The title complex bis{1-[[(3-methyl-pyridin-2-yl) amino] methyl-phenyl]-2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylphenol} palladium(C42H56O2N4Pd) has been synthesized by the reaction of 1-[[(3-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)amino]methyl-phenyl]-2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylphenol with Pd(OAc)2, and was characterized by IR and elemental analyses(C, H, N). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the complex revealed an almost parallelogram geometry of the metal center, space group P1 with a = 12.3870(13), b = 12.9673(12), c = 14.3998(4) ?, α = 67.53(2), β = 75.34(2), γ = 86.89(3)°, V = 2065.5(3) ?3, Mr = 773.32, Z = 2, Dc = 1.243 g/cm3, μ = 0.489 mm-1, F(000) = 816, the final R = 0.0649 and wR = 0.1567. The compound was investigated for the catalytic behavior towards norbornene(NB) vinyl addition polymerization. And the complex exhibits high catalytic activities up to 1.668 × 107 g of PNB(mol of Pd)-1 h-1 with high monomer conversion using methylaluminoxane(MAO) as the cocatalyst.


AIM: Retinoid receptor-induced gene-1 (RRIG1) gene shares many characteristics with SH3 domain GRB2-like endophilin B2 (SH3GLB2) cDNA. Therefore, we characterized the RRIG1 gene and its relationship to SH3GLB2 and then identified relationship of RRIG1 gene structure with its anti-tumor functions. METHODS: GenBank tools were used to compare RRIG1 with SH3GLB2 genes. Mutant RRIG1 expression vectors were constructed for transient gene expression. Western blotting and immunocytochemistry were used to detect the structure and functions of RRIG1 in cell lines. RESULTS: RRIG1 gene covers 4.181 Kb of genomic sequences in chromosome 9q34 with 6 exons, whereas the SH3GLB2 gene covers 20.226 Kb of genomic sequences with 11 exons. These genes share some exons, but their open reading frames are different; therefore, they are different genes. Moreover, these two genes were differentially expressed in different esophageal cancer cell lines. Benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide reduced RRIG1 expression but did not change SH3GLB2 mRNA levels in two cancer cell lines tested. Further analysis showed that RRIG1 was a novel protein, with no similarities to other proteins, although several putative functional motifs, such as a cadherin signature-like motif, a glycoprotein GG/GX motif, and proline-rich regions that contain SH3 domain-binding motifs (PxxP), were identified. We found that PxxPs functionally mediated RRIG1 anti-tumor activity by suppressing tumor cell proliferation and gene expression. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that RRIG1 is a novel protein and contains two functional SH3 domain-binding motifs. This information increases our knowledge towards structure-function studies for RRIG1 protein and helps us to define RRIG1 as a novel tumor suppressor gene.


The purpose of this research was to study the relationship between abilities and difficulties to read and write and academic achievement of students who entered the Facultad de Bromatologia (School of Bromatology), Universidad Nacional de Entre Rios (Argentina) in 2012. Abilities to read and write were tested; students' marks in exams were collected. The results of the test were compared to academic achievement. The conclusions of the study may shed light on the determiners of success and academic achievement in the first year at university and contribute to a better introduction to university life. The need to improve teaching practices, in all levels of education and all disciplines, makes it necessary to reflect on the ways of teaching reading and writing.


Objective: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leadingcause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and HCC cellsmetabolically distinct from normal hepatocytes. Increasedlipogenesis has been reported to play a critical role in HCCprogression. This study aims to investigate the underlyingmechanism contributing to lipogenesis increase in HCC. Methods: Genomic alterations related to metabolic processesin HCC in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets wereanalyzed. Two independent hospital cohorts, HCC cell lineswith knockdown of TD26 and those with overexpression ofTD26, and a xenograft nude mouse model were used. Massspectrometry-based assays were used to analyze metabolites inthe HCC cells. Results: HCC-associated protein, TD26 was highly expressedin the HCC tumor tissue compared to that in the matched normal tissue. TD26 expression was also positively correlatedwith tumor size and was an independent predictor of overallsurvival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in HCCpatients. Metabolomic assays demonstrated that TD26 hadno effect on glycometabolism, but significantly increasedlipogenesis in the HCC cells. In addition, functional assaysindicated that TD26 promoted HCC cell proliferation andtumor growth. TD26 mediated an increase in lipogenesisand tumor cell proliferation which was SREBP1-dependent.Mechanistically, through its C-terminus [amino acids (aa)121 to 198], TD26 interacts with the truncated nuclear sterolregulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) form (nSREBP1),but not full-length SREBP1 (flSREBP1), to block adenosine50-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated inhibition of SREBP1 activity, resulting in increasedlipogenesis, elevated tumor cell proliferation, and enhancedtumor progression. Furthermore, metformin is an activatorof AMPK, and HCC cells with higher TD26 expression weremore sensitive to metformin treatment. Conclusions: TD26 is a positive regulator of SREBP1transactivity in HCC cells. Expression of TD26 may serve asa marker for precision medicine and a potential therapeutictarget for HCC treatment. DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2018.S127


Individualized instruction is a basic principle of special education programs, yet, few attempts have been made to define clearly the philosophical and procedural aspects of this important concept. We examine three elements of individualization — philosophy, strategies, and enhancers — and develop a framework for achieving greater individualized instruction.


Prematurity is a well-known leading cause of perinatal death. Whether preterm birth increases risk for death during adulthood is unknown. Investigators examined the association between gestational age at birth and mortality through young adulthood in a national cohort of 674,820 singleton infants born in Sweden from 1973 to 1979 who …


This paper begins with a brief definition of the concept of an automatic highway. This is followed by a discussion of the main difficulties raised by the concept of the automatic highway. The paper concludes with different scenarios for the implementation of an automatic freeway.


To keep sustainable growth in tax, the decision variables of tax were analyzed in paper by employing nonparametric kernel estimation based on mixed data in Hangzhou. Compared to linear regression method and stepwise regression method, it can reduce the variables dimension automatically to possess high model fitting precision. The results show that population density,industrial structure,corporate profits are the decisions variables of tax in Hangzhou. It means we should accelerate the urbanization rate and promote the upgrading of industrial structure to increase tax revenues in Hangzhou.


A method to improve the performance of a wideband circularly polarized (CP) Fabry–Perot resonator antenna (FPRA) is presented in this communication. First, a wideband CP FPRA composed of a partially reflective surface (PRS) with a positive reflection phase gradient and a wideband CP patch antenna is proposed. Then, a transmission metasurface (MS) with a high transmission magnitude and tunable transmission phase in a broadband range is proposed to correct the electric field phase above the antenna. This MS has the ability to independently tune the transmission phases of two orthogonally polarized waves. On the one hand, the nonuniform phase distribution on the aperture field of the antenna can be transmitted to be nearly uniform, so the gain of the antenna will be enhanced. On the other hand, the transmission phases of $x$ - and $y$ -polarized waves are corrected to maintain a 90° phase difference at every position, which leads to a wider axial ratio (AR) bandwidth. Therefore, after the phase correction of the MS, the gain and AR performances of the antenna are both improved significantly. The measured results suggest that the overlap of the 10 dB return loss bandwidth, 3 dB gain bandwidth, and 3 dB AR bandwidth of the antenna is 9–11.1 GHz (21%). The peak gain of 18.3 dBic is achieved at 10.2 GHz. The results indicate that the proposed MS can achieve excellent performance improvement of the CP FPRA.


INTRODUCTION The glycosylation process, either in the secretory pathway or in the nucleocytoplasmatic compartment, is a major post translation modification of proteins [1]. MRS is a technique able to observe cell metabolites directly in intact cells as well as in vivo. On the other hand, carbohydrate metabolism is not fully exploited with this technique in intact systems due to the difficulty of identifying signals in very crowded regions in the NMR spectrum. In a previous study [2] we identified some relevant signals of glycosylation precursors in the low field region in intact tumor cells spectra. The present study deals with identification of signals from GalNAc in a cancer cells from adenocarcinoma of the human cervix. Treatment of cells with ammonium chloride allowed to confirm signal assignment, to follow metabolic changes of related molecules and even to get insight into some aspects of glycosylation.


We introduce our microsurgical training program for young neurosurgeons. The technological revolution of interventional radiology (IVR) enables us to nonsurgically cure the greater part of cerebral vascular diseases. This recent trend has decreased the number of cases to be treated by open surgery, thus depriving young neurosugeons of opportunities for learning microsurgical techniques in clinical settings. To teach microsurgical techniques despite the limited clinical case volume, we prepared an easily accessible and practical training program. The program consists of a micro-scissors exercise with gauze (gauze cutting method), which simulates dissection of the sylvian fissure or the interhemispheric fissure, an anastomosis exercise with gauze, prosthetic tubes, chicken wing artery, or cadaver artery, and an operative stand with a small hole, which simulates a variety of surgical fields. We believe that this protocol is useful for young neurosurgeons to learn and establish steady and skillful microsurgical techniques.


[Objective] To investigate the clinical results of two-level lumbar total disc replacement with SB Charite Ⅲ prosthesis at early metaphase and discuss the indication.[Method]From October 2000 to August 2006,22 patients who suffered degenerative disc disease from L4 to S1 underwent two level artificial lumbar disc replacement with SB Charite Ⅲ prosthesis.There were 16 men and 6 women.The average age of the patient at surgery was 48 years(range,43 to 54 years).The duration of follow-up evaluation ranged 24 to 94 months,with an average of 59.5 months.JOA score and radiological outcomes were used to access the curative effect.[Result]The average postoperative JOA score was statistically significantly higher than preoperative JOA score(P0.05).According to the FRANKLE evaluation,12 patients had excellent improvement rate of JOA,7 had good improvement and 3 had suboptimal improvement in I year follow up;10 patients had excellent impmwment,5 had good improvement and 3 had suboptimal improvement in 3 year follow up.Plain X-ray films confirmed that the disc prosthesis was placed in accurate position and the intervertebral height and lumbar spine motion were restored.No subluxatioo and loosen of the prosthesis were identified.Complication related to the devices had not occurred.[Conclusion]Two-level lumbar total disc replacement with SB Charite Ⅲ prosthesis have ideal therapeutic outcome at early metapbase,but the indication should be stricfiy limited and its long term follow up still await further investigation.Two level TDR could be developed in conditional hospitals.


Background : Hypotension during anesthetic procedure is a common complication and cause insufficient blood supply to various organs hence decreases tissue oxygenation. A uality indicators review of anesthetic department in 2010 revealed that rate of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section was 39.9 percent. Objects : To evaluate outcome of clinical practice guideline for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and determine satisfaction of nurse anesthetists and patient the clinical practice guidelines. Setting : Surin hospital Study Design : Research and development study Method : The sample was purposively selected in group of anesthesiologists and obstetricians, nurse anesthetists and patients. The study was conducted from October 2010 to December 2011.The Study consisted of 3 phases. The first phase was background survey of twenty-two nurse anesthetists focused on prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. During the second phase, a clinical practice guideline was therefore developed for hypotension prevention during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. The third phase was an outcome evaluation of the clinical practice guidelines. Data analysis was presented by mean and percentage. Results : The clinical practice guidelines for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section were included 1) Preparation of patient for spinal anesthesia. 2) Hypotension prevention protocol 3) Patient monitoring protocol during spinal anesthesia 4) Incidence report guideline. The outcome evaluation found that incidence of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section was 19.6% while more than 80% of nurse anesthetists satisfied with this clinical practice guideline. Conclusions : According to the result; this developed clinical practice guidelines was considered as an effective quality assurance of anesthesia procedure. The new clinical practice guideline required the participation of practitioners for guide line development through sharing the experience and opinion in all aspect to produce the convenient and explicit protocols. Keywords : hypotension, clinical practice guidelines


This paper describes a bank of four SiGe BiCMOS oscillators tailored to cover the 18.2-29.3 GHz frequency range, needed to tackle the needs of 5G communications. The Colpitts oscillator topology is leveraged to achieve a lower absolute phase noise compared to Class-C oscillators, at the expense of deteriorated figure of merit. Benefiting from the proper technology choice, a careful tank design was carried out to maximize Q, minimize KVCO and phase noise variations. The four oscillators feature state-of-the-art phase noise, ranging from -119.5 dBc/Hz to -116.5 dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset for 18.2 GHz and 29.3 GHz carrier frequency, respectively. For each oscillator the phase noise variation is only <2 dB over -20°C to 85°C temperature range and <6 dB over the whole 47% tuning range.


: Impedance technology was a revolution in the history of Hematology. Mispa Count X is the first indigenous 3-part hematology analyzer in India, which works on the principle of impedance technology. : Performance evaluation of Mispa Count X.: The analyzer produces the measurement results of 18 parameters with throughput of 60 samples per hour. Mispa Count X was compared with benchmark analyzers Coulter DxH 800 and Sysmex XN 1000 to validate its performance. : Mispa Count X exhibited a wide linearity range for WBC, RBC, platelet and hemoglobin. The carry over for WBC, RBC, PLT and Hb was estimated and found to be well within the acceptable limits. The r values (> 0.90) and bias estimation of Mispa Count X on comparing with Coulter DxH 800 and Sysmex XN 1000 were acceptable, except for mid cell counts and for MPV. Mispa Count X exhibited good precision with an acceptable CV% (< 10%). The primary parameters of the stored samples were stable at room temperature for 24 hours. : So we conclude our study by proving that the Mispa Count X would be an affordable-reliable alternative for Indian healthcare sector instead of expensive imported hematology analyzers.


Objective:To explore for preventive and therapeutic method of NPC radiation reaction.Method:82 cases of NPC who have received rediation therapy,were divided randomly into observation group and control group.In observation group,they received chinese herb medicine including duarflilyturf tuber,cochinchinese asparagus root,snakeground root,fragrant sohomonseal rhizome,which had been taken like tea drink.Result:Mild reaction ratio(degree 0,Ⅰ)of mucosa in observation group is higher than control,but severe reaction is relatively lower.Conclusion:YangYinShengJin tea has preventive function for NPC radiation reaction.


With an eye to clinical applications, it should be noted that the amount of radiation absorbed by a patient during measurement of coronary calcium by multidetector row computed tomography is about 1.5-5.2 mSv in men and 1.8-6.2 mSv in women, whereas the corresponding amounts during coronary artery angiography are 2.1 and 2.5 mSv2. The highest doses are absorbed during angiography performed with multidetector row computed tomography: 6.7-10.9 mSv for men and 8.1-13.0 mSv for women2. According to the studies available, this method adds little information for patients who can already be stratified as being at high or low risk of future coronary events on the basis of clinical and traditional factors, although it may be of aid in indicating the aggressiveness of strategies needed in patients classified as having an intermediate risk (10-20% risk of events at 10 years). Here again, the key factor remains the demonstration of inducible ischemia, because a high calcium score does not necessarily indicate the presence of significant stenoses in an individual patient and cannot, alone, be used as an indication for an angiographic examination3.


We present a statistical test for the hypothesis of (approximate) utility maximization on the basis of nonparametric revealed preference conditions. We take as null hypothesis that the consumer behaves randomly, and we reject this hypothesis only if the data provides sufficient evidence to support the alternative hypothesis of approximate utility maximization. Our statistical test uses a permutation method to operationalize the principle of random consumption behavior. We show that our test (i) is valid for any sample size under the null and (ii) has an asymptotic power of one. We also provide simulated power results and two empirical applications.


Abstract : There has been no previous effort to assess the perceived usefulness of the Executive Skills Advanced Course to Army War College students after they have had an opportunity to apply those skills in subsequent assignments. A survey was conducted of graduates of the Classes of 1984, 1985, and 1986 who completed this advanced course to obtain their perceptions and comments on the utility of the course. The survey and additional comments were analyzed and the results indicated the course to be useful but in need of change. Changes recommended are: more closely align the objectives and methodologies of the Executive Skills Assessment and Development Program, and the common course of instruction in Course 1, Requirements of the Professional, to make them more complementary; make the Executive Skills Assessment exercise mandatory for all students and conduct it early in the academic year; reorganize the Executive Skills Advanced Course, especially the guest speaker concept; eliminate the student presentation of a book review; conduct a post-course survey of graduates approximately one year after completion of the course to obtain current student perceptions of the utility of the material presented.


The article presents data on studies of the stability of staphylococcal biofilms. Staphylococcus grows predominantly as biofilm on virtually any type of industrial surface, causing contamination of food and water, corrosion of the metal surface and obstruction of the equipment. In particular, in the processing meat and dairy industry, biofilm formation can contribute to food spoilage and the transfer of pathogenic microorganisms, increasing the possibility of cross-contamination, which can be associated with a serious risk to consumer health. Staphylococci are often isolated from products of animal origin, but it turned out that in the state of biofilm they are more stable and viable than planktonic cells, especially after insufficiently effective disinfection. In this regard, commonly used means and modes of rehabilitation of technological surfaces of meat and dairy processing enterprises must be improved.


The protonation constant values of two hydroxybenzoic acids (salicylic and 5-nitrosalicylic acid) were studied in some water-ethanol solutions using spec- trophotometric and potentiometric methods at 25 °C and in an ionic strength of 0.1 M sodium perchlorate. The results indicated that the pKa values increase with in- creasing proportion of ethanol in mixed solvent. The dependence of the protonation constants on the variation of the solvent were correlated by the dielectric constants of the media. Furthermore, for a better understanding of the solvent influence, the obtained results were explained in terms of the Kamlet-Taft parameters α (hydro- gen-bond donor acidity), π  (dipolarity/polarizability) and β (hydrogen-bond ac- ceptor basicity) by means of linear solvation energy relationships. The multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the pKa values of salicylic acid were strongly dependent on the non-specific electrostatic solvent-solute interactions, whereas specific hydrogen bonding interactions controlled the protonation of nit- rosalicylic acid in water-ethanol binary mixtures.


The translation of the Italian Code of Criminal Procedure into English, published in 2014, represents a way of explaining the functioning of the Italian criminal procedure to a wide English-speaking audience. Given the different varieties of English available, the translation team chose European English as the target language of the translation. After a brief overview of the central role played by English in the European supranational and international context, the paper presents a classification of translation equivalents used for the translation of the Code and illustrates it by concrete examples. Such classification is based on two criteria, namely the availability of European English translation equivalents in the reference corpus of European documents used by the translation team and the degree of embeddedness of the underlying concept in the national legal system. The resulting classification is threefold and comprises European English translation equivalents for Italian terms designating legal concepts shared by both national and supranational/international legal systems, European English translation equivalents for Italian terms designating legal concepts embedded in the national legal system only, and Italian terms designating legal concepts embedded in the national legal system with no European English translation equivalent. European English terms for Italian legal concepts: the case of the Italian Code of Criminal Procedure


It is noted that the normalized output voltage in the case of zero head gap and zero head-to-medium spacing depends solely on the ratio of recording depth and wavelength. This property is used to estimate the actual spacing loss from a set of experimental frequency responses with varying recording current. In the experiments, a spacing of approximately 0.05 mu m is found. The ultimate response (corrected for gap, spacing, and efficiency losses) of chromium-dioxide, barium-ferrite, and metal-particle (MP) media has been determined. The scaling model also describes the dependence of the frequency response on the recording current. The Hi8 MP tape shows the best response, followed by the normal MP, the barium-ferrite media, and the CrO/sub 2/ medium. The optimal recording depth is large for the unoriented barium-ferrite media. >


facing the research reported in the area of small groups between 1967 and 19728 is both impressed by the quantity of data presented and depressed by the general absence of excitement and new theoretical formulations. The area loosely defined as group dynamics has never been characterized by a unifying theoretical position. Psychological Abstracts lists roughly 3400 studies related to groups since the last review by Gerard & Miller (44). A large proportion of this research seems to be following established lines of investigation with little or no concern for external validit y or potential applications. From the point of advanc ing the field, it may be that much of this research comes closer to exemplifying a psychological Gresham's Law that "bad research drives out good" than Kurt Lewin's notion that "nothing is so practi cal as a good the ory." Our disenchantment with both the theoretical and the mundane significance of much of the past decade's literature (as well as the pragmatic impossibility of achieving a comprehensive review) has dictated an eclectic and biased approach to our topic. At this time it appears that the questions asked (or unasked) are more intriguing than the answers produced to date. We have, therefore, concen trated on approaches where methodology, theoretical impact, or application seem most promising, and have attempted to cite reviews summa rizing research in those areas we have sli ghted. Several recent works of general interest to the student of small groups are worthy of note. The revised edition of Cartwright & Zander (21) remains an excellent general introduction to group dynamics. The second edition of the Handbook of Social Psychology (73) also contains several relevant chapters by Lindzey & Byrne (74), Tagiuri (117), Kelley & Thibaut (67), Collins & Raven (23), and Gibb (45). A work of value to students of groups in isolation and under stress is a National Academy of Science volume, Human Factors in Long Duration Spaceflight (91). METHODOLOGY


December 2012 666 Like everyone else, librarians often fall into the trap of an over-committed work life, and sometimes struggle with finding the time and energy for professional development. Here, I'll share a more intuitive way of approaching your own professional development, by following your inner voice and finding balance by disconnecting. This unique approach can energize both your professional and personal lives.


La2O3/MC nylon composite was prepared by in-situ polymerization.The effect of the addition of La2O3 and KH-550/La2O3 on the tensile strength,impact strength,flexural strength,water absorbing capacity,shrinkage ratio and dimensional stability of composites were studied.The function of additive on composites' melting point and stabilization were also analyzed.The results showed that the effects of La2O3 on composites' water-absorbing capacity,thermo-resistance and mechanical properties exhibited excellent outlook brightness.


Cluster-based systems have become the foundation of the architecture of high-performance Web servers. This paper gives a view of several typical approaches to manage physically independent nodes in cluster systems, including RR-DNS + Web server +AFS server, TCP router + Web server and master-slave architectures. The parallel aspects of different approaches, such as scalability, availability and load balance, are also discussed.


ster's The Duchess of Mala, arst staged in 1614, to explore attitudes toward the court; he employs a libel to introduce the cast of characters in the Overbury scandal. He moves through a series of absorbing questions: How did the scandal emerge out of court politics? How did contemporaries learn about the Overbury affair? Which publics had access to news about the scandal, and through what channels? What did contemporaries think that they had learned, and what did it mean to them? That is, what exactly was scandalous and sinful about the episode? Through the lenses available to contemporaries, what was objectionable about the conduct of those implicated? What kinds of redress did contemporaries and appropriate, and how were their expectations disappointed or realized? Finally, how did the Overbury affair persist "as history and memory" later in the seventeenth century? Throughout the book, Bellany makes judicious yet bold claims. Generously acknowledging his debts to other historians, he explains just how his work supplements and revises what has been done before. One (perhaps predictable) quibble presents itself: Given his interdisciplinary method and his welcome acknowledgment of the value of literary studies to his project, Bellany might have engaged the work of more literary critics.


Purpose: In this study, we tried to develop the technique of osteotomy for hallux valgus. The new modified technique of osteotomy was accomplished with even more greater stability, accurate correction of the deformity and more effective than 'chevron' osteotomy in terms of correction of the deformity. Materials and Methods: Between March 1998 and December 2001, 55 cases of new modified osteotomy for hallux valgus were performed for 39 patients, 16 of whom underwent operation of both feet. Operations were made for 34 women and 5 men whose average age was 46 years old (range, 20~71 years). Average follow up period was three years (range, 2~5 years), and during the follow up, the patients underwent physical examination and assessment with use of the American Orthpaedic Foot and Ankle Society's hallux-metatarso-phalangealinterphalangeal scale and standard foot radiographic measurements. Results: 37 patients (53 cases) out of 39 patients (55 cases) had no pain, good cosmesis, and all of the patients were satisfied with the results of the operation. Two had occasional mild discomfort. The average score according to the hallux-metatarso-phallangeal-interphalangeal scale was 93.2 points (range, 78~100 points). The average preoperative intermetatarsal angle was 14.4°, which was decreased to 7.9° after the osteotomy with an average correction of 6.5° and The average preoperative hallux valgus angle was 34.1°, which was decreased to 11.1° after the osteotomy with an average correction of 23°. This new modified technique would prevent the angulation or shortening at the osteotomy site and it was also even more stable at osteotomy site, and could do even more effective and accurate correction of the deformity than conventional Chevron osteotomy. Conclusion: New modified chevron osteotomy for the treatment of symptomatic hallux valgus was done in 55 cases, and the results were satisfactory in all cases. This method was more stable at the osteotomy site than conventional Chevron osteotomy and was also possible to do more accurate and more effective correction of the deformity. It was also easy to control the distal fragment of first metatarsal bone.


Fusarium solani f. sp. melongenae, the causal agent of egg plant wilt disease, has a wide host range which causes significant reduction in yield of eggplant (Solanum melongena). In a survey for finding biocontrol agents, 110 Actinomycetes strains were isolated from agricultural soils of Kerman province. Amony isolated strains 18 strain showed high level of chitinase activity Streptomyces griseus. Streptomyces isolate 401 significantly reduced the incidence of disease. Some biological and physiological characteristics of this isolate were investigated under green house condition. Moreover, the genomic DNA of this isolate was extracted by useing of CTAB method and a full chitinase gene (876 bp) was cloned and sequenced. The results showed high similarity between obrouned scyuence and seyuence of chitinasegene 19 fmily from.


This is a sumptuous and elegantly produced book of over four hundred 8r11-inch pages. The illustrations and images of the brain are in vivid multiple colours, and are truly works of art. These illustrations will no doubt be 'borrowed' by many teachers for their lectures. Almost all of the written text is presented in summary tables that stand out from the text, as they are printed on a contrasting blue background making them visually accessible, lending an attractive format to the book. There are 26 chapters that cover the neurobiological basis of behaviour ; neuropsychiatric assessment; treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders ; principles of neuropsychiatry; disorders of speech and language; memory disorders; visuospatial, visuoperceptual and right hemisphere disturbances; frontal lobe dysfunction; dementia; delirium; psychosis, delusions and schizophrenia; hallucinations ; disturbances of mood and affect; apathy and other personality disorders; obsessive–compulsive disorder and syndromes with repetitive behaviour; anxiety disorders; movement disorders; tics, startle syndromes and myoclonus; catatonia, motoric manifestations of psychiatric illnesses and drug induced motor disturbances; epilepsy and temporal-limbic syndromes; dissociative states, multiple personality and hysteria ; disturbances of sleep, appetite and sexual behaviour; violence and aggression; developmental neuropsychiatric syndromes, focal brain disorders and related conditions. As one can see from the chapter list the scope of the text is comprehensive. The book has a tantalizing quality as many topics are just cited; for example, in the chapter on temporal-limbic syndromes the Gourmand syndrome is listed with only the note 'preoccupation with food' (p. 315) leaving the reader a little 'hungry' for more information about this syndrome. However, to cover all that is mentioned in this book would require a text two to three times as large. Chapter 5 'The Principles of Neuropsychiatry ' (pp. 61–69) is excellent and clearly states the contemporary principles underpinning any discussion of brain behaviour relationships. This chapter will no doubt become a credo of modern neuropsychiatry and should be required reading for all trainees in the clinical neurosciences. The chapter highlights some of the unsolved dilemmas of our present knowledge. For example, in amplifying one of the principles 'Neuropsychiatric disorders typically reflect disruption of a system or circuit ' (p. 62), the authors note that behavioral disorders are most often associated with disturbances of the limbic and the frontal-subcortical system. As examples of behavioural disturbances of these systems the authors discuss minor anatomical localizations within these systems leading to such diverse behaviours as apathy and disinhibition. While undoubtedly these systems are involved in these behaviours, currently it is completely unclear how these circuits mediate such varied behaviours. After decades of almost metaphysical psychological explanations of behaviour, it is refreshing to read attempts to ground behaviour disorders on biological speculations. The neurological training of the authors is evident in that the book is reminiscent of many neurology texts, where every variation of a disorder is described as a discrete disorder. For example, in the text every delusional condition with an eponym is given an individual paragraph, regardless of clinical rarity, e.g. Schneiderian first rank symptoms are given almost equal discussion as the Incubus syndrome (pp. 176–177). Similarly, the frequent full-page tables citing the multiple aetiologies of disorders e.g. myoclonus, chorea, intracranial calcifications, loss of consciousness (the causes of which range from syncope to hiatal hernia), etc., are so comprehensive that one is left with the Psychological Medicine, 2004, 34, 563–568. f 2004 Cambridge University Press Printed in the United Kingdom


【Purpose】 Using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), we assessed the shape of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) in eyes with idiopathic epiretinal membrane(ERM) and investigated its correlations with visual acuity, metamorphopsia, and macular thickness. 【Subjects and Methods】 Subjects were 29 eyes of 29 patients (9 males, 20 females; average age,


Division of Thoracic Oncology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hwa Mei Hospital, Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China; Department of Thoracic Surgeon, Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK Contributions: (I) Conception and design: B Venkitaraman, J Lei, G Aresu; (II) Administrative support: Z Zeng, J Lei; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: Z Zeng, J Lei, G Aresu; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: B Venkitaraman, Z Zeng, J Lei; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: B Venkitaraman, Z Zeng, J Lei, G Aresu; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors. Correspondence to: Jiang Lei. Professor, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China. Email: email@example.com.


The exchange of topology information is a potential attack target in mobile ad-hoc networks. To provide an intrinsic security mechanism, it is possible to validate topology advertisements in the control plane against records of the path taken by transmission in the data plane. In this context, we provide a discussion of different path recording mechanisms. We evaluate their performance in terms of packet overhead and reconstruction complexity.


A surface of chlorophyll-a is deposited in the interelectrode space of an interdigital comb-shapedelectrode system. The conduction current under direct voltage and dielectric losses under a low frequency alternating voltage were then measured. The conductance values appeared to agree with and depend upon the light intensity on the specimen surface and upon ambient gas nature in which the specimen was placed. Our study has lead us to a belief in the existence of an interaction between the adsorbed gas molecules and certain active sites in the chlorophyll-a molecule (metallic atom, conjugated carbonyl groups).


Objective Clinical study of Montmorillonite powder with Live Combined Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus Tablets in treatment of acute diarrhea in children. Methods Select children from acute diarrhea 80 cases in our hospital from January 2013 to January 2014, randomly into observation group and control group, Each group had 40 cases. The control group alone montmorillonite powder treatment, observation group application montmorillonite powder and Live Combined Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus Tablets combination therapy. Therapeutic effects were compared. Results The total efficiency of the two groups of children, cooling time, vomiting disappearance time, abdominal pain time, stool normal time were significant differences(P0.05). Conclusion Montmorillonite powder with Live Combined Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus Tablets in the treatment of children with acute diarrheacan effectively improve the treatment effect, improve the clinical symptoms in children, has a high application value, and can be popularized and applied.


A symmetric difference scheme for linear, stiff, or singularly perturbed boundary value problems of first order with constant coefficients is constructed, being based on a stability function containing a matrix square root. Its essential feature is the unconditional stability in the absence of purely imaginary eigenvalues of the coefficient matrix. Local damping of errors, uniform stability, and uniform second-order convergence are proved. The computation of the specific matrix square root by a well-known, stable variant of Newton's method is discussed. A numerical example confirming the results is given.


In this work, a low-cost and flexible room-temperature humidity sensor was developed from pure resistive silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized through a simple green route using Pistia stratiotes extract as a reducing agent for AgNO3 under light illuminations. UV–Vis spectroscopic results showed that various synthesis parameters including AgNO3 concentration, reaction time, pH value and light irradiation strongly affected on the formation of AgNPs. AgNPs were also confirmed to exhibit spherical shapes with different sizes depending on pH by transmission electron microscopy. To fabricate the sensor, AgNPs were deposited on a transparent polyethylene substrate with pre-patterned Ag interdigitated electrodes via a drop coating method. From humidity-sensing results, the flexible pure AgNPs sensor exhibited high sensitivity to relative humidity (RH) with high repeatability and stability at room temperature. Moreover, the sensor electrical resistance and sensor response showed linear relationships to RH in the range of 20–85% with short response and recovery times of 10 s and 11 s, respectively.


In order to solve the problems in the development of archives, we should regulate educational mode and specialty structure, develop archives higher vocational education and strengthen the education for archives training.


We notice that the Fourier coefficients of functions with bounded variation V (0,1) with respect to general orthonormal systems (GONS) have no definite order of vanishing. In this connection we study the problem: which requirements to the GONS ensure that the Fourier coefficients of a function from V (0,1) satisfy the inequality which holds for classical systems (trigonometric, Walsh, or Haar ones). In the present paper we study this problem and related issues.


The problems associated with reinjecting spent geothermal brines are currently under investigation. This effort has included field tests of injection water to evaluate treating equipment effectiveness at the Niland Geothermal Test Loop. Membrane filter tests were conducted on fluids from the settling tanks, from the test loop, from the clarifier and at the injection well head (Magmamax No. 3). From this and other information concerning the injection interval, pressure, temperature and well history, an attempt to predict a well half life was made. The results of these calculations were not in agreement with observed well performance. An attempt with some apparent success has been made to understand the possible source of these discrepancies. The cyclic nature of the injection history dictated by need for descaling the test loop, followed by apparent partial recovery of injection acceptance, has led to a theory that is under investigation concerning effect of reheating the injection fluid containing amorphous particulate silica by the reservoir rock and fluid during well shut-in. Preliminary tests indicate some of this finely divided silica may be redisolving with consequent reduction in reservoir damage, and that two widely spaced injection wells in an alternating mode may provide low-cost, long-life injection capacitymore » at Niland and similar geothermal projects.« less


Experimental observations of very low frequency (VLF) triggered emissions are an important resource in investigation of nonlinear wave‐particle interactions between whistler mode waves and energetic electrons in the Earth's radiation belts. Magnetospherically generated whistler mode sidebands observed during the Siple Station wave injection experiment are analyzed using a mixed modulation model and the MINUIT minimization package. The observed sidebands are found to exhibit features of both amplitude and frequency modulation of the input carrier wave with frequency modulation becoming more prominent as the observed amplitudes of the carrier and sidebands increase. A nonlinear whistler mode wave growth formulation based on phase bunching of counterstreaming electrons within a well‐defined phase trap is shown to reproduce the salient features of the sideband observations. Whistler mode sideband amplitude is shown to be affected by the shape and uniformity of the trap.


ABSTRACT In the present study, the impact strength of refined grain pure copper developed by equal channel angular extrusion, up to eight passes at room temperature following route A with a constant ram speed of 20 mm/min through a die angle of 90° between the die channels was investigated. The impact strength of extruded specimens is evaluated for the as-received and the extruded specimens after four and eight passes at a strain rate of 1200 s−1 using Split–Hopkinson pressure bartechniques by experiment and the finite element method simulation. A total increase in the ultimate strength and yield strength are 128% and 68%, respectively, and observed for the extruded material after eight passes. Optical microscopic examinations show a grain refinement from 32 to 4 µm. The results of the numerical study are consistent with that obtained from the experiment.


At present,there are some problems in the track and field courses,such as inadequate programs in the course,students′ impercipience of the course and the old teaching methods.Colleges and universities should pay more attention to the course to ensure the development of the track and field events,and cultivate the students′ good habits of exercising.In this process,we should seize the chance to change ideas and teaching methods,strengthen the management of the course and improve the method of assessment.


Hard x rays are generated in laminar helium flow in atmosphere (without a vacuum vessel) through the interaction of tightly focused 35fs laser pulses of varying energy with a Cu target. The energy conversion efficiency from laser to Kα x rays is measured to be 5.4×10−6, giving a flux of 5.9×109photons∕s into 2π sr from a source measuring approximately 9×12μm2 in size (vertical×horizontal). Results are compared to those measured in vacuum and in static helium environments.


Health Care Dilemmas in Small Communities The health care needs of rural populations often differ from those of their urban counterparts. And the ethical dilemmas that caregivers face are distinctively shaped in rural settings, not only by resource constraints, but by the nature of life in small, close-knit communities as well. It is increasingly acknowledged that individuals who live in remote settings represent a large and underserved patient population in the United States. Many obstacles to rural and frontier health care have been identified, such as poor distribution of care providers and facilities, geographical barriers, and inadequate communication services.[1] What has received little attention, however, are the unique ethical dilemmas encountered in health care in small communities that may significantly influence the delivery of medical services in rural and frontier settings. The aim of this paper then is twofold: to outline the key issues in general health care needs in the rural United States, and to describe the distinct clinical ethical features affecting health care services in small communities. By clarifying these considerations, the care of rural and frontier community residents who suffer from diverse illnesses may be better understood and improved. Rural and Frontier Health Care in the United States The United States encompasses 3.6 million square miles and is the fourth largest country in the world. Its overall population density is 69 people per square mile, in dramatic contrast with other industrialized nations such as Germany (573 per square mile), the Netherlands (940 per square mile), Japan (865 per square mile), and the United Kingdom (609 per square mile).[2] U.S. residents are unevenly distributed, creating numerous non-metropolitan communities throughout the country. Indeed, roughly 45 percent of the U.S. land mass is frontier, and a total of 25 states have frontier regions.[3] It is estimated that more than 60 million individuals, or one-quarter of the U.S. population of 251 million, live in areas designated as rural (fewer than 2,500 people per town boundary) and frontier (fewer than 6.6 people per square mile). Concerns have been raised about health care needs in rural areas for several reasons. First, the overall age-adjusted death rate is greater in rural areas (537 per 100,000) than in large (479 per 100,000) and medium to small (517 per 100,000) metropolitan settings.[4] Second, a higher proportion of rural residents experience chronic illnesses and life-threatening conditions, such as cancer, heart disease, arthritis, and diabetes. They also experience greater limitations on physical activity--for example, in mobility or self-care--than urban residents.[5] Rural residents' perceptions of their health are also more negative than are those reported by city inhabitants; this is especially true among the rural poor.[6] Third, rural and frontier areas have a greater proportion of children and elderly residents who generally require more health services. Fourth, rural regions have a greater prevalence of environmental hazards (for example, contaminated water supplies, pollution, pesticides, natural disasters, infectious agents, animal bites) and domestic and occupational injuries (agricultural, forestry/logging, fishing, and mining, etc.).[7] Finally, mental health concerns in smaller communities are tremendous. Early studies have estimated that 13-19 percent of rural residents experience significant psychiatric impairment. More recent evidence indicates that alcohol and cognitive disorders are higher in rural areas, and depressive symptoms are more prevalent rurally.[8] Suicide rates, previously higher in urban settings, are now greater in rural regions. Indirect indicators of substance disorders and mental illness in rural areas are also substantial, as revealed in deaths due to homicide and alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes, in the high rates of fetal alcohol syndrome, child neglect and abuse, and other social problems especially in certain sub-populations of rural dwellers. …


Overlay routing is an application-level routing mechanism on overlay networks. Existing researches on overlay routing revealed that it can improve user-perceived performance by choosing a path based on network performance metrics such as end-to-end latency and available bandwidth. On the other hand, overlay routing may harm ISPs' cost structure because of the policy mismatch between IP routing and overlay routing. IP routing provided by ISPs is generally configured based on the monetary cost of links interconnecting to neighboring ISPs. On the other hand, the overlay routing selects the path based on end-to-end network performance. Consequently, the overlay routing may utilize paths which traverse additional transit links between ISPs, which requires additional inter-ISP transit cost. One possible solution to this problem is to limit the overlay routing not to utilize paths which increase inter-ISP transit cost largely. In this thesis, the author proposes a method to reduce inter-ISP transit cost caused by overlay routing. For this purpose, the number of inter-ISP transit links on a path is utilized as a metric of transit cost and the overlay path is chosen to decrease the transit cost while keeping the effectiveness of overlay routing itself. Since there is no public information on the number of transit links on a path, and since it cannot be obtained by simple end-to-end measurement methods, the author builds up a method to estimate the number of transit links on a path from end-to-end network performance values which can be measured easily by overlay nodes. Through the multiple regression analysis of end-to-end network performance values, the regression equation to estimate the number of transit links is obtained. To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method, the author first assesses the estimation accuracy of the regression equation and then evaluates the performance of limited overlay routing which suppresses the number of transit links determined by the proposed estimation method. Through extensive evaluations using measurement results in the actual network environment, the


Aiming at the feature of rural supermarket location with multi-attributes and multi-indexes, the index system of rural supermarket location was designed based on its grey characteristics, and the model of location was established using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Grey Clustering Model. The software was developed by Visual Basic on Windows XP. Four alternative places of one rural supermarket in Hebei province were appraised used the location model. The result showed that the model is practicable, explicit. The conclusion was credible and reliable. The location model could help rural supermarket make layout design because of variety of reality facts have been considered.


Treatment of cycloalkanones 1a-c with benzalaniline or dibenzal -p-phenylenediamine gave the corresponding cycloalkanone sec-Mannich bases 2a-c and 4.Whereas, the reaction of 1a or b with benzal -1naphthylamine afforded the condensed systems 7 and 8. 2,6-di(p-anisal)cyclohexanone (10) was obtained from 1b and N,N'-bis(p-anisal)ethylenediamine 9.On the other hand, treatment of the bis-(Mannich base) 12 with benzalaniline gave the mixed Mannich base 13. The tetra-base 14 was obtained by treating 2b with ammonium chloride and formaldehyde, or from the tris -(Mannich base) 15 and benzalaniline.Schmidt reaction of 2a-c and 4 gave N-phen yl-α-aminobenzyl derivatives of piperidin-2-one 16, azepan-2-one 17, azocan-2-one 18 and the bis(azepan-2-one) derivative 19, respectively. The potential of compounds 16 and 17 as precursors to fused heterocycles containing a nitrogen atom at a ring-junction was investigated. The 1,2,4-triazepine derivatives 25 and 26 were obtained by treating 2a,b with hydrazine and formaldehyde.


Curriculum is a mechanism for citizenship preparation. Although a large body of literature speaks to the important role of official and hidden curriculum in fostering or hindering democratic classrooms, much less attention has been given to the processes of curriculum development, especially between Western researchers and teachers in postcolonial African contexts. This article discusses a curriculum development method, namely, Democratic Concept Development (DCD), created by 2 American social educators (Kubow & Fischer) in their work with groups of South African and Kenyan teachers during an international project. The methodology—premised on 4 critical social aims (namely, dialogue, consciousness raising, change, and transformation)—provides a way to make public teachers' views of democracy. For those who view the means (democratic processes) to be just as important as the ends (democratic lessons), DCD represents a pedagogical process for developing citizenship education curriculum.


As an alternative to the traditional process, a tanning process for light skins has been developed based on a two-step procedure in which a soluble sodium silicate ("water glass") is used as stabilizing agent and chromiumsalts are successively dosed to complete the tanning process. In a preliminary investigation on a laboratory scale, not only the stabilization effect of silicate has been confirmed (shrinkage temperature of the skins around 65°C) but also its capability of allowing a better penetration and fixation of chromium salts (half the dosage usually adopted in traditional chromium tanning was sufficient to obtain a final shrinkage temperature >100°C). Following the laboratory phase, in which the optimal dosages and procedures have been set up, the tanning procedure has been validated on a semi-industrial scale. Among four commercial sodium silicate solutions, one has been selected that has revealed the best performance. Following the optimal recipe (sodium silicate offer 1.5 % as SiO 2 pickled weight basis; chromium salt offer 1.5% as Cr 2 O 3 pickled weight basis) the final leather obtained, after a standard fatliquoring/dyeing treatment, showed very good organoleptic and physic-mechanical properties, quite similar to chrome tanned leather. The environmental improvements of the process consist in the preliminary stabilization of the leather so that it can be shaved by obtaining chromium free wastes; besides, the significant reduction of the chromium offer results in a drastic reduction of the chromium content (about one third of the amount typically present in the exhaust float of chromium tannage) of the exhaust effluent. This paper reports also the results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy x-ray dispersion (EDX) used as investigations methods to follow the tanning process steps.


Synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs) has been developed by means of the catalytic chemical vapor deposition(CCVD) method over Mo-Co-MgO catalyst prepared by the "citric acid" method using alcohol vapor introduced into the fluidized-bed by the flow of argon.The effects of composition of the catalysts,different flow of rate of argon were studied by Raman spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscope.The results confirmed that alcohol as carbon source,Mo1-Co10/MgO as catalysts,when the flow of rate of argon was 150sccm,the quality of synthesized SWCNTs was fine.


Seven representative soil sites at the Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm and Research (NIFOR) were studied to evaluate the present fertility status of the soils for sustainable production of palm oil and
in particular investigate the soil boron status. Profiles were sited at Edo State (Ed1, Ed2 and Ed3) and Akwa Ibom State (Akwa1, Akwa2, Akwa3 and Akwa4). Three of the sites were from Edo and four sites were from Akwa Ibom State. A total of 56 soil sample were analyzed, 24 soil samples from 24 layers in Edo State and 32 soil samples from 32 layers in Akwa Ibom State, with the same analytical treatments. Total annual precipitation amounts to about 1600-2000mm in Edo State, but 2000-4000, at Akwa Ibom State.
pH was measured at a 1:1 soil-water ratio using a pH meter, particle size analysis by the hydrometer method, organic carbon by wet-oxidation using the Walkey Black method, nitrogen by the macro Kjeldahl method, available phosphorus by the Bray II method, exchangeable base cations by the neutral ammonium acetate method, exchangeable acidity by normal potassium chloride, available boron by the azomethine-H colorimetric method and electrical conductivity by the electrode conductivity meter.
The soil texture was in general sandy with about 83 - 91% sand content at the Akwa Ibom State and 75 - 97% at the Edo State. The high sandy content implied low to moderate water retention capacity in most of the soils in the two regions. Soil colour values were dominantly dark grayish brown (2.5 Y 3/2) to black (2.5 Y 2/0). The soils were classified as plinthic arenosols in the Edo State and ferralic arenosols in the Akwa Ibom State. Most soil chemical parameters indicated a poor nutrient status.
All soils were acid with a low pH (4.2 – 6.3), and exchangeable acidity was predominately low with about 0.2 – 0.5 meq/100g soil at Edo State and predominately moderate to high 0.6 – 1.2 meq/100g soil at the Akwa Ibom State. The exchangeable Al was low with about 0.0 – 0.5 meq/ 100g soil at Akwa Ibom State. In general, there were no detectable levels of available Al at Edo State soils. The soil organic matter (measured as total organic carbon) was low with about 0.7 – 1.1% in the top 15cm soil layer at Edo State and 0.8 – 2.0% at Akwa Ibom State. Low organic matter content and high sand content resulted in low exchangeable cation capacities in both states. Thus, the silt and clay were somewhat higher at Akwa Ibom State than
at Edo State. In general there was a low electrical conductivity with about 8.3 – 33.9 μS/cm at Edo State and 6.0 - 240μS/cm at the Akwa Ibom State.
A low total N with about 0.0 - 0.1% in the top 15cm soil layer at Edo State and 0.1 – 0.2% at Akwa Ibom State, low exchangeable Ca with about 0.5 – 2.2meq/100g soil at Edo State and 1.6 – 3.2 meq/100g at Akwa Ibom State thus the content of exchangeable Ca in Akwa Ibom State were more than that of Edo State. Low exchangeable Mg with about 0.1 – 0.6meq/100g soil at Edo State and 0.2 – 2.1 meq/100g soil at Akwa Ibom State, comparatively the contents of exchangeable Mg in Akwa State were more than that of Edo State. The exchangeable Na were low to high with about 0.1 – 0.4meq/100g soil at Edo State and 0.4 – 0.9meq/100g soil at Akwa State. In general the exchangeable sodium percentages were comparatively considered low with about 11.1 – 17.5% at Edo State and 7.1 – 35.8% at Akwa Ibom State.
Exchangeable K was comparatively low with about 0.0 – 0.1meq/100g soil at Edo State and 0.1 – 0.4meq/100g soil at Akwa Ibom State. In general exchangeable base cations were low with about 0.9 – 3.3meq/100g soil at Edo State and 1.9 – 5.6meq/100g soil at Akwa Ibom State. The base saturation was generally high with about 63 – 95% at Edo State and 69 – 98% at Akwa Ibom State. In general the Ca/K ratios were high with about 5.3 – 36.7 in Edo State and 7.1 – 56.4 at Akwa Ibom State. The Mg/K ratios were generally high with about 2.0 – 10.4 at Edo State and 1.1 – 34.7 at Akwa Ibom State. C/N ratios were low to high 6.0 – 19.0 at Edo State and 7.0 – 39.0 at Akwa Ibom State.
Available B was generally low with about 0.0 – 11.2mg/kg at Edo State and 0.0 – 5.3mg/kg at Akwa Ibom State. Available P was low with about 3.0 – 21.4mg/kg at Edo State and predominately high 5.6 – 83.5mg/kg at Akwa Ibom State. Generally, available P contents at Akwa Ibom State were higher than that of Edo State.
The low silt and clay contents, low pH, and low organic carbon, low concentration of exchangeable base cations levels were the major constraints of the soils for sustainable oil palm production. Thus the soils were placed in the S3 category regarded as marginally suitable for oil palm production.
Based on the fertility standards (FAO, 1976), the NIFOR soils were generally rated low in fertility despite the high levels of available P, Ca/K, Mg/K and base saturation.
Management measures to be adopted should include application of required levels of organic and inorganic fertilizers, since fertility standards were not met.


A cooker is provided to increase durability by preventing a magnesium alloy layer from corroding and burning at a high temperature. A method for manufacturing a cooker including a magnesium alloy layer contacting with an aluminum alloy layer comprises a step of manufacturing a clad board by connecting the magnesium alloy layer and the aluminum alloy layer, a step of molding the clad board by drawing with a molding press, a step of processing a surface of the magnesium alloy layer with PEO and a step of coating the surface of the PEO processed magnesium alloy.


BMI, skinfold thickness, and circumferential measures were assessed in groups of normal healthy Czech boys (n = 1764) and girls (n = 1762) 3–6 years of age in the late 1950s and 1960s (sample C), in the 1990s (sample B), and in 2014–2016 (sample A). During these decades BMI has not changed significantly, and in selected groups (boys 3, 5, and 6, girls 3 and 6 years) it was most recently found to be significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05). Subscapular, suprailiac, triceps, midthigh, and above patella skinfold thicknesses significantly increased in sample A as compared to sample C (P ≤ 0.001). Comparison of the same skinfolds measured in the nineties (sample B) and more recently (sample A) showed similar increase of subcutaneous fat (P ≤ 0.001). The increase of adiposity characterized by skinfolds occurring in spite of not markedly changed BMI indicates significant changes of body composition—latent (also hidden) obesity. The increase of adiposity was relatively greatest on the trunk (P ≤ 0.001)—which is considered a marker of the greatest health risk. The decrease of femoral circumference (P ≤ 0.05) along with simultaneous increase of thigh skinfold (P ≤ 0.01) revealed the decrease of muscle mass in the lower extremity, obviously due to the reduction of weight-transferring physical activity.


We are enabled, through the polite attention of Dr. Baron, of Gloucester, to communicate the following particulars relative to the decease of this distinguished man : " This most eminent individual was suddenly cut off by an attack of apoplexy, on the morning of Sunday the 21st ultimo, in the 74th year of his age. The night before his seizure, he went to bed cheerful and in apparent health. He rose at his usual hour on Saturday, and came down stairs into his library. Not making his appearance at breakfast, the servant was ordered to go into his room : 011 doing so, he found his master lying on the floor, the head and upper part of the body being supported on the couch on which he had been sitting. Medical aid was instantly procured, and bleeding and other appropriate remedies were had recourse to without delay. In about four hours thereafter, Dr. Baron, who had been sent for from Gloucester, arrived. Every thing then denoted the rapid approach of the fatal event. The right side was paralysed; the pupil of the eye contracted to a point, and utterly insensible to light; the pulse small, and very irregular; the breathing most distressingly stertorous; and the extremities cold. Efforts were incessantly made to avert the impending blow, but they were quite unavailing, as death took place in about seventeen hours from the first seizure." Dr. Jenner, in the early part of his career, was destined to the profession of surgery, under the tuition of John Hunter, and afterwards encouraged, by the friendship and patronage of his great preceptor, to practise that branch of the healing art in London. Preferring tranquillity to fame, Jenner declined these flattering prospects, and returned to practise as physician in his native place, Berkeley, little aware how much this determination involved the interests of mankind, or his own individual reputation. He was earl}' devoted to the study of natural history, and wrote an account of the Cuckoo, whose habits were but imperfectly known. This paper is to be found among the Transactions of the Royal Society, of which distinguished body he was soon elected a Fel-


SHARAD (SHAllow RADar) is the sub-surface sounding radar provided by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) as a facility instrument to NASA's 2005 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). SHARAD has been launched on August '05 and has started its nominal observation phase since November '06. Primary objective of its investigation is to map, in selected regions, dielectric interfaces to depths of up to one kilometer in the Martian subsurface and to interpret these interfaces in terms of the occurrence and distribution of expected materials, including rock, regolith, water, and ice. SHARAD which is a wideband low-frequency nadir-looking pulse limited radar sounder is expected to map Mars surface with a theoretical range resolution of 15 m in free space propagation, an along-track horizontal resolution of 300-1000 m and an across-track horizontal resolution of 1500-8000 m, depending on spacecraft altitude and terrain roughness. These performances can be reached by means of a focused synthetic aperture processing. The processing chain has been specifically designed and developed by CORISTA within SHARAD Ground Data System development activities with the aim of generating Level 1B products. This paper will be focused on of Level 1B SHARAD data processing description. Some results will be presented using SHARAD first data.


Occupy Wall Street was a thrilling protest that briefly dominated media attention and reshaped American public life.As Todd Gitlin suggests, it was perhaps more moment than movement, but of course moments can be very important to movements. Movements are relatively long-term collective engagements in producing or guiding social change. Indeed, in the nineteenth century, the term social movement was often used to describe the actual course of social change, especially change bringing broader social participation. The term is now used to describe all manner of mobilizations, but it is important to distinguish specific protests and other relatively short-term manifestations from longer-term patterns of action seeking to produce major changes. Movements often proceed in alternating phases of intense public action and seeming dormancy, and much of the work that shapes the long term is in fact done during what appear superficially to be mere spaces between waves of activism. The waves, moreover, are often conjunctures among multiple movements. In the 1960s, for example, people were mobilized not only around peace (or against a specific war), but also in the civil rights struggle, union struggles, the women's movement, the environmental movement and so forth. Likewise the Progressive Era saw a wave in which mobilizations for many causes around labour, immigration, women's suffrage and other issues reinforced each other in a field of movement activity. The same goes for the era of the Second Great Awakening with religious revitalization itself, temperance, labour, women's and above all anti-slavery movements. So there is no shame in being more moment than movement. It is no denigration of Occupy Wall Street (or the Occupy movement(s) more generally) to say it may not have a future as such. It may be a shaping influence on a range of movements and on the course of social change even if there is no continuing movement under the Occupy name. Even at its height, it was a loose-knit coalition among activists with a variety of different primary concerns: labour conditions in Walmart, fracking and energy policies, financial


Conclusion: C1q plasma levels in our patients were normal, suggesting that MCTO-associated genetic variants do not play a role in MafB-dependent regulation of complement component C1q production in humans. Further studies are necessary to exclude a role of complement system in the progressive nephropathy of patients with MCTO.


Name : P. Jhansi Title of the thesis : Nutrient status of turmeric growing soils in Guntur District, A. P., India Degree : Master of Science in Agriculture Faculty : Agriculture Department : Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Major Advisor : Dr. G. V. Lakshmi Associate Professor University : ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Year of submission : 2005 An investigation was undertaken during rabi, 2004 to study the fertility status and nutrient uptake pattern in turmeric crop and the relationship of soil nutrient status and plant composition with the curcumin content of turmeric rhizomes. Representative soil samples (50) from 0-15 cm depth were collected in turmeric growing areas of Guntur district by following the random sampling technique at two stages, one before planting of rhizomes, second stage 120 days after planting of rhizomes i.e., at maximum vegetative growth stage covering entire turmeric growing area. At this stage plant samples were collected. Rhizome samples (mother and finger) were collected after harvest of the crop. The soils collected were found to be mildly alkaline in reaction, weak to highly saline, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and potassium. The soils were high in calcium carbonate content and cation exchange capacity. Texturally they are sandy clay, clay and clay loams. Exchangeable calcium, magnesium and available sulphur, DTPA extractable manganese and copper were above critical limit. Where as iron and zinc deficiency was observed in few places. At maximum nutrient uptake stage, soil samples were collected and analyzed for nutrient status. Soils were mildly alkaline in reaction, weakly saline, medium in available nitrogen and phosphorus and the potassium was found to be high. Calcium, magnesium, sulphur, manganese, copper and zinc were in above critical limit range. Iron deficiency was observed in traces. Incase of turmeric leaves, except nitrogen all other nutrients were at optimum or above optimum level. Soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, manganese and zinc concentration exhibited significant positive correlation where as available potassium exhibited significant negative correlation. Clay content exhibited a negative but non-significant correlation where as all other nutrients exhibited a positive but non-significant correlation. Nitrogen, manganese and zinc content of turmeric leaves exhibited a significant positive correlation where as potassium exhibited a significant negative correlation with curcumin content of rhizomes. The mineral nutrient composition of turmeric mother rhizomes is more than that of finger rhizomes except potassium, which exhibited a reverse trend. Nitrogen, manganese content of both the rhizomes had a significant positive correlation and potassium had a significant negative correlation with curcumin content. Zinc content of turmeric mother rhizomes exhibited a significant positive correlation with curcumin content. However the phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulphur, iron, copper contents exhibited a positive but non-significant correlation with curcumin content.


Abstract: The utilisation of coal in the cement and concrete industries takes three basic forms: 1. As a fuel in the production of cement clinker, 2. Ash produced by burning coal in power stations is used as a component in cement rotary kiln feeds, 3. Ash produced by burning coal in power stations is used as a mineral additive in concrete mixes. This chapter sets out to consider coal's role not only in cement manufacture but also in concrete manufacture. Whilst in everyday language the two terms become interchangeable, they are in fact technically quite distinct. Cement is a component in the manufacture of concrete.


In the last times a growing emphasis exists in the commercialization of the university investigation, in particular, through the creation of companies (spin-offs). However, the phenomena that the concept of university spinoff is about embracing are not homogeneous. For this reason, it seems convenient to identify the different realities that it includes organizing them by means of typologies. The present work analyzes this question by means of a revision of the existent literature, and it proposes a classification that distinguishes four spin-offs types: independent, linked, joint venture and subsidiary. The three key approaches used to distinguish these four types of university spin-offs are: the implication or not of the investigator as entrepreneur, the nature of the transferred knowledge and the participation of external partners in the new company.


Since the COVID-19, the U.S. domestic economy has been hit hard, causing currency devaluation and a dramatic increase in unemployment. Economic policy during the Great Recession and COVID-19 had the impact of stabilizing the economy and saving the unemployment rate. It is of great significance to study the enormous positive and negative effects of these policies on the U.S. and global economies at that time and later. This paper analyzes and contrasts these effects with the support of literature and data. The Fed first changed its stance on rate hikes to cushion economic pressures, and then turned to rate cuts because of escalating trade frictions to sound recession alarms in the market. The spillover effect of U.S. macroeconomic policy adjustment is comprehensive. Affected by the financial hegemony of the United States, not only emerging economies are unable to resist the impact, developed countries are also difficult to escape the 'tail effect'. At present, many countries have government banks in order to avoid devaluation of their currencies, to prevent capital outflows, had to follow the Federal Reserve to make the decision to raise interest rates. The policies aimed at easing have all had a different impact on the U.S. economy and society.


Empirical studies on new growth theory have tended to ignore financial policy's role in development. The author provides evidence that the initial level of financial development is positively associated with a country's later GDP growth rate, after controlling for the effect of the starting value of human capital and the investment rate. A country that starts with a more developed financial system tends to grow faster because it can make more efficient use of resources. It can do so through several channels, including better evaluation and monitoring of firms, lower transaction costs for financial intermediation, and externalities generated from information collected and processed in financial markets. Policy reform that fosters financial development also has a significant positive effect on the growth rate of real GDP. The empirical evidence presented for 50 developing countries tends to reinforce a classical theme of development economics: the importance of human capital and financial markets.


introduces several special layout issues for latchup prevention. Neglecting these layout issues could draw the unanticipated latchup danger, including latchup between two power domains, between power-pins and grounded N+/N-well, and between two adjacent I/O cells, etc. The ESD-coupled diodes between separated power lines can also lead to the unexpected latchup. Direct connection between I/O pads and the N+/P+ diffusions in internal circuits could easily initiate latchup in internals circuits. Additionally, if the power-rail ESD clamp circuit is very close to the I/O pads, ESD-clamping NMOS could be unexpectedly turned on during the negative trigger current test, probably initiating the latchup in the nearby internal circuits. The corresponding solutions to these unexpected latchup issues are also introduced. By using these IC designers could prevent the possible design mistakes, eliminate the waste of masks and wafers, and decrease the time to market for products.


The utility model provides a microwave strip transmission line circulator with harmonic suppression, comprising a permanent magnet, a metal pole piece, a microwave ferrite and a shell, wherein a strip line central conductor is arranged in the microwave ferrite and consists of three 120-degree Y-junction resonators and three matching circuits; each matching circuit comprises at least one open parallel circuit and an inductance transmission line; the three inductance transmission lines of the strip line central conductor are radially and respectively connected to the conductor at the port of the circulator in a equivalent 120-degree manner. The microwave strip transmission line circulator is provided with the built-in quarter-wave open parallel circuit, so as to provide a notching filter function to suppress the harmonic.


Li Shangyin's parallel verses are characterized in high mastery of antithesis devices,including those in form,syntax,intra- inter-sentence relationships and overall expression.This mastery is not based on innovative rhetoric forms or methods,but on flexible and exhausting use of existing antithesis rhetoric norms to express his emotions and wills.Hence his works are bestowed with parallel rhetoric beauty in form and contents,in details and overall texts.


The paper offers a close-circuited method of automobile engine electronic fuel injection control on the basis of its open-circuited control system, expounds and proves the feasibility of close-circuited feedback fuzzy control on it, and defines the output in single input and output control system.


The role of bulk antiferromagnetic spins on exchange bias was investigated in interface spin-flop coupled Fe/MnPd bilayers and Fe/MnPd/Fe/IrMn multilayers. Magnetic measurement of the bilayers showed that the exchange bias saturated at a uniquely large critical thickness, \ensuremath{\sim}300 \AA{}, with a spin reorientation transition simultaneously observed. Field cooling of the multilayer, with parallel or antiparallel alignment of the two Fe layers leads to a different MnPd internal spin arrangement. Minor loop studies showed that nonrecoverable changes in the spin structure of the antiferromagnet occurred during the Fe layer reversal. The possibility of manipulating exchange bias of the Fe/MnPd couple by modifying the MnPd bulk spin configuration using the magnetizing process of the Fe/IrMn couple is demonstrated. A qualitative model based on interface spin-flop coupling is proposed to explain all the relevant properties, including the temperature dependence of the exchange bias.


In the paper there are given the results of research on frequency dependences of permittivity and of composite mixtures of nanosized powders of ferroelectrics and ferrites with different weight concentration. The measurements are completed on microwave by resonator method. It is shown that the addition of a ferroelectric material to a ferrimagnetic one can change the electromagnetic characteristics.


The problem on transformation of a volume SH wave propagating along an isotropic elastic space into a Stoneley wave in the consequence of the conversion of this space into a three‐layered medium by small variations in material elastic moduli in a portion of the space is considered. The three‐layered medium of two types has been investigated: A weakly anisotropic layer of cubic symmetry between two isotropic half‐spaces and an isotropic layer between two slightly anisotropic half‐spaces of cubic symmetry. In doing so, the elastic moduli of an isotropic material and isotropic parts of the moduli of a weakly anisotropic material are the same. Small anisotropic additions to the isotropic elastic moduli are entered by various means, so that velocities of SH waves in the slightly anisotropic materials with cubic symmetry obtained in such a way may be smaller, bigger, or equal to the velocity of SH waves in the corresponding isotropic material. It is shown that in those cases when the Stoneley wave exists, it re...


ABSTRACTPrediction of sonic velocities in shales from well logs is important for seismic to log ties if the sonic log is absent for a shaly section, for pore pressure anomaly detection, and for data quality control. An anisotropic differential effective medium (DEM) was used to simulate elastic properties of shales from elastic properties and volume fractions of silt and wet clay (a hypothetical composite material that includes all clay minerals and water). Anisotropic elastic coefficients of the wet clay were assumed as a first-order approximation to be linearly dependent on wet clay porosity (WCP). Here, by WCP we mean a ratio of a pore volume occupied by water to a total volume of the wet clay. Effects of silt inclusions on elastic coefficients of shales were taken into account by using the anisotropic differential effective medium model. Silt inclusions were modeled as spherical quartz particles. Simulated elastic coefficients of shales were used to calculate compressional and shear velocities, and th...


3045 Background: Imprime PGG (IPGG) is a yeast-derived β-1,3/1,6 glucan that primes innate immune cells to kill antibody-targeted cancer cells via a complement receptor 3 (CR3)-dependent mechanism. In humans, naturally occurring anti-β-glucan antibodies (ABA) are required for binding of IPGG to CR3 and subsequent changes in innate cell functions. Methods: In a 32-donor healthy volunteer study, using a qualified quantitative ELISA assay, ABA levels and the threshold for binding and modulation of innate immune functions were evaluated, including a) complement activation, b) complement receptor expression, c) activation marker modulation, and d) selective chemokine production. The potential of the ABA level as a clinical biomarker for clinical response to IPGG was evaluated in a Phase 2 clinical trial by retrospectively segregating subjects into populations at or above the ABA threshold (biomarker positive; BM+) or below the ABA threshold (biomarker negative; BM-). Advanced NSCLC patients received cetuximab,...


This paper presents some new fixed point results for condensing multimaps in s-KKM class in the setting of locally G-convex uniform spaces. We mainly show that every l.s.c., closed and generalized condensing selfmultimap with s-KKM property on a complete locally G-convex uniform space has a fixed point. Some applications to quasi-equilibrium problem of these fixed point results are also given.


Diabetes mellitus is becoming an epidemic health threat and represents one of the most prevalent chronic noncommunicable disorders. Cardiovascular complications are considered the leading cause of death for diabetic patients. Diabetes leads to undesired changes in cardiac structure and function, a condition commonly known as diabetic cardiomyopathy, which occurs independent of macro- and microvascular comorbidities in diabetes (1,2). Both systolic and diastolic dysfunctions have been demonstrated in diabetic hearts including prolonged duration of contraction and relaxation, reduced velocity of contraction and relaxation, and depressed myocardial contractility (1,3). In particular, clinical evaluation using electrocardiogram and echocardiography has revealed substantial functional changes in diabetic hearts, including shorter left ventricular ejection time, prolonged pre-ejection duration, increased wall stiffness, decreased fractional shortening, decreased rate of left ventricular filling, and increased action potential duration (4,5). To date, a plethora of cellular and molecular mechanisms have been postulated for the onset and development of diabetic cardiomyopathy, including reduced energy production due to decreases in mitochondrial respiration and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, apoptosis, impaired autophagy, and malfunction of cardiac contractile and intracellular Ca2+ regulatory proteins such as myosin, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA), and Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (1–3,5,6). The high morbidity and mortality for diabetic cardiomyopathy warrant aggressive clinical management involving lifestyle modification, control of glucose and lipid abnormalities, and treatment of hypertension and …


Measurement of the alpha inelastic-scattering cross sections for the first two 2/sup +/ states in /sup 34/S shows unambiguously that the relative sign of the neutron and proton transition matrix elements for both 2/sup +/ states are positive, just as in the cases of /sup 26/Mg and /sup 30/Si. Consideration of coupled-channel effects in inelastic scattering do not change this overall result. The present results are in contradiction with the predictions of recent shell-model calculations.


It is understood that in free bosonic theories, the classical field theory accurately describes the full quantum theory when the occupancy numbers of systems are very large. However, the situation is less understood in interacting theories, especially on time scales longer than the dynamical relaxation time. Recently there have been claims that the quantum theory deviates spectacularly from the classical theory on this time scale, even if the occupancy numbers are extremely large. Furthermore, it is claimed that the quantum theory quickly thermalizes while the classical theory does not. The evidence for these claims comes from noticing a spectacular difference in the time evolution of expectation values of quantum operators compared to the classical micro-state evolution. If true, this would have dramatic consequences for many important phenomena, including laboratory studies of interacting BECs, dark matter axions, preheating after inflation, etc. In this work we critically examine these claims. We show that in fact the classical theory can describe the quantum behavior in the high occupancy regime, even when interactions are large. The connection is that the expectation values of quantum operators in a single quantum micro-state are approximated by a corresponding classical ensemble average over many classical micro-states. Furthermore, by the ergodic theorem, a classical ensemble average of local fields with statistical translation invariance is the spatial average of a single micro-state. So the correlation functions of the quantum and classical field theories of a single micro-state approximately agree at high occupancy, even in interacting systems. Furthermore, both quantum and classical field theories can thermalize, when appropriate coarse graining is introduced, with the classical case requiring a cutoff on low occupancy UV modes. We discuss applications of our results.


AbstractThe transmission of intrinsic, antimony-doped, and gallium-doped Ge single crystals in the THz spectral range have been experimentally investigated. It is shown that the attenuation coefficient of intrinsic germanium in the range of 160‒220 μm is at a level of ~0.5 cm^‒1, a value comparable with that for silicon. The free-carrier absorption cross sections of silicon and germanium are significantly different, which may be caused by the difference in the mechanisms of carrier–phonon interaction in these materials.


The article is devoted to comparative analysis ofthe first two references in the sources to the Roman chair as «Apostolic throne» in the writings of St. Pope Liberius and St. Athanasius the Great (the middle of the IV century). The author concludes that the Roman and Alexandrian bishops use this term in different ways. If Pope considers that Rome is the Apostolic See in exceptional sense and communion with Rome is necessary for preservation of the orthodoxy, St. Athanasius simply underlines the special dignity of the Roman Church as having apostolic origin and located in the capital of the Empire, and condemns the violent actions that led to the «fall» of the Roman bishop.


Type II superconductors with periodic structure modulation have recently attracted great interest, not only due to their unusual magnetic and transport properties, 1-3 but also because they can serve as model systems for the study of flux pinning 4 and commensurate and incommensurate structures in two dimensions at zero temperature. 5'6 Experimentally, such systems are prepared by depositing successive superconducting layers, 1 by spatial modulation of impurity concentration along the given direction i n a superconducting alloy, 2 or by thickness modulation of thin superconducting films. 3 In all the above cases, the flux penetration is governed by accommodation of the (two-dimensional) vortex lattice to the (onedimensional) periodic inhomogeneity modulation. Since the magnetic structure of each vortex (as well as their interaction) is perturbed, the first task in studying the flux penetration is to evaluate the field distribution of a single vortex as a function of its position with respect to modulation. This is the purpose of the present paper, in which a new method is adopted, different from earlier perturbative approaches. 7,s This allows us to work with periodic modulations of relatively large amplitude. On the other hand, we find that even for small modulation amplitudes the results differ from those given by the perturbation method, except in the local limit of large


Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting(CINV) is associated with a significant deterioration in quality of life.With the development of antiemetic drugs,the control rate of acute and delayed CINV has significantly improved,but the control rate of delayed CINV is still low. The effect of first generations of 5-hydroxytryptamine-3(5-HT3) receptor antagonists are not significantly superior to dexamethasone,metoclopramide or prochlorperazine alone in the control of delayed CINV. Recent studies have shown that palonosetron,the second generation of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists,and NK-1 receptor antagonists are better than the first generation of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in the prevention of delayed CINV. Combination with antipsychotics drugs such as olanzapine,prochlorperazine can effectively control delayed CINV.


The ban of ocean dumping of sewage sludge has raised a growing interest on energy recovery technologies. For fuel production from the highly wet material, energy-efficient drying becomes the key technology. This study investigates a process combining ⅰ) the fry-drying of sludge for quick and complete drying and ⅱ) the steam compression for efficient recovery of latent heat in steam evaporated from sludge during fry-drying. Through heat and mass transfer calculations, this study identified the key design parameters and issues to be addressed for actual operation of the process. For recovery of the latent heat in steam, two types of condenser were considered: spray tower condenser and tube-type heat exchanger. The spray tower condenser allows direct contact of compressed steam at 2-5 bars with the cold oil sprays circulated from the oil bath. This can maximize the contact area between the two phases and therefore recover the latent heat in a compact volume. However, the flow rate of oil circulation should be about 10 times larger than that of steam in order to achieve an overall energy efficiency of 50% for sludge with a moisture content of 80%. This is due to the huge latent heat of steam compared to the heat capacity of oil. Such large circulation of oil from the bath to the condenser is not practical in terms of a stable operation of the bath as well as the electricity input required for a pump. When the tube-type heat exchanger is used for heat recovery, it is installed inside the oil bath to directly heat up the oil. As the saturation temperature of steam in the tube increases with pressures, steam compression into high pressures can reduce the length of the tube required for heat recovery. For a 100 ㎏/hr throughput of wet sludge into an oil bath with a volume of 1.0 ㎥, estimated energy efficiencies achievable were 61.81% at 5 bar of steam compression and 43.88% at 2 bar. It was concluded that the energy efficiency of the fry-drying process combined with steam compression is essentially limited by the size of condenser or the flow rate of the heat transfer medium (oil). In-bath heat exchanger is favorable for the stability during operation, but requires further process optimization.


Objective
To explore the feasibility of ileocecal valve-preservation ileocecostomy (IVPI) for infants with an extremely short distal ileal stump after primary single side ileostoma.

Methods
A retrospective analysis was performed for 11 IVPI cases from 2014 to 2017. There were 7 boys and 4 girls. The causes were neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (n=8, length of residual small intestine <60 cm in 2) and ileocecal atresia (n=3, torsional necrosis of blind end in 1). All children underwent primary distal single side ileostoma. The average operative closure age was 6 (3-8) months, the average body weight 5.4 (2.3-6.5) kg and the average pre-anastomotic residual length of small intestine 90 (50-140) cm. Among them, the residual length was <60 cm in two cases. The distance from distal ileal stoma to ileocecal valve had a range of 0-0.5 cm. The relevant clinical data included age, weight, length of ileal stump, surgical technique, complications and short/medium-term follow-ups.

Results
IVPI was successfully performed in all patients without anastomotic leakage or stenosis. Ileocecal valve plasty was performed due to ileocecal valve atresia or stenosis (n=3). Seven cases were uneventful postoperatively whereas wound infection (n=3) and acquired sepsis (n=1) caused a delayed recovery. During a follow-up period of 5-36 months, there was no onset of bowel obstruction, malnutrition, chronic diarrhea or other late complications. Body height and weight were all normal.

Conclusions
IVPI is both safe and feasible for infants with an extremely short distal ileal stump.

Key words:
Ileocecal valve; Anastomosis, surgical; Infants