Anonymous credential system allow users to convince the verifier for possession credential provided by the issuer. For minimizing the information that is revealed, anonymous credential is equipped by logic relation proof and selective disclosure of attributes. Users are able to prove logic and comparison relations over attributes in an untraceable way. In this paper, we propose series proof of attributes based CL signature Scheme on e-health applications. The results show that the system is able to minimize the disclosure of information from third parties so that personal identity can be secured.


Abstract This study documents the precipitation and kinematic structure of a mature, eastward propagating, oceanic squall line system observed by instrumented aircraft during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). Doppler radar and low-level in situ observations are used to show the evolution of the convection from an initially linear NNW–SSE-oriented convective line to a highly bow-shaped structure with an embedded low- to midlevel counterclockwise rotating vortex on its northern flank. In addition to previously documented features of squall lines such as highly upshear-tilted convection on its leading edge, a channel of strong front-to-rear flow that ascended with height over a "rear-inflow" that descended toward the convective line, and a pronounced low-level cold pool apparently fed from convective and mesoscale downdrafts from the convective line; rearward, the observations of this system showed distinct multiple maxima in updraft strength with...


The article presents a new methodology for the selection of the water quality monitoring sensor locations using the water quality model created by means of the EPANET 2.0 software (United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Durham, NC, USA). The model represents the propagation of free chlorine in a water supply network, in conjunction with the heuristic method, applying the elements of fractal geometry. In the first stage, a subarea is determined, while in the second, a specific node for the location of the measuring point is indicated. The process of determining the location is based on a ranking method, in which the usefulness of individual subareas and measuring nodes is determined by means of a formula taking into account the amount of water intake, the required level of water supply and the effects of a lack of water supply, as well as the calculated concentration of free chlorine. The application of the method requires the construction and calibration of a numerical model of free chlorine decay in the network, as well as the knowledge on the location of the objects of particular importance for the network users. The proposed method will be applied in an existing water supply network of approximately 50,000 recipients.


Studying explicit exact solutions of nonlinear evolution equations is a vastly open research field. In this paper, we are giving a new approach called the algebraic curve method to the study of the Kundu equation and the derivative Schrödinger equation. Using this technique we obtain the explicit exact solitary solutions for the Kundu equation and two new explicit exact solitary solutions for the derivative Schrödinger equation, which are different from the previous ones. Applications of this technique to some other nonlinear evolution equations are also presented.


IT was reported by WEIL-MALHERBE (1938) that the aerobic glycolysis of brain cortex s k s is stimulated by glutamate or related compounds. On the other hand, TERNER, --TON and KRELS (1950) showed that slices of brain cortex can accumulate potassium ions together with L-glutamate against the concentration gradient. Although the mechanism of glutamate action in these phenomena has been discussed by several authors (STRECKW, 1957; TERNER et al., 1950), the present investigation was intended to correlate the metabolism of glucose in brain slices with potassium and glutamate accumulation. In previous papers from this laboratory, the effect of L-glutamate on phosphorus metabolism (TSUKADA, TAKAGAKI and HIRANO, 1958), and the effect of changing the ionic milieu on glucose metabolism in brain slices (TAKAGAKI and TSUKADA, 1957) were reported. In continuation of these studies, the authors were interested in investigating the effect of the D-isomer of glutamate on glucose metabolism and on potassium accumulation in various ionic media, because the D-isomer was not thought to be metabolized in brain slices. It was demonstrated that in a potassiumfree medium mglutamate does not stimulate the aerobic glycolysis, and that the augmented oxygen uptake, due to the addition of 2:4dinitrophenol or to a calciumfree medium, is. completely suppressed by D-glutamate, but that induced by KCl is not inhibited. The present paper also deals with the findings that Dglutamate is less effective than its L-isomer for the accumulation of potassium ions in brain slices, but the former is taken up in the same way as the latter. The relationships between these observations are discussed.


The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a six-week exercise program on university students' mental health outcomes. The participants included 10 individuals enrolled at a Canadian university, representative of a range of educational programs (e.g., education, engineering, science) and varying year of study (first year to graduate studies). Using the Mental Health Inventory-38 (MHI-38) as a measure of Psychological Distress, Psychological WellBeing, and overall mental health (Mental Health Index), paired samples t test demonstrated a nonsignificant change in the Mental Health Index scores, t(9) = 0.75, p > .05 and Psychological Well-Being, t(9) = -0.55, p > .05 from pre to post intervention. Due to violations of normality, a Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to assess the median scores of Psychological Distress at two time points resulting in a nonsignificant decrease in Psychological Distress z(9) = -1.23, p > .05. Due to a small sample size, low statistical power may have decreased the chances of finding a true effect if in fact present. The length of the program (six weeks), subjective reporting of completion of additional physical activity and intensity, and the time frame in which the program took place may have been factors that lead to the nonsignificant findings. Future researchers should test the effects of longer exercise programs, with a bigger sample, and at varying periods within an academic schedule. Despite the nonsignificant improvements in students' mental health, it is important to note that their health did not significantly decline over the course of the intervention.


A fuel cell system includes a fuel cell (11), a secondary cell (12), a voltage transformer (13) and a control section (50). The control section charges the secondary cell at the time of starting the fuel cell with excess electrical power and adjusts a voltage of the fuel cell between an open circuit voltage and a high-potential avoidance voltage (S130), if overcharging of the secondary cell is expected while the output voltage of the is lowered fuel cell from the open circuit voltage on the high potential-avoiding voltage (S110 to S128). The above-mentioned case meets at least then, if either an electrical continuity power passing through the voltage transformer, a permissible for the passage of electrical power for the Aufladezweck of the secondary cell exceeds if the limit value of the electrical input power for the secondary cell is exceeded, and / or if a recovery amount by the engine, which is charged in the secondary cell, is not limited.


In this paper we provide some relevant estimation results on the consumers' inflation expectations formation process. Specifically, we show that the Michigan inflation expectations data support neither Carroll's (2003) epidemiological sticky information model nor the sticky information models of Mankiw and Reis (2002) and Sims (2003). Rather, our empirical results, which are based on a real-time inflation series, indicate that professionals and the general public update their forecasts using the most recently reported statistics. In the case of ordinary people this is annualised monthly inflation, the most commonly reported figure in the news coverage of inflation.


This study aimed to analyze the People's Business Credit (KUR) At Bank BRI Unit Tabek Patah Cabang Batusangkar Sumatera Barat. The analysis technique used is descriptive method is a method that describes a phenomenon based on data obtained from the documentation and interviews with PA (Executive Academic) KUR BRI Unit Tabek Patah Cabang Batusangkar Sumatera Barat. Results of research conducted at the Bank BRI Unit Tabek Patah Cabang Sumatera Barat showed that the number of Customers who apply for loans at BRI KUR Tabek Patah Sumatera Barat before and after rate cut are customer deposits rising 23.37%. Where 39.83% of customers aged between 25 years to 34 years, 43.30% type of business carried on by the customer is a business in agriculture. 56.92% of customers have a high school level education last. While the amount of business income each month is between Rp. 3,000,001 to Rp. 4,000,000 as many as 65.63%.


Currently, organizations depend increasingly on the quality of information systems (IS) for the achieving of their main strategic goals. This is the driving force behind providing Computer engineers with the necessary training. We present some ideas and experiences about how the teaching of the course Information System Quality, which belongs to the 5th year of MSc degree in Computer Science, has been adjusted and adapted so as to comply with the directives of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). Important lessons and points to consider in the future have come about from the above.


Transnational nationalism is the important performance of the rise of nationalism in post-Cold War world.Different types of the thoughts and movements of transnational nationalism have different nature,impact and role.To understand this phenomenon,it not only needs to study its specific shapes,but also needs to have an overall grasp and analysis to its international political impact.Only in this way,we can have a more comprehensive and accurate understanding to it.


As two typical literature works, Shi and Sao produce a profound influence on Han poems. Their influence are quite different: Shi lays much emphasis on spirit; while Sac attaches much im- portance on expressing the feelings, Sao is rather acceptable for Han people,they are willing to ab- sorb it. Meanwhile special attention is paid on studying the form of Shi: Comparatively speaking, Shi makes a greater influence on Han poems than Sao does,for the latter is a sort of regional cul- ture. However, Shi as well as Sao, affafects the single writer and the specific works.


Concrete is one of the most common and versatile construction materials and has been used under a wide range of environmental conditions. Temperature is one of them, which significantly affects the performance of concrete, and therefore, a careful evaluation of the effect of temperature on concrete cannot be overemphasized. Temperature changes could cause cracks or sapling, distress, and aggregate expansion which leads to concrete strength deterioration. Temperature is an important parameter which affects the design and performance of slab. Knowledge of temperature effects is essential for the design and maintenance requirement. The temperature differential depends mainly on the thickness of slab and the grade of concrete. The reinforced concrete slab has experienced significant level of stressing and cracking as a result of restrained thermal deformation.


In order to clarify the influences of different conditions on the seawall seepage deformation and to formulate rational and effective impervious reinforcement scenario,combined with the problems encountered in the impervious reinforcement of Qiantang River seawall,this work applied the saturated-unsaturated and unsteady seepage flow analysis program considering the soil permeability variation with seepage deformation propagation to analyze the effects of the initial phreatic line,initial water content of soil,rainfall and flood characteristics on the seawall seepage deformation.The analysis results show that the initial phreatic line plays a constraint role to the seawall seepage deformation;the increase of initial soil saturation will shorten the penetration time required for back slope;under the flood with rain,the phreatic line of seawall will rise up fast and can produce large seepage gradient of back slope;the closer rainfall will produce the larger influence;the water level and waveform of flood are also have great influence on the penetration process of seawall.


The increasing popularity of social media has attracted a huge number of people to participate in numerous activities on a daily basis. This results in tremendous amounts of rich user-generated data. These data provide opportunities for researchers and service providers to study and better understand users' behaviors and further improve the quality of the personalized services. Publishing user-generated data risks exposing individuals' privacy. Users privacy in social media is an emerging research area and has attracted increasing attention recently. These works study privacy issues in social media from the two different points of views: identification of vulnerabilities and mitigation of privacy risks. Recent research has shown the vulnerability of user-generated data against the two general types of attacks, identity disclosure and attribute disclosure. These privacy issues mandate social media data publishers to protect users' privacy by sanitizing user-generated data before publishing it. Consequently, various protection techniques have been proposed to anonymize user-generated social media data. There is vast literature on privacy of users in social media from many perspectives. In this survey, we review the key achievements of user privacy in social media. In particular, we review and compare the state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of the privacy leakage attacks and anonymization algorithms. We overview the privacy risks from different aspects of social media and categorize the relevant works into five groups: (1) social graphs and privacy, (2) authors in social media and privacy, (3) profile attributes and privacy, (4) location and privacy, and (5) recommendation systems and privacy. We also discuss open problems and future research directions regarding user privacy issues in social media.


Carried out the analysis of criteria of aging of working liquid in use. Research of changes of physical and chemical parameters of various types of hydraulicoils is the cornerstone of the analysis.


Review(s) of: Law of Insurance by Poh Chu Chai (3rd Edition) [Singapore: Longman. 1993. li + 1296 pp (including index). Hardcover: S$200.85/RM312]


Pereskia bleo is commonly called 'Jarum Tujuh Bilah' in Malaysia. It is also one of the plants that are recognized for its antioxidant activity in which claimed to protect human against neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson diseases. Although P.bleo is widely used in Malaysia, there is still little information provided on the safety and toxicity of P. bleo extracts. A series of standard test were done to evaluate the genotoxicity and toxicity of P.bleo extracts. These tests included the mutagenicity test performed based on OECD guidelines section #471 that was proposed by Maron and Ames (1983), in vitro micronucleus test subjected to OECD guidelines #487using Chinese hamster lung cell (V79) and neutral red uptake cytotoxicity assay using normal mouse fibroblast cell (NIH/3T3) as per OECD guidelines section #129. P. bleo extract was tested on histidine-dependent mutant of Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537 strains with and without S9 mix. The result showed a slight mutagenic activity on strain TA98 (with metabolic activation) at concentration of 0.62 mg/ml. Apart from that, P. bleo extract also showed no growth of the revertant colonies at all at the concentration of 50 mg/ml, 16.67 mg/ml and 5.56 mg/ml when treated on all tester strains with and without the presence of rat liver enzyme which indicates some antimicrobial activities. In the micronucleus test, P. bleo extract at the concentration of 50.0 μg/ml (with and without rat liver enzymes), 25 μg/ml (without rat liver enzyme), and 12.5 μg/ml (without rat liver enzyme) induced and increase in the formation of micronucleus when screened enzyme using V79 cell. In addition, the results also demonstrated some cytotoxic effect when P.bleo extract was tested against NIH/3T3 cells. Based on the result obtained, P. bleo extract exhibits genotoxic and cytotoxic activity. Therefore, further detailed experiments will be needed to examine the ingredient responsible for causing the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of P. bleo.


Email of the presenting author: firstname.lastname@example.com The Transport of Intensity Equation (TIE) is a non-interferometric phase reconstruction method which overcomes disadvantages of interferometric methods such as coherent illumination and interferometer stability [1]. The TIE is a Poisson type equation which relates a modified Laplacian of the phase of the wave to the intensity variation along the optical axis (see eqn.(a.1) in Fig 1). In the absence of singularities in the principle (central) plane of focus, many approaches of solving the TIE exist. The problem common to all these approaches is that the necessary boundary conditions are not known. The most popular approach is based on the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and solves the TIE non-iteratively in the frequency domain. The implicitly assumed periodic boundary conditions are the main drawback of this method [1]. Another method is based on the multigrid approach for solving partial differential equations, yielding an exact solution of the TIE in the spatial domain. This approach allows us to define zero-flux boundary conditions (Fig1,eq. (a.2), where n ⃑ is the normal to the boundary) and the a vanishing phase shift within regions of vacuum. Since the phase in vacuum is constant, a circle (the number or the shape is arbitrary) with Dirichlet boundary condition can be placed in an area containing vacuum. Figure 1b shows the graphical representation of above-mentioned boundary conditions. Fig.2a and b show under and over focused images which are used to compute the intensity variation along the optical axis (Fig.2c). Fig. 3 compares phase maps reconstructed from the simulated data by different methods. Fig. 3c shows the phase recovered by the Fourier method and our finite element multigrid solution obtained by using the software package COMSOL is shown in Fig. 3b. This figure shows clearly that especially the low frequency details of the phase reconstructed by the flux-preserving approach agree better with the phase used for simulating the images, than the reconstruction obtained by the Fourier transform method. In our presentation we will show applications of this method to experimental data acquired in the TEM and also the optical microscope. [1] D. Paganin and K.A. Nugent, Non-interferometric phase imaging with partially-coherent light Phys. Rev. Lett., 80, 2586-2589 (1998)


We introduce the notion of Θ-KMS adjoint of a quantum Markov semigroup, which is identified with the time reversed semigroup. The break of Θ-KMS symmetry, or Θ-standard quantum detailed balance in the sense of Fagnola–Umanita,11 is measured by means of the von Neumann relative entropy of states associated with the semigroup and its Θ-KMS adjoint.


Digital transformation in biotech is the competitive advantage in the biotech industry. It has made life easier for them and their customers, bringing efficiency to all levels of the company and collecting data, product quality, and predictability to all sectors of life. It's been argued over many years that a lack of vision led to a lack of competitiveness in this industry. The old ways were bearing fruit; these days gone by, there is a need for new strategies where large pharmaceutical companies are struggling with their market share going down while small biotech firms are growing exponentially. The future is data and digital transformation. Digital transformation in biotech is a massive trend that has affected the lives of all humans.  Even though, it's a new concept in this industry, that has no official definition yet. Hence, it's been heavily debated over many years by many scholars and companies on how to define digital transformation in biotech. Digital technologies are changing the way we work and interact with. Digitization of the pharmaceutical industry is one of the biggest challenges for drug firms, who have to deal with the onslaught of pressures from cost-conscious consumers who, along with lawmakers, are chasing incontrovertible evidence of benefits from drug side effects and cost savings from data-driven healthcare.


To improve the frame rate of capsule endoscope, the paper develop an image acquisition system of capsule endoscope based on FPGA. The system contain a JPEG Compressor which is used to reduce the image data size. And the system is composed of three parts: image capsule endoscopes, portable picture receiver, Compute Processing software. The paper will discuss the software and hardware design of the three parts in details. The paper complete the image acquisition system prototype, and the test results prove the design is meet the previous requriment.


The first published image in a government report based on a sketch made within the Rocky Mountains appeared in 1843. This report is a visual description of how the author located the viewpoint for that 1842 field sketch with a horizontal error of less than three feet and a vertical error of less than four inches.


Objective The study was conducted to analyze the epidemiological tendency of syphilis and characteristics of related cases in Wuyi County from 1992 to 2006,providing evidence for the development of control strategies.Methods STD epidemic reports and case reports in the county were collected for epidemiological analysis.Results The reported incidence of syphilis in Wuyi County from 1992 to 2006 rose to 62.59/lakh from 0.31/lakh,trending upwards;StageⅠandⅡsyphilis predominated and latent syphilis and congenital syphilis showed rapid growth.The affected ratio of male to female was 1:1.42,and onset age concentrated in 20 to 49 years old,accounting for 84.79%. The mainly affected occupation was farmers,accounting for 49.27%.As to the geographic distribution, local residents accounted for the major of the affected,while the proportion of foreign residents constituted a yearly increasing trend.Conclusion The syphilis was now reaching epidemic proportions in Wuyi County instead of sporadic incidence,spreading from high-risk population to the general,from cities to vast rural areas.Without effective control of the syphilis,an AIDS epidemic might lie ahead.Further efforts on the prevention and treatment were urged.


OBJECTIVE To investigate the induc-ing factors of Bell's palsy. METHODS From Febru-ary to May 2005, 262 outpatients of Bell's palsy were surveyed for 9 inducing factors. RESULTS The mean age of onset was 39±17 years old. The ratio of male to female and of left to right were 48:52. Forty-eight patients denied all inducing factors, while 214 pa-tients (81.7 %) had at least one factor. Cold was found in 53.5 % of the patients, fatigue in 22.5 %, viral infec-tion in 18.7 %, recurrence in 11.8 %, psychological stress in 11.5 %, family history in 7.6 %, puerperal period in 1.5 %, and molar infection of the affected side in 1.5 %. CONCLUSION Bell's palsy is likely to be a set of disease. Most of patients with Bell's palsy had inducing factors. Avoid these factors may reduce the incidence of Bell's palsy. Further investigate will fractionize Bell's palsy to several diseases includ-ing true idiopathic peripheral facial paralysis and some definite diseases.


The Leitmotiv of this work is to find suitable notions of dual varieties in a general sense. We develop the basic elements of a duality theory for varieties and complex spaces, by adopting a geometric and a categorical point of view. One main feature is to prove a biduality property for each notion which is achieved in most cases.


There are but few reports in the literature of localized calcareous degeneration of the sclera. The earliest of these was referred to by Pagenstecher1as having appeared in theBlasii obs. med. ra Amstel. of 1677, concerning a case of circumscribed "ossification" of the sclera, which he believes to have been only a calcification, since osteoid transformation of the connective tissue does not seem to develop in the sclera. In 1860, Pagenstecher1himself reported a case of isolated calcification of the sclera, anterior to the insertion of a lateral rectus, in an atrophic eye. After extraction of the lime salts, the scleral fibers in the affected region were of normal appearance. Katz2was the first to point out the possibility of a primary localized necrosis of the sclera and a secondary deposition of calcium salts, as in his case the scleral fibers, after extraction of


Z. presents a subtle and stimulating analysis of Ovid's reception of Hesiod, with emphasis, as indicated in the title, on the transformation of the Catalogue of Women. Following 'a growing scholarly interest in the Catalogue of Women and the reception of Hesiod in antiquity' (p. ix), he puts forward the claim that Hesiod's poetry is the 'host' genre of the Metamorphoses and that specific structural and thematic preoccupations of the Ovidian work record, in general, tales that belong to the epic tradition of Hesiod's Catalogue of Women. This monograph also discusses the well-known rivalry between Hesiodic and Homeric poetry, recast as a certamen between Ovid's Metamorphoses and Virgil's Aeneid. The analysis of the issues raised, divided into five chapters, is the result of a thorough and lucid examination of a considerable number of passages. Each chapter ends with a conclusion in which valuable insights are underlined. In Chapter 1, 'Helen: the Intertext of Illusion', Z. first presents a comparison between the Hesiodic catalogue of Helen's suitors (frr. 196–204 M-W) and the Homeric catalogue of ships, and argues that 'the Catalogue reduces the heroes of the Iliad to a footnote' (p. 27). Then the discussion turns to Paris' Ovidian letter to Helen (Heroides 16); the parallel examination of specific passages lends support to the claim that the Catalogue of Women should be read as an essential, though particularly understudied, intertext. In an attempt to address the issue of Paris' manipulation of poetic tradition and language of flattery, Z. propounds the view that the Ovidian hero turns conventional epic diction into powerful rhetoric. Chapter 2, 'Cosmos and Eros: from Chaos to Divine Loves', first treats the Hesiodic background to Silenus' song in Eclogue 6 and then focuses on Ovid's trajectory in the Metamorphoses, from the Theogony and the Works and Days to the Catalogue of Women, suggesting a unified reading of Hesiod's epics. Chapter 2 includes a compelling presentation of Perseus as a Hesiodic poet (Met. 4.765–803), with emphasis on the Ovidian hero's interest in the genealogical sequence of the Theogony. This chapter is completed by the illustration of 'another Hesiodic artist in the Metamorphoses' (p. 96), namely Arachne; the issue under scrutiny is the dynamic tension between the Aeneid and the Ovidian work, displayed in the microcosmic versions of the two different epic poems that Minerva's and Arachne's tapestries artfully sketch. Chapter 3, 'Coronis and Mestra: Bringing the Women Back to the Catalogue of Women', presents Coronis' story in the Metamorphoses (2.531–632) as an aetiological tale drawing on the Hecale (fr. 74 Hollis), and shows that, when structuring his tale as Coronis-Ehoie, Ovid reconstructs Callimachus' work. A second main subject of this chapter is a similar dialogue between Hesiod and Callimachus inMetamorphoses 8: the story of Erysichthon and Mestra (8.738–878) is told by an anti-Callimachean narrator in the Ovidian epos, and thus suggests a subversion of Ovid's Hellenistic predecessor. In a final subchapter, it is convincingly demonstrated that Ovid recasts Erysichthon in the framework of a Mestra-ehoie. Chapter 4, 'Atalanta: Literal and Literary Races', first examines Orpheus' Hesiodic trajectory that treats the gods' passions for mortal boys and thereby suggests a subversion of the main motif of the Ehoiai, which implies Ovid's affiliation with the Hellenistic adaptations of ehoie-poetry. Naturally, a great part of this chapter concerns the analysis of THE CLASSICAL REVIEW 458


Abstract Background The present study evaluates the effectiveness of fractional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser for the treatment of burn scars. Method Literature search was conducted in electronic databases and studies were selected by following pre-determined eligibility criteria. Random effect meta-analyses were performed to achieve the effect size of the changes (mean difference (MD) between post-treatment and pretreatment values) in selected scar assessment scale scores and other important outcome measures. Results 14 studies were included. Treatment of burn scars with fractional CO2 laser significantly improved Vancouver Scar Scale (MD −3.01 [95% confidence interval (CI) −3.79, −2.22]; p ˂ .00001), Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS)– Patient (MD −14.38 [95% CI −17.62, −11.13]; p ˂ .00001, POSAS – Observer (MD −8.81 [9% CI −11.60, −6.02]; p ˂ .00001 and Scar Assessment Scale (MD 1.64 [95% CI 0.49, 2.78]; p = .005) scores especially with regards to pigmentation, vascularity, pliability, and height of scar. Pain and pruritis also improved with this treatment. Scar thickness measured with ultrasonography decreased non-significantly (MD −0.48 [95% CI −1.04, 0.09]; p = .1) whereas cutometer measures, R0 (scar firmness) and R2 (scar elasticity) did not change meaningfully. Conclusion Fractional CO2 laser therapy is a valuable tool for the treatment of burn scars which has potential for reducing scar severity.


Objectives To compare the total weekly working hours, proportions with work hours above the limitations of European working time directive (EWTD) and time spent on direct patient care in 2016 and 2019 for doctors working in different job positions in Norway. Design Repeated postal surveys in 2016 and 2019. Setting Norway. Participants Representative samples of doctors; the response rates were 73.1% (1604/2195) in 2016 and 72.5% (1511/2084) in 2019. Main outcome measures Self-reported weekly working hours, proportions with hours above the limitations of EWTD defined as >48 hours/week and time spent on direct patient care. Analyses Linear mixed models with estimated marginal means and proportions. Results From 2016 to 2019, the weekly working hours increased significantly for male general practitioners (GPs) (48.7 hours to 50.9 hours) and male hospital doctors in leading positions (48.2 hours to 50.5 hours), and significantly decreased for female specialists in private practice (48.6 hours to 44.9 hours). The proportion of time spent on direct patient care was noted to be similar between genders and over time. In 2019, it was higher for specialists in private practice (66.4%) and GPs (65.5%) than for doctors in other positions, such as senior hospital consultants (43.5%), specialty registrars (39.8%) and hospital doctors in leading positions (34.3%). Working >48 hours/week increased significantly for both male and female GPs (m: 45.2% to 57.7%; f: 27.8% to 47.0%) and hospital doctors in leading positions (m: 34.4% to 57.1%; f: 17.4% to 46.4%), while it significantly decreased for female specialty registrars (13.2% to 6.9%). Conclusions Working hours increased significantly for GPs and hospital doctors in leading positions from 2016 to 2019, resulting in increased proportions of doctors with work hours above the EWTD. As work hours above the EWTD can be harmful for health personnel and for safety at work, initiatives to reduce long working weeks are needed.


As the American Southwest is one of the fastest growing areas on the continent and with airline passenger demands expected to continue to increase, the Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport must continue to adapt and improve to meet the demands being placed on its facilities, roadway systems and terminal areas. To that extent, the City of Phoenix has embarked upon a modernization and expansion program at Sky Harbor International Airport that accommodates passenger demands and traffic congestion. As part of this modernization and expansion plan, a new automated train system is being provided to ease traffic congestion on and around the Airport access roads and to serve as a critical link between existing and future infrastructure. To realize this critical link, Bombardier Transportation is providing the state-of-the-art 2.2 mile (3.5Km) pinched-loop BOMBARDIER INNOVIA APM 200 automated people mover system including 18 vehicles outfitted with the BOMBARDIER CITYFLO 650 signaling system. The intent of this paper is to describe the scope of supply including the vehicles, Automated Train Control system, guideway components, and maintenance facility. This paper will also discuss how Bombardier through the design, manufacturing, and testing phases, will solve several technical challenges. These challenges include modification of key system elements to deal with the harsh desert environment, establishing provisions for expandability to enable timely cutover without impacting system operation, and streamlining of manufacturing, and testing and commissioning activities to adapt the overall system to the Phoenix Sky Harbor application and meet the tight project schedule.


We study an axiomatic framework for anonymized risk sharing. In contrast to traditional risk sharing settings, our framework requires no information on preferences, identities, private operations and realized losses from the individual agents, and thereby it is useful for modeling risk sharing in decentralized systems. Four axioms natural in such a framework -- actuarial fairness, risk fairness, risk anonymity, and operational anonymity -- are put forward and discussed. We establish the remarkable fact that the four axioms characterizes the conditional mean risk sharing rule, revealing the unique and prominent role of this popular risk sharing rule among all others in relevant applications of anonymized risk sharing. Several other properties and their relations to the four axioms are studied, as well as their implications in rationalizing the design of some sharing mechanisms in practice.


How government taxation and transfer policy influence labour supply behaviour is well understood. Governments also regulate the timing and extent of leisure activity which may also influence labour-leisure decisions. Legislative changes in bar opening hours provide a potential quasi-natural experiment of the effect of government regulation on working effort. This paper examines two recent policy changes, one in England/Wales and one in Spain that increased and decreased opening hours, respectively. A robust positive causal link between opening hours and absence is demonstrated. Further evidence is provided that longer opening hours cause poorer health outcomes, particularly amongst regular bar attendees.


In this chapter we summarize results in extreme value theory, which are primarily based on the condition that the upper tail of the underlying df is in the δneighborhood of a generalized Pareto distribution (GPD). This condition, which looks a bit restrictive at first sight (see Section 2.2), is however essentially equivalent to the condition that rates of convergence in extreme value theory are at least of algebraic order (see Theorem 2.2.5). The δ-neighborhood is therefore a natural candidate to be considered, if one is interested in reasonable rates of convergence of the functional laws of small numbers in extreme value theory (Theorem 2.3.2) as well as of parameter estimators (Theorems 2.4.4, 2.4.5 and 2.5.4).


In this paper, FDTD method combined with Overset Grid Generation method is proposed to the analysis of the EM fields around a rotating body. We have previously proposed this numerical approach for a stationary and uniformly moving body. Lorentz transformation is combined to the analysis to comprise with the high relative velocities. The results of the numerical analysis show the modulations of the observed waveform when the incident wave hits the rotating body. The relativistic effects and its influence to the EM waveforms are presented. The modulations of EM fields in different radius length of observation point are also shown. The observed EM waveforms are compared with the theoretical results and achieved good agreements in high relative velocities, up to ν = 0.7c closed with the finite speed of light.


Human computation tackles many difficult-to-automate problems. However, the involvement of human solvers in computation process leads to unstable performance, especially when solvers recruited via Internet. By considering human's attributes and computational situation, the research model of factors of affecting the effectiveness and efficiency of human computation algorithm is proposed in this paper, together with seven proxies of human's attributes and computational situation. For testing the proposed model, we collect data from an implemented Web application testing system using a crowdsourcing approach. There are 87 volunteers recruited via social network and the corresponding user-session data. The results show that more human solvers with lower ability level, higher engagement, more personal bias and lower difficulty level of tasks lead to shorter completion time. Human solvers with higher ability level, higher engagement, more personal bias and lower difficulty level of tasks lead to more accurate output, but number of solvers does not show significant correlation with the correctness of human computation algorithm.


This note extends the result of HS02 [2] in order to use the inductive approach to study models with critical dimension other than 4. The results are applied in Hthesis [3] to study sufficiently spread-out lattice trees in dimensions d > 8 and may also be applicable to percolation in dimensions d > 6.


Careful attention should be given to the role of iron in brain physiology, because tissue iron deficiency and iron overload represent prevalent metabolic disorders


Electromagnetic Actuated Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) system offers an opportunity to meet the challenge due to its improving automotive drivability and better fuel economy and dramatically reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The pushing and pulling the sheaves of the pulleys are conducted in this study in order to maintain the desired transmission ratio or gear ratio of the passenger car in all types of the road by developing electromagnetic solenoids (electromagnetic actuators). The operation of the solenoid is performed by controlling the eddy current with the aids of the lead acid battery, magnetic pick-up sensor and potentiometer. The response of the electromagnetic actuator is so fast that it can move both the sheaves of pulley at desired distance within fraction of seconds (0.01 s) in order to maintain the desired torque to the driving wheels in any road condition. The ability of the actuator is examined by applying additional load, voltage and number of turns of the solenoid. Experimentally, it was found that the EMA-CVT system was able to improve the 60% transmission losses of the car.


This reflective paper provides evidence that the economic development in Colombia is insufficient because there are no sustainable institutions, reflecting the social structure because of the a weak judicial State and failures in cities' organizations and designations of rural zones. Armed groups in Colombia have intensified and perpetuated conflict in urban zones. This reflection is based on the relationship among State institutions and the economic development in Colombia.


According to problems of being unreasonable of surface unloading equipment in oil unloading process with the hydraulic pump in Hailar oilfield,that can't fit the demand of continue unloading,high pressure and long time of well testing,and it result in the problem of low draw out level,discontinuity pressure curve,and no acquiring the max productivity.The development institute of Hailar oilfield cooperates with the drilling and production technology research institute of Dagang oilfield.Completion,development and to surface unloading equipment with the hydraulic pump has been done not only to fit the demand of the wellsite,but also low the removing cost,which gets an excellent efficiency.With help of the hydraulic pump unloading technology and the hydraulic pump surface unloading equipment,the work duration and the cost is not only reduced in Hailar oilfield,but also the problem of getting information from low pressure and low permeability oil layer is solved,which reaches need of production.


Packet classification is a very important component for today's network architecture. It can help or provide packet forwarding and other network functions. With the development of Internet and the emergence of software-defined networking (SDN), the methods designed for the traditional 5-dimensional rule set is not sufficient to process the current rule set that contains rules of 12 or more dimensions. The main problem is to process the rule sets of 12 or more dimensions in high throughput. To achieve high throughput, we study the implementations on GPU where some use a single hash table and others use Binary Range Tree to process the searching. In 12-dimensional rule sets defined by OpenFlow 1.0, 8 fields are in the format of exact value or wildcard, and so using the single hash table or binary range tree is not efficient. Another problem to implement packet classification on GPU is that we must transfer the input data and results via the PCI-E bus that will incur long bus latency. In this paper, we propose a modified hash table to process the fields that contain only exact value or wildcard, and use the compressing method to reduce memory consumption. On the other hand, we implement the proposed method on APU that uses Heterogeneous System Architecture to skip the bus latency. According to the experimental results on AMD A10–7850 APU, our method can achieve the throughput of 1814 MPPS, and can support the rule sets of more than 12K 12-dimensional rules. The achieved throughput is 10 times of the methods on legacy GPU.


This report captures the initial conclusions of the DOE seven National Lab team collaborating on the "Solving the Information Technology Energy Challenge Beyond Moore's Law" initiative from the DOE Big Idea Summit III held in April of 2016. The seven Labs held a workshop in Albuquerque, NM in late July 2016 and gathered 40 researchers into 5 working groups: 4 groups spanning the levels of the co-design framework shown below, and a 5th working group focused on extending and advancing manufacturing approaches and coupling their constraints to all of the framework levels. These working groups have identified unique capabilities within the Labs to support the key challenges of this Beyond Moore's Law Computing (BMC) vision, as well as example first steps and potential roadmaps for technology development.


PSA is found to be a valuable tool for improving the safety and reliability of nuclear reactors due to intense involvement of human interactions in an experimental facility. It may also be advantageously applied to research reactors under design and construction. This paper demonstrates the study and result of a Level 1 internal initiating event PSA under the power operation mode to the High Flux Engineering Test Reactor (HFETR) which is under design and construction. The occurrence frequency of core damage which may potentially arise in HFETR is evaluated by using RiskSpectrum software, and event trees have been used to study the response of the installation to various initiating events whereas fault trees have been used in the modeling of safety system failures. Calculation results show that core damage frequency for HFETR research reactor is 5.28E−07 per year, and initiating events which have a significant contribution to CDF are loss of coolant water and loss of offsite power.


Objective To explore the curative effect of enalapril combined with levamlodipine beaylate used in primary hypertension. Methods 147 cases of patients with primary hypertension from November 2007 to October 2009 in Liwan third people' s hospital for treatment were randomly divided into experimental group(n=76) and control group(n=71) .Control groups were given enalapril treatment,and experimental group were given therapy of enalapril combined with levamlodipine beaylate. Results The total effective rate in experimental group was 98.7%,the excellent rate was 84.2%,and the data in data in control group were 88.7% and 63.4%,the clinical effect of experimental group was signifi cantly better than of control group(P0.05) . Conclusion Enalapril combined with levamlodipine beaylate used in primary hypertension patients,can signifi cantly enhance clinical effect and improve the life quality of patients,so it deserved application and promotion in clinical work.


The production process of sodium tripolyphosphate(Na5P3O10) is introduced.With the analysis of three different production processes of Na5P3O10,the parameters of the three processes and the production are gained by experiments.The production technology is advised to produce low density sodium tripolyphosphate with the adding of phosphorous acid into agitator.In order to meet the different production need of Na5P3O10,the three processes are summarized and analyzed,and it is considered that the wet acid process is the development direction for producing Na5P3O10.


Fabrication of LiAlO{sub 2} target elements for the N-Reactor Coproduct Demonstration Program required development of a suitable fabrication process consistent with installation of a minimum production facility on a limited time schedule. The most advanced manufacturing process developed and used within the facility and schedule constraints is described in detail. Major problems encountered in obtaining required component materials and development of the fabrication process are discussed and analyzed for impact on future programs utilizing LiAlO{sub 2} target elements.


Water resources of India are examined in the context of the growing population and the national ambition to become and be seen as a developed nation. The motivation was provided by the continuing debate on the proposed project for interlinking of rivers by National Water Development Agency. The population of India is expected to stab ilize around 1640 million by the year 2050. As a result, g ross per capita water availability will decline from ~ 1820 m 3 / yr in 2001 to as low as ~ 1140 m 3 /yr in 2050. Total water requirement of the country for various activities around the year 2050 has been assessed to 1450 km 3 /yr. This is significantly more than the current estimate of ut ilizable water resource potential (1122 km 3 /yr) through conventional development strategies. Therefore, when compared with the availability of ~ 500 km 3 /yr at present, the water availability around 2050 needs to be almost trebled. Various options have been considered in quant itative terms, as possible sources to augment the anticipated deficit. It is argued that due to consideration s of gest ation period and capital requirements, rainwater harvesting and water-conservation measures must receive the highest priority followed by renovation and recycling to be followed by intra- and then inter-basin transfers in the last phase. But, investigations and planning pro cesses for all options must begin immediately. WITH rapid population growth and rising expectation for a better life, the natural resources of our earth face i ncreasing pressure. It is p aramount that basic resources for human survival, viz. air, land and water must be properly managed. The quantity and quality of these r esources are critical to ensure adequate food supplies, pu blic health and transportation. In particular, the manage ment of water resources has profound impact on society with regard to quality of life. Water-management decisions can have environmental, physical, social and economic impacts that are wid espread and pervasive. It is, therefore, necessary to have most relevant information for arriving at rational dec isions that will result in the maximum amount of benefit to most people. Accurate and reliable information on the w ater resource system can, therefore, be a vital aid to strategic management of the resource. To appreciate this, an ove rview of the emerging water-resource scenario in I ndia is presented in the following.


Gastric ulcer is a multietiologic disease. Steroidal and nonsteroidal drugs have been shown to play a role in gastric ulcerogenesis. [4] Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid) are widely prescribed, despite their gastrointestinal side effects. Several regimens have been recommended to prevent serious gastrointestinal complications such as the use of safer NSAIDs and the co-prescription of gastroprotective agents. [5] Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been proved to play an important role in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer. Accordingly, various regimens of reactive oxygen metabolite scavengers appear to be new treatment strategies for gastrointestinal diseases. [6]


In every student's life, preparing for university admission is considered to be one of the highest priorities. Thai University Center Admission System (TCAS) offers 3 routes (or rounds) for students to enter universities which is called TCAS round1, round 2 and round 3. "This study sought to explore anxiety levels and anxiety related factors during the COVID-19 pandemic amongst high school students who aim to further study at a university level. We sampled Thai high school students by cluster sampling method. Students responded to a Google form questionnaire that had 3 sections: 1. Personal information 2. Anxiety related questions 3. The 7 item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7). The results show that 302 out of 315 participants, which is 95.87%, agree that COVID-19 affects their university preparation. The average GAD-7 score of those 302 participants is 9.189. Gender also contributes to the difference in anxiety scores. Women tend to have a higher average anxiety score than men. In addition, the study reveals positive correlations between anxiety related factors and GAD-7 scores. Furthermore, these factors are found to be positively related to each other. Regarding TCAS, since each round has a clearly contrasting method of entry to the universities, the average anxiety scores of each method also differed. Unexpectedly, the average GAD-7 score of students in TCAS round 1 is higher than that of TCAS round 3. While the number of competitors in TCAS round 1 is a lot less than that of TCAS round 3, the ratio between successful applicants and total applicants is a lot higher. This clearly shows that the anxiety level is more affected by the competitive rate compared to the number of competitors.


Factors influencing compressive strength are still fairly unknown. In order to determine some of them, cross-ply laminates with different bundle size have been tested. It has been found that cros ...


Four open source formant trackers, three LPC-based and one based on Deep Learning, were evaluated on the same American English data set VTR-TIMIT. Test data were time-synchronized to avoid differences due to different unvoiced/voiced detection strategies. Default output values of trackers (e.g. producing 500Hz for the first formant, 1500Hz for the second etc.) were filtered from the evaluation data to avoid biased results. Evaluations were performed on the total recording and on three American English vowels [i:], [u] and [ ] ʌ separately. The obtained quality measures showed that all three LPC-based trackers had comparable RSME error results that are about 2 times the inter-labeller error of human labellers. Tracker results were biased considerably (in average too high or low), when the parameter settings of the tracker were not adjusted to the speaker's sex. Deep Learning appeared to outperform LPC-based trackers in general, but not in vowels. Deep Learning has the disadvantage that it requires annotated training material from the same speech domain as the target speech, and a trained Deep Learning tracker is therefore not applicable to other languages.


In this article, a method able to perform "virtual" signal integrity test on twisted-wire pairs (shielded or not) is presented. The method is based on $S$-parameter measurements collected in the case of a bulk current injection test setup. A common-to-differential-mode conversion is applied in postprocessing on these measurements in order to superimpose the effect of the measured disturbance to the useful signal, which is generated numerically. Then, the signal integrity of the cable under test can be verified as a function of the magnitude of the disturbance, the common-to-differential-mode conversion rate, and the useful signal waveform in reason of the linearity of the problem. The method, which allows a comparison between different kind of cables to be performed on a rigorous basis, is illustrated from experimental measurements made in the frequency range from 10 to 400 MHz in the case first of a square signal and second of a 100BASE-T1 fast Ethernet protocol signal.


Contimuum Damage Healig Mechanics is an extension of CDM recently developed by the authors to model healing process in a variety of materials including rock salt, sinterized metals, ceramics, and polymer-matrix composties, bone and so. on. While the theoretical framework, of CDHM is general, parameter identification depends on the particular material being modeled and the specific material tests that are feasible to conduct for that class of materials. This presentation deals with the application of CDHM to the specific field of fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites. An overview of CDHM will be presented followed by a description of parameter identification. Results are shown in order in validate the numerical model of healing behavior of damaged polymeric matrix composite. Healed and not healed cases discussed in order show the model capability and to describe possible evoltution of the healed system.Copyright © 2003 by ASME


A thermoelectric generator was used to recover waste heat from a heat source, such as engine exhaust. The key elements of the thermoelectric generator are heat exchanger and thermoelectric module. Thermoelectric modules convert heat energy to electrical energy using the Seebeck effect. A temperature difference between the hot and cold sides of the thermoelectric module is required to generate electric power. A theoretical model was developed to predict thermoelectric current, voltage, and power output. A bismuth Telluride thermoelectric module was used for analysis. It was observed that the thermoelectric voltage increased with the external load resistance, and the thermoelectric power output increased at a certain load resistance and then decreased. Under the match load condition, the maximum thermoelectric power output was obtained.


The study aimed to conduct a survey of fungi associated with the rice crop and focus on Fusarium graminearum and the detection of its ability to produce of zeralenone. 50 samples of local and imported rice were collected in the city of Diwaniyah. The results showed a wide spread of fungi in local and imported rice samples, where the fungi are isolated Aspergillus spp, Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp. , Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp. and Mucor spp. by ratio (32,24,20,8,8,8) %. Results of ELISA examination were shown four species of Fusarium graminearum were produced of zeralenone by rate 33.3%. The results showed the effectiveness of metabolic products of bacteria showed high efficacy to inhibit the growth of F. graminearum and inhibit the production of zeralenone at four concentrations of metabolic products from Pseudomonas fluorescence (250, 500, 750, 1000) mg/l. Keywords: Fusarium graminearum, Zeralenone, Pseudomonas fluorescence.


: Listeria monocytogenes is a common contaminant of ready-to-eat meat products that can be eliminated by low dose ionizing radiation. Sodium erythorbate (SE), an antioxidant, is commonly included in cured meat emulsions or applied to the surfaces of cured meats as a solution prior to packaging. The radiation resistance (Dγ) of L. monocytogenes increased when suspended in SE solutions of 0.1% and greater. However, no differences in Dγ, which ranged from 0.67 kGy to 0.70 kGy, were observed when L. monocytogenes was inoculated onto cooked cured meat products (frankfurters or bologna slices) which contained no SE, 0.05% SE in the emulsion, or a 10% SE solution applied to the product surface. Surface antioxidant power of the cured meats did not reach a level sufficient to protect L. monocytogenes against the lethal effects of ionizing radiation. Therefore, the industrial practice of applying SE to the surfaces of cured meat products would not compromise the efficacy of irradiation as an antimicrobial process.


With the increasing demand for medical service robots and the development of RGB-D-based visual SLAM technology, there is a growing interest in research on medical service robots that can navigate autonomously. This paper uses mathematical language to introduce the camera imaging principle, image feature matching algorithms, and pose estimation algorithms in visual SLAM in detail. We have selected an experimental scene in a targeted manner and have combined the improved ORB feature points and feature mismatch elimination algorithm (RANSAC) to enhance the original algorithm. We analyze and demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of the algorithm before and after the improvement, and provide insights into future developments in autonomous navigation for medical service robots.


The regularity of the boundary control of a wave equation when the control is obtained by the methods of Russell and Lagnese is investigated.


This thesis explores the relationship between town halls and Conservative governments over two policy changes which reduced local autonomy: the Housing Finance Act 1972 imposed rent increases on council housing, and the 1980 Housing Act gave tenants the Right to Buy. The literature on local authority resistance concentrates on high-profile battles between government ministers and Clay Cross and Norwich councils, but the coverage of London boroughs is sparse, except for that on Camden's defiance in 1972. This thesis aims to assess the responses of eight Labour-controlled boroughs in the capital to the controversial legislation, including Greenwich, targeted by government ministers for being especially 'difficult' over the Right to Buy. The thesis examines the extent to which Labour-controlled local authorities sought to resist the government measures, their strategies and the outcomes; splits in Labour groups over implementation and any differences between 1972 and 1980. Attention is paid to the role of local Conservatives in the controversies. The thesis relies on minutes of council meetings and reports in local newspapers, supplemented by some oral interviews. It was recognised in 1972 that for resistance to be effective, Labour authorities needed to agree a common strategy, but attempts to do so failed. While councillors increasingly feared incurring legal sanctions, the Parliamentary Labour Party urged them to accept a compromise which could lessen the rent increases. Camden rebelled for several months, despite a serious split among Labour councillors, and only complied when ministers made their position financially untenable. Labour groups remained more united over implementing the Right to Buy scheme as they had other priorities and could delay or frustrate individual sales. The boroughs did the minimum necessary to operate the government scheme and resisted pressure from ministers over their performance. After initially refusing to implement the 1980 legislation, Greenwich subsequently survived threats of intervention through negotiation. Overall this thesis demonstrates that there was resistance among the boroughs studied to both policy changes which encroached upon their autonomy, but that the political battles were mainly fought on housing issues with Conservative councillors invariably supporting their party in government.


Food is an essential physiological, cultural and so cial component of human life. How food is produced and consumed has dietary, cultural, enviro mental, ethical and societal consequences. Despite the central role that food plays within ind ivi ual lives, public understanding of food and the wider agro-food system varies; much of this existin g k owledge is acquired informally in kitchens, homes and gardens. Educational and community initia tives, such as learning gardens and food literacy programs, have arisen in response to the p erceived issues associated with an industrialized and distanced mainstream food system. Though face-t o-face and community learning are important for addressing food literacy, such schemes have the ir limitations. With mobile learning increasingly identified as a means of facilitating dialogic, sit uated and distanced learning in informal settings, there is an opportunity for mobile learning to supp ort public food literacy and extend existing understandings to a wider learner population. This paper describes the educational design of the Red Hen Recipes Food Literacy Project. This paper prese nts a brief overview of the literature and how the Red Hen Recipes project is designed to support m bile and place-based learning. This research posits the way in which mobile learning can be desi gned and extended to address a public educational need with a more diverse community lear n r population.


Defining the propensity of Streptoccocus pneumoniae (SP) serotypes to invade sterile body sites following nasopharyngeal (NP) acquisition has the potential to inform about how much invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) may occur in a typical population with a given distribution of carriage serotypes. Data from enhanced surveillance for IPD in Massachusetts children ≤7 years in 2003/04, 2006/07 and 2008/09 seasons and surveillance of SP NP carriage during the corresponding respiratory seasons in 16 Massachusetts communities in 2003/04 and 8 of the 16 communities in both 2006/07 and 2008/09 were used to compute a serotype specific "invasive capacity (IC)" by dividing the incidence of IPD due to serotype x by the carriage prevalence of that same serotype in children of the same age. A total of 206 IPD and 806 NP isolates of SP were collected during the study period. An approximate 50-fold variation in the point estimates between the serotypes having the highest (18C, 33F, 7F, 19A, 3 and 22F) and lowest (6C, 23A, 35F, 11A, 35B, 19F, 15A, and 15BC) IC was observed. Point estimates of IC for most of the common serotypes currently colonizing children in Massachusetts were low and likely explain the © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Corresponding Author: Inci Yildirim, MD, MSc, Departments of Epidemiology and Pediatrics, Schools of Public Health and Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA. Address 670 Albany Street 6th Floor Room 607 Boston MA 02118 USA, firstname.lastname@example.com, Phone 1 617 414 74 35, Fax 1 617 414 72 30. This work was presented in part at the 7th International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases, March 14-18, 2010, Tel Aviv, Israel. The authors were responsible for the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; and preparation of the manuscript. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Vaccine. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 December 16. Published in final edited form as: Vaccine. 2010 December 16; 29(2): 283–288. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.032. N IH PA Athor M anscript N IH PA Athor M anscript N IH PA Athor M anscript continued reduction in IPD from the pre-PCV era in the absence of specific protection against these serotypes. Invasive capacity differs among serotypes and as new pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are introduced, ongoing surveillance will be essential to monitor whether serotypes with high invasive capacity emerge (e.g. 33F, 22F) as successful colonizers resulting in increased IPD incidence due to replacement serotypes.


The eminent sociologist Irving Louis Horowitz, who grew up in Harlem in the 1930s, remembered that experience as being "a vilified Jewish minority within a mortified black minority." Horowitz, whose memoir is quoted in Jeffrey S. Gurock's comprehensive new book about Harlem, also mentioned how fellow Jews, who "fled to greener parts of New York City," looked at those who stayed behind: other Jews viewed Harlem's Jews as "social scourges and economic failures—simply by virtue of the fact that they remained" in a black neighborhood (p. 183). When Jewish sources described America, they often vacillated between the "goldene medine" (the golden land/country) and the "treyfene medine" (the impure/non-kosher land). The former relates to the images of America among Jewish immigrants as the land of infinite economic opportunities and religious freedom. On the other hand, rabbis and traditionalists in Eastern Europe used the latter term to describe the United States as a place where Judaism was abandoned, observance neglected, rabbinical authority dismissed, and the learned elite was pushed aside as common tailors and cobblers ruled the community. Within the golden land, New York City beckoned. Gotham made up a staggering proportion of American Jewry—by 1927, forty-four percent of all American Jews lived in the five boroughs of the city. No less important, New York was the center of the leading Jewish organizations, the strongest Jewish labor unions, a cultural hub for the burgeoning Yiddish press, literature and theatre, and headquarters for Jewish philanthropic endeavors at home and abroad. The central place of New York City in American Jewish life led historian Moses Rischin to title his seminal study of New York Jews, The Promised City: New York Jews, 1870–1914 (1962). Later he would term the city, "the Megashtetl


Lemon peel wastes were extracted with water to remove free sugars and other soluble compounds, and the insoluble solid was employed as a substrate for the manufacture of pectin-derived oligosaccharides by processing with hot, compressed water. When water-extracted lemon peel wastes were treated with water at 160 °C, the oligomer concentration reached the maximum value (31 g/L). Autohydrolysis liquors were subjected to two membrane filtration stages (diafiltration followed by concentration), yielding a refined product containing about 98 wt % of oligomers at a global yield of 14 kg/100 kg oven-dry lemon peel. The concentrate contained oligogalacturonides (with DP in the range of 2-18) and arabinooligosaccharides (with DP in the range of 2-8).


Abstract : The missions of the helicopter, within both the military and the civil sector, have changed rather dramatically over the last 20 years. The military's experience is Southeast Asia during the 1960's demonstrated the wide range of missions that could be accomplished by rotary wing aircraft: fire fighting, heavy lift, and large scale medical evacuations, as well as tactical missions of troop transport and close air support. The post-Vietnam civilian uses for helicopters have duplicated several of the military missions, resulting in an added interest in helicopters in both the military and the civilian sectors. This increased interest has also led to rapid advances in rotorcraft technology. As helicopters have become much more capable, there has been an increasing sophistication in flight controls, power plant systems, and in cockpit displays. This combination of the increase of types of missions and the increase in cockpit sophistication has created a new set of problems. The limiting factor for many types of helicopter missions is now the pilot; and the limitation appears to be specifically related to information transfer. This information transfer is in the form of aircraft status information to the pilot, and information transfer from the pilot back to the aircraft in the form of control manipulations. (Author)


The optical, fluorescent, and photoconductive properties of solution-processable functionalized pentacene and anthradithiophene (ADT) derivatives are presented. Considerable fluorescence quantum yields of ∼70-75% and ∼40-50% were observed in several ADT derivatives in toluene solutions and in thin films, respectively. No electric field-induced fluorescence quenching was observed in films at applied electric fields of up to at least 2 × 10 5 V/cm. Strong temperature dependence of fluorescence quantum yields was observed in all ADT films but not solutions, which emphasizes importance of intermolecular interactions in these materials. All films exhibited fast charge carrier photogeneration upon 100 fs 400 nm excitation and power-law decay dynamics of the transient photocurrent over many orders of magnitude in time. In solution-deposited ADT thin films, effective charge carrier mobilities calculated from the space-charge-limited currents reached ∼0.1 cm 2 /V ·s. In the same films, bulk photoconductive gains of up to 130 were observed at 532 nm continuous wave excitation with light intensity of 0.58 mW/cm 2 at the applied electric field of 4 × 10 4 V/cm.


Endophytic fungi have an ability on producing secondary metabolites that promote plant growth, increase plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and enhance growth. Plant disease is an important biotic stress that need to be controlled. Potential use of endophytic fungi to induce resistance against bacterial wilt disease in chilli pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum has not been widely reported. This research was aimed to determine the potential of endophytic fungi in suppressing development of bacterial wilt disease in chili. The study was conducted using three endophytic fungi such as Fusarium solani f.sp. phaseoli isolates AC-2.13 and AC-3.18, and Trichoderma asperellum AC-4.4. This tests used nine treatments, i.e three single treatments, four combination treatments, streptomycin, and control. The results showed that application of endophytic fungi F. solani f.sp. phaseoli and T. asperellum either in single or combination treatments reduced development of bacterial wilt in chili with inhibition rate of 12.5% to 50%. Applications of combined endophytic fungi were not always inhibiting development of bacterial wilt in chili. The ability to suppress disease development by endophytic fungi was not always followed by its ability to increase crop yield. F. solani f.sp. phaseoli isolate AC-44 have highest potential of endophytic fungi in controlling R. solanacearum . In the biochemical evaluation, F. solani f.sp. phaseoli showed increasing of several compounds activity in chili such as total phenol, peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), β-glucanase, and phenylalanine aminaliase (PAL).


Objective
To construct and implement the "disease-characteristics nursing quality improvement" program (DNQIP) and evaluate its application effect, and explore how to improve nursing quality.

Methods
Through literature review and focus group interview, the theoretical basis and fundamental framework of DNQIP was established. With the plan, DNQIP was implemented and popularized. The covering range of DNQIP in diseases, the special supervision evaluation of hospitals, the average hospitalization time and patient satisfaction were used to evaluate the effect of DNQIP.

Results
DNQIP covered 183 kinds of diseases, and the average score of special supervision evaluation increased from (92.34±4.22) of 2013 to (98.67±2.43) of 2015 (t=-10.235, P<0.05) . The average hospitalization time decreased from 8.3 d of 2013 to 7.2 d of 2015 and patient satisfaction increased from 98.0% of 2010 to 99.8% of 2015.

Conclusions
DNQIP is feasible and beneficial to the improvement of nursing quality, nursing work efficiency and patient satisfaction.

Key words:
Disease; Evidence-based nursing; "Disease-characteristics nursing quality improvement" program; Construction


This paper presents a new electronically tunable sinusoidal oscillator. The proposed oscillator is consisted of two second-generation current conveyors with variable current gain, two grounded capacitors, one grounded resistor and one floating resistor. Unlike previously oscillators, the condition and the frequency of oscillation of this oscillator can be controlled electronically and independently by adjusting the current gains of current conveyors. The proposed circuit is beneficial to monolithic integrated circuit implementation using only grounded capacitors. Simulation results that confirm the theoretical predictions are also given.


Summary
Objective  In physiological conditions, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone (RAA) axis is under continuous tonic inhibition by dopamine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of nontumoural hyperprolactinemia with the activity of adrenocortical and RAA axis, before and after administration of bromocriptine.

Design  Twenty women with nontumoural hyperprolactinemia and 20 healthy women matched for body mass index and age were recruited in this study. All participants were placed on fixed salt intake for 2 weeks before the experiments. The study was conducted in three phases. In phase I, the participants received an intravenous infusion of angiotensin II in three consecutive doses of 2, 4 and 6 ng/kg BW changed every 30 min. In phase II, the patients were started on bromocriptine in gradually increasing doses of 1·25, 2·5, 5, 7·5 and 10 mg/day for 10 weeks. In phase III, the protocol of phase I was repeated in the patient group. Circulating levels of cortisol, plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone and prolactin were assayed.

Results  Baseline values of prolactin, and PRA (2·6 ± 0·18 nmvs 0·45 ± 0·05 nmP < 0·001 and 142·2 ± 14·4 vs 30·7 ± 2·7 pm/h, P < 0·001, respectively) but not aldosterone (P = 0·081) were significantly higher in the patient group. The angiotensin infusion test induced a significantly greater response in the patient group. Administration of the dopamine agonist restored the basal levels and diminished the response to angiotensin infusion for all the parameters tested. No change in the blood pressure was recorded.

Conclusions  Our study demonstrates that in nontumoural hyperprolactinemia there is an increased reactivity of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone (RAA) axis that is almost completely restored after treatment with a dopamine agonist.


India is one of the largest contributors to the world?s agricultural
 products. The majority of people?s livelihood in India depends on
 agriculture and its allied sectors. According to an economics survey in the
 agricultural year of 2019-2020, India is estimated to have produced around
 292 million tonnes of food grain. The share of agriculture in India?s GDP is
 19.9%. Even though India is an active participant in global agricultural
 trade, the total agricultural product export is only 2.5%. Agricultural
 produce is easily perishable and the quality gets affected which will then
 affect their market value. To meet the future food demands, agricultural
 produce must be able to store for a longer amount of time for round the year
 availability. The traditional food storage practices cannot satisfy that
 condition. These perishables need a proper cold supply chain to increase the
 shelf life. In this paper performance of a Parabolic Trough Collector
 Integrated Vapor Absorption Refrigeration system was developed and studied.
 Renewable integrated cold storage would open door to the sustainable energy
 future.


In this dissertation the 3D microstnictures of actual metal matrix composites (MMCs) are, in the first time, characterized and modeled and compared with their 20 micrographs. A serial-sectioning technique is developed for obtaining detailed 3D microstructural images from 2D sections of particle reinforced MMCs. Equivalent microstructures with actual particle or damage replaced by ellipse or ellipsoid are computationally simulated for eflSciency. The equivalent microstructures are tessel lated by a particle surface based algorithm. Various 3D characterization functions are developed to identify particle size, shape, orientation and spatial distribution in the actual materials and their relation with damage and compared with 2D micrographs. Si particle reinforced aluminum composites, varied in particle volume fraction and size and deformed into different strain levels, are employed to establish the differences be tween 2D and 3D characterization. Results indicate that it may not be sufficient to use 2D secti on information for characterizing detailed microstructural features. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to explore the influence of the microstructural vari ables on damage. Particle size, orientation and local volume fraction are found to play the most significant roles in the damage process.


Background: Lack of behavior to maintain vaginal hygiene during menstruation in adolescent girls, often causes harm to the reproductive organs, such as pruritus vulvae, and even reproductive tract infections (ISR). The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze the relationship of knowledge, attitude and motivation to the behavior of maintaining vaginal hygiene during menstruation in adolescent girls. Methods: The study was conducted at SMP Negeri 45 Surabaya using a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. The number of research samples was 114 respondents who met the inclusion criteria. Collecting data using a questionnaire and analyzed by Chi-square test. Results: The results of the Chi-Square analysis showed that there was a relationship between knowledge and behavior (p = 0.001) with an OR value of 4.916, which means that knowledge has a four times greater chance of influencing vaginal hygiene behavior during menstruation. There is a relationship between attitudes towards behavior (p < 0.001) with an OR value of 12.632, which means that attitudes have a 12 times greater influence in influencing vaginal hygiene behavior during menstruation in adolescent girls. While the relationship between motivation and behavior (p = 0.492) vaginal hygiene during menstruation in adolescent girls did not have a significant relationship. Conclusion: Vaginal hygiene behavior during menstruation in adolescent girls is influenced by knowledge and attitudes. The behavior of maintaining bad vaginal hygiene during menstruation can cause germs to easily enter and cause reproductive infections that have a bad impact in the future.
Keywords: knowledge, attitude, motivation, behavior in adolescence menstruation


ABSTRACT For designing single-arm phase II trials with time-to-event endpoints, a sample size formula is derived for the modified one-sample log-rank test under the proportional hazards model. The derived formula enables new methods for designing trials that allow a flexible choice of the underlying survival distribution. Simulation results showed that the proposed formula provides an accurate estimation of sample size. The sample size calculation has been implemented in an R function for the purpose of trial design. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.


Although historical treatises are not specialized in the studies of modern literature, they have not only served as a great source of inspiration but also given a strong sense of history to the studies. The approach of proving historical events with poems has ingeniously utilized literary works, historical materials in a broad sense. In addition, historical treatises have provided a completely new pattern of thinking for the studies of modern literature, especially those studies on LU Xun, in an unintended manner. They have fully reflected the discipline significance and research value of the interaction between the studies of modern literature and historical studies. The Gate of Heavenly Peace: the Chinese and Their Revolution written by Jonathan D. Spence, an American historian, is a perfect example in this respect.


The benefits of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi), including mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), for clinically relevant mortality and morbidity outcomes are strong, consistent across trials and over time, and irrefutable for patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). 1 –3 How-ever, concerns related to the risk of hyperkalaemia limit their use, especially for MRAs. 4 Guidelines recommend discontinuing RAASi when potassium levels exceed 6.0 mmol/L and to lower the dose between 5.5–6.0mmol/L. 5,6 However, data from routine practice repeatedly demonstrate that discontinuing RAASi is common at lesser potassium elevations of between 5.0 and 5.5mmol/L as well, and when stopped, they are infrequently re-started due to risk or fear of hyperkalaemia. 7,8 The DIAMOND (Patiromer for the Management of Hyperkalemia in Participants Receiving RAASi Medications for the Treatment of Heart Failure) trial showed that long-term therapy with patiromer lead to a favourable impact on serum potassium con-trol, 37% relative risk reduction in time to hyperkalaemia event, a 34% reduction in total hyperkalaemia events, and a 38% reduction in time to MRA dose reduction, in patients with HFrEF and current or history of hyperkalaemia.


Since the operating conditions of nanolayer systems are usually stochastic, modeling the processes occurring in them requires the use of probabilistic methods. The application of the method for calculating percolation by nodes and bonds for solving the problem of stochastic loading of nanolayer structures is facilitated in comparison with those usually used in various physical and technical problems. In this case the impact is not carried out at the boundary of the two-dimensional region of the nanomaterial, with the finding of stresses and strains inside the layer. Instead, stresses and strains are determined in the very surface layer of the material under the influence of an external load. Here we show that with an increase in the number of nodes and bonds in the system, the development of a crack is slow down and that the use of layered systems with a superlattice crystal structure, with minimized internal residual stresses, can provide increased crack resistance.


Two pebbles of the nephrite variety of jade were found by the author in 1955 in the river bed of the Teri Toi in Kohat District of former North-West Frontier Province of West Pakistan; the positive identification of the compositions of the pebbles was, however, not made until February, 1962. This appears to be the first authenticated record of either of the true jade minerals (nephrite or jadeite) in Pakistan or India, and the discovery is of significance in relation to the unsolved problem of the origin of the raw material of Indian carved jade.


Review(s) of: With musket and tomahawk: Volume two: The mohawk valley campaign in the wilderness war of 177, by Michael O. Logusz. Casemate Publishing (2012) Hardcover: $32.00.


Abstract This article ascertains the global structure of the diagram of positive solutions of a very general class of elliptic boundary value problems with spatial heterogeneities and nonlinear mixed boundary conditions, considering as bifurcation-continuation parameter a certain parameter γ that appears in the boundary conditions. In particular, in this work are obtained, in terms of such a parameter γ, the exact decay rate to zero and blow-up rate to infinity of the continuum of positive solutions of the problem, at the bifurcations from the trivial branch and from infinity. The new findings of this work complement, in some sense, those previously obtained for Robin linear boundary conditions by J. García-Melián, J. D. Rossi and J. C. Sabina de Lis in 2007. The main technical tools used to develop the mathematical analysis carried out in this paper are local and global bifurcation, continuation, comparison and monotonicity techniques and blow-up arguments.


Background:The main goals of flexor tendon surgery are to restore digital motion by providing tendon healing and to preserve tendon gliding. Our purpose was to investigate the effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on tendon adhesions in partially divided profundus flexor tendons (flexor digitorum profundus [FDPs]) following surgical repair and in partially divided FDPs without surgical repair, and to compare the results of the repair versus the nonrepair of zone two injuries via macroscopic and biomechanical evaluations of tendon adhesions. Methods:We used 32 adult male European rabbits (Oryctolagus cunniculus) weighing from 2.5 to 3.5 kg. The study was performed on the deep flexor tendons of the second and third digits of the right hind paws of the rabbits; thus, a total of 64 tendons were examined in this study. Results:Based on the results achieved in our experimental study, the load (N) significantly increased in subgroup 1a in which the tendons were surgically repaired and were not treated with 5-FU compared with subgroup 2a in which tendons were surgically repaired and treated with 5-FU. Conclusions:The load (N) significantly increased in subgroup 1a in which the tendons were surgically repaired and were not treated with 5-FU compared to subgroup 2a in which the tendons were surgically repaired and treated with 5-FU. Therefore, these results revealed a decrease in adhesion formation in the subgroup that was treated with 5-FU due to increased resistance to tendon adhesions during their excursion through the tendon sheath, which in this case required greater traction force.


Pilotis give many benefits to the apartment housing. However, pilotis space is dark and its height is low. It causes people to have a fear of crime. Therefore, this research attempts to improve the quality of pilotis space. Improvement of pilotis space is suggested by applying the CPTED techniques.


Breeding herd performance and husbandry were surveyed on 375 northern Australian beef properties in 8 regions during 1996 and 1997. Mean branding rates ranged from 62.6% in the Northern Territory to 77.1% in the Maranoa South West regions of Queensland with considerable variation within regional herds. The proportion of herds using controlled mating was highest in the Central Coastal, Central Highlands and Maranoa South West. Mean mating period across all regions varied from 5.6 to 11.8 months. Calving was seasonal with peak activity in the August-December period. Calving commenced earlier in the south (August) than it did in northern regions (September-November). Rainfall influenced the timing of commencement of calving and peak calving activity. The use of pregnancy testing was widespread but selective and often not all females were pregnancy tested. About 97% of properties used weaning strategies with a peak in calf weaning in April-July, and a minor peak in September-October. Although mean weaner ages were similar across regions (5.9-6.9 months), mean weaner liveweight varied markedly with weaners in the more northern regions being lightest ( 200 kg. Culling criteria for cows and heifers focused on temperament, conformation and reproductive failure; age was also important for cows with a common culling age of 10 years. Bulls were more commonly culled at 7-8 years of age. In addition to age, bulls were culled for physical defects, reproductive problems, temperament and poor quality/performing calves. Four to 5 criteria were commonly used to select bulls. Structural soundness and temperament ranked highest followed by conformation, weight for age, Breedplan and colour. Producers using Breedplan tended to use structural soundness and temperament also as selection criteria. The results suggest that producers associated increasing turn-off weight or decreasing turn-off age more with pasture improvement than with bulls of higher genetic merit for growth. Supplementation of the breeding herd increased in the last half of the calendar year. Supplements containing molasses, urea, phosphate source, salt, and sulphate of ammonia were the most commonly supplied supplementary nutrients. Vaccination for botulism was quite common (>30% of regional survey groups) in all regions except Central Coastal and Maranoa South West regions of Queensland. Comparisons with previous surveys show that there have been marked improvements in breeding herd performance and management over an extended period. The results are discussed in relation to scientific developments over the last 2 decades and future development of the northern Australian beef industry.


The increase of vehicles and the industry activities due to population growth and economics in urban areas had an impact on the increase in consumption of fuel oil and also CO2 emissions, that caused global warming. The plant absorption play important role on reducing the emission, therefore Jakarta as a metropolis city, required a huge area of green open space. This paper aimed to analyze number of gas emissions CO2 that was produced from consumption of fuel oil and the absorbency of gas CO2 in the Jakarta city. The estimation method was used to calculate CO2 emissions based on consumption of fuel oil (gasoline and gasoil) in Jakarta city. Then the absorbency CO2 will also be counted related to green open space (GOS) in the Jakarta city. The Results will be used as input the POWER SIM model. that was used to this paper. This model aimed was to count emissions CO2 in the Jakarta city was based on the function of the absorption of emission CO2 by green open space (GOS). Result showed that in the Jakarta city territory, emissions CO2 that originated in consumption of the highest gasoline emitted in east Jakarta was totally 1.3x109 ton/year. Whereas emission CO2 that originated in consumption of biggest gasoil emitted in North Jakarta total was 5.5x108 ton/year. Results running the POWER SIM model showed the existence of the absorption of emission CO2 by green open space in the Jakarta city. The total remnant of emission CO2 after being absorbed by green open space in the Jakarta city during 2013 was big as 6.27x109 ton/year. Results of prediction of the model till 2020 showed that emission CO2 in the Jakarta city will continue to increase through to as big as 26x109 ton/year.


As the national focus on cyber security increases, there is an evolving need for a capability to provide for high-speed sensing of events, correlation of events, and decision-making based on the adverse events seen across multiple independent large-scale network environments. The purpose of this Shared Vision project, Cyber Security Indications and Warning System, was to combine both Sandia's and LMC's expertise to discover new solutions to the challenge of protecting our nation's infrastructure assets. The objectives and scope of the proposal was limited to algorithm and High Performance Computing (HPC) model assessment in the unclassified environment within funding and schedule constraints. The interest is the identification, scalability assessment, and applicability of current utilized cyber security algorithms as applied in an HPC environment.


This book is a fascinating account of a long neglected area of collective bargaining, the hotel industry, which is now strongly unionized in many of the large cities except in the South. Not only is the hotel industry an example of a highly organized service industry but also one which was organized by what is in many respects an industrial union that was affiliated with the AFL rather than with the CIO. Furthermore, hotel unionization was accomplished despite the unwillingness, until recently, of the NLRB to accept jurisdiction of labor disputes in this area. Thus, studies of how hotels were unionized, of how collective bargaining subsequently developed, and of the impact of the union on wages and working conditions can provide many useful comparisons and contrasts with other industries. The author's preface gives the three main themes of the study: "The first principal theme is that each of the two parties to the collective bargaining agreement is composed of a group of highly diverse organizations which frequently have divergent and sometimes conflicting interests .... The second principal theme is the collective bargaining arrangements that had evolved at the onset of the relationship [and which developed into a] collective bargaining system . . . somewhat unique in a number of ways .... The third principal theme of the study is the nature of the product market of the hotel industry." Each of the chapters then serves to elaborate on aspects of the three themes. Chapter I describes the economics of the industry pointing out in particular the factors which make the hotel industry so different from most other businesses. The history of labor relations in the industry is broadly sketched in Chapter II, with primary emphasis upon developments in New York City. Some of the detail in this chapter may prove surprising; for example, the fact that strikes in New York City hotels took place as early as 1893 (although successful unionization was not accomplished until 1938). It is also interesting to note that some of the top leaders responsible for the 1938 organizational drive, and for the subsequent collective bargaining by the AFL hotel union, were former leaders of the communist-led Food Workers Industrial Union, which had merged with the hotel union earlier. Nevertheless, despite a heritage of "radical" leadership, union-management relationships have been relatively harmonious. Next, separate chapters are devoted to each side of the collective bargaining table. The employees organization, the Hotel Trades Council, is made up of locals from five different international unions the Hotel and Restaurant Employees, the Electrical Workers, the Operating Engineers, the Firemen, Oilers and Maintenance Mechanics, and the Building Service Employees -all having members who work in hotels. Unlike other such arrangements, the Hotel Trades Council carries on the actual collective bargaining, with the five separate unions substantially ceding to the Council their independent bargaining rights. As might be expected, although not necessarily an inevitable development, leadership in the Council has come to rest substantially in the hands of the hotel union, and more particularly the president of the Council, Jay Rubin. The chapter on the hotel association, which bargains for the employers, also points out significant areas of conflict among the association members as to the proper approach to their collective bargaining problems. The disagreements among industry members apparently grew so sharp that they hired outside consultants about ten years ago to analyze their collective bargaining activities. The story of this investigation, its recommendations, and the discussion of the report is an illuminating insight into the sources of internal dissension within an employers group, the general character of Sage Publications, Inc.


India is the largest producer of tobacco. Most of the people who smoke first, light up
a cigarette when they are teenagers .In fact 80% of tobacco users began the habit
before they turned 18 years. In India every day 77 lakhs Indian children below 16
years were using tobacco on a regular. In the year of 2014, India has estimated more
than 110 million people smoke cigarettes over 98 million men and over 12 million
women. The aim of the research was to assess the effectiveness of Video Assisted
Teaching Programme on Knowledge of Adolescent boys regarding health hazards
of tobacco consumption at Govt. Higher Secondary School, Kandanvilai The study
was designed as one group Pretest posttest Pre experimental design. Total of 50
samples were selected based on purposive Sampling Technique. The investigator
used Structured Questionnaire to collect the data. The study finding revealed that
there was a significant improvement in the mean knowledge during the pre test, 70%
scored below average knowledge and 30% average knowledge. During the post test,
23.3% scored above average knowledge and 63.4% scored average knowledge and
13.3% scored below average knowledge. By comparing the pre test and post test
researcher can find out that in pretest, 70% Adolescents scored below average but in
post test only 13.3% scored below average regarding health hazards of tobacco
consumption. Video Assisted Teaching Programme are effective and improvement in
the level of knowledge regarding health hazards of tobacco consumption among
adolescent boys.


Due to economic growth and increased human activities, large amounts of metal pollutants have been discharged into the aquatic environment. Anadara granosa, which is a filter feeder cockle species, can act as an indicator to evaluate the presence of metal elements. It is a prominent cockle species and an important protein source in Southeast Asia. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the distributions of metal elements in commercialised Anadara granosa sampled from Jeli wet market, and to assess the safety of consumption using Target Hazard Quotients (THQ). The concentrations of Cu, and Zn in those samples were determined using the acid digestion method, which has been verified with standard reference material. Based on the findings, metal concentrations in Anadara granosa followed the order of; Zn > Cu. The differences in metal accumulation observed in Anadara granosa were probably due to the differences in their environmental conditions. Results from preliminary risk assessments suggest that the risks posed by metals via consumption of Anadara granosa for Cu and Zn were within the tolerable region. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) of, Cu and Zn was < 1, indicating no potential human health risk. However, it is advisable to limit the intake of Anadara granosa to reduce the risk of potential health effects.