This dissertation addresses three questions regarding investments in agricultural research and development (R&D): why, how much, and why not more? The economics literature sees profit as the principal incentive to investing in agricultural R&D. However, this profit motive is constrained by many factors, which makes it quite complicated to detect a direct link between R&D investment and impact. Conceptually, this link could be captured by an R&D opportunity curve , which links the investment in a portfolio of R&D projects with (expected) rates of return to individual R&D projects. While such a link between R&D investment and impact is usually assumed to be implicit, this dissertation attempts to make this link explicit and estimate the shape and position of the agricultural R&D opportunity curve for different sets of countries (developed versus developing) and for different time periods (early 1960s versus early 1980s). This is done by bringing together information on investment levels in agricultural R&D (the how much question) with information obtained from a large number of different studies on rates of return to agricultural R&D. The question of "How much is invested in agricultural R&D?" is addressed in a series of four chapters that have been published previously as articles. They show that in both developed and developing countries, the growth in investment in public agricultural R&D has slowed down steadily during the past 30 years. Nevertheless, between 1961 and 1991 public agricultural research investments in developed countries increased in real terms (i.e., net of inflation) by a factor of 2.7 and in developing countries, by a factor of 5.3. Despite this growth, however, there has not been a notable decline in the average rate of return to investments in agricultural R&D. This finding can only be reconciled by assuming that the R&D opportunity curve is not constant but shifts (and in this case positively) through time. The estimated shape and position of the R&D opportunity curves provides a good starting point for assessing the widely shared perception that there is underinvestment in agricultural R&D. An important finding of this dissertation is that in relative terms, developing countries not only have a considerably more limited portfolio of profitable agricultural R&D projects to choose from than developed countries, but their capacity to select, finance, and implement those opportunities is also substantially weaker. Hence, underinvestment in agricultural R&D tends to be more critical in developing than in developed countries.


On Children's Day in 1994. Hong Kong held a special activity(别开生面的活动). In this activity, children and their parents acted as(充当)the rich and poor.In the dinner, the rich could have delicious food while the poor could only have bread with porridge.


ABSTRACT: Following Patten (2005), we focus on corporate disclosure of environmental capital expenditure projections and spending, and address two separate issues related to the corporate use of manipulative disclosure. First, we investigate whether potential increases in oversight and accountability due to the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) in 2002 and the issuance of the Governmental Accountability Office's (GAO 2004) report on its investigation of corporate environmental disclosure may have induced firms to be less egregious in their use of overspending projections. Second, given the flexibility in the disclosure requirements, we explore whether, within the sample of companies providing projections of environmental capital spending, greater legitimacy exposures are associated with differences in the use of language within the disclosures. We find, first, that while the incidence and severity of over-projections of environmental capital spending decreased following the GAO (2004) report, the ch...


Nanotechnology is a fast-growing technology because of It's capable of solving many problems related to animal production and health and plays important roles in the veterinary medicine field. Nanoparticles are characterized by minimal size, it has a role in the improvement of drug delivery, animal health and production. Also used as alternative antimicrobial agents inspect of using large amounts of antibiotics, new drug and vaccine as delivery agents with improved characteristic and performance, diagnostic therapeutic, nutrient delivery, feed additive, biocidal agents and increase the quality of food by using many kinds of nanoparticles such as a polymeric nanoparticle, liposomes, dendrimers and metal nanoparticles. Nanonephrology is a branch of nanomedicine deals with the study of kidney proteins at the nano level and study of cellular structure and process that happened in the kidney with the help of imaging by nano technique and with use of very little size (nano size) particle in treatment of kidney disorder which include acute and chronic kidney disease. With the help of nanotechnology, we replace kidney transplantations and dialysis with low cost and safe animal and human life. Nanonephrology gives us information of molecular structure at the cellular level in normal kidneys functions and at pathological state by studying the chemical and physical characteristic of kidneys proteins and cells at the atomic level by design and structure of nanoparticles that will be matched to the renal cells thus safely and easily perform their function in the kidney. The advantages of nanonephrology in nanomedicine are focused on renal nano diagnostics for studies of basic renal function and early diagnosis of acute and chronic kidney disorders.


The mesonic structure of the nucleon is a central topic of research at MAMI. Presently it is not known, how the mesonic degrees of freedom emerge from the fundamental quark and gluon fields of QCD. The mesonic structure of the nucleon is investigated in our H2-project by meson photoand electroproduction in the threshold region and in the nucleon resonance region, where the contribution of the virtual meson cloud plays an important role for the "dressing" of nucleon resonances. The high precision, high statistics data from our experiments are compared to theoretical predictions based on chiral perturbation theory (ChPT) and more recently by predictions based on lattice calculations, which both try to link the QCD picture with the meson-nucleon dynamical view.


A set of 255 counts was compiled for 13 points using 10-minute periods subtallied at 3 and 6 minutes. The data from each point were subsampled using combinations of count periods, numbers, and schedules to compare the effectiveness of these different regimes at per point coverage. Interspecifically, detection frequencies differed in level and pattern as a function of count period length. The complex nature of detection frequencies is discussed in relation to density and to species-specific activity patterns. Short count periods (3 minutes) are more sensitive to changes in activity levels than long ones. The use of longer periods effectively increases the number of comparable hours for sampling per field day, probably increases the usable length of the field season, and may reduce the effects of observer differences. Analyses of detection frequency data and of species and individual accumulation curves suggest that a point of diminishing returns has been reached well before conducting five 10-minute counts per point. We detect no difference in the effectiveness of same-day and different-day count regimes during our June study period. An increase in count period decreases the number of points that can be surveyed per unit of field time, but increases the total amount of time surveyed. Once between-point time reaches 10 minutes, the count period has little effect on the number of points at which many species are detected per unit of field time. Because data from each has different applications, we recommend that a 10-minute count period with 3- and 5- minute subtotals be used for some monitoring regimes. The selection of the number of repeat counts per point depends on the purpose of the project, but for most monitoring applications three or fewer surveys should be conducted per point per season.


Objective To design and develop a software for statistics and analysis in nutrition.MethodsA quick and convenient software was developed with software engineering theory and nutrition knowledge to meet the needs of the clients.(ResultsA) new software system with self-computation and analysis was developed.ConclusionWith quick computation,reliable results,and convenient operation,the software can meet the needs of teaching and research.


12 Resumo 13 Introduction 15 Blood vessels and endothelial cell properties 15 1. Blood vessels 15 2. Endothelial Cells 16 2.1. Endothelial Cell Polarity 17 2.2. Endothelial Cell Adhesion 17 2.2.1. Cell-to-cell Junctions 19 2.2.2. Cell-to-matrix Junctions 20 2.3. Endothelial cells proliferation and apoptosis 21 3. Angiogenesis 21 Bone marrow vessels: "instructors" of hematopoietic function 23 MicroRNAs 25 1. miRNA biogenesis and mechanism of action 25 2. miRNA nomenclature 26 3. Prediction of miRNA putative targets 27 MicroRNA-21 29 Aims 32 Methods 33 Cell Culture 33 HUVECs Transfection 33 RNA Extraction 34 cDNA Synthesis 35 1. cDNA Synthesis for analysis of miRNA levels 35 2. cDNA Synthesis for analysis of expression of coding genes 36


PURPOSE: A method for preparing lactide using a catalyst which is able to directly produce from lactic acid ester is provided. CONSTITUTION: A lactide is prepared by ester exchange of lactic acid ester of chemical formula 1 under the presence of titanium catalyst or catalyst mixture containing the titanium catalyst. The lactic acid as an starter contains 20 weight% of lactic acid, lactic acid oligomer or mixture thereof. The titanium catalyst is tetraalkoxy titan((R'O)_4Ti), titanium halide(TiX_4, TiX_3, X= F,Cl,Br), alkoxytitanium halide((R'O)_4-xTiXx, X= F,Cl,Br, x= 1 - 3), titanium acetyl acetonate, or alkoxide acetyl acetonate.


The purpose of this study is to reveal the determinants of foreign market entry strategies of Turkey-based multinational enterprises by taking into account of the context of Turkey, based on the basic assumptions of Dunning's OLI Model, Uppsala Model and Mathews' LLL Model. The sample is selected by intentional sampling method from the research universe that is consisting of businesses traded in the BIST. It is formed by 388 affiliates of 72 major companies operating in 53 different host countries. According to the findings of regression analysis, generally, many of the variables within the framework of the theories are effective at various levels on the entry strategies of the Turkey-based multinational enterprises.


A novel method for computing the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) over a finite field based on the Goertzel-Blahut algorithm is described. The novel method is currently the best one for computing the DFT over even extensions of the characteristic two finite field, in terms of multiplicative complexity.


Preface 1. Space Matters! Impacts for Risk Governance Ortwin Renn and Andreas Klinke 2. Riskscapes: The Spatial Dimensions of Risk Detlef Muller-Mahn and Jonathan Everts 3. A Place for Space in Risk Research - The Example of Discourse Analysis Approaches Peter Weichhart and Karl-Michael Hoferl 4. Risk, Space and System Theory: Communication and management of natural hazards Jurgen Pohl, Swen Zehetmair and Julia Mayer 5. The Certainty of Uncertainty: Topographies of risk and landscapes of fear in Sri Lanka's civil war Benedikt Korf 6. Anxiety and Risk: Pandemics in the 21st century Jonathan Everts 7. Ungoverned Territories - The construction of spaces of risk in the 'War on Terrorism' Conrad Schetter 8. Spaces of Risk and Cultures of Resilience - HIV/AIDS and Adherence in Botswana Fred Kruger 9. Risk as a Technology of Power: FRONTEX as an example of the de-politicization of EU migration regimes Bernd Belina and Judith Miggelbrink 10. An impossible site? Understanding risk and its geographies in Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo Martin Doevenspeck 11. Boundary-making as a Strategy for Risk Reduction in Conflict-prone Spaces Hermann Kreutzmann 12. Bethinking Oneself of the Risk of (Physical) Geography Barbara Zahnen 13. Space and Time: Coupling dimensions in natural hazard risk management? Sven Fuchs and Margreth Keiler 14. Making Sense of the Spatial Dimensions of Risk Detlef Muller-Mahn, Jonathan Everts and Martin Doevenspeck


Summary:  Purpose: Aprosody and amusia are disorders commonly associated with right hemisphere abnormalities. They are regarded as negative phenomena and usually seen after strokes. We report a case of a patient who had both expressive aprosody and amusia as a clinical manifestation of right temporooccipital seizures.


This experimental study focusses on the viability of three low-grade biofuels in small-scale biomass units of 7–12 kW The tested materials were homemade grass pellets (gp1 and gp2) and a mixture of leaves and woody pellets (lp50) that were made without binders and completely characterized in terms of their chemical and physical properties (proximate analysis, elementary composition, ash content, flowability, etc.). The results obtained with the non-commercial fuels were compared with commercial wood pellets (wp). The viability study comprised the operational parameter influences, such as primary and secondary airflow, fuel consumption, etc., together with the impact of those parameters on the main problems in combustion (concentration and particle distribution, fouling and slagging). The results revealed that the biomass whose behavior during combustion induced fewer particulate emissions and deposits was the mixed fuel, made of 50% leaf + 50% wood pellet (lp50). Contrary to the grass-based pellets, lp50 has the possibility of being used in commercial devices with the incorporation of processes during the manufacturing that improve their properties.


With the increase of the printing machine speed, once the printing failure is not solved in time, it will affect the normal production and cause a lot of waste. The overprinting fault is one of the common faults of various printing machines, and the modularization and complexity of various color groups make the fault depend mainly on the experience of the people. A fault feature extraction and diagnosis method based on One-class Support Vector Machines (One-class SVM) is proposed in this paper. According to the characteristics of typical faults of printing machines and three kinds of information obtained by built-in sensors, external sensors and printed materials, established typical fault characteristic parameter sets of printing machines. The One-class SVM fault diagnosis model of printing machine is established by One-class SVM method. According to the nonlinear and separable feature of printing machine faults, the kernel function suitable for typical faults of printing machines is determined. Taking a multi color lithography machine as an example, the dynamic signals are obtained by field test in view of the inconsistency of registration accuracy in different color sets. Through signal feature extraction and mesh parameter optimization, the recognition and classification of overprinting faults between color groups in modular multi-color printing machine are completed. The research shows that, according to the dynamic information collected by external sensors in the field, the fault diagnosis One-class SVM model of the printing machine is put forward to realize the identification of the overprinting faults in the modular color group. The method can be used for remote condition monitoring and fault diagnosis, and is suitable for most types of presses.


This paper presents a methodology for generating rough terrain surfaces for the purpose of vehicle simulation. A 3D Weierstrass-Mandelbrot function was used to generate terrain surfaces with varying roughness. The terrain surfaces were evaluated using the Root Mean Squared Elevation (RMSE), Power Spectral Density (PSD), and International Roughness Index (IRI). Vehicle simulations were conducted at varying speeds on the generated terrains using Carsim, and the vehicle body motions were studied based on Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) outputs. It was determined that the Weierstrass-Mandelbrot function is an effective way to create simulated surfaces to match a wide range of terrain roughness.


Ergo Exergy has accomplished much over the last several years. Please review our archive news section to find out more about Ergo Exergy, its projects and how it is helping to progress Underground Coal Gasification or UCG.


T wo ERBA proto-oncogenes located on separate chromosomes, encode ERBA alpha and ERBA beta, which are thyroid hormone receptors in the nucleus and bind DNA to activate transcription. Multiple thyroid hormone receptor (T HR) genes may be encoded in the human genome and perhaps as many as five loci with varying expression in different tissues and stages of development. T he ERBA1 gene at 17q11.2 encodes ERBA alpha-1, ERBA alpha-2, and ERBA alpha-3, each produced by alternative splicing. All ERBA1 transcripts are coordinately expressed. T he ERBA2 gene at 3p24.3 encodes ERBA beta-1 and a neighboring gene encodes ERBA beta-2. T he T H receptor expressed in the mammalian CNS and most other tissues (except liver) is encoded by ERBA1. T he receptor present in liver (the major T H-responsive organ) and some other tissues is encoded by ERBA2. Point mutations in the ERBA2 gene are associated with generalized resistance to thyroid hormone. Qeios · Definition, February 2, 2020


By using morphorlogy and paraffin section technique,effects of starvation stress on the histological structure of the digestive organs including esophagus,stomach,pyloric caecum,intestine and hepatopancreas and their characteristics of changes were investigated in 375 juveniles of Trachinotus ovatus starved for 0,3,6,9 and 12 d respectively for the purpose of understanding the changes in morphorlogy and histology and capacity of tolerence under starvation.The histology results show that effects of the short time starvation within 3 d on the digestive system were of no significance,with starvation time injury began to occur in digestive organs.The damage to digestive organs was lesser from the 6 to 9th days after starvation,and on 12th days after starvation,severe damage were found.Lumen of digestive tract became narrow and thinning,the epithelial cell boundaries were blurred,epithelial falled off and fractured,and secretory cells bacame smaller in size.Damage of histological structure in esophagus by starvation were minor compared with other organs.The effects of starvation were similar about the histological structure of the stomach,pyloric caeca and intestinal tract.Severer damage were found in hepatopancreas than other organs.In conclusion changes to varying degrees took place in digestive organs of juveniles of T.ovatus by starvation,and effect of starvation on differenct organs varied as time.


directions in English plays. In contrast to many recent studies concerned with early modern crosscultural musical contact, Wood recognizes the equal importance of European encounters East and West whose directional distinctions became blurred in global travels, travel writing, and theatrical representations that built on and reimagined both. Furthermore, she emphasizes both simple and complex instruments and vocal styles belonging to people of all social and educational classes, as well as the vast bodies of non-notated oral/aural performance. A wide range of instruments were traded and given as cross-cultural gifts until some, such as the aforementioned crotal bells, became truly global objects with a range of local variants and significations. In addition, as Wood notes, instruments often considered the epitome of Europeanness, such as the lute, organ, and various kinds of drums, had originated in Asia long before the early modern era. Copious images originally intended for early modern Asian and European viewers and embedded QR codes throughout the book enable readers to experience their own visceral reactions to what Wood demonstrates early modern English listeners and viewers heard, felt, and saw through cross-cultural encounters at home and abroad. This book not only has a truly global scope, but it also models interdisciplinary scholarship with its contributions to literary and cultural studies, performance studies, and musicology. Wood is especially adept at avoiding jargon and competing sets of technical terms, resulting in clear, engaging prose for readers of all relevant intellectual backgrounds. In addition, her own thoughtful listenership and evident participation in music-making inflect and clarify her descriptions of what early modern travelers and theatrical audiences likely experienced.


In general, school aged and older children with impaired motor function due to cerebral palsy do not receive regular clinical therapy and rely on a prescribed in-home physical therapy regiments for rehabilitation (Bryanton, 2006). Often these patients are not compliant with conventionally prescribed in-home therapy regiments because the exercises are perceived as "meaningless and uninteresting" (Bryanton, 2006). One of the advantages of enhancing physical therapy with video game technology is the high patient motivation to participate such therapy sessions as compared to conventional therapy sessions (Huber, 2008).


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A newborn autophagosome (red) emerges from an omegasome (green circle). It could be starving or just cleaning up, but a cell sometimes devours a portion of its own cytoplasm, a process called autophagy. Two groups help clarify the workings of this form of self-eating


This paper describes literature works in intrusion detection field. After that, we propose an intrusion detection method in Linux/Unix commands using supervisor synthesis. This method was applied to distinct normal user behavior from intruders behavior. The main features of this work are twofold. It exploits supervisor synthesis in the intrusion detection field. It presents our approach by behavior specification. Two advantages characterize our proposed algorithm for detection. The first advantage is that the algorithm result is a structure. The second advantage is the way of searching faults or intrusions.


According to Shangjie woodland resources present situation,this paper analyses the current problems in this area of woodland protection,put forward the development of the regional forest protection during this planning period,the use of the direction and strategy,provide necessary scientific basis and theoretical guidance in order to realize the effective protection and scientific utilization of forest land in the region.


Infrared surveillance is one of the main means for antimissile warning.Firstly, the characteristics of infrared radiating of ballistic missile and its background were analyzed.Taking into account of telluric curvature, altitude, meteorologic condition, atmosphere characteristic and so on, the three dimensional atmospheric transmittance model of infrared transfer was set up;the detecting distance model of the airborne IR early warning(AIREW) and its solution were given;then the antimissile-warning-ability of AIREW in different altitude in the boosting phase, the end-boosting phase, the midst-phase, the end-phase of ballistic missile and the short-haul ballistic missile were analyzed through simulation.The simulation results validate the effectivity of atmospheric transmittance model and demonstrate the feasibility of the AIREW in performing the antimissile warning mission.The conclusion indicates that the early warning ability of the tactics ballistic missile is strong for the AIRREW in given altitude.


ABSTRACT The Bossier Shale of Louisiana, generally considered Late Jurassic in age, contains a distinctive and, in part, age diagnostic nannofossil assemblage. This assemblage is characterized by Hexalithus noelae, Watznaueria britannica, Cruciellipsis cuvillieri, Polycostella senaria, Polycostella beckmannii, Nannoconus colomi, and varieties of Micrantholithus. One of the most potentially significant elements of this assemblage is Hexalithus noelae, whose stratigraphic occurrence has been documented only from the late Portlandian. In more than twenty wells studied, the extinction of this species near the top of the Bossier Shale is considered to approximate the top of the Jurassic. However, in a unique down-dip well in Natchitoches Parish, the Hexalithus noelas datum occurs 4,000 feet below the top of the Bossier Shale. The overlying Lower Cretaceous shale section may be as young as Hauterivian, based on the extinction of Cruciellipsis cuvillieri. Also, in this well, the extinction of Polycostella senaria is considered a useful Berriasian indicator. Some possible phyletic relationships among various species of this distinctive nannoflora are discussed, and the applicaltion of nannofossil biostratigraphy in elucidating the diachronous nature of the Bossier Shale is emphasized.


This meta-analysis reviews the findings of 74 studies (N = 14,255) examining the associations between the demand/withdraw pattern of interaction and individual, relational, and communicative outcomes. When both the individual behaviors of demanding and withdrawing and the pattern of demand/withdraw are considered collectively, the cumulative evidence indicates a moderate, meaningful relationship between demand/withdraw and overall outcomes (r=.360). Similar overall effect sizes were observed for wife demand/husband withdraw (r=.380) and husband demand/wife withdraw (r=.392), although the overall effect size for demand/withdraw patterns in studies that included distressed/clinical participants (r=.413) was greater in magnitude than that obtained for studies that included nondistressed participants (r=.345). On average, higher correlations were observed for relational (r=.423) and communicative outcomes (r=.418) than for demographic (r=.239) and well-being outcomes (r=.249).


Both at the level of political ideology and in the practical sphere, the American strategy of China's engagement was a part of a global construction of a new architecture of the world order, based on the liberal-democratic political values but at the same time in line with American leadership. The engagement was in many ways reminiscent of Obama's strategy of «reset» in relations with Russia, especially in terms of achieving qualitative domestic political changes through dialogue and cooperation. However, the conceptualization of the Trump's administration China' policy approaches led to some radical revisions of the American philosophy of international cooperation were made.

The objectives of the proposed paper aligned with answering the following research questions: What was wrong with the U.S. engagement strategy toward China evolved over the past decades? What are the implications of the U.S. China policy for Taiwan as well as the world at large (comparing with impact on U.S. policy towards Russia and its regional behavior regarding to Ukraine)? Will engagement be restarted or drastically reevaluated?

The methods we employed to do the research: comparative case study that is widely using in International Security studies analyzing issue within a situation or framework. Another method of qualitative methodology approach is a thematic analysis method.

The scientific novelty. Assuming that the model of cooperative engagement has largely exhausted itself in terms of the strategic objectives of each party we also emphasize that the model has led to the erosion of the possibility of critical US influence on key regions of the world.

Conclusions. It is somewhat paradoxical that a result of US cooperative approaches has brought about greater vulnerability of US formal and informal allies. Chinese and Russian foreign policy strategies have not changed significantly, and have attached even more on the main objects of a kind of historical revenge – Taiwan and Ukraine. Chinese and Russian foreign policy values in terms of waning «Western influences» have grown into offensive political realism. Which, in particular, was generated of sensitivity to the growing US influence in the post-bipolar world.


New methods for analysis of current-potential curves in terms of their derivatives are suggested for studies of heterogeneous electron-transfer reactions. Consequences of the Butler-Volmer theory on the shape of the derivatives are illustrated. Comparisons are made between fast and slow electron-transfer reactions for various values of the standard heterogeneous rate constants (k o ) and the transfer coefficient (α) utilizing asymmetries found in the peak shapes of the derivatives' from a dc polarogram. Various parameters which characterize the peak asymmetry (such as ratios of peak-currents and ratios of peak-widths) are evaluated and analyzed


The fractionation of Pb in tea garden soils and the relationships between Pb fraction and soil properties,Pb contents in tea leaves were studied by collecting the tea garden soils from 12 tea gardens of Fenghuang mountain in east of Guangdong province.The results showed that the distribution of chemical fractions of Pb in the tea garden soils were decreased in the order: Residual-PbFe/Mn oxides-Pbexchangeable-Pborganic-Pbcarbonate-Pb.Correlation analyses showed that soil organic matter was significantly negative correlated with ex-Pb and high significantly negative correlated with carb-Pb.Soil pH was high negative correlated with ex-Pb,significantly positive correlated with carb-Pb and or-Pb.The bioavailability characteristic of Pb in 60 soils of tea gardens was between 0.029 and 0.113,0.061 in average.The mobility characteristic of Pb in 60 soils of tea gardens was between 0.021 and 0.078,0.044 in average.In addition,results showed that the Pb contents in tea leaves were between 1.39 mg/kg and 1.82 mg/kg,1.56 mg/kg in average.What's more,the significantly positive correlation was found between the Pb contents in tea leaves and Fe/Mn-Pb and or-Pb,high significantly positive correlated with soil organic matter.


This chapter discusses the current state of knowledge regarding the geochemical controls on the initial and sustained reduction of Fe(III) minerals. It introduces the major controlling factors for microbial Fe(III) reduction. Cultured model dissimilatory metalreducing bacteria (DMRB) show diminished abilities to reduce the more crystalline phases, only reducing a small fraction of the potentially available Fe(III). The chapter summarizes the current understanding of the geochemical and mineralogical constraints on microbial Fe(III) (hydr)oxides reduction with the realization that the field is far from a resolution or consensus on what factors ultimately control the transfer of electrons to Fe(III) mineral surfaces. Recent investigations have clearly illustrated differential expression of proteins involved in metal respiration in the common DMRB Geobacter sp. More sophisticated techniques and experimental approaches, including surface-sensitive and time-resolved spectroscopy need to be used to accurately interrogate the molecular environment. The use of poised anodes as surrogate minerals holds promise in addressing the role of reduction potential in electron transfer processes. Ultimately, unraveling the enigma of the microbe- mineral interface will require a multidisciplinary approach requiring an appreciation of the physics and chemistry of mineral surfaces, the enzymatic and nonenzymatic pathways responsible for electron transfer, and the ecology of metal-reducing microbes within a complex mineral framework.


s of Papers Presented HLA-DR MATCHING AND B-CELL CROSSMATCH TESTS IN CADAVERIC RENAL TRANSPLANTATION. D. Albrechtsen, B. G. Solheim, N. Winter & E. Thorsby, Tissue Typing Laboratory and Surgical Department, Rikshospitalet, The National Hospital, Oslo, Norway Prospective HLA-DR typing has been performed in 117 cadaveric renal transplants since 1977, using a modified NIH lymphocytotoxicity technique (30+60 min at 20°C), twenty-two selected sera defining DRwl-7 and WIA 8, and B cells separated from peripheral blood in recipients and from spleen in donors. Actuarial graft survival (patients living off dialysis) after 3 and 12 months was 73% and 60% in HLA-DR-compatible transplants, 48% and 30% in one HLA-DR-antigenincompatible transplants, and 31% and 18% in two HLA-DR-antigen-incompatible transplants. The prognostic influence of HLA-DR matching was observed within each HLA-A-B match group, graft survival being improved for HLA-DR-compatible transplants both among HLA-A-B-compatible and -incompatible transplants. Standard cross-match tests were negative in all transplants. B-cell cross-match tests, using donor spleen B cells as targets in the modified NIH test, was positive in seventeen cases. Actuarial graft survival in these transplants was poorer than in B-cell cross-matchnegative ones (35% v. 43% and 21 % v. 43% after 3 and 12 months), but this difference was not statistically significant. IN VITRO ANTIBODY SYNTHESIS IN HUMAN CORD BLOOD LYMPHOCYTE CULTURES. U. Andersson, A. G. Bird & S. Brilton, Department of Immunobiology, Karolinska Institute, Wallenberglaboratory, Stockholm, Sweden The ability of human full-term cord blood lymphocytes to respond by antibody synthesis in vitro to various polyclonal B-lymphocyte activators has been analysed. Antibody-secreting cells have been identified in a reversed plaque assay, using as target cells sheep erythroeytes coated with staphyloccal protein A with class-specific anti-immunoglobulin developing sera. Cord blood lymphocytes can be activated to polyclonal antibody synthesis of adult magnitude by live EpsteinBarr virus, a direct B-cell activator. The cord response is absolutely restricted to IgM secretion. LPS (E. cotl O55:B:5) has also been shown to induce polyclonal IgM secretion. PWM, PPD and DxS are ineffective in inducing Ig secretion. The addition of allogeneic adult T cells to either unseparated cord lymphocytes or to purified cord B cells will result in only IgM secretion, when PWM is used as a T-cell-dependent B-cell activator. The deficient cord T-cell helper function is probably not due to cord T-cell suppressor activity, since the addition of cord T cells to unseparated adult lymphocytes does not reduce the PWM-induced antibody secretion. Attempts to induce cord Ig secretion by PWM, by inhibition of putative cord T-cell suppression by selective irradiation of T cells or by addition of hydrocortisone or lithium chloride to the cultures, have not been successful. Our interpretation of these experiments is that the cord B-cell function is partially immature in being restricted to IgM secretion and that cord T-cell helper function for antibody synthesis is deficient, possibly owing to immaturity. BLOCKING OF ALLERGENIC DETERMINANTS BY RABBIT ANTIBODIES WITH SPECIAL ATTENTION TO CROSSED RADIOIMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS (CRIE). L. Aukrust, The Allergy Unit, Pediatric Research Institute, and The Allergy Institute Voksentoppen, Rikshospitalet, The National Hospital, Oslo, Norway The intensity of the radiostaining in CRIE differs considerably from one precipitate to another. This is readily illustrated using the reference system in CRIE previously published {Scand. J. Immunol. 6, 1093-1097, 1977). The difference in radiostaining is generally assumed to be due to differences in allergenicity. The present study shows that it may in part also be caused by a different degree of blocking of allergenic determinants by the particular rabbit antibodies employed. Eight and five different rabbit antisera were used to form line immunoelectrophoresis precipitates of the purified allergens from cod (DS 22) and Cladosporium herharum (Ag-54), respectively. The precipitates were incubated with relevant patient sera followed by '"I-anti-IgE. The agarose containing the precipitates were transferred to test tubes for measurement of the radioactivity in a gamma-counter. On each of the two


There have been thousands of years for the tea history.As the society develops,the packaging design of tea is also keeping going ahead.We can find all sorts of tea packaging at shopping center.However,few of them are excellent and of high quality.As the designer,how to design the tea packaging with art value and marketing value needs to be explored continuously.


The C═C double bond cleavage on tertiary enaminones, enabling the formation of a new C-CF3 bond, has been realized as a practical method for the synthesis of α-trifluoromethyl ketones with only the promotion of TBHP and ambient heating. Control experiments support that the reactions proceed via a featured free radical process. The deuterium labeling experiment employing D2O indicates that water participated in the product formation by donating the hydrogen atom for the newly generated α-C-H bond in the product.


Salinity is one of the most important factors limiting plant growth and production around the world. Gibberellic acid is known as a strong growth stimulator, effective on seed germination and breaking of seed dormancy in various plant species. In order to study the response of Safflower cultivar Sofeh to salinity stress, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Pardis Agricultural Research and Education Center, Saveh, Iran. The first factor was salinity at three levels including 0, 100, and 200 mM NaCal. The second factor was seed priming with gibberellin at three levels including 0, 20, and 40 mgl. Findings suggested that the salinity and seed priming improved biochemical indexes of proline and peroxidase in the seedlings under study, increasing their mean germination time, germination rate, germination percentage, and chlorophyll contents. Maximum proline contents were observed in the seedlings treated with 200 mM salinity and primed with 49 mglgibberelin, 3.48 mg per gram fresh weight. Maximum mean germination time, germination rate, germination percentage, and chlorophyll contents were related to 0 mM salinity and 40 mglgibberellin at 2.86 days, 26.16%, 76.6%, and 8.05%, respectively. In sum, the findings suggested that priming of safflower seeds with gibberellin under saline conditions improves the plants' resistance against salinity and their germination and growth.


This paper aims to analyze and describe the development of the Jakarta Smart Cityter, including the advantages and disadvantages of the Jakarta Smart City which are associated with the use of information and communication technology to move towards civil society after more than four years. The method used in this research is literature review study. The results show that the implementation of Jakarta Smart City components such as smart mobility, smart government, smart economy, smart environment, smart living and smart people has been running well and is highly integrated with the use of information technology. From the research results, it can be concluded that the development of Jakarta Smart City which is now good, the relationship with the use of Information Technology is very close, while the disadvantage of Jakarta Smart City is that the development of information technology innovation is faster than the regulations, meaning that if there is the latest technological innovation it cannot be implemented immediately, must go through the budget regulation system. The structure of civil society in the city of Jakarta has been seen by the number of developments in large public areas and freedom from politics without any pressure. The government, the private sector and the public have collaborated in the development of a more innovative and transparent Jakarta.


Many instructors rely primarily on the traditional lecture approach when teaching the basic public speaking course. However, this research suggests that a collaborative instructional approach may be a more effective alternative to the traditional lecture format. Data comparing student performance outcomes when using a traditional lecture approach and a collaborative instructional approach indicate that students' public speaking performances improve significantly when they engage in collaborative instruction.


Nowadays auxiliary switching devices are designed in the majority of the resonant pole inverters to control resonance processes.The control strategy is more complicated than hard switching inverter.So a resonant pole inverter with simple control is proposed.There are no auxiliary switching devices in the new topology.Using sinusoidal pulse width modulation(SPWM) can realize zero current swithing(ZCS) turing on and zero voltage switching(ZVS) turing off.In addition,freewheeling of output current can be realized via energy storage components in the dead-time and the effect of dead-time is reduced.The distortion ratio of the output phase current in low frequency is also reduced.The analysis of the circuit are presented.Experimental results are proposed to verify the theoretical analysis.


Terahertz pulses are a direct and general probe of ultrafast spin dynamics in insulating antiferromagnets (AFM). This is shown by using optical-pump, THz-probe spectroscopy to directly track AFM spin dynamics in the hexagonal multiferroic HoMnO3 and the orthorhombic multiferroic TbMnO3. Our studies show that despite the different structural and spin orders in these materials, THz pulses can unambiguously resolve spin dynamics after optical photoexcitation. We believe that this approach is quite general and can be applied to a broad range of materials with different AFM spin alignments, providing a novel non-contact approach for probing AFM order with femtosecond temporal resolution.


AbstractA modified resin wax embedding media has been used in this laboratory for all types of specimens for the past six years. An overview of the various formulas and the advantages and disadvantages of resin embedding medias are discussed.


The wind turbines in a wind farm must turn to face the wind to achieve maximum power production. Until now, each turbine achieves this individually: the nacelle-mounted wind vane measures the yaw misalignment, from which the turbine controller decides when to make a yaw correction by using a combination of heavy filtering and counters or dead-band hysteresis. In a wind farm context, each turbine could make use of information from its neighbours, and therefore, in principle, it should be possible to achieve better yaw control by using a centralised farm-level yaw control algorithm which uses input measurements from all the turbines, and then tells each turbine how to yaw. "Better" yaw control will always be a compromise between maximising energy production and minimising yaw actuator duty. Using a realistic dynamic simulation model of a wind farm which uses actual measured wind data as input, different possible yaw strategies are tested, and compared in terms of energy production and yaw actuator duty. The results indicate that centralised yaw control is likely to achieve a better compromise. There also is much current interest in the use of wake steering, where yaw setpoints are optimised to steer the wakes of some turbines away from others. Centralised yaw control may offer a better way to implement these setpoints, rather than sending yaw offsets to be acted on by the normal turbine yaw controllers with their own filtering, dead-band logic, etc.


Oral presentation nr. 2210, given on 29 Sept. 2009. Abstracts availableon CD only, without volume number and page numbers informations


A case of cystic degeneration of the popliteal artery is presented. The syn ovial origin of the cyst, supported by the presence of a clear connection with the knee joint, was adversed by the microscopy findings which rather suggested a primary degenerative process of the adventitial tissue. The authors agree with the hypothesis of a non-unique aetiologic and pathogenetic mechanism of origin of cystic disease of the popliteal artery.


Introduction : The prevalence of SCD in the population of Chhattisgarh state is about 10 to 15% of which about 1 to 1.27% are likely to be sufferers and the rest carriers. Prevalence is more in certain communities of Chhattisgarh like Sahu, Kurmi, Nayak, Patel and some tribal populations. Stroke is a serious complication of sickle cell disease and can be predicted by using transcranial Doppler. Material and methods : This prospective cross sectional observational study, all children were undergone transcranial Doppler examinations following the criteria of the STOP (Stroke Prevention Trial in Sickle Cell Anemia) study. The time-averaged maximum mean velocities (TAMV) were determined in various cranial arteries. After data collecting, the statistically analyse. Conclusion : SCD SS children had higher mean velocity than controls and the difference was statistically significant. Mean velocity of intracranial arteries didn't show significant changes with age. Introduction Chhattisgarh is situated in Middle East India with a population of approximately 21 million of whom 32% are tribal in origin. Sickle Cell disorders are a group of inherited genetic disorders and a major public health problem in Chhattisgarh therefore this area is popularly called sickle belt due to high prevalence of this condition1,2. sickle cell anemia (SCA) the form of the disease that occurs in homozygous of hemoglobin S (HbSS) heterozygous (HbAS), as well as pathological conditions caused by combinations of the hemoglobin S gene with other hereditary hemoglobin disorders such as sickle cell SC disease, HbS/ß+ thalassemia and HbS/ß0 thalassemia3,4. The prevalence of SCD in the population of Chhattisgarh is about 10 to 15% of which about 1 to 1.27% are likely to be sufferers and the rest carriers. About 35 lacs of carriers and 2.5 lacs of sufferers are expected to exist in Chhattisgarh. Prevalence is more in certain communities of chhattisgarh like Sahu, Kurmi, Nayak, Patel and some tribal populations 5,6,7. Stroke is a serious complication of sickle cell disease with frequency of 0.61 per 100 patients per year8. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) helps to identify children with sickle cell disease (SCD) who are at an increased risk of stroke, making primary stroke prevention a reality. TCD should be used for primary prevention of strokes in SCD patients, regardless of the genotype of the disease9. This study was done out of curiosity to see whether our patients differed from patients elsewhere. The objective of this study was to measure mean flow velocity in different vessels in homozygous sickle cell patients using transcranial Doppler study and its variation over age and gender in Chhattisgarhi population and to correlate mean velocity with headache or stroke if any. Methods This prospective cross sectional observational study conducted in the Department of Paediatrics and Radiodiagnosis, Dr.B.R.Ambedkar Memorial Hospital, Raipur (C.G.) in Children between 2 to 14 yrs diagnosed as sickle cell disease SCD SS (by hemoglobin electrophoresis) and attending sickle cell clinic were included in study. Age and sex matched normal children attending Pediatric OPD for minor illnesses were used as controls. Study was approved by ethical and scientific committee. Informed consent was obtained from all the guardian or caregivers regarding technique and benefits of routine transcranial Doppler. Those sickle cell children excluded from study that were below age 2 years and above 14 years, recent blood transfusions, painful crisis, fever, infections, history of major head injury, history of seizure disorder requiring anticonvulsant therapy, history of prenatal or perinatal hypoxic, on Hydroxyurea therapy. All children were undergone transcranial Doppler examinations in quiet and wakeful state by Doppler using apparatus with a 2 MHz transducer and following the criteria of the STOP (Stroke Prevention Trial in Sickle Cell Anemia) study. the time-averaged maximum mean velocities(TAMV) were determined every 2 mm along the bilateral anterior cerebral arteries, middle cerebral arteries, bilateral ophthalmic arteries and basilar artery using appropriate windows Trans temporal (MCA,ACA), Trans orbital (ophthalmic artery), sub occipital (Basilar artery) 10. TCD studies has been performed in steady state i.e crises free period, at least 3 weeks since last clinical event and 3 months or more since last blood transfusion, before the start of new clinical event. The highest value was taken as the time-averaged maximum mean velocity for each patient. Statistics After data collecting, the statistical software of SPSS v.17 was used to analyze data. Descriptive statistics such as average, standard deviation and percent were used to data description and in inferential statistics section, T-test was used. Result Total numbers of SCD SS patients (cases) in this study were 104 and numbers of normal subjects (control) were 27. Among the cases the total number of males were 73 (70%) and females were 31 (30%). male female ratio was 2.35% .Among the control group the total number of males were 18 (67%) and total number of females were 9(33%). male female ratio was 2.00%.


The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between world music preferences and multicultural attitudes of nonmusic-major undergraduate students. The World Music Preference Inventory (WMPI) and the Multicultural Attitude Inventory (MAI) were administered to 50 undergraduate nonmusic majors. Two scores were determined from the WMPI (composite preference and composite correct identification) for eight world music style categories: Africa, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Middle East, and Thailand. No significant correlations were found between the composite preference score and composite correct identification score. There was, however, a significant correlation between the composite preference score and the composite MAI score. Furthermore, significant correlations were found among the preference subscores of all style categories, indicating that subjects' preferences for the eight world musical style categories were similar. Analyses revealed that there was a significantly higher degree of preference for instrumental excerpts than for vocal excerpts.


Fuzzy system method is applied to concrete undamaged inspection. In the model, the inputs are rebound value, ultrasonic value, carbonation depth value and moisture rate. The output is the compressive strength. By the sample data training, fuzzy rules can be extracted. All rules constructed a complete base of fuzzy IF-THEN rules. Using the singleton fuzzifier, the product inference engine, and the center-average defuzzifier, the fuzzy system model of concrete undamaged inspection is obtained. The experiment shows the average relative error of the predicted results is 7.89%, and the relative standard error is 10.53%. The prediction accuracy of the fuzzy model is obviously higher than that of the regression model. A method is further proposed to rank the importance of the input variables. The result we obtained shows that the rank is: rebound value, ultrasonic value, carbonation depth value, and moisture rate, with rebound value being the most important. It can help us to select the more important ones as the inputs to the model so as to achieve the efficiency optimization of the model.


Objective: It was aimed at carrying out a comparative study between three dimensional transvaginal ultrasonography and hysteroscopy in the accuracy of detecting intrauterine cavitary lesions. Study design: Three dimensional transvaginal ultrasonography was done followed by hysteroscopy for all cases (number=50). Data obtained were compared and analyzed to estimate the accuracy of 3D transvaginal ultrasound. Results: The comparison with using Hysteroscopy, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive values and total overall accuracy of Three dimensional transvaginal ultrasonography for total abnormal findings were 89.13%, 100%, 100%, 44.44% and 90% respectively. Conclusion: The three dimensional transvaginal ultrasound is a sensitive method to evaluate the endometrial cavity lesions or abnormalities, before resorting to invasive procedures such as diagnostic hysteroscopy. But hysteroscopy allows direct visualization of the uterine cavity so it can detect small intrauterine lesions which could be missed by vaginal ultrasound.


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a 10-week Social Communication Group (SCG) programme involving six children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The sessions were carried out at the mainstream school attended by the children. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the programme in enhancing specific social communication skills in each participant, as opposed to previous research on social skills groups where results were more general. The children's social communication skills were rated preand post-therapy by the first author, parents and Learning Support Assistants (LSAs) to allow comparison. Feedback forms filled in by the LSAs and the first author's own observations allowed ongoing evaluation of each child's performance throughout sessions. Questionnaires given preand post-therapy to the parents and LSAs were expected to provide evidence of generalisation of social communication skills at home and at school. Qualitative and quantitative data obtained from this small group study indicated that this method of intervention was effective in enhancing the social communication skills of children with ASD. Although all the participants showed an improvement in their overall performance, specific objectives targeted through structured activities that were motivating and repetitive elicited a higher percentage improvement. Factors such as the children's primary language, pre-therapy status and their understanding at conversational level seemed to have an impact on their individual improvement. Generalisation of skills acquired during therapy was limited since it depended on the commitment of parents and LSAs in implementing the goals of the programme at home and at school.


A green experiment is described here for direct fabrication of carboxymethylcellulose-supported palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs@CMC) in situ through a simple self-assemble and self-reduction process between carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) and PdCl2 solution. The PdNPs@CMC was well characterized by ICP, UV-Vis, XPS, FTIR, SEM, and TEM techniques. The in situ synthesized PdNPs@CMC was proved to be an efficient catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction under mild aerobic conditions. The superior catalytic performance of PdNPs@CMC is attributed to the coordination with carboxyl groups (−COO−) and free hydroxyl groups (−OH) as well as polymeric capping effect of CMC. Moreover, the catalyst showed no significant loss of its activity at least three consecutive cycles. This laboratory class is involved in the preparation and characterization of PdNPs@CMC as well as its catalytic application in Suzuki−Miyaura cross coupling reaction under green conditions. This laboratory class is suggested to divide into two parts. The first part includes the fabrication of catalyst in situ through a self-assemble and self-reduction of Pd(II) with CMC−Na, and characterization of the as-prepared catalyst using various techniques. The second part employs the resulting catalyst to perform a microscale Suzuki-Miyaura reaction, recycling of catalyst, and characterization of the product. By design, this comprehensive experiment set up for the third-year undergraduate, and aim to make students comprehend the concept of ion-exchange reaction, reduction reaction, carbon-carbon coupling reaction, supported catalysts, nanoparticles, and green chemistry as well as train the fundamental operation capability of students, and improve their experimental skills.


~hat the risk is indeed a real one is shown y the fact that in some countries, it has been et' dSImated that about lout of every 200 blood onors carry virus B in their blood. · The amount of blood needed to cause lUfe ti . · c IOn IS extremely small, and the virus IS relatively resistant to heat and other Physical and chemical agents. Many ~easures, at present in use for the sterilization of syringes, needles and other instru~ents are ineffective, and will not prevent ~ e accidental transmission of the disease. ~r~m hepatitis is relatively common among p .tlents undergoing prolonged treatment WIth" . di InjectIOns (for example, for venereal Iseases, diabetes, and so on) and the sterT . I IzatlOn measures they recommend should materially reduce these cases. h The only specific prevention of infectious ?atitis appears to be an injection of gamma g obulin, which the experts recommend for C~rtain family outbreaks, particularly for ~ ults, and for the control of epidemics in Instit . . k ut!ons and other closed groups. The fIs ofa " henati . f lb' cqumng serum epatrtis rom gamma g 0 uhn, which is a blood product, is negl' 'b · Igl le, Gamma globulin is also employed : the prevention of measles, and experi~tal1y in the prevention of poliomyelitis. d ther recommendations of the committee eal . h W WIt the necessity for further research e ~~k o~ hepatitis, in the virus laboratory, in i~1 enllological observations and in clinical Vestigations.


• *Smaller doses may be necessary in the very young (neonate~) and very old, if .a.rt.ificial ~en!i1a tion is not being used. larger doses may be administered in patients recelvmg artificial ventilation. depressant action can be used to improve synchronization with mechanical ventilation. In general, therapeutic doses have little effect on heart rate and blood pressure, but can cause nausea, vomiting, and depressed gastrointestinal motility. The doses of commonly used opioids are listed in the Table.


ABSTRACT The spread and success of radical and populist parties has triggered a profound debate on the state of democracy. Not only are these parties described as the outcome of a democratic malaise in which democratic regimes had ceased to integrate, represent and engage all their citizens. At the same time, questions arose as to the consequences of these parties for existing representative democracies. Could radical and populist parties be a (partial) cure to the woes of established democracies? Or would they make the democratic malaise even worse, further poisoning an already sick patient? Could it be that these parties act like a placebo that exists because of the democratic malaise but does not actually change anything except for those who desperately want to believe in an effect? The contributions to this Special Issue address questions of the impact of radical and populist parties on representative democracy. This introduction systematise their findings along party functions and draws broader conclusions.


Bell test experimental results can be classically explained as simply a trivial geometric effect, without any need to evoke any quantum phenomena such as entanglement. There is no instantaneous action-at-a-distance.


The paper is focused on studying nominative emotive units in poetic texts, that are thought to carry the generalized information about the emotions and feelings of communicants and thus are devoid of any poetic potential. However, this paper undertakes an attempt to prove the opposite. The nominative emotive units are analyzed with regard to the methods of cognitive analysis. It has been stated that such linguistic units are based on emotional concepts that embrace affective and factual information pertaining to emotiogenic situations. It has been also stated that the emotional concept has scalar characteristics which are associated with the dynamic nature of feelings. The combination of nominative emotive units renders the ontological aspect of emotions. The stages of the emotive unit formation are modelled and outlined in the paper to show that communication of emotional imagery is possible through them. The paper also proves that nominative emotive units render the ontological aspect of feelings flow with a high degree of accuracy. At the same time they demonstrate a number of aesthetic features.


The methods of interpretation of data of geophysical researches of bore holes with mathematical apparatus of neuron nets, capable to teaching, realized in the intellectual geoinformation system "NeuroInform-eo" are described..


The present invention is an aspartate kinase and aspartate semi-aldehyde-dihydro Corynebacterium of glutamicum-derived nucleic acid molecules having dehydrogenase is operably linked to a gene and operate to encrypt, improved promoter activity, such a nucleic acid molecule using the vector, such a vector transformed with the transformant, and this transformant containing provides a method of producing L- lysine. Lysine, Corynebacterium glutamicum, a promoter, aspartate kinase, aspartate semi-aldehyde dehydrogenase claim


Automatic acquisition of subcategorization lexicons from textual corpora has become increasingly popular. Although this work has met with some success, resulting lexicons indicate a need for greater accuracy. One significant source of error lies in the process of hypothesis selection which is used for removing noise from automatically acquired subcategorization frames (SCFs). In this paper we describe a more accurate semantically-driven approach to hypothesis selection which can be used to improve large-scale SCF acquisition.


Occupied by a fairly large population, Denpasar City (Bali Province, Indonesia) is experiencing landuse change into residential areas. A reduction in the water recharge area has been recognized as one of the consequences. The purpose of this study was to determine the condition and distribution of water recharge zones in the city. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to overlay maps of soil type, rainfall, slope, and landuse as the input to Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE). The research output is a map of potential recharge zones in Denpasar City. Results showed six criteria for their conditions: good, normal/natural, slightly degraded or at the early stage of degradation, moderately degraded, degraded, and severely degraded. The majority of the potential water recharge areas were moderately degraded (covering an area of 7860.87 ha), degraded (2049.19 ha), degraded (1653.21 ha), severely degraded (292.45 ha), good (280.29 ha), and normal/natural (205.96 ha).


Abstract A one-for-one substitution of Al3+ ions by Cu2+ ions in solids remains unknown thus far. Therefore, an incorporation of Cu2+ ions into α-AlF3 · 3H2O and β-AlF3 · 3H2O was attempted. ESR spectroscopic in situ investigations (X band) were carried out in the temperature range of 2 K ≤ T ≤ 1073 K. The comparison of experimental with simulated ESR coupling tensors showed that both compounds allowed the incorporation of Cu2+ ions in a correlated manner. Depending on the reaction temperature, dimeric and monomeric species could be detected which provide the necessary compensation of charge and geometrical misfit. During thermal treatment, a superimposition of thermal and chemical processes takes place, assisted by the transition metal ions present.


In the frame of the GMES program, the main objective of the Sentinel-1 mission is to ensure the continuity of SAR data acquisitions for SAR applications in C-band for global earth monitoring. But in contrast to SAR systems already existing in C-band like ASAR/ENVISAT or RADARSAT-2, high demands on the radiometric accuracy are made. Thus, product quality is of paramount importance and the success or failure of the mission depends essentially on the method of calibrating the entire Sentinel-1 system in an efficient way. This paper describes the strategy and the method of calibrating Sentinel-1.


Wheat is the staple crop throughout the world and a great source of nutrition. Sometimes the wheat plant gets attacked by pathogens like fungi, bacteria and virus. Some of the common disease their symptoms and management are studied. The complexity of the interaction between a pathogen and its host, influenced by biotic and abiotic factors of the environment, make the control of these disease. Fungi is the most common causative agent in case of wheat. Some of the common disease caused by fungi are leaf rust, stem rest, stripe rust, loose smut, tan spot, powdery mildew, ergot and common bunt. Virus and bacteria also cause diseases in wheat. Wheat strike mosaic virus one of the diseases is bacterial blight of leaf. These diseases can be controlled by using disease resistant varieties. Due to the infection of these diseases there can be loss of 40-50% but sometimes it may be more. These diseases can be controlled by using some control measures. There are several chemical and herbal methods are used for the control of these diseases.


Abstract If the impurity pseudopotential is small, standard perturbation theory can be used to describe the effects of a dilute concentration of impurities on the conduction electrons of a simple metal. Thus, a unified approach to the calculation of scattering and of changes in energy and wavefunctions is achieved. A discussion of the relative size of the perturbation terms for all sizes of impurity potential shows that the results of the free-electron gas model need be modified only when an electron is near a Brillouin zone boundary. The results for the change in energy depend on the configuration of the impurities. We correct the results of earlier theories, and contrast them with our approach. When the impurity potential is large, scattering theory has to be used, but the results have the same form, the t-matrix replacing the impurity pseudopotential. The change in the Fermi surface is shown to be that predicted by the rigid-band model; calculations are in reasonable agreement with experiment. The spin...


Modern concrete sidewalks have existed for approximately a hundred and fifty years in urban centers. The city of Vancouver, British Columbia has date-stamped its concrete sidewalks when they are freshly laid for just over one hundred years. Almost 800 of these concrete sidewalk date-stamps from 1906 to 1992 were collected as points. Many studies regarding urban development and growth utilize historic atlases and maps with their changing road networks over time. This study uses GIS to map Vancouver's concrete sidewalk stamps dated from 1906 to 1992 and re-constructs its early original concrete sidewalks from 1901 to 1911 to establish the historic and spatial distribution of concrete sidewalks in the city. The use of concrete sidewalk date construction data offer another view of the development of Vancouver's urban built environment as compared to relying on the growth of street networks over time as shown in historic atlases and maps.


Seeds of Bauhinia variegata were submitted to biochemical characterization through elementary analysis, protein fractioning and hemaglutinanting activity. The elementary analysis of seed showed high protein and lipid contents, with 29.41 and 14.89%, respectively. The linolenic acid was found in the lipidic constitution of the seeds and the mineral composition remained with in acceptable levels for the human consumption. The specific hemaglutinanting activity from different fractions of proteins (albumin, globulin, prolamin, glutelin acid and alkaline) demonstrated hemaglutinanting activity against native and enzyme treated rabbit erythrocytes. However, the fraction globulins showed the largest specific hemaglutinanting activity. Acid glutelin and albumin had a larger specific hemaglutinanting activity against tripisin-treated and papain-treated rabbit erythrocytes, respectively. Thus, for presenting high energy value, the seeds of Bauhinia variegata are an optional source for the feeding.


Tertiary education industrialization has become a current trend in the world. This article analyses the measures taken in the tertiary education industrialization in America, Britain and Korea. Considering the \%status quo\% in China, this article puts forward some suggestions on how to keep pace with the international trend to fulfill tertiary education industrialization in China.


Solar energetic particle (SEP) events are a serious radiation hazard for spacecraft as well as a severe health risk to humans traveling in space. Indeed, accurate modeling of the SEP environment constitutes a priority requirement for astrophysics and solar system missions and for human exploration in space. The European Space Agency's Solar Energetic Particle Environment Modelling (SEPEM) application server is a World Wide Web interface to a complete set of cross‐calibrated data ranging from 1973 to 2013 as well as new SEP engineering models and tools. Both statistical and physical modeling techniques have been included, in order to cover the environment not only at 1 AU but also in the inner heliosphere ranging from 0.2 AU to 1.6 AU using a newly developed physics‐based shock‐and‐particle model to simulate particle flux profiles of gradual SEP events. With SEPEM, SEP peak flux and integrated fluence statistics can be studied, as well as durations of high SEP flux periods. Furthermore, effects tools are also included to allow calculation of single event upset rate and radiation doses for a variety of engineering scenarios.


: Cloud computing has lately been deployed in educational institutions for a range of services and applications by way of virtualization of computing resources such as processors, memory, storage and networking. This paper discusses the use of cloud computing in tutorial group discussions as a teaching pedagogy and its influence in learning. It explores the essentials in tutorial group discussions in class including the preparations, activities, processes, benefits and opportunities. The research utilized a mixed method approach including qualitative and quantitative for data collection, then both action research and agile software development to develop and test the cloud computing based tutorial management system (Tutmas). Results indicated that both students and lecturers appreciated the benefits and usefulness of regular tutorials. Further, both students and lecturers appreciated the role of the cloud based Tutmas platform in improving efficiency in the management of tutorials and enhancement of students' learning experiences and academic skills.


This paper reports two experimental studies wherein the combustion process of flame resistant (FR) thermal protective textiles is characterized in terms of thermal decomposition and heat release parameters before and after contamination and in terms of heat release parameters after contamination and decontamination. Aramid and FR cotton/nylon decomposed at higher and aramid/FR viscose at lower temperature in the presence of oil. Oil interferes with thermally induced interactions between aramid and FR viscose, altering the thermal decomposition rates and formation of char, and thereby increasing the effectiveness of the flame retardant present in the viscose. It is apparent that oily contaminants present in FR fabrics affect the initiation of the thermal degradation and formation of char. All contaminated FR fabrics showed significantly higher peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR) and effective heat of combustion (EHC) compared to uncontaminated ones. Oily specimens laundered with no detergent or prewash product had higher PHRR, THR and EHC compared to other treatments regardless of the fabric type or number of contamination/decontamination cycles. Heat release increased with increased number of contamination/decontamination cycles for most laundry treatments for all FR fabrics. FR cotton/nylon had the highest and aramid had the lowest PHRR and THR whether specimens were uncontaminated, contaminated or decontaminated. In this study heat release from FR fabrics increased with increased oily contamination.


A market comprising a scheduler with a renewable generator and a pumped water storage system, a certain number of flexible and inflexible loads, and a non-renewable generator is considered. At the beginning of activity, the scheduler receives the following three information from each of the loads - consumption (in MW), duration (in hours) and start window. The start window of a load is the time interval in which the load must be started. A load is inflexible if its start window is singleton. The loads are assumed to be non-preemptive, that is, after a load is started, it cannot be interrupted or paused, and it must be served for its duration. The goal of the scheduler is to develop a scheduling policy that minimizes the aggregate cost of buying electricity from the non-renewable generator. We develop an understanding of the nature of optimal solutions to such an optimization problem and propose an approximately optimal scheduling policy for a sufficiently wide class of scheduling problems.


Inhibition of Aspergillus niger phosphate solubilization by fluoride released from rock 1 phosphate 2 Running title: Inhibition of fungal P solubilization by fluoride 3 4 Gilberto de Oliveira Mendes, Nikolay Bojkov Vassilev, Victor Hugo Araújo Bonduki, 5 Ivo Ribeiro da Silva, José Ivo Ribeiro Júnior, Maurício Dutra Costa 6 7 a Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil 8 b Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain 9 c Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil 10 d Department of Statistics, Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil 11 e Researcher of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development 12 (CNPq), Brazil 13 14 Abstract 15 The simultaneous release of various chemical elements with inhibitory potential for 16 phosphate solubilization from rock phosphate (RP) was studied in this work. Al, B, Ba, Ca, 17 F, Fe, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, Si, Sr, V, Zn, and Zr were released concomitantly with P 18 during the solubilization of Araxá RP (Brazil), but only F showed inhibitory effects on the 19 process at the concentrations detected in the growth medium. Besides P solubilization, 20 # Corresponding author: Laboratório de Associações Micorrízicas, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com. Telephone: +55 31 38992965 Copyright © 2013, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/AEM.01487-13 AEM Accepts, published online ahead of print on 14 June 2013


The study of navigational mechanisms used by mammalian sperm inside a microenvironment yields better understanding of sperm locomotion during the insemination process, which aids in the design of tools for overcoming infertility. Near- and far-field hydrodynamic interactions with nearby boundaries and rheotaxis are known to be some of the steering strategies that keep sperm on the correct path toward the egg. However, it is not known how the beating patterns of sperm may influence these navigational strategies. In this study, we investigate the effect of flagellar beating pattern on navigation of sperm cells both theoretically and experimentally using a two-step approach. We first isolate bovine sperm based on their rheotactic behavior in a zone with quiescent medium using a microfluidic system. This step ensures that the swimmers are able to navigate upstream and have motilities higher than a selected value, even though they feature various flagellar beating patterns. We then explore the flagellar beating pattern of these isolated sperm and their subsequent influence on boundary-dependent navigation. Our findings indicate that rheotaxis enables sperm to navigate upstream even in the presence of circular motion in their motility, whereas boundary-dependent navigation is more sensitive to the circular motion and selects for progressive motility. This finding may explain the clinical importance of progressive motility in semen samples for fertility, as the flow of mucus may not be sufficiently strong to orient the sperm cells throughout the process of insemination. Significance Finding the egg and moving toward it while traversing the complex structure of the female reproductive tract is necessary for mammalian sperm. Previous studies have shown how sperm use navigational steering mechanisms that are based on swimming upstream (i.e. rheotaxis) and along the boundaries of the female reproductive tract. We demonstrate that the performance of theses navigational mechanisms is associated with the primary characteristics of sperm motility. In fact, sperm rheotaxis is more sensitive to the motility and thus average velocity of sperm while navigation via rigid boundaries is more sensitive to the flagellar beating pattern and selects for symmetric beating. Our results can be expanded to other autonomous microswimmers and their subsequent navigation mechanisms.


Deep drawing is one of the sheet metal forming processes used widely in industries like automobile, aerospace etc. In drawing operation, the limiting draw ratio (LDR) is used as an index of drawability of a material. In this investigation, stainless steel AISI 304 grade blanks of 1.0 mm thickness with different diameters are drawn into a circular cups in single stage. The experiments were conducted at room temperature as well as at temperatures 100oC, 200oC, and 300oC. The LDR values obtained in each condition were analyzed. The experimental results show that there is a significant improvement in LDR values by warm working.


Since the author's AIAA-2002-2551 paper on aero-vibro-acoustic source components and transmission mechanisms under unsteady aerodynamic flows, other researchers have successfully applied the recommended wavenumber-frequency (k -ω ) analysis method to demonstrate the presence of an approximately "diffuse" acoustic source in turbulence. This paper expands the number of candidate wind noise source mechanisms to include propagating acoustic field loading and spatially-random ("rain on the roof") loading. For the case of wind noise from an idealized side mirror turbulence transmitted through a vibrating panel – tested by University of Southampton in companion paper AIAA-2012-2201 each source is quantified using wavenumber analysis of large eddy simulation (LES) CFD results and applied to a statistical energy analysis (SEA) representation of the structural-acoustic system to validate the proposed mathematical model.


Pins fins are the most commonly used heat exchanging device. By aiming to change the dimensions and shapes of the fins, industries are consistently working with it. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of the many pin fin shapes on the thermal performance by helpof Ansys software. For effective heat transfer the various types of perforation are used on pin fin. The main attention is to increase the heat transfer rate and temperature drop through the fin surface for better performance. For better performance, copper is used but generally Aluminium are widely used because of its low weight and low cost. The entire process is done by using solid works and ansys software. The 3d model is made on solid works having many shapes like solid pin fin with circular holes, rectangular holes, triangular holes and rectangular holes with slot. Then thermal analysis is accomplished by Ansys. After analysis, we found that the maximum temperature drop is in the solid pin fin with rectangular holes and slot. It's temperature drop is 71.37c. After that we find out the heat transfer for each shape and got that solid pin fin with rectangular holes and slot have maximum heat transfer as 26.96 J/s among all other shapes. Their maximum heat transfer allows to transfer more heat and give better performance. KeywordsPin Fins, Heat Exchanger, Extended surfaces, Thermal Analysis


Despite the fact that currently the problems of media-culture and media-education are the focus of the scientific community development of media-culture in students of the higher school in the educational space of Russia remains the insufficiently researched area of the pedagogical science. Due to particular organization of the vocational training with using the distance learning technologies, when the students during all training period are directly surrounded by media and their learning process is practically completely oriented to communication between the student and the teacher through different informational systems and electronic mail, and the "live" communication with the teacher at the personal distance is minimized or completely absent, it is important to develop media-culture of students at all training stages in the higher school. It is needed to pay special attention to the media-culture of students trained under the program of "Advertising and public relations" and "Journalism", as representatives of just these professional groups form the modern media-culture space, and provide the impact on wide population masses, and thus shall demonstrate the own high cultural level.


The Suzaku Mission (K Yamaoka) Gamma-Ray Astrophysics with AGILE (F Longo et al.) The GLAST Mission (J McEnery) Recent Results from CANGAROO (M Mori) VERITAS: Status and Performance (J Holder) Gamma-Ray Pulsars in the GLAST Era (M Razzano) Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Burst (M D Valle) Solving GRBs and SGRs Puzzles by Precessing Jets (D Fargion) Multiwavelength Observations and Theories of Blazars (G Tosti) Gamma-Ray Bursts (L Amati) X-Rays and GeV Flares in GRB Light Curves (A Galli et al.) The Global Fit Approach to Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of GRBs (A Chernenko) The Online Monitor for the GLAST Calibration Unit Beam Test (L Baldini et al.) Gamma-Ray Burst Physics with GLAST (N Omodei) and other papers.


This paper discusses guidelines for implementation of art. 107-109 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, from perspective of state guarantees for banks in wake of the financial crisis which descended on EU Member States. Qualitative analysis of bank loan guarantees was based on The Banking Communication of 13 October 2008. Statistical data for quantitative analysis was collected from European Commission reports issued about state aid granted to Member States. Discussed were criteria for granting that aid, verifying its objectives as well as measures and amounts approved by the Commission. Research theory was set out that the banking loans guarantees as a  state aid instrument were used predominantly by countries within the Euro zone, whilst states without the common currency had little in the way of that aid.


Th e discussion of the ethical issues of nanotechnologies faces three difficulties: public hype, unclear definition and the early state of nanotechnologies. First, nanotechnology is surrounded by a great deal of hype, hailed as the revolutionary technology of the twenty-fi rst century with the enormous potential to radically change everything, from industrial production to the way we live and see ourselves as human beings, and the power to be disastrous to humanity. Th ese utopian and dystopian visions, which all originate in science fi ction, have been reinforced by various groups, including futurologists, software engineers, investment consultants, religious sects and governmental agencies. Such visions have created exaggerated public hopes and fears, as well as ethical concerns, with the consequence that nanotechnology is discussed mainly in terms of the societal and ethical implications of these visions (Schummer, 2004b; 2005). Th e proliferation of such 'envisioned' issues makes it particularly diffi cult to identify and articulate issues from an ethical point of view. Second, the defi nition of nanotechnology is anything but clear. So many defi nitions abound that the meaning greatly diff ers from country to country, from discipline to discipline, and from public to public. In addition, with the launch of national nanotechnology programmes and their huge budgets, almost any science and engineering discipline can jump onto the bandwagon of nanotechnology and attach the 'nano' label to their research. Th e fuzziness of nanotechnology makes it almost impossible to identify ethical issues with the desired precision.


A method is disclosed, the method comprising the use of a mobile device to identify and deliver to the destination specified at least one physical package associated encrypted electronic token. The electronic token is encrypted by a first key associated with a particular party. The method also includes the use of the mobile electronic device to sign at least one physical package. This includes initiating a second key associated with the particular party decrypts the encrypted electronic token. For example, the mobile device may have a private key corresponding to the particular party. The private key may be able to revoke the use of the public key encryption of said token is performed. Thus, the mobile device may be capable of decrypting the encrypted electronic token to determine the original electronic token. The mobile device may return the decrypted electronic token, having to verify and / or along one of the mobile device is authorized to receive the parcel.


The U.S. food programs have gone through considerable changes over the last fifty years. Originally, the food stamp program and the school lunch program, which began in the 1930s, were intended to dispose of farm surplus (Paarlberg, p. 101). However, starting in the 1960s, a series of events significantly changed the nature and scope of the U.S. food programs. In the late 1960s, the hunger lobby, rallying various organizations motivated to help the poor, came into existence, resulting in an expansion of the domestic food assistance programs. Annual federal expenditures on U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) food programs rose over ninefold, to over $10 billion in the decade 1969-79, and reached $16 billion in 1981 (Longen). About 60% of these expenditures were for the food stamp program, the largest of the domestic food programs. Other current U.S. food programs include the school lunch program, the school breakfast program, the supplemental food program for women, infants, and children (WIC), and the food distribution programs.1 Each has its own eligibility criteria which target it toward a particular group of the population. For example, while the food stamp program's eligibility is based on general grounds, such as income and family size, and is not restricted to certain categories of the poor, the WIC program is precisely targeted toward those people determined by local health professionals to be at nutritional risk (pregnant women, infants, etc.). The food assistance programs are now aimed at improving the nutritional status of low income people and school children. For example, emphasis is given to providing balanced meals in many of the child nutrition programs. Other changes include the greatly expanded food stamp program which, through the use of vouchers or stamps, has become the national approach to general food assistance. Finally, as national standards replaced state and local regulations, uniform eligibility standards and benefits gave the food programs a national scope. However, the spiraling costs of the domestic food programs have led some to question their effectiveness. For example, Paarlberg (p. 109) has argued that the food stamp program has been expanded beyond its optimal point of providing food for those who are truly in need. A growing federal deficit, the New Federalism, and the current mood for fiscal restraint certainly indicate that the period of fast growth of the food programs is over. After the escalation of the 1970s, the 1980s likely will see a plateau in the total funding for domestic food programs. In this context, the issues of this decade will be to improve the effectiveness of the current food assistance programs. It will require a better assessment of what is the appropriate safety net and what are the most efficient ways for society to provide such a safety net. For domestic food policy, this indicates a careful evaluation of the kind and amount of assistance provided, e.g., in-kind versus cash transfers. It also raises the question of the proper target group and eligibility criteria for each food program. In this paper, some of the desirable characteristics of the food programs are examined. For example, it is argued that, as far as food policy is concerned, in-kind transfers to households are superior to cash transfers, implying that the food programs should not evolve toward direct cash assistance. Also, any program that has rather general eligibility The author is an associate professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Wisconsin. The author wishes to acknowledge the comments and suggestions of Peter Helmberger and Richard Bishop. I See Longen and Allen for a more detailed description of each program, and Senauer for a discussion of some food policy issues. For example, Senauer has argued that modifications of the food program over the last twenty years have significantly weakened its ability to expand food consumption.


Teaching with English version textbooks is an important approach of teaching reforms in High Education Selection of the course and relevant textbooks should meet the requirements of the development of the discipline and the actual abilities of the teachers and students. In teaching practices, it is necessary to make full use of the auxiliary teaching materials and modify the existing teaching ways and methods.This approach can be step by step disseminated through reinforced training of the teachers and continuous improvement of student',English foundation and absorption


Objective To observe the expression and distribution of somatostatin receptors 2 and 5(SSTR2,5) in extraocular muscle in hypothyroidism and thyroid associated ophthalmopathy(TAO) Wister rats induced by 131I.Methods 20 Wister rats were randomly divided into experimental group and normal group(group D).According to 131I doses of intraperitoneal injection,the experimental groups were divided into low(group A),middle(group B) and high dose group(group C).After 8 weeks,all rats were sacrificed and orbital tissue sections were applied to HE staining and Immunohistochemistry for the analysis of rat orbital tissue changes and SSTR2 and 5 distribution in extraocular muscle.Results The serum FT4 levels in group A(16.98±2.92 pmol / L),group B(1.84±0.44 pmol / L) and group C(1.35 ±0.37 pmol /L) eight weeks after 131I injection were decreased,and had significant difference compared with group D(P 0.05).The serum FT4 levels in group B and C were significantly lower than that in group A(P 0.05).The serum TSH level in group C(2.53 ±0.10 IU / ml),group B(2.37±0.32 IU / mL) and group A(1.78±0.36 IU / mL) were slightly elevated,but no significant difference compare to group D(P 0.05).Orbital tissue in experimental group showed mucoid degeneration and edema,the extent was about 25% in group A,50% in group B,70% in group C.The rats in group B and group C appeared obvious proliferation of fibrous and adipose tissue,muscle fibers degeneration fracture,even extraocular muscles in group C have vacuole formation.Immunohistochemical analysis displayed highest SSTR5 distribution and strongest expression was in extraocular muscle of group C,second in A B combination group(A and B groups)and weakest in group D.There were significant differences between A B combination group,group C and group D(P 0.05).There was no significant difference on expression of SSTR 2 among groups(P 0.05).Conclusion This study observed the distribution and expression of SSTR2 and SSTR5 in extraocular muscle on the established hypothyroidism animal model.It is some significance for understanding the mechanism of somatostatin receptors in occurrence and development of TAO,similar to provide a reference for the use of somatostatin analogue orbital imaging scintigraphy and TAO therapy.


Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is an established, non-invasive technique to comprehensively assess cardiovascular structure and function in a variety of acquired and inherited cardiac conditions. In the process of acquiring CMR images, the inferior neck, entire thorax, and upper abdomen are routinely imaged, particularly in the initial multi-slice axial and coronal images. Identifying and reporting extra-cardiac findings at the time of CMR has ethical, financial, and medicolegal implications. Not all extra-cardiac findings are incidental, and occasionally they may contribute to the interpretation of the primary cardiac pathology, as some cardiac conditions have multi-systemic extra-cardiac involvement. However, the majority of extra-cardiac findings are incidental but may still be clinically important and may alter clinical management. Given that several of the cardiovascular risk factors for atherosclerosis are also risk factors for malignancy, certain patient groups undergoing CMR are at potential risk for important extra-cardiac findings. This chapter aims to provide a systematic overview of the type of extra-cardiac findings that may be detected on CMR, subdivided by anatomical location. Focus is placed on normal variant anatomy that may be confused for pathology, common extra-cardiac findings, and important imaging signs that help distinguish important pathology from benign entities. A framework to the approach and potential further diagnostic workup of incidental extra-cardiac findings discovered at the time of CMR is provided.


Individualism,originated and developed in the period of the Renaissance,Protestant Reformation movement,and Enlightenment,brought great progress to human civilization in terms of advocates for human rights and personal freedom.However, it also had some historical limitations.Because of this,it has been so far criticized especially by utopianism.But,the critical spirit of utopianism did not reach the in-depth nature of capitalism because they did not see the objective differences between reasonable individualism and extreme individualism(actually,the latter is often seen as equal to egoism).Instead,they took the two as the same and completely refused to accept any kind of individualism.This led them to stand at the opposite side to their social and cultural values at that time as well as to have no social foundations for recognition of their theory.In other words,utopianism indicated the limitations of individualism but neglected the excellence of individualism as well.Under this circumstance,Marx,whose theory was somehow directly based on utopianism,proposed his own theory on the Human Free and Full Development.Marx's theory not only took full advantages of individualism but also greatly enriched it at a higher theoretical level and therefore surpassed the utopianism.


The RelB gene product is a member of the nuclear factor (NF)‐κB family of transcription factors. It has been identified recently within mouse antigen‐presenting cells and human monocyte‐derived dendritic cells (DC). Disruption of the mouse RelB gene is accompanied, amongst other phenotypes, by abnormalities in the antigen‐presenting cell lineages. In order to define RelB expression during human DC differentiation, we have analysed RelB mRNA by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and RelB protein by intracellular staining in CD34+ precursors and different types of DC preparations. RelB mRNA was not detected in CD34+ precursor populations. Fresh blood DC (lineage−human leucocyte antigen‐DR+ (lin−HLA‐DR+)) lacked RelB mRNA and cytoplasmic RelB protein but a period of in vitro culture induced RelB expression in blood DC. Purified Langerhans' cells (LC) (CD1a+ HLA‐DR+) failed to express RelB mRNA. Immunocytochemical staining identified RelB protein in human skin epithelium. RelB protein was expressed in a very few CD1a+, CD83+ or CMRF‐44+ dermal DC but was not present in CD1a+ LC. Tonsil DC (lin−HLA‐DR+ CMRF‐44+) were positive for RelB mRNA and RelB protein. Intestinal DC (HLA‐DR+) also lacked immunoreactive RelB protein. The majority of interdigitating CD83+, CMRF‐44+, CMRF‐56+ or p55+ DC located in paracortical T‐lymphocyte areas of lymph node and tonsil contained RelB protein. The expression of RelB mRNA and RelB protein correlates with the activated phase of blood DC and the postmigration cell (activated) stage of tissue DC development.


An exact formulation is presented for the vibration of a rigid circular foundation on a stratum of Gibson soil. Specializing the governing equations for the limiting static case reveals the interes...


We have been developing a method to design a creative and emotional 'motion' that may resonate with deep feelings that are difficult to describe verbally. In our previous study, we proposed a method to design a 'motion' by blending 'base motions' from a database wherein motions were related to corresponding 'mimetic words'. Mimetic words may express motion and phenomena that are difficult to describe verbally. In this study, we attempt to investigate how people perceive the impressions of base motions using mimetic words; further, we attempt to validate the use of mimetic words. Experiment 1 was conducted to examine generalities in the process of relating mimetic words to base motions. Experiment 2 was conducted to examine generalities for evaluating the appropriateness of expressing each base motion by using related mimetic words. Results indicated that there is a tendency for subjects to perceive impressions from mimetic words while viewing base motions.


The strategic behavior of manufacturing firms in the context of the Finnish food industry is examined. Based on business-level strategy theories, the objective is to examine the interrelationships between particular types of competitive advantages, a food manufacturer's bargaining power in input and output markets, and organizational performance. Strategic advantages of the food industry are defined through the development of a taxonomy based on survey data from 65 firms. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.