behavior and provide assistance, we used a reinforcement learning (RL) module as a decision-making system. This module may be responsible for identifying and prompting the patient's wanted assistance based on his or her behavior. The efficiency of the proposed system was proven after testing using the Dem Care dataset.


In recent years research on ischemic stroke has developed powerful therapeutic tools. The novel frontiers of stem cells therapy and of hypothermia have been explored, and novel brain repair mechanisms have been discovered. Limits to intravenous thrombolysis have been advanced and powerful endovascular tools have been put at the clinicians' disposal. Surgical decompression in malignant stroke has significantly improved the prognosis of this often fatal condition. This book includes contributions from scientists active in this innovative research. Stroke physicians, students, nurses and technicians will hopefully use it as a tool of continuing medical education to update their knowledge in this rapidly changing field.


Nowadays, compression algorithms are frequently used in the computer software field. The reason is the large amounts of data that is processed by applications. These compression algorithms, in different forms, are deployed in many raster image processing cases. The reasons for this are the quite high compression ratios and also, the usually high compression/decompression speed (the success of these two major parameters of the compression algorithms depends on the image information content). In addition, the images can often allow one to use lossy compression algorithms which cause a substantially greater reduction of the image data size. The JPEG graphic format is the most widely used. Here, the loss rate is determined in two ways by the subsampling color components and the quantization of the coefficients that are obtained by the Discrete Cosine Transform calculation. In this paper, attention is focused on the subsampling process of the color components. The content compares the most frequently used sampling techniques mainly to the quality and size of the processed image. Key-Words: Image Compression, Lossy Compression, Image Quality, Sampling, Colors


The 15.7 Ma Aztec Wash pluton is located in the central Eldorado Mountains of the Colorado River extensional corridor in southern Nevada, immediately south of the well-known imbricated volcanic sequence that has been widely cited in studies of extensional tectonism (e.g., Anderson, 1971). It is a shallow level (≤5 km), essentially bimodal complex, primarily made up of granite (∼72 wt % SiO2) and diabase and diorite (∼54 wt % SiO2), with minor amounts of more mafic, intermediate, and highly evolved rocks. The mafic and felsic magmas mingled extensively but mixed only to a limited extent. Late synplutonic mafic and felsic dikes represent continuing injection of the same bimodal magmas. The mafic rocks have high incompatible element concentrations (e.g., K2O ∼ 3 wt %, Ba ∼ 1600 ppm, light rare earth elements 350 × chondrite) and enriched isotopic compositions (eNd −7.5, 87Sr/86Sr 0.708); generation in ancient, enriched mantle lithosphere with limited subsequent crustal contamination is inferred. The granite is more potassic (∼5 wt %) than the mafic rocks, but it has comparable or lower concentrations of most incompatible elements; its isotopic composition (eNd −10, 87Sr/86Sr 0.710) is intermediate between those of the mafic rocks and local ancient crust. The granites thus indicate hybridization of the crust by mafic magma, but it is unclear whether this hybridization occurred at deeper levels in this magmatic system, or during an earlier mid-Tertiary or Mesozoic magmatic event. Emplacement of the Aztec Wash pluton preceded peak east west extension in the northern Eldorado Mountains (∼15.2 Ma (Gans et al., 1994)), but it coincided with at least modest extension as indicated by the uniform NS orientation of the late dikes and the mafic injections into the magma chamber. Total extension and tilting of the pluton after crystallization was minor, in contrast to the east tilted area to the north and west tilted area to the south. Timing and style of extension are thus consistent with the pluton's location within, and perhaps mechanical influence on, a major accommodation zone, as suggested by Faulds et al. (1990) and Faulds (1994).


2. Notation and definitions. All groups considered are finite and are written multiplicatively. E denotes the trivial group and 1 is used for the identity of all groups. Other notation is standard (as found, for example, in [8]). Let A and B be nontrivial abstract groups, and let F=AB be the direct sum of copies of A indexed by the set B. Explicitly, F is the set of all functions from B into A, made into a group by componentwise multiplication. ForfEF and bCB, definef Fbyf(y) =f(yb-1) for all yEB. Then for each bEB, the mapping f--+fb is an automorphism of F, and the group of all such automorphisms is isomorphic to B. The (standard restricted) wreath product of A and B, A wr B, is defined to be the group generated by F and B with relations b'lfb =fb for all f EF, beB. Here F A wr B, and A wr B is a splitting extension of F by the group of automorphisms B. W will be used throughout to designate A wr B, F (called the base group) will always be as defined above, and K will denote the subgroup of W defined by K = {f E F:xeBf(x) EA'}. We say that a group G is supersolvable if and only if it has an invariant series whose factors are of prime order, that is, a series G =Gn Gn-1, ... * Go = E with each G1 Il G and each Gj+1/Gj of prime


The contents of Bi,Ni,Pb and Zn in pure copper were determined by ICP-MS.This method is simple,rapid,and the detection limit is 0.03—0.90μg/g,the accuracy and precision can meet the analytical requirements.


A method of manufacturing a circuit board on the surface of the substrate layer (2), wherein the base surface (2) comprises a conductor pattern (19). The circuit board layer to be fabricated includes a conductor-pattern layer (14), an insulating layer (1) and at least the insulating layer (1) inside a member (6). According to the present invention is connected, means (6) to the conductor layer (4), the conductive layer (4) with respect to the substrate surface by means of the insulating layer (1) connected to the base surface (2) (2) are aligned. An insulating layer (1) having a substrate surface whereby at least one component (6) between (2) the conductor layer (4) and formed thereon. Electrical contact to the contact openings (17) (7) formed at and a conductive material is formed in the contact opening (17) is formed in the contact area of the component (6) in the contact area of the component (6) (7) and the conductor layer (4 )between. Patterning the conductor layer (4) to form a conductor pattern layer (14), forming at least one through-hole (20) and the conductor pattern (19) in the conductor-pattern layer (14) and the substrate surface (2).


Like Rabindra Nath Tagore and Shri Aurobindo Sarojini Naidu too was more than a poet. She was one of mother India's most gifted children, readily sharing her burden of pain, fiercely articulating her agonies and hopes. The present paper "The Contemporary Scene and The Emergence of Sarojini Naidu", provides an account of Sarojini's social, political, and literary background, here love for India evident from her passionate involvement with the freedom struggle did, in no way, withhold her for being so enamored by the poetic muse. It is rather unfortunate that Sarojini Naidu has been criticized for writing about the colorful land of romance and mystery, the India of the common western imagination, with the essential reality-a of real experience, a real landscape, and the real people blurred into a mystified sentimentality.


Abstract. According to the decomposition ∏ i(λ i−1)e(i) of the characteristic polynomial of the Coxeter element of a marked elliptic root system (R,G), we attach the product η(R,G)(τ) := ∏ i η(iτ) e(i) of Dedekind eta-function and call it an elliptic eta-product (1.2.1). Theorem. The Fourier coefficients at infinity of the elliptic eta-product η(R,G) are non-negative integers if and only if the elliptic eta-product is not a cusp form. This is the


Abstract The biological diversity reflected by nearly 300,000 caddisfly specimens collected throughout Minnesota since 1985 was compared with that of 25,000 specimens recorded prior to 1950 and was analyzed based on the 5 caddisfly regions of Minnesota. In the Lake Superior, Northern, and Southeastern regions, >90% of species known historically from each region were recovered and additional species were discovered. In the Northwestern and Southern regions—the most disturbed areas of Minnesota—species recovery ranged from 60 to 70%. Historical and contemporary assemblages were similar to each other in the former 3 regions and markedly different in the latter 2. Prior to 1950, species in all trophic functional groups were widespread in all regions. A similar pattern still exists in the Lake Superior, Northern, and Southeastern regions, whereas the Northwestern and Southern regions are now dominated by filtering collectors in all sizes of lakes and streams. Over 65% of species extirpated from any region were in the long-lived families Limnephilidae and Phryganeidae, and 70% of these same species were in the shredder functional group. Almost 30% of the statewide fauna has been found from <5 localities since 1950, suggesting a degree of imperilment on par with that of freshwater bivalves, gastropods, and fish. These observed losses of biodiversity and changes in trophic composition have probably occurred as a result of anthropogenic disturbance throughout most of the northcentral US.


The comparative studies pertaining to Bt and non-Bt cottons assessing quality performances of fibres for 2004–05 and 2005–06 was done from the data collected at various stages of crop growth at Athawa Agricultural Research Farm in Surat (Gujarat). Two varieties of Bt cottons, viz. RECH-2 and MECH-184 and their non-Bt counterparts (RECH-2 and MECH-184) were selected for the study. Physical parameters of fibers such as micronaire, 2.5% span length, tenacity, maturity ratio, neps count/g and immature fiber content (IFC%) were determined by standard procedures. There was no difference among micronaire, 2.5% span length, immature fibre content, neps/g and maturity ratio at the final stage of fibre development. However, the tenacity encountered some change in the final stage of fibre development.


Simultaneous tumourous duplicity of an adrenal pheochromocytoma and papillocarcinoma of the urinary bladder is obviously more frequent than publications on the condition. It involves however a serious medical problem and calls for a non-standard therapeutic approach. The author presents the case-history of a 52-year-old male smoker.


Cookies are ready to eat convenient food for all ages and the consumption is on the increase in Nigeria due to urbanization which has led to increase in wheat importation. In order to reduce the effects of wheat importation on the economy, this study looked into the use of locally grown crops for production of cookies. Cookie samples were produced from blends of wheat flour, germinated finger millet and African yam bean. Different proportions of flour blends were obtained using design experts. The flour mixes were evaluated for the proximate, minerals composition, antinutrients and the functional properties while the sensory properties of the cookies were determined. The proximate composition of the composite flour varied from 12.20-12.54; 8.89-10.62; 1.31-1.65; 1.13-1.39; 1.82-1.48 and 74.33-72.66% for moisture, protein, fat, crude fibre, ash and carbohydrate content of the flour, respectively. The mineral content of the flour ranged from 9.064-9.10, 0.29- 0.32, 0.42-0.45, 0.24-0.28% for calcium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium, respectively. The anti-nutritional properties of the flour ranged from 0.0074 to 0.0098%, 0.1700 to 0.1990%, 0.0905 to 0.1080% and 1.2500 to 1.4900%, for tannin, phytate, oxalate and trysin inhibitor, respectively. The functional properties of the composite flour ranged from 0.66-0.67 g/ml; 25.87- 27.48 g/ml; 6.11-8.12 g/ml; 0.75- 0.83 g/ml; 106.65 to 124; 91.70-99.75 g/100g; for bulk density, water absorption capacity, oil water capacity, foaming capacity and foaming solubility, respectively. The sensory attributes studied were colour, taste, texture and crispness. This study has shown that there was a notable improvement on the nutritional and functional properties of the flour while there was reduction in the ant nutrients.


For estimating the parameters and genetic tendencies of post-weaning growth traits of Santa Gertrudis males, the performance test records of the period 1981-2010 were analyzed. Records came from the cattle breeding enterprises "Turiguano" and "Camilo Cienfuegos", from Ciego de Avila and Pinar del Rio, respectively, as well as from the cattle breeding farm "Rancho Vallina", of Santiago de Cuba. Live weight traits were studied at the beginning of the performance test (ILW), average daily gain (ADG), weight for age (WFA) and final live weight in the performance test (FLW), at 18 months. Animals were fed natural pastures and supplemented with concentrates. The analysis was carried out through a multi-trait animal model, including as fixed effects the contemporary group (herd-year-birth trimester) and age as covariable. As random effects the direct and maternal additive genetic effects and the residual error were considered. The highest heritability estimates were of 0.21 ± 0.07 and 0.22 ± 0.07 for FLW and WFA, respectively. The genetic correlations between ADG and WFA were 0.78 ± 0.21 and between ILW and ADG 0.83 ± 0.07. The lowest correlation was between ILW and FLW (0.60). It is concluded that heritabilities for growth traits in Santa Gertrudis cattle were between medium and low. Genetic correlations were high and positive. Genetic tendencies resulted low; there was no genetic progress in traits as ADG. Key words: final live weight, direct and maternal effects, genetic progress


Car clubs are now attracting support from a number of organisations in the UK but as yet no real champion has emerged. Marcus Enoch argues that the lesson from the Netherlands and San Francisco is that national or local government support is critical in helping car clubs to get established.


The essentiality of compact nuclear power marine engineering simulator (NPMES) is discussed. The technology of nuclear power plant engineering simulator (NPPES) for NPMES development is introduced, and the function design, general design and model design are given in details. A compact NPMES based on the nuclear power marine of "(?)" is developed. The design can help the development of NPMES, which will improve operation safety and management efficiency of marine.


Real time enterprise is able to provide timely, accurate and detailed information deliberately. The information is about the large volume of data from business systems and Smart Items (radio frequency identification, wireless sensor networks), and most importantly, is about the information behind all the data. There are few powerful methods to retrieve and present the behind information, and complex event processing is effective to do it. The architecture of real time enterprise based on Smart Items is firstly put forth. The clear definition of fundamental concepts of event, event model and hierarchical model are given. All the available event composition methods are almost based on event type, the event instance operators here make it possible to figure out complex event in instance level. The requisite event type operators are also defined. Semantic space is put forth to provide more event context information, and the strategies of event instance using, consuming and aging are given to process all the event instances. Especially, the partition methods of event instances improve the efficiency of event composition significantly. To detect composite event, colored Petri net serves as a good candidate in terms of its properties of concurrency and efficiency, and its mechanism and algorithm are discussed. Application of the mechanism shows that it is effective to provide more accurate and concrete information.


We found that meta-selective C–H borylation of aromatic compounds was accelerated when using urea moiety-containing bipyridine-type ligands unlike in cases involving a bipyridine-type ligand without the urea moiety. The acceleration was due to the recognition and capture of the aromatic substrates by the urea moiety of the ligand by hydrogen bonding. The acceleration was further enhanced by modifying the electronic and steric properties of the ligand. The functional group and substrate specificities were also observed using the urea moiety-containing ligands.


Inoculation of VAM significantly increased growth of banana plants compared to non−mycorrhizal control and was also effective in increasing nutrient uptake by the plant. VAM influenced growth attributing characters (Plant height, girth, production of functional leaves) and yield attributing components (Finger length, No. of fingers bunch−1, No. of hands bunch−1 and bunch weight) contributed towards higher yield. Optimum yield in terms of bunch weight per plant (16.5 kg) was obtained with application of VAM + 300 g N + 75 g P205 + 300 g K2O per plant. About 50 per cent saving of phosphorus was achieved through the use of VAM. Increase in the concentration of N, P, Ca, Mg, Zn and Cu was observed in mycorrhizal plants.


Japanese Encephalitis is endemic in Rakhine State, western Myanmar. In July 2014, 27 patients were admitted to Sittwe General Hospital, Rakhine State. Few patients died and some patients were confirmed as having Japanese Encephalitis (JE) infection. An outbreak investigation was conducted in forty six villages of nine JE affected townships in Rakhine state. The objectives were to describe the outbreak and to identify potential risk factors, reservoir and vector of JE virus in Rakhine State. Active case findings, environmental and entomological study were performed. We found 49 JE suspected cases with 10 deaths. Among them, 21 cases were confirmed as Japanese encephalitis infection by positive immunoglobulin M (IgM) ELISA. Culex tritaeniorhynchus was found in most JE affected townships. Almost all villagers had no awareness about JE transmission and prevention. Our investigation underscored the importance of collaboration between human and animal doctors, the raising of knowledge and awareness about JE transmission and prevention before the rainy season in Rakhine State, and the need for more studies on usefulness of JE vaccination among high risk population.


The Central American population in the United States can be distinguished from other ethnic and migrant populations in the United States on the basis of the diversity of its origins, its relatively recent arrival, its rapid growth, and its changing character. Central Americans have come from seven different countries: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Belize. While the majority are of mixed European and indigenous descent (ladino), a significant number are indigenous, for most part from different Mayan ethnic groups including Q'anjob'al, K'iche, Mam, Kaqchiquel, and Q'eqchi. Most indigenous groups in Central America speak their own languages and are often geographically and culturally isolated from ladino society. The Central American foreign-born population also includes Afro-Caribbean groups from Belize and the Caribbean coast of Central America, among them the Garifuna, a mixed population descended from Africans who allegedly escaped from slave ships and Amerindians who migrated north from South America, meeting in the Caribbean islands of St. Vincent and Dominica, from which they were subsequently expelled, resulting in their migration to Central America.

Keywords:

American borderlands;
development;
borders;
employment and unemployment;
farming;
labor supply


Over the past decade research has shown that a Riemann sum based interpretation of the definite integral supports a robust understanding of the underlying structure of the integrand/differential relationship and facilitates students' ability to make sense of contextual integral models. However, current studies center this understanding on the multiplicative structure f(x) ⋅ Δx which does not account for many practical uses of integration. In many situations, the Δx is most productively conceived as a component of another quantity which might then be incorporated in any of a variety of quantitative models, such as an inverse square law rather than a simple product. To fill this gap, this study utilized Dewey's theory of inquiry to identify three interpretations of the definite integral which proved productive for students when modeling definite integrals that extend beyond the traditionally studied product structure.


In the context of Organizational Behavior Research there has been limited study on relationship between frontline employees and customers. These studies have been restricted to the investigation of employee's influences on customer's satisfaction, loyalty, cooperative performance and evaluation of service quality. Since frontline employees are considered as unique sources of competitive advantage, this research takes a step further and investigates how employees' organizational citizenship behaviors and deviant workplace behaviors influence customers' value co-creation behavior. Derived from social exchange theory and leadermember exchange relationship, a new approach to the relationship between employees and customers is introduced as Employee-Customer Exchange relationship (ECX).


Abstract In the context of the expansion of upper secondary education, young people without an upper secondary education might be considered an at‐risk group on the labour market. The present investigation is a longitudinal study of career both in school and at work for young people without upper secondary education. The study is part of a nationwide school research project, in which a national sample of pupils (9000) has been followed from the age of 13 through their school careers. Employment data were collected via a questionnaire given to young people without upper secondary education in 1991 when they were 23‐24 years old. The results show that even though 97% of the age cohort applied to upper secondary school in their final year of compulsory school, about one‐fifth lacked an upper secondary education at the age of 20. The dominant pattern among young people without upper secondary education was a blue‐collar home background, extensive special education, low and declining school achievements, and l...


The present invention provides an electric bicycle hub unit and an electric bicycle including the hub unit configured to be mounted with a roller braking device so as not to be adversely affected by heat. In the electric bicycle (1), an assist driving force is generated by a hub unit (30) mounted in a front wheel (18). The hub unit (30) includes a hub (31) including a hub casing (35) and a lid (36) closing an open end (34) of the hub casing (35), a motor (32), and a planetary gear deceleration mechanism (33) which decelerates rotation of the motor (32) and transmits the decelerated rotation to the hub (31). The motor (32) is located adjacent the hub casing (35), and the planetary gear deceleration mechanism (33) is located adjacent the lid (36). A roller braking device (60) is attached to the lid (36).


A new coordination compound of [Mn(ATO)2 (H2O)4] (PA)2 was characterized by elemental analysis, FT - DR. analysis, X - ray powder diffraction analysis and single crystal diffraction analysis. The thermal decomposition process of the title complex was studied by means of the TG - DTG and DSC under conditions of linear temperature increase. Thermal decomposition mechanism of the title coordination compound was put forward.


Water-soluble phthalocyaninato zirconium(IV) and hafnium(IV) complexes have been synthesized for the first time. An increased solubility in comparison to PcZrCl2 and PcHfCl2 was caused by the introduction of gallic, 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonic (chromotropic), and 5-sulfosalicylic acids in the axial position. The new compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, IR, UV-vis and elemental analysis.


Next‐generation grid systems where the emphasis shifts to distributed global collaboration, a service‐oriented approach, and information layer issues exhibit a strong sense of automation. Requirements for these systems resemble the self‐organizing and the self‐healing properties of natural ecosystems. Inspired by this resemblance, we introduce some key ecological concepts and mechanisms into the design for the third‐generation grid systems. In this article, a novel Ecological Network‐based Grid Middleware (ENGM), which is based on Ecological Network Computing Environment (ENCE), is proposed. First, we discuss how to design the ENCE by agent‐oriented approaches based on the key concepts and principles of ecosystems. ENCE provides a new computing and problem‐solving paradigm by combining natural ecosystem mechanisms with agent technologies. Then, we design the ENGM with built‐in mechanisms to support desirable requirements of new grid systems, namely scalability, adaptability, self‐organization, simplicity, and survivability. Based on Jeffery's conceptual model, we also present a corresponding grid‐computing prototype that embeds ENGM layers from the implementation point of view. The ENGM will be useful to address the challenges of the third‐generation grid systems. Finally, as a demonstration, we built an ENGM platform‐based commercial grid service environment and developed a prototype of enterprise supply chain management system. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed ENGM satisfies the requirements of the next‐generation grid and is suitable for new generation grid applications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Int Syst 19: 859–884, 2004.


The paper draws heavily from Williamson and Barzel's theoretical propositions. Firstly it translates the measurement cost approach into a rule of thumb type of diagram and then mix it with the asset specificity approach to explain the choice of organizational arrangement. It thus suggests the possibility of merging both theories into a broader and nonetheless operational one.


According to the design thought that put the film into "integrated bunch",this article designs the JM-1400 winding type film picking up machine,and applies the response surface method to do the experimental study on it.Establishing mathematics model among the picking up film rate and engine forward velocity,the wheel angle in collect film,the entry soil depth of the picking up film shovel,etc three significant effect factors,the study detailed analysis of the affect factors to the picking up film rate's interaction influences rules,and does optimization on it.The results show that according to the optimized work parameters to configuration,the picking up film rate can achieve 87% above.


Besides the positive effects in terms of future quality of life on the individual level, supporting the education of the underprivileged is also favorable for society as a whole. Equity in education may contribute to building a more prosperous, democratic, altruistic and healthier society, which is less characterized by social tensions. After discussing the social benefits of a fair and inclusive education system, the paper briefly reviews some of the relevant research trends, and provides a comprehensive overview of the situation in Hungary with special focus on disadvantaged and Roma students. More specifically, the paper touches upon (1) the role of family background with regard to success at school; (2) the fairness of the Hungarian education system; (3) the reasons why Roma students do not succeed at school; (4) the number of resilient, that is, disadvantaged but successful, students in Hungary; and (5) the lessons learned from educational programs for students with low socioeconomic status. The available data show that Hungary performs poorly in terms of educational equity, and the situation is going from bad to worse, thus the social advantages equity in education may offer cannot be exploited. AZ OKTATÁSI MÉLTÁNYOSSÁG ÉS AKTUÁLIS KÉRDÉSEI MAGYARORSZÁGON 69 Magyar Tudomány 181(2020)1 Kulcsszavak: oktatási méltányosság, családi háttér, szocioökonómiai státusz, iskolai szegregáció, hátrányos helyzetű tanulók, roma tanulók, oktatási reziliencia


Objective: To investigate the time course of serum S-100 concentrations of patients with acute cerebral infarction,and their relation with the clinical data and the prognosis. Methods: Serum S-100 levels were serially determined in 35 patients with acute cerebral infarction within 12 h, at 24 h and day 2, 3, 4, 5,7 and 10 after acute cerebral infarction and in 20 age- and sex-matched control subjects. An S-100 content assay was performed using a two-site radioimmunoassay technique. The clinical status was assessed using NIH Stroke Scale. The functional deficit at 4 weeks after acute cerebral infarction was scored using the modified Rankin scale. A cranial computed tomography was performed initially. Results: Elevated concentrations of S100 (>0.2 μg/L) were observed in 29 of 36 patients with acute cerebral infarction,but none of the control subjects. The S-100 peak levels were at day 2 and 3 after acute cerebral infarction and were significantly high in those patients with severe neurological deficit at admission, with extensive infarction or with space-occupying effect of ischemic edema as compared with the rest of the populations. Conclusion: Serum S-100 level assay can be used as a peripheral marker of ischemic brain damage, and may be helpful for evaluation of therapeutic effects in acute ischemic stroke.


Objective To evaluate the degree of coronary artery diameter stenosis detection accuracy after holding nitroglycerin under the tongue with 64- slice spiral CT coronary angiography. Methods 64- slice CT angiography was performed in 72 patients with 64- slice spiral CT coronary angiography. Patients were divided into two groups: with or without nitroglycerin( group A and group B). Each group included 36 patients,The maximal lumen diameters and densities were measured for the left main coronary artery,the left anterior descending,the left circumflex,and the right coronary artery,respectively in all 72 datasets. Number of clinical side effects in both groups was evaluated. Results The lumen diameters were significantly larger in group A than in group B. In the RCA,LM,LAD and LCX of the 1 3 segments. The segments were the same between the two groups. The number of segments in the posterior descending artery and posterior branch of left ventricle,LAD,1st diagonal branch and obtuse marginal branch was larger in group A than in group B,but no statistic significant difference existed. The visibility of segments including 2nd diagonal branch and LCX was significantly higher in group A than in group B. The number of side effects in the two groups was not significantly different. Conclusion Sublingual nitroglycerin significantly dilates the coronary arteries and allows more segments to be visualized at coronary CT angiography. This method can improve the diagnostic accuracy of coronary artery diameter stenosis in a certain extent.


Anthropologists Robert J. Losey, Robert P. Wishart and Jan Peter Laurens Loovers have edited this newest volume of the Routledge Series Arctic Worlds. Initiated by the finding that 'the master narrative for domestication has ignored the North' (p. 2), the thirteen contributions from the disciplines of anthropology, archaeology, biology, cultural history and geography focus on historically developed relations between humans and dogs in regions around the North Pole. The volume is an outcome of the European Research Council Advanced Grant for Arctic Domestication: Emplacing Human-Animal Relationships in the Circumpolar North (Arctic Domus). The first contribution, 'Domestication and the embodied human-dog relationship. Archaeological Perspectives from Siberia', by Tatiana Nomokonova Losey, Lacey Fleming, Katherine Latham and Lesley Harrington deals with the archaeological study of dog domestication as social practices and uses examples from studies in Siberia. Based on archaeological materials and perspectives, the authors examine themes such as emotional bonds with dogs, shared working lives between humans and dogs as well as dog diets from the Holocene on. The chapter contributes to an understanding of domestication as ongoing reciprocal interactions between humans and different other-than-humans, which have always involved more than two species. Paleobiologist Suvi Viranta and archaeologist Kristiina Mannermaa provide a review of the 'Prehistory of dogs in Fennoscandia', which thoroughly unfolds the roles of dogs from hunter-gatherer communities in the Stone Age up to contemporary cultural contexts in Scandinavia and Finland, in which types and roles of prehistorical dogs persist. 'Dogs, reindeer and humans in Siberia. Threefold synergetic in the northern landscape' by ethnologist Vladimir Davydov and geographer Konstantin Klokov aims to bring together the mostly separated domains of research concerning human-dog and human-reindeer relations 'to discuss their mutual involvement in the process of northern landscape appropriation' (p. 45). Travelling back the road of research on transport solutions, the authors discuss practices of landscape appropriation, which have taken place through


From many kinds of investment in Indonesian capital markets, a mutual fund is one of the instrument to be discussed. Within a short time, the mutual fund gives a significant influence to the Indonesian capital markets. A mutual fund is one of the alternatives for the investors, especially for small investors or for the investor that does not want to meet high risk. In the growing of Indonesian capital markets, the net asset value (NAV) of the mutual fund should be increasing, and the increase of the NAV proves it. The sharia equity fund is no different. As an alternative investment, the sharia mutual fund in Indonesia is growing; however, it does not seem attractive to the investor, reflected by the small weighting from the mutual fund industry. The reason why investors are reluctant to invest in sharia equity fund is the volatility, compared to the conventional equity fund. To guide investors and to attract investment in sharia equity funds, some indicators can be used, such as PER, PBR and PSR. This study will use these indicators as the independent variables: PER (X1), PBR (X2) and PSR (X3) on the Net Asset Value (NAV) as the dependent variable (Y)  in sharia equity fund using the Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) data. In this research, the researcher uses a quantitative method using secondary data. The results show that there is a significant influence of PER, PBV and PSR on NAV in sharia equity funds. As a consequence, PER, PBR and PSR can guide investors' decisions to invest in sharia mutual fund.

Keywords: PER, PBR, PSR, NAV, sharia mutual fund


The evolution of knowledge about the free evaluation of evidence law in the late Qing Dynasty,has experienced a"New Deal"before transmission and the "New Deal"period,the creation of the introduction of two stages.Before"New Deal",only some introduction of the concept to China,just like a kind of"the other"legal knowledge discourse,which is simple and still a foreign factor.After that period,the knowledge of free evaluation of evidence law has internalizationed gradually,as part of the"native"legal knowledge.To the late Qing Dynasty,as the core of modern evidence law,the free evaluation of evidence is obtained in the two procedural law draft,although not timely implementation,but became the model to the Republic of China,as the source of modern Chinese evidence law knowledge.Rearrange the Qing Dynasty the source of knowledge about the free evaluation of evidence,will not only help to break through the"impact response model"theory and the type of the related study limitations,but also find supporting for the research of the history of free evaluation of evidence in the present.


In the quest for highly efficient coke-resistant catalysts for dry reforming methane (DRM) to produce syngas, a series of Ni–In/γ-Al2O3 catalysts with various Ni contents were prepared by a "two...


Domain structures in ferroelectric glycine sulfate are studied by etching in various alcohols. Methyl alcohol etches the head of polarization more readily than the tail end, and gives, in a relatively short time, clear domain patterns. Moreover, this etchant etches the (001) surface very slowly and after a long time delineates the arranging manner of domains along the polarization axis. Domain boundaries have cylindrical surfaces parallel to b axis, but the sections perpendicular to the axis are quite indefinite in dimensition and direction. Domain terminated with a rounded tip in the antiparallell domain was observed. Crystal imperfection seems to have a considsrable effect on the domain structure of this crystal. Some preliminary studies of domain wall motion under the application of electric field are also reported.


This paper discusses the livelihood strategies and the environment in which the Iban of Rumah
Jaong of the headwaters of Engkari River survives on and the challenges faced by its residents. The livelihood of
the small Iban community depends on the natural resources for survival. Rivers serve as the source of food,
domestic water supply and means of transportation. Forests, on the other hand, serve as source of food, timber and
building materials, and to a lesser extent, as a people's hunting ground. To many outsiders, life in the headwaters
of Engkari River is easily perceived as difficult and very challenging. However, for the local residents of a
community living in the interior and remote part of Sarawak, such as in headwaters of Engkari river, life is
considered 'normal' where the practice of mixed farming consisting of shifting cultivation of hill rice and with
small plots of rubber and/or pepper garden seems sufficient to sustain the people's livelihood, at least for now.


In this paper a brief account of the area of automated reasoning (or, rather, of some of its subareas) is given. Some historical remarks are given along with overview of some of the most significant results and current challenges. The paper has a somewhat personal perspective, reflecting research interests of the author.


Objective: To evaluate the effect of cartilage fenestration with vascular bundle implantation on treatment of femoral head necrosis,and to examine operational adaptability and matters for attention.Methods:Thirty patients of femoral head necrosis of diverse pathogeny(male 28 cases,female 2 cases;Age from 28 to 45 years,with average of 37.8 years) were treated by cartilage fenestration at femoral head to remover focus and plant bone,then implant vascular bundles composed of branches of artery and vein via marrow passage,and by 6~8 weeks of traction and half year without load.Results:Followed-up with average of 5.4 years.According to the evaluation of femoral head necrosis in adult,pre-and postoperative evaluation of hip joint pain,function,flexibility and X-ray performance showed significant difference(P0.01),with excellence rate 76.6% and efficacy rate 90%.Conclusion:Treatment of femoral head necrosis by cartilage fenestration with bone and vascularized implantation show good results,fenestrated cartilage could be repaired easily,and focus within femoral head could be removed completely,all of them help growth of new bone.


The system suggested was developed to make the assembly processes in manufacturing and maintenance of aggregates more precise. The auxiliary surfaces, components, units and their couplings, that are in contact with replaceable or other component parts are taken into consideration. The system based on tracing the speed changes in wearing-out during the operation process, the couplings conditions produced by the parts in aggregate or units. The methods of decision-making when kitting-up the whole list of aggregate items for assembly from the view point of providing the necessary precision of the coupling parameters are employed. All geometrical parameters as they were given in the original aggregate design are restored. The correlation and interdependence of the dimensions of parts in aggregates or in the vehicle can be showed up with assembly dimension lines.


Brief information, which offers basic data on the operation and economy of the Czech gas industry in 1995-2000 including gas distributors and Transgas Co. - operator of the long-distance pipeline system. Statistiques concernant les aspects economiques et techniques de la distribution du gaz, en Republique Tcheque.


ABSTRACT The complete larval development of Micropanope barbadensis (Rathbun, 1921), a small, western Atlantic, coral-inhabiting xanthid crab, is described and illustrated based on larvae reared in the laboratory. The species passed through 3 or 4 zoeal and one megalopal stage over a 24-32 day period at 20°C. At 15 and 25°C the larvae did not survive beyond the first or second stage, respectively. The duration of abbreviated and normal development periods is discussed. Zoeae of Micropanope barbadensis exhibit an antennal exopod:protopod ratio intermediate in length and are therefore not assignable to any of the four categories delineated by Aikawa. A fifth category, Group E, is proposed. Criteria used to distinguish larvae of the genus Micropanope from other xanthid genera, as well as the taxonomic position of M. barbadensis, are considered. This is the first species in the genus Micropanope sensu lato for which the complete larval development in the laboratory has been obtained.


Determininga suitable irrigation manner is a key problem for establishing sand fixation plantation system along Tarim Desert Highway. A series of comparison experiment about furrow irrigation, basin irrigation and drip irrigation, according to the merits and demerits themselves, the former research results and site conditions, were made on the plot L292 along the Highway. After comparing and analyzing the plant growth,the changes of salts content in the sand layer and the irrigation system as well as the cost input, it is concluded that drip irrigation is the best irrigation manner for constructing sand binding plantation along Tarim Desert Highway because it is not influenced by dune landform, it ensures plant regular growth and its water utility efficiency is the highest as well as its cost is the lest.


Within the multi-cultural society of Australia, Aboriginal people have a special place because of the part they have played in the history of Australia, and because they are the indigenous people of this country.


Since the first isolation and characterization of stable Nheterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) by Arduengo and co-workers in 1991, these compounds have attracted great interest in various fields of chemistry. As molecules with divalent carbon atoms, NHCs (e.g., 1–3, Scheme 1) are not only of theoretical interest but also of practical relevance as ligands in metal complexes and as nucleophilic organocatalysts.


The application of digital signal processing techniques in TV receiver sets gives lots of improvements for picture quality. Images, which are free of disturbing flicker effects and which have reduced noise figures, can be achieved by adequate procedures, implemented at the home receiver. Also, image resolution can be increased and the appearance of crosstalk effects can be widely reduced, if comb filters are used to separate luminance and chrominance signals. But, dependent on filter characteristics and picture content, always some residual cross colour and cross luminance disturbances will remain even with comb filter decoding. This is due to the fact, that-already within the PAL encoding process-luminance and chrominance frequency components may exchange their assigned locations or even may share the same positions to give complete spectral overlap.<<ETX>>


"Improvement and straightening out" and deepening the reform is the correct economic policy formulated by the Third Plenum of the Thirteenth Central Committee last year in view of the prevailing political and economic situation. The policy has been approved by the National People's Congress (NPC). At the NPC session discussing Comrade Li Peng's report on the work of the government, there were only two dissenting votes and four abstentions, showing that the majority of the congress deputies supported this central policy.


This paper analyzes the Korean biotechnology sector with an analytical framework of National Innovation System (NIS). We examine whether newly industrializing economies (NIEs) can catch up with advanced economies in newly-emerging, knowledge-intensive industries such as biotechnology. We demonstrate that Korea is emerging as a key player in the global biotechnology scene in terms of R&D activities, catching up with other advanced countries, such as Japan, and keeping pace with regional competitors like Taiwan, Singapore and China. While the substantial increase in innovation capabilities lends support to the plausibility of the catching-up view, we also find that improvements and adaptations need to be made in transferring knowledge effectively from public to private sector and in commercializing biotechnology with the institutional support of private funding. Our study highlights the mechanisms by which collective competence of managing knowledge creation and diffusion is facilitated in a developing economy.


This research was performed to examine the effect of variable profitability,
leverage, liquidity and firm size on dividend policy in the manufacturing
companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange. The population of this research is
161 manufacturing companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2010-
2013. Samples used were 31 companies manufacturing. Data obtained from the
Indonesia Stock Exchange. The method of data analysis used is analysis multiple
regression. The results of multiple regression analysis demonstrated that
simultaneous influence of profitability, leverage, liquidity and firm size on
dividend policy has a significant effect. Partially, profitability significant positive
effect on dividend policy, while leverage, liquidity and firm size is not a
significant positive effect on dividend policy.
Key words :profitability, leverage, liquidity, firm size, dividend policy


A current controlled ring oscillator is utilized in a phase locked loop system. The ring itself is comprised of lateral pnp current sources and Schottky clamped npn transistors to provide a frequency range of 4 megahertz at 50 microamp drive to 43 megahertz at 1 milliamp drive. The frequency of the ring oscillator is varied by varying the current injected into the ring.


In order to research the trapping effect of sex attractant to corn A.lepigone,the field trapping experiment of A.lepigone was tested on Malan farm of Xinji City in 2012 by sex attractant of A.lepigone and automatic pest forecast lamp,and the sustainable use time of sex attractant was analyzed.At the same time,the effect of meteorological conditions of previous five days on the quantity of A.lepigone was analyzed using the meteorological data of Xinji City from May 1 to August 31 in 2012.The results showed that one sex attractant of A.lepigone male moths for 120 d had the virtues of effectively reduce adult,simple use,full data to accurate description the occurrence of dynamic for A.lepigone and low cost to used for predict and monitor to field prevention.The sex attractantd traped adults closely related to meteorological conditions of previous five days,and high temperature,low humidity and low rainfall were favorable for pupa emergence and adults increase.


[Two of the authors respond:]

We thank Henry Schneiderman for his comments on the stain we used to demonstrate the calcium deposits in the tubular lumina of our patient's kidney.[1][1] Schneiderman is right, of course, and we appreciate his meticulous and observant reading of our paper.

We made a


A considerable body of research focuses on racial and ethnic minorities' perceptions of police, yet non-Black, non-Hispanic minority groups, Asians in particular, are largely overlooked. Meanwhile, despite a fast growing immigrant population and the increasing demand on local police to enforce immigration law, research on police–immigrant relations remains limited. Using data from over 400 Chinese immigrants, this study examines the issues of race/ethnicity, immigration, and policing with a focal concern on Chinese immigrants' attitudes toward police. Results indicate that the majority of Chinese immigrants rate police positively in overall performance and specific areas of effectiveness, integrity, and demeanor. Both universal and immigrant-specific factors are important predictors of immigrants' attitudes. Chinese immigrants' evaluations of police are not only affected by exposure to media coverage of police misconduct, neighborhood conditions, and city context, but also are intertwined with their opinions of their home country police and perceptions of US immigration authorities.


: This paper employs step wise multiple regression to test the effectiveness of combined city-suburban school districts in increasing the willingness of families with children to choose central city locations. Over 5000 recent homebuyers in Hamilton County (Cincinnati), Ohio, and New Castle County (Wilmington), Delaware, were surveyed. New Castle County had combined city-suburban school districts and families living there were expected to be more likely to choose the central city when all other relevant characteristics were controlled. Just the opposite occurred. Hamilton County buyers were more likely to choose the city, reflecting the greater variety of attractive middle income neighborhoods within the City of Cincinnati. It is suggested that efforts to attract middle income families to cities should focus on maintaining the quality of the older housing stock and on improving neighborhood business districts. Additional research is needed on the impact of different school desegregation schemes on location choices.


A lot of data from the world is available to describe irrational use of drugs all around the world. Most of the studies have described the irrational prescribing practices by analyzing prescriptions in comparison with standard provided by World Health Organization WHO. Such irrational practices include not only over prescription, multidrug prescribing, use of unnecessary expensive drugs, overuse of antibiotics and injections but also the behaviors of prescribers in the particular region. To overcome such problems WHO has recommended different prescribing indicators, which could be the first step to be followed in order to promote rational use of drugs. To improve the financial and health status of the public, it is necessary to improve factors influencing drug use. Although more research work is still needed to assess socio cultural factors influencing the impact of drug use patterns, particularly from prescriber's perspective. A lot of data from the word is already available to assess such practices .there is a need to sort out the problems prevailing in developing countries regarding prescriptions. So it will be helpful in suggesting interventions to solve these problems. Rationalization measures can help to lower costs, which in turn result in prices that are affordable for a larger proportion of the population ISSN 2471-6782


This paper studies a novel boost DC-DC converter operated high efficiency for discontinuous current mode (DCM) control. The converter worked in DCM eliminates the complicated circuit control requirement, reduces a number of components, and reduces the used reactive components size. In the general DCM converter, the switching devices are turned-on the zero current switching (ZCS), and the switching devices must be switched-off at a maximum reactor current. To achieve the zero voltage switching (ZVS) at the switching turn-off, the proposed converter is constructed by using a new loss-less snubber circuit. Soft-switched operation of the proposed boost converter is verified by digital simulation and experimental results. A new boost converter achieves the soft-switching for all switching devices without increasing their voltage and current stresses. The result is that the switching loss is very low and the efficiency of boost DC-DC converter is high.


Miscellaneous Facts about Open Functions and Continuous Functions In this article we give definitions of open functions and continuous functions formulated in terms of "balls" of given topological spaces.


MiRNA plays an important role in post-transcript regulation, many computational approaches have been developed for miRNA target prediction. Yet, the existing algorithms lack the capability to predict the true target when the perfect seed match presents in mRNA sequences and seed-match based methods still suffer from a high false positive rate. This paper develops a new machine learning based miRNA target prediction approach named "CLIPSeed", which is a powerful, friendly, and flexible tool for predicting miRNA targets given mRNAs containing seed matches to miRNAs. Two versions of algorithms are provided based on whether the conservation features are considered or not, also user can specify FDR according to the practical needs. Given a miRNA and mRNA pair, CLIPSeed predicts whether this mRNA is a target of miRNA and outputs the binding sites information if it is a target. Five-fold cross validation on PAR-CLIP ALL-AGO (AGOI −4) data shows that CLIPSeed achieves $ \gt 2$ fold increase in prediction performance measuring by precision. Also, testing on independent CLIP data confirms good performance of CLIPSeed algorithm. Finally, human genome-wide testing using expression data by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) verifies that the predictions of CLIPSeed are significant and the predicted miRNAs targets are down-regulated at mRNA level. CLIPSeed achieves significant improvement in performance and highly reduces the false positive rate comparing to the existing approaches. Because CLIPSeed has high precision prediction, it provides biologists a more powerful tool for further study of cancer treatment and personalized medicine.


White adipocytes contribute to energy storage accumulating lipid droplets, whereas brown and beige adipocytes mainly function in dissipating energy as heat primarily via the action of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Bone morphogenic protein 7 (BMP7) has been shown to drive brown adipocyte differentiation in mice. In this study, we have performed global RNA-sequencing and functional assays on adipocytes obtained from subcutaneous (SC) and deep-neck (DN) depots of human neck and differentiated with or without BMP7. We found that BMP7 did not influence differentiation but upregulated browning markers, including UCP1 mRNA and protein. BMP7 also enhanced mitochondrial DNA content, fragmentation, and levels of oxidative phosphorylation complex subunits along with PGC1α and p-CREB upregulation. Furthermore, both UCP1-dependent proton leak and UCP1-independent, creatine driven substrate cycle coupled thermogenesis were augmented upon BMP7 treatment in SC and DN derived adipocytes. The gene expression analysis shed light also on possible role of genes unrelated to thermogenesis so far, including ACAN, CRYAB, and ID1, which were amongst the highest upregulated ones by BMP7 treatment in both types of adipocytes. Together, our study shows that BMP7 strongly upregulates thermogenesis in human neck area derived adipocytes, along with genes, which might have a supporting role in energy expenditure.


The renewable energy is crucial in green building.The technologies of renewable energy that used in green building are expounded,including solar energy systems,geothermal energy,and so on.It recommends methods for improving energy efficiency of renewable energy for green buildings.


The ideality factor of a 2 μm InGaSb/AlGaAsSb quantum well laser is investigated. The total ideality factor comes mainly from the central p-n junction and two metal-semiconductor junctions. It decreases from 4.0 to 3.3 when the temperature is increased from 20 to 80 oC.


Aldehydes were fluorinated electrochemically to prepare prefluorocarboxylic acids. The results were compared with those obtained from the fluorination of alcohols, esters, ketones and unsaturated compounds. Generally, the yield of perfluorocarboxylic acids was considerably lower in aldehydes because of a great fragmentation or polymerization in the fluorination reaction. No evidence could be obtained for the formation of a detectable amount of partially fluorinated aldehydes or perfluoroaldehydes in the reaction. The mechanism for the formation of perfluorocarboxylic acid fluorides from aldehydes was discussed.


John Ayorunde (Tunde) Isola Bewaji is a Senior Lecturer in Philosophy in the department of Language, Linguistics, and Philosophy at the University of the West Indies, Mona Campus. He received his Ph.D. in Philosophy at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. His recent publications include, "The Certain, the Evident, and the Problem of Criterion: Perspectives in Roderick M. Chisholm's Response to Sceptical Epistemology" in The Philosophy of Roderick M. Chisholm. Library of Living Philosophers, Vol. 25, edited by Lewis E. Hahn, and "The self as the locus of identity A preliminary philosophical analysis of Professor Nettleford's discussion of individuality in the Caribbean" in Caribbean Quarterly (December 1997.


Two new multivariate calibration methods for using all of the relevant spectral information are applied to the determination of plutonium. The analyte response signal originates from the absorbance spectrum of Pu(III)from 500 to 900 nm. Partial least squares (PLS) regression gives an average absolute error of 0.114 /+-/ 0.108 mg when predicting plutonium content of standards containing 65 to 90 mg total plutonium. PLS uses all of the signal in the spectrum and is a more robust calibration procedure than a method based on absorbances at five wavelengths. Another calibration procedure involving least squares curve fitting (LSCF) fits either the entire spectrum or individual spectral intervals derived from standards to spectra of unknowns. In addition, an arbitrary linear base line can be included. The best LSCF option for the same calibration and test set as used for PLS was the full spectrum (522 to 900 nm) with a linear base-line option. The average absolute error when predicting with LSCF was 0.130 /+-/ 0.092 mg plutonium. LSCF has an advantage over PLS in that the linear base line can account for certain types of interferences that have been observed for this plutonium assay procedure. An example is given. 6 refs., 3more » figs., 5 tabs.« less


In this paper, the simulation results of cellular neural network (CNN) equalizer in Bluetooth system are shown. Compared with traditional Bluetooth without CNN equalizer, the performance of improved system is more robust. There is 4 dB improvement in modified Bluetooth system when the channel is multi-path channel with additive white Gaussian noise. The structure of hardware CNN equalizer spectrum system is also shown


During the Renaissance, readers of accounts about the Far East faced the problem of assessing sources from a range of periods, often produced by writers who were not eyewitnesses. This article considers the responses of mapmakers and geographers to claims about the East by analysing expressions of belief, surprise, doubt and incredulity on maps and in geographical works. By considering examples from the late medieval period to the seventeenth century, it reveals important continuities to the ways in which the East, and Marco Polo, were perceived before and after sustained European contact with the Far East began. Particular attention is paid to Fra Mauro, maker of the most extensively annotated map before the age of oceanic travel to Asia; and to Giovanni Battista Ramusio, editor of the first multi-volume travel compendium.


In this communication, a leaky-wave antenna (LWA) featuring beam scanning from backfire direction is investigated. The presented LWA is designed based on the odd-mode spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP) waveguide that consists of a row of complementary "cross-shaped" units. The odd-mode SSPP is excited by a convertor from the microstrip line to the slotline. As opposed to the even mode, the equivalent electric current of the odd-mode SSPP is perpendicularly distributed to the longitudinal direction, providing a complete backfire radiation component. Then a general method to design a sinusoidally modulated reactance surface (SMRS) LWA is introduced to efficiently generate backfire radiation at desired frequency and the depth of each SSPP unit is determined by calculation. By this way, the optimized working of the LWA will be drastically reduced. A prototype of the presented LWA is simulated, fabricated, and measured. Simulation and experimental results show that the main beam of the presented LWA scans from backfire at desired frequency of 20 GHz to the broadside direction at 27.5 GHz. And the antenna shows bidirectional radiation feature.


It is known that High-Brightness Light-Emitting Diodes (HB-LEDs) are potential successors of incandescent bulb lamps due to its high luminous efficiency and high lifetime. To realize these advantages the HB-LED ballast must be durable and efficient. Also, for this specific application the ac-dc HB-LEDs ballast needs high-step-down ratio, high Power Factor (PF) and low-cost. This paper presents a tapped-inductor buck Power Factor Corrector (PFC) operating in Boundary Conduction Mode (BCM) design for replacement incandescent bulb lamps. This low-cost solution presents the adequate high-step-down ratio without galvanic isolation in order to produce an output voltage of about 20 V from line voltage. Also, the tapped-inductor buck PFC maintains high efficiency in comparison to other PFCs based on one stage (i.e. flyback PFC). A static analysis, distortion analysis of the input current, design procedure and an average small signal model of the ac-dc HB-LEDs driver have been carried out in this paper in order to provide an adequate design procedure. Finally, a 12 W experimental prototype was developed in order to validate the theoretical results presented.


The rheological properties of the slurry is the key of the gelcasting process of compound materials. The slurry needs high solid phase volume content and low viscosity. The exprement prepared ZrO_2-Al_2O_3 compound ceramic slurry by coating ZrO_2 powders with Al_2O_3. The research showed that the slurry is dispersed steadily through adjusting the pH value and dispersant. It was shown that when the pH is about 10 and the amont of dispersant is 3 percent by weight of powders, solid phase volume content of the slurry can reach 40 percent. It also showed that Al_2O_3 changes the character of the surface of ZrO_2, and improves stability of suspension.


From the sociological point of view the psychotic person is one who has rejected the existing social organization and substituted a private version of culture which is organized and consistent, often even highly integrated and systematic. His expressions and reactions, seemingly bizarre and irrelevant, are attempts to state a real problem. To understand his attitudes and behavior it is necessary to examine his "inner" life; this points back to his past, to his outer world as it once existed. Each new situation in the past has added some element to this petterned "inner" life as we see it now. Elaborate life-histories are necessary in reconstructing this past. The approach is not that of the psychiatrist, but an attempt to determine how culture is transmitted and how, from the sociological point of view, the personality in question arose. The nice problem will probably prove to be the relative evaluation of the existing milieu, with its point of significant support and stress, and the force of highly fixed inner definitions tending toward pathological interpretations of existing situations and consequent pathological response.


This report describes a formal method to quantify structural damage tolerance and reliability in the presence of a multitude of uncertainties in turbine engine components. The method is based at the material behavior level where primitive variables with their respective scatter ranges are used to describe behavior. Computational simulation is then used to propagate the uncertainties to the structural scale where damage tolerance and reliability are usually specified. Several sample cases are described to illustrate the effectiveness, versatility, and maturity of the method. Typical results from this method demonstrate, that it is mature and that it can be used to probabilistically evaluate turbine engine structural components. It may be inferred from the results that the method is suitable for probabilistically predicting the remaining life in aging or in deteriorating structures, for making strategic projections and plans, and for achieving better, cheaper, faster products that give competitive advantages in world markets.


Among 118 roach and bream hybrids aged 3 and 4 years obtained through the artificial crossbreeding of roach and bream, 113 (95.8%) were gonochoric with regularly developed gonads and 5 (4.2%) were intersex with macroscopically ovary- or testis-like gonads. In the ovary-like gonads, both the ovarian and the testis zones were present and in the testis-like gonads, female germ cells were dispersed within the testis tissue. In the gonochoric roach and bream hybrid gonads, the following stages of oocyte development were observed: oogenesis - previtellogenesis, vitellogen- esis, migrating nucleus and break-up of the morphological structure of nucleus; sper- matogenesis - spermatogonia, spermatocyte and spermatid. In the hermaphrodite go- nads, the oocytes developed to reach the stage of exogenic vitellogenesis, and the male germ cells reached the spermatid stage. However, these stages did not occur simulta- neously in the gonads. The obtained results indicate that in the majority of roach and bream hybrids gonadal development and gametogenesis progress normally.


To summarize the application of proteomics to modernization research of Chinese materia medica (CMM) and offer the reference for modernization of CMM and new medicine preparation exploitation. Based on the references and our project group studies in proteomic of drug biosynthesis pathway and metabolization;the main content,technology strategies and important application of the proteomics were introduced significantly;and the further development of protemics was analyzed. The proteomics will become one of absolutely necessary tackles in the modernization research of CMM.


FIELD: chemistry. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to pharmaceutical chemistry, in particular to a process for preparing creatine amides of general formula shown below, which exhibit anti-ischemic activity. In formula R denotes amino acid residue of amino acid; Y denotes OR 1 , NR 2 R 3 , where R 1 is H, CH 2 Ph, alkyl C 1 -C 3 , R 2 , R 3 - H, alkyl C 1 -C 4 ; X - low-molecular C 1 -C 4 organic acid or mineral acid, or water. Method involves treating creatine para-toluenesulphonic acid in dimethyl formamide, followed by reacting obtained complex with derivatives of amino acids in presence of a condensing agent and a base. Condensing agent used is formic acid monoester chloride, wherein condensing agent and base are added simultaneously. Then an alkali metal acetate is added to obtained mixture, followed by distilling not less than 80 % of dimethyl formamide, extracting active ingredient with a aprotic polar solvent containing at least one ingredient from a group including acetone, tetrahydrofuran, methyl ethyl ketone and acetonitrile. Further, solvent was distilled off, residue is dissolved in a polar aprotic solvent containing at least one ingredient from a group consisting of water, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol, acetic and formic acid, p-toluenesulphonic acid is removed by anion-exchange chromatography on a sorbent. Solvent is removed in presence of low molecular weight C 1 -C 4 organic acid or inorganic acid and alcohol at not more than pH 4.5, then treated with a solvent containing at least one ingredient from A group consisting of acetone, tetrahydrofuran, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate and acetonitrile. Active ingredient is extracted with a solvent containing at least one ingredient from a group consisting of ethyl and methyl alcohols are distilled off at least 70 % of solvent and treated with a solvent containing at least one ingredient from a group consisting of acetone, tetrahydrofuran, methyl ethyl ketone, acetonitrile, and acetate. EFFECT: disclosed method increases output and purity of end product. 22 cl, 1 tbl, 25 ex NH=C(NH 2 )-N(CH 3 )-CH 2 -CO-RY*X


Use of historical streamflow data from a least-altered period of record can be used in calibration of various modeling applications that are used to characterize least-altered flow and predict the effects of proposed streamflow alteration. This information can be used to enhance water-resources planning. A baseline period of record was determined for selected streamflow-gaging stations that can be used as a calibration dataset for modeling applications. The baseline period of record was defined as a period that is least-altered by anthropogenic activity and has sufficient streamflow record length to represent extreme climate variability. Streamflow data from 171 stations in and near Oklahoma with a minimum of 10 complete water years of daily streamflow record through water year 2007 and drainage areas that were less than 2,500 square miles were considered for use in the baseline period analysis. The first step to determine the least-altered period of record was to evaluate station information by using previous publications, historical station record notes, and information gathered from oral and written communication with hydrographers familiar with selected stations. The second step was to indentify stations that had substantial effects from upstream regulation by evaluating the location and extent of dams in the drainage basin. The third step was (a) the analysis of annual hydrographs and included visual hydrograph analysis for selected stations with 20 or more years of streamflow record, (b) analysis of covariance of double-mass curves, and (c) Kendall's tau trend analysis to detect statistically significant trends in base flow, runoff, total flow, and base-flow index related to anthropogenic activity for selected stations with 15 or more years of streamflow record. A preliminary least-altered period of record for each stream was identified by removing the period of streamflow record when streams were substantially affected by anthropogenic activity. After streamflow record was removed from designation as a least-altered period, stations that did not have at least 10 years of remaining continuous streamflow record were considered to have an insufficient baseline period for modeling applications. An optimum minimum period of record was determined for each of the least-altered periods for each station to ensure a sufficient streamflow record length to provide a representative sample of annual climate variability. An optimum minimum period of 10 years or more was evaluated by analyzing the variability of annual precipitation for selected 5-, 10-, 15-, 25-, and 35-year periods for each of 20 climate divisions that contained stations used in the baseline period analysis. The distribution of annual precipitation was compared for each consecutive overlapping 5-year period to the period 1925–2007 by using a Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The least-altered period of record for stations was also compared to the period 1925–2007 by using a Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The results of this analysis were used to determine how many years of annual precipitation data were needed for the selected period to be statistically similar to the distribution of annual precipitation data for a long-term period, 1925–2007. Minimum optimum periods ranged from 10 to 35 years and varied by climate division. A final baseline period was determined for 111 stations that had a baseline period of at least 10 years of continuous streamflow record after the record-elimination process. A suitable baseline period of record for use in modeling applications could not be identified for 58 of the initial 171 stations because of substantial anthropogenic alteration of the stream or drainage basin and for 2 stations because the least-altered period of record was not representative of annual climate variability. The baseline period for each station was rated "excellent", "good", "fair", "poor", or "no baseline period." This rating was based on a qualitative evaluation of the approximate degree of basin alteration for the least-altered period of record, and whether or not the least-altered period was long enough to be representative of long-term climate variability. Baseline periods of record were rated as "excellent" for 22 stations, "good" for 42 stations, "fair" for 24 stations, and "poor" for 23 stations. Introduction Managing rivers and streams to maintain physical, chemical, and biological integrity is a challenge for resource Determination of Baseline Periods of Record for Selected Streamflow-Gaging Stations in and near Oklahoma for use in Modeling Applications By Rachel A. Esralew 2 Determination of Baseline Periods of Record for Selected Streamflow-Gaging Stations in and near Oklahoma managers in Oklahoma and nationwide. Knowledge of how anthropogenic activity and climate change affect the flow regime can be helpful for water supply regulation and planning. Currently (2010), the Oklahoma 50-Year Comprehensive Water Plan requires development of stream water allocation models to predict how proposed alterations may affect water supply for consumptive and nonconsumptive uses (Robert S. Fabian, Oklahoma Water Resources Board, oral and written commun., July 2008). These models are part of the process for development of a water-permitting policy for Oklahoma. The use of historical streamflow data from a least-altered period of record can enhance water resources planning. These data can be used to calibrate various modeling applications that are used to characterize unregulated flow and predict the effects of proposed streamflow alteration. Streamflow data commonly are needed from streams that are difficult or costprohibitive to gage. Streamflow can be estimated for many ungaged stream locations by using digital watershed or regression models. The following are examples of frequently used digital watershed modeling applications in which verification or calibration by using long-term data from streamflow-gaging stations (referred to as "stations" in this report) are required: Hydrologic Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) (Donigan and others, 1984), Spatially Referenced Regresssion on Watershed Attributes (SPARROW) (Preston and others, 2009), Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) (Leavesley and others, 1983), MIKE_11 [Havnø and others, 1995], and TOPMODEL [Wolock, 1993]). Regression models often are used to estimate flow statistics at ungaged stream locations (for example, the U.S. Geological Survey, StreamStats program, U.S. Geological Survey, 2009a), and many regression applications require use of a least-altered period of streamflow data (or streamflow record) for model calibration (Esralew and Smith, 2009). A least-altered period of streamflow record was used to create the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Hydroecological Integrity Assessment Process for Oklahoma (HIP) (Turton and others, 2009). This model can be used to estimate how proposed flow alteration may affect flow parameters that are vital to aquatic ecological function. For this report, continuous streamflow data from streamflow gaging-stations are referred to as "streamflow record" and a specified period during which continuous daily streamflow data are calculated is referred to as a "period of record". Ideally, modeling applications that use data from stations to characterize unaltered flow need to include data from a long-term period of record. This period of record should reflect the least-altered condition of streamflow available. Demand for water increases with population, urban, and agricultural development increases, and increasing recreational use. Typical anthropogenic activity that affects streamflow may include streamflow regulation, irrigation, diversion and groundwater withdrawal for industrial and consumptive water supply, effluent discharge, and urban development (Stankowski 1972; Fitzpatrick and others, 1999; Konrad and Booth, 2002; Smith and Wahl, 2003). The unpredictable nature of current and future patterns in climate also can affect streamflow. Streamflow data have been collected for streams in and near Oklahoma during periods ranging from a few years to nearly a century (USGS National Water Information System, http://waterdata.usgs. gov/nwis, accessed November 1, 2007). The least-altered period of record for some stations (referred to in this report as the "least-altered period") may be short because of few streamflow data and an increase in urban or agricultural development of a stream with time. Shorter periods of record may coincide with aberrant climate and streamflow patterns that are not considered typical. Longer periods of record are more likely to provide a representative sample of central tendencies and variability of streamflow. A sufficient streamflow record length (at least 10 years, for example) would likely increase the probability that variability of the daily hydrograph, caused by recurrent climate cycles, is included in the streamflow data used for model calibration. Therefore, longer periods of streamflow record can help to minimize statistical bias and random error in modeling applications. A baseline period of record (referred to in this report as a "baseline period") may be determined for stations with a sufficient streamflow record. The baseline period can be defined as a period in which streamflow is least-altered by anthropogenic activity and has sufficient streamflow record length to represent annual climate variability. By this definition, some stations cannot be assigned a baseline period because streamflow at these stations is substantially altered or the length of the period of record is short. To address the need for a least-altered period of record for use in modeling applications and water-resources planning, the USGS, in cooperation with Oklahoma State University and the Oklahoma Water Resources Board, conducted a study to determine baseline period of record for selected streamflow-gaging stations in and near Oklahoma. Streamflow at few if any


Historians of the Chicago School of architecture, and they are fast becoming a crowd, have been consistently unaware of the fact that caisson foundations,' a most satisfactory solution for heavy buildings on poor soil, were pioneered not in Chicago in 1893 but in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1890. Chicago rightfully lays claim to giving birth to the steel-framed office tower. That extraordinary structural revolution took place in the Loop, where the wet silt and deep-reaching soft clay made foundations a matter of paramount concern. It is noteworthy that H. H. Richardson, at work in Chicago on his great Marshall Field Wholesale Store (1885-1887), called on John Wellborn Root to discuss soil and foundation problems, Root having led the Chicago architects in using raft foundations of steel rails imbedded in concrete.2 The use of caissons for achieving stable foundations for buildings of any height or weight, by sinking the piers to hardpan clay or bedrock, evolved slowly in Chicago. Caissons were not in use in Chicago at the time of Burnhamn & Root's magnificent Monadnock Block (1889-1891), which, over the years, has settled more than 20 inches,3 or the huge Auditorium (1887-1889) by Adler & Sullivan, the tower of which has settled more than two feet.4 Of the Auditorium foundations and the trials