The optical band gap of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) epitaxial film is investigated by means of transmittance and reflectance measurements. We grew the h-BN epitaxial film on c-plane sapphire substrate by metalorganic vaper phase epitaxy. X-ray diffraction and reflection high-energy electron diffraction reveal that the h-BN epitaxial film has a smooth surface, and the epitaxial relationship is found to be (0001)h-BN|| (0001)sapphire with an in-plane orientation relationship of [110]h-BN|| [100]sapphire. The photon energy dependence of the squared absorption coefficient is linear, indicating a direct band gap in the h-BN, and the optical band gap is determined to be 5.9 eV. The single-phase h-BN epitaxial film provides a more intrinsic value of the optical band gap than the values estimated for polycrystalline or pyrolytic BN. (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


White coat ceremonies of one kind or another have long marked the entry of medical students into clinical work. As donned by physicians in the late 19th century, the white coat signified the scientific method and the adoption of aseptic techniques. The white coat ceremonies now in vogue emphasize the humanistic values also symbolized by the coat. Adoption of these ceremonies for entering students by 93 medical schools in the United States in 1998 suggests that both students and faculty find the ceremonies uplifting and meaningful. After all, science, medicine, and humanism are intertwined in western history and culture. Yet as we look at traditional ceremonies in medicine from the perspective of today's diverse student body and faculty, we can also see the extent to which elitism and professional hierarchy have been present in the medical profession. It should not surprise us, therefore, that when a thinker like Wear deconstructs the meaning of the white coat ceremony in this issue [1], she perceives a darker symbolism hidden behind the altruism, compassion, and excellence embraced by the ceremony's participants. She questions whether the ceremony is the best vehicle through which to encourage compassionate and humble caregiving. As an alternative to the white coat ceremony, she proposes first Fridays on which students would visit community sites, such as free clinics, domestic violence shelters, rape crisis centers, and drug treatment programs. Such visits would give students access to the perspectives of disadvantaged persons. What should we think of white coat ceremonies and first Fridays? In answering that question, we need to consider not just the formal curriculum and the hidden curriculum but also the informal curriculum. As Wear points out, white coat ceremonies overtly affirm humanistic values in the formal curriculum; in the hidden curriculum, which exists behind our formal attestations, white coats also symbolize power and authority. By the informal curriculum, I refer not to hidden symbols but to the overt influence of the hallway conversations, dining room and dormitory talk, comments on rounds, and ways of treating persons on the wards to which students are exposed. White coat ceremonies seem to try to inoculate students against the unsavory effects of the informal curriculum: the lack of compassion, the blurring of ethical boundaries, the treating of patients like objects, and other moral quagmires that probably affect the education of medical students at least as powerfully as the hidden curriculum of symbols does. My colleagues and I, for example, after reading third-year medical students' stories of their experiences on clinical clerkships, concluded that adapting to the medical culture was extremely problematic for these students [2]. Others have reported that medical students feel that their core ethical values are eroded during their clinical years [3]. Others have even reported on the abuse of medical students [4]. In analyzing the informal curriculum, Hundert and colleagues [5] concluded that many students suppress humanistic values simply in order to get on with their work. These authors also believe that the culture of the medical wards is antithetical to the reflection and self-discovery needed for professional development. In fact, the acculturation of physicians involves deep-seated issues. Konner, in Becoming a Doctor [6], concluded from the participant-observer point of view of an anthropologist that stress and fatigue may actually enable young physicians to bypass existential moralizing and grapple with the grotesque pragmatic reality of caring for the sick. He believes that physicians are allowed to do what they do because of the rigors of the training, that the physician pays for his or her power with suffering. Given the depth of the issues involved, I suspect that both white coat ceremonies and first Fridays will prove inadequate to support the professional, moral, and ethical development of students. The white coat ceremony seems important, but it is only one part of what is needed. Wear's proposal that students visit drug rehabilitation clinics, rape crisis centers, and other community agencies is laudable, but it could readily result in cynicism unless its implementation is carefully designed and supported by adequate structure and mentoring. In an alternative approach that may have promise, my colleagues and I implemented a required curriculum of weekly small-group sessions in which students reflected on their ethical and humanistic values throughout the third-year clerkships [7]. Despite the above concerns about the depth and influence of the informal curriculum and the complexity of the transformation from layperson to physician, I believe that such opportunities for deep, honest reflection can and do keep students' moral values alive during their clerkships [7-9]. All of the above and more is needed to elevate professional development to its proper place in medical education. And, although students do need to know more about the community, medicine needs to clean up its own backyard: The main educational battles over humanism will occur in the teaching hospitals and clinics, where many disadvantaged persons receive their medical care. But the informal curriculum, a dogged foe, changes and adapts to each new condition. Ultimately, its less desirable effects are likely to give way only when our efforts to counteract it are vigorous enough and when sufficient numbers of positive role models are available among housestaff and faculty. We should have more white coat ceremonies. The ceremonies should emphasize that physicians need to tread very gently with their power. Those who have been very sick-and I count myself among these-know firsthand how much power physicians wield. It has been my experience that most mature physicians are aware of this and treat their patients with great gentleness and consideration. But to ease the transition from student-doctor to fully mature physician, we need to learn a great deal more about how to strengthen humanism within the formal curriculum. Only then will we begin to overcome the hidden and informal forces that insidiously, negatively influence medical education.


The research population of this study consists of Australia, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Brazil, Chile, Canada, Hungary, Pakistan, India, Ukraine and the United Kingdom. For these countries; T, the relationship between Exchange Rate Index (exc), Real Interest Rate (int) and Consumer Price Index (cpi) variables were examined. Data from 2000Q1 to 2021Q3 were used in the study. The data are taken from the IMF's data bank. Analysis was done in R-Studio. Wo Seasonality Test, Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test, Linear Granger Causality Analysis and Nonlinear Granger Causality Analysis were used to investigate the relationship between variables. The theory claims that there is causality in both directions between exchange rate, interest rate and inflation. In the study, the relationship between these variables was investigated with linear and nonlinear causality tests. It is thought that the empirical results that contradict the theory are caused by the development levels of the countries, their macroeconomic structures, the applied fiscal and monetary policy instruments, the conjuncture and the analysis methods. The study aims to investigate these claims. For this reason, the development levels, sociocultural and socioeconomic structures of the selected countries were requested to be different. In addition, two different test methods, linear and non-linear, were preferred for the causality relationship. It was observed that the selected analysis methods significantly affected the results. Linear causality analysis results are closer to theoretical implications. However, the level of development of the countries does not have a significant effect on the relationship between the variables.


Thank you very much for reading novel approaches in biosensors and rapid diagnostic assays. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look numerous times for their favorite readings like this novel approaches in biosensors and rapid diagnostic assays, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some harmful virus inside their computer.


This small book was written primarily as an introduction to radiation protection for medical health physicists, radiology technicians, and physicians in residency training. The practicing physician will similarly find it useful, especially if he is concerned with problems of radiation exposure. The topics covered in succinct form include general aspects of radiation protection (elementary physics, units, detectors, meters, monitors, and maximum permissible dose), protection from radionuclides (working habits, legal matters, and internal dosimetry), and protection against external radiation (barriers and external dosimetry). The newly proposed Systeme International units, such as the becquerel, gray, and sievert, are used throughout the book. A useful glossary and good index are included. The brief table of natural logarithms is poorly reproduced from another publication. The concise presentation is enhanced by sample problems and by references to more extensive source books, both in the field of radiation protection and in radiobiology. The authors have not


Background : Background: Elderly patients are more likely to require surgery and are at greater risk for surgical complications than young age group. The causal factors include decreasing physiologic reserve and increasing number of underlying health check problems . The aim of the current study is to evaluate preoperatively common medical disorders and habits as risk factors among elderly patients. Method: The protocol of study was finalized with an interview and was completed in several standard screening questionnaires. Results: A total of 155 subjects completed the criteria of study. Mean age was recorded 69.8±5.7 SD years (female: 52%, male: 48%). Frequency of smoking habit, opium using and alcohol drinking was 42 %( male; 53%), 15% (male; 85%) and 5%. Common disorders included respiratory (36%), cardiovascular (31%), diabetes mellitus (11%), renal (7%) and cerebrovascular (5%). Frequency of perioperative mortality risk of elderly patients occupied ASA classifications, including; classes=III 33% and IV =37%, respectively. The significant differences were seen between ASA classifications and MRC scale (χ<0.001). However, meaningful differences were found between gender and opium using (χ<0.001, odd ratio =7.6). Conclusion: Our finding indicated that mortality rate of perioperative risk was considerably based upon ASA physical status classification among elderly Iranians. It may be due to significant prevalence of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and also additionally present hazardous habits as smoking and opium using among aged patients. Surgical team should be awarded respect to social habits and frequency of disorders among the old-age population. Copyright©2012 Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. Allrights reserved .


Simulation of the shaping for the fine-module external ratchet teeth at which the contacting surfaces are formed by the straight segments is considered in this paper. The design schemes for shaping of the proposed ratchet teeth by a shaper cutter and a rack are obtained. It is defined that the maximum length of the straight segment of the front edge ratchet teeth will be formed at shaping by a rack cutter. The effect of a module, a gradient angle and a radius of blank circles on the length of the straight segment of the front edge ratchet teeth is investigated.


The official statements of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) [1] and American Thoracic Society (ATS) [2] consistently recommended some corrections before adopting the measured values of alveolar helium fraction (FA,He) in the "alveolar sample" for the calculation of alveolar volume (VA). I refer to the measurement of the carbon monoxide transfer factor by the single-breath method. As the expired gas is passed first through CO2 and H2O absorbers and then to the helium analyser, this reduces the total volume of the sample and the percentage of helium is overestimated. The recommendations include a correction for the dead space of the sampling bag, and for the CO2 absorption (measured or assumed), but none for H2O absorption. Conversely, the latter is included in the Guidelines for the Measurement of Respiratory Function, produced by the British Thoracic Society (BTS) and Association of Respiratory Technicians and Physiologists (ARTP) [3], which state "the percentage of H2O in the sample may be estimated from tables and is dependent on the ambient temperature". Assuming a full water vapour saturation of the alveolar sample, a rough calculation suggests that a 6% correction at 37°C would decline to about 2% at 20–22°C. Ridiculous? May be. Nevertheless, these guidelines are offered as "a simpler instruction manual ... for immediate referral". I should be happier with a statement from the ERS Working Party and I thank you in advance if you will kindly convey my question. Of course the question is of interest to only a minority, i.e. those who measure the "effective alveolar volume" and use a thermal conductivity helium analyser.


Twenty years ago, Mariner 2 was launched and provided the first extensive and definitive measurements in the interplanetary medium. Parker completed his book "Interplanetary Dynamical Processes" [Parker, 1963] at that time, giving a sound theoretical basis for the interplanetary studies which followed. Ten years ago, Pioneer 10 was launched and initiated the exploration of "deep space". Hundhausen's book "Coronal Expansion and Solar Wind" [Hundhausen, 1972] was published then, and it organized the first decade of interplanetary observations in the framework of supersonic gas-dynamics.


As of 12:00 28 June 2011, 15 cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) or bloody diarrhoea have been identified in the Gironde, south-west France. Investigations suggest the vehicle of transmission was sprouts, served at an event in Begles on 8 June 2011. A strain of shiga toxin- producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 has been isolated from five cases. This strain is genetically related to the strain identified in the recent E. coli O104:H4 outbreak in Germany, and shares the same virulence and antimicrobial resistance characteristics.
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Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are highly mobile and wireless networks intended to aid vehicular safety and traffic monitoring. To achieve these goals, we propose a VANET model based on immune network theory. Our model outperforms the delay tolerant mobility sensor network (DTMSN) model over a range of node numbers in terms of data packet arrival delay, arrival ratio, and throughput. These findings held true for the on-demand distance vector and connection-based restricted forwarding routing protocols. The model performed satisfactorily on a real road network.


FIT TO WORK is a book by Gauri Sharma. It is a comprehensive study conducted during her Masters. This book tries to clear doubts as to why with increase in opportunities due to liberalization and globalization, there is still a rising and an alarming disparity between employability of the able bodied and PWDs? Even though there are laws that have been amended with time and the activists working pro-actively, still the employment ratio of PWDs is negligible.The Industries are unaware and skeptical about their competence and have stereotypes attached to the word 'disability''. The NGOs and the Industries are working on two different dimensions. Even though the NGOs are training PWDs to be skillful workers the Industries feel that it is not at par with the organizational needs. On the other hand PWDs feel that the attitude of the people in the industries and lack of support from the government is another issue. Even though few of them are employed, it is mostly at the lower levels which is not at par with their qualifications. The author feels that the culture, perception and HR policies of the organizations also play a vital role in the employment of the PWDs.


Jakarta Composite Index (JCI) is the main stock index in Indonesia Stock Exchange, which indicates the movement of the performance of all stocks listed. The data of stock price index often experience rapid fluctuations in a short time, so it is needed to carry out an analysis to help investor making the right investment decisions. Forecasting JCI is one of the activities that can be done because it helps to predict the value of the stock price in accordance with the past patterns, so it can be a consideration to make a decision. In this research, there are two forecasting models created to predict JCI, which are Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model with (1) Backpropagation algorithm (BP) and (2) Backpropagation algorithm model combined with Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO). The development of both models is done from the stage of the training process to obtain optimal weights on each network layer, followed by a stage of the testing process to determine whether the models are valid or not based on the tracking signals that are generated. ANN model is used because it is known to have the ability to process data that is nonlinear such as stock price indices and PSO is used to help ANN to gain weight with a fast computing time and tend to provide optimal results. Forecast results generated from both models are compared based on the error of computation time and forecast error. ANN model with BP algorithm generates computation time of training process for 4,9927 seconds with MSE of training and testing process is respectively 0,0031 and 0,0131, and MAPE of forecast results is 2,55%. ANN model with BP algorithm combined with PSO generates computation time of training process for 4,3867 seconds with MSE of training and testing process is respectively 0,0030 and 0,0062, and MAPE of forecast result is 1,88%. Based on these results, it can be concluded that ANN model with BP algorithm combined with PSO provides a more optimal result than ANN model with BP algorithm.


A process for manufacturing a connector that attains increasing of connector production speed and reduces wasting of contacts. Socket (10) of connector (1) is formed through two separate steps consisting of a primary molding step and a secondary molding step. In the primary molding step, socket body base part (12) and resin carrier (25) are integrally molded. Socket contact (30) can be disposed atdesired position of the socket body base part (12) by assembling metal carrier (35) with the socket contact (30) coupled thereto into the resin carrier (25). Subsequently, the assembled member is setin secondary molding metal mold (70), and insert molding is carried out. As it is not needed to directly dispose the socket contact (30) in the secondary molding metal mold (70), there can be attained enhancement of working efficiency and increasing of connector production speed. Further, as it is not needed to discard part of the socket contact (30) as different from the prior art, the problem of contact wasting can be solved.


We have already derived the Criteria for thermal stability of charged rotating black holes in any dimension , for horizon areas that are large relative to the Planck area (in these dimensions). The derivation is done by using results of loop quantum gravity and equilibrium statistical mechanics of the Grand Canonical ensemble. It is also shown there [1] that in four dimensional spacetime, ADS Kerr-Newman Black hole is thermally stable. In this paper, the expectation values of fluctuations of horizon area,charge and angular momentum of stable ADS black hole are calculated. Interestingly, it is found that leading order fluctuations of charge and angular momentum , in large horizon area limit , are independent of the values of charge and angular momentum at equilibrium.


The scientific community of both the International Precipitation Working Group (IPWG) and the International Working group on Space-Based Snowfall Measurements (IWSSM) gathered in October 2016 in Bologna, Italy for a unique workshop on the remote sensing of precipitation. This well-attended event showcased the progress in these communities and represented the first time the two communities organized the same event with the intent of sharing results aiming at improving measurement of precipitation from space and fostering the applications in a growing number of areas. The workshop topics were: new and ongoing satellite programs; retrieval algorithms; validation of instantaneous and gridded precipitation products over land, mountainous terrain, and oceans; precipitation science in meteorology, hydrology, oceanography, climate; upcoming applications such as health, flood and drought monitoring, and risk assessments. The workshop triggered the present collection of papers sharing recent developments with the wider scientific community. The Special Collection «Advances in Remote Sensing of Rainfall and Snowfall» consists of 28 papers dealing with various aspects of solid and liquid precipitation measurements from space. The paper by Levizzani et al. addressed the structure of the International Precipitation Working Group (IPWG) as the community dealing with precipitation measurements from space within the Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites (CGMS) sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). IPWG organizes this series of workshops every 2-years. The community is called to express opinions and recommendations on new and ongoing satellite missions for precipitation and specifically advices CGMS. Skofronick-Jackson et al. have addressed the contribution of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission to an improvement of the quality of precipitation products, their expansion towards low-intensity rainfall detection and the studies on snowfall structure, all this after four years in orbit of the Core Satellite. A key member of the GPM constellation collaborative constellation is the French-Indian mission Megha-Tropiques whose contribution to the estimation of daily precipitation in the Tropics is examined by Roca et al. Finally, a glimpse of the future of precipitation measurements using constellations of small satellites (CubeSats) is provided by Blackwell et al. with the paper on the Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitation structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS); TROPICS was approved as a NASA Earth Venture mission and will be among the very first to exploit small satellite constellations for precipitation measurements. The second essential component of the process of providing satellite-based precipitation products is the algorithms that contain the physical-statistical approaches to link satellite measurements of radiation emission and scattering from clouds to precipitation intensity at the ground. The IPWG is constantly fostering the development of new algorithms and their improvement by the community. Several examples of the evolution of these algorithms are contained in the present collection. The papers on the algorithms address several fundamental aspects that are crucial in improving the quality of the products. The first point is classifying clouds prior to the precipitation estimation (Shin et al.) and stratifying passive microwave observations to better constrain the retrieval process using Bayesian methods (Turk et al.). Probability and statistical approaches are used by Guilloteau et al. to generate the precipitation fraction at high resolution using a multiscale constraint while Kirstetter et al. apply probabilistic approaches to rain estimation from infrared sensors whose usage is still widespread for global product generation. Two novel methodologies involving new (for the satellite-based precipitation estimation) kinds of observations: Cardellach et al. describe their detection of intense precipitation using polarimetric GNSS radio occultation observations while Supply et al. use sea surface salinity as a proxy for estimating precipitation over the ocean. Prior to any application data need to be validated against some kind of "truth." It is obviously quite difficult to find such "truth" because all measurements either from the ground or from satellite are affected by inherent limitations linked to their physical principles, their spatio-temporal representativeness and sensor characteristics. Precipitation makes no exception and IPWG has long since initiated a coordinated


eld theory. In these SDWs, the spin polarization as well as the charge density depend on the lattice site and are modulated along one direction of the square lattice. We show that within this phase of metallic SDWs the Fermi surface changes from small to large, when the coupling strength is increased. Furthermore, the transition between the large Fermi-surface SDW phase and the paramagnetic phase is of second order, while the transition between the small Fermi-surface SDW phase and the paramagnetic phase is of rst order. A local quantum critical point is thus avoided in our calculations by undergoing a rst order phase transition.


As impersonality transforming sequence in subsurface engineering structure, damage predicting model was erected with the theory of least squares support vector machine. Estimating input-output relation in subsurface engineering structure damage problems according to learning samples, non-line implicit expression was constructed between structure damage problems and their factors, and then testing samples was predicted with the law, which was weighted by empirical risk minimization theory. Taking "crack" as a case, results show, LS-SVM model has effective small sample learning ability and higher matching and predicting accuracy, which exceeds predicting model of BP nerve network.


The utility model discloses an entertainment and fitness bicycle which comprises a frame, a front wheel and a rear wheel, wherein the front wheel is arranged on a front fork on the front part of the frame; a fixed seat is arranged on the frame through a supporting rod; the rear wheel is arranged on the rear part of the frame and is driven by a power shaft to move; a winch is arranged on the power shaft; pedals are arranged on two sides of a position, which is close to the lower end of the front wheel, of the frame; the left pedal and the right pedal are connected through a fixing rod and penetrate through the frame so as to be connected with the frame in a rotatable manner; a transmission gear mechanism is arranged at the middle position of the frame; cranks are arranged on two sides of the transmission gear mechanism; a roller is arranged at the other end of each crank and is arranged on the lower end face of each pedal; a winch is arranged on the other side of the transmission gear mechanism and is connected with the winch on the power shaft through a chain to realize transmission. According to the entertainment and fitness bicycle, the shortcomings in the prior art are overcome; the entertainment and fitness bicycle is simple in design and reasonable in structure; due to the improvement on the conventional bicycle, the conventional bicycle pedaling driving mode is changed, so that the interest of riding is enhanced, and a fitness effect is achieved.


Background: Sitting balance is an important target in motor rehabilitation and injury prevention as poor sitting posture can induce musculoskeletal problems affecting life quality. Exercises to improve core stability like strengthening specific muscles of the low-back or of the pelvic floor performing selective pelvic movements exercises have been suggested to improve sitting balance promoting an efficient interaction between spine, pelvis, and the entire kinematic chain. It is in this framework and with such aim that we developed a new device BridGE and we preliminary tested it with healthy subjects. Methods: BridGE is a sensorized balance board with two IMUs, one inside the balance board and one on the trunk of the subject that is sitting on it, for training selected pelvis movements while monitoring the trunk position. Subjects performed various tasks controlling vertical and horizontal movement of a cursor on a screen with two distinct pelvic movements: lateral tilt and antero-posterior tilt. During practice we also monitored the trunk tilt as the request was to maintain the trunk as still as possible, to decouple trunk and pelvis movements. Results: After training with BridGE subject had significant improvements in pelvic movements and in trunk posture decreasing trunk undesired movements and increasing the isolation of the pelvis tilts in the antero-posterior and right-left directions. Conclusions: This is a first proof of concept that BridGE is an effective low-cost tool to train selective movements of the pelvis avoiding unnecessary trunk compensatory movements and, in the future, could be a useful tool for sitting balance rehabilitation.


When people rst began to connect computers to terminals and computers to each other, it was natural that they should use for the purpose copper pairs supplied by the telephone company. By the late 1970s, copper pairs were fast becoming inadequate and modern LANs began to make their appearance. The resulting increase of bandwidth| from a few Kbits/sec to many hundreds of Kbits/sec|was a major advance. However, bandwidth requirements have continued to increase faster than they can be satis ed by improvements in LAN technology. In particular, present-day LANs come nowhere near to providing enough bandwidth to enable workstations in di erent part of a building to be used e ciently on the same problem.


Education Department, Hsinchu City Government (Taiwan) email@example.com The purpose of this study was to address a writing teacher's perspective about integrating Facebook, a social networking site, into a university-level English writing course in Taiwan. Data, including interviews with the teacher and class postings on Facebook, were analyzed inductively, qualitatively, and interpretively, resulting in three emerging themes about the Facebook usage: students' participation, the connection between class and Facebook discussion, and the affordance of Facebook. Each theme's underlying properties were identified. This study provides language instructors with insights into the adoption of Facebook in an efl context and supports them to better design tasks on Facebook.


The growing use of deep neural networks in safety-critical applications makes it necessary to carry out adequate testing to detect and correct any incorrect behavior for corner case inputs before they can be actually used. Deep neural networks lack an explicit control-flow structure, making it impossible to apply to them traditional software testing criteria such as code coverage. In this paper, we examine existing testing methods for deep neural networks, the opportunities for improvement and the need for a fast, scalable, generalizable end-to-end testing method. We also propose a coverage criterion for deep neural networks that tries to capture all possible parts of the deep neural network's logic.


Seven new structurally different bismaleimides were synthesized and characterized by infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The chain of these polymer precursors was extended by incorporating amidized, imidized, and esterified 4-chloroformyl phthalic anhydride. The bismaleimides containing amide and imide linkages were prepared by a simple synthetic route based on the reaction of the monomaleamic acid derived from various aromatic diamines (1 mol) with 4-chloroformyl phthalic anhydride (0.5 mol) and subsequent cyclodehydration of the intermediate triamic acid. In addition, chain extended bismaleimides were prepared by reacting the monomaleamic acid derived from p-phenylenediamine with several dianhydrides such as p-phenylene bis(trimellitamide anhydride), p-phenylene bis(trimellitate anhydride), and bis-phenol A bis(trimellitate anhydride). The differential thermal analysis scans of bismaleimides showed exotherms at 221–304°C associated with their polymerization reactions. The thermogravimetric analysis traces of polymers did not show a weight loss up to 351–393 and 344–372°C in N2 and air atmospheres, respectively. The anaerobic char yield of polymers at 800°C was 44–61%. These polymers can be used for fabrication of composites having improved properties.


Group work is one of the widely-used communicative activities in college English teaching. However,kinds of problems are found in the teaching practice of college English,which,hereby,mainly refers to the out-of-control and invalidation phenomenon in the process of group work. Based on cooperative learning and communicative teaching methods as well as the questionnaire for students and the interview for college English teachers,the thesis analyzes the internal and external causes of the out-of-control and invalidation phenomenon of group work in college English classroom. Meanwhile,it puts forwards an improving direction for effective group work in college English classroom.


There are many reports on the deterioration during storage of rice flavor, but no work has yet been done to relate the change during storage in rheological properties with the change in lipid composition. The present study revealed that the increase in amounts of free fatty acids during rice storage resulted in the increase in maximum viscosity of amylogram, i.e., deterioration in rheological property of cooked rice. The mechanism is explained by the formation of helical structure of starch molecule with fatty acid.


Artificial neural networks became one of the most popular methods for forecasting (especially time-series forecasting) due to their ability to model nonlinear functions. One of the common methods for applying the artificial neural network is back propagation method. There have been many studies that have been conducted to apply artificial neural networks in stock market predictions. However, most stock market predictions only focus on US, Europeans and some Asian markets. To our knowledge, there are very few studies in stock market prediction for Saudi market. We tried to explore artificial neural networks using back-propagation algorithm to predict the Saudi market movement. We used the real datasets from the Saudi Stock Exchange (i.e., TADAWUL stock market exchange) and oil historical prices to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed neural network methods. The results shows the capability of neural networks in predicting the stock exchange movement in Saudi market. Keywords— stock market prediction; Saudi Arabia stock prediction; neural network stock prediction.


We present herein a preliminary historical analysis of Mexican coleopterology during the 20th century, based on a database containing information on the taxonomical articles published in the country. Nine out ofthe 27 Mexicanjournals analyzed contain taxonomical papers dealing with Coleoptera. According to the dispersion of the published information, as measured by the Bradford model, these journals were arranged into three zones: (!) Folia Entomologica Mexicana, that published 36.3% of the taxonomical articles on Coleoptera: (2) Anales del Instituto de Biologia (20.8% of the articles) and Acta Zoologica Mexicana (15.2 %); and (3) Ciencia, Dugesiana, Anales de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas IPN, Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural, Zoologia Informa, and Memorias de la Sociedad Cientifica Antonio Alzare, that together published 27% of the articles. 335 out of the 6,141 articles analyzed refer to taxonomy of Coleoptera, and 157 out of the 2,329 authors have published on this group. 63% of the authors are specialized in a single family. 74% of the institutions were they worked are Mexican, being the most important the Instituto de Ecologia, A.C. of Xalapa, the Instituto de Biologia of the UNAM, and the Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas of the IPN. The majority of the foreign authors are from Argentina and the U.S.A. 36 articles refer to evolutionary (29), cladistic (5), and phenetic (2) relationships. The best studied families are Scarabaeidae with 74 articles (21.5% ), Melolonthidae with 58 (16.8% ), and Curculionidae with 35(10.1%).


e15051 Background: Paclitaxel and S-1 are both effective anti-tumor agents in advanced gastric cancer. However, the continuous administration of S-1 for three weeks or more can result in unacceptable toxicities. Therefore, an alternative treatment schedule (one-week administration followed by a one-week rest) is warrant for testing in order to allow continuation of the therapy. We evaluate the efficacy and safety of biweekly paclitaxel and S-1(SPA) as first-line combination therapy in patients with metastatic or locally advanced gastric cancer. Methods: Forty-four Chinese patients(pts) have been included. 33 were male and 11 were female. Median age was 60 years (24-78). 90.1% had ECOG 0 and 1 and. 9 (20.4%) had locally advanced disease and 35 (79.6%) metastatic disease. Pts were administered intravenously paclitaxel at a dose of 120 mg/m2 on day 1 and oral S-1 twice daily (BSA < 1.25 m2, 80 mg/day; 1.25 < or = BSA < 1.50 m2, 100 mg/day; 1.50 m2< or = BSA, 120 mg/day) on days 1-7 followed by a drug-free in...


Dry land is a land that was never flooded or under water in a small part of the
year, which consists of dry land lowland and upland plateau. Dry land generally located
at mountainous region characterized by undulating topography and a receiving area, and
impregnation rainwater which is then channeled to the lowlands, either through the soil
surface (river) as well as through a network groundwater earth. Dry land agriculture is
the largest foreign exchange earner in Bantaeng Regency.
This study aims to : (1) analyzing the spatial distribution of dry land using remote
sensing and GIS technology in Bantaeng Regency, (2) analyzing dry land regions
utilizing remote sensing technology and GIS in Bantaeng Regency. Digital image
processing techniques used is the composite image color, contrast stretching, supervised
classification Support Vector Machines (SVM) method and slope classification. Method
in this study is a combination of digital analysis of Landsat 5 TM using supervised
classification SVM based on knowledge based classification with the results of field
work and spectral reflectance Landsat 5 TM were processed using Geographic
Information System (GIS) in the making of maps the physical characteristics of the land
(landform, slope, and present land use).
Inhibiting factors dry land of the land capability is soil type, soil texture, soil
depth, rock abundance, threats flooding, organic content, soil erosion and slope. Each of
these factors inhibitors, unless the slope, interpreted manually from Landsat 5 TM and
ASTER GDEM 2 images. Method of determining the dry land acquired
based on the analysis of rainfall, land capability and present land use. The area of dry
land spreading in the subdistrict of Gantarangkeke, Tompobulu, Eremerasa, Bantaeng
and Uluere which total area covered is 20.643,986 ha and non upland areas are in the
subdistrict of Pajukukang, Bantaeng, Bissappu and Eremerasa which total area covered is
19.119,146 ha. The results of analysis show that the spreading in the dominant upland
areas with heavy normal rainfall with the land capability II-IV and the present land use in
the domination mixed farms and farmland.


A reliable numerical simulator capable of modeling supercritical conditions in geothermal reservoirs is crucial for a better understanding and optimized management of magmatic geothermal systems. This paper describes improvements made to the EOS1sc module in iTOUGH2 for increasing the reliability and speed of the supercritical module. In EOS1sc, the IAPWS-IF97 thermodynamic formulation is used to calculate thermodynamic properties across five regions; liquid, vapor, supercritical, two-phase, and high temperature vapor. Backward equations released for the supercritical region of IAPWS-IF97 were implemented into EOS1sc for calculating specific volume as a function of pressure and temperature. The backward formulation is more reliable than the Newton-Raphson method previously used to iteratively calculate density in the supercritical region and it is approximately eight times faster. In EOS1sc, discrepancies across region boundaries in the IAPWS-IF97 formulation can cause convergence issues. Hence, cubic Bézier curves were implemented to provide a smooth continuous function for thermodynamic properties across the supercritical boundaries. Thereby, poor convergence at intersection points between thermodynamic regions were resolved and the reliability of the supercritical EOS1sc module was increased.


Objective To expporethe the effect of a bone-strengthening tablet with calcium,magnesium,vitamin D and daidzein as its major components in increasing bone density in animals. Methods Rats were orally given the tablet at doses of 0.234g/kg·bw,0.467g/kg·bw、1.401g/kg·bw for 12 weeks.The body height,the weight femur,The content of calcium in femur and density of the femur were determined . Results As compared with those in the low-calcium control group,the final body height and the net height increment,the content of mineral substance in the central part and end part of the femur,bone density,bone weight,calcium content in the femur and total calcium amount,calcium ingested,calcium in feces and urine of the rats in the experimental groups were significantly higher(P0.01,P0.05),whereas apparent digestibility and storage rate were significantly lower(P0.01,P0.05). Conclusion This tablet could increase bone density.


INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................1134 I. THE HISTORY, METHOD, AND DANGER OF SWATTING ..........1136 A. What Is Swatting? ..........................................................1137 B. Why Should People Care About Swatting? ...................1140 II. THE RESPONSE TO SWATTING SO FAR ...................................1145 A. Categorizing Swatting Under General Criminal Laws ...............................................................................1145 B. Categorizing Swatting as Its Own Crime .......................1148 III. THE NEED FOR A NEW SWATTING STATUTE ..........................1156 A. The Problems with Current Academics' Proposals, False Report Statutes, and Swatting Bills ......................1156 1. Issues with Categorizing Swatting Incidents Under Current Laws ................................................1157 2. Problems with the Mens Rea Required for Swatting Incidents Under Current Laws .................1162 3. Identifying the Appropriate Penalties for Swatting Incidents ....................................................1166 B. The New Legislative Solution to Swatting.....................1170 1. A National Statute or State-Level Statutes? .............1171 2. The Proposed Swatting Statute ................................1172 CONCLUSION .................................................................................1174


ABSTRACT It is believed by many business executives that services do not lend themselves to warranties. The arguments against offering guarantees in service industries center on the idea that most ...


Abstract A brief survey of the physical principles currently being used in gas sensing and detection is presented. In particular the concept of a chemical interface is introduced and the problems of the reactions of gases with chemical interfaces are discussed. Theoretical considerations are illustrated on experimental material which has been acquired mostly on impedance and piezoelectric sorption sensors.


Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in creating and sustaining the tumor suppressive microenvironment is critical for the development of novel anti-tumor therapeutic strategies. Regulatory T cells (Treg) are a key player for the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. However, the molecular processes and functions of suppressed responder T cells mediated by Treg cells remain largely unknown. We discovered a novel suppressive mechanism whereby human Treg cells induce senescence in naïve and effector T cells that then exhibit potent suppressive activity and amplify immune suppression. Treg-induced senescent T cells were distinctly different from the exhausted or anergic T cells based on the transcriptome analyses and phenotypic profiles. We further identified that the nuclear kinase ataxia-telangiectasia mutated protein (ATM)-induced DNA damage was critical and the main cause for the induction of responder T cell senescence and dysfunction mediated by human Treg cells. In addition, MAPK ERK1/2 and p38 were involved in the regulation of senescence process in responder T cells. Importantly, we further revealed that human Treg-induced senescence and suppressor function could be blocked by specific ATM signaling and/or ERK1/2 and p38 signaling inhibition in vitro and in vivo in animal models. Our studies identify a novel molecular mechanism responsible for human Treg cell suppression, and provide new insights relevant for the development of strategies capable of preventing and/or reversing Treg-induced immune suppression for tumor immunotherapy.
 Funding Support: Supported by the grants from the Melanoma Research Alliance, American Cancer Society and the National Institutes of Health.


Each year we publish an issue related to aging and women's health as this is indeed the age of aging. The aging population is growing globally and we must collectively focus on the related health, social, psychological, and policy related needsamong othersto help us all successfully age. Rowe and Khan (1997) define successful aging as, "Successful aging is multidimensional, encompassing the avoidance of disease and disability, the maintenance of high physical and cognitive function, and sustained engagement in social and productive activities." Although the label implies that those that don't meet a certain set of criteria are unsuccessfully aging this is not the case. Successful aging means something different for everyone. Ultimately there are no easy answers for successful aging, but an emphasis on whole mind and body rather than just one aspect are key as is the notion that what successful aging looks like is highly individualistic. I think when readers examine the articles in this particular issue, they will find collectively the authors have done a good job of coming together to help paint a complete a multidimensional picture of components that help lead to successful aging. The authors explore physical health, well-being, sexual health, communication as it relates to health, work, economic concerns, and mental health topics. Certainly physical exercise can aid in leading to overall well-being. Sukkyung You and Kyulee Shin examine the rationale in a Korean midlife sample and found that men and women exercised for different reasons. Researchers also focus on disease in older women. Eun-Ok Im, Young Ko, Eunice Chee, Wonshik Chee, and Jun James Mao again examine mid-life women looking for racial and ethnic differences among cardiovascular symptoms clusters. Tamara J. Cadet, Shanna L. Burke, Kathleen Stewart, Tenial Howard, and Mara Schonberg use the social ecological model combined with cultural dimensions theory to explore cultural and emotional determinants of the cervical cancer screening behaviors of older Hispanic women. Mental health is certainly related to physical health. Ching-Fen Lee and Shain-May Tang explore the relationship between perceived happiness and housework in middle aged and older women and find a relationship between health of both the women and their partners plays a large part in perceived happiness. Eveline Kalomo, Kyoung Hag Lee, and Fred Besthorn further explore mental health as it relates to older caregivers of HIV/AIDS orphans. Specifically they examine financial strain and depressive symptoms in this population. Not surprisingly, money matters as there is a relationship between financial strain and depressive symptoms. Sexual health and communication also impact mental and physical health.


In this paper, Neural Network (NN)-based image moments are proposed to address the challenges of choosing proper image features for Image-based Visual Servoing (IBVS). The proposed two NN-based image features can estimate the rotational angles around x and y axes of camera frame for planar objects. Based on the proposed image features and other 4 commonly used image moments, the interaction matrix relating the chosen image features to camera motion is derived to have maximal decoupled structure. In addition, the analytical form of depth computation is given by using classical geometrical primitives and image moment invariant. A proportional IBVS controller is designed based on the derived interaction matrix and the tracking performance is thus enhanced for the 6 degree-of-freedom robotic system. Simulation results on a 6-DOF robot system are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Objective To evaluate retrospectively the effect of average heart rate and heart rate variability on image quality of 64-slice computed tomographic(CT)coronary angiography.Methods 129 patients were studied with 64-slice CT coronary angiography.Data sets were reconstructed from 40% to 80% of R-R interval.Image quality of each coronary segment at least 1.5 mm in diameter was rated.Pearson correlation analysis was performed to observe the effect of average heart rate and heart rate variability on image quality of each patient.Results Diagnostic image quality(score≤3)was attained in 93.9% segments at the best reconstruction interval.Image quality was correlated with heart rate and heart rate variability.Good to excellent image quality could be achieved at heart rates of 69.7 or fewer beats per minute and heart rate variability of 15.7 or fewer beats per minute.Best image quality was obtained at diastole with heart rate lower than 63 beats per minute and at systole with heart rate higher than 67 beats per minute.Conclusion Image quality of 64-slice CT coronary angiography is highly dependent on average heart rate and heart rate variability.Reducing average heart rate and heart rate variability is beneficial to reducing artifacts.


Summary form only given. The ability to recognize objects, in general, and living creatures, in particular, in photographs or video clips, is a critical enabling technology for a wide range of applications including health care, human-computer intelligent interaction, search engines for image retrieval and data mining, industrial and personal robotics, surveillance and security, and transportation. Despite almost 50 years of research, however, today's object recognition systems are still largely unable to handle the extraordinary wide range of appearances assumed by common objects [including human faces] in typical images. Some of the challenges for modern pattern recognition that have to be addressed in order to advance and make practical both detection and categorization include open set recognition, occlusion and masking, change detection and time-varying imagery, lack of enough data for training, and proper performance evaluation and error analysis. Open set recognition operates under the assumption that not all the test (unknown) probes have mates in the gallery (training set), occlusion and masking hide and disguise parts of the input, image contents vary across both the spatial and temporal dimensions, the amount of data available for learning and adaptation is limited, and errors are not uniformly distributed across patterns. The recognition-by-parts approach proposed here to address the challenges listed above is driven by transduction and boosting. Transduction employs local estimation and inference to find a compatible labeling of joined training and test data. Active learning further promotes the recognition process by making incremental choices about what is best to learn and when in order to accumulate the evidence needed to disambiguate among alternative interpretations. The interplay between labeled ("training") and unlabeled ("test"') data points mediates between semi-supervised learning and transduction. The additional information coming from the unlabeled data points includes consn-aints and hints about the meaningful relations and regularities affecting their very discrimination. Boosting combines in an iterative fashion part-based, model-free, and non-parametric simple weak classifiers, whose contents and relative ranking are driven by their "strangeness" characteristics. The scope of the proposed approach covers also stream-based data points and includes change detection. The benefits of the proposed discriminative recognition-by-parts approach include a priori setting of rejection thresholds, no need for image segmentation, robustness to occlusion, clutter, and disguise. Examples drawn from biometrics illustrate the proposed approach and show its feasibility and utility.


Queensland, Australia - New research shows that people who work in offices could have a greater risk of developing melanoma than people who work outdoors, the couriermail.com reports.


Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac rhythm disorder in clinical practice, with a growing prevalence in recent decades. Through the use of thromboembolic risk scores it is possible to adjust thromboprophylaxis to individual risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the conformity of antithrombotic therapy prescribed at hospital discharge with the guidelines in patients with AF and its influ- ence on long-term morbidity and mortality. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis, based on medical records and phone interview, of consecutive patients admitted to an internal medicine depart- ment over a one-year period with a diagno- sis of AF or atrial flutter - ICD-9-CM 427.31/32. We determined individual thromboembolic risk in accordance with the ACC/AHA/ESC risk categories, and assessed conformity of antithrombotic thera- py with the guidelines. Independent predic- tors of long-term (378±241 days) mortality


Abstract Within the past two years there has been a very small but growing number of scholarly articles that highlight the potential benefit of mobile Virtual Reality (VR) platforms among older adult populations. Yet, it is critical to assess older adult user needs and preferences, as well as ethical considerations, before utilizing VR in applied contexts. This pilot study investigated perceptions of VR use and its potential application by individually interviewing ten community-dwelling older adults (ages 63 to 89) both before and after trying the Samsung Gear VR and followed with two focus group discussions. Themes identified from the transcripts include 1) usability, 2) video subject matter preferences, and 3) implications with use. These themes highlighted both the challenges and opportunities of VR use among a wide range of older populations, and provided greater insight with its exploration and application in future studies, particularly with individuals with functional limitations.


There is no modern industrial country not pursuing research and technology policy in
one or the other way. But there is a need for complete re-orientation in this policy field;
especially an integration of social and ecological concern is needed. In the paper some of
the tendencies of such a reorientation of state technology policy is pointed out.


The objective for this quarter was to test the advanced hybrid particulate collector (AHPC) in real flue gas conditions. The initial tests were performed on the particulate test combustor (PTC) firing Absoloka subbituminous using two types of bags: PTFE and graphite-impregnated PTFE. Both bag types were evaluated in the on-line and off-line cleaning modes. Findings showed only a small difference in performance between the PTFE and graphite-impregnated PTFE. In the on-line cleaning mode, both the PTFE and graphite-impregnated PTFE bags maintained pressure drop across the bags of between 8.0 and 6.0 in. W.C. In the off-line mode, the pressure drop across both bag types ranged from 8.0 to 5.5 in. W.C. Dust-loading efficiencies averaged 99.986% over all the tests. The objective of the project is to develop a highly reliable AHPC that can provide > 99.99% particulate collection efficiency for all particle sizes from 0.01 to 50 {micro}m, is applicable for use with all US coals, and is cost-comparative with existing technologies.


Geometric thinking level and habits of mind were important hard and soft skills required of prospective mathematics teachers. The purpose of this study is to describe the van Hiele geometric thinking level and habits of mind of prospective mathematics teachers. The descriptive quantitative research method was used. There were 31 female and 17 male prospective mathematics teachers in the sample. The research instrument for measuring geometric level was derived from Usikin's (1982) van Hiele geometric thinking test and a habits of mind questionnaire. According to the findings of this study, prospective mathematics teachers' ability to think geometrically has progressed to the stage of analysis and informal deduction. Furthermore, male prospective mathematics teachers achieved the highest level of geometric thinking, known as rigor. Furthermore, both as a whole and in terms of indicators, prospective mathematics teachers' habits of mind fall into the strong category. Male prospective mathematics teachers have more positive habits of mind than female prospective mathematics teachers. The study's findings can help lecturers, particularly those in the mathematics education study program, determine students' hard and soft skills at the end of the year. Prospective mathematics teachers can also be assigned by institutions based on their geometric thinking and habits of mind.


PURPOSE: Provided is an acetabular cup for artificial hip joint which limits the number of a screw insertion hole at a proper location to a minimum degree so that it improves convenience in a surgical operation. CONSTITUTION: The acetabular cup for artificial hip joint comprises the parts of: a lower edge which is circularly formed between a concave inner surface including ceramic sphere or high molecular sphere and a convex outer surface; screw insertion holes(11,12,13,14) which are formed at a certain location to penetrate the outer surface from the inner surface; an insertion hole for instruments(17) which is located on the top location of the outer surface to penetrate the outer surface from the inner surface; and an identification groove which is placed at the lower edge.


The Baishitouwa deposit is a medium-scale quartz–wolframite vein-type deposit in the southern Great Xing'an Range tungsten (W) belt. The W mineralization occurs mainly as veins and dissemination within the mica schist of the Mesoproterozoic Baiyunebo Group. The formation of the deposit can be divided into four stages. The wolframite yielded a lower intercept 206Pb/238U age of 221.0 ± 3.4 Ma (1σ, MSWD = 2.0), which records a late Triassic W mineralization event in the Baishitouwa deposit. In combination with previous geochronological data, we suggest that NE China may have an enormous potential for Triassic W mineralization and more attention should be given to the Triassic ore prospecting in the region. This work highlights that the chemical composition of wolframite is controlled by both the crystallochemical parameters and the composition of the primary ore-forming fluid. Trace-element compositions suggest that wolframite (I) was controlled by the substitution mechanism of 4A(Fe, Mn)2+ + 8BW6+ + B□ ↔ 3AM3+ + AN4+ + 7B(Nb, Ta)5+ + 2BN4+, whereas wolframite (II) was controlled by the substitution mechanism of A(Fe, Mn)2+ + A□ + 2BW6+ ↔ 2AM3+ + 2BN4+. Wolframite (I) contains higher concentrations of Nb, Ta, Sc, and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), and lower Mn/(Mn + Fe) ratios than wolframite (II). Both wolframite (I) and (II) have similar trace elements and left-dipped REEN patterns, and analogical Nb/Ta ratios. They have similar Y/Ho ratios to Mesozoic highly fractionated W-mineralized granitoids in NE China. These data indicate that the W mineralization at Baishitouwa is genetically related to an underlying highly fractionated granite, and the compositional variation of fluids is likely driven by crystallization of wolframite during the processes of fluid evolution. A change of the ore-forming fluids from an oxidized to a relatively reduced state during the evolution occurred from stage 1 to 2.


Concerns regarding the costs associated with earning a college degree are prominent in the national discourse. However, there is little discussion of the highest cost associated with earning a college degree: foregone earnings. The purpose of this mixed methods study is to explore first-time-in-college (FTIC), first-year, traditional-age students' perceptions of foregone earnings during the college search process. This study also addresses a gap in the literature related to students' consideration of the topic during their search. 13 students were invited to participate in an interview. 10 students accepted resulting in a 77% response rate (N=10). Drawing on human capital theory, the stimulus response model of higher education consumer behavior, and the Perna (2006) conceptual search and choice model, interview data was electronically coded and analyzed in ATLAS.ti© to uncover qualitative themes and quantitative insights. Research concluded that students perceive foregone earnings in terms of time, completion, and loss of money and opportunity. Additionally, this study concluded that students' search and choice behaviors were largely irrational when considered alongside human capital theory; a finding consistent with the work of consumer behaviorists. Finally, a new model termed the 'combined analysis model' is proposed to guide future investigation into the phenomena.


nominalizers derive forms which are generally translated by periphrastic combinations of abstract noun plus some form of verbal modifier in English; interestingly, however, the Galo forms have no attested counterpart abstract noun forms. In effect, this means that it is not possible to refer to abstract concepts such as 'time' or 'manner' in Galo in absence of a corresponding event or state concept such as 'of eating' or 'of going'. In the course of my research, I have noticed a distinct tendency for highly-educated speakers – of which there are many – to use Indo-European abstract nominals such as the Assamese-derived form homói 'time' together with Galo periphrastics, as in dó-nàm homói 'eat-NZR:RLS time' 'dinner/eating time(


The United States Army has a requirement to machine munitions to strict tolerances so that the munitions will launch properly and the explosives will detonate correctly. High preci sion parts require machine tools to operate with a high degree of a ccuracy in order to produce parts within tolerance. Unfortun ately, thermal expansion, tool wear and other impediments make hig h accuracy machining, especially over the long term, a difficu lt proposition. The idea of "smart machine tools" that incorpo ate model based control to compensate for errors during the life tim of machine operation is an emerging trend. Model based control as applied to machine tools describes a computerized co ntrol scheme in which the mathematical model of the process is used to compensate for the inaccuracies that exist in the rea l world, at any given time. With the advent of commercial open architecture controllers, it is now easier to adapt model–b ased control into machine controllers to minimize process varia bility in order to more accurately machine parts on a daily basis. Th is paper looks at the incorporation of Nominal Differential Ex pansion as a model based control strategy to improve the accurac y of a turning machine and part tolerance. Nominal Differenti al Expansion (NDE) is the difference between the predicted the rmal expansion of the workpiece and that of the master or scale . The theory of NDE will be discussed as well as how it was incorporated into a commercial, open architecture, CNC turni ng machine. The potential applications of model based control to other areas of distributed manufacturing will be considere d. Send comments to email@example.com INTRODUCTION The United States Army Picatinny Arsenal is the primary site for development and engineering of Army weapons systems. Picatinny's Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC) conducts research, development a nd pilot–plant production of explosive and propellants and se ek to improved production quality and reduce the cost of munition s fabricated by its suppliers. Targets include machining of a rmament casings to strict tolerances, typically below 0.001 in ches (20 microns). This is difficult as the Army has a multitude of suppliers who machine these munitions under a variety of pla nt conditions. As these munitions become more and more complicated, the onus to impart "best manufacturing practices" on the suppliers is necessary in order to capture process knowledg e and distribute this knowledge along with the part geometry and t olerance information. As part of ARDEC's research, the use of smart machine tool technology is being considered as a means to transfer proces s knowledge to the munitions suppliers. Smart machine tools i ncorporate process sensors and employ model based control to compensate for errors to improve munition fabrication. Mod el based control describes a computerized control scheme in wh ich the mathematical model of the process is used to compensate f or the inaccuracies that exist in the real world, at any given ti me. In the case of munition casing production, a variety of process and geometric errors contribute to machine inaccuracies, incl uding machine straightness and squareness as well as tooling, fixt uring, geometric and thermal errors. Part of the smart machine tools doctrine is the notion of re-


A method is described for determining the presence of estrogenic stimulation by the cytologic study of desquamated cells present in voided urine.
 The advantages of this method for the study of children are described.
 The normal findings in the various age groups are presented for both sexes.


The invention relates to a battery and a fabrication method, charging method and application thereof. The battery comprises a first substrate and a first active material layer, an electrolyte, a second active material layer and a second substrate which are sequentially arranged on the first substrate, at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate employs a transparent conductive material, at least one of the first active material layer and the second active material layer employs a combination of one or more of an electrochromic material, a photochromic material and a thermochromic material, and potential difference is generated between the first active material layer and the second active material layer. By the battery, the electric quantity of the battery can be indicated according to color change of the battery so that the battery is endowed with more intelligence; and moreover, the battery also has the characteristics of rapid self-charging and high capacity and has the advantage that a traditional battery does not have.


The 2D H-beta spectral data of the post-flare loop system (PFLs) of August 17, 1989 are obtained and analyzed quantitatively. Four physical parameters (the line-of-sight velocity V-//, column number density of the hydrogen atoms at the second level along the line-of-sight direction N-2, the excitation temperature T-ex and the micro-turblence velocity V-t) and their 2D distributions are derived. The 2D fields of V-//, N-2, T-ex and V-t exhibit inhomogeneous and asymmetric properties in two loop legs. Red-shift velocities in the south leg are smaller than those of blue shift in the north leg where the velocity reaches 60 km s(-1). The values of N-2 and T-ex in the south leg are all much higher than those in the north leg, N-2 ranges between 0.5 to 4.5 x 10(13) cm(-2), while T-ex ranges from 0.8 to 2.2 x 10(4) K, lower at the top part than in the two legs. A high temperature region is located in the middle of the south leg. V-t at the top part is greater than that in the two legs, with the average being 30 similar to 40 km s(-1). Electron density n(e) and electron pressure P-e are estimated at 0.2 similar to 0.6 x 10(11) cm(-3) and at 0.04 similar to 0.12 dyn cm(-2), respectively. These results are compared with those obtained from the PFLs of 1984 February 18.


Almost all cloud droplets are formed by heterogeneous nucleation, i. e., by condensation ofthe atmospheric water vapor onto hygroscopic aerosol particles as (NH4) 2SO4 called cloud condensationnuclei (CCN). During cloud droplet formation, (NH4) 2SO4 dissolves to break up into ions in condensedwater. On the other hand, atmospheric gases as CO2 (g) are absorbed concurrently. Dissolution of CCN andabsorption of CO2 (g) may interact each other through aqueous chemical reactions and, therefore, theresultant acidity of cloud droplets are different from those caused by CCN and CO2 (g) separately. In orderto investigate the interactive effects on cloud droplet acidity a mathematical model has been constructedand made some numerical simulations. Calculations show that, at low temperature (less than about 10degree Celsius), the higher the CCN concentration, the lower the cloud droplet acidity becomes. Thismeans CCN acts as a buffer with CO2 (g) acidification at low temperature.


The numerical calculation software FLAC3D is taken to build the numerical calculation model for the highway with soft foundation,the spacing of CFG pile and cushion thickness are changed to study the discipline of pile-soil stress ratio,the calculation results show that,(1) with the increase of cushion thickness,the pile-soil stress ratio decreases gradually,the cushion thickness can be set to be 40 cm.(2) with increase of the spacing of CFG pile,the pile-soil stress ratio increases gradually.The obtained results can give guidance for the design of the highway with soft foundation reinforced by CFG pile.


The risks of using oral combination contraceptives include: a three- to sixfold increase in the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) apparent by the fourth month of use and highest between six and 12 months of use; a two- to sixfold increase in the risk of ischemic stroke among women with a history of migraine; and an increase in cervical cancer risk after five or more years of use.


A methodology for estimating the economic effects of Special Use Airspace (SUA) on direct route flights is presented in this paper. The methodology is based on evaluating operating costs of aircraft and analyzing the different ground-track distances traveled by flights under different air traffic scenarios. Using this methodology the following objectives are evaluated: optimistic bias of studies that assume accessible SUAs the maximum economic benefit of dynamic use of SUAs and the marginal economic benefit of the dynamic use of individual SUAs.


This study proposes an Encapsulated Conceptual Framework (ECF) for understanding the links between Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), water resource management activities, and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The study aims to contribute to national, regional, and global debates on the potential of ICTs in achieving sustainability goals. A combination of two socio-technical theories - Relevance Theory (RT) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was adopted to inform the study. The literature review further informed the construction of the ECF. The framework testing involved sampling participants and collecting and analyzing the data. A sample of 251 (n = 251) individuals from formal and informal water user groups on the Tanzanian side of the Lake Victoria Basin participated in testing the framework. The study adopted the cross-sectional design to a mixed research approach. Furthermore, it used three quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques: Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), and Questionnaire Administration (QA). Each FGDs session accommodated a group of participants with 9 – 12 members across the selected sites. KIIs targeted groups network leaders, water resource managers at various levels, and other individuals with potential information. Gathered dataset was cleaned, summarized, and analyzed using descriptive, correlation, and content analytical methods. The study capitalized on the strength of Tableau and R statistics to produce the visualizations that support the descriptive analysis of the data. Furthermore, the study used R and MS Excel software to establish the relationships among the variables. Results indicated the prominent use of mobile as ICTs for freshwater management activities. Furthermore, mobile-based tools such as SMS, voice call, image and video supported these activities to attain some indicators of SDGs related to water resource management. The study concludes that the framework contributes to understanding the contextual issues on ICT, freshwater management and SDGs.


A seamless vertical handover between he terogeneous networks without interruption to the on-going services is very important in next generation wireless networks which aim at the provision of uninterrupted network connections anywhere and at any time. This paper provides a rev iew on the vertical handover mechanism focusing mai nly on the services provided by the IEEE 802.21 Media Independ ent Handover Standard. The Handover Execution stage is dependent on the media-specific technology. This pa er also provides a brief discussion to the various approaches used to carry out the handover process depending on the par meters involved in the particular technologies and the handover decision algorithms.


A serotonergic input to the lateral cervical nucleus of cats and monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) was demonstrated with immunohistochemical methods. In both species, the lateral cervical nucleus was found to contain a network of serotoninimmunoreactive fibers. However, the density of labeled fibers was greater in the monkeys than in the cats. Most labeled fibers were thin and had irregularly spaced varicosities. Electron microscopic examination showed that labeled varicosities were in apposition with dendrites, neuronal lsomata and lunlabeled terminals, but synapses were rare.


Kenneth B. Medlock III, senior director of the Center for Energy Studies, discusses the recent history and global implications of U.S. oil and natural gas exports during a presentation at the International Energy Forum (IEF) meeting in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia on July 18, 2018.


Objective To explore the risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,to provide reliable for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease clinical basis.Methods The clinical data of 50 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease admitted in our hospital from October 2012 to February 2013 were analyzed retrospectively.Results Age 60 years old,male,low education level,smoking,family history of respiratory disease,history of dust exposure distribution for the impact of COPD prevalence of major risk factors.Conclusion COPD risk factors are complex and diverse,and often the coexistence of multiple risk factors.Therefore,the characteristics of COPD risk factors,positive and effective preventive measures should be taken to reduce the incidence.


The problem of output feedback discrete-time sliding mode control of linear systems with mismatched uncertainties was investigated.The output feedback control doesn't need full observability.A criterion for the existence of the sliding surface was derived based on the linear matrix inequality(LMI) technique combined with the Lyapunov method.The design of sliding mode control was proposed according to the reachability condition.The proposed control is more practical than state feedback.Finally,an illustrative example shows the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.


With continuous improving requirements of the power system and expanding the size of the on-line analysis,the traditional method of calculation analysis meets with unprecedented challenges.On the basis of the Newton method.Newton descent method is presented,which is a new parallel algorithm method of the transient stability in power system.Taking solving of algebraic equations and differential equations as clues,applications of parallel algorithm in power system analysis are summarized and Newton descent method is theoretically analyzed.Finally the simulation of five-bus system shows Newton descent method has a good convergence and a small number of iterations,and the method is effective and practical.


Knowledge distillation has become a popular task in modern deep learning applications by performing knowledge transfer from a cumbersome neural network commonly called "teacher model" to a much smaller network called "student model". In traditional knowledge distilling process, there are usually two objectives for training the student model, namely hard target and soft target. However, sometimes it's hard to find a trade-off between them. We unify the two objectives into one making it easier to perform knowledge distillation, and propose a novel distilling method called "Unified Distillation" to supervise the student to make fewer mistakes. The model can correct the wrong predictions according to the hard target, and maintain the advantage of knowledge distillation. Although our method can be used in almost all fields suitable for knowledge distillation, we choose neural machine translation as a study object for its complexity. We conducted experiments on three neural machine translation tasks, using a finetuned language model BERT as the teacher, and a Transformer base model as the student. The experimental results indicate that our method is better than traditional knowledge distillation method.


The authors present a table-driven technique for decoding of convolutionally encoded data. The approach can be used in either the feedback or the direct mode. A data-independent syndrome vector is generated on the transmitted bits. If it is different from zero it is used to address pre-computed tables of corrections for the encoded bits. The decoding is performed as a separate step. When the feedback mode is used the error propagation is minimized by appropriate choice of the codes, the table construction and the decoding algorithms. The approach allows hardware simplicity comparable to majority-logic decoding, but has error correcting capabilities that can be made as close to the optimal as desired through the adjustment of the syndrome vector length and the correction table size. This makes the method very attractive for high speed satellite and network applications. The performance of the method can be further enhanced through soft detection.<<ETX>>


Relates to a headlamp control apparatus and method according to the present invention a vehicle, the apparatus according to the invention, the road from information collected by a sensor in the vicinity of the vehicle by analyzing the information of the road which the vehicle is traveling to determine the road condition the information analysis unit, wherein the vehicle by analyzing the information of the rear vehicle in the rear of the vehicle from the information obtained through the information or inter-vehicle communication collected around to grasp the traveling state of the rear vehicle rear vehicle information analyzing unit, the road conditions and the headlamp setting unit, and a head lamp for driving the head lamp on the basis of the length and the control width of the control of the set head lamp for setting a length and a control width of the control of the head lamp on the basis of the running condition of the rear vehicle and a driving unit.


In 2016, an Editorial in ACS Nano, entitled "The Rising and Receding Fortunes of Electrochemists", reflected the growing scientific consensus that existing initiatives in fundamental research were undermatched to the fact that electrochemistry was becoming ubiquitous in applications in energy, thus handicapping progress toward social impact. That same year, Next Generation Electrochemistry (NGenE) hosted its first edition at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC). NGenE is an annual summer workshop focused on describing emerging challenges at the frontiers of research in electrochemistry and the application of innovative strategies to address them. The original premise behind NGenE was also that, despite its reach and importance, fundamental electrochemistry had gone through a rather slow period of activity in the early 21st century compared to many companion fields. Back in 2016, one of the causes was ascribed to a deficit in electrochemistry training at the graduate level, leading to calls for increased emphasis in research in this area. Since 2016, NGenE has tackled these deficiencies by broadening the knowledge and perspective of senior graduate students and postdoctoral researchers. A series of world-renowned experts in various walks of electrochemistry examine fundamental phenomena at an advanced level, identifying critical gaps in our understanding and innovative strategies to address them. The program assumes baseline knowledge and prior experience in electrochemistry. NGenE does not ask, "What is electrochemistry?" but instead, "What will electrochemistry become?". As such, it addresses the very same issues raised in the aforementioned Editorial. Fast-forwarding five years, support and activities in fundamental electrochemical research have undergone very significant growth. Furthermore, new applications of electrochemistry that were not on our radar in 2016 have emerged, especially among organic chemists. It is an exciting time to be an electrochemist, and new generations of leaders in research are increasingly pursuing this path. Simultaneously, NGenE has evolved from a program with a focus on rather specific topics, such as batteries, to expose the major diversity of fields interested in electrochemistry and finding common elements between their challenges. In 2020, the world ground to a halt with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, and NGenE had to adapt to the reality that meetings in person were not possible. The program migrated from a format of interactive lectures led by individual researchers to panel discussions involving multiple researchers talking to each other and with the attendees, who were provided the virtual floor to ask questions. The outcome was a series of highly dynamic discussions that are now free to watch on demand by anyone in the world. NGenE 2021 was divided into a series of panels, each dedicated to a specific topic at the frontiers of electrochemical research. In this status report, we summarize the key messages emerging from the discussions. While some panels covered aspects not limited to energy technology, the commonality of lessons and challenges highlights the many opportunities ahead for cross-pollination to establish electrochemistry as central to our current transition away from the fossil-fuel paradigm. By sharing them here, we strive to motivate the community to pursue directions that move us beyond the current frontiers. This summary is divided in themes that map out of the specific panel topics. Can Electrochemistry Replace Thermochemistry? In thermochemistry, temperature and pressure are major driving forces for chemical transformations. Existing high-temperature thermochemical processes rely on burning fossil fuels to achieve high temperatures in the furnace, reactor, or kiln. By burning fossil fuels to achieve the desired chemical transformation, CO2 is emitted, which adds to its toll as a major greenhouse gas. Steel and cement manufacturing, steammethane reforming, and the Haber−Bosch process are some of the examples of thermochemical processes at high temperatures that are challenging to decarbonize. These industries rely on mature technologies that have evolved over decades and have not changed significantly in the past decade. With the sustained declines in the cost of installing and using renewable sources of energy, electricity continues its transition to becoming a sustainable energy carrier free of emissions of greenhouse gases. All the major sources of renewable and carbon-neutral energy (solar, wind, nuclear) generate electricity, ensuring that a renewably powered society will be electrified. Shifting from thermochemistry to electrochemistry in industrial production could accelerate this transition by relying on electricity free of emissions. Electrifying the generation of heat is one way that could enable an electrified thermochemical industry. However, estimates suggest that if all thermal needs were electrified, it would be necessary to double the electricity running through the distribution system. This transition will be challenging without a tremendous increase in electrical transmission and


Introduction: The medical interview has been traditionally used as a tool to obtain information that helps the clinician establish a diagnosis and decide on a treatment. Objective: The present article highlights its importance as a therapeutic element. Method: Such a complex skill as interviewing can only be developed by years of constant practice in order to be knowledgeable about the aspects involved in it, such as rapport, empathy, cycle of empathy, transference, countertransference, nonverbal and verbal communication, medical-patient relationship, as well as technical elements like place, time, appearance, etc. Results: The elements that can interfere with the normal fl ow of an interview are the basic conceptual frameworks that allow any interested physician and the general practitioner beginning training as a psychiatrist, to have a successful practice.


The caste system prevalent in Indian society has never been studied with respect to its role in prostitution. This critical and analytical study of the role of caste in prostitution in India is the result of over thirty years of observation both within the institution of prostitution, that is, in its 'internal' relationships; and outside the institution in the 'external' relationships which create violence in the lives of prostitutes in India. The caste system which plays a major role in the life of Indians has a role in prostitution yet this issue remains unexplored by scholars.


We have investigated the electronic, magnetic, and superconducting properties of the iron-selenide high Tc superconductor KxFe2−ySez (Tc = 33 K) with 77Se NMR [1]. We will compare the results with those observed for FeSe in ambient and applied pressures (Tc > 9 K) [2], and with iron-arsenides [3]. Similarities and dissimilarities will be pointed out, with primary focus on the anomalous normal state properties. Our latest work on KxFe2−ySez was carried out in collaboration with D. Torchetti, M. Fu, D. Christensen, K. Nelson (McMaster), H. Lei, and C. Petrovic (Brookhaven National Lab).


PURPOSE: A suction head of a vacuum cleaner is provided to improve the cleaning efficiency of the vacuum cleaner by allowing a power brush, which is mounted on the suction head of the vacuum cleaner, to linearly move or reciprocate. CONSTITUTION: A suction head(100) of a vacuum cleaner includes a case(101) formed at an inner portion thereof with a cavity(101a). A suction hole(101b) is formed at a bottom of the case(101). A discharging hole is formed at one side of the case(101). A supporting shaft(104) is installed in the case(101). Both ends of the supporting shaft(104) are supported by a slip bearing(103) installed at an inner part of a ball bearing(102). A power brush(110) includes a cylindrical box member(111) mounted on a predetermined portion of the supporting shaft(104) and a brush spirally formed at a peripheral portion of the cylindrical box member(111). One end of a spring is supported by the power brush(110). The first pulley is fixed to one side of the supporting shaft(104). A belt(116) is provided to rotate the power brush(110).


Image based text extraction is one of the fastest growing research areas in the field of multimedia technology. The extraction of text from a complex or more colorful images is a challenging problem. Text data present in images contains useful information for habitual explanation, indexing, and structuring of images. Extraction of this information involves detection, localization, tracking, extraction, enhancement, and recognition of the text from a given image. For fast extracting text from images, we have proposed a connected component based approach which identifies more accurately for small or large texts in the image. The text extraction process starts with conversion of the color image to gray scale image and then it converts the gray scale image into a binary image. Then each text region is marked and the text is extracted from the image. Finally, the extracted text is written into another gray scale image. The experimental results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed method is superior compared to some recent approaches.


This study aims to identify and examine the effect of profitability (ROA) and leverage (DER) both partial and together on income smoothing companies listed on the index in the Indonesia Stock Exchange IDX30 2014-2018 period. The study population includes all companies listed on the index IDX30 in Indonesia Stock Exchange Period 2014-2018. Samples were determined by purposive sampling. Data analysis techniques in this research is descriptive verification. Hypothesis testing using multiple linear regression analysis model. The results showed that (1) profitability (ROA) have a significant effect on income smoothing. (2) leverage (DER) has no significant effect on income smoothing. (3) Profitability (ROA) and leverage (DER) jointly affect the income smoothing.


Windows for vehicles with a glass sheet (1), a glass holder (2) made of a resin material selected from groups of a natural grade polybutylene terephthalate resin, natural grade polyethylene terephthalate resin, natural grade polybutylene terephthalate resin containing glass fibers, a natural grade polyethylene of terephthalate resin containing glass fibers, a natural grade polyamide resin or natural grade polyamide resin containing glass fibers, and A layer formed between the glass sheet (1) and the glass holder (2) (3) of a one-component urethane adhesive containing a silane coupling agent.


Terahertz (THz) communication has become one of the high-profile technologies in the sixth generation (6G) mobile communication networks due to its huge bandwidth and ultra-high data transmission rate. In this paper, the resource allocation algorithm for indoor THz networks is investigated and a problem is formulated to maximize the spectral efficiency (SE). The optimization problem is decomposed into two sub-problems including sub-band allocation problem and power allocation problem. In the first stage, the sub-band allocation problem is solved using Hungarian algorithm based on the Long-User-Central-Window (LUCW) principle. In the second stage, the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm is used to obtain the optimal power allocation. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has higher SE comparing with some conventional schemes.


Abstract The great challenge now facing forest ecosystem scientists and managers is to address the need for multiple ecosystem services over relatively large spatial and temporal scales (e.g., whole national forests over 50- to 100-year time frames). Here we present a new conceptual model for the study of forest ecosystems that aids in the analysis of factors that influence ecosystem structure, function, and services. We then go on to show how this model has been applied to the long-term Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study. Our new model has three main components: (1) controllers, (2) ecosystem pattern and process, and (3) ecosystem functions and services. The controllers are the factors that drive ecosystem pattern and process; we split them into two groups, state factors and variable–stochastic factors. This new model will help to ensure a comprehensive approach to forest ecosystem analysis and will facilitate interactions of research with policy and management at many locations.


same history. Gibson notes how the instrumental reason driving the history evoked by Endgame is simultaneously undermined by the presence of the two oddball characters. Throughout the book, Gibson draws out the fragile but distinct strain of humanity to be found in Beckett (that he terms misericordia), which, of course, is very different from any self-contained humanism. He describes the historical mutation of the Cold War under Reagan and Thatcher that sees a widely held scepticism emerge from recognition that both sides form kind of mirror images of each other. He notes the impact of this on Catastrophe (1982), which concerns the communist abuse of power, but does so in the language of the Western boardroom. It's interesting to see Gibson further develop his study of Beckett in relation to the period after 1985 through to and beyond the fall of the Soviet Union. He is surely correct to suggest that Beckett would have responded with scepticism to Francis Fukuyama's thesis that history reached its terminating point in Western democracy. Beckett's work is too concerned with failure to countenance such triumphalism; Gibson's quote from Stirrings Still (1988) is apt: 'so on unknowing and no ends in sight' (147). Unlike Joyce's Stephen Dedalus, Beckett's characters cannot hope to wake from the nightmare of history. We might say that Beckett's late modernism is weighed down by the non-arrival of 'the new', promised by earlier generations of modernist writers. By a peculiar twist, however, the dogged historicity so effectively traced within this book contra those who would bring history to a halt, is consistent with wanting to keep history open to the possibility of renewal. Beckett's art refuses to have a compensatory function for the hurt that history brings, but maintains a kind of negative agonistic role. Gibson, however, makes the important point that artistic abstraction can be both a retreat from history and a type of intervention within the historical process itself. Gibson's own practice can also be seen as an intervention, abstracting existing historical narratives to allow new interpretations to emerge from the rubble. While this runs certain risks and won't convince some, Gibson avoids the reduction of the aesthetic sphere to the historical process, instead utilising their juxtaposition to produce some considerable illumination of this most important of twentieth-century writers.


Glaucoma is one of the most common complications after congenital cataract surgery. The incidence of aphakic glaucoma seems to increase with longer follow-up. Although it was commonly believed that the newer automated techniques would decrease the incidence of glaucoma, the incidence of glaucoma with automated lensectomy and vitrectomy is the same. However, with the introduction of microsurgery and modern techniques, angle closure glaucoma with pupillary block after lensectomy has become less common. Now most cases of glaucoma after pediatric cataract surgery are of the late-onset open angle type. Aphakic glaucoma refers to the glaucoma that occurs after congenital cataract surgery. The term ''aphakic glaucoma'' is a misnomer, because it implies that aphakia per se is the cause of glaucoma or that all patients who develop glaucoma after lensectomy surgery are aphakic. However, this term has persisted because many clinicians use this term and are familiar with it. One of the reasons that most patients who develop aphakic glaucoma are indeed aphakic is because most patients who have cataract surgery in the first year of life are left aphakic, and having cataract surgery within the first year of life is a major risk factor for the development of glaucoma. Although most patients who have lensectomy surgery in the first 2 years of life are left aphakic, intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is not uncommon in older patients. According to a recent survey of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) members, the minimum age of patients in whom respondents had implanted IOLs was 1.8 ± 1.6 years (mean ± SD) and 1.5 years


The paper proposes an embedded security gateway based on 6LoWPAN, which connects wireless sensor network with IPv6 network. Users can query current data of a certain sensor or historical data. The user authentication and SNEP security mechanism provide good secure guarantee to communication between networks; the address translation mechanism transforms an IPv6 address into a short address, which improves communication efficiency in 6LoWPAN network. The experimental results show that the design of gateway can realize communication authentication and security between the gateway and sensor node, and it balances performance and security.