Three-dimensional (3D)-printed anatomical models of the bones play a key role in complex surgical procedures. These subject-specific physical models are valuable in pre-operative planning and may also offer assistance during surgery by improving the visibility of inaccessible anatomical structures, particularly in spine surgery. Starting from medical imaging, virtual 3D bone models are reconstructed, and these can also be used for quantifying original, planned, and achieved bone-to-bone alignments. The purpose of this study is to report on an original exploitation of these techniques on a patient with a severe cervical deformity to undergo corrective and stabilizing surgery. A virtual anatomical model of the cervical spine before surgery was obtained from computer tomography to assess the original deformity and for surgical planning. The corresponding 3D model was printed in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and used to simulate the surgery by performing bone cuts, implanting the screws, and placing and shaping the fixation elements. During surgery, this physical 3D-printed model was used as a reference for each surgical action. The comparisons between pre- and post-operative virtual models confirmed that the planned correction was achieved. Virtual and 3D-printed anatomical models of the cervical spine offer advantages in the planning and execution of personalized complex surgeries, in addition to improving surgical safety.


NUMBER THEORYTheorists have devised clever algorithms for telling whether a large number is prime, but none that could be proven to work quickly. Now three computer scientists in India have composed one that fills the bill. The new primality test runs in "polynomial time"--the gold standard of efficiency in computer science--and is so simple that other theorists wonder how they missed it.


The importance of the Bergman kernel functions has been recognized in the theory of functions of one and several complex variables ([1]). In the present paper, after proving some general theorems concerning kernel functions, we shall determine the kernel functions for the four main types of irreducible bounded symmetric domains}). According to E. Carton [2], any bounded symmetric domain is expressed as the topological product of irreducible domains, and hence our results, if the kernel function will be determined for the two exceptional cases, will yield a complete information about the kernel functions of bounded symmetric domains by virtue of Theorem 3 below, which asserts that the kernel function of the topological product of two domains is equal to the product of the kernel functions of two domains. The classical Schwarz lemma asserts that if a function fez) in a complex variable z is regular in the domain Izl


Ornithogalum is a popular genus especially, as an ornamental plant. In this study, eight native Ornithogalum species grown in West Mediterrenean Region of Turkey were cultured on MS media supplemented with combinations of BAP (1.0, 2.0, 4.0 mg L -1 ) and NAA (0.25, 0.50 mg L -1 ). The results indicated that the highest rate of proliferation was induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) to which 4 mg L -1 BAP + 0.5 mg L -1 NAA (4.97 bulblets/explant) while the lowest rate of bulblet proliferation was obtained in 2 mg L -1 BAP + 0.25 mg L -1 NAA (2.27 bulblets/explant). Ornithogalum umbellatum showed the highest bulblet regeneration within the species. The regenerated bulblets were transferred into plastic viols containing mixture of peat moss and perlite (1:1) after 5 months.


Zimbabwe is a Sub-Saharan African country which is exposed to the El-Nino effect. The frequent occurrence of the El-Nino phenomenon results in reduced precipitation in Zimbabwe. In recent years, the country experienced frequent and severe food shortages due to the effects of drought disasters affecting hundreds of thousands of people. The World Bank in 2013 reported that weather related disasters will continue to afflict the country hence the need for the country to devise robust drought coping strategies. The Zimbabwean government and registered private voluntary organisations work together in providing food relief to drought stricken communities. When rendering food aid, there are factors such as culture, leadership attitudes, the economy, political environment and the disaster management policy that affects the effectiveness of drought relief supply chains. The primary objective of this study was to explore the role of supply chains on the effects of drought induced disasters in Zimbabwe. The study objectives were to assess the disaster management environment in Zimbabwe; investigate the current supply chain management strategies used in drought disaster response in Zimbabwe; determine the extent to which disaster supply chains performance is affected by culture, leadership attitudes, political state, economic state, legal framework and to explore the adequacy of the disaster management policy in dealing with drought induced disaster in Zimbabwe. The crunch and the disaster phase models were used as overarching theories on which the study is grounded. The study made use of a triangulated research design. Both qualitative and quantitative research approaches were applied. The research population comprised 200 participants in total, of which 26 were government officials and 174 were from Non- governmental organisations. Questionnaires and interviews were used to generate primary data. The data was analysed using Stata 13. The findings revealed that the identified factors were not enablers to drought relief response but exacerbated community vulnerability. Poor road network, lack of financial resources, poor stakeholder relations, poor communication and lack of information sharing affected the effectiveness of drought relief supply chains in Zimbabwe. The disaster management policy was also found to be reactive in posture and the Department of Civil Protection was not adequately resourced to effectively execute its mandate of coordinating and monitoring the activities of the different participants in drought disaster response. Another significant finding was that supply chain aspects such as transport costs and warehouse costs reduced because of the level of education and work experience of the participants. The major conclusions of the study were that culture, leadership attitudes, political state and the disaster management policy were not enablers of drought relief response in Zimbabwe except for economic state and the legal framework. It was also revealed that drought relief supply chains were affected by poor state of roads, political interference, lack of financial resources, poor communication and lack of information sharing among relief participants and that, the drought disaster management policy was not providing for drought logistics planning. The expected outcomes of the study are to help improve the effectiveness of drought disaster response in Zimbabwe. Fundamentally, the study anticipated to influence the drought disaster management policy so that there is an effective drought disaster management framework.


We have considered the urinary excretion profile of methiopropamine, a thiophene ring-based structural analog of methamphetamine with similar stimulant effects, with the aim of selecting the most appropriate marker(s) of intake that may be useful in forensic analysis. For this purpose, in vitro studies were preliminarily performed on human liver microsomes for tracing the phase I metabolic pathways of methiopropamine, pre-selecting the best candidates as potential target analytes and designing the optimal experimental strategy. In vivo studies were then conducted on mice, following the intraperitoneal administration of a 10 mg/kg dose. Urine samples were collected every 3 hours in the first 9 hours and, subsequently, from 24 to 36 hours, stored at - 80 °C until analysis. The measurements were carried out by a targeted procedure based on liquid/liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Our results show that in the time interval 0-9 hours after administration, methiopropamine is extensively oxidized mainly to nor-methiopropamine, oxo-methiopropamine, and two hydroxylated (i.e., hydroxy-aryl-methiopropamine and hydroxy-alkyl-methiopropamine). All the phase I metabolites underwent phase II metabolism, with the formation of nor-hydroxy-methiopropamine only in phase II, confirmed by the results obtained following enzymatic hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase and arylsulfatase. In the time interval 24-36 hours after administration, unchanged methiopropamine and nor-methiopropamine were only detected, suggesting that these two markers are those endowed with the highest diagnostic value. The method was validated for these two principal markers, proving to be fit for the purpose of anti-doping, toxicological, and forensic analyses.


Advanced progenies and cultivars of tomato have been evaluated through seven years as to local tospovirus infection at Instituto Agronomico de Campinas, in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Among the germplasm considered resistant, LA 444-1 (Lycopersicon peruvianum), PI 134417 (L. hirsutum) and TSW-10 (L. esculentum x L. peruvianum) have confirmed their resistance while L. esculentum cultivars Platense, Rey de los Tempranos, Leopardo and HE-233 were susceptible. Although parentals LA 444-1 and PI 134417 presented high resistance levels, the lowest infection rates have been observed in progenies of L. peruvianum. The cultivar Stevens, developed in South Africa from L. peruvianum, has shown stable resistance to the tospovirus; some of the progenies of the cross cv. Stevens x IPA-6 have revealed resistance levels as high or even higher than that of the resistant parental (cv. Stevens) as well as desirable agronomic traits.


On the dynamic 3-D shape measurement based on Fourier transform profilometry(FTP),if an interleaved CCD cameras is used to record the dynamic fringe patterns,two fields of one frame image are grabbed at two different times and compose a full-field interleaving and blurring image,which increases measure errors and even causes mistake.Therefore,a new method is proposed,which splits a frame image obtained by an interleaved CCD camera into two singe-field images,each of that is used directly to reconstruct dynamic 3-D object shape using FTP.Theoretical analysis shows that the restored object shape based on singe-field image is identical with that of the exact full frame image.The results of simulations and experiments demonstrate that the proposed method is valid and feasible.The method retains the restoration precision and doubles the time resolution of the mesasurment system.The method is simply and quickly.


Abstract The identification of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in patients with solid cancers represents a putative biomarker that may be associated with disease progression and metastatic behavior. The technique of enumerating CTCs has been reported to enable improved disease prognostication and monitoring of treatment. As a result, this approach has gained increasing interest in the field of cancer management and prognosis. Several studies have shown utility in a variety of clinical conditions, ranging from early localized disease to disseminated metastatic cancer. We present the potential application of CTC determination in 2 patients with prostate cancer. Understanding its potential prognostic information as well as its methodological limitations is of paramount importance in order to better interpret the results in the context of a particular patient with cancer.


Activated carbons were prepared from haw-stones residue using tradi ti onal steam activation method and super-critical water activation method. The po re structure of the obtained activated carbons was characterized by N2 adsorptio n technique. The influences of two different activation processes on the evoluti on of pore structure of the obtained activated carbon were compared. The results show that micropores dominate in activated carbons derived from haw-stones residue. Haw-stones residue can be activated in super-critical water but no significant effect is observed.


My aim in the present paper is to develop a new kind of argument in support of the ideal of liberal neutrality. This argument combines some basic moral principles with a thesis about the relationship between the correct standards of justification for a belief/action and certain contextual factors. The idea is that the level of importance of what is at stake in a specific context of action determines how demanding the correct standards to justify an action based on a specific set of beliefs ought to be. In certain exceptional contexts –where the seriousness of harm in case of mistake and the level of an agent's responsibility for the outcome of his action are specially high– a very small probability of making a mistake should be recognized as a good reason to avoid to act based on beliefs that we nonetheless affirm with a high degree of confidence and that actually justify our action in other contexts. The further steps of the argument consist in probing 1) that the fundamental state's policies are such a case of exceptional context, 2) that perfectionist policies are the type of actions we should avoid, and 3) that policies that satisfy neutral standards of justification are not affected by the reasons which lead to reject perfectionist policies.


Since the frequency of the deformation of the femoral head has been becreased with the use of Pavlik's band, the lateralisation of the femoral head has been closed up recently.In our clinic the lateralisation was observed in 21% of 83 cases on which Pavlik's band had been applied. Among them the trochanter press band was appied on 5 cases, and Lange's apparatus 7 cases to improve the symptoms.Among them who had been treated with Pavlik's band or with plasters for the congenital dislocation of the hip, the derotation osteotomy was operated on 14 cases of the subluxation.


This paper presents a fixed location pose estimation system based on electromagnetic fields. The sensor system is comprised of an electromagnetic field exciter mounted on a moveable platform and a stationary magnetic field sensor. The sensed data is used to estimate the relative pose of the exciter, and consequently, the pose of the moving platform. The proposed systems' accuracy increases with decreasing distance and can consequently be helpful for landing scenarios or to be fused with existing approaches showing opposing characteristics. Conductive objects in the vicinity of the sensor system, potentially the target platform itself, cause a change of magnetic field due to induced eddy currents. The introduced concept analytically models known conductive and ferromagnetic structures while maintaining real-time capabilities as required in many tracking applications. The system concept consists of analog front-ends, an analog signal conditioning stage, sampling followed by digital signal processing, and an Extended Kalman Filter that continuously updates the pose estimate. The performance of the developed concept is verified using an experimental demonstrator. It is shown that electromagnetic field-based pose estimation can act as a close-range pose measurement system while providing real-time functionality.


Flavone is extracted from Momordica grosvenori leaf. Flavone aglycones is abtained from hydrolyzation and purified by solvent extraction,column chromato-gramphy. Then the flavone aglycones is identified by Molting-Point,TLC,HPLC,UV and MS,the results show that the flavone aglycones is kaempferol and quercitin.


Objective To analyze the incidence rate and mortality of perinatal asphyxia and effects of new resuscitation technique on asphyxia as well as the risk factors of asphyxia in latest 10 years.Methods A retrospective evaluation was done for all the newborns who were born in the provincial women and children′s health care hospital from 1995 to 2004.The morbidity,mortality and fatality rate were calculated for each observed year and different seasons.The influence of gender,body weight,gestational age as well as polyembryony and mode of delivery on the asphyxia was analyzed.Results The morbidity of mild birth asphyxia was decreased dramatically and maintained at about 1.5% after using new resuscitation technique,however,there were no obvious effects on the sever asphyxia.In the same time,no big influence on fatality rate of birth asphyxia was observed.The incidence rate was highest in April,but the mortality and fatality of asphyxia was highest in July.The incidence of asphyxia was also related with gender,polyembryony,birth weight,prematurity babies and aids to delivery from voginal.Conclusions The incidence of perinatal asphyxia is related with the gender,polyembryony,birth weight and gestation age as well as seasons.New resuscitation technique can reduce the morbidity of mild birth asphyxia,and no effect on the severe asphyxia as well as fatality rate.


The anti-seismic dynamic analysis method with the widely used viscous damper is introduced.The widely used finite element analysis software-MIDAS Civil is used to establish a finite element module using viscous damper instead of damping arrangement and the anti-seismic performance of viscous damper is testified through time-history method.


We propose compact three-dimensional photonic circuit designs that guarantee a remarkable reduction in the complexity of circuits to perform quantum state tomography of N-dimensional path qudits. We obtain solutions such that the number of beam splitters obeys a polynomial function of degree three with the quantum system dimension, whereas, in current proposals, this quantity grows with a polynomial function of degree four. In addition, the optical depth reduces from quadratic to linear over the dimension of the Hilbert space.


The seasonal hatching of the eggs is controlled by the annual cycle of temperature. Preflooding temperatures control the hatchability of the eggs by exerting a conditioning or deconditioning effect. The eggs are conditioned by an increase in temperature and deconditioned by a decrease. All eggs are conditioned when held at 90°F for 1–2 weeks and deconditioned after 4 weeks at 60°. Intermediate temperatures may either condition or decondition the eggs, depending upon the previous temperature of exposure, since conditioning occurs only at temperatures higher than the prior deconditioning temperature. Thus, temperatures of 70° and 80° condition eggs in late spring and early summer, and decondition eggs in late summer and early autumn. The percentage of conditioned eggs that hatch when flooded varies directly with the temperature of the medium. The combined effects of preflooding and flooding temperatures upon the hatching of the eggs control the seasonal occurrence of adults. Deconditioned eggs do not hatch during the winter, although repeatedly flooded by irrigation water.


Research purposes: At present,the most of the newly-built railway are high-speed railways with lots of bridges,so the higher and higher requirement to the geological prospecting is demanded.To the survey for the bridge foundation in simple geological condition area,the conventional reconnaissance can be adopted,but to the survey for the bridge foundation in complicated geological condition area,there are lots of influencing factors,so the knowledge on the survey should be deepened.In this paper,taking the geological prospecting for the Liaoyewan Bridge of Suining-Chongqing Railway as an example,the problems existed in each stage of the survey,their reasons and resolutions are analyzed,and the knowledge on ensuring the survey quality for the bridge foundation in complicated geological area is presented.Research conclusions:For the bridge foundation in the complicated geological condition area,the integrated exploration method should be adopted with relying mainly on the geological surveying and mapping.The fine geological prospecting should be adopted.In this way,there are lots of works to be done,but it is necessary and has to be done.The coordination should be done among all specialties,namely,the geology-specialized person first makes clear the geological condition for the control pier and abutment arrangement and late the bridge-specialized person carries out the arrangements of pier and abutment and selection of the pile position.


Background: Methyldopa is the main antihypertensive drug that widely used in pregnant women with hypertensive disorder. It reduces blood pressure in preeclampsia by affecting α2-adrenoreceptors in central nervous system. However, it also decreases production of proangiogenic factors that involved in pathophysiology of hypertension in preeclampsia. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is one of proangiogenic and mitogenic factor that important for vasodilatation, which is produced by placenta and affected after treatment with methyldopa.
Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze effect of methyldopa on maternal VEGF circulating level as proangiogenic factor in severe preeclampsia patients who hospitalized at Obstetric and Gynecology Department Haji Teaching Hospital.
Method: This study was performed by prospective observational method on August to October 2016. The data was assessed at before treatment and at 48 hours after methyldopa therapy. The study was approved by the ethical committee Haji Teaching Hospital.
Result: There were 19 patients with severe preeclampsia who met inclussion criteria. The results showed that VEGF level before methyldopa 250 mg therapy were 1178.37±1208.47 (281.97-3567.28) pg/mL and at 48 hours after methyldopa therapy were 1055.17±1172.78 (129.79–4272.66) pg/mL, respectively. VEGF levels in severe preeclampsia patients were 1194.29±1254.68 (175.68–3432.01) pg/mL at before treatment and 510.66±379.61 (214.34–1236.16) pg/mL after treatment with methyldopa 500 mg therapy.
Conclussion: Methyldopa could decrease VEGF level on severe preeclampsia patients, with a decrease of 10% at the dose of 250 mg and 57% at the dose of 500 mg.


This study examined the fermentation characteristics and antioxidative activity of makgeolli prepared with the addition of green tea (GTM). Alcohol content in GTM increased gradually during fermentation. GTM showed a slightly higher pH and lower total acidity than green tea-free makgeolli. THe HPLC ...


Chapter 1 Introduction. New Allies, New Challenges Chapter 2 Chapter 1. Strategic Choices: NATO and EU Membership Chapter 3 Chapter 2. Transatlantic Connections Chapter 4 Chapter 3. Poland: The Key to Central Europe Chapter 5 Chapter 4. Holding the Center: Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia Chapter 6 Chapter 5. Baltic Bonds: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania Chapter 7 Chapter 6. Balkan Partners: Romania and Bulgaria Chapter 8 Chapter 7. Conclusions and Recommendations


It is important to understand the relative contri- bution of primary and secondary particles to regional and global aerosol so that models can attribute aerosol radiative forcing to different sources. In large-scale models, there is considerable uncertainty associated with treatments of parti- cle formation (nucleation) in the boundary layer (BL) and in the size distribution of emitted primary particles, lead- ing to uncertainties in predicted cloud condensation nuclei


Safety integration components for robotic applications are a mandatory feature for any autonomous mobile application, including human avoidance behaviors. This paper proposes a novel parametrizable scene risk evaluator for open-field applications that use humans motion predictions and pre-defined hazard zones to estimate a braking factor. Parameters optimization uses simulated data. The evaluation is carried out by simulated and real-time scenarios, showing the impact of human predictions in favor of risk reductions on agricultural applications.


Wulingjiang world natural heritage has very unique natural landscape and rare scientific research,aesthetic and intelligence-enlightening v alue.Under the existing managing system,there are inherent contradictions betwee n the goals of resources protection and exploitation utilizing.In order to solve the problem,we must strengthen the legislation,make 《world heritage protection law》as soon as possible,weaken the administration direct interfere;simplify th e administration management organization;Wulingjiang world natural heritage mana gement committee should be controlled by the Center or Xiangnan People's Governm ent directly.


Good menstrual hygiene management in schools means that schoolgirls have access to adequate school toilets that meet criteria for basic sanitation and hygiene service, but also that they have basic knowledge about menstrual hygiene. The aim of this work is to assess sanitation and hygiene conditions for adequate menstrual hygiene management in rural schools in the Šumadija and Pomoravlje districts. The study was conducted on the territory of the rural areas of Šumadija and Pomoravlje districts in 2016. It encompassed 238 schools, of which 108 in Šumadija and 130 in Pomoravlje district. To assess sanitation and hygiene conditions for adequate menstrual hygiene management, a questionnaire was created, with questions related to: existence of toilets at schools and whether they are functional, accessible, single-sex, and ensure privacy, to provision of soap and toilet paper, handwashing facilities, bins with a lid in toilet cubicles for schoolgirls, and to provision of menstrual hygiene education. This research showed that a high percentage of school toilets in rural areas meet the basic service criteria (more than 90% for sanitation and about 85% for hygiene) in respect of toilet type and whether toilets are single-sex, usable, and with functional handwashing facilities. However, the obstacles to reaching the criteria for advanced service level are the insufficient provision of facilities for the disposal of menstrual products in toilet cubicles (76.9%), as well as the absence of menstrual hygiene education in 50% of schools. The research indicated the need to improve sanitation and hygiene conditions in order to reach advanced service level that would include better menstrual hygiene management in rural schools in Serbia. Also, a continued research should be focused on the role of social and economic aspects concerning schoolgirls and their families in the attainment of adequate menstrual hygiene.


The curse of dimensionality represents a relevant issue in simulation-based shape optimization, especially when complex physics and high-fidelity computationally-expensive solvers are involved in the process and a global optimum is sought after. In order to have a deeper insight into this problem and indicate possible remedies, the present paper studies the effects of both design-space dimensionality reduction (DR) and optimization methods on the shape optimization efficiency. Linear and non-linear DR methods are used for the design-space DR, based on principal component analysis and deep autoencoders. Global and hybrid global/local deterministic derivative-free optimization algorithms (Deterministic Particle Swarm Optimization, DIviding RECTangles, Dolphin Pod Optimization, LSDFPSO, and DIRMIN-2) are applied to the original and the reduced-dimensionality design-spaces, investigating their efficiency and effectiveness. Example application is shown for the shape optimization of a destroyer-type vessel sailing in calm water at fixed speed.


Utilization of browse supply and moose Alces alces Linnaeus, 1758 browsing intensity in relation to tree height (0.5-3.0 m) were estimated for Scots pine in thickets and willow in willow-birch shrubs. The thickets examined provided different browse resources (0.5, 2.0 and 3.2 t dry wt/ha) and the highest utilization (about 50%) was found in the poorest one (thicket 1). In the willow-birch shrubs the use of browse was high and amounted to 85% of total production in both the winter periods studied. The number and increase of biomass of browsed twigs per stem (or plot) was generally associated with the increase of tree height. Browsing intensity depended on the tree height. Pines of 1.5-1.99 m height were characterized by the greatest browse utilization (76.3%). Moose removed significantly more biomass and twigs from pines growing in the central zone of the thicket 1 than from those growing in the marginal zone. However, in the willow-birch shrubs the utilization of all tree height classes was above 70% of the production and moose browsed not only the last year's growth of shoots but also that of earlier years.


An experiment was conducted at the research field of the Horticulture Research Center at Labukhali, Patuakhali during the period from January to March 2014 to find out the most suitable BARI mungbean variety and optimum rates of N concerning higher seed yield under the regional condition of Patuakhali (AEZ–13). Two BARI mungbean varieties namely BARI mung–5 (V 1 ) and BARI mung–6 (V 2 ) and five levels of N fertilizer including control viz. 0 kg N ha –1 (N 0 ), 30 kg N ha –1 (N 30 ), 45 kg N ha –1 (N 45 ), 60 kg N ha –1 (N 60 ), and 75 kg N ha –1 (N 75 ) were used for the present study as level factor A and B, respectively. In case of variety, BARI mung–6 produced significantly longest pod (7.56 cm), maximum pods (9.14) plant –1 , maximum seeds (9.14) pod –1 , higher weight of 100–seed (4.48 g), highest seed weight (4.33 g plant –1 ) and highest seed yield (1.56 t ha –1 ) than BARI mung–5 at harvest. In case of N fertilizer, longest pod (7.96 cm), maximum pods plant –1 (10.45), maximum seeds pod –1 (9.70), higher weight of 100–seed (4.52 g), higher weight of seed (5.73 g plant –1 ) and greater seed yield (1.85 t ha –1 ) were also obtained in 45 kg N ha –1 compare other N levels. The BARI mung–6 × 45 kg N ha –1 for seed yield was found under the regional condition of Patuakhali (AEZ-13). Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2015, 1(3): 508-517


ABSTRACT Infrared signature of rocket plume plays an important role fo r detection, recognition, tracking and minimzing for low observability. Infrared signatures of rocket plume with reduced smoke propellant and smokeless propellant are measured. In order to estimate the infrared signature of rocket plume, CFD analysis for flow structure of plume is performed, and layered integration method for estimating of infrared signature is used. Numerical and experimental results were in good agreement. Both propellants had similar infrared signature. Strong peak at 4.3 μm region in the experimental results is appeared due to experimental error arising from the calibration procedure. 초 록 미사일의 탐지, 인식 및 추적 및 적외선을 줄여 피탐지성을 최소화 하는 데에 있어 로켓 플룸의 적외선 신호는 중요한 역할을 한다. 저연 추진제 및 무연 추진제를 사용하는 소형 고체로켓모터를 사용하여 로켓 플룸의 적외선 신호를 계측하였다. 로켓 플룸의 적외선 신호를 예측하기 위해 플룸의 유동장에 대한 전산모사를 수행하였으며, layered integration 방법을 사용하여 적외선 신호를 예측하였다. 해석 및 계측 결과는 잘 일치하였다. 두 신호 모두 H 2 O에 의해 2.5-3.0 μm영역에서, CO 및 CO 2 에 의한 4.5 μm 영역에서 강한 신호를 나타낸다. 계측 결과, 4.3 μm 영역에서 해석 결과와 다르게 강한 신호가 나타나는데, 이는 대기 중의 CO


PEREZ DE PAZ, P.L., M.J. PEREZ ALONSO, A. VELASCO NEGUERUELA, M. GIL PINILLA, C. GARCIA VALLEJO & J.L. ESTEBAN (1996). Morphological variation and essential oils in Cedronella canariensis (L.) Webb. & Berthel. (Labiatae). Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 54: 303-307 (in Spanish). In Cedronella canariensis (L.) Webb & Berthel. morphological, ecological and phytochemical characters were studied. Two varieties were considerad: var. canariensis and var. anisata Webb & Berthel.


This paper focuses on the effect of women's individual working preferences on female employment patterns in the Netherlands, Germany and the UK for the period 1992-2002. Female patterns of labour market participation vary not only within these countries but between them as well. Is this variation due to individual socio-economic differences, or could it be attributable to a variation in women's individual working preferences? With the use of longitudinal panel data, this paper outlines the significant individual differences among women in paid work, considering the explanatory effect of individual preferences. The results show that individual working preferences are not the determining factor for explaining the variation in women's average weekly working hours. More importantly, preferences show themselves to be context driven, dependent upon individual and household level constraints. Finally, cross-country variation is evident.


Motivated by the need to understand current-induced magnetization dynamics at the nanoscale, we have developed a formalism, within the framework of Keldysh Green function approach, to study the current-induced dynamics of a ferromagnetic (FM) nanoisland overlayer on a spin-orbit-coupling (SOC) Rashba plane. In contrast to the commonly employed classical micromagnetic LLG simulations the magnetic moments of the FM are treated {\it quantum mechanically}. We obtain the density matrix of the whole system consisting of conduction electrons entangled with the local magnetic moments and calculate the effective damping rate of the FM. We investigate two opposite limiting regimes of FM dynamics: (1) The precessional regime where the magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) and precessional frequency are smaller than the exchange interactions, and (2) The local spin-flip regime where the MAE and precessional frequency are comparable to the exchange interactions. In the former case, we show that due to the finite size of the FM domain, the \textquotedblleft Gilbert damping\textquotedblright does not diverge in the ballistic electron transport regime, in sharp contrast to Kambersky's breathing Fermi surface theory for damping in metallic FMs. In the latter case, we show that above a critical bias the excited conduction electrons can switch the local spin moments resulting in demagnetization and reversal of the magnetization. Furthermore, our calculations show that the bias-induced antidamping efficiency in the local spin-flip regime is much higher than that in the rotational excitation regime.


The finite gain stabilization of the dissipative Hamilton systems with actuator saturation was investigated. The stability and dynamic performance of the system were seriously influenced by saturation. The globally asymptotical stabilization of a closed-loop system was received with the static output feedback. Then,under the evolution of nonlinear functions of the system,the L2 gain stabilization of the closed-loop system was received,while the estimated value of gain was obtained. The results were applied to the system with excitation and steam-valving control. The example was given to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method.


Zuzhang(the head of a clan) was the supreme leader in Huizhou patriarchal clans in the Qing Dynasty. He had a lot of leading power, including the power of offering sacrifices to ancestors, managing and supervising interior work, mediating and judging interior disputes, controlling interior economic affairs, punishing interior clansmen, handling external work. Because he had considerable power, Huizhou patriarchal clans worked out many precautionary measures in the course of institution-designing. To some degree, it could restrain unfavourable factors in patriarchal clans' self-management and ensure its beneficial development.


Public transport in Sweden has for the last twenty years been administered accordingly to the County Public Transport Authority Act from 1978. The purpose of the act is to gather the political responsibility for public transport. This has been achieved in most counties by the stipulation of companies, owned mutually by municipalities and county councils. The county of OEstergoetland has obtained a developed traffic service during the last two decades, not the least thanks to efforts made in regional rail services. Several overviews of the services, the organisation and economy have been conducted. The latest one commenced in 1995 and differs from the previous ones by involving politicians both as principals and actors in the work. The result has led to a proposal to form a new council for the owners that should function as a buyer in relation to the Public Transportation Authority. The purpose of the project has been to study the process, from directives through the different phases of the overview to follow-up interviews with politicians and officials at present time, when the proposal is referred to the owners for consideration. (A)


OBJECTIVE To establish a method for determining the contents and related substances in Nicergoline for injection.METHODS An HPLC method was used with Hypersil C_(18) column(250 mm×4.6 mm,10 μm) and UV detection at 287 nm.The mobile phase consisted of methnol-phosphate buffer(30 mmol·L~(-1) NaH_2PO_4)-triethylamine(60:40:0.8,adjusting pH to 3.5 with phosphoric acid).RESULTS The calibration curve was linear within the range of 2.5-80.0 μg·ml~(-1) of Nicergoline(r=0.9999).The average recovery rate was 99.3% for three different levels of Nicergoline.The limit of related substances was 3.0%.CONCLUSION This method is simple,rapid,accurate and effective for testing related substances in Nicergoline for injection and for its content determination.It is suitable for the quality control of Nicergoline for injection.


The evolution of opinion is largely influenced by individual subjectivity, however, this is neglected in many studies about opinion dynamics. This paper analyzes the evolution of self-cognition and its impact on the spread of opinion from the perspective of individual judgment. Furthermore, this paper considers the effect of external interference on the cluster by altering social interaction, and discusses the impact of demagoguery on individual self-cognition bias and polarization of the cluster.


The National Land Law adheres to the principle of horizontal separation. The principle of horizontal separation is the principle which states that buildings and plants that are on the ground are not part of the land. Land rights do not automatically include the ownership of buildings and plants on them. Legal actions regarding land do not automatically include legal actions against buildings and plants. The approach method used in this research is the empirical juridical approach method, namely the enforcement or implementation of normative legal provisions in action on any particular legal event that occurs in society. The results of the discussion are 1) Legal Consequences of the Horizontal Separation Principle in the Transition of Land Rights, it can be concluded that the practice of buying and selling land not accompanied by coconut trees on it also applies the principle of horizontal separation due to separation or differences in the legal subject of the holders of land ownership rights with legal subjects. holders of ownership of the coconut tree. 2) Legal Protection for the Parties Against the Application of the Principle of Horizontal Separation in the Transition of Land Rights is given to parties who have good intention to control land and / or buildings.


This paper tries to present reflections and opinions about some issues of aspectuality. One of it aims is to give an account of some well-known representative studies on the topic as a theoretical framework and also as the foundation for some evaluations. In addition, it deals with some basic theoretical questions which are worth reconsidering: the categories for the analysis of lexical aspect and the distinction between different analysis levels.


Aim: To evaluate the impact of calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2) on the apical microleakage of canals filled with the bioceramic Total Fill BC (TF BC) and the resin AH 26 sealers.
Methodology:A total of 104 human single-canal maxillary teeth were prepared with rotary files. The teeth were randomly divided into two main test groups (n=48) and two control groups, one positive and one negative (n=4). In one test group, Ca(OH)2 was used; in the other test group, no dressing was placed within the canal. Samples in each test group - with or without Ca(OH)2 dressing - were randomly divided into two subgroups. In one subgroup, AH 26 sealer was used and in the other one, TF BC sealer was used. The specimens with Ca(OH)2 were kept at 37 °C in 100% humidity. A dye penetration technique was used to evaluate the leakage. The data were analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and Fisher exact tests.
Results: The mean microleakage in the subgroups filled with TF BC sealer, with or without Ca(OH)2, was significantly greater than that in the subgroups filled with AH 26 sealer. In addition, the microleakage of the TF BC specimens with Ca(OH2) was significantly higher than the microleakage of TF BC specimens without the dressing (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that use of Ca(OH)2 as an intracanal dressing negatively affected the sealing potential of TF BC.


A total of a hundred lamb carcasses were sampled over a 12 month period at abattoirs in Istanbul, Turkey. Each sample examined for total aerobic mesophilic counts (TMC), Enterobacteriaceae count (EC), Salmonella spp. Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes was obtained from 100 cm2 areas on four sides of lamb carcasses using the wet and dry cotton swab technique. The study revealed that total aerobic mesophilic counts in all carcasses ranged between 4.18 and 5.95 log/cm2; Enterobacteriaceae counts between 1.60 and 2.30 CFU/cm2. All samples were negative for Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. Furthermore Salmonella spp. was detected on four carcasses. The data confirms bacteriological monitoring of lamb carcasses as a useful criteria for the verification of slaughter hygiene.


Summary

IA detergent removal technique was used to reconstitute solubilized tonoplast proteins of mesophyll cells of the CAM plant Kalanchoe daigremontiana into phosphatidylcholine liposomes. The proteoliposomes were able to hydrolyse ATP and to pump protons across the vesicle membrane. Both activities were inhibited by nitrate, an inhibitor of V-type ATPases. Freeze-fracture micrographs confirmed the incorporation of membrane proteins into liposomes. Increase of specific ATP-hydrolysis activity compared to solubilized tonoplast proteins and SDS-PAGE analysis of reconstituted proteins in comparison with the polypeptide pattern of the purified tonoplast H+-ATPase from the same plant source indicated a highly selective reconstitution of the tonoplast H+-ATPase.


Container nursery trials of Liquidambar formosana of different light matrix group,different planting densities and different seedling size grading were performed. The results shows that compareing with the peat-perlite light matrix and the peat-perlite light matrix,the peat-chaff main components matrix had higher survival rate,grade Ⅰ seedling rate and qualified rate,and also had the highest seedling growth and qualified seedling amount per square meter of Liquidambar formosana container seedlings. 143 plants·m- 2density cultivation,compared with the 195、238 plants·m- 2density cultivation,had higher survival rate,gradeⅠ seedling rate and qualified rate,and higher average seedling height and average basal diameter,and better uniformity too. After the seedling classification,average seedling height,average basal diameter,grade Ⅰ seedling rate,qualified rate and qualified seedling amount per square meter of Liquidambar formosana all had the highest index in seedling group,then the no-grade group,then the young group. The survival rate and the grade Ⅱ seedling rate shows the index of seedlings group no-grade group young group. The index of survival rate,qualified rate and the qualified seedling amount per square meter among 3 groups were non-significant,but far higher in the seedlings group then the unrated group and the young group.


A three-dimensional (3D) carbon quantum dot (CQD) aerogel has been prepared by in situ assembling CQDs in the sol-gel polymerization of resorcinol (R) and formaldehyde (F) and subsequently pyrolyzing the formed CQD gel. Compared to the supercapacitor based on the CQD-free aerogel, the supercapacitor fabricated with the CQD aerogel showed 20-fold higher specific capacitance (294.7 F g−1 at the current density of 0.5 A g−1) and an excellent stability over 1000 consecutive charge-discharge cycles.


BACKGROUND As part of the American College of Surgeons verification to be a Level 1 trauma center, centers are required to have the capacity to identify trauma patients with risky alcohol use and provide an intervention. Despite supporting scientific evidence and national policy statements encouraging alcohol Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT), barriers still exist, which prevent the integration of SBIRT into clinical care. Study objectives of this multisite translational research study were to identify best practices for integrating SBIRT services into routine care for pediatric trauma patients, to measure changes in practice with adoption and implementation of a SBIRT policy, and to define barriers and opportunities for adoption and implementation of SBIRT services at pediatric trauma centers. METHODS This translational research study was conducted at seven US pediatric trauma centers during a 3-year period. Changes in SBIRT practice were measured through self-report and medical record review at three different study phases, namely, adoption, implementation, and maintenance phases. RESULTS According to medical record review, at baseline, 11% of eligible patients were screened and received a brief intervention (if necessary) across all sites. After completion of the SBIRT technical assistance activities, all seven participating trauma centers had effectively developed, adopted, and implemented SBIRT policies for injured adolescent inpatients. Furthermore, across all sites, 73% of eligible patients received SBIRT services after both the implementation and maintenance phases. Opportunities and barriers for successful integration were identified. CONCLUSION This model may serve as method for translating SBIRT services into practice within pediatric trauma centers. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic/prevention study, leve IV.


Interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations provide a means for obtaining high-resolution topographic terrain maps from data acquired simultaneously at two slightly displaced antennas. Calculation of the three-dimensional coordinates of all the points in a radar image can be made from the combination of along-track, slant range, and interferometer fringe measurements. Thus the result compensates for the layover exhibited by conventional radar maps and removes the false targets generated by multiple signal paths to a given object in the scene. We have derived a topographic map of a portion of the San Francisco Bay Area utilizing data that were recorded by a radar system mounted on a NASA CV990 aircraft and processed by a general purpose digital computer. This map displays the height above sea level of a region approximately 11 km by 10 km in size, sampled on an 11-m pixel grid. Uncertainties in the estimated height result from imprecise knowledge of the observational geometry, radar bandwidth limitations, and finite signal-to-noise ratios. For our system, each factor contributed approximately 3–4 m to a relative rms error of about 6 m. Additional global errors of the order of 10 m can result from inaccurate monitoring of aircraft attitude. The statistical variation of the height measurements from the ocean portion of the map, which we can presume to be quite flat, is 2–10 m rms, which is consistent with the theoretical estimate. Comparison of our results with U.S. Geological Survey contour maps indicates a high degree of correlation between the two sets of altitude data.


Pedophilia is the experience of recurrent intense sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child by a person (at least 16 years of age and 5 years older than the victim) who has acted on these ,trges. This research paper reviews research on the effects of parent-child relationships and home environment on the development of pedophilia. Research in the etiology of pedophilia has been extensive in scope. The research examined here is mainly retrospective and focuses on pedophiles' perceptions of their families. The review is divided into three categories: (1) Parent-child interactions in the lives of pedophiles, examining mother-son relationships, father-son relationships, and parental identification; (2) Family environment. analyzing the structure of the sex offenders' families and the impact of sexual abuse and famili-1 relationships; and (3) Sexual victimization, exploring the validity of the molestation theory and the literature concerning intra-familial and extra-familial victimization of sex offenders. Each study's statistically significant results and validity were critiqued. Research results across the three areas were mixed. Most of the studies were unable to discriminate pedophiles from other sex offenders and sexually deviant groups. Methodological considerations and recommendations for further research are suggested. (RJM) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ***********************************************************************


Fabric care composition for providing improved antifouling property is described. Fabric care composition comprises a mixture comprising a hydrophobic fluid and particulate matter, and amphoteric or cationic oligomers / polymers deposition aid, a. By treating the textiles with fabric care compositions, methods for providing improved antifouling property against textile also described.


Despite a recent decline in the smoking population, smoking is still considered to be the leading cause of preventable death in this country. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 2 million deaths in the 5-year period of 1995 through 1999 were attributable to cigarette smoking. The Surgeon General has identified a strong link between cigarette smoking and increased mortality due to increased lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. The CDC has reported that, on average, more than 440,000 deaths, 5.6 million years of potential life lost, equating to $82 billion productivity losses and $76 billion in medical expenditures, are attributable to cigarette smoking each year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002). In the United States, 23.7% of men smoke (26.8% between the ages of 18 and 24 years) (American Lung Association, 2006). The percentage of those who smoke decreases as their level of education increases. This is evident, as 34.4% of men without a high school diploma or GED (General Educational Development) smoke and 29.9% of men with a high school diploma or GED smoke. In Washington, DC (Men's Health Network's headquarters), 22.3% of the population smokes (26.1% of men, 19% of women). This is due in part to the limited number of smoking cessation programs for both men and women. Most of the available programs are national programs, with limited local resources for individuals. The scientific literature provides little information specific to men's smoking cessation. Specifically, the best practice methods and messaging targeted toward men are lacking. Most available information discusses the ways women differ from men, but it stops short of discussing ways that men, in particular, might be helped by smoking cessation programs. Although declining, the prevalence rate of current smokers in 2004 was 20.9% (National Center for Health Statistics, 2006). It is well documented that smokers aged 18 to 64 years far outnumber those over 65 (National Center for Health Statistics, 2006). Overall, men report that they are either current smokers or previous smokers at much higher rates than women (National Center for Health Statistics, 2005). Examination of smoking by sex, race, and age presents alarming facts (National Center for Health Statistics, 2006):


Background Huntington Expert Centre Atlant offers multidisciplinary care for patients with Huntington's Disease, in which case management plays an important role. The aim of case management is to coordinate care, support both the patient and his family and prevent crisis in order to delay admission to the nursing home. There are no methodologies specifically developed for case management with HD. In social psychiatry however there are many methodologies available that could be of use. We've investigated which of these methodologies are suitable for use in HD case management. Case history We have investigated which methodologies are aimed at multidisciplinary and complex care and suit the ambulant character of HD case management. Then these methodologies have been tested by the case managers of the Huntington Expert Centre Atlant on usefulness in HD case management. Conclusions We describe four methods used in social psychiatry that proved useful to case managers working with HD patients. The use of these methodologies makes it easier for patients to express their problems and request for help. This leads to more trust, better guidance and support and optimal use of informal caregivers. Crisis situations can be prevented this way.


Tuberous sclerosis (TS) is a neurocutaneous disorder, characterized by mental retardation, epilepsy, and facial angiofibromas. The incidence has been estimated to be 1 case per 6000 live births. Although rare, this disorder is a cause of mental retardation with severe epilepsy.1 Scientists have found manifestations of this disorder not only in brain and skin, but also in the eyes, heart, lungs, and kidneys, so it has been renamed tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC).


According to the needs of talents training and teaching reformation of the management speciality, this article put forward the characteristic of the teaching mode of the manganement speciality. It also briefly brought forward the structure style of the lab, the methods of lab construction and the measures of management.


Optical imaging of biological tissues is a fast growing field that brings state-of-the-art laser and optical technologiestogether with physical and clinical sciences. Many new concepts and detection techniques developedin the past several years have evolved this field from basic study of photon migration in turbid media to clinicalpractice. This paper reviews some of the recent developments in the study of optical tomography, which alsomay imply the future direction of biomedical imaging by means of optical methods.


Additive technologies in construction and architecture are becoming more and more popular. Due to their advantages, concrete extrusion technologies have great potential for the future. One of the important parameters is the quality and precision achieved in the entire building process. This study investigates the search for a methodology to verify the quality of three-dimensional (3D) printing from concrete mixtures not just as an indication of the resulting accuracy of the process but to monitor the behavior of the printed object in the period immediately after the printing for a period of 28 days. Research has confirmed, among other things, that one of the main causes of dimensional changes over time is shrinkage, which occurs primarily in the length and height directions of the object. The drying behavior of the material also depends on the thickness of the wall, with the thicker parts of the element shrinking more slowly than the thin and peripheral parts. The research also confirmed the hypothesis that digitization using 3D optical scanning could be used for complex three-dimensional analysis of the dimensional accuracy and dimensional stability of concrete elements produced by 3D printing. However, due to the surface structure of printed objects, specific inspection procedures need to be chosen, which are analyzed and described in this paper.


Backgroundand objective Apigenin (API), as flavonoid, is found in chamomile tea, parsley, celery, onions, lemon balm, and oranges. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective role of API against oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurotransmitter abnormality induced by cumulative dose of paracetamol (PA) in a rat model of protein malnutrition. Materials and methods A total of 30 male Wistar albino rats, weighing 150–200 g, were used in five groups. API (50 mg/kg, p.o., once daily for 1 week) was administered to low-protein-fed rats with PA (500 mg/kg, p.o, once)-induced brain injury. Results and conclusion API treatment obviously improved cerebral-reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde contents and also superoxide dismutase and myeloperoxidase activities. Additionally, it attenuated contents of serotonin, catecholamines, γ-aminobutyric acid, and cholinesterase activity. Moreover, API reduced the abnormal cerebral pathological lesions. Consequently, API has a protective effect on rat brain injury induced by both protein malnutrition and PA.


Based on the general methods of designing the main parts of ultrasonic vibration system-cascades horn, the article puts forward a new method that uses finite element method to revise optimally cascades horn. The test of system shows that FEM is useful in analyzing cascades horn, so it has a reasonable vibration mode and improves rate of converting from electrical energy to ultrasonic energy.


BEFORE STARTING This protocol, and the five linked protocols, describe the equipment setup, solutions, and methodology for the isolation of pancreatic islets of Langerhans from human donor pancreas for research purposes. These protocols are employed by the Alberta Diabetes Institute IsletCore program in their work isolating, banking, and distributing human islets for research. Prepare all media and setup as described in Human Islet Isolation Media Preparation and IsletCore Equipment Setup for Human Islet Isolation protocols.


 Abstract — This paper investigates the feasibility of using a programmable USB such as the O.MG Cable to perform a file tampering attack. Here, the O.MG Cable, an apparently harmless mobile device charger is used in an unauthorised way, to alter the content of a file (an accounts record-January_Contributions.xlsx). The aim is to determine if a forensics analyst can reliably determine who has altered the target file; the O.MG Cable or the user of the machine. This work highlights some of the traces of the O.MG Cable left behind on the target computer itself such as the Product ID (PID) and Vendor ID (ID). Also discussed is the O.MG Cable's behaviour during the experiments. We determine if a forensics analyst could identify if any evidence has been left behind by the programmable device on the target file once it has been removed from the computer to establish if the analyst would be able to link the traces left by the O.MG Cable to the file tampering. It was discovered that the forensic analyst might mistake the actions of the O.MG Cable for the computer users. Experiments carried out in this work could further the discussion as to whether an innocent user could be punished for the unauthorised changes made by a programmable device.


Multilevel phase holograms can be obtained from the combination of two binary phase-only holograms set up in a fractional joint Talbot configuration. Among possible solutions, the quarter-Talbot location is of particular interest because it permits the generation of four-level phase holograms from the combination of two binary {0, π} phase holograms. At the same time recent advances in electrically addressed ferroelectric liquid-crystal spatial light modulators for producing binary pure phase-only holograms make possible the implementation of programmable high-diffraction-efficiency computer-generated holograms. An extension of computer generation of holograms is proposed that includes spatial constraints related to the fractional Talbot effect.


This brief country note on Australian early childhood education and care (ECEC) policy commences with an outline of the types of services that comprise the sector. A brief overview of the history of Australian early childhood education and care follows, including the challenges faced by the sector in the years leading up to the introduction of the Reform Agenda for Early Childhood. The changes instigated by the 2007 Early Childhood Reform Agenda and their significance are then explained and current policy and funding arrangements summarised. The paper concludes with a pr cis of the opportunities and challenges facing the early years' sector.


This study attempts to identify the extent of using authentic materials in the new series of secondary English textbooks (Flying High for Saudi Arabia) used currently in Saudi schools. Therefore, a content analysis instrument has been designed to analyze the first secondary English textbook. The instrument has been distributed on 112 EFL female teachers who work in public Secondary schools in Riyadh city. The findings show that the selected textbook focuses to a moderate extent on using material authenticity. The provided materials promote genuine communication among EFL learners, prepare learners for the future uses of the target language and  present authentic language in its actual contexts. However, the findings reveal that the used materials are beyond the learners' level and the reading comprehension activities present real life texts at a poor range. These findings suggest to adjust the given materials to fulfill the learners' needs and match their proficiency level. Keywords: Authenticity, Authentic materials, Textbook, Communication, Syllabus design


Free/Open Source Software(FOSS) development is regarded as one of the most noteworthy contemporary collective innovation processes. Software produced in FOSS projects are available to everyone for all sorts of use and modification, only with some restrictions on how the modified versions can be licensed. This enables developer groups to start a new development branch for their own needs by choosing to develop separately from the parent project, which is called 'forking'. In this study, we have examined the histories of several project forks in FOSS. We have approached fragmentation of FOSS community and group identities through forking as a technology for problem solving and distributed innovation, attempted to identify factors that this fragmentation is contingent upon and understand construction of identities during the fork. Social power struggles, differences in interest, mobility and licensing terms were found to be the major reasons which trigger forking decisions. The variety of forking situations we have examined exhibits two levels of positioning with other actors(individuals, cliques, projects) in order to construct their identities: (1)higher distance with some actors for maintaining specialization, independence or competitive advantage, and (2)closer distance for maintaining compatibility and reciprocal benefit with some others. Norms and values in FOSS community level, which are partly reflected in license terms, serve as the constitutional basis which maintain coherence of this system through the fragmentation process.


This paper study about struggle faces by subcontractor in submitting their work claim due to tedious processes of verification and compilation supporting document for payment process. In order to resolve this problem, the qualitative action research study method was conducted in the shipyard to propose the best solution to overcome this issue. Subcontractor need to play active roles in getting their documentation ready while Shipyard must ensure the claim is valid for payment. Empowerment as one of Business Process Reengineering(BPR) enabler together with IT-based system being chose to overcome this issue while Action Research(AR) as a method being deploy to engage the subcontractor and shipyard staff intervention to come out with more effective solution for this problem.


is what tipped the scales in favor of the South's surrender" will raise eyebrows (203). The claim minimizes other causes for the fi nal collapse of the Confederate war eff ort, such as the depletion of southern manpower, southern doubts about success after Lincoln's reelection, and the determination and sacrifi ce of Union soldiers and the northern people. One wonders, too, if the author's thesis is correct, why the North did not win the war against hungry Confederates in 1863 or 1864? Starving the South is entertaining, and it capably recounts several wartime episodes. The book does not provide Civil War scholars with new interpretive models, however, nor does it contribute much to the historiography of the war. M. Brem Bonner


Objective To analyse the regularities of change in bone mineral density (BMD) and the prevalence rate of osteoporosis (OP) . Methods BMD of calcaneus was measured with Dove3000 osteoanalyzel in 6330 people aged 20-93,living in north Zhejiang. All data of BMD were compared and statistically analyzed. Re-sults The BMD peak values were seen in 30-39 year age groups of men and women. Afterwards BMD diminished with increasing age. The bone loss was sharply decreased in females after 50 years of age, but that of males was progressive and slow. The prevalence rate of OP in residents aged 50-79 years was 35.8 % for men and 67.2% for women. Conclusion The study of OP is important for middle-aged and elderly females but should not be ignored in males. The preventive measures against OP should be taken from adolescence.


With the continued popularity of networking,online shopping,e-commerce,such as online payment and online banking activities of new words in common.Network transactions,security issues in e-commerce,e-payment security and the security of electronic commerce environment is important and therefore made e-commerce security technology,and address the major security technology of ecommerce security were further elaboration and analysis,provides technical guidance for establishing and improving e-commerce security system.


Idiopathic myelofibrosis is a myeloproliferative disease with poor prognosis and without sufficient therapy. Acute leukemic transformation occurs in 15% of patients. The authors report the case of a 63 year old myelofibrotic patient treated with splenectomy. During the clinical course they observed unusually prominent and persistent erythroblastosis in the peripherial blood. After a two years long, relatively stable period the disease terminated in acute myeloid leukemia.


The Elektroprivod Joint Stock Company, in collaboration with several other organizations, has developed a state program for the development of electric drives, which has been approved by the Russian Committee on Machines... The adoption of such a program would make Russian electric drives more competitive on the world market. The exhibits at ELEKTRO-96 confirm that Russian electric drives are competitive with those of other producers and will be a priority for further development in electrical engineering.


In this paper, we further investigate the problem of selecting a set of design points for universal kriging, which is a widely used technique for spatial data analysis. Our goal is to select the design points in order to make simultaneous predictions of the random variable of interest at a finite number of unsampled locations with maximum precision. Specifically, we consider as response a correlated random field given by a linear model with an unknown parameter vector and a spatial error correlation structure. We propose a new design criterion that aims at simultaneously minimizing the variation of the prediction errors at various points. We also present various efficient techniques for incrementally buillding designs for that criterion scaling well for high dimensions. Thus the method is particularly suitable for big data applications in areas of spatial data analysis such as mining, hydrogeology, natural resource monitoring, and environmental sciences or equivalently for any computer simulation experiments. The effectiveness of the proposed designs is demonstrated through numerical examples.


To investigate the applicability of a 2D‐UTE half‐pulse sequence for dental overview imaging and the detection of signal from mineralized dental tissue and caries lesions with ultra‐short T2∗ as an efficient alternative to 3D sequences.


Accurate segmentation of the optic disc (OD) depicted on color fundus images plays an important role in the early detection and quantitative diagnosis of retinal diseases, such as glaucoma and optic atrophy. In this study, we proposed a coarse-to-fine deep learning framework on the basis of a classical convolutional neural network (CNN), known as the Unet model, for extracting the optic disc from fundus images. This network was trained separately on fundus images and their vessel density maps, leading to two coarse segmentation results from the entire images. We combined the results using an overlap strategy to identify a local image patch (disc candidate region), which was then fed into the U-net model for further segmentation. Our experiments demonstrated that the developed framework achieved an average intersection over union (IoU) and a dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 89.1% and 93.9%, respectively, based on a total of 2,978 test images from our collected dataset and six public datasets, as compared to 87.4% and 92.5% obtained by only using the sole U-net model. This suggests that the proposed method can provide better segmentation performances and have the potential for population based disease screening.


characteristics that shaped the distinct identity of the Copts.Thus, her work improves our understanding of the Ottoman period. However, a greater acknowledgment would have been welcome of the pacific coexistence between the different religious communities and its effect on Egyptian society, at a time when conflicts between Protestants and Catholics in Europe caused hundreds of thousands of deaths. Very interestingly, Armanios also demonstrates that the resurgence of the patriarch's authority in the second part of the nineteenth century and the resultant opposition of the lay elite reflected well-established trends from the eighteenth century. In this way, the author's remarkable study contributes to clarify the complexity of MuslimChristian relations and of the internal dynamics of the Coptic community not only in the Ottoman period but also in contemporary Egypt.


New compounds [(CH3)3PH][SbBr4] and [(CH3)3PH][SbCl4] adopting a discrete (0D) and one-dimensional (1D) structure, respectively, were synthesized. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric measurements showed that both salts undergo a single phase transition at 373 K/416 K (chlorine/bromine analog) followed by partial decomposition. Both crystals were structurally characterized at room temperature. 1H NMR measurements were used to study the dynamics of the [(CH3)3PH]+ cation in the solid phase, which helped to understand the thermal instability of the crystals. In addition, DFT (Density Functional Theory) calculations gave insight into the relative stability of the possible phases of the studied crystals. The mechanism of crystal decomposition is discussed in this work.


Of the eight families of Gerridae, four namely the Gerrinae, Eotrechinae, Ptilomerinae and Halobatinae were represented in the collections. The study elicited the ·occurrance of five new species under three new genera, with one genus hitherto unrecorded in the country, namely Pleciobates Esaki. The family Notonectidae was represented by two species of the genus Enithares Spinola of the sub family Notonectinae.


Although clinical trials have investigated the addition of pembrolizumab to chemotherapy for non‐small cell lung cancer, none have investigated the addition of chemotherapy to pembrolizumab.


The following letter, from a network of women zoologists, is a reply to the article of AlShebli et al. (2020), which suggests that female protégés reap more benefits when mentored by men and concludes that female mentors hinder the success of their female protégés and the quality of their impact. This contribution has two parts. First, we highlight the most relevant methodological flaws which, in our opinion, may have impacted the conclusions of AlShebli et al. (2020). Second, we discuss issues pertaining to women in science, bring a perspective of Women in Zoology and discuss how current diversity policies are positively changing our field.


Introduction: Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) lesion cause venous hypertension within the draining vein and relative arterial hypotension in the surrounding brain tissue (1). This "steal effect" in which high blood volume and low pressure in the feeding arteries create hypoperfusion in surrounding normal brain (2) has been reported to lead to brain functional reorganization that functional centers dispersed away from the anatomic lesion (3). In this study, we investigated brain motor, language and auditory functions and associated functional connectivity for AVM patients by fMRI and resting state fMRI (rfMRI). We hypnotized that this condition results in changes ("reorganization") in brain functions and or in brain functional connectivity. Material and Methods: Four AVM patients (2 males and 2 females 56.3± 5.4 years) were included in this abstract. The all lesions were located in or adjacent to the left MCAs. The MRI scans were performed on a 3.0 T Siemens MRI scanner with a 12 channel head coil. After a T1-weighted high spatial resolution imaging using a MPR_TRA_ISO pulse sequence (TR/TE: 1900/2.99ms, slice thickness: 0.9 mm and 160 axial slices for covering whole brains), rfMRI and fMRI imaging were performed by using a multi slice 2D EPI (TR/TE: 3000/30ms, field of view (FOV): 190 mm, image matrix: 64*64, slice thickness: 4 mm, 38slices) for total 100 volumes. For the rfMRI scan, the subjects were asked to close their eyes, and "rest" during the rfMRI scans. For the fMRI scan, a boxcar paradigm with 5 on and 5 off and 10 repetitions was applied. The subject was asked to perform a task such as finger tapping, word listening, verb generation in the "on" periods, and resting (i.e., do nothing and keep mind "wandering") in the "off" periods. rfMRI and fMRI analyses were performed by using FSL (4) and AFNI (5). Group independent component analyses (ICA) were performed by FSL, and the components (i.e., the networks) related to sensory motor (SM), language (L) and auditory (A) systems were found from the ICs, then the SM, L and A maps for the AVMs were exported to AFNI to get the mean Z scores of the networks and the activation volumes. The ratios of the Z score and activation volume for AVM side (i.e., the left side) over non AVM side were calculated. The individual analyses were done in AFNI. First the functional cortices maps for SM, L and A were determined from the fMRI data by a GLM correlation analysis, then the functional connectivity maps for the SM, L and A were determined from the rfMRI data by applying a seed, based on the highest signal areas in the corresponding functional map, method. The means and standard deviations of correlation coefficient (r) and signal% for fMRI data or activation volume for rfMRI data for both the left (i.e., the AVM side) hemisphere and the right (i.e., the normal side) hemisphere were calculated. A two tail, equal variance, t-test was applied to the data of the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere to get P values. P < 0.05 was set as significant. Results: Fig. 1 displays the maps of function and functional connectivity of SM, A and L for the AVM group, and the corresponding maps for an AVM case. Please note the maps of the individual (the 2 row) are the mirror position of the group maps (the 1 row). The motor functional areas demonstrate normal bilateral pattern (see the leftist two images in the 1 row). However the functional areas for auditory are dominated in right hemisphere. The corresponding connectivity maps for SM (the 4 leftist in the 1 row) and A systems show bilateral patterns but the functional connectivity areas for SM are more posterior to the corresponding functional ones. For language (L) system, both function and functional connectivity maps suggest a dominated left language areas with a big Broca's and small Wernicle's areas. In Table 1 the data are the ratios ((AVM)/ (non AVM)) of activation volume and Z score for the SM, A and L systems in the maps of fMRI and rfMRI for the group. The ratios of SM are approximate to one: suggesting the sensory motor system is intact to the AVMs. The ratios for language (L) system are greater than one, suggesting that dominate language areas are still in left hemisphere even though an AVM is nearby. The ratios for auditory function are less than one, suggesting that the auditory function is mainly in non AVM hemisphere. Table 2 lists mean correlation coefficient: r value and signal % or activation volume in AVM and non AVM hemispheres and the corresponding P values for the SM, A and L systems in the maps of fMRI and rfMRI of each AVM case.


The risk of college students' ideology and political education is the possibility that effect and expectation produce deviation or profit and loss in the process of college student' ideological and political education.The objectivity of thing contradiction,the limitation of college student ideological and political education and the development change of external envionment make the risk exist in the important factors such as college student ideological and political educators,the people who receive an education,education goal,medium and environment.


The desire to broaden diversity in engineering has permeated STEM discourse and engineering education for decades. National leaders and funding agencies have given attention, priority and inducements to increase diversity in engineering. Yet, even with pervasive college-based initiatives aimed at broadening participation, national results remain stagnant. In the College of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of Colorado Boulder, an NSF-sponsored research project is creating a system-based model with elements and practices that could be applied to begin to alleviate the shortfall of diverse students in U.S. engineering schools. "Inclusive excellence" refers to creating pathways to and through engineering that promote success for a highly diverse student body through learning communities, engaging academics and innovative policies. The Inclusive Excellence Research Project aims to investigate and define a system of varied pathways to and through engineering composed of three integrated sub-models: Access, Performance and Retention. The data and results presented in this paper represent a glimpse into the larger Inclusive Excellence Research Project, specifically exploring the impact of our first-year curriculum strategy for underrepresented students. The research team posits that early development of professional engineering identity is a critical piece to scaffolding academic excellence and persistence within engineering. Identity development is investigated over time in four key curricular interventions—two short summer bridge programs targeting underrepresented populations, a large first-year engineering design course, and a large introduction to engineering course designed to help students understand various engineering career tracks. A comparison across these interventions begins to reveal elements leading to identity development related to community, team-building, fostering engineering skills and knowledge, and understanding engineering career paths. For each intervention, identity was measured via the Group Identification Survey, a product of the Academic Pathways Study. The survey was administered before and after the two bridge programs and preand post-course for the two first-semester courses—totaling 510 participants across programs. To determine possible correlates of identity, students were also administered additional survey items, influenced in part by the Academic Pathways of People Learning Engineering (APPLE) survey. Four underrepresented populations—underrepresented minorities, women, low-socioeconomic, and first-generation students—were investigated for identity development. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance procedures to determine pre to post differences and between demographic groups and programs. Results indicate significant differences in identity development across all four course/programs and specific relationships between demographics as well as additional associated variables. P ge 23207.3 Inclusive Excellence


Recent features in oceanography, forage base, and biological diversity, as well as fisheries prospective in the Bering Sea Convention area are considered. Since 1950, a sharp increase in water temperature has been observed, and thermal regime shifts occurred in 1977 and 2014. Composition and structure of zooplankton communities are virtually the same as in the western Bering Sea basin. Zooplankton community is comprised by a small number of widely distributed species, which belong to macrozooplankton and constitute a valuable food source for upper trophic levels. Nekton biomass is small, an order of magnitude lower than on the shelf. Neighboring continental slope and underwater ridges, as well as seasonal migrations of lower boreal and lower boreal-subtropical species support high species richness of nekton community. Pelagic and benthopelagic species of fish and squid, which occur on the shelf and slope, usually do not migrate into the Convention area in large quantities, except for walleye pollock, which was actively harvested in this area in 1983–1992. However, in the up-coming years, it is impossible to resume pollock fishery in the Convention area, based on the modern state of pollock resources.


The preparation of SiC powder by SHS in the system of SiO₂-Mg-C was investigated in this study. The effects of various processing parameters such as the initial pressure of inert gas in reactor, the content of Mg and C in mixture and the size of SiO₂ particles on the synthesis of SiC by SHS methode were investigated. The minimum initial pressure of inert gas in reactor for SHS reaction in this system was 5 atm, and as the pressure increased, and the concentration of unreacted Mg decreased. At 50 atm of the initial inert gas pressure in reactor, the optimum composition for the preparation of pure SiC was SiO₂+2.5Mg-1.2C. SiC powder synthesized in this condition had a mixture of α-SiC and β-SiC with an irregular shape and the particle size of 0.5~0.8 ㎛.


We read with great interest the article by Caravita et al.1 who analysed the haemodynamic profile of 21 mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients. The authors found that COVID-19 patients had a lower indexed pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) (3.4± 1.6 mmHg/L/min/m2 vs. 4.6 mmHg/L/min/m2, P = 0.002) and higher cardiac index (3.7± 1.1 L/min/m2 vs. 4.3 L/min/m2, P = 0.024) than pooled 1937 patients with non-COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), despite similar severity (non-different positive endexpiratory pressure support, lung compliance and PaO2/FiO2 ratio). From these observations, the authors concluded that COVID-19 patients needing mechanical ventilation are characterized by an increased Qs/Qt ratio, low PVR, and high cardiac output associated with postcapillary pulmonary hypertension that could be explained by an inflammation-driven hyperdynamic circulation and a blunted pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction. This hyperkinetic circulatory state in which the pulmonary vascular bed shows a minimal increase in pulmonary arterial pressure with increased cardiac output looks strangely similar to the most frequent haemodynamic pattern observed in liver disease, including the hepatopulmonary syndrome.2 Indeed, in liver disease, pulmonary arterial pressure can increase, usually <45 mmHg, in response to high cardiac output, due to passive distension of compliant arterial vessels and recruitment of upper lung blood vessels. We previously suggested that an intrapulmonary right-to-left shunt, as seen in such hepatopulmonary syndrome, could explain most of the COVID-19-related symptoms, leading us to propose the acronym AVDS for 'acute vascular distress syndrome'.3 In this hypothesis, we may observe increased cardiac output, decreased PVR and increased Qs/Qt leading to a low PaO2/FiO2 ratio. To the best of our knowledge, the study by Caravita et al.1 is the first to describe such a haemodynamic profile. Nevertheless, as static lung compliance and PaO2/FiO2 ratio are similar in the two groups, we suggest that the results may not be explained only by a blunted hypoxic vasoconstriction (in this case, a lower PaO2/FiO2 ratio in COVID-19 is expected, which is not the case). As the PaO2/FiO2 ratio is similar in the two groups, we suggest that the main mechanism to explain the increased cardiac output with decreased PVR is an intrapulmonary shunt comparable to that observed in the hepatopulmonary syndrome. However, when COVID-19 progresses and affects more the lung parenchyma than the lung vessels (moderate to severe ARDS), the worsened lung lesions hide the intrapulmonary shunt by inducing a certain degree of pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction. This hypothesis can account for all the specific symptoms observed in this disease: the happy hypoxia in spontaneous breathing patients,4 the usefulness of prone positioning,5 the limited efficacy of inhaled nitric oxide, the potential effect of almitrine and the PaO2/FiO2 improvement despite chest radiological worsening (Mahjoub Y., unpublished data).


Minimum spanning tree has very good characteristics and been used extensively.This paper aims at three important op erations of Kruskal algorithm,sorting,adding edge as well as avoiding cycle,the later two operations are realized on the basis of union-find sets,then,the issue of cycle in the construction of minimum spanning tree is also solved with union-find sets and sorting.Kruskal algorithm based on union-find sets provides a solution for the planning of Changsha subway system.


The question of interest is the charge transfer of lightning flashes. On instrumented towers, it is possible to measure these values. In many countries there is no equipment installed on the towers in order to measure the charge transfer. The other fact is that there are just a few cases of downward flashes occurring in towers around the world. In this paper, a method for estimation of charge transfer will be present. We used data from Brazil, USA and Austria for the analysis and comparison.


Abstract Geographical indications (GIs), signs used on products that identify their geographical origin and special quality or reputation, are atypical intellectual property. The conflicts of interest between the New World and Old World and the diversity of legal regimes have obstructed the international harmonization of GI protection. Neither the Lisbon Agreement nor the TRIPS Agreement have been able to establish a widely accepted international GI registration or protection system. Though the Geneva Act has remarkably improved the treaty regime of GIs, the different approaches of the European Union and United States still seem irreconcilable. This article examines the Chinese dual GI system from a treaty perspective and explores the common functions of GIs and Trademarks, concluding that China's Trademark Law can ensure GI protection that is compliant with the TRIPS Agreement and the Geneva Act. The Chinese solution can be a reference for other countries which protect GIs with a trademark system.


The present era has witnessed tremendous growth of the Internet and various applications that are supported by it. There is an enormous pressure on Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to make available adequate services for the traffics like VoIP and Video on demand. Since the resources like computing power, bandwidth etc. are limited, the traffic needs to be engineered to properly exploit them. Due to these limitations, terms like Traffic Engineering, Quality of Service (QoS) came into existence. Traffic Engineering broadly includes techniques like multipath routing & traffic splitting to balance the load among different paths. In this document, we survey various techniques proposed for load balancing that are available on the Internet. We here try not to be exhaustive but analyze the important techniques in the literature. Present survey would help to give a new direction to the research in this realm.


Most web servers use CGI program to generate dynamic contents which clients request since it has been introduced with WWW(world wide web). Contents which are generated dynamically such as guest board and answer writing could be executed through CGI program. However it is not enough for only one web server to execute CGI program because of a number of requests and data amount. There is a need to enhance the capability of web server. In this paper we propose a model of distributed web server through TCP/IP socket communication and a local system architecture to get responses from other web servers in other networks. In our proposed system CGI program of web server can get result from other web servers's CGI program in other network through TCP/IP socket communication. We can get faster response by using this distributed web server.


As the infectious and nutritional diseases reduced unceasingly in school-aged children, sleep and behavior problems are becoming the research hotspots. This article briefly illustrated the sleep physiology, the definition and classification of sleep disorders. The related environmental factors and its possible mechanism that affecting the sleep of school-aged children, which laying the groundwork for making strategies to improve the school-aged children's sleep, were also summarized.


Referring to the purpose,my reading view is "four 'for's": for life,for studying,for teaching,for writing books;referring to the motivation,my reading view is "four 'with's": read with interest,task,question and topic;referring to the way,my reading view is "four 'should's": classic original works should be read carefully,common sense works should be read generally,to master information should read fast,and to know the society should read the chosen.My reading view makes my academic progress.


The invention, for very soluble in organic solvents and can be easily applied by spin-coating of tolerance, and good storage stability, and also by introducing a chromophore to absorb radiation, the antireflection film-adjustable in that the anti-reflection capability formation It provides compositions. Antireflection film-forming composition provided by the present invention (A) (a


Vision-language pre-training models (VLPs) have exhibited revolutionary improvements in various vision-language tasks. In VLP, some adversarial attacks fool a model into false or absurd classifications. Previous studies addressed these attacks by fine-tuning the model or changing its architecture. However, these methods risk losing the original model's performance and are difficult to apply to downstream tasks. In particular, their applicability to other tasks has not been considered. In this study, we addressed the reduction of the impact of typographic attacks on CLIP without changing the model parameters. To achieve this, we expand the idea of"prefix learning"and introduce our simple yet effective method: Defense-Prefix (DP), which inserts the DP token before a class name to make words"robust"against typographic attacks. Our method can be easily applied to downstream tasks, such as object detection, because the proposed method is independent of the model parameters. Our method significantly improves the accuracy of classification tasks for typographic attack datasets, while maintaining the zero-shot capabilities of the model. In addition, we leverage our proposed method for object detection, demonstrating its high applicability and effectiveness. The codes and datasets are available at https://github.com/azuma164/Defense-Prefix.


Despite occasional objections total factor productivity (TFP) has been widely recognised as the key determining composite component in the literature on economic growth. Most empirical studies of the contribution of TFP to growth are based simply on the conventional calculations of growth accounting. This paper argues that judging TFP solely in terms of growth accounting carries risks and loses information, and suggests an integrated approach that uses the TFP estimates created from growth accounting as inputs into a panel data analysis. This allows a close investigation of TFP from a new and revealing angle. The results, using 1960-1997 data for 16 OECD countries, strongly support the view that TFP is by far the most important factor in explaining growth. This is consistent with the recent arguments of Klenow (1997), Prescott (1998) and Easterly and Levine (2001). Furthermore the results show that the linkage between labour input and growth, given the data on TFP, is stronger than that between capital and growth. The implication of these findings is that TFP, rather than the growth rate itself, should be the focus of attention when we try to understand economic performance. The approach developed here is used to re-examine the benchmark studies of Solow (1957), Christensen at el. (1980) and Jorgenson at el. (1987). It is shown that the results of their studies are consistent with those in this paper. JEL No. C23, D24, O40 Authors' emails: firstname.lastname@example.com, email@example.com


Abstract We used 35 years of brightness temperature data (1978 to 2013) from the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) and special sensor microwave/imager (SSM/I) to analyze the freezing, ablation, and duration time of ice on Nam Co Lake and validated the results using data from the advanced microwave scanning radiometer for Earth observation system and moderate resolution image spectroradiometer. The results indicate that the SMMR and SSM/I data can be applied to monitor lake ice phenology variability for a long time and the results are reliable. Since 1978, the duration of Nam Co lake ice has decreased by 19 to 20 days, with the freezing onset date delayed by 9 days and the ablation date advanced by 9 to 10 days. Between 1978 and 2010, there was a negative correlation between temperature and the duration of lake ice in Nam Co; after 2000, the temperature increased significantly in the Nam Co Basin. This caused a clear downward trend of lake ice duration. Therefore, the freezing onset date, ablation end date, and duration of lake ice are effective indicators of regional climate change.


This experiment was conducted to study the effects of probiotics( Lactobacillus brevis,feed yeast and their complex probiotics) on growth performance,faecal microflora number,nutrient apparent digestibility and serum immune indices of growing pigs. A total of 108"Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire"crossbred growing pigs with an average body weight of( 13.68±0.41) kg were randomly distributed into 4 groups with 3 replicates per group and 9 pigs per replicate comprising of control group( CT),Lactobacillus brevis group( LB),yeast group( YT) and complex probiotics group( LBY),respectively. The total test period lasted for 61 days in 2 phases( phase Ⅰ,day 1 to 32; phase Ⅱ,day 33 to 61). The results showed as follows: 1) in phase Ⅰ,compared with CT,the final weight( FW) in probiotics groups and the average daily gain( ADG) in LB and LBY were significantly increased( P0.05),while feed /gain in LB and YT was significantly decreased( P0.05); in phase Ⅱ,the FW in LBY was significantly increased compared with CT( P0.05); in total test period,compared with CT,the ADG in LB and LBY was significantly increased( P0.05),while the feed /gain in LBY was significantly decreased( P0.05). 2) On day 32,compared with CT,the number of faecal yeast in probiotics groups was significantly increased( P0.05),and there was a significantly increase in the number of faecal Lactobacillus( P0.05) and a significantly decrease in the number of faecal E.coli in LB and LBY( P0.05); on day 61,compared with CT,the number of faecal Lactobacillus and yeast in probiotics groups was significantly increased( P0.05),and the number of faecal E.coli in LB and LBY was significantly decreased( P0.05). 3) On day 32,the apparent digestibility of crude protein( CP) and calcium in LB and LBY,and the apparent digestibility of calcium and phosphorus in YT were significantly increased compared with CT( P 0.05); on day 61,the apparent digestibility of CP,calcium and phosphorus in LB and LBY,and the apparent digestibility of calcium and phosphorus in YT were significantly increased compared with CT( P0.05). 4) On day 32,compared with CT,serum immunoglobulin( Ig) A content in probiotics groups and serum total protein( TP),globulin( GLB) and IgG contents in LBY were significantly increased( P0.05); on day 61,compared with CT,serum TP,GLB,IgA and IgG contents in LB,serum TP and IgG contents in YT,and serum GLB,IgA and IgG contents in LBY were significantly increased( P0.05). It is concluded that probiotics supplementation can improve the intestinal microbial environment,elevate the apparent digestibility of diet nutrients,and strengthen the immune function,and then enhance the growth performance of growing pigs.


The spin dynamics of the magnetically diluted spinel system Mg1+tFe2−2tTitO4 have been studied by a Monte Carlo analysis using an isotropic Heisenberg model. It is shown that many of the phenomena observed by Mossbauer, neutron diffraction, and magnetization experiments can be simulated. The superexchange between A-sites is shown to be small, and an upper limit of JAA/JAB = 0.02 is proposed. At compositions with 0.40 ≤
 t
 ≤ 0.60, it is found that on cooling the paramagnetic state is replaced by a dynamic collinear spin arrangement. At a much lower temperature, 'spin-freezing' occurs in which small clusters of spins orient in different directions. Inter-cluster interactions are small because of the diamagnetic atoms which separate them. Long-range order may disappear before the percolation limit of t = 0.68 because of frustration on the B-sites, although clusters still exist by 'freezing' that become smaller as t increases further.


Etiological and clinical analyses of 220 children with cerebrovascular diseases were retrospectively analyzed. One hundred and forty-nine cases (67.73%) were male, and 71 cases (32.27%) were female. There were 186 cases (84.55%) of patients to be found with clear causes, most of which were arteriovenous malformation (80/220, 36.36%), traumatic brain injury (38/220, 17.27%), intracranial infection (15/220, 6.82% ), intracranial aneurysm (13/220, 5.91% ), delayed vitamin K deficiency (12/220, 5.45% ), congenital heart disease (9/220, 4.09%) and cavernous malformation (7/220, 3.18%). The etiological and clinical features of children cerebrovascular diseases are distinct, and timely diagnosis and treatment will help to improve patients' prognosis. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2014.03.017