TODAY, 75 percent of people globally have access to a cell phone. Of the six billion subscriptions worldwide, 77 percent are held by people in developing countries.2 Despite the great disparities among high- and low-income regions globally, there is a rea- sonable parity in access to cell phones. Moreover, the ubiquitous prolif- eration of this modern technology in low-income countries has taken place quite rapidly, over the course of half a generation. Even when lacking basic needs-food, water, medicine, shelter, education-billions of people all over the world today rely on a technology that was re- served for the wealthiest sliver of the wealthiest nations a mere fifteen years ago. In contrast, for example, the governments in low-income countries have been trying to provide electricity for roughly sixty years, but 87 percent of their rural populations and 56 percent of their urban populations still lack access to it.3We could analyze this rapid global proliferation in the relatively narrow terms of business and marketing or with a broader lens of tech- nology and society, but it might be most useful to approach it at a more fundamental level-that of political economy. Indeed, to take a more limited approach would not do justice to a phenomenon that has been so pervasive and rapid. In the field of economic development, the speed and impact of its spread render the mobile phone a clear outlier. But what if the cell phone phenomenon were not an exception but, rather, an illustration of fundamental principles? What if a study of this phenom- enon could serve as a guide to the best political-economic path forward?Adam Smith sat down to write An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations about 250 years ago, long before the invention of the cell phone or even the landline telephone.4 But his work has provided the foundation for analyzing political economies ever since its publication in 1776. Smith had little to say about technol- ogy and innovation, but the relevance of his reading of human nature and how it affects social and economic processes has endured. In this article, I hope to show that Smith's observations on the general nature of human advancement and interactions go a long way toward explain- ing the extraordinary proliferation of cell phone technology, as well as bottom-up economic development more generally.In particular, I hope to demonstrate that Smith articulated his in- sights and observations to promote broad-based economic empower- ment, through which other elements of progress ensue. The cell phone phenomenon, interesting in its own right, can exemplify Smith's mech- anisms of inclusive progress. But just as critically, we can move in an- other direction and look at cell phones to provide a re-reading of Smith, in significant part because his thoughts, though very relevant to low- income countries, are rarely used in "development economics." While the impact of cell phones has been large and pervasive, a re-understanding of Smith may carry even greater import.I am focusing on the economic benefits of communication and why people adopt related technology. Therefore, I will leave aside any other direct political implications of mobile technology such as those revealed in the Arab Spring of 2011. I also leave unexamined, at least for now, other potential new influences of this technology in arenas such as banking and health services, which are potentially enormous but again are not the reasons why people originally adopted cell phones.Adam Smith, "Development Economics," and "Aid"As I endeavor to explain how cell phone usage spread in low-income countries through Smith's lens, it is hard to ignore Smith's relevance to these economies as a whole. Surprisingly, however, there has been little application of his thoughts in "development economics," although there are countless articles and books on his theories in general. This dearth is surprising because Smith's legacy in economics is very broad. …


Objective "KURO-Oolong tea OTPP"is a FOSHU(Food for specified health uses)tea,which inhibits fat absorption, and suppress postprandial triglyceride level. To elucidate potentialof"KURO-Oolong tea OTPP"to reduce risk for metabolic syndrome, we investigatedeffects of the long-term intake of"KURO-Oolong tea OTPP"on body fat mass.Methods We performed a randomized double-blind, placebo-contorolled trial. The subjects(166 men and 134 women)aged from 20 to 65 years old with 25.0≦body mass index(BMI)<30.0 kg/m2 were randomly divided into two groups;"KURO-Oolong tea OTPP"(OTPP 70mg/350 mL)group, and placebo group. Each subject consumed one bottle with a meal twice aday for 16 weeks.Results Both total fat area(TFA)and visceral fat area(VFA)were significantly reduced in"KURO-Oolong tea OTPP"group compared with placebo group. In addition, body weight,body mass index, body fat ratio, waist size, hip size and skinfold thickness were significantlyreduced in"KURO-Oolong tea OTPP"group. No adverse effects were obserbed in bothgroups.Conclusions The results of this study indicated that the intake of"KURO-Oolong teaOTPP"with a meal could be effective for prevention or amelioration of metabolic syndrome.


Concentration of adenosine is abruptly increasing when cerebral ischemia occurs,which can activate its receptors.Adenosine acts at four receptor subtypes,A1,A2a,A2b,and A3.All subtypes belong to the superfamily of G-protein coupled receptor.These receptors have a widely distribution in central nervous system and are involved in pathological processes including neuroprotection,reactive astrogliosis and inflammatory responses.Thus,adenosine receptors may become new pharmacological targets in cerebral ischemia.


Bamboo shoots grown in Masha area, Ethiopia were studied for nutrient, mineral and bioactive compositions using standard analytical methods. The nutrient composition involves the Moisture content 2.98%, Ash content 14.41%, crude lipid 2.25%, crude fiber 18.81%, crude protein 8.04%, and Carbohydrate 73.14%. Besides to this, the mineral composition of bamboo shoots were potassium 6324.101mg/100g), sodium 19.164mg/100g, calcium 60.449mg/100g, magnesium 118.75mg/100g, copper 1.429mg/100g, zinc 5.647mg/100g, iron 13.594mg/100g and manganese 2.895mg/100g. The bioactive constituent analysis revealed the presence of saponins, flavonids, alkanoids, terpenoids, quinons, tannins and phenols. In the present study, bamboo shoots contained essential nutrients which compare favorably well with those of wild edible leaves in literatures.


Development of the research work on selection and breeding of superior species in seabuckthorn was later in China,but progress was made rapidly,and a great advancement had been made in selection and breeding of the superior species,excellent germplasm introduction and genetic improvement.In order to provid theorical basis and technical support for sustainable utilization of seabuckthorn resources,the research progress was reviewed on the selection of superior type,selection and breeding of superior species,introduction and domestication,crossbreeding,and its genetic improvement,on the basis of relation internal research productions and papers in the recently years.the deficiencies in exploitation and utilization were pointed out,and its broad prospect was expected.


Based on our previous super-interpolation method, we propose a novel hardware-friendly super-resolution (SR) algorithm, called HSI method, and its dedicated hardware architecture for up-scaling full-high-definition (FHD) video streams to 4K ultra-high-definition (UHD) video streams in real-time. Our proposed HSI method involves training and up-scaling steps. In the training step, an edge-orientation-based clustering is applied for low-resolution (LR) training patches to obtain a training patch set for each class, and a linear mapping kernel is learned from LR to high-resolution (HR) based on the training patch set for each class. In the up-scaling step, each LR input patch is transformed to an HR patch by applying the linear mapping kernel for its class. We implemented the up-scaling step of our HSI method by a dedicated hardware (HW) with the pre-trained linear mapping kernels stored in a look-up table. Our HW implementation, called HSI HW, contains 159K gate counts and achieves about 880 Mpixels/s throughput by using the TSMC 0.13-um CMOS process, and thus performing the SR operation from FHD to 4K UHD in real-time. Compared with conventional SR methods, our HW implementation of HSI reconstructs HR images of higher peak signal to noise ratio values and better visual quality.


Diabetes mellitus is major health problem worldwidwe,characterised by persistent hyperglycaemia due to defect in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. Diabetic nephropathy is one of the major complications of diabetes mellitus.The present study aimed to asses urine microalbumin in patients of diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy. This cross sectional study was undertaken in the Department of Biochemistry GMC and super speciality hospital Nagpur, Maharashtra.Urine microalbumin was assessed in diabetes mellitus (n=50), diabetic nephropathy (n=50) and healthy individuals(n=50).Mean of biochemical parameter were compared by performing repeated measures one way ANOVA(F-test) and Post hoc multiple comparison of mean of three groups by Bonferroni t-test.Urinemicroalbuminwas significantly higher in diabetes mellitus with diabetic nephropathy and diabetes mellitus without diabetic nephropathy patients as compared to control (p<0.001).There was slightly higher urine microalbumin observed in diabetes mellitus without diabetic nephropathy as compared to control. The difference was statistically non significant (p>0.05).Microalbuminuria is risk factor for diabetic nephropathy.so regular screening for microalbuminuria should be done to delay complication of diabetes mellitus


When solving a complex problem, gathering relevant information to understand the situation and imposing appropriate interpretations on that information are critical to problem solving success. These two tasks are especially difficult in weak-theory domains -domains in which knowledge is incomplete, uncertain, and contradictory. In such domains, experts may rely on experience for all aspects of problem solving. We have developed a case-based approach to problem elaboration and interpretation in such domains. An experience-based problem-solver should be able to incrementally acquire information and, in the course of that acquisition, be reminded of multiple cases in order to present multiple viewpoints to problems that present multiple faults. We are addressing issues of 1) elaboration and interpretation of complex problem situations; 2) multiple interpretations; and 3) the role of categories as the foci of reasoning in the context of the Organizational Change Advisor (ORCA). Its model of incremental reminding is a plausible mechanism for this sort of expert problem solving behavior, and one that works well in This research was supported in part by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, monitored by the Air Force Office of Scienti f ic Research under contract F49620-88-C-0058 and the Office of Naval Research under contract N00014-90-J-4117, by the Office of Naval Research under contract N00014-89-J1987, and by the Air Force Office of Sc ient i f ic Research under cont ract AFOSR-89-0493. The Institute for the Learning Sciences was established in 1989 with the support of Andersen Consulting, part of The Arthur Andersen Worldwide Organization. The Institute rece ives add i t i ona l suppor t f rom Ameritech, an Institute Partner, and from IBM. weak theory domains. Bec use there is an implicit cost associated with retrieving a complex case, ORCA implements a retrieval time similarity function that requires both general expectations and specific situational relevance be considered before a story is told to the user; this increases the chances that a retrieved case will be useful.


From the 2nd quarter of 2007 onwards through much of 2008, U.S. consumers experienced an unprecedented hike in gasoline prices. It is believed that this may have changed the travel demand behavior resulting in less vehicular travel traffic. For example, the U.S. Department of Transportation's (DOT's) monthly statistics at the state and national level have shown a net decline of more than 100 billion Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) in 2008 compared to 2007. The U.S. DOT statistic is based on a few thousand locations spread across more than tens of thousands of miles of road network. In other words, while such measurements when aggregated to national level may be representative of the travel demand at the national level, it is difficult to gauge how VMTs change at the regional and sub-regional level due to changes in regional gasoline prices. In this paper the authors propose a novel approach based on a simple but powerful concept of Granger causality. This unique approach will help determine whether the relationship between gasoline prices and VMTs is characterized by simultaneity or there exists a direction of causality such that increased gasoline prices result in reduced VMTs. In the later case, the extent to which VMTs respond to gasoline prices will be determined. For this purpose the authors use weekly traffic counts on major traffic corridors in the Northern Virginia region as a proxy for the VMTs and determine their relationship with the regional weekly gasoline prices based on the Granger causality. The weekly traffic counts are computed based on actual vehicle counts collected at vehicle sensors throughout the year on major corridors in the Northern Virginia road network. For the first time, the authors evaluate data from Reversible High Volume Occupancy (RHOV) lanes. The study results are presented through a series of tables, charts and maps.


Continuous-time estimation using splines on Lie groups has been gaining traction in the literature due to the ability to incorporate high-frequency sensor data without introducing new optimization parameters. However, evaluating time derivatives and Jacobians of Lie group splines is computationally expensive, limiting their use mainly to offline applications. Motivated by the trajectory planning literature, we develop a new estimation technique that leverages the differential flatness property of many dynamic systems to define the spline in the system's flat output space, which is often Euclidean. Doing so has the added benefit of providing a simple and effective way to include system inputs in the estimation process. We show an example of flatness-based estimation for the unicycle dynamic model. We then show that this new method can achieve similar performance as Lie group spline estimation with significantly less computation time, and validate its use in hardware using a differential-drive robot.


A process of getting to know other people�s characters is actually a part of human
instinct. Men are created this way in order to be able to interact with other individuals.
Relationships, based on its goals, are varied ranging from gaining friends, relations, to finding
life-partners.
The process of getting to know someone (in order to find a life-partner) and getting
intimate with that individual exist in almost every region in Indonesia, although they may have
different names. In Padang Lawas, such process is called Marhusip. Marhusip is a tradition in
which whisper is employed by a man toward a woman, and vice versa, in order to determine
whether he/she is the right life-partner candidate. This tradition is conducted by whispering some
pantun (Indonesian specific type of poem).
This research is done in order to analyze how this tradition is conducted now especially
in the aftermath of cellphone trend widespreading among Padang Lawas teenagers. This research
also wishes to see cellphone�s cultural implications to this tradition. Since this research is an
ethnography research, it requires interview and field documentation.
This research shows that there have been basic changes in the employment of media to
find life-partners in Padang Lawas


Indian aviation Industry is poised for growth by the increase in Government Defense Spending & Make in India initiatives. This has encouraged global aerospace companies in entering India and existing Indian Aerospace companies in deepening their expertise and capabilities NDE contributes reliability & safety, through implementing design stipulated acceptable norms , during Manufacturing process, prevention of service failures by in service inspection and Failure Investigation of failed components for further improvement. Also NDE has a vital role in life extension of Aircrafts & Helicopters. This paper attempts in covering Aerospace NDE topics related to personnel certification , approvals of various Government regulatory bodies, National and International accreditation like, NABL NADCAP, approval of materials and equipment. Process control, Calibration, MRO ( Maintenance Repair & Overhaul) of Aircraft / Helicopter, and failure analysis of Aircraft / Helicopter components.


Objective:
Assess communication between provider and patient/caregiver, and attitudes toward seizure emergencies and rescue plans.
 Background:
Optimal communications between patients, caregivers, and physicians are essential to epilepsy management, including discussion regarding seizure emergencies, seizure action plans, and use of rescue medications. However, research finds significant communication gaps.
 Methods:
The study used a multimodal, mixed-method design with ethnographic analysis of in-office recorded conversations between physicians and their patients or caregivers, survey responses from patients/caregivers using the Epilepsy Self-Efficacy Scale (ESES), and follow-up phone interviews with physicians and patients/caregivers several weeks after in-office visits.
 Results:
From 2013Mar-2015Feb, there were 98 recorded patient/caregiver conversations with 10 neurologists and 7 epileptologists, 98 patient/caregiver ESES surveys, and 34 follow-up interviews (n=16 physicians, n=18 patients/caregivers). Inconsistencies were noted between physicians' and patients/caregivers' conceptualization of treatment goals and what constitutes a 'seizure emergency.' Physician-initiated discussions were framed quantitatively (ie, focused on seizure reduction, seizure freedom, or medication reduction), whereas patient-initiated discussions primarily focused on factors impacting quality-of-life. Patients/caregivers regarded seizure emergencies as 'bad ones' or 'ones they can't come out of,' while physicians' definitions used terms such as 'requires interventions' or 'prolonged.' Most discussions between physicians and patients/caregivers regarding seizure rescue plans referenced rescue medications (94[percnt] of interactions), albeit for a brief time (average=56 sec). In 21 conversations of rescue medication and patient comfort, urgency was minimized by physicians when specifying how or when to use rescue medications, defining them as "nice to have," rather than as essential components of seizure rescue plans.
 Conclusions:
The vague definition of seizure emergencies and a lack of clear seizure rescue plans may hinder the appropriate use of rescue medication. These data highlight the need for improved communication between physicians and patients/caregivers in order to better guide informed decision-making during the treatment of seizure emergencies.
Support: Upsher-Smith Laboratories, Inc. Disclosure: Dr. Akos Szabo has received personal compensation for activities with Lundbeck and UCB. Dr. Davis has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mitchell has received research support from Lundbeck Research USA Inc., GlaxoSmithKline Inc., and Pfizer Inc. Dr. Penovich has received personal compensation for activities with UCB Pharma as a speaker and advisory board member, and with GlaxoSmithKline Inc., and Upsher-Smith Laboratories Inc. as a speaker. Dr. Sankar has received personal compensation for activities with Lundbeck, Eisai, UCB Pharma, Supernus, Sunovion, Upsher-Smith, and Cyberonics. Dr. Weisman has received personal compensation for activities with Verilogue as an employee. Dr. Wheless has received personal compensation for activities with Lundbeck, Questcor Pharmaceuticals, Cyberonics, Eisai Inc., and Supernus.


A coronary artery fistula (CAF) is an abnormal connection between a coronary artery and a cardiac chamber or great vessel1. Modern ultrasound techniques can facilitate the prenatal detection of CAF. We describe a case of an isolated left CAF draining into the right atrium, detected using two-dimensional (2D) imaging, and further reconstructed using three(3D) and four-dimensional (4D) color Doppler ultrasound with glass-body rendering mode and spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC). A 29-year-old woman (gravida 2, para 1) presenting with gestational diabetes was referred to our unit at 23 + 2 weeks of gestation. Fetal echocardiography revealed normal four-chamber anatomy, although clearly visible was a markedly dilated left coronary artery (LCA) with a diameter of 2.1 mm (Figure 1a). Cardiac size was in the upper normal range (cardiothoracic ratio, 0.52). Detailed examination using 2D echocardiography with color Doppler demonstrated draining of LCA blood into the right atrium (Figure 1b). 3D and 4D color Doppler ultrasound with glass-body rendering mode and STIC confirmed the diagnosis of a left CAF and allowed detailed reconstruction of the fistula, which had a diameter of 1.4 mm and originated from the left circumflex artery (Figure 1c). Both continuous and turbulent flow were observed, with a peak flow velocity of 3.1 m/s. Scheduled follow-up visits at 25 + 6 and 34 + 1 weeks of gestation showed a slight increase in size of the LCA and the CAF (2.6 to 3.2 mm; 1.9 to 2.3, respectively), whereas cardiac size remained stable. A female infant in breech presentation was delivered at 39 weeks of gestation via elective Cesarean section with a birth weight of 3 kg. Postnatal echocardiography confirmed the prenatal diagnosis of a CAF and additionally showed a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) with left-to-right shunt. At 2 days postpartum, cardiac catheterization was performed and the CAF was visualized by selective left coronary angiography (Figure 1d). As there were side branches along the length of the fistula, catheter intervention was excluded. Considering the large size of the fistula, it was decided that early intervention was necessary. As such, surgical ligation of the fistula and of the PDA was performed at 3 days of age. The postsurgical recovery was uneventful. CAFs are rare congenital defects and clinical presentation is highly variable, ranging from an asymptomatic course over decades to severe heart failure as early as in the first few postnatal days. There are only a few reports on prenatal diagnosis of CAFs and, in many of these, the neonates developed early symptoms of congenital heart failure shortly after birth2–4. State-of-the-art ultrasound Figure 1 Preand postnatal imaging of coronary artery fistula (CAF). (a) Two-dimensional (2D) fetal echocardiography demonstrating a large left coronary artery (LCA). (b) 2D fetal echocardiography with color Doppler demonstrating a large CAF from the left circumflex artery (LCX) to the right atrium (RA) with continuous and turbulent flow. (c) Representative image from spatiotemporal image correlation series of color Doppler three-dimensional ultrasound with glass-body rendering mode. (d) Selective LCA angiography showing large CAF (arrow) draining into the RA. Ao, aorta; LV, left ventricle; RV, right ventricle.


Small-sized peach (Prunus persica [L.] Batsch.) trees for commercial fruit production have not been available due to the lack of suitable dwarfing rootstocks that have a wide range of compatibility among cultivars. Effects of partial girdling and trunk heating on the growth, yield, and fruit quality of peach were studied. A 4 cm wide partial ring of bark was removed at a height of 25 cm from the ground leaving a connecting strip of 5 mm. Furthermore, the dc-barked spot was heated at 150℃ for fifteen minutes using an electric heater. The partial girdling was effective in reducing shoot growth and improving fruit quality. The total soluble solids content of fruit in treatment trees was higher than that of control. The heating had little additive effects over partial ringing.


Oral and systemic health are linked, with bad Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) linked to increased risk of intracerebral micro-bleeding and heart disease, and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) reports of links between periodontal disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH),
 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, premature birth, and underweight birth. Dr Kentaro Nagamine, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Hiroshima International University, Japan, was involved in the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method and is applying this to oral
 health, developing primers for LAMP of S. mutans and P. gingivalis and has also developed methods to culture oral bacteria. In one project, he is developing a detection kit for bad S. mutans (cnm gene positive S. mutans). The method he is developing is simple and effective compared to existing
 methods that tend to be complicated and lengthy. It involves taking a saliva sample, which is then cultured and put into the LAMP reaction solution. Then, the target gene is amplified and gene amplification is seen, this confirms that the bacteria is present. Not only can a result be obtained
 within two days, but the method also has the ability to amplify multiple types of bacteria. Nagamine is collaborating with a dental clinic that is utilising his method and, in the future, he hopes it can be used for dental examinations in numerous countries and regions, particularly in developing
 countries.


This paper was selected for presentation by an IPTC Programme Committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper, as presented, have not been reviewed by the International Petroleum Technology Conference and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect any position of the International Petroleum Technology Conference, its officers, or members. Papers presented at IPTC are subject to publication review by Sponsor Society Committees of IPTC. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper for commercial purposes without the written consent of the International Petroleum Technology Conference is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper was presented. Abstract For a number of gas supply projects feeding LNG export schemes, there exists a challenge that key gas reservoirs have associated underlying oil rims. Without due consideration to these oil rims regulator approvals to move ahead with the gas projects may be delayed and can erode project value. In order to optimize the development of both oil and gas hydrocarbon resources, a novel concurrent oil and gas development concept is proposed. In this concept the gas cap and oil rim are produced simultaneously from the start of production through a single well conduit. As a result significant cost benefits can be realized (i.e. one concurrent smart well can potentially replace two conventional dedicated oil and gas wells). Reservoir simulation has demonstrated the ability of concurrent wells to enable simultaneous oil and gas production with minimal impact on oil recovery. The proposed concept can significantly impact the portfolio of available gas reservoirs by delivering a cost effective technology solution. Especially for reservoirs with water drive as the dominant drive mechanism (i.e. reservoirs with a strong aquifer), a concurrent oil and gas development is attractive. The main conclusions for this type of reservoir are: • A relatively high gas offtake rates (up to 10% GIIP/year) can be achieved with limited reduction in oil recovery. • Oil rim recovery is a function of how fast the oil rim migrates into the gascap, itself mainly driven by gas offtake rate, reservoir permeability and aquifer strength. • Placing the horizontal leg close to the GOC is advantageous to maximize the …


Wynn shows that intentionally standardized artifacts (handaxes) provide evidence of the ability to conceptualize form (symmetry). However, such conceptual ability is not sufficient for the actual production of these forms. Stone knapping is a concrete skill that is acquired in the real world. Appreciation of its perceptual-motor foundations and the broader issues surrounding skill acquisition may lead to further important insights into human cognitive evolution. Wynn presents a valuable example of the way in which archaeology can contribute to our understanding of human cognitive evolution. Particularly important is his insistence that cognitive archaeologists should avoid traditional archaeological typologies in favor of psychological theories and methods. However, this still leaves the question of which psychological theories and methods should be applied. Insofar as a Grand Unified Theory of human mental life does not appear to be on the horizon, a somewhat pluralistic approach to this question is probably most appropriate (Pickering 2001). The set of theories and methods that proves to be most illuminating will largely depend on what questions are being asked. Wynn chooses to base his analysis of the archaeological record on a fairly traditional theoretical framework derived from cognitive and developmental psychology. This framework is essentially computational in that it seeks to explain diverse overt behavior in terms of underlying formal cognitive operations (e.g., "frame independence" or "coordination of shape recognition"). Because Wynn, like many cognitive archaeologists, is primarily interested in using artifacts as evidence of abstract conceptual capacities, this framework is particularly well suited to the questions he is asking. However, abstract conceptualization is not the only (nor perhaps even the most important) mental process involved in stone tool making, a fact that is reflected in some of Wynn's previous work (e.g., 1993a; 1995). Stone knapping is, first and foremost, a concrete and practical skill that is acquired and performed in the real world. The implications of this for cognitive archaeology are best appreciated from a theoretical perspective that draws on elements of ecological psychology (Gibson 1979; Michaels & Beek 1995), cultural psychology (Bruner 1990; Vygotsky 1978), and the dynamic systems approach (Bernstein 1967; Thelen & Smith 1994). As Wynn states, "even [the] simplest of knapping actions requires directed blows" (sect. 2.1). In fact, many archaeologists have noted the perceptual-motor skill evident in the earliest stone tools (Ambrose 2001; Ludwig & Harris 1998; Semaw 2000). A great deal of experimental work is needed to describe more rigorously the skills associated with particular prehistoric technologies, but the preliminary PET research (Stout et al. 2000) cited by Wynn does suggest that even simple flake removal places significant demands on the dorsal visuomotor control system (Milner & Goodale 1995) of modern humans. Although perceptual-motor skill is often dismissed as trivial or primitive compared to abstract conceptualization, such skill is an impressive achievement requiring the discovery of dynamically stable behavioral solutions to inherently variable motor problems (Reed & Bril 1996). Huge portions of the modern human brain are involved in this process, including areas like the cerebellum, superior parietal lobule, and premotor cortices that appear to have experienced preferential expansion during human evolution. The sophisticated perceptualmotor skills that typify human sport, art, and craft can take years of dedicated practice to acquire, and are as reflective of human mental uniqueness as more "cognitive" behaviors like visualization and language. Ethnographic studies of stone knapping (Roux et al. 1995; Stout 2002) indicate that, even in sophisticated modern technologies, mastery of the elementary percussive action is the most fundamental and time-consuming aspect of skill learning. Effective flaking is a specialized form of perception-though-action that allows for the discovery and stabilization of larger scale patterns (strategies) in necessarily variable reduction processes. Less skilled knappers can readily conceptualize or describe an appropriate reduction strategy, but they do not actually comprehend it in the concrete sense required for performance. Wynn has previously pointed out (Wynn 1995) that skilled tool use is only developed through long periods of practice and observation. In modern humans, such learning occurs through guided participation in a community of practice (Lave & Wenger 1991). The social situation scaffolds (Wood et al. 1976) learning by providing opportunities for participation at appropriate levels of difficulty (i.e., within the zone of proximal development [Vygotsky 1978]) using culturally provided material and conceptual tools. Motivational and affective elements critical to learning (Damasio 1994; Greenspan 1996) derive from the culturally constructed meanings (Perret-Clermont et al. 1991; Fogel 1997) of participation. This is exemplified in the modern stone knapping craft of Langda village in Indonesian Irian Jaya (Stout 2002). Over evolutionary time, this distinctly human, cultural, mode of learning came to replace the primitive hominoid condition. Modern chimpanzee societies scaffold skill acquisition to a degree (Boesch 1991), but lack the added dimension of cultural meaning and structure. In the absence of cultural facilitation of more intensive and/or protracted learning (as seen, for example, in captive "enculturated" apes), efficient nut cracking may approximate the upper limit of skill acquisition possible in chimpanzee sociCommentary/Wynn: Archaeology and cognitive evolution BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2002) 25:3 421 eties. Premodern hominids clearly came to exceed this limit, perhaps through some "proto-cultural" adaptation such as the mimetic culture proposed by Donald (1991). Careful attention to the level of skill indicated by premodern stone artifacts may help to chart the course and timing of this critical development in human cognitive evolution. As Wynn has shown, the conceptualization of form and symmetry is necessary to the production of standardized artifacts like later Acheulean handaxes. This is just the tip of the iceberg for cognitive archaeology, however, because such conceptualization is by no means sufficient for actual tool production. Thinking about knapping and actually knapping are closely related but diagnostically different mental behaviors (cf. Thelen & Smith 1994). Wynn has demonstrated the promise of psychologically informed research on stone tools, and it is to be hoped that he and others will continue in this vein to address the many exciting questions that remain. Natural selection of visual symmetries Peter A. van der Helm Nijmegen Institute for Cognition and Information, University of Nijmegen, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands. email@example.com Abstract: Implicitly, Wynn's target article starts from the transformational Implicitly, Wynn's target article starts from the transformational definition of symmetry. Unlike his suggestion, this traditional definition and the recent holographic definition are relevant to the discussion on the cognitive evolution of visual symmetries. These definitions reveal underlying properties and, thereby, they support the natural selection hypothesis. The holographic definition even agrees with an indirect test of this hy-


By using a wavelength-tunable near-infrared femtosecond laser, we demonstrate a wavelength scaling mechanism in which the efficiency of terahertz (THz) radiation production by Rb and Cs vapor plasmas increases with increasing excitation laser wavelength. Due to the low ionization energies of alkali metals, the THz radiation energy generated by Cs is an order of magnitude higher than that produced N2 at a wavelength of 1500 nm. The experimental results are well explained by the model of photocurrent as being induced by electron tunneling ionization.


Expansion fireproof antibacterial facing paint is prepared by taking silicone-acrylate emulsion as base material, APP,MEL,PER,CP-70 and Sb2O3 as expansion flame retardant system,titanium white powder and other aquosity color paste as pigment,mixed with a variety of auxiliary agents and addition agents. Its physical and chemical properties are up to or over the requirements of the State standard and flame resistance reaches the first grade standard. It has good decorative effect and functions of film paint,release negative ion,bacteriostasis and antibiosis,pure and fresh the air.


. We showed earlier that interferon-y is a powerful inducer of differentiation of human neuroblastoma (NB) cells. Although 2',5' oligo-adenylate synthetase (2.5 OAS) may play a role in mediating the anti-proliferative and/or differentiative effects of interferons (IFNs), direct evidence is lacking. We have investigated gene and protein expression of the 4 different 2,s OAS isoforms and their cumulative enzymatic activity in a previously characterized IFN-y-sensitive human NB cell line, LAN-5. Analysis of total and poly(A)+ RNA by Northern blot and RT-PCR indicated that expression of the mRNA coding for the 40, 46-and 69-kDa isoforms was induced in a time-and dose-dependent manner, reaching a maximum after a 36-hr treat-ment with 1000 IU/ml of IFN-y. In the absence of treatment, only the mRNA for the 69-kDa isoform was detectable by RT-PCR. Inhibition of transcription with actinomycin D showed that 2,5 OAS mRNA was quite stable, with a half-life of about 4 hr. With respect to the protein content, no 2,5 OAS isoform was present in proliferating IAN-5 cells; following IFNy treatment, the 100-, 69-and 46-kDa isoforms became detectable. Accord-ingly, 2,s OAS enzymatic activity, virtually undetectable in untreated IAN-5


Worldwide remittances to Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) reached $69.2 billion in 2008, an increase of just under one percent over 2007. Despite a series of challenges confronting migrant workers and their families in 2008, remittance senders proved to be remarkably resilient. Once relegated to the 'errors and omissions' column in balance of payments statistics, estimates of remittances to the region grew at double-digit rates for most of the last decade. This rapid growth, in part due to the improving ability of central banks to measure the flows, slowed considerably in 2007 and remained virtually flat at 0.9% in 2008. The true impact of this decline in growth, however, is more complex than ever before, as families, communities and economies throughout the region are impacted in fundamentally different ways.


This work was originally produced in whole or in part by the Midwest Comprehensive Center and the College and Career Readiness and Success Center with funds from the U.S. Department of Education under cooperative agreement number S283B120020. The content does not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the Department of Education, nor does mention or visual representation of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the federal government.


Best match search algorithms provide an efficient means of identifying the sets of nearest neighbors for each of the documents in a collection. These sets contain much of the important similarity data contained in a full interdocument similarity matrix and may be used for the generation of hierarchic document classifications, such as those arising from the use of the single linkage clustering method. Cluster based retrieval experiments based upon such classifications are shown to give results that are comparable in effectiveness with those obtained using the full similarity matrix.


Objective To understand the changes in microalbuminuria(MAU),plasma adiponectin and polymorphism of adiponectin gene in obesity-related renal injury in children and their significance.Methods All children with obesity in the Out-Patient Department in Qingdao Medical and Health Center for Woman and Children from Oct.2007 to Oct.2009.The ages of the patients were 8 to 12 years old,with the average age of 10.5 years old.Fifty-two children including 37 male and 15 female were studied.Thirty-four 8 to 12 years old healthy children including 24 male and 10 female with average of 10 years old from the same Out-Patient Department were collected as healthy control group.MAU was measured by immunoturbidimetry methods.Radioimmunoassay was used to determine the levels of urinary retinal binding protein and plasma adiponectin.Direct sequencing polymerase chain reaction(PCR) amplified DNA was used to determine single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) of adiponectin gene.Results MAU was significantly higher in children with obesity than that in healthy control group[(52.50±47.92) mg·L-1 vs(21.10±7.20) mg·L-1,t=4.66,P0.01].Urinary retinal binding protein was also higher in children with obesity than that in the healthy control group,but there was no significance[(14.60±7.54) μg·L-1 vs(12.80±4.80) μg·L-1,t=1.35,P0.05).Plasma insulin was significantly higher in children with obesity than that in the healthy control group [(14.96±7.62) mIU·L-1 vs(7.90±8.20) mIU·L-1,t=4.00,P0.01).Plasma adiponectin was significantly lower in children with obesity than that in the healthy control group [(2 695.7±579.4) pg·L-1 vs(975.8±529.7) pg·L-1,t=10.5,P0.01].Adiponectin gene SNP analysis showed that in obese children I164T was significantly higher than that in the healthy control group(67% TT positive in obese group and 18% TT positive in healthy control group,χ2=20.3,P0.05).In obese group,children with SNP+I164T renal injury index was higher in the genotype T/T[TT expressive and no TT expressive cases MAU:(58.96±50.6) mg·L-1 vs(34.23±9.50) mg·L-1,t=2.78,P0.01].Conclusions Obesity may lead to kidney damage in children,mainly the increased urinary albumin glomerular injury.The degree of kidney damage is correlated with the degree of obesity.Adiponectin SNP I164T is an impressionable gene for obesity-related renal injury and genotype T/T expression is an early index of obesity-related renal injury.


The article describes physiology of exocrine pancreatic function. The composition of pancreatic juice and pancreatic secretion phase are described. The mechanisms of the underlying exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, and the factors contribute to the development of this condition in children are considered. Research methods of exocrine pancreatic function are presented. The guidelines for choosing enzyme preparations are presented


The purpose of this paper is to present a method by which a computerized data base which contains phrases of natural language information can be created and interrogated in the semantic domain for multiple uses and users. The method takes into account both the individual user's needs and concepts of similarity in meaning of textual material represented by the stored data. The method is applicable to arbitrary bodies of natural language text which occur in the syntactic format of the noun phrase. The method was developed and tested, however, using noun phrases of medical text since its capabilities are directly applicable to needs in that area.


The world is facing major issues related to antibiotic resistance, specific drugs targeting and its side effects. Such obstacles can be rectified by nanotechnology as they have essential characteristics with smaller size, target specificity, easy deliverable with lesser side effects. The prime nature of the nanoparticles are, it can probe into the cell wall of the pathogenic microbes and even have the capacity to intrude into cellular pathways. Nanoparticles themselves are capable of destroying unwanted foreign particles or toxic cells, which enter into our bodies. Nanoparticles can be treated as carriers, in which they combine with specific drugs and deliver to target specific cells with lesser side effects. Nanoparticles are used as a drug delivery agent for various kinds of diseases related to cancer. Nanoparticles with drugs increase the antibiotic release at the different target sites and these nanoparticles have a great tendency to deliver a large number of drugs to a cell. In this current review, we discuss the bright future of NPs as drug delivery agents as it can overcome all conventional problems.


It is surely a good sign that Mr. A. H. B. Kirkman5 should express the profound dissatisfaction of a large majority of the medical profession with the mass of contradiction and the confusion of ideas that represent the cancer problem, so-called. It is only natural that cancer research should believe that it understands the problem and is on the way to giving the solution, whereas biology, if asked, might disagree most emphatically. That biology has the final say in the matter ought not to surprise, for what is cancer if not a manifestation of life and, therefore, a strictly and entirely biological phenomenon, as inevitable and natural in certain conditions as embryonic developmient and physiological form and function in certain others? But biology shows little or no interest as yet, and we must shift for ourselves as best we can. This is my excuse for stating my opinions. I speak for myself, of course.


Plasmonic lithography has received extensive attention as both a potential candidate for next generation lithography and as an interesting testbed to test the fundamental resolution limits of optical imaging and patterning. Owing to the utilization of the otherwise lost evanescent near fields containing high frequency information, surface plasmon‐based lithographic techniques can break the diffraction limit in conventional photolithography; resolution down to approximately 20 nm using visible light has been experimentally demonstrated, and theoretical studies have analyzed methods that have the potential for creating nanopatterns with sub‐10 nm resolution. This paper reviews the research progress and various modalities of plasmonic lithography, addresses current obstacles and problems, and provides an outlook for practical application.


A fast folding algorithm is described which greatly facilitates the correlation of digital data with impulse trains. This algorithm is useful for detecting weak, noisy pulse trains of unknown period and phase.


Aim. The purpose of the present study was to determine anthropometric and physical profile of Turkish Olympic level wrestlers severally as Greco-Roman and Freestyle, and similarities and differences of both two styles. The second aim of the study is to define relationship of the features which determining the profile with each other. Methods. Greco-Roman (n=19, age=23.6 years) and Freestyle (n=17, age=23.7 years) wrestlers from senior national team participated in this study. For the research group anthropometric measurements were applied to calculate BMI, body fat percentage, fat free mass (FMM), somatotype rates and some biomotoric test protocols which are pinch, hand grip, leg strength, vertical jumps, speed, agility, flexibility and balance abilities so that the study was determined profiles and compared variables for Olympic level Greco-Roman and Freestyle wrestlers. Results. The present study has found differences for mesomorph values, elastic strength, agility and linear speed abilities between Greco-Roman and Freestyle wrestlers. There is a strong relationship between FFM and anaerobic power for both wrestling styles. Besides, it was observed that the leg strength ability is an important component which supports speed, agility, balance and other strength variables for Greco-Roman wrestlers. Some anthropometric and biomotoric features which belong to wrestlers have shown differences between wrestling styles, as well as most of the relationships among variables for each style there were no similarities observed in terms of wrestling styles. Conclusion. According to the results, the studies which are examined about wrestlers' features or abilities should be separate as Greco-Roman and Freestyle. Also it may consider for the future studies that it may not reflect the relationships among variables of Olympic level Greco-Roman and Freestyle wrestlers in order to other level wrestlers.


The purpose of this study was to find out the comparison of eurofit between novice and senior physical education professional student. To achieve this study 30 subjects (BP. Ed-I-15, BP. Ed-II -15) were selected from Koviloor andavar college of physical education and sports science, Koviloor, Karaikudi. The subjects age ranged from 20 to 26 years. The subjects were explained the methods of administering eurofit fitness test. The obtained readings were comparison with the following statistical analysis used to comparison of eurofit between novice and senior physical education professional student. The collected data from the two groups were statistically analysed to check whether any significant difference was there. This was done by applying the analysis of variance. Whenever the 'F' ratio was found to be significant for mean. The level of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence. Result: There was insignificant difference in eurofit between novice and senior physical education professional student except Cardio respiratory endurance.


A number of derailments occurred in recent years due to coupler jackknifing, some of them were reported on tangent tracks where conventionally thought to be the safer sections. This article studied coupler jackknifing behaviour and its implications for locomotive safety on tangent tracks from the experience of China heavy haul. Three types of coupler systems were modelled and simulated regarding coupler jackknifing behaviour. Two typical locomotive derailments occurred on tangent tracks were analysed. From the derailment experience, coupler angle self-lock behaviour was introduced and simulated. An approach to determine coupler angles in the jackknifed position was derived and validated with a self-coded program and SIMPACK. Methods to prevent coupler jackknifing were also evaluated with regard to locomotive stability.


The invention discloses a solar energy utilization and evaporator integrated heat collector comprising an upper header, a lower header, multiple branch tubes, an evaporating tube and a heat storage water tank. Multiple first mounting holes are formed in the outer wall of the lower portion of the upper header uniformly and transversely; multiple second mounting holes corresponding to the first mounting holes are evenly and transversely formed in the outer wall of the upper portion of the lower header; two ends of each branch tube are connected into the first mounting hole and the second mounting hole correspondingly, the left first one of the branch tubes is taken as the first branch tube, and the right last one of the branch tubes is the nth branch tube; one end of the evaporating tube penetrates into the outer wall of the upper header, penetrates out from the outer wall of the lower header along the axis of the first branch tube, then penetrates into the outer wall of the lower header, penetrates out from the outer wall of the upper header along the axis of the second branch tube and so on so as to have the branch tubes serially connected; a first heat exchanger and a second heat exchanger are arranged in the heat storage water tank. The heat collector has the advantages that the branch tubes and the evaporating tube are heated at the same time by the aid of solar energy, the solar energy is fully utilized, and system heating efficiency is improved.


The recent domestic developments in the study on nylon nanocomposites prepared by montmorillonite are reviewed.The technologies for surface modification of montmorillonite and preparation of nylon/montmorillonite nanocomposites are also summarized.Nylon/montmorillonite nanocomposites possess unique structures as well as excellent mechanical properties that their conventional counterparts don′ t have,so it can be expected that it would be widely used in a lot of fields in the future.


We show that two flat commutative Hopf algebroids are Morita equivalent if and only if they are weakly equivalent and if and only if there exists a principal bibundle connecting them. This gives a positive answer to a conjecture due to Hovey and Strickland. We also prove that principal (left) bundles lead to a bicategory together with a 2-functor from flat Hopf algebroids to trivial principal bundles. This turns out to be the universal solution for 2-functors which send weak equivalences to invertible 1-cells. Our approach can be seen as an algebraic counterpart to Lie groupoid Morita theory.


In this paper, we propose an E-voting procedure which, by utilizing the multi-part ballot mode, provides voters an enhanced way to cast and audit their own votes with great anonymity. The proposed scheme, the Multi-part ballot based Name and vOte separaTed E-voting system (M-NOTE), is partially based on our previous works, which have achieved the goal of keeping candidates confidential and voters anonymous, as well as reducing the risk of leaking both candidates' and voters' identities during the ballot distribution phase. In addition, M-NOTE can prevent the possible clash attack in which either malicious authority or hackers could partially manipulate voting results by tampering voters' original ballots. Meanwhile, our performance analysis shows that M-NOTE provides an outstanding secured level, as the possibility of ballot reconstruction and voting result manipulation has been reduced to closer to zero. This E-voting system also illustrates to readers an applicable framework of designing a fair election in the future.


We design a vehicle with a steering system made of two independently rotatable wheels on the front. We quantify the effectiveness of the steering system in the mobility and maneuverability of the vehicle running in a box containing a layer ping-pong balls with a packing density 0.8, below the random close packing value 0.84 in 2D. The steering system can reduce the resistance exerted by the jammed balls formed ahead of the fast-moving vehicle. Moreover, if only one of the two steering wheels rotates, the vehicle can turn into the direction opposite to the rotating wheel. The steering system performs more efficiently if the wheels engage the ping-pong balls better by increasing the contact area between the wheels and the balls. We advocate applying our design to machines moving in granular materials with a moderate packing density.


ABSTRACT Tautological phraseological constructions have received attention in Russian linguistic studies since Švedova's work in 1960. The object of the present paper is the following construction, chosen from a large set of tautological phraseologisms: Mužik kak mužik. – Kuda že ty èto propadaeš', prokuror? ('A man like a man. "Where are you going to go, prosecutor?"'). Basing myself on evidence from an analysis carried out on a large corpus of data from the Russian National Corpus and Sketch Engine, subcorpus ruTenTen11, I aim to show the constructional nature of this kind of phraseological expressions. Resembling a comparative simile–indeed, a prototypical simile "X is Z," which profiles restricted mapping between the two domains involved (Croft and Cruse 2004, 213), this structure seems to inherit the characteristics of a comparative construction, at the same time modifying it by comparing two identical referents. As a result, I believe that this construction constitutes rather its own group, or family, of constructions linked to different degrees to the comparative construction and displaying in its various instances a whole range of realisations: from the phrasemic construction (endowed with a specific semantic and pragmatic meaning) to wholly frozen, fully idiomatic phrases as in net kak net ('no as/like no').


Fatigue in Offshore Oil and Gas Industry Personnel: A Systematic Review Pranav Kannan, Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center, Texas A&M University, Taylor Layton, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, Sisley Yan, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, M Sam Mannan, Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center, Texas A&M University, Ranjana Mehta, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University


Chinese folk religion played an important role in strengthening ties between families in village temple communities, but in so doing it created boundaries between one temple community and another. Moreover, with the mass migration to urban areas over the past fifty years, the great majority of the population no longer lives in local rural communities. This paper, based on survey and interview data in addition to secondary sources, will argue that Taiwan's new Buddhist groups (Tzu Chi慈濟, Foguangshan佛光山, Fagushan法鼓山, Lingjiushan靈鷲山, Fuzhi福智, and Zhongtai Chansi中台禪寺) not only have a positive effect on community formation by providing venues where like-minded people can get to know each other, the communities created are inclusive, vitiating ethnic/political divisions in Taiwan.


ABSTRAK This research of background overshadow by lowering of result and activity learn class student mathematics of V grade SDN 46 Koto Panjang Lubuk Minturun. This research is to make a description ofis make-up of result and activity learn student at study of mathematics pass/through Model Study Of Co-Operative Type Lead to have Number Structure. this Type Research is research of class action. Subjek of this research of class student of V counted 32 people. Research instrument the used is teacher activity observation sheet, student activity observation sheet, and tes result of learning. From result of research obtained by percentage of cycle student activity of I equal to 55,20% mounting at cycle of II become 78,75% and complete percentage learn student at cycle of I 46,87% mounting at cycle of II equal to 78,12%. Becoming, study of mathematics by using model study of type co-operative lead to have structure number can improve result and activity learn student. From result of research, suggested that by teacher can use model study of type co-operative lead to have structure number for the of result and activity learn student at study of mathematics Keyword: activity learn, Result learn mathematics , Model lead to have structure number.


Aim To investigate the pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial artemisinin in rats after single and multiple oral doses. Methods Six male Wistar rats were orally given a single dose of artemisinin 40 mg·kg -1 (Group 1). Another six rats were orally given artemisinin at the same dose once daily for 5 consecutive days (Group 2). Artemisinin plasma concentrations, after single dose or after 5 consecutive doses, were determined by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Results The artemisinin pharmacokinetic parameters of Group 1 were compared with that of Group 2. The areas under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞) decreased from 126.53 h·ng·mL -1 of Group 1 to 39.91 h·ng·mL -1 of Group 2 (p 0.05). Conclusions The optimized LC/MS/MS method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of artemisinin in rats after single and multiple oral doses. The results suggested that artemisinin exhibits time-dependent pharmacokinetics.


Prostaglandin F~(Y, (PGF2a) causes luteolysis in several species of animals including cattle and sheep. This has led to investigations with PGF2a as an agent for the control of oestrus and ovulation in domestic animals (Inskeep 1973) and to comparison of PGF2a and progestins as practical methods of synchronizing oestrus in cattle (Smith 1973). This paper reports preliminary studies of the use of a synthetic prostaglandin analogue (ICI .79939) in synchronizing oestrus and ovulation in sheep, cattle and goats.


A statistical technique called "probit analysis" to aid in the interpretation of dose-mortality data has become common practice, not only among entomologists but also among other biologists conducting tests that involve dose and response when the response is quantal. An adequate summarization of dose-mortality data consists of the LD50, its confidence (fiducial) limits, and the slope of the probit regression line or that dose which will cause 50% of the population to respond (die) and the standard deviate of the distribution of tolerances (reciprocal of the slope). However, in practice, the tedious, extensive, and often baffling calculations associated with probit analysis have deterred many biologists from obtaining an adequate summarization of dose-mortality data. The increasing number and availability of electronic computers and their ability to process routinely large volumes of calculations present the biologist with the opportunity of obtaining a much more adequate summary of his dose-mortality data.


In the present article a reflection on the performance be planted organizational in the administrative evolution. Several phases are distinguished in which the phases are outlined and the theories that seek to give solutions to problems organizationally in the present century; are considered the reigning principles of the future tendencies of the administration.


We establish the algebraic isomorphism between the Drinfeld basis of the twisted quantum affine algebra Uq(A(2)2) and the twisted Reshetihkin and Semenov-Tian-Shansky algebra by using the Gauss decomposition technique of Ding and Frenkel.


A simple one-dimensional GaAs MESFET model for circuit simulation is presented which takes into account negative differential mobility. In this model, the drain current is derived from the electric field strength at the source side edge under the gate using a gradual depletion layer approximation. The calculated I/V characteristics agree well with the experimental data for GaAs power MESFETs, which show negative differential resistances. The proposed model can be used in computer aided design of GaAs integrated circuits and amplifiers with the great advantage of a small calculation time compared with that of 2-dimensional analysis.


Abstract Aboriginal peoples have distinct perspectives and relationships with the terrestrial and aquatic settings and components that sustain cultural modes of life. Valued components derived from these cultural understandings are to be incorporated into environmental impact assessments (EIA) that occur in their respective territories. Despite this technical and legal basis, Aboriginal cultures are often inadequately accounted for in many ex-post plans of development activities and projects. This paper examines changes made to the regulatory requirements of an ex-post plan that involved Aboriginal peoples and a pipeline project located in north-east British Columbia, Canada. The research context and the revisions made to the conventional practice are presented, followed by a discussion of the possible broader implications for future EIAs. The study provides useful insights into the deficiencies of conventional practices and contributes to technical understandings in terms of integrating and protecting Aboriginal cultures through ex-post plans.


The function and realization of thermo-emf auto-measuring system of Pt-Rh thermocouple wire for wire-melting-method are introduced in this paper. Powerful Microsoft Visual C + +6.0 is used as the programming language in this system, together with high-precision temperature controller and multi-functional digital voltmeter, all that make the whole measuring process simple, practical, efficient and reliable.


Experimental investigation and parametric analysis were carried out to evaluate the influence of coolant to mainstream density ratio (DR) and isentropic exit Mach number (Ma2is) on both thermal and aerodynamic performance of a nozzle vane cascade with platform cooling through slot or discrete cylindrical holes. Measurements were carried out on a 6-vane cascade for a base case scenario, which implied high DR of 1.5, high freestream turbulence intensity of Tu1 = 9.5% and Ma2is = 0.4, while varying the coolant-to-mainstream mass flow rate (MFR) between 0.5% and 1.5%. The impact of reducing DR to 1.0 and increasing Ma2is to 0.68 was assessed, MFR held constant. DR was varied by injecting either air/nitrogen or carbon dioxide as coolant flow, thanks to the pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technique. Lower thermal coverage derived from reduced DR whereas higher Ma2is resulted in enhanced cooling effectiveness over the perforated platform.


For lossless horns, there are many contours for which exact solutions of the so‐called ''Webster'' horn equation are known. For quantitative work on brass instruments, however, it may be necessary to solve the equation for arbitrary contours, perhaps known only numerically from measurements of existing instruments. The present paper describes a numerical technique that is efficient and accurate. The effects of viscous and thermal damping at the walls of the horn are easily incorporated. Like most numerical methods for solving differential equations, this breaks the length of the horn into a number of smaller pieces. However, the pieces are not quasi‐infinitesimal, but are initially as long as a quarter wavelength. The number of pieces is then increased and the error is estimated and reduced in a series of consecutive approximations using a method called ''the deferred approach to the limit.'' Where an exact solution is known (e.g., lossless exponential or catenoidal horn), results accurate to about six or...


13545 Background: Thalidomide may enhance the clinical activity of docetaxel and reverse taxane-resistance in prostate cancer. Lenalidomide, a highly-potent immunomodulatory derivative of thalidomide, potentiates the action of paclitaxel in-vitro against prostate cancer cell lines in co-culture with mononuclear cells. A modular Phase I study of lenalidomide and paclitaxel in men with metastatic castration- resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) was conducted to assess PSA-kinetics with lead-in therapy and the feasibility of the combination. Methods: Men with metastatic CRPC with prior taxane chemotherapy were planned for single-agent "lead-in" lenalidomide for 21/28 days at dose levels: -1 (5mg), 0 (10mg), +1 (15mg), +2 (20mg), +3 (25mg); followed by lenalidomide at the same dose/schedule in combination with weekly intravenous paclitaxel 100mg/m2 on Days 1, 8, 15 every 28 days. A 3+3 dose-escalation design was utilized to assess the maximum tolerated dose, defined as a dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) rate ≥ 0.33 d...


This paper describes our experiences and lessons learnt in building a Geographic Information System (GIS) specifically designed for indoor location-based services. The proposed system was built by mashing-up commodity Open Source software and novel research prototypes realized within our labs. The overall approach relies on intense usage of standard web technologies and REpresentational State Transfer (REST) APIs as a way of enabling easy mashup of off-the-shelf and proprietary components. The key design and implementation aspects of our solution are described in detail, including a discussion on how we represented and augmented the concept of indoor location within our services, as well as on how we integrated them with commodity GIS services originally designed for outdoor scenarios. Further, we show different approaches for implementing client-side applications capable to interact with our indoor location-based services, and we report experimental results of test campaigns for evaluating the impact of those approaches on resource constrained devices.


Fast growing pig and poultry production around big urban centres in South East Asia is posing an increasing threat to the environment because the livestock production is largely concentrated on specialised farms with little or no land to use the animal excreta. In the framework of an international initiative options for an area-wide integration of specialised livestock and crop production are developed. One of the four project regions is Jiangsu Province, West of Shanghai. The ongoing project focuses on a detailed assessment of pig production, nutrient fluxes and options to improve the pig waste management on a provincial basis. In two pilot-regions studied, nutrients in livestock excreta (predominantly from pig and poultry production) at an average cover only 20-30% of the nutrient demand of crops. Nevertheless a surplus is expected for the regional nutrient balance because of high chemical fertiliser inputs. The most urgent environmental problem of pig production is the widely practised discharge of liquid pig waste to watercourses. Different technical options as well as possible policy measures to enhance a sustainable development of intensive pig production are currently evaluated with the aim of providing decision-making tools on the policy level and practical recommendations for pig farmers.


Jerome E Roos lays out the economic and political ramifications, in the UK and globally, of high, rising and volatile oil prices, and argues for a state-led drive to establish a stable new relationship with alternative energy technologies.


Kani and Noumpinesso are two neighboring villages in which soil degradation is mainly caused by runoff and erosion. Contour ridges tillage (CRT) was identified as a runoff and erosion controlling technology while improving soil moisture and nutrient availability for crops. CRT technology associated with sorghum and soybean based intercropping system was assessed during 2017 and 2018 cropping season in an experiment under split plot design.

Intercropping systems highly increased sorghum and soybean growth and yields. Sorghum grain yield, biomass yield, height and diameter were increased by 62, 51, 22 and 19%, respectively by intercropping. Soybean grain yield, biomass yield, height and diameter increased by 47, 30, 25 and 25%, respectively. Intercropping sorghum with soybean had an advantage with a Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) of 1.54 and 1.44 in 2017 and 2018 respectively. The technology of CRT added 40, 39, 25 and 21% on sorghum grain yield, straw yield, height and diameter respectively. The same parameters with soybean were greater by 52, 48, 38 and 35%, respectively. The application of CRT was economically profitable with a Value to Cost Ratio (VCR) of 3.3 and 3.0 in sorghum production and 12.8 and 9.2 in soybean production during 2017 and 2018 respectively.


8 Cerebral cortex supports representations of the world in patterns of neural activity, used by the 9 brain to make decisions and guide behavior. Past work has found diverse or limited changes in 10 the primary sensory cortex in response to learning, suggesting the key computations might 11 occur in downstream regions. Alternatively, sensory cortical changes may be central to learning. 12 To study changes in sensory cortical representations, we trained mice to recognize entirely 13 novel, non-sensory patterns of cortical activity in the primary visual cortex (V1) created by direct 14 optogenetic stimulation. As animals learned to use these novel patterns, we found their 15 detection abilities improved by an order of magnitude or more. The behavioral change was 16 accompanied by large increases in V1 neural responses to fixed optogenetic input. Neural 17 response amplification to novel optogenetic inputs had little effect on existing visual sensory 18 responses. Amplification would seem to be desirable to improve decision-making in a detection 19 task, and thus these data suggest adult cortical plasticity plays a significant role in improving the 20 detection of novel sensory inputs during learning. 21


Thirty-one strains of Rhodococcus fascians were assayed for virulence on cultivars of Pisum sativum and Lathyrus odoratus. The growth and development of shoot, root and cotyledon tissues of host plants were affected by inoculation with virulent strains of R. fascians. Principal components analysis of the virulence assays which measured shoot and root characters of inoculated plants separated the R. fascians strains into four groups which were associated with high virulence, intermediate virulence, weak virulence and avirulence. The susceptibility of the various host plants to infection by strains of R. fascians differed


In recent years, solar cells based on organic—inorganic hybrid perovskite structured materials having efficiencies comparable with that of c - Si solar cells have been demonstrated. In the initial experiments efficiencies were as low as 3.8 %. Since then, rapid progress has been made and the state of art perovskite based solar cells (PSC) have efficiencies as high as 17 %. However, PSC is still an emerging technology and several issues are still to be addressed before it can be commercialized. CH3NH3PbX3, compounds absorb light in near UV as well as visible region. UV light is not converted into electrical energy. On the contrary, it degrades the cell performance over a period. A downshifting phosphor which will absorb light in 350-450 nm and emit in the green region can improve the performance of the cell. Results on synthesis and characterization of ZnB2O4:Mn2+ and Ba9Sc2Si6O24:Eu2+ phosphors presented here show that these can be adequate for this purpose.In recent years, solar cells based on organic—inorganic hybrid perovskite structured materials having efficiencies comparable with that of c - Si solar cells have been demonstrated. In the initial experiments efficiencies were as low as 3.8 %. Since then, rapid progress has been made and the state of art perovskite based solar cells (PSC) have efficiencies as high as 17 %. However, PSC is still an emerging technology and several issues are still to be addressed before it can be commercialized. CH3NH3PbX3, compounds absorb light in near UV as well as visible region. UV light is not converted into electrical energy. On the contrary, it degrades the cell performance over a period. A downshifting phosphor which will absorb light in 350-450 nm and emit in the green region can improve the performance of the cell. Results on synthesis and characterization of ZnB2O4:Mn2+ and Ba9Sc2Si6O24:Eu2+ phosphors presented here show that these can be adequate for this purpose.


The dilution effect argues for a mechanistic link between increased host diversity and decreased disease in a focal host. However, we currently have a limited understanding of how the pathogen transmission mechanism and between-host interactions influence whether increased host diversity leads to increased (amplification) or decreased (dilution) disease prevalence. In this study, we use a two-host-one-pathogen model to show how dilution effect theory for pathogens with environmental transmission and density and frequency dependent direct transmission can be unified. We use that unified framework to identify how the pathogen transmission mechanism and characteristics of an introduced host (disease competence and interspecific and intraspecific competitive abilities) influence disease prevalence in a focal host and under what conditions amplification or dilution is promoted. Our approach shows that there are general rules governing how specific biological mechanisms shape biodiversity-disease patterns, but the rules have context dependencies.


The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on production, carcass traits, and plasmatic concentrations of IGF-I and thyroid hormones on crossbred Angus-Nellore male calves. Thirty-six calves averaging 63 ± 17 days old and 76.8 ± 14.7 kg of body weight (BW) grazing Brachiaria decumbens and creep fed were randomly assigned (18 calves per treatment) to one of two treatments until weaning (217 days) as follows: I) 1.4 mg of rbST (Boostin®)/kg of BW every 14 days or II) similar dosage of saline solution. Every 28 days calves were weighed and blood samples collected; at weaning, five animals from each treatment were slaughtered for carcass evaluation. The rbST-treated calves had greater average daily weight gain, final weight, and plasmatic concentrations of both IGF-I and T4 than those receiving saline solution. Weights of hot carcass, forequarter, hindquarter, hindquarter muscles, and liver as well as dressing percentage, kidney and pelvic fat, rib eye area, backfat thickness, and plasmatic concentrations of T3 were all not affected by rbST. Use of rbST increased body weight gain (7.9%) and changed the hormonal status of pre-weaning creep-fed calves compared to the use of saline solution but did not improve carcass weight or dressing percentage.


Driving a synchronous machine in overmodulation region and six-step mode is a common way to reduce switching losses in the inverter and fully utilize inverter output voltage. Main issues concerning this operating area in combination with state of the art field oriented control are saturation of the current controller and reduced torque dynamics. This paper presents a strategy that is based on a voltage angle control in order to improve dynamics and overcome stability problems of the PI-controller. An additional dc-link voltage control loop for drive trains including a dc/dc converter gives the designer a new degree of freedom to improve the drives overall efficiency. Precise control of both dc-link and inverter output voltages creates the possibility to shift six-step mode to an arbitrary operating region including base speed.


This special issue of the Journal of Hispanic Higher Education is about "Actualizing P-20 School–University Collaboration: Moving From Theory to Practice in a Partnership Context." In recent years, stakeholders at the federal, state, and local levels have encouraged the development of P-20 partnerships to improve educational outcomes and college access. As these partnerships continue to emerge and evolve, it is important and timely to address the research and practice of the participants in this arena. This collection of externally peer-reviewed articles presents rich, nuanced, and thoughtful research based on various P-20 partnerships that span educational, community, and governmental boundaries. The partnership work discussed in these articles focuses on improving educational outcomes for all students, but especially for Latinos and others who have been traditionally underrepresented with respect to college access and success. In "Organizational Collaboration to Promote College Access: A P-20 Framework," Núñez and Oliva provide an approach for thinking about and improving P-20 collaborations based on the current research literature. This framework identifies different actors that commonly participate in such partnerships and discusses supports and barriers to effective collaboration. In their article, Moran, Cooper, López, and Goza examine how a school– university initiative involving several interconnected partnerships has addressed the low college-going rates of Latino and other students in their region. They illustrate how various theoretical frameworks have influenced the development of this collaboration. Pointing to this initiative's multidimensional nature, they present studies on the initiative's parent support groups, programs to enhance students' selfconfidence in science, and programs to increase students' math preparation levels. The authors also discuss how partnership data can be used to inform collaborative efforts through a "cycle of inquiry" that involves personnel in both P-12 and university systems.


This quantitative study explored the effects of slogan length and cognate use in Spanish slogans on the perceived and actual comprehension of said slogans when used in Dutch advertisements and the purchase intention of Dutch consumers. In a between-subjects experiment, 180 Dutch participants completed a questionnaire in which they were assigned to one of the four conditions containing ads with : (1) a slogan of 4 words, with a cognate; (2) a slogan of 8 words, with a cognate; (3) a slogan of 4 words, without a cognate; or (4) a slogan of 8 words, without a cognate. Each participant evaluated three advertisements for different food products. Firstly, it was found that short slogans led to higher perceived comprehension, but not to higher actual comprehension. Secondly, the use of cognates results in both higher perceived and actual comprehension. No effect of either slogan length or cognate presence on purchase intention was found. Furthermore, a relationship was found between the perceived and actual comprehension. Lastly, it was found that a higher perceived and actual comprehension led to higher purchase intention. Introduction Slogans are everywhere in advertising. To give an example, 'Because you're worth it' from L'Oréal and 'I'm Lovin' it' from McDonald's are both well-known by consumers from all over the world. These slogans express the identity of the product or brand and strengthen the brand's logo and brand name (Dass, Kohli, Kumar, & Thomas, 2014). Furthermore, they facilitate consumers in recognizing and remembering a brand (Kohli, Leuthesser, & Suri, 2007). The English slogan of McDonald's is used in foreign countries, without adjusting it to every local language. In fact, from the previous century on, an increasing interest has been noticed in the use of foreign languages in advertising. A corpus study showed that 81% of the advertisements in Dutch women's magazines contained English (Gerritsen et al., 2007). This growing interest has come from the belief that using foreign languages in advertising is more effective in raising attention than solely using the native language. Furthermore, the increasing use of foreign languages in advertising can be linked to the concept of globalization. Foreign markets are now easily accessible, and consumers are increasingly aware of other cultures and languages. In fact, 86.4% of the Dutch population aged between 25 and 64 is able to speak more than one foreign language (Eurostat, 2016). This raises the question for advertisers whether to standardize or localize their global campaigns (Mueller, 1991). On the one hand, using standardized advertising campaigns can reduce costs, as organizations do not have to create multiple campaigns. Moreover, it can be practical to use one language, as certain words are difficult to translate (Gerritsen et al., 2007). Besides, a global campaign provides control for companies, as each advertisement in every location is the same. Lastly, standardizing advertising helps organizations to develop one corporate brand image (Hornikx, Van Meurs, & De Boer, 2010). On the other hand, consumers may perceive the advertisements differently due to cultural differences. To give an example, British consumers prefer humoristic or straightforward advertising styles, whereas French consumers prefer dreamlike styles (Whitelock and Rey, 1998). Additionally, consumers are less able to understand an advertisement in a foreign language than advertisers currently believe (Gerritsen et al., 2010). This difficulty in understanding is a considerable problem, as it implies that the message of the advertisement will not be conveyed to the consumer as intended. According to the Revised Hierarchical Model, messages in a consumer's first language are easier to comprehend than messages in a foreign language (Luna & Peracchio, 2003). However, previous studies also suggest that it is not always necessary for consumers to comprehend a message in a foreign language advertisement. Different languages can evoke different impressions of the advertisement due to country stereotypes (Hornikx, Van Meurs, & Starren, 2007). Furthermore, the comprehension of foreign language elements in advertisements can be improved by reducing the message's complexity. Linguistic complexity can cause difficulties in the interpretation of a message (Pallotti, 2014), which can lead to unfavourable results regarding advertisement effectiveness. To give an example, in a study on the use of English in Dutch advertisements for chocolate, easy slogans were appreciated more and resulted in a higher purchase intention than difficult slogans (Hendriks, Van Meurs & Poos, 2017). However, since prior studies have operationalized complexity by means of subjective judgments rather than the manipulation of objective linguistic elements, the unanswered question remains how the complexity of a foreign language slogan can be adjusted by linguistic factors to make it easier to understand and improve the effectiveness of the message. Therefore, this research aims to study how the complexity of a foreign language slogan affects the perceived and actual comprehension of the said slogan. Furthermore, its effect on the consumers' purchase intention with respect to the portrayed product will be studied. These results provide useful guidelines on how to assess language complexity when using foreign languages in advertising. In addition, this research can give insight into the area of second language acquisition (SLA), because the aim is to study how linguistic complexity affects the comprehension of a foreign language message. Depending on the outcomes, foreign language teachers and learners could incorporate cognates into the learning process or adjust the length of the foreign language sentences. Furthermore, the results of this research can contribute to computational linguistics. The linguistic factors that make a message less complex can be implemented by computer systems. For example, speech recognition systems could make use of cognates or adapt the length of sentences to facilitate comprehension. Moreover, with the help of the outcomes of this research, foreign language slogans can be designed to make them more effective in order for organizations to persuade consumers more efficiently. Before turning to the research questions and hypotheses of the current study, first the existing literature on foreign language slogans in advertisements, linguistic complexity and advertisement effectiveness will be reviewed. Literature review Foreign language slogans in advertisements Foreign language slogans are often used in advertising to attract attention and to demonstrate an organization's foreignness (Hornikx & Van Meurs, 2020). This foreignness can highlight country stereotypes. To give an example, consumers connect Spain to wine (Usunier & Cestre, 2007), so when using a Spanish slogan for wine, the country stereotype will be activated in the minds of consumers and they will experience the advertisement more positively. Globalization can also be an important reason for organizations to adopt foreign language slogans because it provides the possibility to implement a standardized advertising strategy. This advertising standardization can be described as the means of using the same advertisements in multiple locations, without adjusting the content. From the previous century on, there has been considerable academic interest in this topic (Hornikx & Van Meurs, 2020). However, the findings of previous studies are often contradictory. For example, according to Levitt (1983) it is fundamental to standardize, as organizations who do not are likely to miss out on profits. Through standardizing, organizations can reach a larger audience and can reduce costs. On the other hand, participants from different countries appreciate different aspects of the same advertisement (Green et al., 1975). This implies that each country has different preferences, leading to the conclusion that organizations should not standardize their global advertising. Furthermore, advertisements could be more efficient when targeted at specific audiences. Another reason for organizations not to standardize is that consumers are not always able to comprehend an advertisement in a foreign language (Gerritsen et al., 2010; Hornikx & Van Meurs, 2020). Linguistic complexity Linguistic complexity can be described as the components of language that contribute to the difficulty of interpreting communication (Pallotti, 2014). In other words, various elements of language can make communication more complicated to understand, such as slogan length. According to Pallotti (2014), linguistic complexity is especially important in the field of second language acquisition, as this deals with the components making communication more comprehensible. These components can occur in various linguistic areas and can occur in both spoken and written language. In slogans, syntactic and semantic aspects are likely to have a part in influencing linguistic complexity (Miller & Toman, 2015). This is because those areas are dealing with the structure and meaning of words and sentences. These two concepts will be further explained in the following paragraphs. In linguistics, the field of semantics is concerned with the meaning of the words. When considering semantic complexity, cognates may help consumers understand the meaning of a foreign language slogan and make a slogan less complicated. Cognates are words that are similar in at least two languages (Fasold & Connor-Linton, 2014). The similarity of these words includes the use of similar sounds, related spelling and comparable translations (Otwinowska, 2015). These cognates facilitate individuals in recognizing the meaning of words in a foreign language, due to their comparable appearance and meaning. To give an example, comunicación and communicatie are cognates in Spanish and Dutch. Using similar words contributes to a more su


— The development of an inter-regional cooperation model in providing basic public services in the Ajatappareng area of South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, is presumably not as effective as expected. This study aims to describe basic public services (health, education and transportation) and models or patterns of cooperation developed by local governments. This study used a survey-evaluative method. Data were collected using observation, interview and documentation techniques. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis techniques and shift-share analysis. The result is a fairly effective provision of basic public services in education, health and transportation. The provision of effective education services is seen from the aspects of equal distribution and expansion of access, quality of services provided, internal efficiency and effectiveness of institutional management. Provision of health services is quite successful in terms of public access, equity and justice, public health status, and levels of mortality, morbidity and community nutritional status. The provision of transportation services is quite effective, seen from the provision of infrastructure that can open up regional access to remote areas. There are two models of inter-regional cooperation and coordination that are implemented, namely "service exchange" and "consolidation of service mergers", in addition to the three idealized cooperation models. The three service models that are not optimal in practice are inter-government service contracts, joint service agreements and permanent transfers of interregional government services.


This chapter contains sections titled: Productivity in Science, How Scientists in Developing Countries Are Disadvantaged, How Collaboratories Promise to Provide Advantages, Potential Barriers to Realizing the Promise, Data Collection, The Results, Conclusions and Implications, Notes, References


In this paper, we present design, implementation and measurement of 3D mm-wave LTCC (low temperature co-fired ceramic) module with vertical transition through FR-4 PCB substrate. A new structure in order to transfer mm-wave signal from transceiver module through an opening in FR-4 PCB substrate to antenna with standard WR-22 waveguide port is proposed. The module features front-end, receiver and transmitter. The opening in FR-4 PCB substrate is of rectangular type, which has the same dimensions as a WR-22 waveguide. The edge of the opening is conductively plated with copper from top side to the bottom to reduce transmission losses. The implemented module is compact in size (32 x 28 x 3.3 mm ). Experimental results show a 1dB compression output power of 15 dBm and noise figure of 9.72 dB at 40.5~41.5 GHz.


In this paper, through the analysis of the status of university public computing resources and existing problems, put forward the integration management of cloud computing into the public computing resources, characteristics of the cloud computing to achieve the public computer lab daily management work to simplify, reduce the construction investment, improve the quality of higher education service.


Rejmyre in Ostergotland County is a small village of about 1000 residents. According to existing data, glass waste is scattered in private and communal gardens in the village. Glass waste has been produced since 1810 from the local glass industry. Historically, lead, cadmium, and even arsenic were used in manufacturing glass. However, these substances are no longer used in modern glass production. Because of the glass waste scattered in the village, we decided to take samples of soil and drinking water in various locations to measure levels of potentially toxic substances and analyse whether they are a risk to the environment and human health, or not. This work also includes studies of possible exposure and pathways of these metals. The analyses showed that several private and municipal gardens in Rejmyre village are not only contaminated by arsenic and lead, but also moderately contaminated by cadmium. Poor hygiene or improperly cleaned food is the main route of exposure to these contaminants. According to the analyses of leachate, these metals are tightly bound to the glass waste. However, as the glass waste occurs in the upper soil sequence, and because wells for drinking water are drilled deep into the rock, the risk that these metals spread to the ground water is judged to be small. The risk of contaminating nearby surface waters is also small. However, even though the risk is small, there is still a possibility that these metals could disperse into the environment because the glass particles will weather with time. More detailed studies are needed to determine whether these high metal concentrations in the soil can have a negative influence on the environment and human health. Further investigations of water pathways and geology are required to determine if the metals can spread to surrounding surface waters and drinking water reservoirs.


Mr. Hensley is Associate Director, Elementary/Secondary Education Department, Education Commission of the States, Denver, Colorado. For several years career education has attracted the attention of educators, political decision makers, leaders in business, industry and labor and the general public. It has not been a casual interest. The notion that career education constitutes a natural and sound ob-


39 Background: The mission of the Prostate Cancer Supportive Care (PCSC) Program at the Vancouver Prostate Centre (VPC) is to provide clinical care focused on the needs of prostate cancer patients and partners. It is comprised of six modules that are administered by medical professionals in urology, radiation oncology, sexual health nurses, registered dieticians, certified exercise physiologist, male pelvic floor physiotherapists, and couples' counselling. Incorporation of research into daily care provides evidence for these practices, identifies areas for improvement, and tests new approaches. In order to evaluate the interface between the clinical and research programs, we reviewed the metrics of our PCSC program. Methods: Research studies were grouped by type. Screening and enrollment logs were reviewed to tally the total number of patients approached versus enrolled. Reasons for non-participation based on data in our enrollment logs were categorized. Results: Between Feb 2015 and Mar 2019, PCSC Program participated in 22 research studies: 9 therapeutic or lifestyle intervention studies (3 RCTs), 3 observational studies, 2 registries, 1 survey, 1 genetic study, 1 databank , 2 collaborative programmatic studies, 3 "permission to contact" studies (referral to the study team only). 8 of the 22 studies included recruitment of dyads (both patient and their partner or caregiver). Of 1080 consenting patients, 760 (70.4%) enrolled in 1 study, 210 (19.4%) in 2 studies, and 110 (10.2%) in > 3 studies. 583 patients did not consent due to lack of interest (43.7%), not available (21.1%), time constraints (10.3%), travel distance (6.7%). Conclusions: Our data show that a subspecialty supportive care program can provide a rich environment in which to conduct clinical research. We believe that the integration of the research program and personnel into the clinical setting is key to our success. Current on-going studies are evaluating the impact of and patient satisfaction with all PCSC modules.


The purpose of this paper is to describe the current implementation of videoconferencing system at the University "Goce Delcev" – Stip, as a case study, to present some non-functional requirements related to the technology and infrastructure, and gained during the process of implementation. The paper also presents the students perspectives on videoconferencing in education at a distance. These findings are obtained in the process of preliminary evaluation of the videoconferencing system at the university.


There is a tremendous growth in the increase of productivity and industrialization is making big leaps in the country. But due to our total educational system has remained very much ill-planned. There has never been a planned assessment of what industrial developments have been taking place and what sort of jobs are in demand. Unemployment is a daunting problem for both the developed and developing countries. India is one of those developing countries which continue to have the problem of unemployment and underemployment despite of continuous policy emphasis and programmers to eliminate the problem. Therefore the problem of large scale unemployment stares in our face. Although with increase in school and college enrolment rates, the proportion of youth has been declining; their high proportions indicate that the problem of youth unemployment and underemployment would remain a serious policy issue for many more years to come in India. "The net result of this is that there are lots of jobs for which qualified people are not available and there are job-seekers for whom there are no jobs." The paper offers policy recommendations for increasing productive employment and reduction in unemployment for the youth, if measures are not taken to improve the educational attainment and skill development among the youth. What is urgently, needed in our country is a proper survey and a planned assessment of what sort of jobs are most in demand both in the public as well as in the private sector and there needs to be a controlled enrolment in institutes and institutions which should be training young men in such needed jobs.