The paper develops a control system based on DSP28334 for lunar sampling, and provides the main structure of it. The critical hardware and software design of the system are introduced in detail. The emphasis is placed on the design and realization of the vibration control of the coiling-type sampler in the process of lunar sampling. A control strategy which combines manual-control and local autonomous control is applied for the lunar sampling control. And the sampling mechanism being controlled can realizes multi-motor units working at time-sharing, which reduces the power comsumption and increases the stability of the sampling system greatly. The practical application of the control strategy used for the coiling-type sampler is verified by the finite element analysis. The experiments results show that the system works with low power consumption and high efficiency, and the proposed strategy enables greater depth and better efficiency during sampling.


Gender mainstreaming is an international strategy in Europe relating to gender equality using an intersectional approach. It deals, specifically, with new challenges for sexuality and diversity in education. From within this context, this paper focuses on two goals. The first is to analyse sex and gender equality policies in education, since the 2000s, in three Southern European societies: Andalusia and Valencian Community, in Spain, and Portugal. The second goal is to arrive at some comparative conclusions about the recent developments in sex and gender equality policies in education in these three societies. We end with some comparative conclusions. First, there is the political orientation of governments, which seems to be of relevance. Second, there are the policies and plans reviewed, which show a move from (binary) gender equality to a more inclusive gender equality that intersects with sexuality and diversity. Sexuality education, already available in Portugal, is still absent from Spanish schools. These three experiences can inform European public policies.


The standard theory of elementary particle physics (electroweak theory plus quantum chromodynamics) is a very successful theory. It is formulated as a manifestly covariant quantum field theory quite satisfactorily and its predictions have no clear contradictions with any high-energy experimental results, provided that the right-handed neutrinos are taken into account. The only possible troublesome experimental facts against the standard theory are the non-observation of the Higgs boson and the observation of ultra-high energy cosmic-ray particles indicating slight violation of Lorentz invariance. Of course, it is quite likely that they may be resolved by further investigation. But there is also the possibility that these troubles are experimentally confirmed. The purpose of the present paper is to propose a possible minimum modification of the standard theory which is consistent with the absence of the Higgs boson and with slight violation of Lorentz invariance. The only role of the Higgs boson in the standard theory is to give non-zero masses to weak bosons, leptons and quarks. Its particle contents are not only unnecessary but also unwelcome. Indeed, its self-energy Feynman integrals are quadratically divergent; hence its radiative mass is very sensitive to the value of a cutoff parameter; this trouble is known as the hierarchy problem. This problem is usually supposed to be resolved by the supersymmetric theory (SUSY), but since no superparticles are observed yet, it is quite unlikely that SUSY is realized in nature. Then it is quite difficult to resolve the hierarchy problem by means of


A big challenge of sustainable power systems is to integrate climate variability into the operational and long term planning processes. In this paper, we focus on the run-of-river based hydro power generation. In particular , we deal with the modeling of this form of power production based on weather variables. Translating time series of meteorological data (precipi-tations, snowfall and air temperature) into time series of run-of-river based hydro power generation is not an easy task as it is necessary to capture the complex relationship between the availability of water and the generation of electricity. Indeed, this kind of hydro power generation is limited by the flow of the river in which the power plants are located. Moreover, the water flow is a nonlinear function of the weather variables and the physical characteristics of the river basins. Finally, the impact of the weather variables on the runoff may occur with a certain delay, whose determination depends on physically based phenomena (e.g., melting snow-local temperature). This work aims at formalizing an efficient technique for the prediction of the run-of-river based hydro power generation. Several well-established regression algorithms based on machine learning are used and compared in terms of correlation coefficient, adjusted coefficient of determination, mean absolute and mean square percentage errors. We consider three case studies: France, Portugal and Spain. Results indicate that the models based on ensemble of trees and neural networks exhibit the best performance for evaluating both the short term and the long term hydro power generation.


Dariusz Piechota Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Sklodowskiej Abstract (Re)visions of Naturalism in the Light of Animal Studies  Reconnaissance The main question discussed in this article is: Can we re-interpret naturalism's novels or short stories  from a non-human perspective? The researchers of animal studies perceive the world as an ecosystem where humans, animals, and plants live in a symbiosis. They also perceive the human as a part of nature. Moreover, with regard to Charles Darwin's discoveries, it is worth to mention that the theorists of naturalism called the human being an animal. Naturalists introduce a new protagonist into literature called the animal hero. Thanks to animal studies, he is perceived as a subject, not a thing (as was the case earlier). What is more, we can reconstruct different relations between species. One of the most important problems for naturalism and animal studies is empathy towards other creatures. Naturalists, as well as the researchers of animal studies, use different tools to analyse and interpret novels and short stories. First of all, they introduce different narrators in order to be objective. Furthermore, they indicate parallelisms between the human and animal world, they avoid subjective comments, and sometimes they use the strategy called the stream of consciousness to present other creatures' thoughts. Keywords: naturalism, naturalists, animal hero, animal studies, empathy, ecosystem


While the benefits of identification with a sport team have been described (Wann, 2006a), the conditions under which fans will change or switch identification have not been investigated. The present study was designed to address this gap. Participants (154 college students) indicated how likely they were to engage in various acts following a basketball loss in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) championship tournament by the University of Kentucky (UK) men's basketball team. Half of the vignettes described a loss early in the tournament, while half of the vignettes described a loss in the Final Four. Results indicated that the timing of the loss, level of team identification, level of basketball fandom and level of maladaptive fan beliefs all influenced the likelihood that participants partook in certain activities. The results are discussed in terms of the influences that affect such decisions.


Objective: To explore the relationship between chromosomal abnormality of advanced maternal age pregnant women and related factors of prenatal screening,in order to reduce the probability of invasive prenatal diagnosis among advanced maternal age pregnant women,avoid iatrogenic abortion and provide information for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis. Methods: A total of 705 advanced maternal age pregnant women undergoing prenatal fetal chromosome examination or neonatal chromosome examination after delivery were analyzed retrospectively,then they were divided into direct invasive prenatal diagnosis group and prenatal diagnosis group; the detection rates ofchromosomal abnormality karyotype in the two groups were compared; the pregnant women in prenatal screening group were divided into group A( 93 pregnant women with high risk of maternal serological screening),group B( 70 pregnant women with high risk of prenatal ultrasonic screening) and group C( 215 pregnant women with high risk of maternal serological screening combined with prenatal ultrasonic screening); the detection rates of chromosomal abnormality karyotype in the three groups were compared. Results: Among 705 pregnant women,37 pregnant women were found with fetal chromosomal abnormality karyotype,the incidence rate was 5. 24%; the detection rates of chromosomal abnormality karyotype in group A and group B were 2. 15%( 2 /93) and 1. 42%( 1 /70),respectively,which were statistically significantly lower than that in group C( 14. 41%,31 /215)( P 0. 01); among the pregnant women with low risk of screening,no fetus was found with chromosomal abnormality karyotype. Conclusion: Prenatal screening,including maternal serological screening and prenatal ultrasonic screening,can significantly improve the detection rate of fetal chromosomal abnormality; the detection rate of simple age factor chromosomal abnormality is low.


This study examines the likely impact of government expenditure policy on education and poverty reduction in Nigeria. The specific objective of the study is to explore or simulate how government expenditure on education would help to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) of the United Nations in terms of improving education service and reduce poverty in Nigeria. An integrated sequential dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model was used to simulate the potential impact of increase in government expenditure on education in Nigeria. The model is simulated with a 2004 social accounting matrix (SAM) data of the Nigerian economy. The result of experiment indicate that it will be extremely difficult for Nigeria to achieve the MDG target, in terms of education and poverty reduction by the year 2015, because this policy measure in the analysis was unable to meet this goal. The MDG target for Nigeria in terms of poverty reduction is to reduce the percentage of population living in relative poverty from 54.4% in 2004 to 21.4% by 2015. It was found that the re-allocation of government expenditure to education sector is important in determine economic growth and the reduction of poverty in Nigeria. It was recommends that in order to achieve the MDG in both education and poverty reduction poverty, investment in education service should receive the highest priority in the public investment portfolio. The study concludes that if government policy is going to substantially reduce poverty, then future economic growth has to be pro-poor. Investing in education is one of the pro-poor policies for improving human capital and reducing poverty.


The present study is for conducted to evaluate critically a Government project named Sabla: Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of the Adolescent Girls. The Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India, in the year 2000, came up with a scheme called Kishori Shakti Yojana (KSY), which was implemented using the infrastructure of the Integrated Child Development Services Scheme (ICDS). The objective of this scheme was to improve the nutrition and health status of girls in the age‐group of 11 to 18 years, to equip them to improve and upgrade their home‐based and vocational skills, and to promote their overall development, including awareness about their health, personal hygiene, nutrition and family welfare and management. Thereafter, the Nutrition Programme for Adolescent Girls (NPAG) was initiated as a pilot project in the year 2002-03 in 51 identified districts across the country to address the problem of under‐nutrition among AGs(Adolescent Girls).This evaluation is being done to review the performance of the programme and to evaluate weather this project has being able to achieve the target, it was meant for.


A model has been developed to characterize the ionic basis of the shape of the electrical control activity (ECA) observed in gastric smooth muscle. The model uses barrier kinetics to describe the underlying ionic transport mechanisms responsible for the gastric ECA. The transmission coefficient parameter, which has been given little importance in the past, plays a major role in our model. It represents the gating and kinetics of the different channels. The model compares well with the Goldman‐Hodgkin‐Katz current equations for the sodium, calcium, and potassium channels. The model illustrates the importance of the calcium pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential and shows how the waveshape is influenced by the ratio of free to total intracellular calcium concentration. The effects of potassium accumulation and calcium on the waveform were also investigated. In the fundus of the stomach, where there are no voltage oscillations, the potassium channels were found to be more important than the other channels in maintaining the resting membrane potential.


: There are actually several solutions for two axis solar tracking systems using electromechanical devices, in which a controller detects the Sun apparent position, and controls the position of the structure supporting the panels toward the sun by enabling the engines movement. This work studies the solution of two axis solar tracking system based on solar maps, which can predict the exact apparent position of the Sun, by the latitude's location, thereby avoiding the need to use sensors or guidance systems. To accomplish this, it is used a low-power microcontroller, suitably programmed, to control two electric motors to ensure that the panels supporting structure is always oriented towards the sun.


The available information is presented on unseen companions of stars, revealed either as unresolved astrometric binaries that have been found and studied from perturbations in the proper motion of a star previously considered single, or as an irregularity in the orbital motion of a visual double star, which thus proves to have a third component. The astrometric method is used as it is particularly suited for the discovery and subsequent study of perturbations with long periods and large amplitudes. A list is given of well-established as well as of provisional and uncertain results. (5 tables, 75 references) (BJG)


The recent study by Taft and colleagues, which explores communication differences in paper versus electronic health records (EHRs), was both interesting and timely.1 EHRs are becoming a focal point for healthcare delivery in the US, yet the impact of EHRs on the patient-provider relationship remains poorly understood. Communication is at the heart of this relationship, and providers are concerned about the potential for EHRs to reduce the quality of their communications with patients.2,3

We would like to provide additional thoughts on Taft et al .'s reported findings and put them into a broader context. First, it is interesting to note that the authors found that EHRs fostered better communications with patients across nearly all measures. However, we wonder what might explain why a physician would greet a patient more warmly when walking into an exam room with a laptop computer vs. a paper chart. This …


The reasons of ore loss and dilution on end ore drawing in sublevel caving were analyzed and the existing problems on computational method of loss ratio and dilution ratio on end ore drawing were discussed.Based on the random medium ore-drawing theory,the computational method of loss ratio and dilution ratio on end drawing was established regarding the side drawnbody as a rotating body.Given the flow parameters of loose body of ore and rock,the value of loss ratio and dilution ratio on different ore drawing conditions could be decided based on these calculation formula.Lastly,the theoretical loss ratio and dilution ratio was calculated and was compared with the practical value of end ore drawing combined with an underground mine engineering practice.The contrast results show that theoretical value is corresponded with the practical value well and indicate that the theoretical calculations of loss ration and dilution ration is met with the actual situation practice.


We answer a question posed by Carlson, Peng, and Wheeler, and demonstrate that in general Rickard modules in relatively stable categories are not idempotent modules even if one localizes with respect to a tensor ideal subcategory. We also show that there is a modification one can make so as to recover the idempotent behaviour.


In this thesis, we attempted deriving the equation of motion of the dynamics
of open quantum systems in different contexts. These are done from the perspectives of closed and open quantum systems. Later, it dealt with the description of decoherence dynamics in terms of the so-called master equations, like Born-Markov Master Equation etc. We also attempted to solve the spin-boson model. We also examined the two exactly solvable models of decoherence - central spin system, (i) with and (ii) without a self-Hamiltonian, interacting with a
collection of environment spins. Later, it introduced a completely general formalism for rep-
resenting the in uence of the environment on the reduced density matrix of the
system, without any reference to the particular form of the Hamiltonian. This
is called the operator-sum formalism/Kraus representation of the dynamics of
evolution of the reduced density matrix of the system of interest.


The proposition that provision of some form of ICT could assist the population of the urban slums of developing countries to obtain the access to public services to which they are entitled is being widely tested through experimentation. The particular programme of experiments in Croatia, India, Nigeria and Pakistan described here was funded by the UK Department of International Development as participatory action research. The Indian project is dealt with in most detail. It took a poorly used hospital specializing in maternal and child health care in New Delhi and supplied a community-based voice connection for use by potential patients. Use of the hospital increased, relations between community and the hospital improved, inadequacies in the hospital services were addressed and a vision of what the hospital might achieve in the future began to emerge. The mechanisms by which this was achieved are examined, and some generally applicable conclusions drawn.


In the current study, 225 isolates of P. aeruginosa burn infection have been collected from major hospitals in Duhok and Erbil / Iraq, from April 2015 till to September 2015. One hundred thirty six of these were isolated from males accounting 60.4 % whereas 89(39.6%) of them were recovered from females. One hundred of these isolates were selected (fifty from each province including; Erbil and Duhok Province) and subjected to 16 different antibiotics using disc diffusion method showed high resistancy to most tested antibiotics, 90% of these isolates were multidrug resistant, Imipeneme was considered as the most effective antibiotic effect on these isolates with resistant rate 47%.The genome all of these isolates were successfully amplified producing a single band of the 16sr DNA locus in all strains with a molecular weight of about 956 bp in order to confirm at molecular level that all these isolates were P. aeruginosa. The results of the detection of five virulence related genes including ( opr-1, tox-A,exo-S,las-B, and nan-1 ) revealed that ten of these isolates accounting (10%) lacked any tested virulence markers, oprI as a marker for presence of pathogenicity island was the most predominant marker among all other virulence markers accounting 90(90%) followed by tox-A, and exo-S accounting 86(86%) and 86(86%) respectively, while the prevalence of las-B gene is found with the rate 82(82%) and nan-1 with35(35%)respectively.


We present an online method for multiscale data classification, using the multikernel adaptive filtering framework. The target application is Twitter sentiment analysis, which is a notoriously challenging task of natural language processing. This is because (i) each tweet is typically short, and (ii) domainspecific expressions tend to be used. The efficacy of the proposed multiscale online method is studied with dataset of Twitter. Simulation results show that the proposed approach achieves a higher F1 score than the other online-classification methods, and also outperforms the nonlinear support vector machine.


Company Specific Differentiation Advantage is conceived as the main thrust of most strategy directions in management practices within a company. As a firm is understood as a going concern, a company's objective is to generate and to sustain its marketing performance. The question then is: how does a firm generate and sustain its marketing performance? The answer might be found in the conceptualization of resources and capabilities, which are postulated as a basis for generating company specific differentiated advantage as a means for enhancing marketing performance. A strategic marketing model based on four main constructs comprising company social resources, company specific organisational capabilities, company specific differentiation advantage, marketing performance was developed. This model was tested successfully on Rural People Credit Banks of Indonesia.


In this paper, the first experimental demonstration of coherent directive and polarized wavefront generation within a reverberation chamber is presented. This feature is possible with the use of a time-reversal electromagnetic chamber, a concept that we previously introduced which mainly relies on the use of time-reversal techniques in a highly reverberating medium. The rationale for developing such a system is to provide the control of a field distribution in time and space without any mechanical move of neither sources nor an equipment under test while preserving the high-intensity field levels achieved with reverberation chambers.


1. The distribution of non-specific esterase and of cholinesterase in Ascaris lumbricoides has been determined using histochemical methods. 2. Non-specific esterase has been shown to be present in the cuticle, in the walls of the excretory canals, in the innervation processes of the muscles, in the coelomocytes, in the oesophageal glands, in the intestine, in the rectal glands, in the male and female reproductive systems, in parts of the nervous system and as 'caps' of enzyme on fat globules in the hypodermis and muscles. 3. Cholinesterase has been detected in the innervation processes and sheath of the muscles, in the sphincter muscles, in the intestine, in the sensory papillae and amphids, and in parts of the nervous system, including a nerve in the spicules. 4. Parts of the nervous system and the innervation processes of the muscles contain an esterase which is not inhibited by cholinesterase inhibitors and it is suggested that there may be esterase, distinct from cholinesterase, involved in nerve transmission. 5. Merocrine secretion of esterase has been observed in the intestine.


A dominating set D is total if every vertex of V is adjacent to at least one vertex of D while D is called equitable if for every u in D there exists a vertex v in V D such that |d(u)d(v)| ≤ 1. A dominating set which is both total and equitable is called total equitable dominating set The total equitable domination number of G is the minimum cardinality of a total equitable dominating set of G which is denoted by γ t (G). In this paper we contribute some general results on this concept.


Postinfectious olfactory loss is among the most common causes of olfactory impairment and has substantial negative impact on patients' quality of life. Recovery rates have been shown to spontaneously improve in most of patients, usually within 2 to 3 years. However, existing studies are limited by small sample sizes and short follow‐up. We aimed to assess the prognostic factors for recovery in a large sample of 791 patients with postinfectious olfactory disorders.


OBJECTIVE To study the protective effects of quercetin solid dispersion on acute hepatic injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) in mice. METHODS Mice were pretreated intragastrically with quercetin solid dispersion for 7days, and acute hepatic injury was induced by intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 . The liver index and the levels of glutamic pyruvic transaminase ( GPT) , glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) in serum and superoxide dismutase (SOD) , glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malondialdehtyde (MDA) in liver tissue were detected, and pathological changes of liver tissue were examined to evaluate hepatic injury. RESULTS Quercetin solid dispersion could significantly reduce liver index, the levels of serum GPT, GOT and hepatic MDA, increase hepatic SOD and GSH-Px, and promote the recovery of hepatic tissue injury. CONCLUSION Quercetin solid dispersion protects CCl4-induced actue hepatic injury and reduces oxidative stress in mice.


The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate volatility forecasts by testing the predictive power of implied volatility vis-a-vis model based forecasts. Furthermore we test if implied volatility contains any additional information beyond that captured by the model based forecasts. A number of time series models are fitted to historical data. The fitted models are then used to forecast volatility. The procedure is repeated to produce a series of forecasts. The forecast are evaluated against out-of-sample realized volatility through regression analysis. Finally we test for additional information in implied volatility through GMM and OLS estimation. We find that volatility can be predicted to some extent. Tests indicate that implied volatility is the superior forecast of future realized volatility when compared bilaterally against time series models. Implied volatility does not contain any additional information about future realized volatility in levels when orthogonalized to all model based forecasts. There is however some incremental information regarding changes in future realized volatility.


In the present analysis, the centrifugal effects in magnetohydrodynamically lubricated thrust bearing due to radial magnetic field and axial pinch are considered in part 1 and part 2 respectively. The results for load capacity and flow rate for both cases have been discussed.


Xinjiang listed companies have characteristics of their own,the loan guarantee of which provides necessary financial support for their rapid development.To some extent,however,this kind of guarantee increases loan risks for commercial banks,and can even invite regional financial crises.This paper concludes that,by establishing credit markets and adjusting corporate development strategies,risks of loan guarantee for Xinjiang listed companies can be effectively reduced.


In this paper, we introduce the notion of F-\(\alpha\)-Geraghty contraction type mappings and establish some common fixed point theorems for an admissible pair mappings under the notion of F-\(\alpha\)-Geraghty contractive type in the setting of metric spaces. We give example for support results.


For enhancing the operation reliability and safety of air compressors,an online model of monitoring and diagnosing lubrication and attrition is established based on oil analysis and ferrography technique.The theoretical basis of modeling technology is analyzed,and the typical faults of air compressors and their formation mechanism are described.In addition,online monitor "five regulations" network as well as the diagnosis decision model of reasonable oil choosing,timely oil changing,predictive maintenance without shutting down etc.are established,which has practical application value.


Nonlinear, three-dimensional numerical simulations of finite-β drift-ballooning turbulence in the edge of tokamaks with D-shaped magnetic flux surfaces are presented. The simulations are based on the reduced Braginskii equations. The turbulent transport in tokamaks with D-shaped magnetic flux surfaces is directly compared to that in tokamaks with circular magnetic flux surfaces. The energy flux can be extremely different depending on the shape of the magnetic flux surfaces. While a tokamak with circular flux surfaces exhibits exceedingly poor confinement, an otherwise identical tokamak with D-shaped flux surfaces is in the high (H) mode where the transport rate is small. The magnitude of the energy flux in these two cases differs by a multiplicative factor larger than 1000.


. Statistical structure of the fraction of symmetrical s m factorial designs is investigated in some detail. In this paper, we show that the information matrix of a fractional s m factorial design is determined completely by its characteristic vector. We also give an explicit expression of the elements of the infomation matrix of the design derived from s -symbol balanced arrays in terms of its indices.


Based on the results of the analysis and discussion, the conclusions in this research are as follows: (1) E-Recovery Service Quality has a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction at the Tokopedia Marketplace; (2) E-Service Quality has a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction at the Tokopedia Marketplace (3) E-Recovery Service Quality has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty at the Tokopedia Marketplace; (4) E-Service Quality has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty to the Tokopedia Marketplace: (5) Customer satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty to the Tokopedia Marketplace.


When a ligand escapes from a heme-pocket of a protein, the migration is geometrically controlled. A model is proposed by Zwanzig for a rate process that is controlled by passage through a fluctuating bottleneck. The model predicts that the long-time rate constant is inversely proportional to the square-root of the solvent viscosity, which is qualitatively consistent with experimentally observed rate constants. For a reverse process, namely, ligand rebinding to the heme from the solvent phase, diffusion motion of ligands in the solvent should be taken into account in addition to bottleneck fluctuations. In this article, we generalize the Zwanzig model in such a way to include the translational diffusion motion of ligands. The bimolecular rebinding rate is expressed in terms of a continued fraction which converges rapidly. It is shown that in this case the fractional power dependence does not hold for any values of the translational diffusion constant.


Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has proven to be an effective method for improving health and regaining muscle function for people with limited or reduced motor skills. Closed-loop control of motorized FES-cycling can facilitate recovery. Many people with movement disorders (e.g., stroke) have asymmetries in their motor control, motivating the need for a closed-loop control system that can be implemented on a split-crank cycle. In this paper, nonlinear sliding mode controllers are designed for the FES and electric motor on each side of a split-crank cycle to maintain a desired cadence and a crank angle offset of 180 degrees, simulating standard pedaling conditions. A Lyapunov-like function is used to prove stability and tracking of the desired cadence and position for the combined cycle-rider system. One experimental trial on an able-bodied individual demonstrated the feasibility and stability of the closed-loop controller, which resulted in an average cadence error of 2.62 ± 3.54 RPM for the dominant leg and an average position and cadence error of 39.84 ± 10.77 degrees and −0.04 ± 8.79 RPM for the non-dominant leg.


Traditional trajectory optimization methods have several drawbacks,such as the time-consuming calculational effort which can only be implemented offline and their sensitivities to the initial guesses of the optimal solutions.A real-time trajectory optimization method is presented for a type of re-entry vehicle in near space based on the model predictive control strategy.The global nonlinear optimization problem can be approximately transformed into an one dimensional variable receding horizon sub-optimal problem in a finite time domain.By using uniform sampling and chaotic search approaches,the sub-optimal command for the angle of attack subject to the multiple constraints such as load factor,dynamic pressure and heat flux is obtained online.By regulating the weighting factors for the different physical variables in the cost function,the trajectory features of skip and glide can be established respectively.This algorithm provides a universal framework for generating distinct trajectory shapes onboard without initial guesses.The resultant curve may also be a feasible initial guess for other nonlinear programming methods.The simulation results are demonstrated to be effective.


The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation on the carcass characteristics of crossbred Boer goats finished on native pasture. Twenty-four Boer crossbreed goats were used, 120 days old and with an initial 15.52 kg BW. The supplemental feeding was randomly assigned to the animals according to a completely randomized design with 4 supplementation levels (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%) and six replications (goats). The animals had access to the pasture from 7:30 a.m. until 4 p.m. throughout the experimental period and were taken to stalls to receive supplemental feeding in individual cages equipped with hods and a water. Full and empty digestive tract (DT) were weighed, as well as the bladder and gall bladder to obtain the empty body weight (EBW). The visceras yield tended to be different from that observed for absolute weight, except for hoof yield that presented a decreasing linear behavior. The hot and cold carcass weights and the yields and the empty body weight and the biological yield presented positively response to the supplementation levels. Regarding the participation of wholesale cuts in the carcass, only the neck yield presented linear effect in response to the increase in supplementation levels. Full digestive tract and digestive content weights did not respond to the supplementation levels. The digestive content weight was decisive for the effect of supplemental feeding in the full digestive tract weight. Wholesale cuts weight responded positively to the supplementation levels.


In 1991 the National Park Service began restoring the 1.74-acre landscape of Frederick Law Olmsted's home and office in Brookline, Massachusetts, with a view to creating a living exhibit of his design process and principles. This project has enabled us to study in a very detailed way Olmsted's use of woody plants in a small-scale residential landscape. The project has also served as a testmg ground for methods and techniques of vegetation management that may be applied at historic sites around the United States.


"Mission Studies in Contact Zones." This is the motto with which the new editorial team of this journal has the pleasure to engage you as readers, authors, IAMS members, and members of other missiological networks, since its recent transition to the Institute of Missiology and the Study of Theologies Beyond Europe at the Catholic Theological Faculty of the Westphalian Wilhelm University (WWU) of Muenster, Germany, in January 2021. The new editorial team is comprised of Prof. Dr. Norbert Hintersteiner (Editor-in-Chief), Dr. Sara Fretheim and Prof. Dr. Dorottya Nagy (Assistant Editors), and Ms. Anja Heinz (Editorial Assistant). The editorial team is supported by the ongoing work of Dr. Atola Longkumer (Imphal, Manipur; Book Review Editor), and by Dr. Mariel Deluca Voth (Buenos Aires), and Dr. Xiaoli Yang (Melbourne), who translate article abstracts into Spanish and Chinese. As an international team, we welcome your critical readership and scholarly submissions, your promotion of the journal, ideas for novel themes, and all of your efforts to bring Mission Studies and its readers into new contact zones. "Mission in contact zones" is also the thematic thread linking the essays in this issue. "Autoethnography, transculturation, critique, collaboration, bilingualism, mediation, parody, denunciation, imaginary dialogue, vernacular expression – these are some of the literate arts of the contact zone. Miscomprehension, incomprehension, dead letters, unread masterpieces, absolute heterogeneity of meaning – these are some of the perils of writing in the contact zone" (Pratt 1991: 37). These are the words of Mary Louise Pratt, Professor of Spanish and Portuguese Languages and Literatures, who, some thirty years ago, introduced the notion of "contact zone," which has now also become part of mission studies vocabulary. Pratt's "contact zone" refers to "social spaces where cultures meet, clash, and grapple with each other, often in the context of highly asymmetrical relations of power, such as colonialism, slavery, or their aftermaths, as they are lived out in many parts of the world today" (Pratt 1991: 34). Pratt's words and this concept fittingly express


The purpose of the research was to investigate the health-related physical fitness of youth athletes from Bangladesh and India. The forty athletes from each country, Bangladesh (n=40) and India (n=40) were chosen using a simple random sampling method. The researchers selected Bangladeshi athletes from the Jashore district in Bangladesh and Indian athletes from the Murshidabad and Birbhum districts of West Bengal, India. Those who competed in at least one district-level competition were included in the study. For the study, the researchers chose male athletes between the ages of 17 and 21 years. The study included lower body explosive strength in the standing broad jump test, upper body muscular strength in the pull-up test and cardio-respiratory endurance in the cooper test as variables. The data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test), with the significance level set at 0.05. An independent sample t-test shows that Bangladeshi and Indian youth athletes standing broad jump t(78) = 2.10, sig. = 0.039; pull-ups t(78) = 1.68, sig. = 0.099; cooper test t(78) = 2.34, sig. = 0.022 respectively. The findings revealed a substantial difference in leg explosive strength and cardio-respiratory endurance, but no substantial difference in upper body muscular strength between Bangladeshi and Indian youth athletes.


Let ∑ kakznλ be analytic for . It is shown that if f has Hadamard gaps , i.e. then the finiteness of essentially equivalent to that of where R is a radius of . More precisely, the sum is finite if the integral is, even for an arbitrary curve instead of a radius with no condition whatever on α. For the other direction the restriction α> –1 is necessary.


[An earlier version of this paper was originally delivered as a presentation at the In the Family conference "Fostering Therapies of Resilience," San Francisco, CA, June 2001. At that time I was a member of the Ethics Committee of the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association (now the World Professional Association for Transgender Health), past-president of the San Francisco Chapter of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality, a member of the International Foundation for Gender Education, FTM International, and TGSF (Transgender San Francisco), and had been, since 1989, a participant in Bay Area Gender Associates (BAGA), the longest-running therapists' peer consultation group in the world devoted exclusively to transgender identity issues. I thank my BAGA colleagues--Rebecca Auge, Ph.D.; Koen Baum, MFT; Lin Fraser, Ed.D.; Kim Hraca, MFT; Dan Karasic, M.D.; Luanna Rodgers, MFT; and Anne Vitale, Ph.D.--for their thoughtful readings of and responses to this paper in its penultimate draft.] What is gender? I believe it is becoming increasingly clear ... that ... gender is considerably less fixed than we have been led to believe and that one's sex has less to do with one's wholeness than one's individuation. So simple is this idea that I think it is easy to underestimate the momentous implications such a view has for civilization as we know it.... Ours is a culture in which the gender dichotomy has been made so central to the definition of what it means to be human that any change reverberates deeply and terrifyingly in the souls of even those who ardently wish for movement. --Robert Hopcke, Persona: Where Sacred Meets Profane 1. QUEERER THAN THOU A gym-toned, bearded man and a voluptuous, large-breasted woman were walking down Castro Street a few years ago, in the heart of San Francisco's gay mecca, and as they passed a local coffee place they were hissed for being breeders. The man had once been an extremely well-known member of San Francisco's leatherdyke community, and the woman had been a recognizable gay male resident of this very neighborhood for years. At such a moment that altogether transcended degrees of queerness, what could they do but laugh? At that moment, what could they have said about the ways gender identity, gender roles, and sexual orientation intersect? How can we talk about identity in this context? What is a trans identity from the queer perspective? The premise of this paper is that, at least in the absence of a known transgendered therapist or specialist, you and you and you and I--therapists known to be LGB--are often the referrals of choice among straight doctors and therapists for their transgendered clients, simply because straight people often presume similarities between "transgressive" gender identities and "transgressive" sexual orientations. We and our transgendered clients may make the same assumptions, and in fact there are many reasons to include "T" along with GL and B in the headlines, banners, parades, and events that more and more bind a very broad coalition into a single community of people. What makes our sometimes disparate groups one community can be understood most simply by the need every individual in those groups has to take at least one look at his or her own identity, exactly terms of sex and gender, that the main body of straight, heterosexual, vanilla, non-queer folk do not have to do. Even though some straights most certainly do make such an examination, they don't have to: they can get along in their lives, in their relationships, and in society without ever attending to that aspect of themselves; and so I use that necessity to define the concept of queer, and it is what, for me, lumps T in together with LGB and a few other fellow travelers, such as people in the leather, or BDSM, communities. But being transgendered and being G, L, or B are also not alike in many ways, and in those ways the experience of coming out with a variant gender identity, including coming to terms with a gender-variant life, is not like the experience of other comings out. …


In this paper the technology of electron beam local heat treatment was recommended,and the development of electron beam post-welded local heat treatment(EBPWLHT) such as both the technology and equipment was reviewed in details.The trend and existing problems in the electron beam local heat treatment were also put forward.


Objective To explore the method,indication,and contraindication of technique diaplasis of incarcerated hernia in children.Methods 246 cases (231 male and 15 female) of incarcerated hernia within 12 hours (1 year) and 12~24 hours(1~3years) whose general condition were good were enrolled.The patients were on back,padded up 30°-40°by buttocks,and were asked to hip flexion genuflect.Assistants helped to fix the children's limbs.The doctor sat at the right side of the patient,four fingers of left hand fixuped the abdominal inguinal ring, four fingers of right hand made extrusion towards the inguinal canal, keeping extrusion when the patient inspiration with the left hand relaxing,but did not leave the skin,and stopped extrusion when the patient expiration with the left hand fixuped the abdominal inguinal ring to avoid the intestines extruding again.Results 235 cases (95.6%)were cured by technique diaplasis.Conclusion Technique diapla-sis is successful and safe if only we master the indication and contraindication and with the right method.


This paper presents research on using adaptive logic networks (a type of neural network) to quickly determine particle types based on momentum and Cherenkov radiation pattern. Two configurations of the network are analyzed. This research also presents new ways of using adaptive logic networks. By taking advantage of the monotonicity property of these networks, more consistent output can be produced and proper unary codes can be generated. Preliminary performance results are presented which indicate that adaptive logic networks are a good candidate for doing particle recognition and other pattern classification tasks requiring great speed.<<ETX>>


Transdermal fentanyl patches are an effective alternative to the sustained-release of oral morphine for chronic pain treatment. Due to the narrow therapeutic range of fentanyl, the fentanyl concentration in the blood needs to be controlled carefully. Only then, effective pain relief can be reached while avoiding adverse effects such as respiratory depression. In this study, a physics-based digital twin of the patient was developed by implementing mechanistic models for transdermal drug uptake and the patient's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics response. A digital twin is a virtual representation of the patient and the transdermal drug delivery system, which is linked to the real-world patient by patient feedback, sensor data of specific biomarkers, or customizing the twin to a particular patient characteristic, for example, based on the age. This digital twin can predict the transdermal drug delivery processes in-silico. Our twin is used first to predict conventional therapy's effect for using fentanyl patches on a virtual patient at different ages. The results show that by aging, the maximum transdermal fentanyl flux and maximum concentration of fentanyl in the blood decrease by 11.4% and 7.0%, respectively. Nonetheless, by aging, the pain relief increases by 45.2% despite the lower concentration of fentanyl in the blood for older patients. As a next step, the digital twin was used to propose a tailored therapy, based on the patient's age, to deliver fentanyl based on the patient's needs to alleviate pain. This predesigned therapy consisted of customizing the duration of applying and changing the commercialized fentanyl patches based on the calculated pain intensity. According to this therapy, a patient of 20 years old needs to change the patch 2.1 times more frequently compared to conventional therapy, which led to 30% more pain relief and 315% more time without pain. In addition, the digital twin was updated by the patient's pain intensity feedback. Such therapy led to an increase in the patient's breathing rate while having effective pain relief, therefore providing a safer and more comfortable treatment for the patient. We quantified the added value of a patient's physics-based digital twin and sketched the future roadmap for implementing such twin-assisted treatment into the clinics. Nomenclature Symbols ci The concentration of fentanyl in layer i (in the drug uptake model) [ng ml-1] cp The concentration of fentanyl in the central compartment [ng ml-1] cr The concentration of fentanyl in the rapid equilibrated compartment [ng ml-1] cs The concentration of fentanyl in the slow equilibrated compartment [ng ml-1] cg The concentration of fentanyl in the gastrointestinal compartment [ng ml-1] cl The concentration of fentanyl in the hepatic compartment [ng ml-1] ce The concentration of fentanyl in the effect compartment [ng ml-1] Di Diffusion coefficient of fentanyl in layer i (in the mechanistic model) [m2 s-1] D0 Base diffusion coefficient of fentanyl [m2 s-1] DT Diffusion coefficient of fentanyl at temperature T [m2 s-1] D306 Diffusion coefficient of fentanyl at 306[K] [m2 s-1] dpt The thickness of the transdermal patch [µm] dsc The thickness of the stratum corneum [µm] dvep The thickness of the viable epidermis [µm] dEdm The thickness of the equivalent dermis [µm] Ei The intensity of effect i The baseline of effect i The maximum effect i EC50,i The concentration related to half-maximum effect i [ng ml-1] fu The fraction of unbound fentanyl in plasma ji Fentanyl flux in layer i (in the mechanistic model) Ki/j The partition coefficient of fentanyl between layer i to j (in the mechanistic model) Ki The drug capacity in layer i (in the mechanistic model) kcs Inter-compartmental first-order equilibrium rate constant (central to slow equilibrated) [min-1] kcr Inter-compartmental first-order equilibrium rate constant (central to rapid equilibrated) [min-1] kcg Inter-compartmental first-order equilibrium rate constant (central to gastrointestinal) [min-1] kch Inter-compartmental first-order equilibrium rate constant (central to hepatic) [min-1] ksc Inter-compartmental first-order equilibrium rate constant (slow equilibrated to central) [min-1] krc Inter-compartmental first-order equilibrium rate constant (rapid equilibrated to central) [min-1] khc Inter-compartmental first-order equilibrium rate constant (hepatic to central) [min-1] kgh Inter-compartmental first-order equilibrium rate constant (gastrointestinal to hepatic) [min-1] kmet Metabolization rate constant [min-1] kre Renal clearance rate constant [min-1] ke Inter-compartmental first-order equilibrium rate constant (for effect compartment) [min-1] SI Sensitivity index t Time [h] tD Time lag [h] Dependent variable related to xi for sensitivity analysis Vc The apparent volume of the central compartment [L] Vs The apparent volume of the slow equilibrated compartment [L] Vr The apparent volume of the rapid equilibrated compartment [L] Vg The apparent volume of the gastrointestinal compartment [L] Vh The apparent volume of the hepatic compartment [L] xi The independent variable which sensitivity analysis is done based on it γ Hill coefficient ψi Drug potential in domain i [ng ml-1]


Vapour liquid equilibrium is condition wherein the liquid and vapour state of the components of a system are in equilibrium with each other. Conventionally, the vapour liquid equilibrium data is evaluated using the thermodynamic models, namely the equation of state (EOS), and the activity co- efficient models. The models falling under these categories are Peng-Robinson model, Margules model, vaanLaar model, Wilson's model, NRTL, UNIQUAC and UNIFAC model. VLE data is required in designing distillation columns and any doubt or inaccuracy in the prediction of the VLE data results in variation in design parameters which leads to variations in purity of the distillate, number of theoretical plates, reflux ratio and energy consumption which consequently leads to variation in cost. The VLE data predicted by the existing thermodynamic models show deviations from the experimental data. Hence, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model has been developed to predict the VLE so as to minimize the deviations from the experimental values. Several binary systems (1 simple and 6 azeotropicsystems) have been considered and VLE data has been predicted using the ANN, Margules and the van Laar models. The Root Squared Mean Deviation (RSMD) of predicted values has been calculated with respect to the experimental values. It has been observed that the data predicted by the ANN model is more accurate as compared to the Margules and van Laar models.


Background/need Pleural empyemas carry a high morbidity and mortality. Some can be managed with medical treatment but most require some form of surgery with the goals to remove the infected material from the pleural space and to help re-expand the collapsed lung. Keyhole surgery by Video Assisted Thoracoscopy Surgery (VATS) is rapidly becoming a common approach to deal with early stage empyemas to avoid larger, more painful thoracotomies that hinder recovery. However, the ability to achieve those aforementioned goals is often hindered by VATS surgery due to the instruments available. Methodology and device description We have developed a simple instrument called the "VATS Pleural Debrider" to achieve those goals in empyema surgery that can be used in keyhole surgery. Preliminary results We have used this device in over 90 patients with no peri-operative mortality and a low re-operation rate. Current status Used in routine urgent/emergency pleural empyema surgery across 2 cardiothoracic surgery centres.


This research paper proposes a common framework in which compressively sensed images are estimated and used in separate image wavelets based on a lifting. If full image is available, matched wavelet can be designed easily. The matched wavelet may also produce better results in reconstruction for Compressive sensing (CS) use, compared to standard wavelets as sparsifying bases. Since we have compressive sensed images in the CS system, there's no way to use current methods of the wavelet form. We are proposing a common framework which measures matched wavelets by compressive-sensed images and also reconstructs the whole image. This paper has three main inputs. Initially, a lifting-based, matched wavelet is built for the reconstruction of the compressively sensed image. Secondly, a simple matrix for sensing samples is used for sampling at a sub-Nyquist level to significantly lower sensing and reconstruction time. Third, there is a new strategy for the decomposition of L-Pyramid multilevel wavelets to implement wavelets on images to improve rebuild performance. The proposed theory approaches quick and better reconstruction in the CS applications when compared to the CS reconstruction methods used with standard wavelets in Gaussian sensing matrix and with the current wavelet decomposition strategy.


Graft copolymers of cassava starch and acrylonitrile were synthesized in aqueous solution using ceric ammonium ion as the initiator. Saponification of grafted copolymer was done by reaction with sodium hydroxide and precipitated with methanol. Grafting was confirmed byFourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The grafted copolymer and the hydrolyzed graft copolymer (hydrogel) were used as sorbent for the uptake of heavy metals from the aqueous media. The sorption capacity was evaluated by measuring the extent of sorption of nickel, copper, and leads metals ions, under equilibrium conditions. Using the sorption isotherm models, the Freundlich model was found suitable because of good fitness and equilibrium data yielded the following ultimate capacity values for the sorbent of the grafted copolymer: 54 mgPb/g, 64.5 mgCu/g and 71.1 mgNi/g and for the hydrogel: 72 mgPb/g, 76.6 mgCu/g and 86.5 mgNi/g. Hydrolysis increases the sorption affinity of grafted copolymer toward metal ions. Acid stripping with 2% HCl resulted in 99.6% metal recovery for the hydrogel and 52.2% for the grafted copolymer. This shows the ability of the product to be reused, upon drying between treatments.

 Key words: Acrylonitrile, cassava starch, grafted copolymer, heavy metals, hydrogel, sorption


This article examines the knowledge of topic and subject particles in heritage speakers and L2 learners of Japanese and Korean. We assume that topic marking is mediated at the syntax-information structure interface, while subject marking pertains to narrow syntax. In comparing phenomena mediated at different levels of linguistic organization, we provide evidence for the hypothesis that information structure-level phenomena present greater challenges for bilingual speakers than those mediated within syntax. While these results may be interpreted as evidence of generalized interface-related de cits, we show that such a global explanation is not supported. Instead, a more nuanced account is developed, based on the recognition of different types of topic (anaphoric, generic, and contrastive) and different types of subject (descriptive and exhaustive). Under the proposed account, the non-native speakers' de cits follow from three unrelated effects: the status of topic as an interface category, structural complexity, and the memory demands necessary for its interpretation in context. 3/30/2016 Laleko & Polinsky: Between syntax and discourse https://benjamins.com/online/lab/articles/lab.14018.lal?print=1 2/66 Publication history Date received: 27 April 2014 Date accepted: 08 April 2015 Published online: 25 March 2016 Table of contents doi: 10.1075/lab.14018.lal | Published online: 25 March 2016 Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism  | ISSN 1879-9264 | E-ISSN 1879-9272 © John Benjamins Publishing Company


— Objective: To analyze the medication rule of compound prescription containing Saposhnikovia divaricata for external treatment, and to provide reference for guiding clinical medication and research and development of new prescriptions. Method: Taking the periodical literature collected by CNKI as the data source, and using Excel 2013 and Clementine12.0 statistical software as tools, the statistical processing and association rule analysis of traditional Chinese medicine included in the standard are carried out.Result:Among all the compounds included in the standard, the top five Chinese medicines with the highest cumulative frequency are Saposhnikovia divaricata (45times,100.0%), Sophora flavescens (22times,48.9%), Phellodendron amurense (19times, 42.2%), Glycyrrhiza uralensis (15times,33.3%) and Dictamnus dasycarpus (14 times,31.1%).By analyzing association rules of compound prescription containing Saposhnikovia divaricata,12 common drug pairs were obtained. There are 7 kinds of common clinical diseases of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of diseases. The association rule analysis found that 8 kinds of combination of drug pairs with the highest association intensity for anorectal diseases and 8 kinds of combination of drug pairs with the highest association intensity for skin diseases. Conclusion: Through the analysis of compound prescription containing Saposhnikovia divaricata, the medication rule and compatibility characteristics of Saposhnikovia divaricata in external treatment for different diseases are reflected, which provides theoretical support for " simultaneous treatment of different diseases". Mathematical statistics is an important tool for analysis of medication rule in traditional Chinese medicine and provides modern research direction for guiding clinical medication.


Many ethnic groups in our country are in the position of border areas.In ethnic area,the behindhand economy is mostly because of their undeveloped education.Those who graduated from normal schools obviously tend to education,so they will play an important role in the compulsory education because they will exert great influences on pupils they teach.Moral is vital to a person' s development in his whole life.The"two lessons"focus their roles on activity and effect with their explicit and implicit characters.


Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) is rapidly emerging as the mainstream mobile display technology. This is posing new challenges on the design of energy-saving solutions for OLED displays, specifically intended for interactive devices such as smartphones, smartwatches and tablets. To this date, the standard solution is brightness scaling. However, the amount of the scaling is typically set statically (either by the user, through a setting knob, or by the system in response to predefined events such as low-battery status) and independently of the displayed image. In this work we describe a smart computing technique called Low-Overhead Adaptive Brightness Scaling (LABS), that overcomes these limitations. In LABS, the optimal content-dependent brightness scaling factor is determined automatically for each displayed image, on a frame-by-frame basis, with a low computational cost that allows real-time usage. The basic form of LABS achieves more than 35 percent power reduction on average, when applied to different image datasets, while maintaining the Mean Structural Similarity Index (MSSIM) between the original and transformed images above 97 percent.


This thesis describes the use of kinetic isotope effects, linear free energy relationships and stereochamical studies to distinguish between different mechanistic alternatives and to obtain information about transition state structure.In the first part fluorine and deuterium kinetic isotope effects were determined for the base promoted HF elimination from 4-fluoro-4-(4'-nitrophenyl)butane-2-on. During this work a new method for the determination of fluorine kinetic isotope effects was developed. The results from the study demonstrates that the reaction proceeds via an E1cBip mechanism.In the second part the transition state structure for the SN2 reaction between ethyl chloride and cyanide ion in DMSO was studied. Kinetic isotope effects for six different positions in the reacting system, both in cyanide and ethyl chloride, were determined. The experimental isotope effects were then compared with the theoretically predicted isotope effects. The third part describes the use of Hammett type free-energy relationships and stereochemical evidence to study the mechanism of the copper catalysed alkene aziridination. The results from the study support a model that involves the simultaneous presence of two different copper nitrene intermediates. One which reacts non-stereospecifically via a radical intermediate and one which reacts stereospecifically via a concerted mechanism.In the fourth part a mechanistic study of the Ru(aminoalcohol) catalysed transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone in isopropanol is described. Kinetic isotope effects were determined for both proton and hydride transfer. The observation of significant primary deuterium kinetic isotope effects for both proton and hydride transfer support a mechanism where the proton and hydride are transferred simultaneously in a concerted mechanism.


Information for individuals on the sale of a principal residence and related topics, including designation, disposition and changes in use.


The invention discloses an anti-shaking control method for a container shore bridge hanger. When the hanger is lifted, an anti-shaking controller acquires parameters of trolley speed, trolley position, hanger lifting speed, hanger swing length and hanger swing angle acquired by corresponding sensors and converted in real time, and the anti-shaking controller compares the swing angle of the hanger with a preset value and performs the following anti-shaking control when the swing angle is greater than the preset value: the anti-shaking controller selects a control model and a swing length representative value corresponding to a judgment interval according to the judgment interval of the hanger swing length or the swing length variation, and the anti-shaking controller calculates the trolley speed regulating parameter according to the swing length representative value and the real-time acquired hanger swing angle parameter under the selected control model and then provides a speed regulating signal for a trolley travelling controller to perform trolley acceleration so as to inhibit the swing angle of the hanger to realize anti-shaking control.


ABSTRACT I focus on the concept of the receptive field of a sensory neuron, taking it as a prominent case to address conceptual change in the history of neuroscience. I argue for an interpretation of its role and evolution based on the idea, previously rehearsed in the philosophy of biology, of a problem agenda. I claim that the concept's main contribution to visual neuroscience was that of establishing a problem agenda for the early experimental research on visual processing, thus structuring the field's experimental practices and integration between converging scientific fields. I pay particular attention to the research programme led by Hubel and Wiesel, revolving their famous experiments on the cat's visual cortex during the 60s, when receptive field exploration blossomed. I additionally claim that the concept's more recent evolution, witnessing a loss in its definiteness and centrality, can be accommodated by my account.


ABSTRACT Y(Lu)AG:Ce3+,Sm3+ yellow phosphors were prepared by molten salt method with 0.1NaCl-0.1KCl-0.8NaF as the molten salt. The effects of multi-factor variables on the properties of Y(Lu)AG:Ce3+,Sm3+ phosphors were comprehensively studied by orthogonal experiments which is a method to study the experiment with multi-factor variables and select some representative ones from the comprehensive experiment to find the optimal experimental conditions. The optimum synthesis conditions were as follows: Ce3+ concentration 0.06 mol%, Lu3+ concentration 0.5 mol%, Sm3+ concentration 0.02 mol%, calcination temperature 1300oC, insulation time 1.5 h. The effects of introduction of Lu3+ on the crystal structure, temperature stability and luminescence properties of YAG:Ce3+,Sm3+ were studied. The results showed that due to the introduction of Lu3+ ions, the matrix lattice slightly changed (belonging to the cubic crystal system), the emission peak was blue shifted, temperature stability improved and decay reduced, which plays an important role in improving the lifetime of white LEDs. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


Simple Summary Bowel cancer is one of the leading cancer-types in both sexes worldwide. Despite that most new cases and deaths occur in people aged 70 years or older, few clinical trials have investigated the best way to administer chemotherapy in older or frail patients. The NORDIC9-study established that moderately dose-reduced combination chemotherapy improved survival without extra side-effects compared to full dose single drug therapy. However, many older patients with incurable cancer seem to prefer preserved quality of life rather than longer survival. Therefore, our aim with the current quality of life analysis of the NORDIC9-study was to assess that the more effective chemotherapy was not at the expense of decreased quality of life. Our analyses showed that moderately dose-reduced combination chemotherapy-maintained quality of life, physical functioning, and resulted in less symptoms than treatment with full dose single drug in older patients not tolerating standard combination chemotherapy usually provided to young and fit patients. Abstract Quality of life data from randomized trials are lacking in older patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). In the randomized NORDIC9-study, reduced-dose S1+oxaliplatin (SOx) showed superior efficacy compared to full-dose S1 monotherapy. We hypothesized that treatment with SOx does not result in inferior quality of life. Patients with mCRC aged ≥70 years and that were not a candidate for standard combination chemotherapy were included and randomly assigned to receive either S1 or SOx. The EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire was completed at baseline, after 9, and 18 weeks. The primary endpoint was global Quality of Life (QoL) at 9 weeks. For statistical analysis, a non-inferiority design was chosen applying linear mixed effects models for repeated measurements. The results were interpreted according to statistical significance and anchor-based, clinically relevant between-group minimally important differences (MID). A total of 160 patients aged (median (Interquartile range (IQR))) 78 years (76–81) were included. The QLQ-C30 questionnaire was completed by 150, 100, and 60 patients at baseline, at 9, and 18 weeks, respectively. The difference at 9 weeks in global QoL was 6.85 (95%CI—1.94; 15.65) and 7.37 (0.70; 14.05) in the physical functioning domain in favor of SOx exceeding the threshold for MID. At 18 weeks, the between-group MID in physical functioning was preserved. Dose-reduced combination chemotherapy may be recommended in vulnerable older patients with mCRC, rather than full-dose monotherapy.


Instructors face myriad competing demands for topical coverage in their courses, while navigating pressure to teach in varied modalities and meet employers' expectations for graduates. Starting from a Scholarship of Teaching and Learning framework, this article contributes to the bridging-the-gap literature by addressing local employers' needs and proposing an entrepreneurship-based approach to business communication curriculum.


Mastering the Public Opinion Challenge is a practical, techniques-oriented book which shows how to analyze and manage external issues that ultimately affect a company's bottom line. Sherry Deveraux Ferguson shows readers how to turn their management strategy from theory-based planning to information-based planning to focus their organizations on client needs.


We propose a multiterminal nanostructure for electrical detection of the quantum spin Hall effect (QSHE) consisting of a ferromagnetic region with precessing magnetization which pumps pure spin current into adjacent topological insulators realized as graphene nanoribbons with intrinsic spin-orbit coupling. In the reference frame rotating with magnetization, the device is mapped onto a DC circuit with twice as many terminals whose effectively half-metallic ferromagnetic electrodes are biased by the frequency $\hbar \omega/e$ of the microwave radiation driving the magnetization precession. In the QSHE regime, the device blocks longitudinal pumped spin current while generating DC transverse charge currents, albeit non-quantized. We also image spatial profiles of spin and charge currents through helical edge states of the topological insulators embedded within the inhomogeneous nanodevice.


Unlike graphene-like silicene, a recently reported hybrid honeycomb-kagome (hhk) silicene is a semiconductor instead of a gapless Dirac-cone, which has great potential applications in semiconducting devices. Here, using first-principles calculations combined with Boltzmann transport equation, we find that hhk-silicene has high Seebeck coefficient and power factor as arising from the moderate band-gap and low effective mass. Meanwhile, compared to graphene-like silicene, the soften acoustic branches and enhanced anharmonicity lead to the extremely low lattice thermal conductivity, i.e., 0.68 W mK−1 at 300 K. Calculated thermoelectric figure of merit reaches 1.98 at 300 K, which is a recorded value among two-dimensional materials, indicating the potential of hhk-silicene as a thermoelectric material.


The credit application process is one of a service that involves queues. This study aims to determine the design of the credit process application service system at the Lambang Ganda Serang Credit Bank using the Petri Net model. This study has 12 places, eight transitions, six operators, and 22 arcs of Petri Net model from credit application service system using Woped 3.2.0 version software


—In this paper, we propose a peer-to-peer (P2P) content distribution system that allows the efficient distribution of large-sized multimedia contents while preserving the security and privacy of content providers (merchants) and end users (buyers), respectively. However, the privacy of a buyer can be revoked as soon as he/she is found guilty of copyright violation. A payment protocol is also proposed that provides a secure payment mechanism, where personal information and order information cannot be exposed to an unauthorized third party. In addition, a reputation-based system is introduced for the selection of the proxy peers required for secure delivery of the fingerprinted content from the merchant to the buyer. The paper presents a thorough security analysis of the system against several security compromising attacks.


The design, manufacturing and characterization of the near infrared fast, low non-saturable loss semiconductor mirrors with saturable absorption based on InGaAs quantum wells separated by super-lattice GaAs/InGaAs barriers are analyzed from the viewpoints of recovery time shortening mechanism and of further improvement of mirror performance.


By the time of Constantine, the church was a sufficiently robust organisation for the emperor to engage it as a partner in unifying the empire. Systems of authority, patterns of belief and control of funds and property had turned the household communities into an interlinked, empire-wide organisation that mirrored the structure of the empire itself. Irenaeus ideas for identifying true tradition in the face of diversity of faith and practice were adopted enthusiastically by Tertullian, about 200 CE. Scripture provided a cultic 'typology', reinforcing the growing power of the bishops and other orders of ministry. Christians were originally distinct from biblical Judaism and from the pagan world around them in that they had no sacrificial cult. By the time Matthew was written, judgement needed two or three witnesses, private expostulation and a public hearing by 'the assembly' or ecclesia before expulsion; the decision of the assembled believers, upheld by God, should be mercifully applied.


It is interesting to note, however, that this has not happened even in the United States, where overall net worth has been rising in recent years. In 1986, for example, gross domestic investment was $617 billion, capital consumption was $457 billion, leaving net domestic investment at about $214 billion. Net foreign liabilities rose in the year by $144 billion, so national net worth rose by around $70 billion.


Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have received significant attention because of their potential for replacing or modifying the existing charge transporting materials in organic solar cells (OSCs) with their unique crystalline structure and desirable electrical properties. Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has been considered as the representative hole transporting material owing to its notable optical transmittance, electrical conductivity, and solution-processability. In this study, we provide a facile method to introduce a liquid-phase exfoliated TMD, tungsten diselenide (WSe2), as the device performance enhancer in OSCs. Implementation of WSe2 into PEDOT:PSS without significant change to the surface morphology mediates effective charge transport in the completed device. The phase separation of PEDOT and PSS induced by the WSe2 provides a conductivity enhancement in the modified hole transport layer (HTL), which contributes to the increase of hole mobility and decrease of charge recombination loss in the OSCs, resulting in the improvement of power conversion efficiency from 7.3% to 8.5% for pristine and modified HTL devices, respectively. These results provide a simple strategy for the enhancement of device performance in OSCs, demonstrating their promising potential in the application of TMDs for next-generation energy harvesting devices.


The increasing subdivision of the world into trade blocs has had particularly adverse effects on Canada, the only remaining industrially developed Western country without free access to one of the large markets on which industrial efficiency now depends. Accordingly, it is important for Canada not only to support the current round of Gatt negotiations, but also simultaneously to pursue some initiative along the lines proposed here: namely reciprocal tariff-free entry into the us market on the one hand and the European market on the other. The reasons why this would be particularly beneficial for Canada are set out, along with the reasons why the us and Europe might be prepared to cooperate. Le Canada a particulibrement ete d6savantag6 par la tendance du monde actuel, 'a se diviser en blocs commerciaux. Ainsi, il demeure le seul pays industriel de l'Occident qui n'a pas libre acces 'a l'un des grands marches dont depend aujourd'hui le rendement du secteur industriel. 11 est donc important pour le Canada, non seulement d'appuyer la phase actuelle des n6gociations au sein du Gatt, mais aussi, en meme temps, de faire preuve d'une certaine initiative, qui irait dans ce sens: a savoir, la suppression


This article argues that in the mid to late eighteenth century, political economy, through writers such as Francois Quesnay, David Hume and Adam Smith, saw a discussion of 'despotism', which stood for thinking through the political arrangement within which economic productivity was formulated; even as the distinction between the two was not always self-evident. This theoretical function of despotism disappears in the 'mature' phase of political economy (David Ricardo), precisely when it was taking shape—in institutional and conceptual-lexical terms—in the subcontinent through Britain's conquest of India via the East India Company. We argue that the disappearance of despotism at the conceptual level in this phase in Britain is not only questionable from a theoretical standpoint but also played its historical role as a decoy in occluding attention toward imperialism in India wherein the distinction between the political and the economic was becoming more and more difficult to make. Through such an investigation we thus hope to examine the emergence of the economy (and by implication the state-political) as an independent analytic site as well as evaluate its categories and historical significance. We base our argument on a reading of the canonical texts of figures such as Adam Smith, William Blackstone and David Ricardo, Land Revenue Settlement sources in India and the hitherto neglected economic writings of W.H. Sleeman.


We have recently proposed a new prediction model for risk mortality based on four parameters of congestion to predict mortality in patients with acute or chronic heart failure. This risk model (HYDRA Score, HS) is based on the number of parameters of congestion above significant cut–offs (range 0–4): BNP >441 pg/mL, estimated plasma volume status (ePVS) >5.3 dL/gr, bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) >73.8%, and BUN/creatinine ratio (BUN/Cr) >25. As bioimpedance vector analysis is a measure of peripheral congestion but it is not frequently used in clinical practice, we evaluated the performance of the risk model by including the presence of peripheral edema in place of BIVA (HYDRA Semplified Score, HSS).

 We analysed data from 436 HF patients. During a one–year follow–up 81 patients died (18.6%). Discrimination for all–cause mortality was compared by Harrell's C–statistic. Calibration was assessed by Hosmer–Lemeshow test and global performance by Nagelkerke's R2. Correlation between scores was assessed by Spearman rank test. Correlation between the scores was good (rho = 0.91, p<0.001). The two risk models showed similar results in terms of discrimination analyses (HS 0.786 vs HSS 0.760; p=0.09) and global performance (R2 = 0.26 and R2 =0.21). The Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness–of–fit test demonstrated the best calibration of HS risk model (χ2 6.5, P=0.60 for HS model and χ2 7.7, P=0.45 for HSS model).

 Simplified HYDRA score seems a good and friendly model risk to predict one–year mortality in patients with heart failure and could be used as alternative to HYDRA score.


Reperfusion after reversible regional ischemia has been shown to result in delayed recovery of myocardial function, but the mechanism responsible for this phenomenon remains unknown. We explored the potential role of oxygen-free radicals as mediators of postischemic dysfunction in open-chest dogs undergoing a 15 min occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) followed by 2 hr of reperfusion. Treated animals (n = 19) received an infusion of the oxygen free-radical scavengers superoxide dismutase (SOD; 15,000 U/kg) and catalase (CAT; 55,000 U/kg) for 1 hr starting 15 min before LAD occlusion, while control animals (n = 20) received an equal volume of saline. SOD and CAT produced no discernible effect on heart rate, aortic pressure, or left atrial pressure. Collateral flow to the ischemic zone (radioactive microspheres) was 0.07 + 0.01 ml/min/g in both groups. The size of the occluded bed as determined by postmortem perfusion was 26.1 + 1.2% of the left ventricle in the control group and 26.5 + 0.9% in the treated group. Systolic wall thickening (an index of regional function) was assessed with an epicardial pulsed-Doppler probe. The two groups exhibited comparable systolic thickening under baseline conditions and similar degrees of dyskinesia during ischemia. Nevertheless, recovery of function (expressed as percent of baseline) was considerably greater in the treated dogs, both at 1 hr (43.8 + 14.3 vs 12.8 11.6) and 2 hr of reperfusion (74.2 8.4 vs 31.6 + 9.8, p < .005). This improved recovery of function obtained with SOD and CAT suggests that oxygen-free radicals play an important role in the genesis of myocardial dysfunction after a brief episode of regional ischemia. Circulation 72, No. 4, 915-921, 1985. REPERFUSION after a brief period of experimental coronary artery occlusion results in delayed recovery of regional function despite the absence of myocardial cell necrosis. 1 The mechanism underlying this persistent but ultimately reversible dysfunction, or myocardial "stunning,"' remains unclear. There is, however, mounting evidence to implicate oxygen-free radicals; as mediators of reperfusion injury in various organ systems, including the heart.6 These byproducts of oxygen metabolism, which include the superoxide anion (0-2), hydrogen peroxide (H202), and the hydroxyl radical (OHR), are highly reactive substances capable From the Experimental Animal Laboratory, Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston. Address for correspondence: M. L. Myers, M.D., 375 South St., Victoria Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4G5. Received April 1, 1985; revision accepted July 12, 1985. This study was carried out during Dr. Myers' tenure as a Fellow of the Medical Research Council of Canada. The results were presented in part at the thirty-fourth meeting of the American College of Cardiology, Anaheim, CA, March, 1985. Vol. 72, No. 4, October 1985 of producing marked cellular damage. It has recently been shown that administration of the oxygen free-radical scavengers superoxide dismutase (SOD), a scavenger of the superoxide anion, and catalase (CAT), a scavenger of hydrogen peroxide, results in a significant decrease in infarct size in a canine preparation of 90 min of coronary artery occlusion.7 Furthermore, free-radical scavengers have been reported to improve global ventricular function after prolonged hypothermic ischemic arrest.8-10 Results obtained in such preparations of irreversible ischemic injury, or prolonged global ischemia, cannot necessarily be extrapolated to the setting of a brief episode of regional ischemia. Thus, the role of oxygen-free radicals in the pathogenesis of postischemic dysfunction after transient coronary occlusion remains unknown. Accordingly, the present study was undertaken to determine whether the free-radical scavengers SOD and CAT could enhance recovery of function after reversible regional ischemia in open-chest dogs 915 by gest on Jauary 3, 2018 http://ciajournals.org/ D ow nladed from


Vaccination is one of the most important methods in disease prevention. To maintain the effectiveness of these biological products it is necessary to keep them at temperatures between 2° C and 8° C. Thermoelectric chillers are solid-state devices that convert electrical energy into thermal energy, although these systems are designed for small cooling capacities, from 2 to 250 Watts, they are optimal for cooling portable systems. This paper describes the design, analysis and energy evaluation of a portable system for the transfer of vaccines in rural areas, which will be powered by solar energy. The design integrates the choice of thermal insulation, geometry, capacity and interior arrangement of the container. The energy analysis is carried out based on the modeling and simulation using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) of the system. The results show the temperature distribution within the refrigerated device, as well as the most appropriate arrangement for its implementation; the type of thermoelectric cell recommended to maintain vaccines at the optimum storage temperature and the capacity of the photovoltaic panel for the required energy. Based on the results, the energy evaluation that shows the viability of the system is carried out.


In the THETA program, high school students are learning proper oral hygiene procedures for themselves and to teach elementary school children. THETA involves high school students in a work experience program—teaching oral hygiene to elementary school children. First, the THETA students and elementary school teachers are trained in preventive care. Then the THETA students develop a classroom plan of instruction and work with the children. Elementary school children in Ukiah, Calif, who were instructed by THETA students became more knowledgeable and skilled in oral hygiene procedures.


SUMMARY
This short article is about the realization that the most important lessons of the author's long-term fieldwork in Galicia (Spain) since 1985 are rendered in silence. The disruption engendered by the author's stroke in 1998 and the aphasia, the speechlessness, it created were helpful in her learning process. In this article, the author chronicles how she learned to see her physically induced silence as a source of insight into the disruptions experienced by her participants, including the communal disruption endured by the Galician people after the Prestige oil spill disaster.


In order to improve inspection facilities of automation and information,the construction ideas of modernization enterprises were found.After analyzing the inspection facilities of domestic and foreign iron and steel enterprises,the automatic sample preparation,automatic testing equipment and information automation as modern enterprise construction ideas were proposed.


We present a multi-wavelength spectral and temporal analysis of the blazar OJ 287 during its recent activity between December 2015 -- May 2016, showing strong variability in the near-infrared (NIR) to X-ray energies with detection at $\gamma$-ray energies as well. Most of the optical flux variations exhibit strong changes in polarization angle and degree. All the inter-band time lags are consistent with simultaneous emissions. Interestingly, on days with excellent data coverage in the NIR--UV bands, the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) show signatures of bumps in the visible--UV bands, never seen before in this source. The optical bump can be explained as accretion-disk emission associated with the primary black hole of mass $\sim \rm 1.8 \times10^{10} M_{\odot}$ while the little bump feature in the optical-UV appears consistent with line emission. Further, the broadband SEDs extracted during the first flare and during a quiescent period during this span show very different $\gamma$-ray spectra compared to previously observed flare or quiescent spectra. The probable thermal bump in the visible seems to have been clearly present since May 2013, as found by examining all available NIR-optical observations, and favors the binary super-massive black hole model. The simultaneous multi-wavelength variability and relatively weak $\gamma$-ray emission that shows a shift in the SED peak is consistent with $\gamma$-ray emission originating from inverse Compton scattering of photons from the line emission that apparently contributes to the little blue bump.


We deal with frequency responses of certain median filtering algorithms (linear combinations of weighted medians). Some typical signals /sub e/terministic and random - were used as inputs of median filters and the effects in frequency domain are presented.


The UK takes great pride for its National Health Service (NHS) which is free at the point of delivery and cares for a diverse multi-racial and multi-cultural society. The 2011 UK census suggests that approximately 13% (8.17 m) of the total UK population are non-white comprising Asian, Black, mixed race and others. The commonest countries of birth are India, Poland, Pakistan, Republic of Ireland, Germany, Bangladesh, South Africa and Nigeria, respectively, with many others on this list. Some cities in England such as London, Birmingham and Bradford have high densities of ethnic minority population such as South Asian ranging between 18% and 27%, with some pockets with even higher proportions. This presents a major challenge to the UK NHS, also seen in many other countries such as USA, Canada and Australia with a multi-ethnic population. The NHS is firmly committed to maintaining equity of access. However, there is mounting evidence from the UK and other high-income western countries that there are significant health inequalities and poorer clinical outcomes amongst Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) groups with much of the focus thus far directed towards cardiovascular diseases, cancer and mental health. There is a longstanding acknowledgement of an unmet need for Allergy care in the UK NHS, particularly in Northwest England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland despite ongoing concern relating to the consistency of access to high-quality care. In this editorial, we critically appraise the published evidence regarding health inequalities and clinical outcomes with respect to Allergy, Asthma and Primary Immunodeficiencies. We present relevant epidemiological and clinical outcome data, address gaps in specialist services and formulate a strategic approach going forward with an aim to shape services that achieve "horizontal" (equal access for equal need) and "vertical" equity (those with unequal health needs that require a unequal and/or a different healthcare) in BAME population.


Poly(arylene ether nitriles) (PEN) containing various contents of graphene nanosheets (GNs) was prepared via solution-casting method and investigated for their dielectric, mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties. For PEN/GNs nanocomposite with 5 wt % GNs, the dielectric constant was increased to 9.0 compared with that of neat PEN (3.1) and dielectric losses of all nanocomposites were in the range of 0.019–0.023 at 1 kHz. The tensile modulus and strength were increased about 6 and 14% with 0.5% GNs, respectively. The fracture surfaces of the all PEN/GNs nanocomposites revealed that GNs had good adhesion to PEN matrix. The thermal properties of the nanocomposites showed significant increase with increasing GN loading. For 5 wt % GNs-reinforced PEN nanocomposite, the temperatures corresponding to a weight loss of 5 wt % (Td5%) and 30 wt % (Td30%) increased by about 20 and 13°C, respectively. Rheological properties of the PEN nanocomposites showed a sudden change with the GN fraction and the percolation threshold was about 1 wt % of GNs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012


The coupling between betatron and synchrotron oscillations in a tapered wiggler free-electron laser (FEL) is investigated analytically and numerically. The resonance between the oscillations, first investigated by Rosenbluth, is shown to be important only for a very limited range of parameters. In general, the resonance is not a serious detrapping mechanism for high-power FEL amplifiers.


This paper is one of a set related to the Sloshel project (which is overviewed in Brosset, Mravak, Kaminski, Collins & Finnigan, 2009). This particular paper considers numerical simulations of fluid loading and structural response, carried out by Lloyd's Register, one of 5 Class societies involved in the Sloshel project. The section of Lloyd's Register responsible for this work was Lloyd's Register ODS, Technical Investigation and Analysis Consultancy. The experimental data was provided by MARIN The numerical work described will be in two main parts: (i) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of fluid loading; (ii) finite element analysis (FEA) simulation of structural response. The CFD work will address 2D modelling, first order and second order discretisations, meshing and numerical setups, flow results, wall pressures, peak pressures and total load comparisons. The FEA work will address simulations of an individual NO96 box – static and dynamic – and simulations of the full scale wall – natural frequency and transient response. A selection of results will be given, focussing on the correlation between experimental and simulated pressures, loads and strains. The simulations described follow the philosophy of a "decoupled" approach, separating the fluid loading from the structural response. However it is intended during subsequent stages of Sloshel to directly couple the fluid loading and structural response.


Is the innovation of educational computing likely to be effective in facilitating the development of children's minds? The research reported in this thesis approached the question by investigating two issues related to the introduction of classroom computers. Firstly, is the educational environment receptive to the new technology, and secondly, can computer-based learning make significant changes in the development of children's cognitive ability?

The study of attitudes to educational computing was conducted using questionnaire techniques over a three year period, sampling more than 300 teachers and teachers-in-training. There were two main goals: to measure and compare the attitudes of serving teachers and teachers-in-training, and to identify factors influencing the development of these attitudes. Four main attitudinal groups were identified by a cluster analysis, with more positive than negative statements being made, in general. Positive attitudes revolved around the potential of the computer to promote more child-centred learning, and around its usefulness across a wide spectrum of the curriculum.

The investigations of the role of the computer in developing children's minds, conducted using experimental and case study techniques, also had two main strands. A series of experiments determined the children's knowledge of the ways in which data can be organised, a pre-requisite for the use of classroom databases. The experiments suggested that junior school children should be able to use two-dimensional data structures even though they might have difficulty in constructing them. The second strand in these investigations was to observe the effects of the use of computer databases upon classificatory ability, Using pre-test post-test comparisons children were found to benefit from the use of proprietary software in that their logical thought improved. The detailed observation of eighteen case studies confirmed the usefulness of data-bases in the development of children's thinking.

The study by using a number of research techniques has demonstrated that the educational community is prepared to accept the innovation of classroom computers, and that significant cognitive gains will accrue by doing so.


Massive black hole (MBH) binaries, formed as a result of galaxy mergers, are expected to harden by dynamical friction and three-body stellar scatterings, until emission of gravitational waves (GWs) leads to their final coalescence. According to recent simulations, MBH binaries can efficiently harden via stellar encounters only when the host geometry is triaxial, even if only modestly, as angular momentum diffusion allows an efficient repopulation of the binary loss cone. In this paper, we carry out a suite of N-body simulations of equal-mass galaxy collisions, varying the initial orbits and density profiles for the merging galaxies and running simulations both with and without central MBHs. We find that the presence of an MBH binary in the remnant makes the system nearly oblate, aligned with the galaxy merger plane, within a radius enclosing 100 MBH masses. We never find binary hosts to be prolate on any scale. The decaying MBHs slightly enhance the tangential anisotropy in the centre of the remnant due to angular momentum injection and the slingshot ejection of stars on nearly radial orbits. This latter effect results in about 1% of the remnant stars being expelled from the galactic nucleus. Finally, we do not find any strong connection between the remnant morphology and the binary hardening rate, which depends only on the inner density slope of the remnant galaxy. Our results suggest that MBH binaries are able to coalesce within a few Gyr, even if the binary is found to partially erase the merger-induced triaxiality from the remnant.


Capable of improving the current collecting efficiency, a fuel cell module comprising a tubular fuel cells, and provides a fuel cell comprising the fuel cell module. Parallel arrayed plurality of tubular fuel cells (10A, 10A, ...), a first current collector (35) comprises a plurality of tubular fuel cells (10A, 10A, ...) is , the first current collector (35), the tubular cells (10A, 10A, ...) are knitted in a direction intersecting the axial direction in a plan view of a fuel cell module (100).


Clerodendron inerme belongs to the family Verbenaceae found in southern region of India, which is used in the treatment of Veneral diseases, Rheumatism, Elephantiasis and Intermittent fever. The qualitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloid, steroids, phenols, flavanoids, tannins, carbohydrates, fixed oils and volatile oils. The Petroleum ether, Chlorofrom, Ethyl acetate, Ethanol and water fractions of the leaves of Clerodendron inerme were subjected to In vitro Anti-inflammatory activity by HRBC membrane stabilization method in various concentration i.e. 10,50,100,200,400,800,1000µg/ml. All the extracts showed positive response as compared to standard Diclofenac sodium. The Ethyl acetate and Ethanol extracts showed maximum activity. The order of effect of different extracts were represented as follows Ethyl acetate> Ethanol >Water> Chloroform> Petroleum ether. The Petroleum ether, Chlorofrom, Ethyl acetate, Ethanol and water fractions of the leaves of Clerodendron inerme were subjected to invitro anti- arthritic activity by protein denaturation method. All the extracts showed positive response .The effect was represented as follows Ethyl acetate> Chloroform>Ethanol> Water> Petroleum ether.


We have constructed noncommutative phi^4 field theory on kappa-Minkowski spacetime. Quantum properties via 2-point functions were analized, and effect of birefringence for the massive scalar field has been found.