We studied motor evoked potentials to transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with unilateral upper limb amputations, complete T10-T12 spinal cord transection, and congenital mirror movements and in controls. Different muscles in the trunk and upper and lower extremities were evaluated at rest. In controls, muscles could be activated with stimulation of regions several centimeters wide. These areas overlapped extensively when muscles studied were from the same limb and shifted positions abruptly when muscles were from different limbs. Distal muscles were easier to activate than proximal muscles and normally evidenced exclusively a contralateral representation. Congenital defects in motor control in patients with mirror movements resulted in marked derangement of the map of outputs of distal hand muscles with enlarged and ipsilateral representations. Peripheral lesions, either acquired (amputations) or congenital (congenital absence of a limb), resulted in plastic reorganization of motor outputs targeting muscles immediately proximal to the stump. Central nervous system lesions (i.e., spinal cord injury producing paraplegia) also resulted in enlargement of the map of outputs targeting muscles proximal to the lesion. These results indicate that magnetic stimulation is a useful non-invasive tool for exploring plastic changes in human motor pathways following different types of injury.


SUMMARY 1. The impact of burrowing larvae of Ephoron virgo (Ephemeroptera, Polymitarcidae) on sediment microbiology has not been previously investigated because of difficulties in sampling the sediment of large rivers under in situ conditions. Therefore, we conducted experiments in the on-ship Ecological Rhine Station of the University of Cologne (Germany), in which ambient conditions of the River Rhine can be closely mimicked. 2. In two consecutive seasons, experimental flow channels were stocked with Ephoron larvae and continuously supplied with water taken directly from the River Rhine. Sediment from the immediate vicinity of Ephoron burrows (i.e. U-shaped cavities reaching 10–80 mm deep into the sediment) and bulk sediment samples were analysed for (i) particulate organic matter content, (ii) microscale in situ distribution of O2 ,N O � , and NH þ , and (iii) potential activities of exoenzymes. 3. Sediment surrounding the Ephoron burrows had markedly higher organic matter contents and exoenzyme activities compared with the bulk sediment. Microsensor


FIELD: polymer materials. SUBSTANCE: molded cellular polyurethane products with dense surface are manufactured by interaction, in closed molds, of (i) polyisocyanate component containing 18-33.6 wt % isocyanate groups and consisting of at least one optionally modified diphenylmethane-based polyisocyanate or polyisocyanate mixture with (ii) polyol component with average hydroxyl function index 2-3 consisting of at least one polyether polyol with molecular weight 2000 to 10000 and/or at least one polyester polyol with molecular weight 2000 to 10000 and (iii) at least one bifunctional (with respect to polyaddition of isocyanate) compound with molecular weight from 62 to 1999 in amount from 2 to 15% of the weight of polyol component in presence of blowing agent and other auxiliary components known in the art. Above-mentioned blowing agent is substituted ammonium carbamate with general formula I: (I) where R 1 is hydrogen, C 1 -C 5 -alkyl, or residue having general formula A: (A), in which R 2 and R 3 , same or different, are hydrogen or C 1 -C 3 -alkyl, and n=2-6, in amounts 0.1 to 6% based on the weight of polyol component. EFFECT: improved strength and contraction characteristics of products. 4 cl, 2 ex


The authors present an estimate of methane emissions from the upper Midwest in the United States based upon aircraft observations. In general, I think the manuscript is well-written and the analysis is thorough. In a few instances, I would be cautious about not over-interpreting the results of the inverse model or drawing conclusions that are bolder than the constraint afforded by the aircraft observations. Below, I've listed a few specific suggestions and ideas for the authors.


Two reversible first-order phase transitions were found in an improper ferroelectric, diisopropylammonium perchlorate (DIPAP), due to the crystal symmetry transforming from P21/c to P1 at 296 K, and subsequently to P21/c at 338 K in the heating process, similar to the structural transitions of the first discovered ferroelectric, Rochelle salt. The dielectric behavior shows two remarkable dielectric step-like increases at 296 K and 338 K, characteristic of improper ferroelectrics. The mechanism of the two improper ferroelectric phase transitions involves the transformation of diisopropylammonium cations and perchlorate anions, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy.


Condition-specific health status measures are commonly used as outcome measures in clinical trials and to assess patient progress in routine clinical practice. The expert panel that met to discuss this special issue of Spine recommended that, when possible, a condition-specific measure for back pain should be chosen from two widely used measures, the Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire (RDQ) or the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). These two measures have been used in a wide variety of situations over many years, and each is available in a number of languages. In this article, the authors describe these two instruments and provide evidence of their validity and reliability and some comparative results obtained with the use of the two questionnaires. The instruments themselves are included in the appendixes. When used in the forms reproduced in the appendixes, no permission is required from the authors or from Spine. Other back pain–specific health status measures are described by Kopec elsewhere in this edition of Spine.


Towards a population decline society along with the progress of low birthrate and longevity, the concept of a compact city is gathering attention for urban sustainability and a higher quality of life. However, there are no guidelines available for the specific population size and density. Several compact city scenarios for Aichi Prefecture were developed by considering population structure, disaster prevention/mitigation and infrastructure condition. This study is particularly to evaluate the impacts of urban compactification from the viewpoint of urban thermal environment in the summer of the 2050s by using a regional atmospheric model, WRF.


The importance of the research lies in the use of shadow boxing exercises to learning perform the straight punch of boxing for students. As for the research problem, it was that learning the basic skills, especially the straight punch, is done through the use of exercises and usual and recognized methods, which leads to boredom or boredom, and thus leads to difficulty and delay in learning the skill due to the lack of performance of the necessary repetitions by the students, which means that they will not have the time Sufficient to perform appropriate and sufficient repetitions.


This study concerns the meaning generated from a particle -nun in Korean combined with a prosodic accent and the characteristic pragmatic behavior of the sentences containing it. In my previous research, I have argued that the alleged Topic marker -nun generates an existential presupposition of a contrastive alternative. In this paper, I will illustrate how the existential presupposition enables the utterances containing -nun obtain different felicity values from the canonical case marked ones in various pragmatic contexts. Speaker`s presupposition and common ground (Stalnaker1972, 1974) and accommodation (Lewis1979) will be adopted to explain the felicity differences between -nun and a case marker in the aspect of the amount of information obtained from the existential presupposition, not in the aspect of information structure differences.


The authors used on-line cleaning high performance liquid chromatography with UV and mass spectrometry detection to study the metabolic pathways and kinetic parameters of new antiviral drugs during incubation in various bilogical media. In their studies, they injected crude aliquots into a cleaning precolumn and then transferred the cleaned analytes into an analytical column and chromatographed them. By using sequential detection with a diode-array UV absorbance detector and a mass spectrometer, the authors were able to quantify and determine the structures of transient metabolites


XU Nai-chang, a man of letters born in Anhui, devoted his life to compiling and inscribing nine series of ancient books,185 titles altogether all by himself. His books are characterized by attaching importance to photolithograpling Song and Yuan books, the research works by the scholars of the Qing Dynasty , the specialization of inscribing series of books and the unity of inscription and compilation . Hence he has made great contributions in the Chinese modern publishing history.


The endeavours that took place since the Music of Imperial (Musiki-i Humayun) was founded to this day, the universal dimentions of music in the periods of Ottoman and Republican periods, the staff of administration in the institution and establishments, the professional curriculum vitae of the staff members, and the polyphonic music, military band music and symphony orchestras are stated.In 1826, in the years of Sultan Mahmud the II. nd after the abolishment of the Janissariat, different musical structures were emerged in the Music of Imperial; the military band founding their groups in so called Armoni, philharmonic orchestras, the group of Oriental musicians and the moslem call makers (Muezzinan). Each unit followed up their profession arranging their cadres and music. There were some developments in the early 20th. century Music of Imperial (Musika-i Humayun) but recessed to the late period of Sultan Abdulaziz's tasteless and neglected state of affairs. The efforts of M. Saffet Atabinen, Zati Arca and Zeki Ungor in the field of polyphonic music, the music travels, their music works, music pieces, band and polyphonic works have shown us the path in the field of symphony orchestras.Although the bands and the polyphonic groups had sometimes lived through very hard situations had continued their progress in time to stay tuned to the contemporary conditions.In the essay the ventures of those various bands and polyphonic groups that have changed their names in the course of time after the Music of Imperial (Musiki-i Humayun) after 1826 to this day are covered. M. Saffet Atabinen, Zati Arca and Zeki Ungor's lives, works, musical pieces, professional careers and their institutional identities are taken into consideration and the evaluation of the polyphonic music is made in a journey in time about those who encountered great efforts


The DOP is one of the ways to assessment the performance of satellite navigation and positioning.Based on the mathematical and surveying meanings of GDOP,two methods to get the minimum of GDOP were given,and the study on the minimum was made theoretically.The conclusion was drawn that,the traditional idea that DOP is just a factor to decrease the navigation positioning precision was limited,since all DOPs including GDOP would certainly be less than one and improve the precision as a result with the change of geometrical relationship between satellites and users.On the basis of the above conclusions,CGF(Constellation Geometry Factor),which could be used to assessment the spatial geometrical layout characteristics of constellation,was given.The Test with GPS and Galileo constellations had shown that CGF could give an effective evaluation the spatial geometrical layout characteristics of constellation.The Test on the navigation precision performance in near-earth space with GPS constellation proved that DOP has the attribute to improve precision.


Some applications of the CALPHAD method are shown with reference to seamless tubes and pipes for high-temperature service in power plants. The focus is on concepts on the improvement of creep strength. In view of developing or improving steels for the application in conventional power plants, various elements have been tested with respect to a controlled precipitation of chromium carbides, carbonitrides and the intermetallic Laves phase.The kinetic simulations are focussed on diffusion-controlled transformations during heat-treatment and application in the power plant. A key-issue is to include important aspects such as nucleation density (in terms of pre-defined cell sizes of the model), growth, and dissolution of precipitates.


While the South African government has harnessed Emerging Contractor Firms (ECFs) as vehicles for promoting economic transformation and redressing historical economic disadvantage among previously disadvantaged groups, the capacity of these firms to transform the construction industry has been hampered by their lack of project management (PM) skills and techniques. The drive towards empowering ECFs in this industry, therefore, has been marred by evidence of poor quality construction, delays in project execution and completion leading to cost overruns and general public frustrations. Since these challenges are attributed to poor project management practices and dearth of project management skills by most ECFs, there is scope to examine the formal project management adoption readiness of ECFs. Mindful of the ECFs' involvement in construction programmes and projects on behalf of government, this theoretical study explores the extent and significance of project management readiness of emerging contractors (ECs) in the adoption and implementation of construction projects. The thesis of this paper is that since organisational culture, organisational structure and PM skills constitute the foundation for successful project management; any effective model on project management readiness of ECFs should strongly dovetail with these organisational variables as well as an appropriate business strategy. The study recommends a holistic approach to effective project management that rides on exploitation of business strategy and these organisational variables.


The annular plot is optional, designed to sample large trees with diameters of 100 cm (40 inches) or greater in regions characterized by large trees. Annular plots are currently considered for implementation only in the Pacific Northwest region of the U.S. In addition to the trees measured on these plots, data are also gathered about the area, or setting in which the trees are located. Area data are particularly useful for subdivision of the forest into meaningful categories, and to enable poststratification. Some of these area attributes are measured (e.g., percent slope), some are assigned by definition (e.g., disturbance history), and some are computed from the tree data (e.g., percent stocking). For proper analysis it is crucial that the tree data recorded on these plots are properly associated with the area data. To accomplish this, all plots are mapped by "condition class." Survey crews assign an arbitrary number (usually 1) to the first condition class encountered on a plot. This number is then defined by a series of predetermined discrete variables


e21088 Background: Tumor hypoxia is considered to be an independent predictor of poor prognosis, as well as associated with an increased likelihood of local recurrence and distant metastasis. The s...


Currently, narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), the largest grain legume crop in Western Australian (WA), is mainly grown in the northern agricultural region. However, due to a cooler and longer growing season yield potential may be higher in the southern wheatbelt. Our capacity to assess this experimentally is limited by the lack of vernalisation insensitive long season varieties. This study used a modelling approach to test this hypothesis by comparing six selected locations in high, medium and low rainfall zones in the northern and southern WA wheatbelt. On average, simulated lupin yields in the medium and low rainfall zones in the southern region were 15% higher than in the medium and low rainfall zones in the northern region. However, lupin yield in the southern high rainfall zone was slightly lower due to less solar radiation. Lupin may potentially be integrated into farming systems in the south if longer maturity varieties become available. Overall in the medium and high rainfall zones in southern WA, higher yield would be obtained when sown in early April with late-maturity cultivars, while in the low rainfall zone, lupin crops would benefit more from early-maturity cultivars when sown later than mid-April, if opening rains occur. While, further assessment of lupin agronomy, production and the balance with other crops in terms of economic and environmental performances should be performed, this preliminary work suggests that breeders should pay attention to developing varieties with a longer maturity for the southern wheatbelt of


Introduction Young people represent a vulnerable population, with 75% of mental disorders first emerging before 25 years of age. This pilot stems from the acknowledged need to design and test non-stigmatizing programs that are appealing to young people and suited for the protean mental health problems that they experience. Objectives The study involves a group of youths (aged 16-25) with different forms of mental ill-health in a locally and culturally meaningful activity, namely hand-harvesting grape in the renowned area of Langhe (Italy). The aim is to investigate viticultural practices as possibly effective in supporting recovery by promoting social interaction and fostering a sense of belonging in the broader process of winemaking. Methods The project is multidisciplinary in its design and implementation, involving psychiatrists, psychologists, rehabilitation specialists and sociologists. Research methods include clinical assessment, participant observation, and semi-structured interviews with the participants. Results During the harvest season, a stable group of participants has been involved in a one-to-one relationship with professional vine growers. This relational geometry was built around the performance of a practical task: that of filling in a box with manually harvested grape and moving it along the rows of vines. Within each dyad, which represents the most fragile and intimate of all social forms, practical knowledge has been conveyed from the experienced worker to the youth. Most importantly, the repeated encounters provided an opportunity for human interaction and exchange that went beyond the activity being performed, involving the gradual disclosure of self, the ability to listen, connect and empathize with personal stories from diverse backgrounds. Participants' narratives collected during and after the pilot describe the vineyard as a psychic more than a physical place – a landscape of the mind, structured around the emotional and sensorial contents of the experience. The study's core finding emerging from fieldwork and youths' accounts is the beneficial effects of the intervention on transdiagnostic factors such as social anxiety symptoms, low self-efficacy and poor social skills. Conclusions The pilot provides suggestions to orient meaningful and non-stigmatising programs for vulnerable young people, hosted in landscapes that can become therapeutic not by virtue of their aesthetic features, but because of the access they provide to social (i.e. opportunities for new relationships), material (occasions to create and share something tangible) and affective (promotion of positive emotions, containment of loneliness and feelings of inadequacy) resources. Disclosure of Interest None Declared


An investigation was conducted to determine the quality and consumer preference for "lafun" (cooked fermented cassava flour) made from different cassava varieties. The cassava varieties which were fermented to produce 'lafun' in this study three newly introduced varieties namely TMS 30572, TME1, TMS 4(2)1425 and one local variety which is called "Isunikankoniyan". There was no significant difference in the physico-chemical changes of the cassava varieties as a result of the 96 hours fermentation process. The fermentation process effected increases in the total titratable acidity and decreases in the total sugars, starch, ash, fat, fibre and protein contents of the root. However, significant reductions in fibre was found with TMS 4(2)1425. There were significant differences in the cooking characteristics of the fermented flour made from different cassava varieties. The flour from the local variety, "Isunikankoniyan' gelatinizes faster than the new varieties., while Cassava clone TMS 4(2)1425 requires significantly higher heating to gelatinize. Except for the flour of Cassava clone, TMS 4(2)1425, , there was no significant difference in the viscosity of the cooked cassava flour from the tested varieties. The cooked fermented


It is shown, based on empirical analyses, that second-order recurrent neural networks which are trained to learn finite state automata (FSAs) tend to form discrete clusters as the state representation in the hidden unit activation space. This observation is used to define self-clustering networks which automatically extract discrete state machines from the learning network. To address the problem of instability a network structure is introduced, whereby the network uses quantization in the feedback path to force the learning of discrete states. Experimental results show that the method learns FSAs just as well as existing methods in the literature but with the significant advantage of being stable on test strings of arbitrary length.<<ETX>>


This thesis describes the development of a Crossed Beam instrument for the study of ion-molecule reactions. A full investigation of some gross systematic errors, in apparatus which had been previously installed, is made. Where time has prevented the further development, then conclusions have been transformed into specifications, and practical solutions described. Experimental data is presented which is interpreted as evidence that the beams intersect and that low intensity of the scattered products and the forementioned systematic errors veil these data. The reduction of data, containing such errors, to useful chemical interpretation is extremely difficult, hence the need for further modification.

Data are presented in chapter 3 consistent with the quadrupole acting as a linear particle accelerator. The effect on an initially monochromated beam is of causing an unacceptable energy spread. The spherical and chromatic aberrations of both source and detector are identified as the principal systematic errors using computer simulation (SIMION) for forward convolution.

The development of a pulsed neutral beam source is described in chapter 4. The performance of the beam source is critically analysed and compared to alternative sources. A generally applicable model is derived to predict the shutter opening function of pulsed sources. Such a study has not previously been made. It is anticipated that this model will be of use to the solution of non-steady flow problems i.e. calculation of time dependent flow field properties, or in the deconvolution of TOF spectra from beam sources. Performance data for the beam source and some calculated properties are given.

The subject of ion-molecule reactions is introduced by development from simple ideas. The subject matter covered is not intended to be exhaustive, but covers the examples of ion-molecule reactions of personal Interest. Recent crossed beam studies are examined and suggestions of possible new experiments made.


Much of the assessment of OSS benefits and drawbacks has been based on anecdotal evidence appearing in practitioner publications. Due to its focus on software development, such work neglects whether managerial perceptions of such benefits and drawbacks have any impact on the organisational adoption of OSS. Although some research has been conducted on the topic of OSS adoption, these studies have either focussed on the adoption of specific open source products or have been directed largely at public administrations and companies operating in the primary software sector. Taking the perspective of IS/IT managers, this paper examines the impact of perceived benefits and drawbacks of OSS on its adoption in 13 companies operating in the secondary software sector in Europe. The findings are analysed using the adoption of innovation literature as a lens to reveal how technology, organisational, environmental and individual factors impact OSS adoption.


This study explores the myth created by western historians of the nawabs of Awadh being decadent and effete. The author argues that the regime of the nawabs was liberal and gave full reign to the indigenous tradition of communal amity and folk culture. Based on meticulous research including oral traditions, this book is a noteworthy contribution to the field of Awadh history.


Climate control is a fundamental aspect in livestock housing, because it allows to maintain adequate indoor environmental conditions, optimize the production and assure animal welfare. Being mainly carried out by mechanical systems, climate control entails a remarkable energy consumption. Considering the expected rise of energy use in the livestock sector, the lack of information regarding this energy share and the absence of an agreed methodology for its evaluation, specific studies are required. In this paper, results of EPAnHaus project are discussed. The project final objective is the improvement of the energy performance for climate control in livestock houses by establishing an energy certification scheme. EPAnHaus project also produced a set of general and specific information regarding energy performance levels of animal houses, valuable for decision management by breeders, agricultural engineers and politicians. An exhaustive literature review, for identifying existing energy benchmark values for climate control at European level, preceded and provided the basis for the identification of a methodology to estimate the energy consumption for heating, cooling and ventilation of the houses. The chosen methodology was adopted in developing energy simulation models for different animal production (pigs, poultry), which were calibrated and validated by means of a wide dataset of acquired data. Benefits due to the adoption of innovative equipment for climate control in livestock housing (e.g. electronically commutated motor fans) have been also evaluated by the developed modeling framework, showing the effectiveness of retrofit measures. The simulation tool proved its effectiveness during the design stage of climate control setups.


Content-based image retrieval allows search for pictures in large image databases without keyword or text annotations. Much pro- gress has been made in deriving useful image features with most of these features being extracted from (uncompressed) pixel data. However, the vast majority of images today are stored in compressed form due to lim- itations in terms of storage and bandwidth resources. In this paper, we therefore investigate a dierent approach, namely that of compressed- domain image retrieval, and present some compressed-domain image re- trieval techniques that we have developed over the past years. In partic- ular, a method for retrieving images compressed by vector quantisation, that uses codebook information as image features, is presented. Retrieval of losslessly compressed images obtained using lossless JPEG, can be re- trieved using information derived from the Human coding tables of t he compressed files. Finally, CVPIC, a 4-th criterion image compression technique is introduced and it is demonstrated that compressed-domain image retrieval based on CVPIC is not only able to match the perfor- mance of common retrieval techniques on uncompressed images, but even clearly outperforms these.


Nurses and health workers are being targeted for attack on unprecedented levels. We need to take action now to stop this.


Polymorphisms within the prion protein gene (Prnp) have been associated with modified susceptibility to chronic wasting disease (CWD) in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Studies of naturally infected white-tailed deer have determined that polymorphisms in the cervid Prnp at codons 95, 96, and 116 may provide reduced susceptibility or slowed progression of CWD. A survey was performed to determine the Prnp heterogeneity within New Jersey white-tailed deer. No CWD positive deer have been reported in New Jersey and all animals included in this study were determined to be CWD negative before the start of the project. The Prnp genes of 150 hunter-harvested deer were sequenced. All polymorphisms were identified and allelic frequencies were calculated. Seventy percent of the deer sampled in New Jersey were homozygous at codon 95 (glutamine) and codon 96 (glycine) and 94.7% had at least one copy of this allele. Only 2 % of the deer sampled had a single copy of the allele with histidine at Codon 95 and a glycine at Codon 96, which is under represented in naturally infected deer and may provide resistance to infection. These deer were found only in the southwestern portion of New Jersey. The genetic heterogeneity and distribution of the PrP gene of New Jersey white-tailed deer adds to our current understanding of the Prnp diversity within this species.


The nature of 'reading' different types of texts, across all media, is fundamentally beholden to the concept of 'literacy'. The concept of literacy is well established in media studies–from books, to film, and visual, performing and interactive arts–and as such it has a wide range of applicability. All forms of media constitute a semiotic milieu in which signifiers and codes mean different things depending on the form's unique language and the contexts and manner in which individual participants, or "readers", approach them. In the field of digital games research, literacy is commonly defined as a narrower concept that refers to the ability to identify affordances and interact with game components with a high degree of confidence. This focus on capability is understandable to a degree: the unique aspect of games as a medium is often considered to specifically be its interactability, and thus being able to interact becomes synonymous with being 'game literate'. In this paper, however, we will both describe how literacy in games would benefit from a more nuanced, transhistorical view of interactability, as well as provide examples from many kinds of media beyond games to demonstrate that interaction literacy is neither novel nor unique to the medium of games. Understanding this rich history would provide a broader foundation of referential literature for game scholars to use when discussing the concept of game literacy and the interactability of media in general.


In the Gram‐negative phytopathogen, Erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica (Eca) virulence depends on the production of a N‐(3‐oxohexanoyl)‐l‐homoserine lactone (OHHL) quorum sensing (QS) signal. This work identifies the elusive 'missing link' between QS and virulence in Erwinia. We have identified and characterized a novel regulator of virulence, VirR, in Eca and show that a virR mutation completely restores virulence factor production to an Eca mutant unable to synthesize OHHL. This effect of the virR mutation translates to a restoration of virulence to wild‐type levels and thus provides evidence that VirR acts to prevent the production of virulence factors at low cell density. We also show that, in Eca, transcription of virulence genes is controlled by OHHL and that this control is effected through the action of VirR. We also demonstrate that the VirR regulatory pathway is present and functional in both blackleg and soft rotting species of Erwinia.


MACULAR EDEMA is a common complication in patients with uveitis—so much so that about 40% of patients who participated in the Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment (MUST) Trial had baseline uveitic macular edema. Though it can be treated and controlled, macular edema also can be stubborn, require additional treatment, and worse yet, compromise sight. The results of the PeriOcular versus INTravitreal corticosteroids for Uveitic Macular Edema (POINT) study—a comparison of the regional go-to corticosteroids for uveitic macular edema—indicated that direct injection of corticosteroids into the eye was superior to a therapy that is administered periocularly, said Jennifer E. Thorne, MD, PhD. Interestingly, an intravitreal dexamethasone implant was not associated with lower rates of IOP elevations as expected. This study originated out of the recognition that few comparisons of the common treatments for uveitic macular edema had been undertaken, and the best and safest of the regional corticosteroids had yet to be determined, said Dr. Thorne, the Cross Family Professor of Ophthalmology, and chief, Division of Ocular Immunology, Wilmer Eye Institute, and professor of epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore. Therapies frequently used in this patient populaIntravitreal triamcinolone acetonide, dexamethasone implant superior for regional treatment of disorder


This study of the pedigrees of blooded trotters indicates that the color of such horses is usually controlled by five factors, as follows. First, a factor for chestnut, C, present in all the horses studied. Second, a factor for black, Hurst's factor, H, epistatic to the factor C, and hypostatic to the three following. Third, a factor for bay, B. Fourth, a factor for roan, R. Fifth, a factor for gray, G. R or G inhibits B if it is present, but whether they depend upon its presence for their own appearance or not is not clear.


The formation and development of socialist theoretical system with Chinese characteristics needs the support of the motive force from many aspects.Overall examination and recognition of the motive force of its formation and development has important practical significance.The reform and opening and practical require of socialist construction are the objective motive force of its formation and development,the firm confidence to scientific socialism is the origin motive force of its formation and development,the critical and self-examinational theoretical quality is the inner motive force of its formation and development,the valuable orientation which people's interest is absolute is the valuable motive force of its formation and development,the hardship consciousness for the destiny of our party and state is the subjective motive force of its formation and development.


Two species belonging to Mongolocampinae (Tetracampidae) were reared from the leaf galls of Nitraria tangutorum Bor. (Zygophyllaceae) in Ningxia by Prof. Gao Zhaoning. After a careful study by the author, one of them is found to be new to science and the other new to China. This is the first discovery of the family appearing in China. They are briefly described below. The type specimens of the new species are deposited in the Entomological Museum of Northwestern Agricultural University, Yangling, Shaanxi:1. Platyneurus baliolus Sugonjaev, 1974 (Figs. 1 - 6)Specimens examined: 115 (?) (?) 68 (?) (?) , Lingwutan, Ningxia, 1988-Ⅴ-10, reared by Gao Zhaoning, from leaf galls of N. tangutorum, which were caused by Aphaniosoma sp. (Diptera, Chiromyiidae).2. Mongolocampe zhaoningi Yang, sp. nov. (Figs.7-13)Female. 1.5-1.8 mm long. In natural dried specimens head and gaster collapsed seriously, especially frons, even eyes collapsed towards the sunken part. Head and thorax dark green with metallic luster . In normal specimens a yellow spot situated at upper innner orbit and before lateral ocellus. Gaster lemon-yellow with lateral sides having dark bands and venter darkened largely. Eyes purple red, bare. Antennal scrobes connected and not deep, with strong violete luster. For dimension of head in dorsal view see Fig. 8. Head without occipital carina. Interantennal toruli convex as a low crest. Distance between toruli as long as a torulus diameter. Toruli just on lower ocular line. Face receding towards oral fossa with some short hairs. Crescent clypeus with four bristles on apex. Tongue-like labrub two times as long as clypeus, yellow in color. Breadth of oral fossa slightly less than 1 / 2 of head maximum width (11: 23). For antenna see Fig. 9. Thorax stout and convex moderately with thin and sparse hairs on the surface. Pronotum short and lower than mesoscutum. Notauli very superficial but complete. Distance between ends of notauli nearly 1 / 2 the breadth of mesoscutum (17 : 37) and, therefore, the mid lobe much bigger than the side lobe. Axillae slightly protruding medially, not connected at base of scutellum. Scutellum large, subro'unded, with width about 7/10 and length about 1.2 times of mesoscutum respectively. Dorsellum narrow. Propodeum short, its middle length not reaching 1 / 5 of scutellum (5 : 23); slightly convex in the middle and gradually receding towards its lateral sides, without any carina; spiracle near front margin with a distance just about its longitudinal diameter. For curiouos wings see Figs. 11-12. Legs well devedloped, all tibial apices with only one spur shorter than basitarsus except mid tibia with its spur longer than basitarsus. Gaster lanciolate, in dried specimens, without petiole, its length distinctly longer than length of head plus thorax combined (90 : 66).Male. 1.2-1.5 mm long. For antenna and forewing see Figs. 10,13. Gaster length subequal to head plus thorax combined.Holotype (?) , paratypes 2 (?) (?) 6 (?) (?) , data same as the above species, Platyneurus baliolus.The new species resembles M. kozlovi Sugonjaev, but may be easily separated by the characters below: 1) Female with eyes smaller, so temple distinct, its length more than 1 / 6 of eye in dorsal view (1.2 : 6.0) (the latter almost without temple); 2) antennae of male and female having funicles 3-5 about as broad as long (the latter having those obviously transverse); 3) the expanded vein of male close to base of forewing and its surface with reticulate patterns, the post marginal longer tnan the stigma vein and with an angle between two veins only about 10°?(Fig. 13) (the latter with post marginal vein much shorter than the stigma, and the two veins with an angle about 45° ?).


Very high and broad Curie maxima are observed in ceramic Ba(Ti1-yZry)O3 mixed crystals, which are often used for the preparation of ceramic dielectrics. The ferroelectric-to-paraelectric phase transition of ceramic Ba(Ti1-yZry)O3 was studied using dielectric measurements, quantitative DTA, X-ray diffraction, and determination of the remanent polarization. At higher Zr concentrations, it was found that ferroelectric and paraelectric phases coexist in a wide temperature region. Up toy =0.16, the phase transition remains first order. The diffuse character is promoted by the small energy difference between the ferroelectric and paraelectric phases appearing at higher Zr content. It can be best described by a normal distribution of Curie temperatures using the phenome-nological theory of Devonshire and the Newton-Raphson mathematical approximation.


ABSTARCT Cenospheres are the main component of industrial waste of fly ash and taking full advantage of them has good economic and environmental values. In this paper, cenospheres sensitized emulsion explosive was prepared by adding cenospheres into the emulsion matrix as the sensitizers. The effects of content and particle size of cenospheres on detonation performance of emulsion explosives were studied, and the optimum formula was determined by comparing its detonation performance with glass microspheres (GMs) sensitized emulsion explosive. The optimum content and particle size of cenospheres were 12 mass% and 83 μm, and the brisance and detonation velocity were 18.34 mm and 4970 m/s, respectively, which were close to the maximum values of the traditional GMs sensitized emulsion explosive. Air blast experiments indicated that the influence of particle size of cenospheres on the work capability of emulsion explosive was consistent with its explosion power. Shelf-life test and optical microscope results showed that cenospheres sensitized emulsion explosives had good storage stability. Therefore, cenospheres could be a promising physical sensitizer for emulsion explosives. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


Abstract. Seventeen women with thrombosis during pregnancy were studied prospectively. The deep venous thrombosis (DVT) was diagnosed objectively with phlebography, plethysmography and thermography. In many cases (13/17) the dominant symptom was diffuse pain in the lower abdomen and/or leg which in several cases caused a delay in the diagnosis. The traditionally typical thrombotic signs were often missing. Proximal thrombi were predominant (13/17) as were left‐sided ones (14/17). During pregnancy and lactation the patients were treated with heparin which, after the initial parenteral administration, was given subcutaneously by self‐administration.


Antireflective (AR) coatings can suppress the undesired interfacial Fresnel reflections, and they are widely used in optical devices and energy-related instruments. Conventional single-layer AR coatings, which only work at a single wavelength, encounter serious limitations in some practical applications because of their inherent properties. In this paper, λ/4–λ/4 double-layer antireflective (AR) coatings with constant high transmittance in a pre-determined wavelength range was prepared by the sol–gel method via acid-catalyzed and base-catalyzed SiO2 thin films. A double-layer antireflective coating with an almost constant transmittance value of 99.8% in the range of 550–700 nm was obtained, and the transmittance of this coating was higher than 99% in a wider range of 450–850 nm with a fluctuation of less than 1%. The coatings had good environmental stability and maintained constant high transmittance after two weeks of exposure in 50% humidity. The broadband AR coatings may have important applications in fields such as electroluminescent display.


The invention provides a differential amplifier with a symmetric circuit topology comprising a first input stage including a first conductive type of transistor pair for receiving a differential input signal; a first output stage connected to the first input stage; a second input stage including a second conductive type of transistor pair different from the first conductive type for receiving thedifferential input signal; a second output stage connected to the second input stage; and an output end. The second output stage is configured by the circuit topology structure as follows: in the circuit topology structure the second conductive type of the transistor replaces the first conductive type of the transistor in the first output stage, the first type of the transistor replaces the second conductive type of transistor in the first output stage, a power end replaces a ground end in the first output stage, and the ground end replaces the power end in the first output stage. The output of the first and the second output stages is together connected to an output end.


Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth in English corantos (1620‑1642) The article discusses news reports from or dealing with Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth published in English corantos in the 1620s and 1630s. Analysis of news items published in corantos, their content, number, etc. show that corantos' publishers and English readers were especially interested in military and political news, for example on Polish‑Turkish and Polish‑Swedish conflicts, and internal political situation including Sigismund III's relations with the opposition, and some of the reports were very detailed and reliable. The large numbers of reports datelined from Vienna, Prague and Silesia and the wide international context of Polish news could have resulted from the fact that the situation in the Habsburg dominions was in the focus of English readers' interest. The presence of Polish news in the corantos proves also that by the 1620s, in spite of all possible impediments, Poland‑Lithuania was already a part of the larger pan‑European system consisting of interfacing networks making it possible to transmit news on a pretty regular basis from one part of the Continent to another.


The historical theme's representative of novels written by SU Tong are My Career of Emperor and WU Ze-tian.The author relied on the new concept of historical literature to create the two different styles of female images.My Career of Emperor played a full imagination and the narrated a story of the Queen who was expelled from the Palace because of the struggle in the royalty and finally became a prostitute,digested the traditional history,and WU Ze-tian figured a real and full of poetic image of a empress,showing empress' unique charm.


Objective To compare differences in the biomechanical behavior between anteriorly fixed plate and posteriorly fixed transpedicle instrumentation. Methods A three dimensional model of the T12-L1 motion segments was developed. T12-L1 model was imported into Ansys 7.0 software. The model was meshed manually and automatically according to principles of meshing. At last, main ligament and capsular were added to the model. To simulate bone graft, an anterior plate and postriorly transpedicle system were implanted intact model; Standing, flexion, extension and bending was simulated under physiological loads. Results Both implant types have reduced stress for flexion, extension, and bending in the graft bone. The reduction is more pronounced for the MACS-TL implant. The peak maximum stresses occurred at the junction of the screw and vertebrae and the body of plate. We also found the stress of inferior screw is higher than superior screw. Conclusion The anteriorly fixed plate and transpedicle instrumentation increase the stability of anterior lumbar interbody fusion, the anteriorly plate is superior to postriorly transpedicle fixed implant.


In this paper, a side vehicle detection system with real-time on-board vision is proposed. The system employs camera vision to detect side moving vehicles, and provides necessary warning to drivers and passengers when the vehicle is making lane change. Based on SURF, feature detection and comparison are applied to find the same features between two consecutive images and calculate the feature vectors. Further image analysis is performed based on the feature vectors to determine whether there are side moving vehicles. If any side moving vehicle is detected, the system will apply inverse perspective projection technique to estimate the positions of surrounding vehicles in Cartesian space. Then, the system will generate on-screen signs of safety, warning, or danger to inform drivers and passengers based on the estimated distance to side moving vehicles. The approach has been successfully validated in real traffic environments by performing experiments with two CCD cameras mounted on top of side mirrors of a roadway moving vehicle.


The First and Second Letters to Timothy, by Jerome D. Quinn and William C. Wacker. Eerdmans Critical Commentary. Grand Rapids/Cambridge: Eerdmans, 1999. Pp. xvii + 918. $65.00. This commentary, begun by Jerome Quinn and completed after his death by William Wacker, is massive. It is rich in word studies, which explore meanings and usages in biblical, classical, and patristic literature. The commentators also survey the literature and commentaries on the epistles and evaluate the broad range of critical opinion on options of translation and interpretation. The volume stands as a definitive resource on the epistles and is the equivalent in English to the French commentary and study by C. Spicq, to which reference is frequently made. In the end, the commentary does not make any radical departures from the customary understanding of these epistles. The commentary agrees with the prevailing understanding of the epistles as deutero-Pauline. While Wacker retains all of the evidence and some of the suggestion by Quinn that the author might have been the author of Luke-Acts, he does not advance that hypothesis directly. The evidence, both verbal and thematic, is suggestive but very speculative and Wacker is wise to have drawn back from affirming Lukan authorship. The commentary advances a date for the epistles similar to that of Luke-Acts in the second Christian generation, in the early eighties. It suggests Rome as their place of writing and their aim to be to build up the unity of the church in light of Jewish Christian and Gentile Christian tensions. The immediate obstacles about which the paradigmatic Timothy is warned appear to come from within the church itself. Sensitive to the literary character of the epistles, the commentary identifies them as administrative official correspondence that serve a paradigmatic function. Appropriate attention is paid to the letter of Titus and the two epistles to Timothy as constituting a collection, introduced by the letter to Titus, The abbreviated ending of Timothy finds its explanation in the fact that it is a piece in tandem with 2 Timothy, the final letter of the collection with a warm, traditional Pauline close. The translation of the epistles is uniquely helpful in that its subheadings divide the letter into its various components. The arrangement of the text of the translation also highlights the lists of virtues, vices, household duties, and qualifications for office. It also sets apart the fragments of hymns, credal statements, and liturgical fragments. The commentators agree with those who see women deacons referred to in the qualification list in 1 Timothy. …


Abstract : The Advanced Volume Sensor Project is one element of the ONR Advanced Damage Countermeasures FNC program. The Volume Sensor Project is developing new methods for remote situational awareness and damage control event detection using conventional video cameras and other techniques. The Spectral-Based Volume Sensor (SBVS) Testbed uses a suite of single-element optical detectors operating outside the visible region. Event detection algorithms were developed to make use of the data generated by the SBVS Testbed. These algorithms detect flaming and smoldering sources both within and outside the SBVS Testbed's field of view (FOV). A positive nuisance classification algorithm was also developed for arc welding and similar nuisance events, which detected all welding events with extremely few false alarms. The developed algorithms were tested against data collected during the Volume Sensor Test Series 2, July to November 2003. Comparable performance to COTS OFDs was achieved for FOV flaming sources, and superior performance was demonstrated for partially or completely obscured flaming sources.


Background and purpose:Casticin is separated from traditional Chinese medicine Fructus Viticis,possessing wide anti-tumor activity.The transcription factor FOXM1 is highly expressed in a variety of tumors and has an important influence on tumorigenesis and development.In this study,we investigated the apoptosis induced by Casticin in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and whether it's underlying mechanisms involving FOXM1.Methods:The apoptosis rate in MDA-MB-231 treated with different concentrations of Casticin in vitro was analyzed by Propidium iodide(PI) flow cytometry(FCM).The cell Histone/DNA fragment level was detected by ELISA.Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to observe apoptosis ladder bands.The FOXM1 and Survivin protein expression was analyzed by Western blot.Results:It was showed that Casticin(0,0.1,0.5 and 1.0 μmol/L) increased Sub-G1 population [(4.36±0.12)%,(6.37±0.28)%,(11.30±0.62)% and(34.50±0.85)%] and Histone/DNA fragment in a concentration dependent manner.And the classic DNA ladder bands were observed after Casticin treatment.It was found Casticin caused suppression of the transcription factor FOXM1 and Survivin expression.Conclusion:It was concluded that Casticin could effectively induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells and its underlying mechanisms involving down-regulation of FOXM1 and Survivin.


Abstract: Melanoma is caused by abnormal growth of skin cells which is most often devloped on skin exposed to UV rays. It is less common but one of the most dangerous diseases in the world. Classifying skin lesions correctly at an early stage could avoid some types of skin cancers like melanoma and increases the chances of cure before cancer spreads. One of the efficient methods to accurately identify Melanoma is using deep learning. Deep learning methods such as AlexNet, Inception V3 were proposed in the past. In this project, other methods like MobileNet, CNN, ensemble method, ReNet, VGG16 will be used to detect the type of cancer using dermoscopic image data. Layers of these models are applied for fine-tuning which allows us to differentiate between different classes of skin lesions. There are two kinds of Melanoma, malignant and benign and we will also perform grading to early diagnose the disease which will ultimately increase the survival rate.


line 5, change 'apparatus' to -means Abstract, lines 13-14, change 'apparatus' to -means lines 13-14, change 'apparatus' to -means Col. 2, 1ine 67, change 'fo' to -to -Col. 3, 1ines 32-33, change 'proportionally less' to proportionally less Col. 7, 1ine 64, change 'plane' to -panes Col. 11, 1ine 24 (Claim 9), after 'output' insert -pulse -. eigned and Sealed this Eighteenth Day of August 1981


Las Vegas—Off-axis ablations are rare with wavefront-guided LASIK procedures but still occur with conventional treatment. Although the consequences can be severe, good results eventually can be achieved through appropriate management strategies, said Robert K. Maloney, MD, speaking here during Refractive Surgery Subspecialty Day at the American Academy of Ophthalmology annual meeting.


Compared with plugged-in chargers, wireless power transfer (WPT) systems for battery chargers have numerous advantages, e.g., safety, efficiency, and convenience. To satisfy the important wireless charging requirements of efficiency and safety of the battery, this paper proposes a constant current/voltage (CC/CV) charging compensation topology with near-communication based on receiving-side hybrid topology switching, which is unaffected by the dynamic loads. The proposed hybrid topology is systematically analyzed by using the M-mode, and the system parameters are designed to satisfy the constraints of zero phase angle (ZPA) and the specified CC output. In the CV mode, one shunt capacitor is employed to the compensation topology for the CV output and ZPA realization. Both the CC and CV modes are operated under the conditions of zero voltage switching (ZVS) for reducing the loss of the WPT systems. The proposed hybrid compensation topology is controlled by the receiving side and does not require real-time communication to avoid sophisticated control logic. Finally, a 1.1-kW experimental prototype charger based on DS-LCC and LCC-S topologies was established to verify the charging performance of the proposed WPT systems. The maximum efficiency of the proposed WPT charger was found to be approximately 91%. The experimental results were consistent with those of the theoretical analysis.


Background Several methods of fixing unstable metacarpal shaft fractures have been described. The aim of the study was to assess the clinical and radiological results of transverse Kirschner (K)-wire fixation technique for the treatment of unstable ulnar four metacarpal fractures. Patients and methods A prospective study was held between 2014 and 2016 at Benha University Hospital on 25 patients (22 males and three females) who had unstable metacarpal fractures affecting second to fifth metacarpals treated with transverse wiring technique. The patients' mean age was 30.9 years. The dominant hand was affected in 21 patients, whereas in four patients, the nondominant hand was affected. Under fluoroscopy, closed reduction and percutaneous fixation with three K-wires, one proximal and two distal to the fracture site, was done. The mean operative time was 28.8 min. The inclusion criteria included patients with acute metacarpal shaft fracture with unaccepted shortening, angulation, and rotation. Results The mean follow-up period was 12.1 months. Bony union was achieved at an average of 6.8 weeks. At the final follow-up, all patients had almost full range of motion, with a mean total active range of motion of 260° (245–270°). None of the patients had any clinically detectable rotational deformity, and the functional outcome was satisfactory, with mean grip strength of the injured hand of 97% in comparison with the noninjured side. The average Quick Dash score was 1.5±1.6, ranging from 0 to 4.5 points. The mean visual analog score for pain was 0.92±1.1. All patients returned to their ordinary jobs and were cosmetically and functionally satisfied with the results of their surgery. Two patients presented with superficial pin-tract infection and one patient united with 15° radiological angulation of the fifth metacarpal without any functional affection. No other complications occurred. Conclusion Transverse K-wire technique is an effective, easy, and safe method for treating unstable metacarpal fractures, without significant complications.


Recently, the authors proved [2] that the Maxwell-Stefan system with an incompressibility-like condition on the total flux can be rigorously derived from the multi-species Boltzmann equation. Similar cross-diffusion models have been widely investigated, but the particular case of a perturbative incompressible setting around a non constant equilibrium state of the mixture (needed in [2]) seems absent of the literature. We thus establish a quantitative perturbative Cauchy theory in Sobolev spaces for it. More precisely, by reducing the analysis of the Maxwell-Stefan system to the study of a quasilinear parabolic equation on the sole concentrations and with the use of a suitable anisotropic norm, we prove global existence and uniqueness of strong solutions and their exponential trend to equilibrium in a perturbative regime around any macroscopic equilibrium state of the mixture. As a by-product, we show that the equimolar diffusion condition naturally appears from this perturbative incompressible setting.


Summary: In 1999 a program was started at Statistics Netherlands to generate ideas on how to increase response rates for self-administered business surveys by improving the communication with the respondent. The traditional approaches based on simple communication strategies (one stimulus for all units at the same moment, traditional reminder approaches using authority principles) give serious problems with response time, net response and response quality. The goal of the new program is to develop measures that change the traditional, formal and passive contact strategies into active, respondent-driven and motivational approaches. In the past several measures have already been implemented, like a cognitive laboratory to improve the wording of advance letters and questionnaires and to reduce response burden, and a guide for form-design standards to improve the layout of letters and questionnaires. This program is based on the philosophies of Dillman (Total Design Method) and Brog (New Kontiv Design). Where the NKD design allows for undefined respondent behaviour, the TDM approach is based on the more general standardised survey approach of well-defined respondent behaviour. In fact, both TDM and NKD are quite similar in their (respondent-driven) paradigms, but quite different in their operational approach. Both fit within Total Quality Management and have proven their benefits. Therefore the challenge is to create strategies and tactics that incorporate the best of both perspectives. In this chapter cognitive laboratory research is placed within a broader view on Total/Tailored Survey Design and Total Quality Management. Within this context, a focus group study will be presented. With this study a redesigned form of a business survey has been pre-tested: the Annual Establishment Production Survey. While in the preceding chapters interviewer-administered questionnaires for persons and households were tested, here we have an example of applying cognitive methods to a business survey with a self-completion form.


Feedforward control can significantly improve the performance of a motion system through compensation of known disturbances. Recently, new feedforward algorithms have been proposed that exploit measured data from previous tasks and a suitable feedforward parametrization to attain high performance. The aim of this paper is to analyze the accuracy of these approaches. To achieve this, related results from closed-loop identification are exploited in feedforward control. Furthermore, a new algorithm is proposed that leads to optimal accuracy. The results are confirmed in a simulation study of a motion system.


The z-calculus is a relatively simple framework in which the semantics of dynamic creation and transmission of channels can be described nicely. In this paper we consider the issue of verifying mechanically the equivalence of 7r-terms in the context of bisimulation based semantics while relying on the general purpose theorem prover ttOL. Our main contribution is the presentation of a proof method to check early equivalence between ~r-terms. The method is based on 7r-terms rewriting and an operational definition of bisimulation. The soundness of the rewriting steps relies on standard algebraic laws which are formally proved in HOL. The resulting method is implemented in HOL a~ an automatic tactic. 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n The r-calculus [12] is an extension of CCS [10] based on the idea that processes can communicate channel names. This possibility dramatically increases the expressive power of the calculus, for instance it allows one to model networks with a dynamically changing topology [14], and reasonable encodings of the A-calculus and of higher-order process calculi have been proposed [11, 2, 15]. This paper reports on work concerning the mechanical verification of equivalence between co-terms in the context of bisimulation based semantics within the general purpose theorem prover I-IOL. This work is based on the one described in [3], and is constructed on top of our mechanization of the ~r-caleulus theory in the HOL system [I]. The embedding of the ~r-calculus in I=IOL is inspired by previous works on the mechanization of process algebra in HOL, namely, the mechanization of CSP by Camilleri [6], the mechanization of CCS by Nesi [13], and, recently, the mechanization of the ~r-calculus by Melham [9]. Our general goal is two fold: firstly, we want to develop formally the theory of the ~'-calculus and secondly, we want to apply this framework to the verification of applications specified in the ~'-calculus. In the proof construction process it is of the utmost importance to have tactics that carry out simple parts of the proof automatically. In particular our goal here is to define a tactic that can solve automatically the equivalence problem for finite terms (a term is said to be finite if it contains only finite summations, and no recursion). More precisely, the main contribution of this * emaih amohamed~loria.fr paper is to describe a method of checking early equivalence between finite Itterms, and its implementation in ttOL (the method can be applied to general 1r-terms as well but in this case termination is not guaranteed). This method is composed of two basic parts: * In the first part a r-term is rewritten into a prefixed form where it is possible to read directly one of its next actions (if any). More precisely, a process P is said to be in a prefixed form if it is Nil, or it is in one of the two forms: cr.P or cr + Q, where Nil is the terminated process, oL is a suitable prefix, and + is the non-deterministic sum. The rewriting rules are obtained by forcing a suitable orientation of basic algebraic laws of the 7r-calculus, typically we apply a suitable form of the expansion theorem and a certain number of rules concerning the commutation of restriction with the other operators. Since the algebraic laws have been formally derived in our HOL's formalisation of the r-calculus [1] we are able to derive easily the soundness of the rewriting process. Let us anticipate that, in order to represent certain intermediate states of the computation we employ a few new operators. These auxiliary operators give an equational characterization of parallel composition. They were introduced for the first time by Bergstra and Klop in their finite axiomatization of strong bisimulation equivalence over ACP [4, 5]. This in turn leads to transformational proof techniques for showing that a process implementation meets its specification. These operators are introduced in ttOL's 7r-calculus theory by following the definitional principle, in order to ensure the consistency of this extension. Related algebraic laws are derived formally and applied to the rewriting process. * In the second part two prefixed forms are compared according to a suitable set of rules. These rules are based on the definition of the bisimulation relation. Their soundness is shown within the HOL system. In general, our tactic alternates the computation of prefixed forms (part 1) and their comparison according to the rules of bisimulation (part 2). The structure of the paper is as follows: In section 2 we give a brief presentation of the ~r-calculus: its syntax, its semantics and the definition of the strong early equivalence. In section 3 we recall some aspects of the formalisation of the r-calculus in ttOL. In section 4 we give the definition of our proof method, followed by its representation in the ttOL system. We conclude with some remarks and some directions for future work. 2 I t c a l c u l u s In this section, we present the syntax and the semantic of the 1r-calculus, as well as the definition of the strong early equivalence. For further details on these topics we refer to [12]. The syntax of the ~r-calculus is given by the following BNF grammar:


Radiocarbon dating of archaeological bones may sometimes provide erroneous data when 14C contaminants from the surroundings where they were buried in the post-depositional phase or from the environment in storage conditions were not eliminated in the pretreatment stage. To solve this problem, a way out may be the dating of individual amino acids. In this paper, various amino acids isolated from collagen were separated using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and subsequently dated by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). A comparative study of the data obtained for individual amino acids towards bulk collagen was performed.


The refining essential oil from Fructus Evodia was used as raw material.The scavenging ability on ROS was evaluated by means of fluorescence and chemiluminescence.Contrasting to Vc,the results showed that essential oil of Fructus Evodia can remove superoxide anion,hydroxyl radicals and peroxide which are produced outside the body,and the scavenging ability was changed with the changes of concentration.


Abstract X-ray diffraction measurements are reported on two types of smectic C phases. First, an example of a compound showing very small variation in layer spacing through the smectic A and C phases was studied. It is concluded that the results are consistent with the normal second-order behaviour in which the tilt angle in the smectic C phase is zero at the A to C transition, but in this case only reaches about 10° at lower temperatures because of the small temperature range of the C phase. Second, a homologous series of 4-alkyloxycinnamic acids was studied and some measurements were also made on 4-hexadecyloxybenzoic acid. The cinnamic acid results have been analysed to give information about the gross average molecular conformation in the smectic C phase. This conformation is similar to that determined earlier for the 4-alkyloxybenzoic acids in both crystal and smectic C phases. Direct measurements of the tilt angle from the symmetry of the diffraction patterns show that the appropriate long axis of t...


The electrical and spectroscopic properties of the CdTe-based p-n junction-diode X/γ-ray detectors have been studied by the measurements of I-V characteristics and emission spectra of 137Cs, 57Co, and 241Am radioisotopes. The In/CdTe/Au diodes were fabricated by the frontside laser irradiation doping technique. Detector-grade p-like CdTe(111) crystals, pre-coated with an In dopant (electrode) film, were irradiated with nanosecond KrF laser pulses in distilled water. Laser stimulated solid-phase doping was attributed to generation and propagation of stress and shock waves, barodiffusion of In dopant atoms into the thin CdTe surface region and thus, creation of high concentration donors. The second contact (quasi-ohmic) was formed on the opposite (Cd-terminated) crystal side by vacuum evaporation of Au. In addition, some diodes were created on CdTe crystals, which were preliminary annealed in vacuum prior to deposition of metal films. The I-V characteristics of the In/CdTe/Au p-n junction diodes evidenced that the reverse dark current in the initial part was described by the Sah-Noyce-Shockley theory. Creation of the favorable conditions for efficient collection of photogenerated charge carriers, decrease in the reverse dark current in the In/CdTe/Au detectors ensured obtaining the high-energy resolution spectra. Based on the electric field dependence of the 137Cs isotope spectrum, it was established that the applied bias V = 800 V was the optimal for the diodes formed on preliminary annealed CdTe crystals which ensured the energy resolution FWHM = 0.62 % at the 662 keV line


The present invention discloses a water-based release aid composition comprising a stable emulsion consisting of an alcohol, a fatty acid or oil, lecithin, Huan water or water-dispersible surfactant, and water. Also discloses a method of preparing the water-based release aid composition and use of water-based release aid compositions of the present invention provide various release surfaces and various viscous substance release characteristics of the method.


We use highly disaggregated Norwegian custom data of importing firms to investigate differences in obtained import prices in the period 2003-2009. In addition to the importing firm we are also able to identify the foreign exporter. The obtained import prices are related to firm characteristics as size of the firm, degree of specialization and also the chosen invoicing currency. Our focus is on one single product; fresh apples. We find a surprisingly high variation in import prices. It turns out that the firm specific variables, largeness and specialization, result in significantly lower import prices. In addition, if apples are priced in the currency of the exporter, he must accept a 13-18 per cent drop in the price he obtains. This effect proves to be highly significant.


U.S. utilities looking to finance new nuclear plants are running into formidable barriers. Florida's regulating and cost recovery plans are an attempt to surmount them.


Diffusion models are a class of deep generative models that have shown impressive results on various tasks with dense theoretical founding. Although diffusion models have achieved more impressive quality and diversity of sample synthesis than other state-of-the-art models, they still suffer from costly sampling procedures and sub-optimal likelihood estimation. Recent studies have shown great enthusiasm for improving the performance of the diffusion model. In this article, we present the first comprehensive review of existing variants of diffusion models. Specifically, we provide the first taxonomy of diffusion models and categorize them into three types: sampling-acceleration enhancement, likelihood-maximization enhancement, and data-generalization enhancement. We also introduce the other five generative models (i.e., variational autoencoders, generative adversarial networks, normalizing flow, autoregressive models, and energy-based models) in detail and clarify the connections between diffusion models and these generative models. Then we thoroughly investigate the applications of diffusion models, including computer vision, natural language processing, waveform signal processing, multi-modal modeling, molecular graph generation, time series modeling, and adversarial purification. Furthermore, we propose new perspectives pertaining to the development of this generative model.


Fistula feeding before a morning meal increased rumen load and suppressed feeding of the sheep. The removal of food residues from the rumen decreased rumen load and stimulated subsequent feeding. The rumen load, estimated from the torque values of rumen content, seems to affect the tension receptor in the rumen. Key words: Sheep, rumen load, rumen digesta, food intake


Abstract Oxygen concentrations, oxygen comsumption and its possible sources were investigated in the southeastern North Sea (east of 6°N20′E, south of 56°50′N) in 1983–1985. 1983 was a year with extremely low, 1984 with high oxygen concentrations in the bottom water, but even in 1984 only 40–70 % oxygen saturation was found in some areas in the subthermocline waters. BOD values suggest that the oxygen content in the deep water could be used up within 20–30 days, given a calm weather period. This oxygen consumption, extrapolated from the BOD measurements, was fastest well north of areas with highest organic seston stocks. This supports the assumption of a northward transport of seston clouds with the residual currents. The theoretical oxygen demand for the degradation of measured organic seston stocks of the water column was as high as about half of the saturation oxygen content of the subthermocline water. Thus, even in years with average plankton and other organic seston stocks the oxygen balance of the ...


Electromagnetic waves with different modes, such as Z-, whistler-, LOand RXmodes are found in different regions of the Earth magnetosphere and the magnetosphere of other planets. Since whistler-mode waves influence the behavior of the magnetosphere, and they are used as experimental tools to investigate the upper atmosphere, they are important. On the other hand, the mode conversion process can be considered as one of the processes of generating electromagnetic waves that can occur under certain conditions. Usually, propagation waves in an inhomogeneous plasma are a necessary, but not a sufficient condition for a mode conversion process. Snell's law has an important role in the mode conversion process. Although, this law lets a mode conversion occur from Zto LO-mode waves, in a case from Zmode to whistler mode waves, it plays a preventive role. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the preventive role of Snell's law in a mode conversion from Zto Whistler-mode waves in an inhomogeneous magnetoplasma with a low density. We used the dispersion relation in the magnetoplasma with a low density and for an oblique wave normal angle. By applying the Snell's law, we showed that with the propagation of the Z-mode waves in an inhomogeneous plasma, there is not any matching point between Zand Whistler mode waves, and for any wave normal angle always an evanescent layer exists between the two modes. In this case, Snell's law prevents the mode conversion from occurring. It also prevents the transfer of energy from one to another mode waves.


Converging technologies in the delivery of information promises more and more new services. This paper presents and discusses the broad policy issues of the Government of Mauritius on the formulation of the required strategies for the development of the telecommunication sector in Mauritius over the coming decade.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the major planning and implementation practices that should be followed in a short term international study trip (IST). The focus throughout is on how to utilize experiential learning to establish cultural competence.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper shows how to plan and manage an international MBA study trip to China using a specific case to illustrate the methods employed.

Findings
The use of a highly structured approach to an experiential learning exercise combined with a focus on key elements of cultural competencies creates a positive environment and leads to significant focused learning.

Originality/value
This paper fills three key gaps in the literature. First it uniquely focuses on the implementation of a conceptual framework that incorporates the types of cultural competency related learning that are to take place. Second, it illustrates how to design and implement an IST highlighting two key aspects of experiential learning: providing challenging experiences and encouraging reflection. Third, it focuses on a trip to China which, although one of the most popular destinations for business students, is lightly reviewed in the literature. This study fills a significant gap in the literature dealing with the management of short term study trips.


A Continuum (filled polymer) is inhomogeneous and anisotropic. The Continuum is used in an injection moulding simulation at first (generally unnewton type of fluid). Then the continuum is solid (after cooling) and it is possible to carry out ordinary dynamics structural analysis with it. The solid continuum has different mechanical properties for each of discrete element. A consequent dynamics properties (natural frequencies) will generally have different values when influence of injection moulding is taken into account for analyses.


The current study investigated the phytochemical analysis, chemical composition, antioxidant, cytotoxic and antifungal activity of Trichilia emetica seed extracts. Preliminary phytochemical screening and quantification were realized by GC-MS. Consecutive extractions (methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, hexane, chloroform and distilled water) were carried out and phytochemical tests performed to represent the variety of phytochemicals. Seed extracts variably displayed alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, phenols, sterols, terpenoids and flavonoids but there was no indication of saponins and tannins in all extracts. The biological investigation of the methanolic extract showed significant biological activities. The results obtained revealed that methanol extract has presented significant IC50 =5.94 µg/mL radical scavenging activity. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of hexane and chloroform fractions displayed antifungal activity (40.95-100 and 76.27-100.11, respectively) against all three fungal pathogens, whilst the methanol extract inhibited C. krusei and C. parapsilosis and the ethyl acetate inhibited C. parapsilosis only. The results obtained revealed the medicinal importance of the plant and methanol extract of T. emetica would aid researchers to exploit as potential antifungal and antioxidant agent.


Physically activated carbon prepared from untreated (Metroxylon sagu) waste was used as adsorbents for the adsorption studies of methylene blue (MB) and gentian violet (GV) dye in aqueous solution. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the different operating parameters on the uptake of the dye molecule. The adsorbent before and after activation process were characterized to determine the specific surface area, iodine value, textural structure, and surface functional group. The results predicted using CCD model showed high values of regression coefficients R2 (MB= 0.9944 and GV= 0.9845) indicating good agreement with experimental data. Characterization of PAC produced also showed that the activation conditions would find good-quality adsorbent with the highest BET surface area of 1423.5 m2/g, iodine value of 1275.2 mg/g and well-forming pores distribution.


Rapid Identification of differentially expressed genes is basic work for understanding molecular mechanism of pathogenesis of NPC. First, subtractive libraries were constructed using suppression subtlactive hybridization (SSH) of NPC tissue and noed nasopharyngeal tissue. Then, these two li- braroes were screened by cDNA chip which contains 14000 genes. The results show that total differentially expressed genes are 417, among which in NPC tissue upregulated genes are 170 and downrgulative genes are 247. It is suggested that many differentially expressed genes can be simultaneously gained by combination of SSH and DNA chip.


This paper aims to discuss how digital media, specifically the texts from the website Uai, perform the process of building the Brazilian identity through discursive expressions ruled by the theme sustainability. For this, a small corpus (BERBER SARDINHA, 2004) was select, considering the texts published in 2010 in the said website. The main aim, herein, under the light of Corpus Linguistics and with the support of key concepts of the French Discourse Analysis, is to examine the linguistic-discursive procedures used, which may perhaps be reflected as components for the building of Brazilian identity.


In this paper, a new Punch Through Trench IGBT using a Si<inf>(1-x)</inf>Ge<inf>x</inf> N+ buffer layer is investigated by using two dimensional finite elements numerical simulations. The performances of this device are mainly obtained from the reduction of the turn-off switching time for a slight elevation of the on-state voltage. A study of the main static characteristics has been performed, particularly the relevance of the trade-off between the turn-off time and the on-state voltage, and its temperature dependency. At least, a comparison with a Carrier Storage Trench-gate Bipolar Transistor and a Trench Field Stop IGBT also including a Si<inf>(1-x)</inf>Ge<inf>(x)</inf> N+ buffer layer is done by the mean of trade off curves.


Responses of dog splenic vascular bed to various compounds administered into the splenic artery were investigated under a constant perfusion pressure. Adrenergic drugs; epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine produced a marked vasoconstriction which was followed by a vasodilation. Phenylephrine, tyramine, methoxamine and ephedrine produced only vasoconstriction. Isoproterenol dilated the splenic vascular bed. Cholinergic drugs; cholinesters and pilocarpme caused a vasodilation, while physostigmine produced a vasoconstriction. Ganglion stimulants; McN-A-343, TMA and lobeline produced a vasodilation, while DMPP and nicotine caused a vasoconstriction. TEA, one of ganglion blockers, caused a vasoconstriction. Angiotensin II, lys-vasopressin, oxytocin and 5-hydroxytryptamine produced a vasoconstriction. Bradykinin, kallikrein and histamine caused a vasodilation. Various nucleosides and nucleotides, i.e., adenosine, AMP, ADP, ATP, uridine, UMP, UDP, UTP, DPN and TPN induced peculiar oscillatory vascular responses. Vasodilators including nitroglycerin, papaverine, verapamil, dipyridamole, hydralazine and caffeine dilated the splenic vascular bed, while cocaine, guanethidine and ergotamine constricted it. Procaine, morphine, bretylium, tolazoline showed a vasodilation. These results indicated that the splenic vascular bed has a very characteristic behavior.


Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma (JNA) is a rare, benign, locally invasive, vascular neoplasm that accounts for less than 0.5% of all head and neck tumors. Other terms used for this tumor are nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, bleeding fibroma of adolescence, fibroangioma. In this paper, a rare case of Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma in a 19 years old male patient has been discussed along with mini review of pathogenesis and histological features and treatment modalities.


The purpose of this essay is to analyze the symbolism in the book Mornas eram as noites ( Warm were the nights ), by Cape-Verdean writer Dina Salustio, and propose a thematic typology to the short stories, relating it to the topic of voyage. In the thirty-five narratives, we note that are common themes in some of them, such as: leaving and returning; the female condition; family relations; poverty and necessity; memory; (domestic and social) violence. In the same way, we perceived that are differentiated female characters, representing a broad view of all social classes and different ages. Most of the stories are narrated in the first person, which makes the reader closer to the narrator and functions as a call for an accomplice to the reader by the narrator. We also observed that the night appears in many plots as a symbol of transformation, as seen in the subtitle of the work: "... De como elas se entregam aos dias" (Of how they deliver themselves to the days. Likewise, we can see the dubiety in the subtitle that can refer not only to the nights (in the title) but also to the female characters presented in the stories. --- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21881/abriluff.2016n16a328


Local control rate (LCR) of early glottic cancer is high after radiation therapy or transoral laser microsurgery (TLM). The aim of this study was to investigate functional voice outcome after TLM using a microvessel‐ablative potassium‐titanyl‐phosphate (KTP) laser in comparison with a gold standard cutting CO2 laser.


The Capim River drainage should be considered small and thin by comparison with large Amazonian rivers. It rises by confluence of the Surubiu and Ararandeua rivers near 400 m high and their headwaters would be comfortably included in the Dry Emerged Lowland (terra firme) forest area of Sternberg's Amazonian concept. Because of this reason the freshwater fish fauna of Capim River is comprised mainly by Amazonian fish families found in tributaries also with origin in terra firme areas. The ichthyofauna from the main channel of the poorly sampled Capim River, in the stretch between its confluence with Tauari River and its mouth at Guama River, is herein reported by way of rapid assessment. Also broad comparisons were made among freshwater fishes of the Capim with that from Tocantins and Guama rivers. Two rapid access research surveys of collecting ichthyological material were performed in dry and humid periods of the year 1998 comprising the regional hydrologic cycle. The ichthyological diversity showed by the 461 studied specimens includes 79 species probably derived from Guama and Tocantins rivers. These species are distributed between two situations: 1) downstream Capim River, at confluence with Guama River, where is under tidal waters influence and periodically flooded, and 2) upriver Capim that is less humid and with water rapids, independent from sea hydrologic influence. This fish fauna includes local species common at high areas of the Amazonian Dry Emerged Lowland that are in part shared with that from Tocantins River. In view of these observations, we assume that the Capim River freshwater ichthyofauna may reflect diverse origin from the simple transfer of populations from Guama River, but originate through a more complex process including the past ichthyofauna of the earlier drainages of terra firme forest and their reorganization.


A comparison cell is presented that is able to compare n-data at a time and is based on dynamic logic methodology. The results of the n-data are sent to an m-bit NAND gate for the m/spl times/n comparison, where m corresponds to the word length of each datum. Compared to conventional comparators the proposed comparator requires fewer transistors and the circuit delay time is also shortened. To verify this comparator architecture, a 4-data/spl times/6-bit comparator is prototyped with only 66 transistors. The circuit delay time is only about 5 ns using the UMC 0.5 /spl mu/m process. The fabricated chips have been successfully tested. Due to its regular structure, the comparison cell can be easily expanded to meet any required specification.


Job Demand Control Support Model is one of the classical models in the research on work stress. This paper uses the data of questionnaire investigation in universities' researchers to amend the JDCS model. The revised model is applied to the research of universities' researchers. The results show that, as a whole, the level of their work stress is low; near 3/4 of the researchers are in state of high social support level; 80 percent of them are in the state of low work requirement and in good health.


Building Codes generally increase design seismic loads in an attempt to address a number of issues on the seismic design of buildings. For buildings having long vibration periods, the increase of design base shear force could have significant impacts on the design of lateral bracing system of buildings. Given the constraints facing design engineers regarding member sizes relative to practical user limits, these increased forces may result in poorer, not better, seismic performance. This paper describes the impact of higher design lateral loads on the design of reinforced concrete moment‐resisting frame buildings, with an emphasis on buildings with long periods. A building located in Southern California is analyzed using UBC 94 and 97 seismic base shear forces as an example to demonstrate the impacts. The design of the frame beam, the beam–column joint, and the frame column based on UBC 94 and 97 are compared and the impacts on the design are highlighted. The significance of axial load demand on the behavior and design of frame column is particularly emphasized. Several methods of estimating the axial load demand of frame columns are described and the results are compared. The results emphasize that the goal of improving seismic performance in buildings by increasing the design base shear may not be achieved in reinforced concrete buildings with long periods if the engineers simply react to the higher lateral load demand by increasing the reinforcing contents of the members. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The present study was conducted in slums areas of Ludhiana city. The purpose of the study was to assess the attitude of young mothers and their spouses regarding family planning methods. List of randomly selected 120 respondents (young mothers n1=60 and their spouses n2 =60) were prepared for the assessment of knowledge and attitude of young mothers and their spouses on the aspect of family planning. The criteria was used to select the sample of families were : a) Young mothers (18-21 years) who have one or more children. b) Young mothers who were residing with their spouses. Standardised Family Planning and Birth Control Attitude Scale (2001) and Interview Schedule were administered. Mann Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis and it revealed that there is highly significant difference (2.70**) among attitude of young mothers and their spouses on the aspect of family planning.


Top-emitting white organic light-emitting diodes(TWOLEDs) have attracted intensive attention due to their great potential for high-resolution full color active matrix display and lighting applications.We have investigated optical and electrical characteristics of the TWOLED combining electroluminescence(EL) of blue material(ADN) with top color conversion layer(CCL) based on non-doped red material(NPAMLI).The TWOLED,with structure of Glass substrate/Al/Cs2CO3/Alq3/ADN/NPB/MoO3/Au/Alq3/NPAMLI,was fabricated by vacuum thermal evaporation.The 10 nm thick Au was used as top semitransparent anode,the 40 nm thick Alq3 was used as a capping layer to improve the light out-coupling,and the non-doped red material NPAMLI was used as the CCL.The NPAMLI CCL showed strong absorption from 450 nm to 550 nm,which matched well with the emission of the ADN.The EL spectra of the TWOLED additionally contained a red component from NPAMLI,which absorbed a part of the blue EL of the ADN,and converted this to its red fluorescence.Therefore,the TWOLED yielded a white light emission resulting from final mixture of color-converted red light and unabsorbed blue light.The TWOLED with a peak current(power) efficiency of 1.25 cd/A(0.71 lm/W),CIE coordinates of(0.330,0.292),and a color rendering index of around 87.5,has been obtained.


Given article is denote problems of economic and mathematical modeling in the taxation. This approach enables control risks when taking the management deciding in the scope of taxation. Forecasting of arrival of tax profits forms important part of the tax analysis. The most effect is reached when using a mathematical device in modeling.


Student party members are a group of excellent students,cadreman of students'self-service and self education.In order to create a good style of study,how to play the exemplary vanguard role of student party members is an important subject for students work.The status quo of student party members playing the exemplary vanguard role in vocational art colleges is fully understood by questionnaires and interviews during the process of cultivation,development and maturation.The analysis on the key point and shortcoming of the performance of student party members'exemplary vanguard role helps to propose related countermeasures.


1. Introduction.- 2. General Theory of Multicriteria Analysis (MCA) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).- 3. Energetic Use of Biomass and Biofuels.- 4. Agricultural and Forestry Mechanization.- 5. Olive Oil Production Chain.- 6. Oil Palm Farming Chain.


Eighty eight and one hundred and twenty two conventional indica rice cultivars were solution-cultured in 2001 and 2002, respectively, to study the relationship between yield level and root traits. A total of 12 traits responsible for morphology and physiological activity of rice root was measured at heading stage while grain yield, dry matter accumulation and ratio of shoot to root were determined at maturity. The tested rice cultivars were classified into 6 types based on their yield level by the MinSSw method, and the differences of root traits between different yield types were analyzed to investigate the main root traits that significantly affected the yield level. Results showed that: (1) The average yield of different types of rice cultivars varied significantly, from 309.50 to 969.62 g·m -2. in 2001, and from 311.90 to 1 159.61 g·m -2. in 2002, respectively. (2) As grain yield increased, number of adventitious roots per plant, root dry weight per plant, total length of adventitious roots per plant, total root absorption area per plant, root active absorption area per plant, root activity per plant and ratio of shoot to root significantly increased. Yield level was not closely related to physiological activity per unit dry weight of adventitious roots, length per adventitious root, length of longest adventitious root, diameter of adventitious root, dry weight per adventitious root and dry weight per unit length of adventitious root. (3) Polynomial regression analysis showed that yield level was significantly influenced by root dry weight per plant, number of adventitious roots per plant, total length of adventitious roots per plant and ratio of shoot to root, among the tested 13 root traits, and the determinant coefficient ranged from 0.35-0.40. Higher yield level could be reached by increasing root dry weight, number of adventitious roots, total length of adventitious roots and ratio of shoot to root.


The article aims to elucidate the role played by "race" in Nietzsche's writings. Nietzsche's concept of "race" is analyzed and interpreted together with his lexicon of the transformation of the human being and his critique of culture. The concept of "race" is studied together with other adjacent concepts and similar ideas such as the treatment of the Jewish question, his criticism of nationalism, the figure of good Europeans, the metaphor of the blond beast, the human types and the thought of breeding. It is concluded that "race" has an unquestionable physiological and evolutionary character, but through the process of incorporation (Einverleibung), culture and morals intervene in a fundamental way in their formation, and as a concept, "race" is expressed as an analytical tool in the heart of the project of the transvaluation of all values, the reform of culture and humanity. The article ends with a reflection on Nietzsche's call to overcome race (Uber-Rasse).


The tolerance of the metallophyte Silene vulgaris, a plant suitable for the phytostabilisation of metal(loid)-contaminated soils, to arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd) was evaluated in a semi-hydroponic culture system under controlled environmental conditions. The appearance of oxidative stress, alteration of photochemical processes and modification of biothiol content were studied as physiological parameters of metal(loid) stress in plants treated with 0, 6 and 30 μM (As, Hg or Cd) for 7 days. In spite of the metal(loid) excluder behaviour of S. vulgaris, Cd was translocated to the aerial part of the plant at a higher rate than Hg or As. The major toxic effects were observed in roots, where lipid peroxidation was increased in a dose-dependent manner. Redox enzymes such as glutathione reductase (GR) were severely inhibited by Hg, whereas GR was overexpressed. The accumulation of Cd produced a remarkable production of phytochelatins (PCs) in roots, whereas Hg and As led to modest PCs synthesis. There was a severe loss of chlorophyll content in Cd-treated plants, accompanied with a significant decrease in photosystem II efficiency (ΦPSII) and photochemical quenching (qP). Similar negative effects were observed in Hg- and As-exposed plants, but to a lesser degree. The exposure to the highest dose of each toxic element (30 μM) caused depletion of the light harvesting complex b1 protein. In conclusion, specific stress signatures to each metal(loid) were observed, with As being the least toxic element, suggesting that different mechanisms of tolerance were exerted. These results could be applied in future experiments to select tolerant ecotypes to optimize the phytostabilisation of metal(loid) multipolluted soils.