This paper is an extension of earlier papers (Wong et al., 2008a, b) which sought to investigate the poroelastic and poro-viscoelastic behaviour of a ground medium following the closing of a spherical cavity, whereas the focus here is for a long horizontal tunnel with a circular section. It presents Laplace transform analytic solutions for the time dependent hydromechanical responses of a decommissioned and backfilled deep tunnel drilled into a poro-viscoelastic host medium. Both the backfill, which is assumed as poroelastic, and the host medium are supposed saturated with water. The solutions developed and inverted numerically to obtain the responses in time domain are used to study the effects of lining support deterioration, the backfill stiffness and of the host medium viscosity. The convergence of the tunnel leads to the expulsion of water from the backfill into the host medium resulting in corresponding transient responses. Each of the key parameters studied can have the effect of either attenuating or accentuating the transient and long term hydromechanical responses by delaying or shortening the dissipation period depending on the direction of change taken by the parameter value. The solutions presented in this paper permit an assessment of the relative importance of these parameters. Comparisons are also drawn between a tunnel and a spherical cavity of identical radius. Generally speaking, the implications of lining support, backfill stiffness and viscosity of ground medium are more significant in terms of the resulting hydromechanical responses, for the tunnel than for the spherical cavity.


The report which follows was prepared by Mrs. Lorna McEwen during the period when she served as an assistant to me as Director of Research for the Sheraton Corporation of America. At the time (1961), it seemed to me that among the long-range problems facing the industry, the forecast &dquo;water shortage&dquo; loomed large. As a result of this research, my own views of the likely impact of this &dquo;crisis&dquo; on the hotel industry have been modified. I believe, now that the present Administration has decided to allocate substantial national research effort in this area, we are not likely to face an actual water shortage except in a few geographical areas.


Latin squares have been used for over 30 years in agricultural field trials (1). Often the double restriction imposed by the row and column arrangement brought a welcome reduction in the mean square for error. The row and column mean squares were of no interest. Eventually the Latin square arrangement found application where the rows and columns corresponded to clearly defined physical entities. Youden (3) in studies on tobacco mosaic virus observed that the number of lesions produced on leaves depended upon the position of the leaf on the plant and that plants also differed markedly in susceptibility to lesions. Furthermore, for a given lot of plants, the effect of leaf position was closely the same from one plant to another. Very large reductions in the error mean square resulted from the use of a Latin square. The plants were columns and leaf positions were rows. Here there was some interest in the mean squares for rows and columns though the chief concern was with the treatments applied to the leaves. Later Yates (2) introduced confounding into Latin square designs. Probably it was inevitable that the Latin square arrangement would be tried when the rows and columns were used for factors that not only were likely to interact with the treatments (letters) but also with each other. The form or appearance of a Latin square remains but the substance is lost. The fractional replication of a factorial experiment that results from this practice is a particularly unfortunate one as all


Malawi is bounded on the north and northeast by Tanzania; on the east,south and southwest by Mozambique;and on the west and northwest by Zambia. The greater part of Malawi is underlain by crystalline rocks of Precambrian to Early Palaeozoic age which are referred to the Malawi Basement Complex. At various localities in the north and south of the country these rocks are overlain unconformably by sedimentary and subordinate volcanic rocks which range in age from Permo-Triassic to Quaternary. Intrusive rocks of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age,assigned to the Chilwa Alkaline Province,occur widely throughout southern Malawi and form a distinctive feature of the local geology. Large tracts of the Lake Malawi littoral,the Shire Valley and the Lilongwe,Kasungu and Mzimba Plains are covered by various superficial deposits. Malawi has a variety of known mineral resources that include uranium,heavy mineral sands,strontianite,rare earth minerals,phosphate,bauxite,vermiculite,precious and semiprecious stones,limestone,dimension stone,sulphides and coal. There is also potential for discovery of precious metals and other metallic minerals.


Bachelor thesis ,,Addiction treatment in the context of a psychiatric hospital? describes most common socially - pathological addiction today and the possibilities of their treatment in the clinic. It discusses the overall approach and specific methods of treatment.


This research examines the investment climate of N igeria and the effect it could have on economic development. Primary data were gathered randomly form investors and quantitatively analyzed using Likert scale and T-te st to determine the authenticity of the hypothesis proposed in the questionnaire. The result shows tha t the Nigeria culture and value system have positive impact on Nigeria investment climate, the financial institutions in Nigeria are efficient and able to drive a positive investment climate, the Ni geria stock exchange is efficient, it is not diffic ult to acquire real estate for business purpose in Nige ria at affordable prices, communication channels like email, telecommunication etc. are efficient, t he possibility of natural disaster is very low, and it's not difficult to get credit facilities. On the nega tive front, security threats is an impediment to fr ee movement, infrastructures like roads, railways, air ports, sea-ports and electricity are inadequate, corruption is prevalent and a lot is still expected as regards rule of law. Recommendations includes, transparency and reduction of bureaucratic process in governance as well as more involvement of the private sector through project financing to provide necessary infrastructures that are needed to drive the economy.


Restoring literature spirit is especially important for today's literature which lacks spirit.Literature spirit is nested and inherited in a nation,and it is also connected in spirit with the literature of other nations,which forms a general link and identity of literature spirit.The essential components of literature spirit consist of the two fields of writing and criticism.Writing involves the reflection of social and cultural connotations,the digging and description of human nature and feeling,and the rational attitude toward the thoughts developing from human civilization.Literature criticism is the acknowledgement and promotion of the spirit of making progress.Restoring literature spirit is required not only by society but also by literature itself.


A state‐of‐the‐art Lagrangian microphysics scheme is used in a large‐eddy simulation to investigate the stratocumulus transition from closed to open cell structure. Processes controlling precipitation development, which is a key to the transition, are analyzed by leveraging unique benefits of Lagrangian microphysics, particularly the ability to track computational drops in the flow. Sufficient time is needed for coalescence growth of cloud drops to drizzle within the updraft‐downdraft cycle of large eddies. This favors broad drop size distributions (DSDs) and drizzle growth in downdrafts, where drops are typically much older than in updrafts. During the closed cell stage, mean cloud drop radius is too small, and the DSDs are too narrow, so that the timescale for coalescence is much longer than the large eddy turnover time and drizzle growth is limited. The closed‐to‐open cell transition occurs when these timescales become comparable and the precipitation flux increases sharply.


There are a number of contexts in which telephone numbers are employed by Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) applications, many of which can be addressed by ENUM. Although SIP was one of the primary applications for which ENUM was created, there is nevertheless a need to define procedures for integrating ENUM with SIP implementations. This document illustrates how the two protocols might work in concert, and clarifies the authoring and processing of ENUM records for SIP applications. It also provides guidelines for instances in which ENUM, for whatever reason, cannot be used to resolve a telephone number.


Composite composition of the present invention contains at least one fibrous filler and a resin selected from a metal oxide and a flaky inorganic material, wherein the average fiber diameter of the fibrous filler is 4 ~ 1000nm. The fibrous filler is preferably cellulose fibers. Further, the hydroxyl group of the cellulose fibers, cellulose fibers are preferably at least one feedstock fine chemical treatment and mechanical treatment is obtained by, preferably in the cellulose molecules contained a portion of the oxidized to an aldehyde group and at least one carboxyl group. Complex of the present invention is that the composite composition composite material obtained by molding.


Paper tensile testing machine is material mechanics equipment which can test paper tensile strength and tensile rate.In order to enable test machine has a more precise speed regulation system,combining the fuzzy control technology and PID effectively in the control strategies and designing the double loop dc speed control system by fuzzy PID controller,through simulation of Matlab fuzzy PID controller compared with the conventional PID controller,the simulation results of fuzzy PID controller is superior than the conventional PID control,the response speed,robustness,and steady precision are all up to the expected effect.


Smart Village in Turi District is a village development concept which supported by the utilization of technology, such as utilization of e-commerce by SMEs owners in Turi District. We found that SMEs owners in study area need to improve the utilization of technology such as e-commerce in order to promote Smart village concept. This research using quantitative analysis to compare utilization rate of e-commerce in each villages in study area. We also analyse the impact of e-commerce to the income of SMEs owners using ordinal regression and the marketing reach of SMEs using GIS for spatial analysis, with this method we provide the new results of the similar research. In addition, we identify the roles of stakeholders on utilization of e-commerce by qualitative descriptive analysis based on in-depth interview. This research shows that the utilization rate of e-commerce in four villages is various. It has effect on increasing income that experienced by SMEs owners tends to vary from one to another. The utilization of e-commerce affect on marketing reach which showed by the marketing area difference through spatial analysis using GIS. Based on our identification, several stakeholders supported the utilization of e-commerce on SMEs with their respective roles.


The utility model provides an audio combined playing device, comprising an audio player, a sending coil connected with an audio output end of the audio player and for sending the audio signal, a receiving coil for receiving the audio signal, an amplifier arranged besides the audio player and for amplifying and outputting the audio signal output by the audio player, wherein the receiving coil is connected with the audio input end of the amplifier. The audio combined playing device has advantages: the large power, high fidelity audio signal is high-efficiency, high frequency width played by a small audio player and the structure is simple and the cost is low.


Disclosed is childhood epilepsy or epilepsy including phenylcarbamate compound as an active ingredient - the prevention and / or therapeutic pharmaceutical composition of the associated syndrome, and prevention of childhood epilepsy or childhood epilepsy related syndrome and / or it provides for the use of therapeutic phenylcarbamate compound. .FIELD 1


There are two equivalent ways of defining multi-dimensional generalizations of the classical uniform convexity. The first of them was found by w x Sullivan 25 who introduced the notion of k-uniform rotundity. The w x second one originates in the survey 20 by Milman. Continuing his work, w x Geremia and Sullivan 12 considered the class of k-uniformly convex w x Banach spaces. Lin 17 proved that these two approaches are equivalent. w x In 12 the authors tried also to find a characterization of the property dual to 2-uniform rotundity. This led them to the definition of a 2-uniformly flattened space. Their definition is however not correct. Furthermore if one states it in a correct way it will give just a vacuous condition. In this paper we find a characterization of the property dual to k-uniform convexity. We call it k-uniform smoothness. We show that a slight w x modification of a modulus defined by Milman in 20 can be seen as a modulus of k-uniform smoothness. It is well known that uniformly convex and uniformly smooth spaces Ž w x. have uniformly normal structure see 5, 15, 22 . k-uniformly convex Ž w x. spaces also share this property see 2 . Consequently all such spaces have Ž w x. the fixed point property for nonexpansive mappings see 16 . Another


Smart metering is an essential component of advanced grid infrastructure to provide better services to the consumers, which digitally provides the consumption data to both consumer and utility companies. The communications technologies used in smart metering needs a robust authentication approach to secure the data. In this paper, we have realized a systematic literature review (SLR) concerning the communications technologies involved in smart metering and the issues associated with them, like the data security concerns and their practical solutions. We have searched the main international databases such as IEEE Xplore, Elsevier and Springer Libraries with appropriate key words and processed the references by means of a systematic review process in order to identify the current solutions for gathering the data, the main issues related to the data security and the aspects that are still to be investigated.


Huxley`s novel Brave New World and Orwell`s Nineteen Eighty-Four belong to the genre of dystopian literature. The works of dystopian literature show how a totalitarian government controls the society in order to achieve power and stability in the country. The World State in Brave New World and Oceania in Nineteen Eighty-Four represent such totalitarian states in which individual`s privacy is abolished because every aspect of one`s life is controlled by the government. By using various psychological techniques and by creating new rules, the governments of the World State and Oceania regulate several aspects of people`s privacy: their religion, family and sexual behaviour. Instead of God, the political leaders of the World State and Oceania represent objects of worship. Family relations are entirely changed in Nineteen Eighty-Four, while in Brave New World families do not even exist. Sexual desire is to be completely repressed in the state of Oceania, while the World State citizens are required to be promiscuous. The citizens of these two states do not have private lives because they are under constant surveillance of other people or the government itself. Finally, the government`s influence is so powerful that people are led to believe that they live in a perfect society while they actually live in a society in which everything, including people`s privacy, is regulated by the government.


A method is described for enantiomorphic space-group determination which depends upon a simple analysis of a single convergent-beam diffraction pattern. The method, which in principle may be applied to any enantiomorph, is here used to identify the space group of dextrorotatory α-quartz. In this, a four-beam pattern is analysed by visual matching to an analogue computer display.


Odontogenic myxomas (OMs) are rare, benign, slow-growing tumors that may arise in the maxilla. They are known to have a female predilection and present as a painless mass commonly in the second or third decade of life, comprising 3-6% of all odontogenic tumors. They show a locally aggressive behavior, are radioresistant tumor and hence the need for early recognition and surgical resection. A high rate of recurrence has also been noted owing to its infiltrative pattern of growth and lack of capsule. Clinical and radiological aspects of maxillary OMs are not conclusive hence it is necessary to have a histopathological exam for the final diagnosis. We present a case of OM involving the maxilla in a 51-year-old female patient. The various histopathological differentials are also discussed.


This paper proposes an end-to-end Efficient Re-parameterizationResidual Attention Network(ERRA-Net) to directly restore the nonhomogeneous hazy image. The contribution of this paper mainly has the following three aspects: 1) A novel Multi-branch Attention (MA) block. The spatial attention mechanism better reconstructs high-frequency features, and the channel attention mechanism treats the features of different channels differently. Multi-branch structure dramatically improves the representation ability of the model and can be changed into a single path structure after re-parameterization to speed up the process of inference. Local Residual Connection allows the low-frequency information in the nonhomogeneous area to pass through the block without processing so that the block can focus on detailed features. 2) A lightweight network structure. We use cascaded MA blocks to extract high-frequency features step by step, and the Multi-layer attention fusion tail combines the shallow and deep features of the model to get the residual of the clean image finally. 3)We propose two novel loss functions to help reconstruct the hazy image ColorAttenuation loss and Laplace Pyramid loss. ERRA-Net has an impressive speed, processing 1200x1600 HD quality images with an average runtime of 166.11 fps. Extensive evaluations demonstrate that ERSANet performs favorably against the SOTA approaches on the real-world hazy images.


Access control is one of the most important means to protect the resources of multilevel security systems. So to make sure the authorization of multilevel security access control can be legally enforced, the access control policies must be correct and complete. Based on the implicit hierarchical relations between subjects and objects in multilevel security access control systems, this paper gives a method to build a unified directed acyclic graph(DAG) model (including both subjects and objects), using the partial orders based on sets. This method is easier to realize and is more utility for designing the access control model. Also based on partially ordered set, this paper proposes the algorithms for detecting policy conflicts and incomplete policies, which is embedding in the process of building DAG model. In the end, this paper verifies the correctness of the algorithm by experiment.


Recent studies have shown that federated learning is vulnerable to a new type of poisoning attack, called model poisoning attack. One or more malicious clients send crafted local model updates to the server to poison the global model. The training data between federated learning clients is non-IID, which makes the updates submitted by the clients various. The poisoned update from the malicious client can be hidden between various benign updates. Many anomaly detection mechanisms are limited. Client detection is a flexible detection method suitable for non-IID data distribution in federated learning. The core idea of client-side detection is to evaluate the model using various client-side data, which is used for training and detecting model poisoning attacks. However, the effectiveness of this scheme depends on the authenticity of the report returned by the client. Malicious clients can return false reports to evade detection. In this paper, we adopt the idea of group testing and use the COMP algorithm to improve the detection process. We conduct experiments in settings with different proportions of malicious clients. Experimental results show that our scheme can tolerate a higher proportion of malicious clients. In the CIFAR-10 based semantic backdoor attack, our scheme is effective when the proportion of malicious clients is 20%. In MNIST-based semantic backdoor attacks, our scheme is effective when the proportion of malicious clients is 25%.


This article presents an exponential model of tourist expenditures estimated by a quasi-maximum likelihood (QML) technique. The advantage of this approach is that, unlike conventional OLS and Tobit estimators, it produces consistent parameter estimates under conditions of a corner solution at zero and heteroscedasticity. An application to sportfishing evaluates the role of socioeconomic demographics and species preferences on trip spending. The bias from an inappropriate estimator is illustrated by comparing the results from QML and OLS estimation, which shows that OLS significantly overstates the impact of trip duration on trip expenditures compared with the QML estimator. Both sets of estimates imply that trout and bass anglers spend significantly more on their fishing trips compared with other anglers.


According to the automatic control requirements of heating community, a heating control system is designed with the host computer, PLC and kinds of temperature, level, pressure sensors. Through WinCC confi guration of Siemens, the confi guration screen and monitoring procedures are designed. So the fi eld test of temperature, pressure, fl ow of community heating system is conducted, and the heating effect is improved.


Background: Cholesterol is carried out to the cells via Low (LDL) - and High (HDL) Density Lipoproteins. In its oxidized state (Ox-LDL) it possesses immunomodulatory properties and is capable to promote carcinogenesis. The aim of the study was to examine its effect on the proliferation of human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) and cells from two colon carcinoma cell lines. Cytokine production by PBMC incubated without and with cancer cells in the presence of Ox-LDL was evaluated. Methods: PBMC were incubated with 1µg/ml, 2µg/ml and 5µg/ml Ox- LDL and the secretion of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1ra and IFNγ was evaluated. The production of cytokines by PBMC stimulated with cells from HT- 29 or HuCC lines was detected upon the effect of various doses of Ox-LDL. Results: Ox-LDL stimulated the proliferation of PBMC and HuCC cells but not on that of HT-29. Ox-LDL increased the production of IL-6, IFNγ and IL-10 by non-stimulated PBMC and that of TNFα, IL-1β and IFNγ by mitogen stimulated cells. Ox-LDL added to co-cultures of PBMC and HT-29 cells inhibited all cytokines, except for IL-2 that augmented with the highest concentration of Ox- LDL. PBMC incubated with HuCC cells in the presence of Ox-LDL produced decreased production of TNFα, while the secretion of the remaining cytokines was not affected. Conclusions: Ox-LDL promotes PBMC to produce a part of the cytokines hereby examined. The inhibited secretion of all cytokines by PBMC incubated with HT-29 cells in the presence of Ox-LDL may clarify the immunomodulatory role of Ox-LDL in carcinogenesis.


Penicillins and cephalosporins are β‐lactam antibiotics widely used in human medicine. The biosynthesis of these compounds starts by the condensation of the amino acids l‐α‐aminoadipic acid, l‐cysteine and l‐valine to form the tripeptide δ‐l‐α‐aminoadipyl‐l‐cysteinyl‐d‐valine catalysed by the non‐ribosomal peptide 'ACV synthetase'. Subsequently, this tripeptide is cyclized to isopenicillin N that in Penicillium is converted to hydrophobic penicillins, e.g. benzylpenicillin. In Acremonium and in streptomycetes, isopenicillin N is later isomerized to penicillin N and finally converted to cephalosporin. Expression of genes of the penicillin (pcbAB, pcbC, pendDE) and cephalosporin clusters (pcbAB, pcbC, cefD1, cefD2, cefEF, cefG) is controlled by pleitropic regulators including LaeA, a methylase involved in heterochromatin rearrangement. The enzymes catalysing the last two steps of penicillin biosynthesis (phenylacetyl‐CoA ligase and isopenicillin N acyltransferase) are located in microbodies, as shown by immunoelectron microscopy and microbodies proteome analyses. Similarly, the Acremonium two‐component CefD1–CefD2 epimerization system is also located in microbodies. This compartmentalization implies intracellular transport of isopenicillin N (in the penicillin pathway) or isopenicillin N and penicillin N in the cephalosporin route. Two transporters of the MFS family cefT and cefM are involved in transport of intermediates and/or secretion of cephalosporins. However, there is no known transporter of benzylpenicillin despite its large production in industrial strains.


[reaction: see text] A new concept of simultaneous covalent anchoring of a N-heterocyclic carbene palladium/ionic liquid matrix on the silica surface and the application of the resulting catalyst in the Heck reaction of a variety of different haloarenes is described. The catalyst shows high thermal stability (up to 280 degrees C) and could be recovered and reused for four reaction cycles, giving a total TON congruent with 36 600. Furthermore, TEM coupled with EDX analysis indicate the formation of Pd nanoparticles within the immobilized IL layer.


Carbon pricing policies are currently considered to be implemented in Brazil, so understanding the present state of carbon pricing research focusing on the national perspective can support energy and environmental policy discussions and guide future research directions. Using the bibliometric method, we analysed 160 publications aiming at assessing the carbon pricing literature in Brazil by 2020. We found out a low and recent production of articles on carbon pricing in Brazil, concentrated from 2015 onwards. Climate Policy is the leading journal and the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) leads the ranking of the top three authors. Most publications are related to land use change and deforestation, and few publications connect Brazil to carbon pricing policies instruments, like emission trading schemes (ETS) and carbon taxes. However, there is an increase in the number of articles relating Brazil to the energy and environmental policies considering the policy and governance approaches.


The relevance of the article is that today, the powers of control and supervision have a large number of public authorities that can be applied to any relationship or only compliance with labor laws. Such bodies are in complex administrative, legal, economic relations with each other, but may belong to different branches of government or may not be subject to the standard division into legislative, executive and judicial branches of government. This situation is quite ambiguous. Of course, the presence of a large number of bodies that control and supervise compliance with labor legislation provides an opportunity to conduct inspections of most of the growing number of enterprises in Ukraine, guarantees specialization and the availability of special professional knowledge of officials. However, it is necessary to qualitatively regulate and establish the limits of their competence, which seems to be a difficult task in the context of constant reform of the system of control bodies, separation of competences of individual authorized bodies or, conversely, its absorption. The article is devoted to the analysis of delimitation of competence of bodies supervising and control over observance of labor legislation of Ukraine, and their interaction. The article analyzes the terms "state control", "administrative supervision", "state control ». The purpose of control and supervisory activity of public administration bodies on the example of the economic sphere of relations is revealed. Legislative consolidation of the concept of "state control (supervision)" in modern control and supervision legislation is substantiated. It is concluded that the competence of the bodies of control and supervision over the observance of labor legislation allows to cover the maximum number of types of labor activity and to ensure labor protection and hygiene. The division of competence between control and supervision bodies allows for professional supervision and control of even the most technologically complex issues, such as the use of nuclear energy, radiation safety, and work with potentially hazardous materials. In addition, the presence of a hierarchical structure allows you to control and manage the activities of control and supervision bodies, to determine a common goal for them, to introduce new concepts of communication. At the same time, the interaction between the bodies of control and supervision over the observance of labor legislation needs to be improved. Coordinating councils need to be established to communicate with all control and oversight bodies, as each of them reports to different ministries or to the Cabinet in general, which complicates the process of merging and optimizing control and oversight.


The present study examined the contribution of caregiving practices at ages 4-5 (Time 1) to children's capacity for self regulation at ages 8-9 (Time 2). The multi- ethnic sample comprised 549 children of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) participants. High levels of maternal warmth and low levels of physically punitive discipline at Time 1 were associated with a greater capacity for self-regulation at Time 2. These associations remained signifi cant once initial levels of self-regulation were taken into account, indicating that the development of self-regulation is open to caregiver infl uence during childhood. Neither child gender nor ethnicity moderated the effects of early parenting practices on later self-regulation; the interaction between low maternal warmth and high discipline was also non-signifi cant. Findings add to the literature on how early parenting practices shape children's capacity for effective self-regulation, and have implications for researchers and practitioners.


The purpose of this study is to determine the extent of readiness for adoption and what factors influence readiness for e-commerce adoption. This study uses the Technology Readiness Index (TRI) model and the Information Technology Adoption Model by adding the variables of customer readiness, competitive pressure, and IT adoption. The population in this study is SMEs. The sample used from this population is 150 respondents with the purposive sampling technique. This study used quantitative methods with analysis techniques using PLS-SEM and data analysis using SmartPLS version 3.0. The results of this study indicate that six out of ten hypotheses are accepted. So that the factors that influence the readiness of e-commerce adoption are the optimism variable for the customer readiness variable, the optimism variable for the competitive pressure variable, innovativeness for the customer readiness variable, innovativeness for competitive pressure, discomfort for customer readiness, and competitive pressure for IT adoption.


Kurds in Turkey (15–20% of the population) and Berbers in Morocco (40–45%) have historically resided in 'areas of dissidence' – defined as peripheral regions characterised by difficult terrain and ...


Discussion is made on how to design the methods of the maintenance and reinforcement for the reinforced concrete bridge during the service life, and given the countermeasures.


The paper addresses the interaction between business groups and state intervention in Brazil under the New Developmentalism, inquiring to what extent the new role played by the state in the hallmark of the "new developmentalism agenda" is complementary to the strategy and practices adopted by Brazilian business groups. The paper suggests that the concentration of governance control in the hands of a tiny elite pushes for champion-promoting strategies, generating a complementarity between the institutional domain of corporate governance and the industrial policies promoted by the state. The unforeseen consequence of these "on-the-ground" strategies is that, in Brazil, hierarchical capitalism and state developmentalism are mutually reinforcing each other.


The invention relates to a solar heat collector, which comprises a sealed heat-collecting cavity, a heat-collecting plate and a heat transfer fluid tube, the heat-collecting plate and the heat transfer fluid tube are arranged in the sealed heat-collecting cavity, and the solar heat collector is characterized in that the solar heat collector also comprises an air bag communicated with the sealed heat-collecting cavity through an air duct. The solar heat collector has good mechanical stability and tightness in the process of actual use, the service life of the solar heat collector can be prolonged, and the faults of the solar heat collector in use are reduced.


We construct a parsimonious test of constancy of the correlation matrix in the multivariate conditional correlation GARCH model, where the GARCH equations are time-varying. The alternative to constancy is that the correlations change deterministically as a function of time. The alternative is a covariance matrix, not a correlation matrix, so the test may be viewed as a general test of stability of a constant correlation matrix. The size of the test in finite samples is studied by simulation. An empirical example involving daily returns of 26 stocks included in the Dow Jones stock index is given.


Different new potent LHRH analogs have been used over the past years by several researchers to attempt to improve the rate of success in inducing ovulation in anovulatory women. Results were always either negative or inconsistent chiefly due to early decreases in progesterone levels. After further experiments it became clear that chronic administration with analogs of LHRH could result in inhibition of ovulation in normal women and in induction of luteolysis especially when administered during the midluteal phase soon after ovulation or between 3 and 6 days after luteinizing hormone (LH) surge or basal body temperature rise. The site of action and the mechanism of this luteolytic effect of LHRH analog in the human remain unknown. Administration of [D-Phe2D-Trp3D-Phe6]-LHRH seems to inhibit the response of LH and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) during the 6 hours following injection; the menstrual cycle is disrupted but regular menses and ovulation are spontaneously resumed in the cycle following that of treatment. The contraceptive value of LHRH analogs is currently being evaluated; such evaluation may lead to the development of new contraceptives that could conveniently be self-administered and free of untoward side effects.


True 3D display can provide more depth cues to viewers. Different from the 3D display developed by Light Space Company, a single-DMD based true 3D display consists of a UHP lamp, a color wheel, a hollow integrator, a relay system, a DMD, projection lens, folder mirrors, 20 LC shutters, and several control circuits. The speed of the color wheel and circuits are required to be very high. The final luminance is 237cd/m2. The color gamut is 69.7% of the NTSC standard and the color temperature is 5407K.


This research is a qualitative research that aims to find out how the level of financial literacy affects the sustainability of SMEs in Gowa Regency. The sample in this study consisted of 8 informants from small and medium enterprises. The research data analysis technique uses the help of Atlas.ti 9. The results of the analysis show thatsmall businesses are classified as sufficient literate (62.5%) and medium businesses are classified as well literate (37.5%). Based on the financial literacy of SMEs, it can be concluded that small businesses have potential and medium businesses have great potential for sustainability.


Abstract With the rapid development of microelectronics technology and the increasing requirement of high performance in space missions, existing space-level radiation-hardened components and technology cannot meet the design of high-performance spacecraft. More and more commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components are widely used in some space missions to achieve high performance. However, COTS components are designed working in terrestrial operating conditions, and the electronic components used in spacecraft usually have a much higher reliability and suitability requirement because of the nature of space missions. Therefore, the successful use of COTS components in space applications is closely related to reliability and suitability issues, which have to be considered before using COTS parts in the harsh environment in space. This article summarizes the state-of-the-art COTS components suitable for space applications, discusses the problems and risks of using COTS components in space, and presents a suitability analysis approach for COTS components in Chinese space projects. The approach consists of analysis, tests, and evaluation of thermal environment, vibration and shock environment, radiation environment, and vacuum environment. In order to illustrate the usage of the approach, two examples have been selected as case studies. One is the Chinese SZ-4 spaceship with a COTS part AD595 and the other is a joint space project between the Europe Space Agency and the Chinese National Space Administration, which is called the Double-Star Project, with a COTS part MAX471.


The efficacy of an intervention can be assessed by randomizing patients to different diagnostic tests instead of directly to an intervention and control. This principle is applied by allocating individuals to intervention if the test result is positive (or on one side of a threshold) but allocating individuals to a control if the result is negative (or on the other side of the threshold). This can also be done with different dichotomizing thresholds for one test. The frequencies of the outcome in those with each of the four resulting observations are then used to calculate the risk ratio (RR) for the marginal probabilities by solving simultaneous equations. This assumes that the RR due to intervention compared to control is the same in both test groups created by randomization. The calculations are illustrated by using data from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) that assessed the efficacy of an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) in lowering the risk of diabetic nephropathy in patients conditional on urinary albumin excretion rates (AERs). The calculations are also illustrated with simulated data for assessing the effectiveness of test, trace and isolation to reduce transmission of the SARS-Cov-2 virus by randomizing to RT-PCR or LFD tests. This approach allows the probabilities of outcomes, their RRs and odds ratios (OR) conditional on the results of covariates to be determined, also suggesting a way forward for natural as opposed to active randomization.


Ca(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 powders were synthesized by molten salt synthesis method in NaCl–KCl flux at a low temperature of 700°C for 2 h, which is lower than that of the conventional solid-state reaction. This simple process involved mixing of the raw materials and salts in a certain proportion. Subsequent calcining of the mixtures led to Ca(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 powders at 700°C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were used to characterize the phase and morphology of the as-prepared Ca(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 powders, respectively. After being sintered at 1200°C for 2 h, the densified Ca(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 ceramics with good microwave dielectric properties of ϵ r = 33.9, Q × f = 12790, and τ f = −45 ppm/°C have been obtained.


A theory is derived for determining the loads and motions of a deeply immersed prismatic body. The method makes use of a two-dimensional water-mass variation and an aspect-ratio correction for three-dimensional flow. The equations of motion are generalized by using a mean value of the aspect-ratio correction and by assuming a variation of the two-dimensional water mass for the deeply immersed body. These equations lead to impact coefficients that depend on an approach parameter which, in turn, depends upon the initial trim and flight-path angles. Comparison of experiment with theory is shown at maximum load and maximum penetration for the flat-bottom (0 deg dead-rise angle) model with bean-loading coefficients from 36.5 to 133.7 over a wide range of initial conditions. A dead-rise angle correction is applied and maximum-load data are compared with theory for the case of a model with 300 dead-rise angle and beam-loading coefficients from 208 to 530.


: This study is a retrospective analysis of an elite cross from the Spanish National 29 Barley Breeding Program. This was the most successful cross produced in the breeding 30 program in the past 20 years. The progeny from this cross has been investigated at two points 31 in the program, before and after selection, through the analysis of allelic frequencies at a 32 number of genetic loci with molecular markers. Shifts in allelic frequencies after selection 33 allowed the identification of genomic regions with selection footprints likely due to the 34 breeding process. The cross was replicated in three different years and, therefore, the three 35 progenies represent different selection histories but, in all cases, were preferentially selected 36 compared to the lines from other crosses used in the program. The progenies were sampled at 37 two generations, before conscious selection (F2) and after 6 generations of selection (F8). The 38 F2 plants were genotyped with microsatellites, whereas 31 F8 lines were surveyed for SNP and 39 presence/absence variation polymorphisms using a genotyping ‐ by ‐ sequencing system 40 (DArTseq). The DArTseq markers were aligned to the barley physical map and, after curation, 41 over 3000 were still available for the analysis. Overall, 15 genomic regions in the F8 lines had 42 allele frequencies beyond chosen thresholds, indicating selection, 8 towards parent Orria and 7 43 towards Plaisant. These selection footprints partially validated QTLs detected though classical 44 linkage mapping in a RIL population of the same cross. These validated selection footprints 45 convey useful information for barley breeding, either through marker assisted selection or 46 genomic selection. 47


UML and specialized profiles, such as MARTE, constitute promising specification and modeling tools in the field of system development. Language-based specification and resource modeling shortens the design cycle, and allows the generation of performance simulation models for design-space exploration. Thereby, current solutions in the field of UML based system-development will not allow the feedback of such performance estimation processes to be included into the UML system model and its visual representation. Enabling such feedback yields a consistent EDA design flow, that provides a transparent abstraction layer for performance simulation results, independent from the utilized performance simulation methods. With this work, we introduce a novel UML stereotype, providing such a visualization of results from performance estimation methods. Additionally, we demonstrate a method to implement the generation of UML diagrams using this stereotype. The proposed approach fosters the comparison of design alternatives, in the context of performance constrains, at an early stage in the development process. Thereby, no domain specific knowledge concerning the underlying performance evaluation approach is required by users of this method.


Leprosy, Hansen's disease caused by mycobacterium leprae, is widely known. Though there has been a substantial achievement in recent years given eliminating the disease, the deformity caused by the disease needs to be managed by reconstructive surgery. The ulnar nerve being superficial, is the most common nerve affected. When affected, the muscles innervated by the nerve begin to weaken, leading to a disparity between the strong extrinsic muscles and the weakened intrinsic muscles and is characterized clinically by metacarpophalangeal joint hyperextension and flexion of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joint. Doing reconstructive surgery on these patients will help them carry out day-to-day activities and reduce social awkwardness. Corrective surgeries like modified Stiles-Bunnell transfer, extensor carpi radialis graft, Zancolli lasso procedure, and palmaris longus tail graft are known to us. Out of all, the Zancolli lasso procedure was chosen for operating on all our cases because all other surgeries need high precision with proper training and proper post-operative physiotherapy. The study aims to evaluate the functional outcome of patients with leprotic ulnar claw hand operated with the Zancolli lasso procedure. Objectives assessed were deformity correction, grip strength, and range of motion. During the last two years, ten patients with ulnar claw hands came to Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai. They were operated on with the Zancolli Lasso procedure with adequate results. The zancolli procedure is easy to do and can be done in small centers, which restores finger flexion and doesn't harm other superficialis tendons, thus preventing swan neck deformity of the fingers.


The article studies the foundation, initial status and interrelations between the early Greek colonies of Pithekoussai and Kyme in the Western Mediterranean. Based on a comparative analysis of data from antique authors and archeological works, it is concluded that Pithekoussai and Kyme were founded as agrarian settlements around mid-eighth century B.C. by several Euboean citystates. This experience provided Euboea with definite advantages for further colonization of the West.


Dynamic evolution is required in SOAs (Service Oriented Architecture) with complex business processes to adapt to the opening environment of Internet and ever changing requirement of user. This paper proposes an approach to identifying conversation dependency between business processes to facilitate the dynamic evolution. In our approach, a business process is represented as a directed graph, and the matrix method is used to identify the execution order of activities in the business process, which determines the conversation dependency.


SMEs as an organization to succeed and to be sustainable must have the most essential and strategic capital, namely creativity, competitive advantage, and intellectual capital. This study aims to explore how creativity and intellectual capital determines SMEs' sustainability as well as examine the emerging role of competitive advantage in supporting this relationship. A quantitative method was applied to gain a better understanding of the relationship between variables undergoing Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS). This study collected data from 123 SMEs in East Java of Indonesia using an online survey. The approach adopted in this study is a convenience random sampling method, which is widely used in entrepreneurship and SMEs' sustainability research. The findings showed that intellectual capital positively affects both competitive advantage and SMEs' sustainability. Additionally, the result of this study confirms a robust relationship between intellectual capital and SMEs' sustainability. However, partially, creativity failed in explaining SMEs' sustainability. Furthermore, this study confirmed that competitive advantage has successfully mediated both the influence of creativity and intellectual capital to SMEs' sustainability. Although this research only involved participants in East Java, this study can be the first step for relevant research of SMEs' sustainability, in particular, in Indonesia.


Introduction It is estimated that 70% of diagnostic clinical decisions are based upon information derived from laboratory test results. While laboratories have strived to minimise errors in analytical processes, evidence suggests that over 60% of laboratory errors happen during the pre-analytical stages, e.g., during sample collection and transport. At the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, an audit revealed over 4500 (1.0%) patient samples were rejected in 2017 due to pre-analytical errors. There is evidence that some laboratories are under-reporting incidents which implies the scale of the problem is significantly higher. Sample re-collection and re-testing not only cause delayed diagnosis and treatment, but also result in a wastage of staff time and hospital resources. Most importantly of all, patients are subject to unnecessary collection procedures (e.g., needle poke) that are often associated with negative feelings. Methods A quality improvement project that aims at developing the organisations capabilities to reduce the number of pre-analytical patient sample rejections started in April 2018. Several audits on rejected and delayed laboratory samples have been performed, e.g., delayed blood cultures, leaking nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) during transit and reasons for rejection of blood coagulation samples. Results The findings of these audits were communicated to different clinical and management teams to raise concerns, which resulted in collective efforts in putting remedial actions into effect. The improvement that followed was underpinned by the use of tools such as driver diagram and stakeholder map. Discussion A Trust-wide steering group has been formed to monitor and ensure sustainability of this improvement project, the latest findings from the project will be presented at the conference.


"Shadows are omnipresent, and we often take them for granted. In conventional photovoltaic or optoelectronic applications where a steady source of light is used to power devices, the presence of shadows is undesirable, since it degrades the performance of devices. In this work, we capitalized on the illumination contrast caused by shadows as an indirect source of power. The contrast in illumination induces a voltage difference between the shadow and illuminated sections, resulting in an electric current. This novel concept of harvesting energy in the presence of shadows is unprecedented," explained research team leader Assistant Professor Tan Swee Ching, who is from NUS Materials Science and Engineering.


The main aim for this research is to Investigate the Impact of organizational and
individual factors on safety climate in aviation industry with 240 respondents.
Organizational factors Involved in the research were organization ownership, the
existence or absence of safety manager and safety committee. Whereas, the individual
factors that Involved In the research were age, gender, educational level, safety training
and accident experience. These factors were tested toward safety climate by adapting
the safety climate scale which consisted of five fundamental dimensions such as Chief
executive Officers Safety Commitment and Action, Managers Safety Commitment and
Action, Employee's Safety Commitment and Action, Perceived Risk and Emergency
Response. The relationships of these Independent and dependent variables were tested
using the Multiple Regression Analysis. Precisely, the level of significance was set to 0.05
for every statistical analysis. The result revealed that the Total Safety Climate (TSC) was
3.7632 which were considered as a positive safety climate. Moreover, the result also
revealed that there Is a positive relationship between private ownership and safety
climate. In addition, there is a positive relationship between the existence of safety
manager and safety climate. There is also a significant relationship between safety
committee and safety climate. But the relationship between safety committee and safety
climate is negatively related. Moreover, there is a positive relationship between accident
experience and safety climate. Finally, there is a positive relationship between safety
training and safety climate. However, the other factors such as gender, age, accident
experiences and educational level have not reached statistical significance towards
safety climate.


The present invention relates to an active site galangal use in the treatment of vitiligo preparation of a medicament, effective part is extracted total flavonoids from the plant Alpinia officinarum rhizome, and then the total flavones extract by conventional pharmaceutical methods into capsules, tablets, granules, or dropping pills dosage form. Experiments show Galangin containing active sites may promote melanocyte proliferation, increased tyrosinase activity, increased melanin content; inhibition of mouse immune system acting; number of base layer vitiligo animal models of skin melanocytes, melanin-containing base layer cells markedly increased the number of particles, enhanced expression of tyrosinase. It provides a new way for plant galangal roots as a raw material of drugs for treating vitiligo.


To understand the seasonal variation in the shrimp communities,temporal changes in species composition and community structure of the shrimp community in the Lvsi fishing ground were examined based on data from bottom trawl surveys during spring and summer of 2010. The result indicated that a total of 18 shrimp species were identified,among which 11 were identified in spring and 15 were identified in summer. In spring,it was mainly composed of warm temperate species. Palaemon gravieri was the dominant species in spring,accounting for 52. 76% and 64. 03% in the individual density and weight density,respectively,while Alpheus juponicus and Alpheus distinguendus were common species. Most of them were warm temperature adapted. In summer,the sea water temperature began to increase,in the meantime,a large quantity of freshwater was found in the area,as a result of the influence of the rainy season and the Yangtse River diluted water. Consequently,shrimp communities showed an obvious succession( R = 56%),and warm water species became numerically dominant,for example,Parapenaeopsis hardwickii and Solenocera crassicornis were predominant species in summer,and most of the species belonged to the Indo-West-Pacific warm water region. The warm-temperate species,however,were distinctively decreased during summer. In short,shrimp ecological groups' change in the Lvsi fishing ground during the spring and summer is related with seasonal and hydrological changes.


The invention relates to a movable agricultural device by means of a tractor provided with a hydraulic unit for the collection and transportation of bales made with a bale press and the feeding a continuous wrapper with the balls thus collected, characterized in that it comprises a trailer provided with loading means (58), at least one ramp (60, 62) for receiving the balls, and moving means (76, 78) of bales on said ramp.


The fields of corporate governance (CG) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) have historically been studied separately. However, they have been coming closer together in recent years from many different perspectives. From an academic perspective, literature can now be found on this connection and it has even been said that CSR is the lost link between CG and business performance meaning that if there are no conflicts of interest between stakeholders and shareholders, CG must directly influence business performance; and, if there are, CSR is a means for conflict resolution between stakeholders and shareholders. The literature has also demonstrated a positive correlation between CG, CSR and economic performance.
 In addition to the academic perspective, there is another perspective that clearly shows a connection between CSR and CG: sustainability indices. In fact, the most important indices approach the issue of CG along with other environmental and social criteria to give rise to the expression ESG (Environment, Social, Governance). Specifically, the Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) has gone so far as establishing the relative weight of the corporate governance dimension at 5.4% of the total index, which could reach 12% if items such as risk management (3.6%) and Codes of Conduct / Compliance / Corruption & Bribery (3%) are included. Even in a hypothetical synthetic sustainability index, the weight of governance practices could be as much as 18.53%.
 This is where the opportunity lies for this doctoral thesis: the possibility of studying the intersection between the fields of CG, CSR and Sustainability Indices following a detailed study of the CG dimension in these types of indices. This arises as a result of: (1) the evidence that Sustainability Indices not only have general limitations but also and, above all, specific ones for CG; (2) the belief, just like Cadbury, that a fully integrated system coherent with Governance is possible as least as concerns the CG dimension on the main Sustainability Index surveys; and (3) the ascertainment that leadership from a Board of Directors -along with that of any independent advisors, institutional investors and industry analysts- is key to fostering the factors and that this body is the most appropriate one for designing policies that enable management bodies (corporate directors) to fully comply with their societal responsibilities.
 Aims of the Doctoral Thesis.
 In general, and given that the Sustainability Indices most commonly used by companies -FTSE4Good/ EIRIS, CDP, MSCI, Goldman Sachs, SUSTAINALYTICS, DJSI / ROBECOSAM- dedicate a part of their analyses to governance aspects, the primary aims of this research are as follows: • Aim 1. To establish whether the surveys for these Sustainability Indices, as concerns the CG dimension, are leaving out some items or variables that would be relevant or material for CSR and CG.
 • Aim 2. To establish whether, despite the causal correlation between CG and CSR, all of the variables included in the CG dimension of the indices mentioned in aim one -both those already being asked about as well as any new ones that may be discovered through this research- are also relevant or material for CSR and CG; in other words, whether they have more or less evidence of interest and impact on both dimensions.
 Furthermore, there is the possibility with the Spanish case of studying how IBEX 35 Boards of Directors were exercising their CSR oversight responsibilities following the entry into force of the Spanish Corporate Enterprises Act (Law 31/2014, of 3 December) which establishes CSR as an non-delegable duty of the Board pursuant to Article 529 ter. 1, a) and the Code of Good Corporate Governance for Listed Companies (Spanish National Securities Market Commission, 2015), which sets forth recommendations for defining a CSR policy and supervisory systems for Boards (Recommendations 53 and 54, respectively). Therefore and also given that the "Board of Directors responsible for the Company's CSR policy and strategy" variable is one that is asked about by four of the main Sustainability Indices ((FTSE4Good/ Eiris, Goldman Sachs, SUSTAINALYTICS, DJSI / ROBECOSAM), the secondary aims for companies included on the Spanish IBEX 35 ranking are as follows: • Aim 3: To establish which instruments are available to Boards of Directors -especially those of the Spanish IBEX 35 companies, which is the focus of this research- in order to exercise their CSR responsibilities in virtue of article 529 ter a) of the Spanish Corporate Enterprises Act. This aim is an attempt to delve deeper into the "Board of Directors responsible for the Company's CSR policy and strategy" variable referred to by these indices as none of them explain how and with which tools Boards exercise the responsibilities they are asked about for the indices.
 • Aim 4. To identify from among all of the tools listed in aim 3, which are the most relevant for Spanish IBEX 35 companies and where the main areas of improvement are so that Boards of Directors of these companies may exercise their CSR / Sustainability responsibilities, especially as related to oversight of the policy and strategy the indices ask about.
 The thesis provides answers to these aims all while making progress on future lines of research in order to deepen the knowledge of CSR accountability so as to clarify the distribution of roles, powers and responsibilities through RACI matrices of all stakeholders involved (Board of Directors, Delegate Coordination Commission and Senior Management).
 Method Following Jensen's schema (2015), the research method has identified: (1) the "what"; in this case, the Spanish IBEX 35 companies; (2) the "why"; in this case, both the overall evidence that the Sustainability Indices have specific limitations with regard to corporate governance as well as the new regulatory situation of Spanish companies as a result of the Spanish Corporate Enterprises Act; and (3) the "how"; or the systematic procedure for collecting and analysing data which, in this case, has involved qualitative techniques (discussion groups and individual interviews) and quantitative techniques (a standardised survey with questions and closed answers).
 URI


The invention relates to a terminal post (20) for clamping to a rotationally symmetrical battery (6) of a battery (2) with a clamp (24), a clamping screw (34) for tightening the clamp (24) and a side (via the clamp 24 ) projecting anti-rotation element (38) having a housing (4) cooperates the battery (2) and prevents rotation of the clamp (24) to the battery (6) over a predetermined maximum rotation angle. It is contemplated that the anti-rotation element, a means of the clamping screw (34) is releasably attached to the clamp (24) fixed, simple shaped sheet metal or plastic part (38).


The problem described by the title is investigated when the magnetic field is uniform and parallel to the velocity on the two sides of a surface of discontinuity of velocity in an electrically conducting inviscid fluid. The secular equation depends on two parameters β and N, where β is the ratio of magnetic Reynolds number to dimensionless wave number and N is the ratio of the magnetic to the kinetic energy of the fluid. It is found that the flow is unstable for all values of β and N.


For maintaining the quality, a bug tracking system is a software application that is designed to help quality assurance and programmers keep track of reported software bugs in their work. It may be regarded as a type of issue tracking system. Bug Tracking Systems allow individual or groups of developers to keep track of outstanding bugs in their product effectively. Having complete information in the initial bug report helps developers to quickly resolve the bug. So choosing a good bug tracking system for your product helps you to reduce downtime, increase productivity, raise customer satisfaction, and improve communication between developers. Keywords-bug, CUEZILLA, Bugzilla, bug tracking system.


Quantum efficiency of back-surface-illuminated charge-coupled device (CCD) increased by coating back surface with thin layer of PtSi or IrSi on thin layer of SiO2. In its interaction with positively-doped bulk Si of CCD, silicide/oxide layer forms Schottky barrier that repels electrons, promoting accumulation of photogenerated charge carriers in front-side CCD potential wells. Physical principle responsible for improvement explained in "Metal Film Increases CCD Output" (NPO-16815).


Machining tools of manufacturing equipment is often called "mother machine" as they make machines that support industries. Therefore, there are numerous efforts to satisfy needs for high accuracy and durability. Major considerations involved in selecting a machining tool are productivity, flexibility, space, adaptability, precision, reliability, safety and environment, and maintenance and service [1]. Especially, capability [2,3] and reliability [4-5] are the most important requirements for high precision and reliable machining product. To assess the machine capability, machine capability index is used for measuring the quality characteristics of equipment's processing products [7]. As for the reliability, statistical features based on failure database or condition monitored data is used [4-5]. However, capability and reliability are very closely related because reliability can be evaluated by the capacity of produced items to perform as required over specified time. But there are very few attempts to combine these properties [8]. Thus a new method is proposed in this paper to highlight the correlation between capability and reliability.


Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are advanced applications which, without embodying intelligence as such, aim to provide innovative services relating to different modes of transport and traffic management and enable various users to be better informed and make safer, more coordinated, and `smarter` use of transport networks. However, ITS has the different size and shapes according to the city environment policy to adjust the city scene and it has to be displayed by different message on the information display device in real-time. And the information service providers must make the information display system which has the different information and data each time. That is very time and workers consuming and auto message frame generation system is necessary. In this paper, we design and develop the message frame generation system which can set several parameters easily for the generation of the message frame automatically on the windows environment and we do not need to go the field to get the test data.


The article describes the questions of the training process quality improvement on the basis of training long-distance swimmers differentiated methodology taking into account types of athletes' energetic metabolism. As a result of the research work it was revealed that among the athletes, who have aerobic type of energetic metabolism, tempo endurance should be developed by means of standardcontinuous exercise method and their speed endurance should be developed by the repetitive method of training. Athletes, who have anaerobic type of energetic metabolism, can develop their tempo endurance by means of interval exercise method and their speed endurance by means of unlimited efforts method with normative quantity of distance parts repetitions. Among the athletes, who have mixed type of energetic metabolism tempo endurance should be developed by means of alternant method of training and speed endurance by means of combining repetitive method and unlimited efforts method with the fixed quantity of distance parts repetitions. Keywords—swimming on open water; muscular activity energetic support; types of energetic metabolism; specialpreparatory stage of swimmer's training.


This study looked at the listening strategies introduced The object of the study was seven classes of English for Adults (EA) of various levels at LBPP-LIA Kalimalang, Jakarta. The sources of data comprised the activities in the classrooms during a listening session which included the spoken exchanges between all participants (students and the teachers). Data collection consisted of audiorecording of the spoken exchanges and note taking of all observed activities during the listening session. The analysis on the listening strategies introduced in the seven observed classes was carried out using Vandergrift's (Flowerdew and Miller: 2005) classification of listening strategies. It was found that the dominance of listening strategy used was Double-Check Monitoring (33.98%). It was followed by Direct Attention, Selective Attention, and Extralinguistic Inferencing as the second most frequently introduced (11.65%). Cooperation was the third (9.7%). The fourth was Self-Management and Auditory Monitoring (5.83%) respectively. Linguistic Inferencing and Inferencing between Parts took the fifth (1.94%).The least introduced listening strategies were Creative Elaboration and Summarization (0.97%) for each. In other words, the percentage of Vandergrift's listening strategy which are classified into Metacognitive, Cognitive and Socioaffective strategies were 86.94%, 21.35% and 9.7% respectively. The observed strategies were introduced by the teachers to get immediate feedback on the students' comprehension, to help the students understand the listening materials, and to motivate the students to listen. The teachers seemed to be aware that to introduce listening strategies was necessary to facilitate the students' listening to achieve comprehension. However, the ways the teachers introduced the listening strategies could have been more varied in order to maintain the students' interest and participation.


Abstract : A review is presented of the work which has been done on the subject of contact and elasticity, including the contact between two elastic bodies, one rigid and one elastic, moving contact, stationary contact, point contact, impact, and contact with friction and negligible friction. The impact problems (punch) consider various shaped bodies. The problems are reduced to intergra-differential equations and solved by approximations. An extensive bibliography on the subject is arranged alphabetically by author at the end of the monograph.


The theoretical determination of optimal control settings for feedback control systems subject to random load disturbances is a well-known problem in control engineering. Numerous forms of criteria for assessing controllability have been proposed in the past, many of which were tested by Graham and Lathrop (1953). However, only the integral of error squared criterion (I.S.E.) has found widespread application and been used successfully for many years. Griffin (1967) describes in detail the advantages of determining optimal three-term control settings using the I.S.E. criterion. The major advantages spring from the fact that if H{s), the effective error-to-load transfer function, is expressed as a rational function of the complex pulsatance s, then the nth order definite integral


Cracking in concrete is caused by combined factors such as design, material selection, construction method etc. Analyzing reasons behind the concrete cracking and implementing appropriate methods to prevent its happening at the right time is crucial.


The dependence of high-impedance faults (HIFs) detection methods on a large amount of training data has always been a fundamental problem in electrical distribution systems. This article proposes a novel protection system based on the transfer learning technique and GoogleNet architecture to reduce this dependence. The proposed protection system uses a small amount of data to extend the knowledge of pretrained GoogleNet architecture to the HIF detection problem. In this system, a small amount of third harmonic angle data of the current at the measurement point are obtained from the understudy electrical distribution system. Then, the preprocessing phase is performed, and the extracted data are converted to image data using the Wigner–Ville distribution. Afterward, these converted images are fed to the GoogleNet architecture as an input dataset to update the GoogleNet pretrained knowledge. Finally, the process of fault detection and classification is accomplished only by transferring the GoogleNet pretrained knowledge. The simulation results of the modified IEEE 13-bus and 34-bus distribution systems in EMTP-RV and MATLAB indicate the high accuracy of the proposed protection system despite the use of a small amount of input training data.


The traditional literature on the Ottoman printing enterprise has for long placed the traditional actors of the written word including the ulema and the calligraphers at a counter position to new technology and its connotations. The printed medium, however, has incorporated many of these actors, who continued to fulfill some of the most important tasks. From editorial work to the techno-material aspects of printing, these actors did not remain isolated, but garnered new opportunities for themselves in a rapidly changing cultural environment. By focusing exclusively on the Imperial Press to reveal the editorial workload largely owned up by the ulema, this paper reveals how the know-how of these scholars was critical for the transition to a new cultural medium. It also illuminates the central role played by the scribes and the calligraphers, who had allegedly 'revolted' against İbrahim Müteferrika in the eighteenth century, in providing the aesthetic continuity from the manuscript to the printed book in the Ottoman Empire. Overall, this paper argues that the new technology did not necessarily eliminate old professions, but allowed professionals to adapt and carry their skills to the new environment.


Abstract : Project 5.2 was established to determine minimum operational parameters for delivery of atomic weapons from medium bombardment aircraft. Three B-50D airplanes were selected and instrumented for the measurement of peak overpressure, thermal radiation and wing tip deflection. One of the airplanes was further instrumented for the measurement of wing, fuselage, and stabilizer bending moments, angular and linear accelerations and elevator positions. A flight pattern was established so that the positions of the three B-50's simulated the position which would be occupied by a bomb-dropping airplane relative to the point of detonation of the weapon. Gust loading of the horizontal stabilizer was determined to be the limiting structural parameter of the B-50 airplane for delivery of atomic weapons. Sufficiently precise and extensive data concerning the effects of atomic weapons on the B-50 were obtained to enable accurate definitions of general operational parameters for delivery of atomic weapons with this airplane.


injection laryngoplasty for LC-1. Mean gestational age at birth was 35.5 weeks (SD 4.0, range 27-41 weeks). Six patients had a major congenital anomaly (37.5%). Mean age at injection was 11.8 months (SD 8.9, range 2.9 to 33.5 months). 9 patients (56.3%) experienced complete resolution of penetration and aspiration based on postoperative modified barium swallow (MBS), 4 patients (25%) had improvement in symptoms, and 2 patients (12.5%) had no change in symptoms. 1 patient did not have postoperative swallowing evaluation. There were no complications. Mean duration of symptom improvement was 2.8 months (SD 1.7, range 0-6 months). Four patients went on to have definitive surgical LC-1 repair. CONCLUSION: Injection laryngoplasty was found to be safe and efficacious in this group of patients with LC-1. The majority of patients experienced complete resolution of aspiration on MBS. Further studies with a longer follow-up interval are necessary to elucidate the predictive value with regard to success of formal cleft repair.


g/m 3 to 2.0 g/m 3 and ice water content from 0.2 g/m 3 to 0.8 g/m 3 . The median volume diameter (MVD) of particles in the distribution ranges from 12 μm to 114 μm. From the experimental data, the relationship between the observed fourth Stokes parameter and the optical extinction coefficient is measured for liqu id water and ice clouds.


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We study pitch control in football, using data from six complete seasons of the English Premier League. Our objective is to investigate features of pitch control in the data. We process the data to ensure consistency of the tracking and event datasets. This represents the largest coherent dataset analysed in the literature and allows the observation of consistent patterns across several seasons' data. We demonstrate that teams playing in front of a crowd at home control on average 2.9±0.2% more of the pitch than teams playing away, which reduces to 1.5±0.6% in matches played behind closed doors. We observe that match by match the difference in pitch control between the teams has a weak, positive correlation with the difference in expected goals (Pearson correlation R = 0.38). As a further manifestation of home advantage we find that in games which the two teams have equal pitch control, on average the home team accumulates greater expected goals ( 0.16±0.03 ). The concept of weighted pitch control is introduced, by assigning a weight to regions of the pitch. We demonstrate that pitch control of the penalty box of the out-of-possession team is negatively correlated with expected goals in each of the six seasons, and interpret this apparently counter-intuitive result.


Background: A study of image compression is becoming more important since an uncompressed image requires a large amount of storage space and high transmission bandwidth. This paper focuses on the quantitative comparison of lossy compression methods applied to a variety of 8-bit Computed Tomography (CT) images. Method: Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) and Wavelet compression algorithms were used on a set of CT images, namely brain, chest, and abdomen. These algorithms were applied to each image to achieve maximum compression ratio (CR). Each compressed image was then decompressed and quantitative analysis was performed to compare each compressed-thendecompressed image with its corresponding original image. The Wavelet Compression Engine (standard edition 2.5), and JPEG Wizard (Version 1.1.7) were used in this study. The statistical indices computed were mean square error (MSE), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). Results: Our results mostly agreed with other published studies, which show that Wavelet compression yields better compression quality at constant compressed file sizes compared with JPEG. Conclusion: The degree of compression is dependent on anatomic structures and complexity of diagnostic information in the image so careful consideration must be given to the level of compression ratio before archiving clinical images otherwise essential information will be lost.


Technology activities are bridging the research-oriented universities of different functions organization such as scientific research,training,science,and technology innovation into a powerful vector and promoting the development of the carrier progress.Based on the characteristics of the science and technology activities of research-oriented universities,a research evaluation system was established from the angle of input and output.In order to reflect the relations between time,space and other factors with the university science and technology activities,dual incentive line method and the dynamic comprehensive evaluation model were set up.Technology activities of 10 representative research-oriented universities in different areas of our country were dynamically evaluated based on the date of 2002-2009.With the incentive line method,the empirical knowledge of policy makers were thought,and the 'motivation' and 'punish' areas and evolution features of research-oriented universities in various time points were effectively revealed.Finally based on the results,the input-output mechanisms were analyzed.


Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is an enlightened disorder of cartilage degradation, synovial inflammation osteophytes formation thinning of joint space and sub-chondral sclerosis. Cartilage act as cushion between the bones of joints and prevent the rubbing of bones on each other. In between two cartilage of bone joint, synovial fluid filled, which secreted by synovial membrane for lubrication of the joints. OA leads to pain, disability as well as difficulty in joints and restrict the routine movements of human beings [1]. Methods: Study Design: An Open label single arm Trial 100 cases of Osteoarthritis were randomly recruited and followed up for 3 months. The diagnosis was based on clinical examination & radiography. The Homoeopathic medicines were prescribed on the basis of totality of symptoms with the help of BBCR. Potency selection, dosage & repition of medicine were done according to 5th and 6th edition of Organon of Medicine respectively. The assessment of utility of homoeopathic medicine selected with the help of BBCR in OA cases by using NPRS.Results: NPRS before and after score concludes effectiveness of treatment with significant improvement in pain with individualized Homoeopathic medicine selected with the help of BBCR.Conclusion: Homoeopathic medicine offers significant relief in pain management to patients suffering from Osteoarthritis. Homoeopathic medicines were selected with the help of BBCR on the basis of symptoms.


5-Alkoxy-3-(N-substituted carbamoly)-1-phenylpyrazoles were prepared and tested for antiinflammatory and hypnotic activity. Four compounds showed antiinflammatory activity and three possessed hypnotic properties.


SUMMARY In a transformation model h(Y) = X'/3 + E for some smooth and usually monotone function h, we are often interested in the direction of f, without knowing the exact form of h. We consider a projection of h onto a linear space of B-spline functions which has the highest correlation with the design variable X. As with the Box-Cox transformation, the transformed response may then be analysed by standard linear regression software. The direction estimate from canonical correlation calculations agrees with the least squares estimate for the approximating model subject to an identifiability constraint. This approach is also closely related to the slicing regression of Duan & Li (1991). The dimensionality of the space of spline transformations can be determined by a model selection principle. Typically, a very small number of B-spline knots is needed. A number of real and simulated data examples is presented to demonstrate the usefulness of this approach.


Some container of hydrogenous reactor is made of sheet alloy. Many cracks are found in the welding line during employ. The following researches are done to investigate causes of crack. The mechanical properties and chemic composition of container are checked and measured; jointing and heat treatment technologic parameters for the container are analyzed; the sensitivity exponent of weld crack is calculated. The key factors that caused crack of reactor container are: warm-up temperature too low before welding, heat preservation time too short of high temperature temper, the welding complex of transition layer. The paper also put forward the heat treatment technologic parameters for the container.


1. Do private plans cost more than it costs the regular Medicare program to cover the same beneficiaries? 2. How do Medicare Advantage overpayments affect Medicare's finances? 3. How do Medicare Advantage overpayments affect beneficiary premiums? 4. Did the private plans once take the position that they should be paid at the same levels as regular Medicare? 5. If private plans were paid at the same rates as regular Medicare, would risk remain that Medicare Advantage plans still would be overpaid to some degree? 6. Can private plans reduce some existing Medicare benefits? 7. Do private plans disproportionately enroll low-income and minority beneficiaries? 8. What is the most efficient approach to help low-income and minority Medicare beneficiaries afford health care? 9. Do private plans disproportionately enroll rural beneficiaries? 10. Do private plans offer quality of care that is higher, the same, or lower than under regular Medicare? 11. Do the abusive marketing practices of some Medicare Advantage plans bear similarities to past marketing abuses associated with Medigap policies or the EITC health insurance tax credit of the early 1990s?


We focus on the Direct position determination (DPD) of a moving narrowband source based on Doppler frequency shifts of signals with known waveforms. Two common motion models are considered: the Constant velocity (CV) model and the Constant acceleration (CA) model. The DPD cost function is obtained after some algebraic manipulations using the Maximum likelihood (ML) criterion. To develop a computationally efficient optimization algorithm, we present a preliminary mathematical result that plays a fundamental role in development of the proposed algorithm. Subsequently, a Newton iterative algorithm is tailored to the two motion models to determine the moving transmitter's trajectory. When compared with multidimensional grid searching, the proposed algorithm is more computationally attractive without compromising its estimation accuracy.Simulation results confirm the superiority of the proposed algorithm.


Robotic planning to find the target our goal point/s is most important subject with the minimum distance and the fastest speed with obstacle avoidance expert system has been proposed. In this paper we try to compare and consider different scenario by taking two or more moving robot figure out the short path from the initial and the final point automatically through the map of many regular and irregular obstacles. Firstly, the adaptive fuzzy expert system is present where the fuzzy rule has been adaptive recursively through the robot moving, and then the potential field algorithm has been compared with the adaptive fuzzy system, the results demonstrated that the adaptive fuzzy is faster than the potential field but the accuracy moving of the potential field robotic path planning is much better. All the algorithms were failed when two robots moving from two different initial points to one final target point the why we have proposed particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to solve such problem.


Many countries have successfully to applied the Lean Government concept in administration sector especially over Indonesian government sector. The developing of government public sector is a right choices to improve service quality to the public. Thus, in this study aims to design Lean Government with DMAIC method and Lean Consumption Map tools (LCM), respectively. This method was used to increase positive impact over performance administrative copy document on building tax especially in the Badan Pendapatan Daerah (Bapenda) South Tangerang City. The result showed, a comparison between administrative document over Bapenda, South Tangerang City is different during quantitative observation from external and internal correspondence. To improve the service process over administrative copy document, we use DMAIC and Lean Consumption Map application. The significantly improvement has been obtained by the time over administrative copy document process in the Bapenda, South Tangerang City


Auxotrophs induced by UV irradiation were Iysine, arginine, methionine, and cysteine requirement. The optimal protoplast-producing conditions of Pachysolen tannophilus were obtained in 1 hr incubation treated zymolyase 0.5 mg/ml at (pH 6.5-8.5 with 0.6 M KCI as osmotic stabilizer. Cell volumn of fusants were counted in about 4 times of parents and their morphological characteristics were similar to parents which were global or egg-shaped, though in fusant, pseudohypha were observed frequently. Ethanol production of fusants were similar to parents, but arginine and methionine auxotrophs were showed increased ethanol production respectively 1.6 times and 1.25 times more than parents.


Released in 2009, Hip Hop Moguls aims to document the "rags to riches stories" of Def Jam founder Russell Simmons, Sean "Diddy" Combs, and Damon Dash. While the intention of the documentary is a great one, the DVD release comes up short. From the beginning of the DVD, the viewer is immediately met with a low-resolution background image and two large text-based buttons that are poorly rendered and an eyesore. As the main feature begins, it becomes clear that amateur video makers put the video together. Pixilated images, unimaginative font selections, and low-res video set the stage for the rest of the documentary as an ambitious project leaving something to be desired. The information imparted throughout the documentary is interesting, well explained, and organized in a logical and mostly-chronological order. However, the information imparted by the narrator provides little more than one might find in a Wikipedia article. This is especially true for Russell Simmons, whose biographical data is more explicit and complete in his biography Life and Def: Sex, Drugs, Money, + God (New York: Crown, 2001), and his biographies from MTV and VH1. The images used during the Simmons segment (as well as Combs and Dash) are clearly taken from press releases and the Internet, and the videos used are also clearly taken from the Web, or are at least poorly copied from VHS and/or DVD sources. While Hip Hop Moguls clearly falls below the high standards expected for a DVD release, the time and attention spent on specific eras of each CEO's career was carefully planned and well executed. Nearly half of the segment on Combs was spent discussing his numerous lawsuits and various legal troubles. This makes sense, seeing as the majority of his career has been spent volleying legal claims, settling suits, and fighting accusations. The same can be said for Dash, whose segment is predominately composed of interviews outlining his legal fights for/with artists and struggles with branding rights. The narrator makes no effort to support or refute Combs' guilt or innocence and makes a conscious effort to share the development of his career in an impartial light. Beyond the issue of video and image quality, the DVD lacks clear labeling of sources, and often relies too heavily on only one source for information. Nearly all of the quotations in Dash's segment come from Black Enterprise with few secondary sources for support. The videos used often lack clear citation, which brings to question whether clips were sourced legally and fairly (particularly the clip of Dave Chappelle doing a stand-up routine recorded for Chappelle's Show). Many clips are uncensored and contain vulgar language, which is not noted on the DVD case. Hip Hop Moguls does what it sets out to do—tell the stories of the "rags to riches rise of the CEO's of rap"—but lacks the high-quality visual presentation necessary to be taken seriously.


This paper presents a nonlinear doubly magnet-coupled energy harvesting system (DMEHS) which could exhibit co-bistable and monostable dynamic characteristics. Its various characteristic responses induced by the magnetic force can be conveniently obtained using the adjustable horizontal distance between two coupled harvesters in the DMEHS. In the case of appropriate relative positions, the DMEHS appears in a co-bistable structure which is different from the traditional bistable structure. Additionally, both the inclination angle of endmost magnets and the displacement perpendicular to the vibration direction are taken into account to calculate the nonlinear magnetic force in the nonlinear electromechanical equations. The numerical investigations show good agreement with experimental results with respect to the output voltage response. Each harvester without magnetic coupling is tested independently to compare with the DMEHS. Both numerical and experimental results also demonstrate the frequency bandwidth and performance enhancements by changing the horizontal distance between the two coupled harvesters.


Objective To assess the efficacy of mitomycin C(MMC) in Nd∶YAG laser dacryoplasty.Methods Three hundred ninety eight eyes in 308 cases with obstruction of lacrimal passage were randomly divided into MMC group and control group.In MMC group,210 eyes of 158 cases firstly applied 0.2ml MMC for 5min,then filled up antibiotic ointment.In control group,150 cases(188 eyes) filled up only antibiotic ointment without MMC.Results All patients were followed up for 6-36 months.It was found that the cure rate and effective rate of MMC group were 87.1% and 95.7%,and the rates of control group were 78.2% and 83.0% which were less than the rates of MMC group(P0.05).Conclusions Using MMC in YAG laser dacryoplasty can effectively inhibit the scar formation,and provide a higher successful rate of laser dacryoplasty.


Students in higher technical and vocational institutions have themselves learning and psychological characteristics.In accordance with the student characteristics in the course of Management Science,the application of case teaching will greatly hold attention,stimulate learning interest,bring up self-controlling and innovative ability,enrich and expand management knowledge,enhance the management level and strengthen administration consciousness of students.On the basis of guiding students to the situated case teaching,case teaching in the course of Management should adopt a definite major purpose and pay attention to outer and inner inspiration.At the same time,the teacher should be conscientious and make good jobs such as full preparation before class,class discussion,and summarization after class,etc.


Many commentators have celebrated the link between carbonmarkets in California and Quebec as an example of effective coordination of sub-national climate policy instruments. Here, Iargue that this enthusiasm is misplaced. California recentlyamended its carbon market regulations to enable significantleakage of emissions to neighboring states. These reforms reducethe environmental effectiveness of the market, contradict clearstatutory guidelines, and dilute the integrity of the state's compliance instruments. Moreover, the reforms took place in an administrative process that never recognized the leakage implications, raising questions as to whether California alerted itsCanadian counterparts of the consequences of its internal reforms.I review this transition from three perspectives: the relevantadministrative proceedings in California, the mutual obligationsboth governments accepted under a bilateral agreement,and the standards California law imposes on prospective linkedmarkets. Each perspective reveals major shortcomings. Ratherthan demonstrating a successful model for harmonizing carbonmarket systems across different legal jurisdictions, the link between California and Quebec exemplifies a major institutionalweakness: in a linked carbon market, participating governmentsmust continuously monitor the administrative processes of eachjurisdiction in order to maintain market integrity. But as theCalifornia experience demonstrates, administrative law may notbe up to the task of ensuring that practical market operation follows the rule of law.


A strong relationship between aging and diabetes mellitus has been clinically suggested, however, none of the previous published data had clearly focused on the age-related cytomorphological changes in the pancreas which are the goal of this study.Three groups of male apparently healthy rabbits have been used, ten animals each; classified as group-1 (3- 5months old); group-2 (9-12 months old) and group-3 (24-36 months old). After sacrification, sections from the pancreas were stained by Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Gomori trichromic stain & ultrastructurally to detect aging histologic changes as well as immunohistochemically to identify insulin and glucagon secreting cells using their appropriate monoclonal antibodies .
 A progressive histological distortion with fibrosis and fatty changes were directly proportional to age, being mild in group-2 and severe in group-3. Morphometric studies by computerized image analysis showed that the mean number of islets was significantly higher in group2 (8.98±1.51), lowest in group-1 (5.08±1.48) and intermediate in group-3 (6.37±1.37). The mean diameter and square area of islets were significantly higher in group-2 compared to other groups (P< 0.05). The mean number of ? cells per islet & their secretary granules were significantly (P <0.05) higher in group-2, intermediate in group-1 and lowest in group-3.In contrast, the mean number of?? cells per islet and their secretory granules were insignificantly (P< 0.05) higher in group -2, intermediate in group-3 and lowest in group-1.Also, the ?/? ratio (? cells/? cells) was greatest in group-2 (3.059:1), intermediate in group-1 (3.37:1), and lowest in group-3 (2.479:1).
 The increased number of ? cells may be due to a compensatory process to correct the hormonal feedback mechanism of insulin .The results of this work suggest that ? cells are generally more vulnerable to aging, an observation which might be correlated clinically with higher incidence of diabetes in older ages.


Abstract This study uses data from the Australian, British, Canadian, New Zealand, and US election studies (21 studies in total) to examine the effect of political information on the vote calculus across time and countries. In doing so, two core questions are addressed. First, do differences in political information affect how individuals arrive at their vote choice? The expectation is that there will be a positive relationship between information level and the number and difficulty of factors considered in the vote calculus. Secondly, this study tests the hypothesis that the magnitude of information effects in the decision process will be a function of the complexity of the electoral context. The findings support both hypotheses. Factors incorporated into the decision process differ across information groups, but only when the electoral context is relatively complex.


We observed strong green luminescence (around 2.37 eV) in two InAlGaN thin film samples, which were originally prepared for applications in the UV range. Based on the observation of the InN peaks and the extended distributions, corresponding to InGaN compounds, in the x-ray diffraction patterns, such green luminescence was attributed to the formation of indium-rich clusters, which formed localized states, in the quaternary films of low indium content (2%). Carrier trapping of such localized states, particularly when carriers received thermal energy such that they could overcome certain potential barriers around the clusters, resulted in strong green luminescence. The observed optical behaviors, including the blueshift phenomenon of photoluminescence spectral peak position in varying temperature, showed that the green luminescence was quite different from the previously reported yellow luminescence, which resulted from defects.