(Abridged) A variety of formation scenarios was proposed to explain the diversity of properties observed in bulges. Studying their intrinsic shape can help in constraining the dominant mechanism at the epochs of their assembly. The structural parameters of a magnitude-limited sample of 148 unbarred S0--Sb galaxies were derived in order to study the correlations between bulges and disks as well as the probability distribution function (PDF) of the intrinsic equatorial ellipticity of bulges. It is presented a new fitting algorithm (GASP2D) to perform the two-dimensional photometric decomposition of galaxy surface-brightness distribution. This was assumed to be the sum of the contribution of a bulge and disk component characterized by elliptical and concentric isophotes with constant (but possibly different) ellipticity and position angles. Bulge and disk parameters of the sample galaxies were derived from the J-band images which were available in the Two Micron All Sky Survey. The PDF of the equatorial ellipticity of the bulges was derived from the distribution of the observed ellipticities of bulges and misalignments between bulges and disks. Strong correlations between the bulge and disk parameters were found. About 80% of bulges in unbarred lenticular and early-to-intermediate spiral galaxies are not oblate but triaxial ellipsoids. Their mean axial ratio in the equatorial plane is = 0.85. There is not significant dependence of their PDF on morphology, light concentration, and luminosity. The interplay between bulge and disk parameters favors scenarios in which bulges assembled from mergers and/or grew over long times through disk secular evolution. But all these mechanisms have to be tested against the derived distribution of bulge intrinsic ellipticities.


This paper proposes an optimal operational scheduling of a reconfigurable multi-microgrid (MG) distribution system complemented by demand response programs and Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) in an uncertain environment. Since there is a set of competing players with inherently conflicting objectives in the system under study such as the Distribution System Operator (DSO) and MG owners, a one-leader multi-follower-type bi-level optimization model is proposed. In this framework, the upper-level player as a leader minimizes the total cost from DSO's point of view, while the lower-level players as multi-followers maximize the profit of MG owners. Since the resulting model is a non-linear bi-level optimization problem, it is transformed into a single-level mixed-integer second-order cone programming problem through Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions. The satisfactory performance of the proposed model is investigated on a real-test system under different scenarios and working conditions.


The frequency and angle dependencies of the electric field radiated by an electric dipole E = E[sub 0] cos [omega]t are studied through numerical calculations of [vert bar]E[vert bar] in the VLF and LF frequency bands 0.02f[sub b] [le] F [le] 0.5f[sub b] in a model ionosphere over an altitude region of 800-6000 km where the wave frequency and electron gyrofrequency varies between F [approximately]4 - 500 kHz and f[sub b] [approx equal] (1.1 to 0.2) MHz respectively. It is found that the amplitudes of the electric field have large maxima in four regions: close to the direction of the Earth magnetic field line B[sub 0] (it is called the axis field E[sub 0]), in the Storey E[sub St], reversed Storey E[sub RevSt], and resonance E[sub Res] cones. The maximal values of E[sub 0], E[sub Res], and E[sub RevSt] are the most pronounced close to the lower hybrid frequency, F [approximately] F[sub L]. The flux of the electric field is concentrated in very narrow regions, with the apex angles of the cones [delta][beta] [approx equal] (0.1-1) deg. The enhancement and focusing of the electric field increases with altitude starting at Z>800 km. At Z [ge] 1000 up to 6000 km,more » the relative value of [vert bar]E[vert bar], in comparison with its value at Z = 800 km is about (10[sup 2] to 10[sup 4]) times larger. Thus, the flux of VLF and LF electromagnetic waves generated at high altitudes in the Earth's ionosphere are trapped into very narrow conical beams similar to laser beams. 7 refs., 14 figs., 5 tabs.« less


1. Introduction PART I - INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSES 2. International Framework 3. Regional Responses 4. National Responses PART II - SUBSTANTIVE MEASURES TO SAFEGUARD INTANGIBLE HERITAGE 5. International Human Rights and Intangible Cultural Heritage 6. Intellectual Property and Intangible Heritage 7. Contractual Approaches 8. Conclusions


Disseminated Gonococcal Infection (DGI), a rare complication associated with neisseria gonorrhoeae, is found in 0.5 to 3 percent of all reported gonorrhea infections. The most common symptom associated with the disease is arthritis. We herein report a case of a 21 year old African American female with past medical history of SLE on immunosuppressive agents presenting with papulo-pustular skin rashes in different stages of progression throughout the patient's body and joint pain. The female patient reported having engaged in unprotected sex two months prior to seeking treatment. Urine and endocervical gen probe tests tested positive for gonnorhea which lead to a confirmed diagnosis for DGI.


A numerical model is used to investigate the conversion efficiency of second-harmonic generation with "nondiffracting" Bessel beams. We experimentally validate the model and show, in contrast to a previous prediction, that the conversion efficiency is always less than for Boyd-Kleinman focused Gaussian beams. [S1050-2947(99)02909-1].


The invention relates to a variable-temperature treatment fast nodulizing method for high-carbon pearlite steel, which adopts a resistance furnace or a fuel gas furnace for heating the high-carbon pearlite steel with the carbon equivalent higher than 0.8 percent to 710 to 770 DEG C at a speed being 40 to 100 DEG C/min, the heat insulation time is controlled to be within 5min, then, the temperature in the furnace is reduced to 680 to 740 DEG C at a speed being 1 to 10 DEG C/min, the heat insulation does not exceed 15 min, the variable-temperature treatment is repeated for more than twice, and then, the materials are cooled to room temperature through air cooling or furnace cooling. The equipment adopted by the method is simple and ordinary, the process controllability is high, the operation is simple, the nodulizing time is shortened by more than 60 percent, and the nodulizing effect is good.


What is the point of studying ethics? This is the critical question that will drive this chapter. Many people don't think about ethics as they make decisions in their day-to-day lives. They see problems and make decisions based upon practical criteria. Many see ethics as rather an affectation of personal taste. It is useful only when it can get you somewhere. Is this correct? Do we only act ethically when there is a win–win situation in which we can get what we want and also seem like an honorable, feeling, and caring person?


Cryostate sections of tissues preliminarily frozen in benzine cooled with liquid nitrogen are recommended for use in a histological for use in a histological and histoenzymological study of the thyroid gland. In electron microscopic study the thyroid gland should be fixed by injection of a 4% solution of glutaraldehyde on a 0,075M cacodilate buffer immediately into the thyroid parenchyma.


This thesis provides the reader with a compendium of applications of network theory; tailor-madetools suited for the purpose have been devised and implemented in a data-driven fashion. In the first part, a novel centrality metric, aptly named "bridgeness", is presented, based on adecomposition of the standard betweenness centrality. One component, local connectivity, roughlycorresponding to the degree of a node, is set apart from the other, which evaluates longer-rangestructural properties. Indeed, the latter provides a measure of the relevance of each node in"bridging" weakly connected parts of a network; a prominent feature of the metric is its agnosticism with regard to the eventual ground truth community structure.A second application is aimed at describing dynamic features of temporal graphs which are apparent at the mesoscopic level. The dataset of choice includes 40 years of selected scientific publications.The appearance and evolution in time of a specific field of study ("wavelets") is captured,discriminating persistent features from transient artifacts, which result from the intrinsically noisy community detection process, independently performed on successive static snapshots. The concept of "laminar stream", on which the "complexity score" we seek to optimize is based, is introduced.In a similar vein, a network of Japanese investors has been constructed, based on a dataset which includes (indirect) information on co-owned overseas subsidiaries. A hotly debated issue in the field of industrial economics, the Miwa-Ramseyer hypothesis, has been conclusively shown to be false, at least in its strong form.


Abstract The 2008 Ivor Jenkins Award of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining has been made to Stuart Blackburn, Professor in Solids Processing at the University of Birmingham, UK, for his dedication to the field of solids, and extrusion and injection moulding of particulate materials. The Jenkins Award is made in recognition of a significant contribution which has enhanced the scientific, industrial or technological understanding of material processing or component production using particulate materials.


In recent years, economic growth and an increasing population have led to increased consumption of numerous amounts of assembly products and material resources all over the world. As the result, material shortages have become a serious global problem. To circulate materials from end-of-life (EOL) assembly products, manufacturers have to design reverse supply chain networks for EOL products. The reverse supply chain includes transportation of the EOL products from collection centers to recovery and/or disposal facilities. There are costs involved in recycling, transporting the EOL products and opening facilities. In addition, the EOL product statuses differ by user situation, and the recycling rate and cost of each product and part are dependent on the statuses. To design a reverse supply chain network, a decision maker (DM) decides the transportation route, the number of products on each route, and the production volumes at each facility to minimize the total cost while maximizing the recycling rate of the whole network. However, the relationship between the recycling rate and the total cost becomes a tradeoff. Therefore, the DM has to solve these issues simultaneously. On the other hand, Linear Physical Programming (LPP) is one of the effective methods for solving multi-objective problems. It allows the DM to express desirable ranges for each criterion. One of the most significant advantages of using LPP is that the DM does not need to specify the mathematical weights for each criterion. This study designs a bi-objective reverse supply chain network to collect and recycle the EOL assembly products using LPP. First, based on our previous study, the reverse supply chain network is modeled to transport the EOL products from collection centers to recycling facilities depending on the EOL product status, which includes the possible recycling cost and rate. Next, the reverse supply chain network is formulated using LPP to minimize the total cost while maintaining the recycling rate of the whole network. Third, a case study is conducted and the results obtained by the LPP and the integer programming from our previous study are compared. Finally, the sensitivity analysis for facility cost and the effect of changing the preference ranges of objective functions are investigated.


The critical exponent b of lattice gauge theory in(3 + 1)-dimension is calculated by using approximate analytical results of 〈L〉 in the deconfining phase transition region. The obtained b = 0.3622 ± 0.0027 confirms the universality conjecture. An extrapolating approach to determine the deconfining phase transition point is proposed.


Esencia Loewe Pour Homme By Loewe Eau-de-toilette Spray, 5-Ounce see review, you will get discount or special price this product


This essay analyzes the historiography of the field of criminal justice history. It traces the development of four broad approaches to the historical study of crime, policing, justice, and punishment from the start of the twentieth century to the present day. The four approaches identified are characterized as positivist/empirical, theoretical, social, and cultural. Concentrating primarily (but not exclusively) on works focused on the United Kingdom, the essay analyzes the development of each approach in turn, considering its antecedents and impact. The final section of the essay highlights emerging areas of research (including digital humanities projects and historical criminology) and proposes avenues for future investigation.


ABSTRACT We investigated the influence of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment on the estrogenic properties and conversion of the phenolic compounds in germinated black soybean. The black soybean was germinated for two- or four-days, and then subjected to HHP at 0.1, 50, 100, or 150 MPa for 12 or 24 h. The highest total polyphenol content (3.9 mg GAE/g), flavonoid content (0.8 mg CE/g), phenolic acid content (940 ± 18.96 μg/g), and isoflavonone content (2600 μg/g) were observed after germination for four days and HHP treatment at 100 MPa for 24 h. In terms of isoflavone composition, the malonyl, acetyl and β-glycoside contents decreased, while the aglycone content increased with HHP. The highest proliferative effect (150%) is observed at four days germination and HHP treatment at 100 MPa. These results suggest that application of HHP may provide useful information regarding the utility of black soybean as alternative hormone replacement therapy.


Objective: To observe the mechanisms of warming moxibustion in treatment of hyperlipidemia. Methods: 60SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups,the normal group,model group,acupuncture group,moxibustion group,medication group,and each group had 12 rats. Hyperlipidemia rat models were established by intragastric administration of fat emulsion 4 weeks. Treatment start after modeling success,and the model group,acupuncture group,moxibustion group,medication group were continue treated gastric perfusion of intralipid during the following 4 week's treatment. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of serum ox-LDL and ET-1. Results: The contents of serum TC,TG,LDL-c,ox-LDL and ET-1 of moxibustion group,acupuncture group,medication group were lower than model group,and the difference was statistically significant,but also they can HDL-c,though without statistical significance. Moxibustion group was better than medication group at the effect in decreasing the contents of TC,LDL-c,ox-LDL. The effect of acupuncture group in decreasing TG was better than the effect of moxibustion group and medication group. medication group had the better effect on ET-1 reduction than the other two groups. Ox-LDL has no relation with ET-1 in all groups.Conclusion: Warming moxibustion has obvious effects in regulating lipids of hyperlipidemia rats. The specificity and nonspecificity of warming moxibustion not only can regulate lipid,but also can reduce serum ox-LDL and ET-1,playing a role of resistance of oxidation and vascular injury and prevention of AS. Warming moxibustion is superior to western medicine in certain pathological link.


Aim of the present review is to summarize the different evidences regarding the ability of cannabinoids to control new vessels formation, and in this way, to suggest new possible molecular targets for the development of drugs which may be helpful in the management of different pathological condition associated to angiogenesis.


The use of uncooled infrared (IR) imaging technology in Thermal Weapon Sight (TWS) systems produces a unique tool that perfectly fulfills the all-weather, day-and-night vision demands in modern battlefields by significantly increasing the effectiveness and survivability of a dismounted soldier. The main advantage of IR imaging is that no illumination is required; therefore, observation can be accomplished in a passive mode. It is particularly well adapted for target detection even through smoke, dust, fog, haze, and other battlefield obscurants. In collaboration with the Defense Research and Development Canada (DRDC Valcartier), INO engineering team developed, produced, and tested a rugged thermal weapon sight. An infrared channel provides for human detection at 800m and recognition at 200m. Technical system requirements included very low overall weight as well as the need to be field-deployable and user-friendly in harsh conditions. This paper describes the optomechanical design and focuses on the catadioptric-based system integration. The system requirements forced the optomechanical engineers to minimize weight while maintaining a sufficient level of rigidity in order to keep the tight optical tolerances. The optical system's main features are: a precision manual focus, a watertight vibration insulated front lens, a bolometer and two gold coated aluminum mirrors. Finite element analyses using ANSYS were performed to validate the subsystems performance. Some of the finite element computations were validated using different laboratory setups.


In the contemporary society hospital is not only called to assure quality of care, but it have to answer to new social needs to provide citizens' health rights. Right to health, in a broad sense, include social rights, as well as more basic civil rights. These social rights respond to social needs such as easy access to care to all, promotion of the social respect culture and attention to doctors-patients relation and to relations involving caregivers-doctors-patients. Hospitals, in order to ensure the Right to health, should open ever more to the values of the community and to these new social needs. For this reason today the spaces in the hospital that we define 'public', such as spaces of interface, welcoming, waiting, relations among people have assumed a particular meaning. What this paper presents is part of a interdisciplinary research on health rights and hospital design. A study was conducted in three hospitals in Tuscany region in Italy by a group of researchers, including lawyers, architects, sociologists, health managers, doctors and other medical staff, in an attempt to reach a greater level of knowledge of what may be the spatial factors that affect the enjoyment of Right to health. The final scope of the research is to propose guidelines for health policy makers and new spatial indicators for the hospital design. The whole study is constructed around the legal perspective that is focused on the Right to health as a social right based on relationships. For this reason this study focuses on how spatial configuration and other environmental factors can facilitate or undermine those relations that represent an added value and contribute to fulfil the Right to health. This paper demonstrates how spatial configuration, of public spaces within hospitals, especially the integration core, influences relationships and interfaces between different categories of people. The paper particularly focuses on relationships between patients and medical staff, which was identified as a key element in order to achieve a better quality of relations, and therefore an effective enjoyment of Right to health. Social surveys and space syntax analyses (convaxial technique) were used to investigate the relationships between spatial layout and people interactions. The results here illustrated concern the building scale. We found some spatial-configurational elements which affect the patient-doctor informal interaction and can give us information about how and where these interactions can occur. Particularly the integration core of the 'public' and 'staff' models, the horizontal linkages between the cores and the functions of space. The meaningful contribution of this paper is to demonstrate how configurational structure of public spaces in hospital can affect and transform, in different way, the quality of relations Proceedings of the Ninth International Space Syntax Symposium, Seoul, 2013 N Setola, S Borgianni, M Martinez and E Tobari : The role of spatial layout of hospital public spaces in informalpatient-medical staff interface 025: 2 between patients and medical staff and therefore the fulfilment of Right to health, since it can provide decision-making processes with a more comprehensive vision of the existing problems and possible prospects. Moreover the research highlights the importance of an interdisciplinary, holistic approach to the issues of health rights and hospital design.


Objective: To evaluate the clinical and radiological outcome of MTA in nonvital teeth with open apices. Methods: Twenty-five non-vital teeth with open apices were treated with MTA apexification procedure. Standard endodontic procedures were followed and an apical plug of at least 5 mm was created by using MTA after a calcium hydroxide intra-canal dressing for at least 1 week. Final obturation was done after 24 hours by vertical compaction technique using gutta percha. Patients were recalled at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months interval. Clinical outcome was evaluated by assessing pain, tenderness, mobility and sinus tract. Blind to the treatment record, two examiners assessed the pre-treatment and post-treatment radiographs. Each radiograph was scored with the Periapical Index (PAI) and the size of the apical lesion was measured. The presence of an apical bridge over MTA was also noted. Results : Clinically 92% success rate was found whereas radiologically absolute success rate was 84%. Before treatment the mean PAI was 3.6 and mean size of the lesion was 3.24 mm. But, after 12 months follow up, the mean PAI was 1.36 and the mean lesion size was 0.68 mm. An apical barrier over MTA was distinguishable in 5 cases. Conclusion: Apexification using MTA can be considered as a predictable treatment option than calcium hydroxide apexification. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v3i2.17994 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2013; 3 (2): 13-19


The paper characterizes the necessary and sufficient condition under which additively separable social welfare functions are averse to s-th degree inequality. For s>1, the result states that aversion to (s+1)-th degree inequality is neither a weaker nor a stronger attitude than aversion to s-th degree inequality, hence it is not an extension of the Pigou-Dalton condition. This statement makes room to several attitudes to inequality such as aversion to upside inequality and elitism, among others.


DOI: 10.13137/2283-6438/11872 This essay aims at exploring collective and personal remembering, as well as the notion of forgetting as a kind of "rebeginning" (Augé 57) in Kate Atkinson Costa prize-winning Life After Life (2013). In Atkinson's novel Ursula Todd is born on February 11 1910, dies and is born again and again to undo the traumatic events that caused her previous death(s). The narrator's retelling of Ursula's life takes the reader through the two wars, and to different incarnations of Ursula's life, which finally set things right for her and for her beloved ones. The sense of déjà vu and constant repetitions underline the novel's main premise: what if? Indeed, it is a historical novel about the consequences of the past upon the present and the future, as well as about the decisions we as individuals make all the time, and how they can affect others. Therefore, it is also a novel about temporality. The prevalence of historicity and memory in contemporary criticism in recent years has led to a turn to the past; meanwhile, the future has attracted less attention, being understood only as potentiality of the present, as I will explore later. However, Atkinson's Life After Life stresses the drive towards the future and the inherent connections between past and future as another way of memorialising the past. In addition, this essay will also look into the ways in which Atkinson's novel engages with the concept of collective memory that underscores networks of individual and communal relations. Lastly, Paul Ricoeur's hermeneutics, alongside philosophical enquiries about time and death, expounded in Ricoeur's Rosario Arias


. The article generates design principles for business models offering route optimization software. Route optimization is a widely relevant activity in logistics, as it is its purpose to optimize the amount of time and the associated cost that a vehicle needs to reach its intended destination. The article presents a Grounded Theory study of user reviews drawn from the comparison portal Capterra to uncover possible design principles for these business models. User reviews are suitable data for that purpose as they are a rich source to derive basic requirements for a product. The data are analyzed qualitatively, adhering to established coding guidelines, and aligned with established business model components to achieve a link between empirical research and the underlying knowledge base. The synthesis of the data to design principles enables practitioners to adequately process and instantiate them into real-life design decisions that enhance the possibility of designing a successful business model.


1 The movement of radiolabelled 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) between the extracellular medium, the thrombin‐releasable (vesicular) compartment, and a non‐thrombin‐releasable compartment has been investigated in washed human platelets. 2 Appreciable amounts of extracellular 5‐HT can accumulate in a non‐releasable compartment. Depending on the incubation conditions and the amount of 5‐HT already present inside the cell, non‐releasable 5‐HT can either remain non‐releasable or rapidly migrate into the vesicular compartment. 3 Measurable amounts of vesicular 5‐HT can also enter a non‐releasable compartment. However, vesicular 5‐HT which becomes non‐releasable does not appear to mix with 5‐HT becoming non‐releasable following uptake from the extracellular medium. 4 Extracellular 5‐HT can be added to vesicles and to the non‐releasable compartment in the presence of appreciable quantities of 5‐HT already in one or both compartments. 5 The vesicular and non‐releasable compartments appear to accumulate 5‐HT independently of one another. Furthermore, most vesicular accumulation of 5‐HT occurs from the extracellular medium, rather than by translocation of non‐releasable 5‐HT into the vesicular compartment.


The deformation behavior and macroscopic formability of a Zr-based bulk metallic glass composite (BMGC) has been investigated in this study by performing a series of compression and laboratory-scale extrusion tests under various deformation rates within the supercooled liquid temperature region. The morphology of Zr−Ti−Nb-rich dendrite precipitates after warm deformation was first examined by using optical microscopy (OM) and a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The extrusion of this BMGC alloy within the supercooled liquid temperature region was found more difficult than the extrusion of other Zr-based monolithic BMG alloys, possibly due to the existence of dendrite phases hindering the characteristic viscous flow generated in the amorphous phase. A FEM simulation has also been carried out by utilizing the stress-strain behaviors obtained from high temperature compression tests, and the results have been compared with the experimental extrusion test results. The FEM simulation results for the extrusion process as well as a processing map based on a dynamic materials model (DMM) were found to agree relatively well with the actual macroscopic extrusion formability.


Object Comprehensions are a new query notation introduced in 1994 by Chan and Trinder to provide a declarative query language for object-oriented databases. Object Comprehensions allow queries to be expressed clearly, concisely, and processed efficiently, while incorporating many features that are missing from or inadequate in existing object-oriented query languages such as support of object-orientation, computational power and support of collection. However there is no object-oriented database (OOD) so far which incorporates Object Comprehension Language (OCL) as a query interface. This paper introduces an experimental translator to translate OCL into the O++ query language for Ode, an object-oriented database system from AT&T.


The purpose of this study was to analyze the weight measurement tasks according to children's ages and whether 4-to 6-year-old children use proper measurement equipment to measure weight. The study subjects were 105 preschool children: 37,38, and 30 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old children, respectively. The results showed that young children use 3 to 4 strategies. They used a strategy to estimate objects visually on the first step in measurement by direct comparison. On the second step, in measurement by nonstandard unit, they held up objects with one hand or two hands. That is, two strategies were shown in measuring objects with hands in this second step. On the third step, which is measured by standard unit, they used a strategy to choose the equal arm balance out of suggested measurement equipment.


This study was conducted to measure Nitrogen(N), Phosphate(), Potassium (), Organic matter(OM) and Moisture content of liquid pig manure by Near Infrared Spectroscopy(NIRS) and to develop an alternative and analytical instrument which are used for measurement of N, , , OM, and Moisture contents for liquid pig manure. The liquid pig manure sample's transmittance spectra were measured with a NIRS in the wavelength range of 400 to 2,500 nm. Multiple linear regression and partial least square regression were used for calibrations. The correlation coefficient(RSQ) and standard error of calibration(SEC) obtained for nitrogen were 0.9190 and 2.1649, respectively. The RSQ for phosphate, potassium, organic matter and moisture contents were 0.9749, 0.5046, 0.9883 and 0.9777, and the SEC were 0.5019, 1.9252, 0.1180 and 0.0789, respectively. These results are indications of the rapid determination of components of liquid pig manure through the NIR analysis. The simple analytical instrument for liquid pig manure consisted of a tungsten halogen lamp for light source, a sample holder, a quartz cell, a SM 301 spectrometer for spectrum analyzer, a power supply, an electronics, a computer and a software. Results showed that the simple analytical instrument that was developed can approximately predict the phosphate, organic matter and moisture content of the liquid pig manure when compared to the analysis taken by NIRS. The low predictability value of potassium however, needs further investigation. Generally, the experiment proved that the simple analytical instrument was reliable, feasible and practical for analyzing liquid pig manure.


The invention provides an LED constant current control circuit comprising a rectification circuit, an input capacitor Cin, an LED control chip, a filter capacitor C111, a current peak value sampling resistor R1, a current mean value sampling resistor R2, a main power inductor L112, a freewheeling diode D114 and a capacitor C113, wherein the LED control chip comprises a high voltage power supply module, a reference voltage source, a driving logic module, a main power switch tube Q101, a peak point current control module and a constant current control loop circuit; the constant current control loop circuit comprises operational amplifiers U301 and U307, a comparator U306, NMOS transistors Q302 and Q305, PMOS transistors Q308 and Q309, electric resistors R303 and R310 and a capacitor C304. The LED constant current control circuit is advantaged by small number of components, simple control mode and high reliability.


In this article, we apply a new, original technique of cohort analysis to test empirically whether political disenchantment in the post-communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe can be linked to the previous political culture. On the basis of International Social Survey Programme 1996 and 2006 data we find a surprisingly similar and unique cohort effect in all analysed post-communist countries, reflecting persistent generational differences in perceived political competence (interest and understanding of political processes). However, the communist legacy does not seem to be important for explaining low self-efficacy or distrust in political authorities and their responsiveness to citizens' demands.


Simple Summary Taxonomic studies on a polymorphic species inhabiting a region with relatively uniform environmental conditions (e.g., the Arctic) should involve an integrative approach. Ground beetles such as the subgenus Cryobius of the genus Pterostichus are a successful group in expansion in the tundra biome. The current taxonomy of Cryobius species is unclear and could be considered an obstacle to ecological studies; knowledge of their distribution patterns in the Arctic is rather limited. In this study, the first report on the phylogeography and phylogeny of the most abundant tundra subspecies, P. (Cryobius) brevicornis brevicornis (Kirby, 1837), within its continuous range throughout northern Eurasia and North America is presented. The results indicated that the male genitalia morphology of P. b. brevicornis from Eurasian populations shared a higher geographic variability compared with the pronotum shape and the mitochondrial DNA sequences. Abstract The geographic patterns of genetic and morphological variability in ground beetles were examined throughout Northern Eurasia and North America using the most abundant circumpolar tundra subspecies, Pterostichus (Cryobius) brevicornis brevicornis (Kirby, 1837), as a model. Phylogenetic structure was assessed on the basis of a Bayesian approach using two DNA markers (partial sequences of the COI and 28S rRNA genes), while phylogeographic patterns and population genetic diversity were estimated using the COI gene only. Morphological patterns were analysed using elliptical Fourier coefficients that were calculated based on the pronotum and male genitalia shape outlines. The subspecies shares 23 COI haplotypes throughout its entire circumpolar range, while eight haplotypes of 28S rRNA were detected in Northern Eurasia. Phylogenetic analysis did not reveal subdivided species lineages with strict geographical imprint. The network, FST and uncorrected pairwise divergence analyses showed that the genetic distances between populations increase by longitude from Northeastern Asia to Europe. The genetic variability among the five studied geographical population groups of P. b. brevicornis was relatively high. The MANOVA showed significant regional divergence between local populations in Northern Eurasia based on both morphological markers, but only male genitalia variability was geographically structured. Neither the pronotum shape nor the male genitalia shape aligned with the phylogeographic patterns discovered on the basis of COI sequences. The genetic (COI) marker had more variation within, rather than among, population groups in addition to morphology of pronotum but not male genitalia.


Understanding hydrocarbon migration and trapping is important since it can mean the difference between success and failure in exploration projects. The current understanding is that a capillary pressure change between a seal and a carrier bed (or reservoir) is the main factor responsible for the trapping. The current theory uses capillary pressure gradients under static (no flow) conditions to define the maximum amount of hydrocarbon that can be trapped under a particular seal. It assumes that at the very low flow rates encountered in secondary migration viscous pressure drops are negligible. Using numerical simulation and theoretical analysis, we show that, even at very low flow rates, viscous pressure drops are not negligible and that pressure gradients within phases can be substantially different from the static gradients. We present a theory that includes the effect of both the capillary and viscous forces. An innovative way of including the effect of capillary pressures in the method of characteristics is used to solve the migration and trapping problem. Migration and trapping are explained as a result of reflection and refraction of non-linear saturation waves from the heterogeneity boundaries. When viscous forces are included the seals can trap substantially more hydrocarbons than those predicted by the current theory. It is possible to classify seals into static and dynamic seals based on their capillary pressure curves and on the petrophysical properties of the carrier bed. In both cases, we are able to associate a time scale to the accumulation and indicate explanations for several other features commonly observed in secondary migration. The results from the proposed theory are confirmed using numerical simulations.


An investigation has been carried out to study the need of early age strength of in situ cast concrete, above all at form stripping. In laboratory has been studied foundation specimens, 2.4 m high wall specimens and 4.2 m floor slabs according to strength, deformation and cracking. Most of the specimens were also studied in regard to mechanical damages at form stripping. On wall specimens with different strengths the influence of reinforcement on the bearing capacity has been studied at horizontal loads. Floor slabs were investigated both concerning instantaneous and long-term deflection at different compressive strengths. The influence of the shores on the deflection was also observed. (Author)


The author reviews recent cases dealing with pragmatic and functional analysis
in judicial review, discusses the extension of its application to ministerial decisions, and examines the arguments that have been advanced in favour of bringing changes to the various standards of review.


Over the past decade, there has been a lot of progress in the development of compact single-frequency light sources and frequency combs based on microresonators and nonlinear optics. However, the mid-infrared (MIR) wavelength range still remains challenging to access with these devices while keeping a small footprint [1]. Some approaches rely on bulk MIR laser sources to pump microcombs, while others rely on converting near-infrared frequency comb sources to the MIR. In a different manner, quantum cascade lasers are a promising candidate as compact sources in the MIR but are limited to specific wavelengths and require high electrical powers.


Indian history of Muslim dynasty divided into two parts– Sultani period (1206-1526) and Mughal period (1526-1707). Sultani period was the period of non development from the view of creativity. The Sultani period was barren period. The Mughal period is considered as a new era for Islamic and world history. Mughal period was influenced by modern civilization. In political system also Mughal period started a new age. Economic growth and cultural inspiration enhanced in sate during Mughal period. Religion thought, painting, architecture and wealth made Indian culture a new from during Mughal period. Besides this, liberalism, tolerance was observed in this period. The geographical area of Mughal dynasty was the North Himalayan range to the South Indian Ocean, in the west Afghanistan, Baluchistan, in the east. Cartogram and Arakan, within the boundary of Mughal empire there remained Bijaynagar of Amahadabad population of Mughal period cannot be agriculture, vocational education is related to the old age apprenticeship system of learning vocational education some times referred to as technical education as the learner directly expertise in the particular group of techniques or technology. Vocational education is a distinct stream, intended to prepare students for indentified occupations.


This study analyzed the variability and trends in precipitable water vapor (PWV) in North China from 1979 to 2015. The spatial distribution of annual mean PWV was generally characterized by two high PWV centers in Eastern China and the Tarim Basin and two low PWV centers in Northern Tibet and Qinghai Province and in Inner Mongolia. The levels of seasonal mean PWV were highest in summer, followed by autumn and spring, and lowest in winter. The maximum monthly mean PWV occurred in July and August, while the minimum occurred in December to February. Increasing trends in PWV, with the trend magnitude ranging from 0.1 to 1.2 mm decade−1 over North China, were observed in the radiosonde, ERA-interim, and MERRA-2 PWV data from 1979 to 1999; but a slightly decreasing trend of −0.4 mm decade−1 from radiosonde was found in most regions of North China from 1979 to 2007. A monotonically increasing PWV trend was detected throughout North China between 1979 and 1999, with the maximum trend occurring in summer and the minimum occurring in winter. For the period of 1979–2007, a slightly but less marked decreasing trend was found at most stations in North China in all four seasons.


An adjustable damper and its working principle are introduced,and its mechanical model is established.Using vehicle's dynamics theory,a dynamic model of a quarter of semi-active suspension is established.The similarity theory is introduced and applied in simulation analysis of the semi-active suspension.A similarity circuit of a quarter of the semi-active suspension is established.Through the simulation of the similarity circuit,the effect of semi-active suspension on improving vehicle's ride comfortableness is forecasted.


Certain problems exist in connection with the renewal of local government structures. Examples of factors which Influenced the process of change In overseas countries are descriptionbed and compared with the South African situation.


The current study aimed to examine the effect of different solvents on phenols and flavonoid contents and evaluate the antioxidant activities of different extracts. At first, the Soxhlet extracts were performed with four solvents (ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, and water) and were examined for their polyphenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant potentials using three assays (DPPH, FRAP, TAC). The dosage of phytochemical compounds (polyphenolic and flavonoid contents) revealed that the highest values were established in ethanol extract (p<0.05). Additionally, the strongest antioxidant activity measured by TAC and DPPH assays was established in ethanol extract with 400±00 mg AAE/g DW and 0.36 ± 0.07mg/mL, respectively, while the methanol extract showed the best antioxidant activity as measured by FRAP with an IC50 value of 2.98 ± 0.2 mg/mL; the lowest value was observed in ethyl acetate extract. The Vitex fruits possess remarkable antioxidant potential, which may enhance their protective effects.


Summary : This study examined the effect of deficient zinc intake on the palatability of lard and fish-oil diets. Four-week-old male Fischer 344 rats were fed one of four diets: zinc-deficient lard diet (− ZnLD ) , zinc-deficient fish-oil diet (− ZnFD ) , zinc-adequate lard diet (+ ZnLD ) , zinc-adequate fish-oil diet (+ ZnFD ) . After 3 weeks, six rats in each group were dissected. The remaining − Zn rats were placed on a two-choice diet program of − ZnLD and − ZnFD, and the + Zn rats were placed on a two-choice diet program of + ZnLD and + ZnFD. After the self-selection period, all rats were dissected. Throughout the experimental period, the − Zn groups showed significantly low plasma zinc concentrations, food intake, and body weight, compared to the + Zn groups. The plasma and hepatic lipid levels were also lower in the − Zn groups. While the + Zn groups selec-tively ingested LD and FD at an n- 6 /n- 3 ratio of approximately 3 , the n- 6 /n- 3 ratio was 1 . 9 in the − ZnLD group and 6 . 6 in the − ZnFD group. These results suggest that the + Zn groups were capable of taking in essential fatty acids at a fixed n- 6 /n- 3 ratio, and that deficient Zn intake appeared to reduce this ability.


This monograph of 233 pages masquerading as an article is as formidable a work as its lengthy title and sub-title suggest and define accurately. Dr Zimmermann, Director of the Lower Saxony Institute for Historical North Sea Coast Research at Wilhemshaven, whose interest in timber structures from prehistoric to medieval is known to English readers through his contributions to Vernacular Architecture, has now produced a wide-ranging study of the transition from earth-fast posts to timber structures removed from direct contact with the soil. The change thus documented, from necessarily shortlived buildings to those capable of surviving for centuries, is of fundamental importance to both archaeologists and historians: to archaeologists in reconstructing buildings from soil evidence and assessing their likely duration, and to historians in reckoning the economic consequences and improved living standards arising from better construction. In reviewing Zimmermann's work for a journal much concerned with architectural history as much attention will be paid to its implications as to its contents. A comparative glossary of technical terms in French, English, Dutch, German, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Swedish, Finnish and Japanese indicates the geographical scope of the work and its potential readership and complements a section defining ten principal terms to be used, notably Pfosten earth-fast posts and Stander posts standing free of the soil on padstones, stone sills or timber sills. The text is organised systematically in sixteen numbered sections ranging in length from three to sixty pages, each with numbered paragraphs and sub-paragraphs, so, for example, the subject of the removal of his house by a tenant farmer to a new location is dealt with at 220.127.116.11.3.3. A bibliography running to twenty-nine pages and including over a thousand entries in ten languages underpins the vast learning deployed in the preceding pages and the whole is plentifully illustrated with photographs, drawings and old engravings. Only those readers most committed to the study of early timber construction will wish to read such a text continuously but those who do and the many who will require to use it piecemeal will find it more readable than these remarks may suggest and much more so than most similarly organised books. Nearly all the topics that figure in archaeological reports on house sites are covered in the text. Post-holes are discussed at length: their soil traces, how they were dug and the various ways they were bottomed or filled; also the posts themselves, whether set or


Received October 16, 2012 Revised December 4, 2012 Accepted December 12, 2012 Address for correspondence Hyun Seung Choi, MD Department of OtolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, 100 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 410-719, Korea Tel +82-31-900-0972 Fax +82-31-900-0972 E-mail email@example.com Background and ObjectivesZZOral systemic steroids are the most commonly accepted treatment for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) despite pathophysiological uncertainty. Recently, intratympanic dexamethasone (ITD) has been proposed as an effective, alternative method for patients in whom oral steroids either fail to respond or are contraindicated. The authors compared the efficacy of ITD according to the duration of hearing loss prior to first dose of ITD. Subjects and MethodZZWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records and audiologic data of 86 SSNHL patients who received ITD from May 2009 to April 2012. Injections were repeated 5 times for 2 weeks and the favorable recovery was defined as complete or partial recovery using Siegel's criteria. We compared the hearing outcomes between pre-ITD and postITD with respect to the duration of hearing loss. ResultsZZThe mean pure-tone audiograms before and after ITD were 57.91±25.52 dB and 50.81±24.28 dB (p<0.01), respectively. According to Siegel's criteria, the overall rate of hearing improvement after ITD was 22.1% (19/86). Favorable hearing recovery was observed in 8 of 18 (44.4%) patients within 10 days, 7 out of 41 (17.1%) between 10 days and 20 days, 2 of 18 (11.1%) between 20 days and 30 days, 2 of 7 (28.6%) over 30 days. ConclusionZZITD is a useful method as primary or salvage treatment of SSNHL. The results of this study suggest that early ITD after hearing loss increase the probability of hearing recovery. Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2013;56:19-22


Initial concentration condition effect of particle cross-sectional concentrations of particle suspension two phase flows in a microchannel have been investigated. The cross-sectional capacitances between 12 sensor electrodes have been measured by a high speed multiplexer and multi-layer capacitance measurement technique in order to determine the particle concentration. The polystyrene particles as a solid phase and non-conductive deionized water as a liquid phase are non-uniformly injected into inlets microchannel. The normalized particle concentration was calculated based on the multi-layer capacitance measurement from modified Maxwell equation. The particles are migrated from the upstream to downstream cross-section, particles move away from center streamlines to near the wall vicinity area and the number of the particles migration towards wall vicinity area are clearly increased near to the outlet area. The stream transitional particle migration due to lift forces is investigated with the effect of the initial particle concentration. The results shows the particle migration ratio decreased with the increment of the initial particle concentration where in case of initial particle concentration, ξ=3.0% it shows the higher particle migration ratio from the upstream to downstream cross-section than the initial particle concentration, ξ=5.0 or 10.0%.


New Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) processing plants are being developed and constructed along the eastern and western seaboards of Australia. In support of tendering processes for engineering design and construction, geotechnical site investigations are required over these large construction site foot print areas. The foot print areas often span across remote and inaccessible onshore and nearshore marine environments. Previously the domain of the resource exploration industry, geophysical expertise is now being increasing used to support traditional site investigation techniques in order to provide complete and accurate geotechnical characterisation of large LNG construction sites. High resolution and near-surface geophysical techniques, when integrated with intrusive sampling and testing, are proving to be a cost effective and reliable way to image and test large volumes of onshore and nearshore footprint areas. Geophysical techniques are particularly helpful where borings and intrusive testing are limited or restricted for reasons that may include investigation budget limitations, permitting, inaccessibility and environmental disturbance constraints. Integration of geophysics with geotechnical investigative techniques offers the potential to improve management of project risks and costs, as well as enhance understanding of site conditions. This article describes some proven geophysical techniques in geotechnical investigations of large footprint LNG plant construction sites.


The mathematical models described the mechanism of the arc erosion in electrical contacts due to vaporization, liquid metal and solid particles ejection are presented. The model of the erosion in the vapor state is based on the two-phase axisymmetric Stefan problem for the multi-component arc heat flux. The special method of the upper and lower majorant functions is elaborated for the solution of this problem. The problem of the identification of the arc heat flux using an additional information about the dynamics of the phase transition surface is also discussed in the frame of the inverse Stefan problem. The erosion of refractory contact materials, such as tungsten, molybdenum, zirconium etc. can be explained by the thermocapillary (Marangoni) effect stipulated by the significant temperature dependence of the coefficient of the surface tension. The corresponding mathematical model takes into account phenomena in the surface layer of the melted pool. The model for the erosion in the solid state may be considered for a high-power pulse arc discharge, when the rate of current growth reaches very high values, thermal stresses, exceeding the yield strength of contact materials, can be generated and lead the erosion of the contact in solid state. Thermal stability of the contact material can be maintained by a careful selection of the contact materials and parameters controlling the current pulse. The numerical calculations for each form of erosion are represented and compared with the experimental data.


This paper outlines the applicability of microwave radiations for breast cancer detection. Due to high contrast in dielectric properties between normal and cancerous tissues this technique has received a significant attention from the researchers. This paper outlines the ongoing research going on in the field of microwave breast imaging techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of various techniques are discussed. The fundamental tradeoff is indicated between various requirements to be fulfilled in the hardware architecture of an imaging system for breast cancer detection.


He graduated in the University of Granada, Spain, and obtained his doctorate from the University of Heidelberg, Germany. He has edited two books and is author of numerous publications in peer-reviewed journals. His current focus is on the genesis of polymetallic ore deposits related to porhyry systems, Iron Oxide Copper Gold deposits an on Mississippi Valley Deposits. He directs the Geneva Ore deposit Group (http://www.unige.ch/sciences/terre/mineral/ore/min_ore.html). Coworkers and graduate students work on research projects in different parts of the world in cooperation with several mining companies and state institutions on a variety of ore deposit types.


Background: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the preferred treatment for renal calculi greater than 2cm in diameter. In both the United States and United Kingdom, interventional radiologists often perform percutaneous access rather than urologists obtaining their own access. Objectives: We present a local cohort of urologist versus radiologist obtained percutaneous access and a relevant literature review. In addition, access techniques and the role of training urologists to obtain percutaneous access are reviewed. Patients and Methods: The records of 233 patients undergoing PCNL at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) between 2000 and 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were stratified according to percutaneous access by urologists (group 1) or a group of interventional radiologists (group 2) in 195 and 38 patients, respectively. Radiologist-acquired access was performed for collecting system decompression in 33.3% of patients in group 2. A predicted access difficulty score was calculated using demographic, stone, and operative variables. Percutaneous access complications and stone-free rates were compared between groups. A Medline search of pertinent articles was conducted. Additional sources were identified from the reference sections of relevant manuscripts. Results: Rates of stone clearance are superior with urologist-obtained renal access as compared to radiologist-obtained access when there is no preoperative communication between groups. Complication rates are similar between groups. Among urologists, the learning curve for PCNL is 60 cases for competence and 100-115 cases for excellence. Several models for virtual training in percutaneous renal access are available. The use of retrograde endoscopy can reduce the number of tracts required for access, thereby reducing perioperative blood loss. Ultrasound has been used as an adjunct imaging modality for PCNL and reduces the risk of radiation to patients and staff. Conclusions: Urologists can safely obtain percutaneous renal access. Further training during and after residency is necessary to increase the number of urologists capable of obtaining access for PCNL. A number of virtual models are available to facilitate training. Endoscopic-assisted percutaneous renal access may decrease the steep learning curve associated with obtaining percutaneous access. Efforts should be made to decrease the use of ionizing radiation during PCNL. ARTICLE INFO


In this study, we examine the criteria for lifetime measurements using the Eyring acceleration test model and statistical analyses to evaluate high-density recordable optical disks. Two criteria are commonly used to determine disk lifetimes. One is the parity inner (PI) error number of the error correction code (ECC). The other is the jitter value (the channel clock to data). The results have demonstrated that the statistical distribution of lifetime data using jitter is a lognormal distribution. Using this criterion, we can estimate the standard life expectancy of high-density recordable optical disks as the minimum lifetime of 95% survival probability at a 95% confidence level.


Binschus v. State , 380 P.3d 468 (Wash. 2016), considered whether a county jail has a duty to prevent inmates from violent acts after they have been released from detention. The plaintiffs contended that the jail could have prevented an inmate from committing several violent crimes after his release


1. The transduction mechanisms involved in the activation and modulation of the noradrenaline‐activated cation current (Icat) were investigated with whole‐cell patch clamp techniques in rabbit portal vein smooth muscle cells. 2. Intracellular application of guanosine 5‐O‐(3‐thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S, 500 microM) evoked a 'noisy' inward current at ‐50 mV with a similar current‐voltage relationship and reversal potential to the current evoked by bath application of noradrenaline (100 microM). Guanosine 5‐O‐(2‐thiodiphosphate) (GDP beta S, 1 mM) markedly inhibited noradrenaline‐activated Icat. 3. The phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122 inhibited the amplitude of the noradrenaline‐activated Icat in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manner and the IC50 was about 180 nM. U73122 had similar effects on the cation current evoked by GTP gamma S. 4. Intracellular application of myo‐inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3, 100 microM) from the patch pipette did not activate any membrane current in cells where intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was buffered to 14 nM, but subsequent addition of noradrenaline evoked Icat. 5. Bath application of the 1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycerol (DAG) analogue 1‐oleoyl‐2‐acetyl‐sn‐glycerol (OAG, 10 microM) activated Icat, whereas the phorbol ester phorbol 12,13‐dibutyrate (PDBu, 0.1‐5 microM) failed to activate Icat, in every cell examined. Icat activated by OAG after bath application of PDBu was not significantly different from OAG‐activated Icat in the absence of PDBu. The DAG lipase inhibitor RHC80267 (10 microM) activated Icat in some cells, whereas the DAG kinase inhibitor R59949 (10 microM) never activated Icat. 6. Bath application of the protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine (1‐10 microM) had no effect on either OAG‐or noradrenaline‐activated Icat. 7. It is concluded that noradrenaline activates Icat via a G‐protein coupled to PLC and that the resulting DAG product plays a central role in the activation of cation channels via a protein kinase C‐independent mechanism.


e12559 Background: Pathologic Complete Response (pCR) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in breast cancer is strongly associated with a favorable prognosis. We evaluated whether there is a correlation between serum levels of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) during neoadjuvant therapy with obtaining pCR and detection of residual disease after treatment. Methods: ctDNA was isolated from 310 plasma samples of 27 patients diagnosed with localized and/or locally advanced breast cancer treated with standard NAC alone or combined with immunotherapy and/or anti-HER 2- targeted therapy when indicated. Blood was collected at pretreatment, every 15 days during treatment and before surgery. Results: Eight (29%) of the 27 patients presented pCR, 4 triple negative (50%, 3 HER2+ (37%) and 1 (13%) luminal B. We observed that throughout the neoadjuvant treatment in the seventh collection the ctDNA levels were significantly higher in patients who did not presented pCR in relation to those who achieved it, p-value = 0.014. 62% of patients who presented pCR in the surgical specimen also had a complete radiological response, with a significant correlation, p-value = 0.02492. Although we did not find statistical significance, we did note that patients who presented pCR had a tendency towards an initial increase in their ctDNA levels after the first cycle of chemotherapy. Conclusions: ctDNA dosage in the third month (seventh collection) of neoadjuvant treatment is inversely correlated with the achievement of tumor pCR. The tendency we saw of an increased ctDNA levels soon after the initiation neoadjuvant chemotherapy could indicate tumor sensitivity by the increase in cell death with release of ctDNA into the circulation. Clinical trial information: NCT05050890.


FALL 2018 | 21 Disinformation is defined by Merriam-Webster as "false information deliberately and often covertly spread (as by the planting of rumors) in order to influence public opinion or obscure the truth." [1] The word disinformation did not appear in English dictionaries until the 1980s. Its origins, however, can be traced back as early as the 1920s when Russia began using the word in connection with a special disinformation office whose purpose was to disseminate "false information with the intention to deceive public opinion." [2] Russia considered disinformation as a strategic weapon to be used in its overall Active Measures strategy. Active Measures, активные мероприятия, is a Soviet term for active intelligence operations for the purpose of influencing world events to achieve its geopolitical goals. [3] Major General Oleg Kalugin, retired KGB, considered disinformation as a critical component of the Active Measures strategy. Major General Kalugin described this as "the heart and soul of Soviet intelligence. Not intelligence collection, but subversion: active measures to weaken the West, to drive wedges in the Western community alliances of all sorts, particularly NATO, to sow discord among allies, to weaken the United States in the eyes of the people of Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America, and thus to prepare ground in case the war really occurs." [4] To achieve these ends, many different methods were employed; such as, the creation of front organizations, the establishment of opposition parties, the support of criminal and terrorist organizations, and even the spread of disinformation through official and unofficial channels designed specifically to sow discord among the targeted audience.


The most common methods and devices for determining the rotational angle of electromechanical subassemblies (RAEMSA) of motor vehicles were analyzed. The analysis showed that the incremental method proves to be the most favorable for automobiles involving a synchronization disk and a digital Hall sensor for mechanisms that make a full rotational movement, AMR sensors for mechanisms operating in a limited sector of the rotational angle. An algorithm for processing the sensor signals to expand the measuring range for the angle of the operating mechanism position has been developed. This algorithm allows doubling the measuring range for the angle of the working mechanism position.


Abstract In a post-Brexit (and perhaps even post-truth) context, the entire nation is going through an intense period of self-scrutiny, attempting to find a way forward for British culture despite a growing climate of divisive and destructive trends. As ever, verbatim theatre, spearheaded by Rufus Norris' National Theatre, has sought to provide some answers in its relentless examination of the state of Britain. However, since the renaissance of verbatim theatre in the mid-1990s, the political situation has worsened considerably and it may appear that the typical strategies of verbatim theatre have lost their efficacy, struggling to provide a much-needed alternative. In this article, I will assess some of verbatim theatre's latest developments in the 21st century through three main case studies, which are DV8's To Be Straight with You (2007), Catherine Grosvenor's Cherry Blossom (2008) and Alecky Blythe's Little Revolution (2014). My main argument is that, notwithstanding the claims to the contrary, verbatim theatre is far from being in decline and it has continued to fluctuate, transform and exceed its familiar parameters, urging us to rethink its general aesthetic coordinates beyond the project of documentary realism and that of a national 'shadow archive.' More specifically and drawing from a variety of recent examples including the aforementioned case studies, I will argue that verbatim theatre in this period has a post-postmodern proclivity to make new connections across the fragments and re-construct the social.


Our understanding of avian tumour virology has laid the groundwork for much basic cancer research. Most outstanding has been the delineation of oncogenes. These were first discovered in avian leukosis and sarcoma viruses, but are of fundamental importance in most types of non‐viral cancer too, both in animals and humans. Avian tumour viruses gave us the tools to probe the complex signalling pathways in the cell that go awry in cancer. Avian retroviruses have also aided medical research in other ways: HIV infection is treated by anti‐retroviral drugs directed against enzymes, such as reverse transcriptase, first discovered in chicken retroviruses. Endogenous viral genomes are becoming linked to normal development, to disease and to concern over xenotransplantation; again, the chicken provided the initial knowledge. Retroviral vectors used to deliver human gene therapy have borrowed extensively from natural oncogenic and genetically‐engineered avian retroviruses. Marek's disease virus (MDV) has served as a ...


A detailed theoretical and numerical analysis of the electrothermal behavior of single-finger bipolar transistors is proposed. Two models of different complexities are introduced to investigate self-heating effects in bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) biased with a constant base-emitter voltage source or with a constant base current source. In the constant base-emitter voltage case, simple relations are derived for determining the onset of the flyback behavior in the output characteristics which defines the boundary of the safe operating region. The model indicates that the flyback behavior disappears at high V/sub BE/ values, and predicts a thermal hysteresis phenomenon at high currents. It is also shown that at high current levels the electrothermal behavior is dominated by ohmic base pushout. If a constant base current is applied, the model shows that both BJTs and HBTs are unconditionally thermally stable. The transient behavior is also considered, and the temperature evolution is investigated for different bias conditions. The model shows that, if the device is biased in the thermally unstable region, thermal breakdown occurs within a finite time instant in the limit case of a zero ballast resistance. Finally, the reduction in the safe operating area due to avalanche effects and to the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity is discussed, and a simplified model is proposed.


Semi-competing risks data arise when both non-terminal and terminal events are considered in a model. Such data with multiple events of interest are frequently encountered in medical research and clinical trials. In this framework, terminal event can censor the non-terminal event but not vice versa. It is known that variable selection is practical in identifying significant risk factors in high-dimensional data. While some recent works on penalized variable selection deal with these competing risks separately without incorporating possible correlation between them, we perform variable selection in an illness-death model using shared frailty where semiparametric hazard regression models are used to model the effect of covariates. We propose a broken adaptive ridge (BAR) penalty to encourage sparsity and conduct extensive simulation studies to compare its performance with other popular methods. We perform variable selection in an event specific manner so that the potential risk factors and covariates effects can be estimated and selected, simultaneously corresponding to each event in the study. The grouping effect, as well as the oracle property of the proposed BAR procedure are investigated using simulation studies. The proposed method is then applied to real-life data arising from a Colon Cancer study.


A method for converting hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfide to carbon disulfide and hydrogen is provided comprising contacting the hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfide to a bi-functional catalyst residing in a controlled atmosphere for a time and at a temperature sufficient to produce carbon disulfide and hydrogen. Also provided is a catalyst for converting carbon sulfides and hydrogen sulfides to gasoline range hydrocarbons comprising a mixture containing a zeolite catalyst and a hydrogenating catalyst.


The article is devoted to fundamental and applied research in the field of fire safety of textile materials. The purpose of this work is the design and creation of special-purpose clothing, involving the effects of electricity and / or elevated temperatures, by: scientifically-based selection of fabrics and accessories with protective properties. Special design solutions were developed to protect the most likely sites of injury. The authors completed the studies to assess the quality of planting samples of heat-resistant products confirmed that the magnitude of the increments, calculated taking into account the dynamic movements and properties of heat-resistant materials, provide high ergonomic characteristics and ease of use of clothing when performing professional duties in extreme conditions involving the effects of electricity and elevated temperatures. At present, the process of 3D representation of the external basic shape of the product has been studied to the greatest extent since simple silhouette shapes of the clothing can be mathematically described. The surface of the outer clothing can be described by silhouette projections in the frontal and sagittal planes, horizontal sections, as well as informative points located on the contours of the sections characterizing the silhouette. The quantitative characteristics of the shape of the designed product in three dimensions can be magnitudes of projection increases as the gap between the skin and the clothing. In addition, such parameters of horizontal section contours as the spatial gap and its angular measure facilitate the process of describing behavior of the material in the finished product relative to the surface of the person's figure. According to the above mentioned aspect, it is obvious that the three-dimensional scanning method can be a tool not only for studying the behavior of heat-resistant materials in special clothes to protect against an electric arc, but also it allows creating an actual database of properties of heat-resistant materials.


-This study was grounded in the constructivist paradigm and guided by Vygotsky theory to understand and analyse description of phenomena relating to preservice preparedness in inclusive pedagogies. The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to construct a shared essence of lived experiences of how pre-service teachers are prepared in inclusive pedagogies. Purposive sampling was employed to select Six participants; two females and four males in their third and final year of secondary teachers diploma studies. Data were generated through phenomenological observation, semi structured and focus group interviews. It was later analysed through phenomenological reduction in which transcription of verbatim were clustered into themes by horizontalisation, creating meaningful units and developing textural descriptions. The findings from participants' essences reveal that; Developing inclusive pedagogies among pre-service teachers demands a recognition and welcoming disposition towards diversity. The challenges in their practices were drawn from demand for planning time, practice & commitment, Overcrowded classrooms, poor modelling of the practice from lecturers to identifying learner diversities in a classroom. Theory lessons in teacher education systems should pursue core features of growth mindset, values and norms that embrace social justice. These lessons should also be linked to practicum components of the peer, school visitation observations and field based platforms of preparing pre-service teachers as a way of modelling what we


The infrared featuse of electric heating film in natural environment is discussed,with the focus on the impact of different heat properties.On the basis of finite-difference solution to the thermal diffusion differential,it is confirmed that: low short wave absorption helps to decrease the temperature difference in the date time between electric heating film and real target,while low infrared emission can decrease the temperature difference in the night.However,complete similarity of diurnal heat behavior between electric heating film and real target can not be reached only by material selection,so it is necessary to heat the electric heating film when its temperature is low.


The World Federation for Mental Health (2007) urged all world leaders to give more attention to transcultural mental health services and treatment (World Federation for Mental Health, 2007). This is due to the fact that out of the approximately 6.5 billion people living on planet Earth, one in every 35 people is an international migrant. They leaved their country of origin to settle permanently in another country for a variety of reasons that includes reunion with family, pursuing better education or economic opportunities, fleeing persecution, and seeking political or religious freedom (World Federation for Mental Health, 2007). Migration has become a universal phenomenon today and, as a result, it is hardly possible to find a single race, culture, or religion in a single country. Malaysia with a population of about 25 million people today also has 2.1 million migrants whose country of origin is mostly in Southeast Asia - from Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh, Myanmar, or India. These migrants contribute 25-30% of the country's current workforce, employed primarily in construction, palm oil plantations and domestic services (SUARAM, 2009). Historically, the population of Malaysia comprises the major ethnic groups of Malays, Chinese, Indian, Iban and Kadazan-Dusun, as well as dozens of other smaller ethnic groups. The race, cultures and languages of recent migrants have made the population of Malaysia even more ethnically, culturally and linguistically diverse. Ancestors of Chinese and Indian Malaysians are also migrants, coming to work in tin mines and rubber plantations before Malaysia achieved its independence in 1957. Malaysia is therefore a highly multiethnic, multicultural and multilinguistic country, and this has important implications for mental health nurses and other mental health care professionals who provide transcultural mental health services to the migrants living there.First generation migrants are faced with the challenges of acculturating themselves to the mainstream behaviours, beliefs, values and dominant language of the host country while preserving their culture of origin. They also frequently encounter problems when accessing the health care system for the diagnosis and treatment of their illness due to linguistic and cultural barriers and marginalizing health and social policies implemented in the new country. In addition, migrants are often being stereotyped, prejudiced and discriminated against by health care professionals. These health care professionals are being equally challenged, not only to understand their cultures and illness perceptions and experiences, but also to understand their spoken languages or dialects. This has been an impetus for the United Nations to proclaim the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which advocates for 'equal treatment and opportunity for all, regardless of cultures, ethnicity or social-economic status, and including refugees, mentally ill persons and women' (Brody, 2007, p. 1).In Malaysia, the number of mental health nurses and other mental health professionals who work with migrants whose ethnicity, cultures and religion are different from their own has increased exponentially. The migrants also speak in languages that may be different from the mainstream languages such as Bahasa Melayu, Mandarin and Tamil, and a large variety of Chinese dialects such as Cantonese, Hokkien, Hakka, Teochew, Hainan and Foocho, as well as a couple of Indigenous languages like Iban and Kadazan. The National Alliance for Mental Illness (2007) maintained that:Culture Counts - One's racial or ethnic background bears upon whether people even seek help in the first place, what types of help they seek, what coping styles and social supports they have, and how much stigma they attach to mental illness.(National Alliance for Mental Illness, 2007)Ethnicity, culture and religion, therefore, have an immense influence on migrants' perceptions, interpretations and responses to health and illness, particularly so for mental health and mental ill health. …


Meat mixtures were prepared containing pork lean and turkey lean in ratios of 0/100, 33/67, 100/0 and a constant fat content. Blends were prepared with and without a commercial seasoning-antioxidant mixture (SA) and evaluated after 0, 3, 6 or 9 days (4°C) storage or 0, 14 or 28 days (-20°C) storage. Flavor intensity scores for blends containing up to 67% turkey were not different (P > 0.05); however, 100% turkey patties had lower flavor intensity scores. Off-flavor and firmness scores were not affected by blend for products containing between 33% and 100% pork lean, while storage had no effect on off-flavor in products containing SA. Juiciness was not affected by blend or storage. Results indicate acceptable patties can be made from blends of pork and turkey containing relatively high levels of turkey.


In response to requirements from the authorities after the TMI-II accident, the authors proposed a new reactor water level gauge named BICOTH to perform direct measurement of the in-vessel reactor water level. The BICOTH is based on a binary coding arrangement of differential thermocouples with heaters. The success of trial fabrication and out-pile tests of prototype BICOTHs was followed by in-pile tests of a reactor-grade BICOTH in the Dodewaard nuclear power plant in the Netherlands. The in-pile tests proved its excellent in-vessel performances and revealed some points to be improved and developed.Its absolute high measuring accuracy is assured by the geometrically-fixed positions of distributed hot-junctions of thermocouples in the BICOTH. The continuous measurement of water level change becomes possible with the additional utilization of analog information about the axial temperature profile in the BICOTH; i.e. the digital/analog hybrid processing of BICOTH output signals. The mechanical structure of BICOTH is as same as that of a metal-sheathed multi-wire thermocouple so that it is stout and heat- and pressure-resistant.


The Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts (MBHA) nitro isomers have proven to be one of the most efficient anti leishmania and anticancer compounds until now. However, the uses of only racemates in biological evaluations represent a limitation to the development of new drugs. Therefore, in this work we report the first efficient bio-resolution of the MBHA racemates (±)-1 and (±)-2 employing the CALB lipase. Additionally we report the investigation of the in vitro antileishmanicidal activities of enantiomers (S)-1, (R)-1 and (R,S)-1


We present accurate simulations of damage spreading for Glauber dynamics of the Ising model near the spreading threshold Td. Without magnetic field, we find Td<Tc both in two and three dimensions. For temperatures above Td there exists a critical magnetic field Bd(T) below which the damage spreads. In all cases the critical behaviour at threshold is consistent with directed percolation.


Paralarval and juvenile cephalopods collected in plankton samples on 21 western North Atlantic cruises were identified and enumerated. The 3731 specimens were assigned to 44 generic and specific taxa. This paper describes their spatial and temporal distributions and their developmental morphology. The smallest paralarvae recognized for a
number of species are identified and illustrated. The two most abundant and most frequently collected taxa were identifiable to species based on known systematic characters
of young, as well as on distribution of the adults. These were the neritic squids Loligo pealeii and Illex illecebrosus collected north of Cape Hatteras, both valuable
fishery resources. Other abundant taxa included two morphotypes of ommastrephids, at least five species of enoploteuthids, two species of onychoteuthids, and unidentified octopods. Most taxa were distributed widely both in time and in space, although some seasonal and
mesoscale-spatial patterns were indicated. The taxa that appeared to have distinct seasonal distribution included most of the neritic species and, surprisingly, the young of the bathypelagic cranchiids. In eight seasonal cruises over the continental shelf of the middle U.S. Atlantic states,
neritic taxa demonstrated approximately the same seasonal patterns during two consecutive years. Interannual differences in the oceanic taxa collected on the shelf
were extreme. The highest abundance and diversity of planktonic cephalopods in the oceanic samples were consistently found in the vicinity of the Gulf Stream.
Only eight of the oceanic taxa appeared to have limited areal distributions, compared with twelve taxa that were found throughout the western North Atlantic regions
sampled in this study. Many taxa, however, were not collected frequently enough to describe seasonal or spatial patterns. Comparisons with published accounts of other cephalopod surveys indicate both strengths and weaknesses in various sampling techniques for capturing the young
of oceanic cephalopods. Enoploteuthids were abundant both in our study and in other studies using midwater trawls in several areas of the North Atlantic. Thus, this family probably is adequately sampled over its developmental range. In contrast, octopoteuthids and chtenopterygiids are rare in collections made by small to medium-sized midwater trawls but are comparatively common in plankton samples. For
families that are relatively common in plankton samples, paralarval abundance, derived similarly to the familiar ichthyoplankton surveys of fisheries science, may be the most reliable method of gathering data on distribution and abundance. (PDF file contains 58 pages.)


Preface 1. Introduction: reactor types 2. Chemical kinetics 3. Tubular reactors 4. Continuous stirred tank reactors 5. Residence-time distributions, mixing and dispersion 6. Chemical factors affecting the choice of reactor 7. Packed-bed catalytic reactors: mass- and heat-transfer effects 8. Multiphase reactors 9. Some further temperature effects in reactors 10. Optimization: concluding comments Index.


Plasma progesterone (P4) levels were assessed by radioimmunoassay in lactating dairy cows treated with a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PRID). Group A cows (N=6) received no treatment. PRIDs were administered to Group B1 (N=3) on day 25 after the first observed estrus (Day 0) and to Group B2 (N=3) on day 31, and were withdrawn 14 days after administration. Blood was collected daily from day 0 until 56 hours after withdrawal of the PRID (Group B), or on alternate days until a second estrus was observed (Group A). The area under the P4 curve (AUC) did not differ for Groups A and B pre-insertion of the PRID, but was significantly greater for Group B post-insertion. The AUC in Group B cows was significantly greater post-insertion than pre-insertion, but AUC did not differ in Group A cows for these study days. Maximum P4 was significantly greater in Group B1 post-insertion than pre-insertion. Results of this study are consistent with clinical studies demonstrating the efficacy of the PRID in estrus synchronization and treatment of infertility, and support the hypothesis that these effects are due, at least in part, to modulation of circulating progesterone levels.


This book is concerned with how executives can effectively manage a complex and costly sales technology initiative in order to get the most out of it. In particular, it begins by providing the reader with a detailed discussion on the various technologies that are being used by sales organizations. It then examines the factors that can lead to effective sales technology implementation and the pathways from using the system to salesperson performance. Next, it offers several methods that executives can use to calculate the performance impacts of such investments.


Dear Editor, The technique described herein as a "Modified Transurethral Stenting Technique" is a safe and easy method to facilitate stent placement during ureteral reimplantation and is especially tailored for such, when immersed in a laparoscopic or robotic environment for these technically challenging procedures. It provides several similarities to traditional retrograde stent placement, including direct inline guide wire advancement up the ureter and use of a pusher catheter to advance the stent. It effectively eliminates any uncertainty of feeding the guide wire into the ureter at any angle other than 0°, thus minimizing the risk of ureteral trauma and possible submucosal passage and simplifies passage for the bedside assistant. Indeed, this technique has previously been reported by Yang et al. [1] and has been routinely utilized in numerous procedures of this kind for more than a decade. It has also previously been presented in abstract/video format by Sarvepalli et al. [2], in a compilation of "Minimally Invasive, Robotic Ureteral Surgery: An Illustrated Techniques Video." To be sure, the technique simplifies the retrograde placement of an ureteral stent during robotic ureteral reimplantation and has reduced the uncertainty that can occur with other techniques for retrograde placement, all the while being a more familiar method for even the least experienced assistants.


An investigation is described of the interaction of a highly purified human serum inhibitor of C′1-esterase with various intermediate complexes of sensitized sheep erythrocytes and human or guinea-pig complement. The inhibitor reacted with and blocked specifically the activity of C′1 on these complexes. There was a direct correlation, by several criteria, between the ability of the inhibitor to block esterolytic activity of C′1-esterase in solution and its ability to inhibit C′1 activity on the intermediate complexes, implying the participation of C′1-esterase in immune haemolysis. Prior interaction of the inhibitor with complexes between sensitized erythrocytes and C′1 and C′4 prevented subsequent reaction of these complexes with C′2. However, once the complex between sensitized erythrocytes and C′1, C′4 and C′2 had been formed, the inhibitor was no longer effective in preventing haemolysis. These data suggested a biochemical function for C′1-esterase in reactions involving C′4 and C′2 but not in further steps leading to immune haemolysis.


A recent study showed that survival of critically ill patients was unaffected by the length of storage of transfused red blood cells (NEJM JW Oncol Hematol Mar 19 2015 and N Engl J Med 2015 Mar 17; [e-pub]). However, after lengthy storage, red cells have a decreased capacity to deliver oxygen to tissues, which might adversely affect surgical patients receiving perioperative transfusions.

To determine …


Motivated by the stunning projections for future CMB surveys, we evaluate the amount of dark radiation produced in the early Universe by two-body decays or binary scatterings with thermal bath particles via a rigorous analysis in momentum space. We track the evolution of the dark radiation phase space distribution, and we use the asymptotic solution to evaluate the amount of additional relativistic energy density parameterized in terms of an effective number of additional neutrino species $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$. Our approach allows for studying light particles that never reach equilibrium across cosmic history, and to scrutinize the physics of the decoupling when they thermalize instead. We incorporate quantum statistical effects for all the particles involved in the production processes, and we account for the energy exchanged between the visible and invisible sectors. Non-instantaneous decoupling is responsible for spectral distortions in the final distributions, and we quantify how they translate into the corresponding value for $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$. Finally, we undertake a comprehensive comparison between our exact results and approximated methods commonly employed in the existing literature. Remarkably, we find that the difference can be larger than the experimental sensitivity of future observations, justifying the need for a rigorous analysis in momentum space.


By the time icy objects grow to about the mass of Europa and silicate bodies grow to approximately lunar mass, a large high-speed impact can generate an intact melt region that allows the dense material to gravitationally segregate, forming a large density anomaly. If this anomaly generates sufficient differential stress, it rapidly segregates to the object's center, triggering whole body differentiation. We used an impact melting model based on the Hugoniot equations, the linear shock-particle velocity relationship, and the empirical relationship between shock pressure and distance coupled with a Monte Carlo simulation of the late accretion process to determine conditions under which large impacts trigger differentiation in icy bodies. In a gas-free environment, impacts of projectiles in the satellite's accretion zone have a small probability of triggering differentiation in surviving proto-satellites as small as Triton. The probability increases to 100% by the time surviving proto-satellites grow to the mass of Europa. The impact of heliocentric particles captured by the central planet also effectively triggers differentiation in the icy satellites. If the largest projectiles in the heliocentric distribution are comparable to the mass of the growing satellites, they trigger differentiation in all surviving proto-satellites by the time they grow to the mass of Callisto. However, Callisto and Ganymede have different probabilities of impact-induced differentiation if they captured a small fraction (0.01 and 0.5%) of the particles they accreted from a distribution of small (largest particles ~10% of the satellite's mass) heliocentric objects. Impact induced differentiation explains the apparent difference between these two objects in a plausible way.


This paper reports a novel application of acoustic plate mode (APM) sensor to monitor processes of tissue regeneration. The sensor was tested at four different environments, including air, alcohol, DI water, and glycerol. Calibration of the sensor under solution with different densities has also been carried out, and demonstrated a density sensitivity of 29.36 degree/g/cm/sup 3/. In the application as a tissue sensor, C3H10T1/2 fibroblast cell lines from a mouse embryo were incubated on the surface of the electrode-less sensor side. Initial test results showed a promising biocompatibility and feasibility of utilizing an APM sensor for quantitatively cell status analysis in the vitro condition.


ABSTRACT Leisure is experience of and with many meanings where the boundaries of inclusion, exclusion and citizenship are constantly negotiated on and off the field. In the Canadian context, an analysis of hockey and the decision to not play sport made by Punjabi-Canadian women reveals how the study of sport is intricately linked in the reproduction of power-relations in society. A commitment to think "outside the box" provides much needed and ongoing dialogue about alternative means of knowledge production that push back against normative ideas. The impetus to do so are situated in expanding notions of citizenship, justice and offering people-forward solutions to complex societal problems through the study of leisure.


This study evaluated the performance of GFDL HiRAM, a fine resolution AGCM, in the simulation of GPI (Genesis Potential Index) of tropical cyclone and its temporal variation over the Western North Pacific (WNP). We analyzed the AMIP simulation by the AGCM for the 30-year (1979-2008) forced by observed sea surface temperatures as the lower boundary condition. Since GPI depends on the five large-scale environmental factors(850 hPa absolute vorticity, 700 hPa relative humidity, vertical wind shear, maximum potential intensity, and 500 hPa vertical velocity), the biases of the simulation are examined for these factors as well as GPI itself. The results are compared with the ECMWF Interim reanalysis (ERA-I), and the analyses show that both the mean spatial pattern and the seasonal cycle of GPI over the WNP are reasonably simulated by HiRAM. But the magnitude of GPI is significantly underestimated due to the combined contribution of negative biases in four factors excluding the low-level vorticity. It is demonstrated that the three leading modes of spatio-temporal variability of GPI in EOF analysis for ERA-I are associated with ENSO, climate change with long-term trends, and SST anomalies over the WNP. The response of GPI to ENSO is more or less captured by HiRAM, including the east-west shift of Typhoon genesis location. However, it is supposed that unrealistic response of GPI and its factors to La-Nina or eastern Pacific El-Nino is an important shortcoming of HiRAM. In addition, HiRAM fails to reproduce the characteristic spatiotemporal variation associated with the climate change mode of GPI. The key findings from this study provide helpful guidance for improvement of HiRAM.


Purpose
Internet user privacy risks have been a topical subject with respect to consumers, corporations and governments. In line with the recent privacy scandals linked to social media, the aim of this study is to explore users' privacy protection behaviors (PPB) on Facebook through the actions they take to protect their privacy, their underlying motives and the values behind these protective actions. Moreover, this study aims to address an unintended consequence of Facebook usage. Despite Facebook's positive and uplifting goal of connecting people, consumers are forced to resort to specific behaviors to protect their privacy and well-being.

Design/methodology/approach
This study adopts an exploratory research approach by using a well-established qualitative technique: structured laddering interviews. In total, 20 in-depth personal interviews were conducted with the Millennials.

Findings
Results show that the process of privacy protection is initiated by experiences, uncertainty and literacy, rather than threats, which leads to concerns that trigger PPBs. The most common PPBs include: "Reflection," "Avoidance," "Intervention," "Restriction," "Control," and "Restraint." The underlying motives for the adoption of these strategies include: "Success," "Security," "Social Recognition," "A World of Peace," "Exclusivity of Self," "Being in Control," "Meaning" and "True Friendship".

Originality/value
The present research adopts a transdisciplinary framework to help fill the gap regarding the interplay of PPBs on Facebook, the triggers of those behaviors and their underlying motives. It contributes to the service literature and practice as it provides insights into a growing area of interest, whereas more social media channels are being created and more services are using social media strategies to engage and interact with their customers. Finally, it addresses the growing need to consider the impact of technological services, including internet and social media, on consumers' and societies' well-being.


The characteristics and the constructions of a hollow mirror system, one of the field - opticsystems used in the infrared (1~5.5μm) astronomical instruments are mentioned.


There's no professional historiographers in Qing Dynasty, thus the fluidity in historical bureau is strong. The governor can transfer the historiographers at random according to his actual need. When the historiographers explore the compiling of books, they have freedom to a certain extent, but they are restricted within a certain degree .Under the high press of despotism, they are suffered seriously psychic destroy. So most historiographers behave conservative and beef-witted in late Qing Dynasty.


Caused by a hemorrhagic disease of a newborn without laboratory findings of coagulopathy, a dramatic blood loss due to gastrointestinal bleeding was observed in a high risk female newborn of 37. weeks of gestational age. By ultrasound the globular 3 centimeter diameter tumor in the stomach was defined as a blood clot. It disappeared in the following days under ultrasound observation.


It was during this period of the early 1970's and 1980's when the issues associated with Sick Building Syndrome were gaining attention that the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) became an unlikely leader in identifying biological solutions to the problem of poor indoor air quality. NASA had been supporting work using biological systems for atmospheric regeneration since the 1950's, with the emphasis on using photosynthetic systems for the removal of carbon dioxide and regeneration of oxygen as part of a life support system. The then Soviet Union was conducting tests using algae systems in the BIO-1 program (1964-1968) to regenerate the air at the Siberian Branch of the Soviet Academy of Sciences in Krasnoyarsk (Later renamed the Institute of Biophysics). These tests were expanded to include the use of higher plants in the BIOS-2 testing in the 1970's, and humans during BIO-3 in the 1980'SI3. Within NASA, large scale testing of bioregenerative life support systems was conducted in the Biomass Production Chamber (BPC) at Kennedy Space Center, Florida as part of the Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems (CELSS) Breadboard project.