The turnover of fine root,the most dynamic component of root system,play an important role in nutrient cycle and energy flow in forest ecosystems.Fine root production and mortality in two subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests,Altingia grlilipes forest and Castanopsis carlesii forest,in Wanmulin Natural Reserve,Jian-ou,Fujian province,were monitored for more than two consecutive years by using both minirhizotrons and the exvacation methods.The objectives of this research were to:(1) analyze the seasonal patterns of fine root production and mortality;(2) to examine the allocation of both root production and mortality among different soil depths,root diameter classes and orders.In order to extract biomass data of individual root from root image,the relationships between root biomass(M) and root diameter(D) and root length(L) were established: M=0.4671 D2L for Altingia grlilipes,and M=0.5869 D2L for Castanopsis carlesii,respectively.Though there were no significant differences(P0.05),annual fine root production and mortality in Altingia grlilipes((230.1±162.8) g · m-2 · a-1 and(188.8±75.5) g · m-2 · a-1,respectively) were slightly higher than those in Castanopsis carlesii((214.5±185.8) g · m-2 · a-1 and(178.8±26.5) g · m-2 · a-1,respectively).Fine root production reached a peak in the spring,and showed a normal distribution in 2009 in both two communities.There was a significant correlation between fine root production and monthly precipitation(P0.01,r=0.566) in Castanopsis carlesii.Fine root mortality fluctuated seasonally in these two forests.The peak of fine root mortality occurred mainly in summer and autumn in Castanopsis carlesii and in fall in Altingia grlilipes.The fine root production of these two forest communities appeared mainly in the top soil layer(0—40 cm),accounting for 88.6% and 95.1% of the total production in Altingia grlilipes and Castanopsis carlesii,respectively.Fine root mortality had the same distribution pattern,and made up to 89.7% and 99.2% of total mortality,respectively,in the 0—40 cm layer.In addition,the maximum of fine root production(Altingia grlilipes:(131.7±91.4) g · m-2 · a-1;Castanopsis carlesii :(108.6±100.4) g · m-2 · a-1) and mortality(Altingia grlilipes:(106.4±69.5) g · m-2 · a-1;Castanopsis carlesii :(99.7±2.4) g · m-2 · a-1) of these two forest communities appeared in the 2040 cm soil layer.With the root diameter increases,the number of root growth and death decreased,while fine root production and mortality had no corresponding tendency with diameter.Root production occurred mainly in 0—1mm,which accounts for 90.4% of total production in Altingia grlilipes and 96.1% in Castanopsis carlesii.Furthermore,fine root production in 0.3—0.6 mm was(100.0±44.0) g · m-2 · a-1 in Altingia grlilipes and(94.8±90.4) g · m-2 · a-1 in Castanopsis carlesii,which was the highest among different root diameter classes.Fine root mortality had the same trend with production,which accounted for 95.5% and 100% of the total fine root mortality in 0—1mm in Altingia grlilipes and Castanopsis carlesii,respectively.Root production and mortality of the first root order were much higher than those of the higher order in both two forest communities.


Multifunction peripheral (MFP) manufacturers provide customers with remote maintenance services, such as supplies provision and automatic firmware updates, to lower customer burdens and to avoid device downtime. Such remote services are required for maintenance so that Japanese machine manufacturers can deliver products to foreign markets, because service bases in overseas locales must cover broader geographical areas than those in Japan. When MFP devices experience a fault, they generally alert users of an error. Although some faults can be solved remotely, there are faults that require an engineer to perform on-site actions. To repair them on-site efficiently, online investigation and pre-assessment of fault factors will be effective. In this paper, we apply the Group Lasso regularization method for logistic regression to select features determined as error factors. We evaluate the engine on two kinds of error examples: those frequently causing alerts in MFP models in the past, and those causing alerts due to part wear. This engine is expected to help engineers determine causal factors of errors.


trans-PtCl2(PHBut2)21 reacts with NaBH4 in THF affording the dinuclear platinum(II) complexes cis-Pt2(H)2(PHBut2)2(μ-H)(μ-PBut2) (Pt–Pt) 2 and trans-[Pt(H)(PHBut2)(μ-PBut2)]2 (Pt–Pt) 3 along with the boron adduct BH3·PHBut24. Pure 2 can be obtained in 85% yield in the reaction carried out in the presence of two equivalents of di-tert-butylphosphine.


A rapid,simple and sensitive method for the simultaneous analysis of three sulfanilamide sweeteners in food was proposed.This method involved an ultrasonic extraction procedure followed by anion-exchange solid-phase extraction for clean-up,liquid chromatography-mass for spectrometry separation and detection.The conditions of solid phase extraction were optimized,including extraction solution,eluting solvent and elution volume.The detection limits and extraction recovery were below 10pg and above 88%,respectively.A good linear range from 0.01 to 50 μg/mL with correlation coefficient of above 0.9996 was also obtained.Because of wide quantitative range and accurate results,this method could be used for the rapid detection of sulfa sweeteners in food.


Background: The present study was designed to compare Lichtenstein's hernioplasty performed under local anesthesia and spinal anesthesia in terms of intra operative and short term post-operative events. Methods: In this study total 244 adult patients (236 male & 8 female) of primary uncomplicated unilateral inguinal hernia operated for open tension free mesh hernioplasty were included. 114 patients were operated under local anesthesia and 130 under spinal anesthesia. The two groups were compared for intra operative & short term (30 days) post-operative events, hospital stay and return to activity. Results: The two groups were similar in terms of intra operative events like nausea, vomiting, hypotension & arrhythmias. Local wound complications like edema, ecchymosis, infection and seroma formation were comparable in both groups and clinically insignificant. However there was advantage for the local anesthesia group in terms of less post-operative pain, less anesthesia related complications, less urinary retention, faster discharge from hospital, faster return to activity and lesser cost of treatment. Conclusions: The study comparing local anesthesia with spinal anesthesia showed advantage for the local anesthesia group in terms of less post-operative pain, less anesthesia related complications, less urinary retention, faster discharge from hospital, faster return to activity and lesser cost of treatment. Thus open inguinal hernioplasty performed under local anesthesia is well suited for our smaller community-based, regional, and teaching hospitals.


With ever increasing applications of fiber optics in harsh environment, suitable test tools for characterization, maintenance and troubleshooting of fiber assemblies are required. We discuss various alternatives, with emphasis on reflectometry.


One uses the investigation strategy: "Find a mistake in foundation of physics and correct it". Two fundamental defects are corrected: (1) nonrelativistic concept of the particle state, (2) inadequacy of the differential geometry formalism at the metric approach to geometry. Usage of relativistic concept of the particle state admits one to create united formalism for description of deterministic and stochastic particles motion. The quantum mechanics is founded as a statistical description of the stochastic particles motion. Stochasticity of the quantum particles motion is explained by multivariance of the space-time geometry, which leads to the world lines wobbling of elementary particles. Relativistic concept of the particle state and the metric approach to the space-time geometry admit one to construct the skeleton conception of elementary particles. The skeleton conception admits one to investigate the arrangement of elementary particles (but not only to systamatize them, ascribing quantum numbers to them).


Thank you very much for downloading ecclesiogenesis the base communities reinvent the church. As you may know, people have search hundreds times for their favorite novels like this ecclesiogenesis the base communities reinvent the church, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some infectious virus inside their desktop computer.


During the last decade, a great deal of music education research has focused on studies with infants and young children. The concept of a 'competent infant' has changed paradigms for understanding the developmental growth and music potential of young children. This study reports on a longitudinal study that was designed to examine the phases and stages in children's early music learning. A group of 12 children (six male; six female) aged 1-2 years (M = 1 year 7 months, range 8 months to 2 years 3 months) was recruited from an urban, upper middle class area in Freiburg (Germany) and observed with respect to their musical behaviour in a stimulating musical setting for 15 months. This group was compared with a control group (N = 9; three male, six female; age M = 1 year 11 months; range 1 year 7 months to 2 years 3 months) from a local nursery school. All children were videotaped and then evaluated by two independent judges using a criterion-based observation form with ratings for the categories attention, movement and vocalisation (imitation, improvisation, audiation). Children in both the experimental and control group displayed a similar developmental level at the commencement of the study. However, differences between the two groups became evident throughout the observation period. The control group, which was exposed to no particular music except the songs of the daycare programme, developed body movement and vocal performance at a significantly lower level than their counterparts. The most significant effect within the experimental group was a strong interaction between movement (flow of movement, motor co-ordination) and voice production (vocalisation of tonal and rhythm patterns). This result does not infer a general transfer effect for music. However, results indicate a significant interaction within different areas of fine motor control that effects intonation and pitch accuracy on the base of a process similar to what is known as phonological loop in language acquisition.


Significance Understanding the fracture and fragmentation of amorphous materials is important for disciplines that span from glass technology to volcanology. Prince Rupert's Drops can be viewed as small-scale experiments that provide links between internal stress distributions, patterns of fracture propagation, and resulting fragment sizes and shapes. These links provide key information for forensic analysis of the products of fragmentation and help to anticipate the fragmentation behavior of glassy materials that have experienced different cooling histories (for example, in volcanic eruptions).


Researchers have focused on linking objective measures of change exposure, such as the number of downsizing activities implemented, with employee well-being. This has meant that less attention has been paid to employees' subjective experience of change. The authors examine relationships between employees' perceptions of the extent of change and the frequency of change and insomnia and psychological well-being. They propose direct and indirect relationships via resistance to change between employees' subjective experience of change and well-being. Data were collected from 260 employees from a range of different organizations and industries. Respondents completed surveys at two time points, separated by four months. Results revealed significant indirect relationships between subjective perceptions of change and insomnia and employee well-being via affective resistance to change at Time 1 and Time 2. In addition, employees' subjective reports that change was very frequent were initially positively associated with T1 behavioral resistance to change but also were negatively associated with T2 behavioral resistance to change. Discussion focuses on the importance of managing employees' perceptions of change. Practically, the authors consider the difficult choices that confront managers when seeking to implement and 'sell' change within their organization.


Abstract : An instructional system for teaching Algebraic Interpretive Dialogue (AID) to college-age students, two control programs (one for presenting instructional material and one for interpreting students' AID productions), and data collected by the two control programs are described. The first 21 lessons of the course and classification of the lesson exercises are also described. Data based on studen daily reports are presented and discussed. Item analyses of data gathered by the instructional program, including stepwise linear regression models of item difficulty and analyses of selected data collected by the interpreting program are presented and discussed. (Author)


University classroom teaching is limited in time while the amount of information to be imparted is large.So how can teachers exert a salutary educational influence? Teachers should enhance their charisma and increase the charm of their courseware design and class design so as to make classroom teaching full of charm.


The synthesis of silicon nanosheets (SiNSs) without using conventional vacuum processes and vapor deposition is challenging and is anticipated to receive significant attention for a wide range of applications. Thereby, mass production of silicon nanosheets with low cost can be achieved using top-down approach starting from materials including a 2D sheet structure as a fundamental unit. We have recently, developed a soft synthetic method for the preparation of silicon sheets in gram-scale quantities by redox-assisted chemical exfoliation (RACE) of calcium disilicide (CaSi2). In this review, we will present chemical methods for the synthesis and modification of silicon sheets.


The authors established for the first time that the reaction of ethylene imine with butadiene (1:2.5) in the presence of the Pd(acac)/sub 2/-Ph/sub 3/P-AlEt/sub 3/-CF/sub 3/CO/sub 2/H (1:3:4:5) catalyst in methanol (100/sup 0/C, 6 h) leads to the formation of N,N'-bis(2,7-octadienyl)piperazine (I), N,N',N''-tris(2,7-octadienyl)perhydro-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (II), and N,N',N'',N'''-tetrakis-(2,7-octadienyl)perhydro-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (III) in a (I):(II-III) ratio of 13:87 and with an overall yield of 64%. In addition to compounds (I-III), the authors a 34% yield of N,N-bis(2,7-octadienyl)ethanolamine methyl ether. The mass spectra were obtained on a MX-1320 instrument at 70 and 12 eV. The PMR spectra were recorded on a Tesla BS-487B instrument in deuterochloroform with reference to TMS. The IR spectra were recorded on a UR-20 spectrophotometer for films.


PURPOSE: Hybrid light sources for a photonic integrated circuit are provided to increase a coupling efficiencies of resonance modes of resonators and/or waveguide modes of optical waveguides. CONSTITUTION: A light source (10) for a photonic integrated circuit comprises a reflection coupling layer (20), an optical mode alignment layer (50), and an upper structure (70). The reflection coupling layer is formed on a substrate in which an optical waveguide is provided, and at least one side of the reflection coupling layer is optically connected to the optical waveguide. The optical mode alignment layer is provided on the reflection coupling layer. The upper structure is provided on the optical mode alignment layer and includes an active layer for generating light and a refection layer on the active layer. The optical mode alignment layer comprises a higher refractive index area arranged at a center portion and a lower refractive index area arranged around the higher refractive index area.


The special representative of the Secretary-General and head of the United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa (UNOCA), Francois Lounceny Fall, appeared before the UN Security Council in June to brief it on the situation in the Central African region. He talked about political tension caused by February's controversial elections, in addition to security threats by rebels and terrorist groups such as Boko Haram. Africa Renewal's Franck Kuwonu sat down with Mr. Fall after the briefing to discuss the situation in the region.


2 My topic concerns the interface of international and domestic law, a subject to which Sir Gerard made a substantial contribution. In his historic judgment in Mabo, he referred to the decline of the concept of terra nullius at international law and its implications for the common law of Australia 1 . His frequently quoted observation about the effect of international law on the development of the common law was no mere rhetorical flourish. He said 2 :


FIELD: mining. SUBSTANCE: method involves extraction of ore reserves to the height of up to 8 m by means of a non-benching working face in vertical plane using self-propelled equipment, removal of mined rock and its transportation, supporting of the roof by leaving safety chain pillars 2.5 m wide, reinforcement of the roof with anchors. Extraction work of ore reserves is performed simultaneously in three working faces; at that, one of the main operations of the bottom-hole cycle is performed in each working face every month: drilling of wells and breaking of ore, removal of mined rock, reinforcement of the roof and walls of shrink stoping. Mined rock is transported from bottom-hole space to ascending ore space is performed by means of a loading and hauling machine, and from ascending ore space to ore chute with a drag-type conveyor. When reinforcing the roof and walls of shrink stoping to anchors there attached is polymer or wire mesh. EFFECT: improving development efficiency of a minefield due to stream-lining of operation of the bottom-hole cycle and reliable reinforcement of the roof. 3 cl, 4 dwg


Increases in pH from 4.5–5.3 to 7–7.6 after liming (1978–85) in six acidified lakes in the west coast area of Sweden caused increased concentration of humic compounds and decreased transparency compared with levels before liming. Concentrations of total P increased markedly whereas those of NO3-N decreased. The phytoplankton composition changed completely in all lakes shortly after liming, but a species richness similar to that in unacidified lakes was not reached until after 2–5 yr, and in the previously most acidified lakes, several species remained absent. The composition of the phytoplankton indicated increased primary production. The volumetric dominance within the zooplankton shifted generally from Eudiaptomus–Holopedium to Cyclops–Daphnia. The occurrence of Rotatoria and Cladocera species increased and the composition became similar to that in unacidified lakes 2–5 yr after liming. The biotic development is largely explained by chemical–physical changes such as increased pH, reduced Al concentratio...


ABSTRACT A simple and systematic research and development process were explained for ceramic additive manufacturing to obtain degradable ceramic scaffolds. First, the degradation rate of calcium silicate/β-tricalcium phosphate ceramics was controlled by adjusting component ratios. After soaking in the simulated body fluid, many cluster-like and silkworm pupa-like apatite deposits were formed on the surface of the prepared ceramic through the dissolution-precipitation process. Meanwhile, the deposition process was summarized. Then, according to the light-curing principle of the ceramic paste, the ceramic paste suitable for stereolithography was studied and prepared by considering three aspects: viscosity, solid content, and single-layer curing depth. Finally, ceramic scaffolds with a uniform structure were prepared by stereolithography, debinding, and sintering in sequence. Compared with the ceramics prepared by pressure forming, the open porosity increased by 8.1%, and the bulk density and flexural strength decreased by 3.83% and 16.11%, respectively.


Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) establishes a latent infection in neurons and periodically reactivates to cause disease. The neuronal stimuli that trigger HSV reactivation have not been fully elucidated. Here we demonstrate that HSV reactivation can be induced by neuronal hyperexcitability. Neuronal stimulation-induced reactivation was dependent on voltage-gated ion and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels, demonstrating that neuronal activity is required for reactivation. Hyperexcitability-induced reactivation was dependent on the neuronal pathway of DLK/JNK activation and progressed via an initial wave of viral gene expression that was independent of histone demethylase activity and linked to histone phosphorylation. IL-1β induces neuronal hyperexcitability and is released under conditions of stress and fever; both known triggers of clinical HSV reactivation. IL-1β induced histone phosphorylation in sympathetic neurons, and importantly HSV reactivation, which was dependent on DLK and neuronal excitability. Thus, HSV co-opts an innate immune pathway resulting from IL-1 stimulation of neurons to induce reactivation.


English summary: Land-snails in rich fens in the province of Vastmanlands lan (C. Sweden), with comments on the species and recommendations of conservation measures for the investigated objects At ...


Qualitative identification of gas chromatograph (G.C.) fractions has created problems for the organic chemist. One of these concerns the limit of detection for any given compound which can be achieved with a method designed to trap a G.C. peak for further analysis. This paper presents the limits of detection found attainable in the qualitative analysis of specific organic compounds. These limits were established by utilizing an activated charcoal capillary to trap the G.C. fraction prior to introduction into a Bendix Time-of-Flight mass spectrometer via the hot filament probe.


The three-dimensional information of the badminton was obtained with epipolar constrain after the cameras of the badminton Hawkeye system were calibrated. The three-dimensional space coordinate of the badminton mass center was got and the flying curve of the badminton was fitted, which have laid a foundation to the 3D construction of the badminton Hawkeye system and the judgment of the placement of the badminton.


The importance of the research was to work on determining standard levels of emotional response, as through these levels we will have the ability to evaluate the female athletes during the training stages as well as during competition to identify the weaknesses and strengths to overcome the weakness through training and enhance the strengths to achieve the desired goals. The research aims to identify the statistical description of the research variable (emotional response) among female players of clubs in the Middle Euphrates governorates for the 2022-2023 season. As well as the possibility of establishing grades and standard levels for the emotional response scale in order to evaluate female players practicing futsal. Thus, the researcher recommends the need to pay attention to studying emotional response and working to improve it. The training units work to include theoretical lectures and practical applications concerned with psychological aspects, especially emotional response


Interlining material comprises a substrate coated in discrete zones with a mixture of a thermo-expander and two or more polymers with different melting ranges. Independent claims are also included for: (1) production of the interlining material by providing a dispersion of the thermo-expander and polymers in a liquid, applying the dispersion to discrete zones on the substrate, and evaporating the liquid; (2) a process for bonding the interlining material to an outer material in which the polymers penetrate into and fuse to the surface of the outer material.


Rice is the foremost cereal food crop in many developing countries. About half of the world population consumes rice as their major source of carbohydrate. Almost 95% of the rice production is recorded in Asian countries [1]. White rice is the most commonly consumed rice, but there are several rice cultivars which contain color pigments, such as black and red rice. Rice varieties with colored pericarp (other than white and red) are usually known as "black rice" [2]. Black rice is a type of the rice species Oryza sativa L. which is black in colour, glutinous, packed with high level of nutrients and mainly cultivated in Asia. It is actually heirloom rice means it is open pollinated, was grown at earlier times in the history and is not grown on a large scale in modern agriculture. It also comes in a number of short grain, long grain and glutinous varieties similar to brown rice with a slightly nutty flavour and its texture is smooth, firm not at all sticky like most white rice. Black rice includes many more varieties of dark colour rice like Forbidden rice, Purple rice, Japonica black rice, Chinese black rice, Indonesian black rice and Thai black rice. The reason they are grouped under the term "Black Rice" is the unusual dark/black colour of the grain .The pericarp (outer part) of kernel of this rice colour is black due to presence of high amount of a powerful pigment known as anthocyanins, which are flavonoids that perform as antioxidants in the body. This anthocyanin is most typically observed in fruits such as blueberries and blackberries. Once cooked, the color lightens into deep purple/violet colour. That's why it is also called "purple rice". This unusual colour makes it very popular for dessert.[3] Black rice now widely considered as a 'super food' by researchers and scientists. The term 'super food' is used to describe food items with extremely high nutritional value. Black rice is a super nutritious type of rice that is high in fiber, antioxidants, vitamins B, vitamin E, iron, thiamine, magnesium, niacin and phosphorous.[3] [4] Not only it is the type of rice that is richest in powerful disease fighting antioxidants but also it contains antiinflammatory, anti-carcinogenic properties and has an ability to stop the development of diabetes mellitus, cancer, heart disease, and even weight gain. [5] Demand for this rice is growing fast in the USA and European countries due to its value as a healthy food and its attractive organic food color. It has been eaten throughout Asia for thousands of years and has a significant history of use in China, India and Thailand. This rice is becoming popular among rice consumers and dieticians day by day mainly because of its high nutritive and medicinal value. Therefore, black rice is becoming the new "IT" organic food that everyone is talking about and the attention it is getting is well deserved. [3]


The discharge in an electron‐beam‐sustainer atmospheric pressure CO2 laser is investigated. An arbitrary two‐dimensional geometry is employed in calculating the electric field. The conductivity is a function of the local electric field, the loss rate, and the ionization rate, the third of which is proportional to the energy deposition by high‐energy electrons. The predicted discharge nonuniformities are compared with experimental results. Experimental evidence indicates that the discharge is recombination dominated.


Objective:To evaluate the effect of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) in combination with injective calcium alginate gel,insulin-like growth factorⅠ(IGF-Ⅰ) and transforming growth factor β(TGF-β) on repairing the osteochondral defect in vitro.Method:Amplificated the BMSCs in vitro, then compounded it with the calcium alginate and the growth factors,then were injected into the defect of weight-bearing portions of medical femoral condyles in Zealand white rabbit,the specimens were taken and stained with HE stain, toluidine blue stain, Masson stain,and observed with transmission electron microscope etc.Result:Bone marrow stem cells differentiatied to chondroblasts or osteoblasts in the combination of calcium alginate gel,IGF-Ⅰ and TGF-β and finally regenerate cartilage and bone without immunological rejection and toxic reaction.The semiquantitative histological scores were significantly higher in the experimental group than that in the control group(P0.01).Conclusion:Calcium alginate+stem cells+growth factors composite may succeed in the repair and integration of acute osteochondral injury. Alginate could keep the phenotype of marrow stem cells and serve as a carrier to fill osteochondral defects in vivo. The biodegradable matrix appears to provide a satisfactory 3-dimensional support in where is conducive to chondrogenesis.


Abstract Cohesion parameters are quantities with dimensions of (pressure)1/2 which describe the extent of cohesion within condensed phases. Although the Hildebrand solubility parameter was originally intended to describe the solution properties of liquids which did not undergo any significant mutual chemical interaction, similar cohesion parameters may be applied to the description and prediction of interfacial properties of a wide range of materials. This review outlines the application of cohesion parameters to wetting and adhesion.


The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a working model based on Pierre van Hiele and Dina van Hiele-Geldof's five levels of thought development in geometry; (2) characterize the thinking in geometry of sixth (N=16) and ninth (N=16) graders in terms of these levels (examining at what level they are at, if they show potential for progress within a level or to a higher level, and what difficulties they encounter); and (3) to analyze the grades K-8 geometry strand of three commercial textbook series. A wide range in levels of thinking among the subjects was found; some were' consistent in identifying, naming, comparing and operating on geometry figures; others were able to give informal deductive explanations (level 2). It was also found that the inability to advance in level of thinking may be related to their deficiencies in language, both in knowledge of geometry vocabulary and ability to use it precisely and consistently, In addition, textbook material on geometry provides students with little opportunity to make progress to higher levels of thinking and may actually impede such progress by concentrating on level 0 thinking and reducing the level of thinking for topics which can be treated at levels 1-2. (JN) ********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *****************************************e.*****************************


This project aims to build a product which is can help people to control the stability of the bicycle. Nowadays, although the transportation system in Malaysia was developed from day-to-day, bicycle always be a customer's request either adult or children. The bicycle is basic transports that will be learned since age 4 or 5 year.
However, there are some people especially adult still do not know how to ride bicycle. They want to learn it but they do not have much time to spend it and ashamed to ask people teach bike riding. The stability of the bicycle is an important thing to prevent fall especially in minimum speed. There are some theories, which has the faster
a bicycle moved the easier it is to ride and it cannot be balanced when it is in stationary or low speed condition [I]. Clearly, the bicycle has a large measure of self-stability. Because that, to make the rider alert this kind of situation, need a product that can give a hint to the rider to steer the way correctly. The objective of this project is to solve the stability problem during riding a bicycle especially for new rider who wants to learn to
ride a bicycle by signaling user through vibration. By designing this product, it can teach people to ride with an easy way by considering the stability of the rider to control the bicycle by vibrating alarm signal to the rider. By using this product, now the new user has no more use tricycle and no longer need others to help or teach in riding. It also can prevent or less of fall for the new rider during learn to ride bicycles. This product is
more sophisticated and convenient to the user.


The benign termination of the transition phase of a hypothetical LMFBR accident rests on the avoidance of highly energetic recriticalities prior to escape of bottled molten core materials from the active core region. In scenarios where molten fuel is trapped due to axial blockages, the maintenance of subcritical configurations until radial flow paths develop requires stable boil-up of the molten fuel/steel mixture. This paper describes the analysis of an experiment investigating the behavior of closed boiling pools using the two-fluid hydrodynamics module of TRANSIT-HYDRO, a deterministic transition-phase analysis code.


This pioneering work focuses on excavations and discoveries at Little Rapids, a 19th-century Eastern Dakota planting village near present-day Minneapolis.


The article describes the approach, formed in the course of the reform of education, when the qualifications of the employee is defined as a set of professional competences of the graduate corresponding to a level of education. Modern practice indicates the complexity and variety of the tasks performed during the process of selection of competent specialists. For the purpose of a proper and objective decision making and formalization of selection criteria during the performance of such tasks we suggest using elements of the fuzzy set theory


This article presents a model of the process of self-renewal, the creative restructuring of the self that may follow the painful and disconfirming personal crisis of illness or other extreme personal trauma. Self-renewal is a possible response to pain and struggle, and one that can be facilitated and encouraged. The article presents several examples of the complex processes that make up self-renewal, including the self-definition as a person taking an active role, the presence of a deep relationship to others, and the role of being a public witness concerning issues raised by the struggle. The article concludes by suggesting that self-renewal as a process has important social implications, beyond the personal level.


Eastern Metropolitan Substructure v Peter Klein Investment (Pty) Ltd [2001] 1 All SA 187 (W); 2001 (4) SA 661 (W)


This paper reports the multi-response optimization of mechanical properties for polycarbonate and Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene blends using Principal Component Analysis. Four controllable factors of the injection moulding process were assigned at three levels each. The Taguchi method was first employed to study the single-response optimization of mechanical properties. Principal Component Analysis was then employed to correspond to multi-response cases, for transforming the correlated mechanical properties to a set of uncorrelated components and evaluating the principal components. The optimum process factor/level combinations, based on different number of principal components, were determined. The appropriate number of principal components, and the impact of that number on the optimum process conditions, were studied by extracting more than one principal component and integrating them into a comprehensive index. Finally, the analysis of variance was used to find out the most influential injection moulding parameter for single and multiple responses problems.


The import of new Technologies of Information and Communications (ICT) in the education changed considerably the form and her operation. With the adoption of new technologies were still developed and are developed the electronic learning (e-learning) and the education acquired a new dimension and new possibilities. The third degree institutions that have central role in the benefit of formal education could not to remain uninvolved under configuration environment and they began they draw and they allocate programs of education from distance, in which central role it has the educational content in whatever form. Important educational service, therefore, constitutes the benefit of access in the educational content in instructors and educated. This requirement is particularly intense in systems Open and remotely Education, where the content constitute the more important source of knowledge. The present work aims at the improvement of provided services of education in t o under configuration new environment, promoting the assistance of recording, search and recuperation of educational content with the use of metadata (meta-data). The educational content are organised in objects of learning (learning objects) for which are proposed the creation of metadata with the use of special tool. Basic concern of work is the presentation of characteristics of metadata as well as models that are followed in order that the objects of learning are exploitable and reemployable from instructors and educated. Basic collection of models that will be used for the study is SCORM version 2004 (Sharable Content Object Reference Model) while becomes report and in the previous publications. They follow comparisons with the remainder collections of models and metadata that are reported in the open and remotely educations. They will follow reports in various softwares as well as platforms, Commercial or Open Code, that is used for the remotely education. The work is completed with the comparative evaluation of optical tool (ilearn2) that was materialised as well as with the conclusions that result from the application of collection of models SCORM 2004.


Strategy formulation and implementation are more of a complex and inexact art than science. While data tends to support the importance of strategic planning ([28], [12], p.ll) inexact, incorrect, or poorly-eonceived pl~ns can make its achievement difficult. However, flrms often achieve success in spite of poorly-formulated strategies. In the clear light of hindsight, it is evident that these strategies should have resulted in failure and were very likely irrational. Success was nonetheless achieved as the commitment and effort of both management and operatives rose to the occasion. The high level of commitment necessary to make a poorly formulated strategy work is important to the success of the flrm and provides a clear competitive advantage. The role that commitment plays toward this end may be seen in the behavior of employees who are also owners of the flrm [20] those more likely to feel committed to the success of the firm ([29], p. 25). Committed individuals normally have a strong belief in, and acceptance of, the organization's goals, a willingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the firm, and a definite desire to maintain membership within the firm [19]. All of these attributes are significant factors in successful formulation and implementation. Thompson and Strickland state, "[o]bviously, it is important for organizational sub-units and individuals to be committed to implementing and accomplishing strategy" ([30] , p.231). The significance of the relationship between commitment and organizational success has also been suggested by Schein [23]. While significant, the data which supports the importance of commitment in implementing strategy and the achievement of strategic goals are limited. The intriguing, though largely unquantified, relationship between commitment and success is the subject of this exploratory study.


This article presents an analytical procedure developed to replicate, document, and analyse the formation and evolution of use-wear traces on task-specific ground stone tools. The purpose of this study is to build a reference collection for wear patterns that occurred during the processing of vegetal resources, specifically those compatible with the MIS 3 period. To create the collection, riverine slabs and pebbles were utilised and various aspects related to their use in the transformation of aerial and underground plant organs were explored. Moreover, the feasibility of using perishable supports, such as a wooden base, for processing tasks was examined. The experiments explored the transformation of pebble stone surfaces during repeated cycles of processing plant organs by monitoring and recording the features at fixed intervals. Several variables that affect the surface texture, morphology, distribution, and extent of use-wear traces are identified and discussed. The influential factors under control included the petrographic and morphological characteristics of the unused stones, the type and amount of transformed vegetables, and the duration of the process, as well as monitoring human factors. The documentation strategy applied at various stages of the experiment was found to be suitable for tracing the cumulative development of wear. The replicative collection was tailored to the morphological and petrographic characteristics of the ground stone tools retrieved from the level attributed to the Prut River culture of Brînzeni I, a cave site located in NW Moldova.


This thesis, comprised of a portfolio of compositions accompanied by media examples and commentary, traces the evolution of the author's compositional approach in the search for a manner to present unstable sound that allows its natural acoustic phenomena and their interrelations to be experienced at the forefront. The controlling factors discussed are not just the physical properties of sound, but also how it is perceived. The written commentary presents, in detail, specific examples of how and why this has been achieved, with the main focal points being: limited unstable timbral palettes, different forms of listening and perception, collaboration and performative aspects, controlled improvisation and notation abandonment. With regard to these elements, a point must be made that, although there are developments within each, the musical goal remains the same, with the exploration of unstable sound and the complex timbres within, and its correlation with the unification of composer, performer and listener, being the main goal within the musical environment.


We develop a first-principles description of the mechanical effects of light on a single two-level atom in a Fabry-Perot interferometer. Our analysis is based on the plane-wave and semiclassical approximations, but within this context it yields general equations that include propagation effects and allow arbitrary parameters of the resonator. We then focus on the conditions under which the uniform field limit holds and derive an explicit expression for the cavity-induced force on the atom in the low saturation limit. We also provide a physical explanation of the role played by the resonator in slowing down or accelerating the atoms.


This paper deals with the modeling and experimentation of obstacle avoidance of a humanoid robot. At first, the hybrid obstacle avoidance algorithm is proposed by utilizing the advantages of the line following, tangent bug and wall following algorithms. Low cost range sensors and overhead web camera data are used as input to the algorithm to find obstacle free path. The algorithm is implemented on the LABVIEW platform. Second part of the work deals with the modeling of the legged robot. The robot walking mechanism is modelled as the oscillating cylinder mechanism. Two DC motors are used for actuation of the prismatic legs of the robot. The MATLAB software is used for modeling of the legged robot. The physical model of the legged robot is also developed by using NXT controller. The proposed obstacle avoidance algorithm is implemented on the legged robot. The single rectangular shape obstacle is considered for obstacle avoidance by the robot during simulation and experimental work. At last, the validation of the simulation and experimentation work is considered.


Objective To study the expression and clinical significance of p27 in gastric carcinoma patients in different pathologic types.Methods The expression of p27 was detected with immunohistochemical staining technique in 135 cases of gastric carcinoma(55 of high differentiation adenocarcinoma,53 of low differentiation adenocarcinoma and 27 of stomach mucosa carcinoma) and 45 cases of normal gastric mucosa.Results The positive expression of p27 was 45.93% in gastric carcinoma,significantly lower than that in normal gastric mucosa(84.44%).The positive expression rates of p27 was much higher in high differentiation adenocarcinoma(65.45%) than that in low differentiation adenocarcinoma(33.96%) and stomach mucosa carcinoma(40.74%)(P0.05).There was no significant difference in positive expression rate between low differentiation adenocarcinoma and stomach mucosa carcinoma(P0.05).The positive expression rates of p27 in the cases without lymph node metastasis(48.00%) was much higher than that in the cases with lymph node metastasis(22.50%)(P0.05).The positive expression rate of p27 in the cases survived for 5 years or more(52.63%) was significantly higher than that in the cases survived within 5 years(16.67%%)(P0.05).Conclusion The low expression of p27 in gastric carcinoma is correlated with the occurrence,the pathologic stage,lymph node metastasis and survival time of gastric carcinome.To detect p27 expression is helpful to the judgement of gastric carcinoma progression and the prognosis.


This study relaxes the distributional assumption of the return of the risky asset, to arrive at the optimal portfolio. Studies of portfolio selection models have typically assumed that stock returns conform to the normal distribution. The application of robust optimization techniques means that only the historical mean and variance of asset returns are required instead of distributional information. We show that the method results in an optimal portfolio that has comparable return and yet equivalent risk, to one that assumes normality of asset returns.


ABSTRACT. An octospore microsporidium was found in the nymphs of Aeshna viridis, collected in intermittent streams near Novosibirsk, Siberia, Russia in 2003. Spores were uninucleate and measured 6.1±0.07 × 3.0±0.04 μm on fresh smears. The polar filament was anisofilar having 10–11 anterior coils (thicker filament diam.) and 10–11 posterior (thinner filament diam.) coils. Sporophorous vesicles were persistent and measured 12.3±0.23 × 11.9±0.20 μm. The infection was restricted to the adipose tissue and caused the formation of whitish "cysts" containing mature octospores. Based on ultrastructural similarity we consider this Siberian isolate to be Systenostrema alba, a species described from Aeshna grandis collected in Sweden ( Larsson 1988 ). Maximum likelihood, neighbor joining, and maximum parsimony analyses of the small subunit rDNA all placed Systenostrema alba (Accession no. AY953292) as the sister taxon to a clade consisting of Thelohania solenopsae, Tubulinosema ratisbonensis, and Tubulinosema acridophagus.


The present invention relates to a testing device of large glass substrates so as to selectively use, depending on whether the retest by the naked eye as a large glass substrate with a large glass substrate for abuse screening in the screening process to be used in the manufacture of flat panel displays. That is the frame 11 to decelerate the upper end center of a motor (10m), and to around the geared motor (10m) the curved rail 13 to the upper frame 11 formed in a circular direction changing plate 15 at its upper portion and to configure It is each a structure characterized in that configured. Visual inspection, sorting device, a glass substrate, a direction conversion means, transfer means, rotating means, a vacuum


Radio wave propagation of millimeter wave is highly influenced by the movements of objects (humans); simple movements of the objects can changes entire propagation paths of transmitted waves inside the buildings. Ray tracing is one of the easiest methods to predict these propagation paths. To do this, it requires extremely accurate information about the objects of the realistic environments. Moreover, calculations of ray paths can be computationally expensive due to the large number of rays that must be traced. Therefore, a new ray tracing method based on object distribution along with Red-Black tree data structure is presented in this paper, which enabling the proposed method easy to the implementation, and will make the characterization of wave propagation more flexible, reliable and efficient. The results show that the proposed method is an accurate and powerfully tools for the prediction of propagated rays methods are not suitable for complex and dynamic indoor environments; therefore, an efficient and accurate ray-tracing algorithm is needed for the investigation of the influence of human movements on radio wave propagation. In this paper, an accelerated ray tracing method is therefore presented for accurate prediction of propagated waves, where influence of human motion on received signal is studied here. In order to prove the superiority of the proposed method, it was compared with the image method (7) and ray launching (RL) (8) method and provides satisfactory results. The proposed ray tracing method is described in Section II, results and performance evaluation is presented in Section III, followed by the conclusion in Section IV.


The integration of photovoltaics (PV) will impact the future prices of electricity, and with their increased integration expected to lead to a reduction in the demand for traditional power sources, resulting in a decrease in electricity prices. As more PV is used, it is expected that the shape of the daily price of electricity will become much more predictable, with lower prices during the middle of the day and higher prices during the morning and evening. This paper analyses the tilt and azimuth angles that will yield maximum revenue for fixed-tilt PV systems taking into account the electricity prices on the day ahead markets.


THIS federal study expenditure has two motivations. reductions First, and federal expenditure reductions and special legislation which limits the level of state taxes have placed increasing pressure on state budgets. One of the ways that states have responded to this pressure has been to turn to user fees as a revenue source. In a recent issue of this Journal , Stephen Gold (1983) suggested that research into the practical economics of state user fees would be a very fruitful direction for economists to pursue.


Equations used for calculating bedload transport rates are generally developed based on the assumption of steady flow conditions. This implies that the relationship between bedload transport, discharge, flow depth, and shear stress is single-valued. One of the reasons for adopting such an approach is that almost all the pertinent laboratory data on bedload transport have been obtained from experiments performed under steady flow conditions. Similarly, the scarcity of accurate bed load field data obtained during the passage of floods is attributed to the difficulties, which at times can become life-threatening, encountered under such conditions. Provision of data under challenging conditions may lead to the inability to provide data in some cases and interruption in data continuity. It is difficult to make predictions using classical statistical science in discontinuous or lack of data situations. Artificial neural networks (ANN) are useful in predicting when the data is insufficient. In this study, two frequently used ANN applications, radial basis functions, and generalized regression neural network are employed to estimate the bed load data. It was seen that the ANN estimations are more satisfactory compared to those of the conventional statistical methods results. It was shown that ANN estimations for gravel bedload data are more successful than the sand load data.


This research deals with the decomposition and description of curved objects. In ongoing work, a new part description for curves and surfaces using a set of curvature-based minimization operators has been developed. The decomposition operation simultaneously performs data interpolation, data smoothing, and segmentation. The unification of these three stages results in a smoothing operation that is tightly coupled with the primitives to be used in subsequent object description. Each of the minimization operators, in addition to having a curvature tuning, has a different spatial sensitivity function. As a result, different possible descriptions of an object are produced and these capture information at multiple spatial scales. Each object is described by a small number of tokens based on differential geometric properties. The set of descriptors produced for a given object can be organized into an unusual form of nonlinear scale-space. The utility of such a scale-based description by way of two methods for the characterization (i.e., recognition) of two-dimensional objects via their multi- scale signature in terms of curvature-scale-space features is demonstrated. One method is based on graph matching by dynamic programming and the other based on statistical properties of scale space ('shape texture').


Objective To investigate the relationship between intima-media thickness(IMT)and pulse wave velocity(PWV)in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods 100 cases with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into:hydrochlorothiazide group of 35 cases,valsartan group of 35 cases,valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide combined treatment group(combined group)30 cases.All the patients were treated for 16 weeks,systolic blood pressure (SBP),diastolic blood pressure(DBP),24h urinary albumin,blood urea nitrogen(BUN),carotid IMT,PWV,fasting plasma glucose(FPG)were measured before and after treatment in each group.Results The SBP,DBP,24h urinary albumin before treatment compared with after treatment was significant differences in three groups(t =2.7875,2.755,2.733,2.645,all P < 0.05); IMT associated with SBP(r =0.669,P =0.013),pulse pressure(r =0.581,P =0.015),FPG(r =0.337,P =0.018);PWV associated with SBP(r =0.759,P =0.001),pulse pressure(r =0.707,P=0.002),FPG(r =0.679,P =0.016).Conclusion The non-invasive indicators of PWV can be used as aortic compliance.The PWV measurement of its vascular complications has important clinical value.

Key words:
Diabetes mellitus; Intima-media thickness; Pulse wave velocity


Subject
 Growing tensions.

 Significance
 Protests have occurred in various parts of Bolivia this month, amid anger with the government's COVID-19 lockdown strategy and demands that a date be set for a fresh general election. Interim President Jeanine Anez has refused to accept a law passed by Congress scheduling elections by early August at the latest. Bolivia's COVID-19 death toll is low compared to those of neighbouring countries, but it is creeping up and the health system is poorly placed to respond.

 Impacts
 Protests will sharpen the conflict between the government and the MAS, with other political actors mere bystanders.
 Internationally, Bolivia will face growing criticism for its apparent democratic backsliding.
 Limiting people to shopping only once a week arguably exacerbates contagion risks, encouraging people to congregate in marketplaces.
 Relaxing lockdown rules safely will be tricky; the country's health system will struggle to cope with a spike in cases.
 The longer the lockdown lasts, the worse the economic outcome promises to be.


This report contains the results of the 1965 razor clam surveys at Meyers Creek Beach and in the Cannon Beach area.


A well thought out, detailed contractor's programme should be used such that is a proactive management tool for both managing the works on a day-to-day basis, and a mechanism to demonstrate the effects and hence entitlement (if any) when change occurs. The NEC3 Engineering and Construction Contract (ECC) in terms of programme management is essentially a set of good practice project management requirements that, if followed, should benefit all concerned. This paper considers some of the practical problems in managing such a system and offers some practical advice to both contractor and project manager to help to ensure that the up-to-date accepted programme that the contract is striving towards becomes the reality.


At the beginning of the 1950s, edge waterflooding, the first of many types of waterflooding, was applied to terrigenous deposits of the Pashi horizon of the Bavlinskoye field. Based on the results of geological and technological modeling, it was obtained that the development of low-permeability sections of the reservoir, intermediate zones in the area of the injection and contraction production rows lags behind and, undoubtedly, leads to a rapid water cut of the produced product and a decrease in the oil recovery factor, therefore the authors in this work conducted numerical experiments to regulate the front advancement of the injected water to the deposits of the Pashi object by limiting the volume of water injected into the reservoir using geological and technological 3D modeling. Analysis of the results of the conducted numerical experiments to regulate the development of the reservoir of the Pashi object by limiting the volume of water injection showed that in this way it is possible to improve the technological indicators of development (increase oil production and reduce water production) and select the most acceptable amount of injected water, which will be technologically and economically viable. Keywords: in-line and in-line waterflooding; oil-bearing contour; injection restriction; daily production; industrial experiment; injection wells ring; well injectivity; monolithic sandstones; filtration flow direction.


This study proposes and assesses a methodology to obtain high-quality probabilistic predictions and uncertainty information of near-landfall tropical cyclone(TC)-driven storm tide and inundation with limited time and resources. Forecasts of TC track, intensity, and size are perturbed according to quasi-random Korobov sequences of historical forecast errors with assumed Gaussian and uniform statistical distributions. These perturbations are run in an ensemble of hydrodynamic storm tide model simulations. The resulting set of maximum water surface elevations are dimensionality reduced using Karhunen-Lo`eve expansions and then used as a training set to develop a Polynomial Chaos (PC) surrogate model from which global sensitivities and probabilistic predictions can be extracted. The maximum water surface elevation is extrapolated over dry points incorporating energy head loss with distance to properly train the surrogate for predicting inundation. We find that the surrogate constructed with 3rd order PCs using Elastic Net penalized regression with Leave-One-Out cross-validation provides the most robust fit across training and test sets. Probabilistic predictions of maximum water surface elevation and inundation area by the surrogate model at 48-hour lead time for three past U.S. landfalling hurricanes (Irma 2017, Florence 2018, and Laura 2020) are found to be reliable when compared to best-track hindcast simulation results, even when trained with as few as 19 samples. The maximum water surface elevation is most sensitive to perpendicular track-offset errors for all three storms. Laura is also highly sensitive to storm size and has the least reliable prediction.


The optimization process is obtained after analyzing the quality items of wastewater.It is concluded that electrode arrangement way is the way of stainless steel awl and plane iron.Continuous discharging is of benefit to destruction in former 0~60 min when the concentration of phenol solution is high,and discharging at regular intervals is more effective to the decrease of Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD) in 60~90 min when the concentration of the solution is low.Moreover,the changing trend of COD in the solution is steep in former procedure for the awl electrode anode.The decrease degree of COD is obvious for the awl electrode cathode in later procedure.In addition,it is helpful to prevent the increase of conductivity when NaOH is added into the solution.The curve of Biochemical Oxygen Demand ∶Chemical Oxygen Demand(BOD_5/COD) vs.time is a parabola.


The article studies the problem of the didactical and axiological potentials of the program topic "Alphabet". The topic helps to actualize the valuable meanings of the national constant "A Word". The aim is to demonstrate the spiritual sense of a word. The article includes the materials of experimental education and its methodical substantiation.


Biofilm formation has been well known as a determinant of bacterial virulence. Group G Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (SDSE), a relevant pathogen with increasing medical importance, was evaluated for the biofilm‐forming potential. Microtiter plate assay was used to assess the most feasible medium for group G SDSE to form a biofilm. Among 246 SDSE isolates examined, 46.7%, 43.5%, 33.3%, and 26.4% of isolates showed moderate or strong biofilm‐forming abilities using tryptic soy broth (TSB), brain heart infusion broth (BHI), Todd‐Hewitt broth (THB), and C medium with 30 mM glucose (CMG), respectively. The addition of glucose significantly increased the biofilm‐forming ability of group G SDSE. FCT (fibronectin–collagen–T‐antigen) typing of SDSE was first undertaken and 11 FCT types were found. Positive associations of stG10.0 or negative associations of stG245.0, stG840.0, and stG6.1 with biofilm‐forming ability of SDSE were, respectively, found. This was the first investigation demonstrating biofilm‐forming potential in clinical group G SDSE isolates; also, some significant associations of biofilm‐forming ability with certain emm types were presented.


An algorithm for efficiently recognizing and suppressing blend features is present. The algorithm first recognizes all of blend faces from the Boundary Representation of a part, and then distinguishes them as edge-blend feature, vertex-blend feature and mixed-blend region. Furthermore, the mixed-blend region is divided into pure edge-blend feature and pure vertex-blend feature. Lastly, each recognized blend feature is suppressed as a whole by means of Euler Operators. The novelty of the presented algorithm lies in that all the entities of a recognized blend feature are suppressed in a global way, by which the efficiency of suppression is greatly improved. In addition, the algorithm can deal with all types of blend faces generated by various methods. In the end, some test results are given.


Objective To observe and compare the clinical effects of in vitro and off-pump coronary artery bypass,and nursing interventions.Methods A total of 65 patients with coronary artery bypass grafting were randomly divided into two groups,33 patients were treated with OPCAB,and 32 cases were treated with CPABG,two groups of patients adopted appropriate care,including postoperation monitoring of vital signs,strict ECG and the respiratory system,maintainance of blood pressure stabilization,limb arterial thrombosis prevention,rational use of warfarin.The two groups were compared with surgery,postoperative recovery of cardiac function.Results The operative time and bleeding volume of OPCAB group were significantly lower than those of CPABG group,the difference was statistically significant..OPCAB group of patients with ICU retain,assisted breathing time,complications,dial mediastinal pericardial drainage time,hospital stay and hospitalization costs were significantly lower than those of CPABG group,the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05).Conclusions The curative effect of OPCAB for treating the patients with coronary heart disease was better than that of CPABG.Nurses should grasp the surgery-related of knowledge and care points for patients to provide high quality and professional care.

Key words:
OPCAB;  CPABG;  Nursing


We report experimental data on the highly excited even-parity states of cadmium in the energy range 70 960–72 500 cm−1 employing a two-step laser excitation scheme via the 5s5p 3P1 inter-combination line. Two frequency doubled dye lasers simultaneously pumped by a common Nd:YAG laser were used to record the spectra using a thermionic diode ion detector. New observations include much-extended 5snd 3D2 (11 ⩽ n ⩽ 52) and 5sns 3S1 (12 ⩽ n ⩽ 38) Rydberg series, whereas the 5snd 1D2 series have been detected from n = 11 to 26. A two-parameter fit to the transition energy of 5snd 3D2 series yields the binding energy of the 5s5p 3P1 level as 41 883.97 ± 0.05 cm−1 and, consequently, the first ionization potential of cadmium is determined as 72 540.06 ± 0.13 cm−1, in good agreement with that reported by Brown et al (1975 J. Opt. Soc. Am. 65 1404).


These proceedings are the output of VII Perm Hydrodynamical Forum (PHD-Forum 2020) . The conference was held by Perm State University and Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics UB RAS in Perm, Russia on October 22-24, 2020. The conference was dedicated to the memory of the leaders of the Perm Hydrodynamic Scientific School - the Leading Scientific School of the Russian Federation, Professors G.Z. Gershuni, E.M. Zhukhovitsky, and D.V. Lyubimov. It was devoted to the analysis of the advanced problems in Hydrodynamics and discussion of ways to solve them, the exchange of the scientific achievements and practical experience, the establishment of new and strengthening the existing scientific communications, the creation of the necessary conditions to stimulate and support young scientists, the dissemination and popularization of scientific knowledge and innovative technologies. The work program of the Conference included the discussions on the current state and advanced problems of Mechanics and Physics of Continuous Media in the following directions: 1 - Large scale vortex structures in turbulent flows 2 - Heat and mass transfer in the atmosphere and ocean 3 - Generation of magnetic fields by the turbulent flow of electrically conductive fluid 4 - Dissipative structures on the interphase boundaries. Hydrodynamics of systems with interfaces 5 - Hydrodynamic stability and transition to chaos 6 - Unsteady flows in complex fluids and multiphase media 7 - Acoustic and wave processes in inhomogeneous media 8 - Applied aeroacoustics and aerospace engineering 9 - Eco-hydrodynamic modeling of water bodies and aquatic ecosystems List of Short Programm of VII Perm Hydrodynamical Forum(PHD-Forum 2020), Scientific Committee are available in the pdf.


Objective To evaluate the colposcopic diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia(CIN) in clinical value. Methods The clinical data of 112 CIN patients diagnosed by colposcopy were analyzed and compared with results of pathologic biopsy and diagnosis. Results The result of colposcopic examination was well in line with those of pathologic biopsy,with the coincidence rate of above 90.0%. Conclusion The colposcopic examination has an important value in the diagnosis of CIN,and it can be used as a screening method for early CIN diagnosis to prevent the occurrence of cervical cancer.


Although honour codes may seem old-fashioned, these traditions have found their way into virtual reality. Violent or threatening behaviour based on honour codes can be classified as either violating honour or as restoring honour. Police files of honour based violence contain examples of both types of behaviour and of individuals who use the Internet to reach their goals. This article deals with two key questions: how have honour codes found their way into virtual reality, and what does this imply for police practice regarding honour based violence? These questions are addressed through a description of the current method for the police to handle cases of honour based violence and the work of the Dutch national centre of expertise on honour based violence (LEC EGG), an assessment of internet use among ethnic minorities in the Netherlands, cases from the archive of the LEC EGG and some considerations on policing cybercrime in general. This leads to the conclusion that to fully assess the risks in cases of honour based violence, it is necessary for the police to take into account the online activities of victims and offenders.


Abstract Wedevelop a theory of institutional change and apply it to analyze China's transition toward capitalism. We focus on how product market competition induces institutional change through the interaction between bureaucrats and managers in regional government-controlled economies. When cross-regional competition is sufficiently intense, each region has to cut production costs. Given that the efforts of managers are not verifiable, local governments may have to grant total or partial residual shares to the managers. In general, intense product competition stimulates the rise of a private property system. We submit our theory to a vigorous empirical test using China's industrial census data of more than 400,000 firms. The test supports strongly our postulation that cross-regional competition is the driving force behind China's transition toward capitalism. J. Comp. Econom., June 2000, 28(2), pp. 269–292. City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong; and Peking University, Beijing, China.


This paper investigates the effect of wind speed variations on the small-signal stability of doubly-fed induction generator-based wind turbines equipped with modified virtual inertial controllers (MVIC). MVIC is a control scheme that prudentially emulates the inertial response of the conventional synchronous generators for wind turbines in order to improve their frequency control performance. It also enhances the power oscillation damping capability of the power system. In this paper, it is shown that MVIC is robustly stable against wind speed variations. For this purpose, at first, the equivalent system function between the wind speed and the wind turbine rotor speed is obtained. It is shown, then, that this is a first-order transfer function that its pole is a function of the wind speed, wind turbine rotor speed, and the grid frequency deviations. Nonetheless, for operational values of these quantities, this transfer function is robustly stable. Several simulation results with both non-real and real wind speed data are presented to confirm the theoretical analyses of the paper.


This paper describes the controlling architecture changes introduced in the last generation of NAND flash. The pressing demand for performance from NAND systems required an increase in the working frequencies and task parallelism of the logical executors. In the new controller generation, the algorithm execution has been distributed creating a controlling hierarchy formed by a central executor which performs the main flow and the complex calculations at low frequency, to save power, supported by small but fast machines, placed near the slower peripherals. These machines, called HW (HardWare) accelerators, drive slower peripherals at high speed and in parallel with main flow to increase performances, but are launched only on request to avoid important power impacts. The new architecture proposed in this work, allowed to deliver an outstanding tprog effective on new generation devices, opening a path to even more aggressive tprog in the future with newly identified optimizations. These techniques are in practice on products currently in production.


The study of the structure of the vascular cambium is of fundamental importance to deepening knowledge of the secondary growth of woody plants. Since it helps to understand the influence of internal and external environmental factors of tree growth on the quality of wood, it has also a practical value. Structural investigations of the vascular cambium can be divided into three main groups a) descriptive, b) developmental and c) applied. This short review points out problems connected with the research of the structure of cambium bring up in contemporary literature.


This paper studies an automatic control device applied to goose feather ironing. It is a hybrid control system which incorporates sequential control, electric-drive control and temperature control. The device centers on PLC and takes advantage of the Y-axis and Z-axis servo drives to obtain an optimal control path. The fuzzy control technique used in temperature loop can restrain the temperature disturbance effectively. By using the human-machine exchange interface technology based on touch-screen, the device realizes user interface and system monitoring capabilities. Compared with the traditional machine, the new device can improve the production efficiency and quality significantly.


This study was conducted to explore the effect of Multimedia Instruction on academic achievement and development of attitude of secondary level students towards chemistry. An experiment was conducted with 10th class students studying Chemistry at Government Higher Secondary School Nawanshehr Abbottabad. Multimedia Instruction program was developed by the researchers using text, video and animation mode of presentation, covering four chapters from the text book of Chemistry for 10th class. Pretest post-test control group design was used to carry out this study. The students studying chemistry in selected school were assigned to two groups having 35 students in each group using matched random sampling technique on the basis of pre-test scores. For pre-test and post-test ,an achievement test including one hundred test items of multiple choice and an attitude scale with fifty items on five point Likert type scale were used as data collection tools before and after experimentation. To determine the difference between the mean achievement and attitude scores of Experimental and control group students, t-test was used. Findings of this study revealed that performance of the students of experimental group was significantly better than the students of control group in all the achievement domains i.e. Domain of knowledge, comprehension and application and the development of attitude towards chemistry as well. Multimedia-based instruction proved to be better way of instruction than the conventional method.


This article concerns the actual problems of the Civil Procedural Law – the adversarial principle in the civil procedural relations. Each person has the right to protect his/her infringed rights in court. In accordance with the first part of the Article 4 of the Civil Procedural Code of Georgia legal proceedings shall be exercised on the basis of the adversarial principle. The Article underlines the second part of the Article 4 according to which the court may apply the measures provided under this Code on its own initiation. In the author's opinion, this stipulation contradicts the nature of competition. The article expresses the idea that the court should not be actively involved in gathering evidences; it must support the parties if they cannot obtain the evidence by themselves for some reason and submit a petition to the court. The court's role is regulated differently with respect to the adversarial principle in legislations of different countries. However, the Common Law regards the trial as a kind of tournament where a judge plays a role of an arbiter. Each party shall provide the evidence.


The larva, pupa, male and female of Culicoides gladysae sp. n. are described from a series reared from larvae collected from leaf mould in a tree crotch at Mt Glorious, south‐east Queensland. Another series of all stages was collected from a tree cavity holding free water at McCarr's Creek, New South Wales. Detailed comparisons are made between C. gladysae, C. moreensis Lee and Reye and C. mykytowyczi Lee and Reye, and between the two series of C. gladysae.


4079 Background: PF-based chemotherapy is the standard first line treatment in advanced GC. Although some drugs as taxanes or oxaliplatin (Ox) have shown efficacy in combination with P or F, no established second line exists. RAF/MEK/ERK pathway activation as well as VEGF expression have been related with more advanced GC. Sorafenib (S) is a potent Raf and VEGFR inhibitor and Ox has demonstrated non-cross resistance with P. Methods: A multicenter phase II to evaluate the efficacy of OX- S combination in gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma (pts) with progressive disease after CF based first line chemotherapy, was planned. Other inclusion criteria: ECOG 0-2, measurable disease and adequate organ function. Treatment doses were Ox 130mg/m2/3 weeks and S 800 mg/bid/d until progression or toxicity. CT scan evaluation every 3 cycles. The study followed a A-Hern single-stage design (HR = 1.67, median expected PFS of 4.3m if treatment ineffective, sample size: 43). The study was closed with the inclusion of 40 pts, main...


High concentrations of serum long-chain omega-3 fatty acids may help reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, according to a University of Eastern Finland study published recently in Diabetes Care. The sources of these fatty acids are fish and fish oils.


Australia is an exemplary for tobacco control activities to many developed countries. Due to the sustained efforts of tobacco control activists and strong political commitment, there was a steady decline of smoking rates in Australia over the last 20 years (Australian government Department of Health 2018).


The fundamental conception of Pope John Paul II's theology of the body is the scriptural conception of the human being as the "image and likeness" of God (Gn 1:27). This theological conception, however, is not easily reconciled with contempo rary philosophical understandings of the human being, nor does it accord with con temporary attitudes and practices regarding sexual behavior and our relationship with our bodies in general. To undergird this theology of the body, therefore, the current pope calls for an "adequate anthropology," a philosophical rethinking of human nature that accords not only with Scripture but with human experience as well. This "theology of the body" founds an understanding not only of human sexu ality and sexual behavior but also of human suffering. Just as an appropriate under standing of sexuality arises from the integration of subjective experience with bodily activity directed toward a transcendent end, so too we must understand the experi ence of suffering in terms of the entire human person, body and spirit. Two aspects of John Paul I l's approach are especially salient. First, he insists that the human person is an integrated whole, which does not admit of adequate description in either material or spiritual terms alone. Second, he approaches his subject, as it were, "from within," that is, from the perspective of human subjectivity, of personal consciousness. 1


The main concern of this preliminary research is to establish the place of the intellectual property rights within the classical classification of rights used by theory of law, in rights in rem and rights in personam, or as they were called by Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld, multital rights and paucital rights. The analysis is based on contemporaneous legal systems, both national (Anglo-American and continental) and international and involves arguments relating to absolute and relative rights, to natural and positive law. If at the beginning it seems another complex and unanswered question regarding the intellectual property rights legal regime comparing to the classical property rules involving Lockean, Hegelian, utilitarian and monopolistic arguments, at the end my conclusion is that the intellectual property rights, more precisely the economic ones represents rights in personam, relative rights, paucital rights corresponding to a propter rem obligation of the intellectual creation material or electronic support, which cannot reproduce it or in some case even use it without intellectual property right infringement. This propter rem obligation is limited in time and so is the paucital intellectual property right, considering that an intellectual creation by its nature, cannot be appropriated by a person, being conceived, even before the creation, for the use of the general public, in order to enrich universal patrimony and the general knowledge, and not for a personal exclusively use.


The influence of cabbage powder on sensory acceptance and physical functions of Jeungpyun, were assessed. As fermentation continued, pH dropped and evolved carbon dioxide significantly increased. Moisture content of cabbage powder-amended Jeungpyun ranged from 51.1~55.5%, and were lower than those of control samples. Jeungpyun prepared with 8~10% cabbage powder displayed significantly lower specific volumes. As the level of cabbage powder increased, the L-value was reduced, while the a- and b-values increased. Hardness was not significantly different among the control, 2%, 4% and 6% samples. Chewiness tended to increased in proportion to the level of cabbage powder. Sensory scores were lowest for Jeungpyun prepared with 8~10% cabbage powder. The results indicate that addition of 4~6% cabbage powder to Jeungpyun produces the optimal product.


Introduction: Regarding the educational goals of university and academic performance, it seems that organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is one of the effective variables in increasing the educational performance of university faculty members. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and educational performance of the faculty members of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2013-14. Methods: Researchers selected 127 faculty members and 1,120 students from different grades in order to investigate the relationship between altruism, conscientiousness, sportsmanship, civic virtue and respect and the educational performance of faculty members. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used in this method. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21 software and the significance level of 0.05.


The characteristics of the long-term trends of Taiwan and global rainfall during the period of 1920-95 are studied. The results show that the annual total rainfall of Taiwan does not have clear linear trend. If separating the total rainfall to different seasons, we find negative trend in summer (June-August). In autumn (September-November), the trend is positive. The wettest year of the global mean annual total rainfalls appeared around 1965 , while the driest year appeared around 1935. In a contrast to the global mean rainfall, the years around 1965 is a dry period in Taiwan and around 1935 is a wet period . In addition, in the months of the northern summer (May-September) the global total rainfall shows a decreasing trend after 1950, the trend is opposite in winter months (October-April). Taiwan rainfall anomalies are in a better agreement with the sings of global rainfall anomalies in autumn and early winter months (September- December), but not during the summer months (July-September). The main point emphasized by this study is that the regional and seasonal heterogeneity is a very important feature of the long-term trend of rainfall variability. In the coastal areas of East Asia, we find that the contrast in the north-south direction of the summer rainfall anomalies is large. In autumn, the contrast in east-west direction stands out. We hypothesize that such contrast as the anomalies in the Philippines, Taiwan and Yangtze River have different signs may result from the characteristic shape of the West Pacific Subtropical High (HPSH). The decadal-scale WPSH variations are modulated by the Pacific Decadal Oscillations (PDO). It is, therefore, of great importance to understand the relationship between WPSH and PDO in order to understand the causing mechanisms of the long-term trends of Taiwan rainfall.


Introduction. One of the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases is the toxic metal pollution of the industrial area and the environment. Lead is the most critical of toxic metals. In industrial conditions, the body's exposure to harmful substances is often combined with muscular work of varying severity. It has not been studied enough how these combinations influence the development of pathological processes associated with harmful exposure. Materials and methods. The subchronic experiment was carried out on white outbred male rats for six weeks. Intoxication was simulated by repeated intraperitoneal injections of lead acetate three times a week. Running was chosen to model the muscle exercise at a 25 m/min speed for 10 minutes 5 days a week. We performed biochemical and electrocardiographic studies. Blood pressure parameters were recorded. Muscle contractility was studied on isolated multicellular preparations of the right ventricular myocardium in isometric and physiological contraction modes. The ratio of myosin heavy chains was determined by the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The sliding velocity of reconstituted thin filaments on myosin using an in vitro motility assay. Results. Physical exercise under lead intoxication normalized the level of calcium and the angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in the blood serum, the voltage of the isoelectric line and the amplitude of the T wave on the electrocardiogram. The combined action of lead and physical exercise showed an increase in the creatinine kinase-MB level. We found that the effect of exercise under lead intoxication on myocardial contractility was ambiguous. The maximum isotonic shortening velocity in trabeculae was normalized, but the maximum rate of strength development in the isometric mode in the papillary muscles decreased to a greater extent than under lead intoxication. The maximum sliding velocity of reconstituted thin filaments and myosin and the heavy chain ratio was partly normalized. Conclusion. In general, muscle exercise attenuated the lead cardiotoxic effects.


AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT Abstract: While hospitals across the world have banned all non-urgent, elective surgeries in the face of the coronavirus crisis – two of South Africa's largest private hospital groups, Netcare and Life Healthcare, are still allowing these operations According to a Business Insider report, only Mediclinic has decided to stop all elective surgeries at its hospitals In the US, president Trump has called on hospitals to stop these operations – which include cataract operations, ligament repairs, knee and hip replacements – immediately, while the UK and Australian public hospitals have banned it already In Gauteng state hospitals, these operations have been suspended for more than a week


1Department of Community Medicine, Smt. B.K. Shah Medical Institute & Research Centre, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India; 2Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India; 3Department of Community Medicine, P. D. U. Government Medical College, Rajkot, Gujarat, India; 4GMERS Medical College, Patan, Gujarat, India Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, most educational institutions have opted for online education rather than traditional modes of education to protect their employees and students. Online education has been gaining momentum in almost all countries around the world. This coincides with the recently introduced competency-based medical education in India which has embraced online education. This poses a new challenge for the institutions involved, the instructors or teachers, and the students since they must adapt quickly to the new mode of learning. Online education requires teachers to improve their competency in three major areas; pedagogy, technology, and content knowledge. Some of the challenges include; lack of technological skill, poor time management and lack of infrastructure. As technology rapidly advances, health care education systems must also advance in tandem. To implement the new competency-based system and online education, the institutions and the individuals must realize the importance of online education, identify the barriers and quickly work on solutions for success. Methods: This review was conducted based on various research papers on the topic of online medical education, the challenges faced by faculty members, and the opinion of students on this dilemma. Search terms included online medical education, COVID19, competency-based medical education. Conclusion: This review identified various challenges posed by online education on the current medical curriculum, faced by both faculty members and students, especially under the light of the Competency-Based Undergraduate Curriculum for Indian Graduates. Different solutions were proposed to overcome these challenges.


Objective: To compare the effect of turning & cognitive training in fall prevention with dual task training in elderly with balance impairment.
Methodology: In this single blind randomized control trial, integrated 40 adults with mean age of 63.0±12.0, of either gender, able to stand and walk with and without use of assistive devices, having no other neurological impairment were part of study. The intervention protocol was of 6 weeks with 30-45 minutes basic balance training: turning & cognitive training (TCT, n=20) and Dual tasking Training (DTT, n=20). The demographics were recorded and standardized assessment tools included Berg balance scale (BBS), Timed Get up and Go test (TUG), 10 meter walk test and Functional reach test (FRT). The measurements were obtained at baseline and post-intervention level. SPSS 21 was used for data analysis.
Results: Significant improvement was notified in BBS and TUG test (p0.05) in both groups.
Conclusion: There was remarkable improvement in postural balance and on turning effect after integrating dual task training. For physically inactive elderly individuals, these interventions can enhance mobility, improve balance and lessen risk of fall.


Remains of two individuals, a mandible and an atlas, from a stratifi ed Upper Paleolithic site Afontova Gora II, dating to 16–12 ka BP, are described. The mandible was of a 14–15-year-old female. Certain nonmetric traits indicate its anatomical modernity, whereas the dimensions are closer to those of modern adolescents than to those of Upper Paleolithic individuals of similar age. The mandible of the Předmosti-5 female, while being close in biological age, shows a much greater projective length and a higher and wider ramus. Mandibles of Upper Paleolithic children from Sungir are more robust and show a larger intercondylar width and a higher and wider ramus. The fact that the dimensions of the Afontova Gora specimen match the modern standards can be due to a diachronic tendency toward gracilization. Dimensions of the atlas suggest that it belonged to a female aged 20–25. The paucity of data on the fi rst cervical vertebrae of Upper Paleolithic humans makes it impossible to evaluate the taxonomic status of that fi nd.


Purpose – The first aim of this study is to explore to what extent communities of practice occur in the school workplace. The second aim is to explore the relation between communities of practice and diversity in composition of teacher teams.Design/methodology/approach – Quantitative as well as qualitative data were gathered from seven teacher teams in a school for secondary education. Questionnaires and observation instruments were used to measure and analyze teacher teams' collaborative activities and diversity in composition.Findings – Data suggest that communities of practice actually occur in the school workplace, but to a moderate extent. Also, communities of practice are related to four of the five diversity attributes that were investigated.Research limitations/implications – The current study is a snapshot measurement of communities of practice. Future research is recommended to focus on the development of communities of practice in the school workplace by including longitudinal measurements.Prac...


This paper proposes a resolution independent architecture for SAR ADCs. The proposed architecture uses 2 bits per cycle conversion and is made independent of number of ADC bits. A 2-bit flash ADC is used to compute 2-bits in each iteration. The reference voltage across the resistor divider of the 2-bit flash ADC is changed in each iteration based on the 2-bits resolved in the previous iteration. The reference voltages for each iteration are generated using a pair of modified switched capacitor-based DACs. The new DAC architecture used in the proposed ADC can use the thermometric code output of the 2-bit flash ADC directly, avoiding the need for complex control circuitry. The dependency of DAC architecture on the ADC resolution, observed in conventional SAR ADCs, has been absorbed into the digital logic which is easy to design. The proposed architecture is validated using an 8 bit ADC designed in 0.25 μm CMOS process.


One case of renal hemangioma is reported. Exact diagnosis was dependent on histopathologic findings. This hemangioma had a calcified mass feature, so, several radiological diagnosis are debated. The relevant literature is reviewed.


Native food products are associated with specific geographical indication and they belong to the higher price category because they contain added value and contribute to an increase in producers' income, the development of the identity and distinctiveness of the region or country of origin. Products with a protected designation are protected from any misuse, imitation or unauthorized use of such designations. Drnis ham is protected with the designation of geographical indication. Drnis ham is obtained by the traditional production process which involves ham processing, dry salting, pressing, washing, smoking, air-drying and ripening. The primary goal of this research is to determine if there is an interest in protecting and branding Drnis ham, and to establish what benefits are expected from that. In June 2013, data were collected by using the questioning method on an intentional sample of experts. The scope of the research covered manufacturers of Drnis ham with Protected Geographical Indications, representatives of the City of Drnis and the rest of the community, the Tourist Board of Drnis, as well as representatives of Sibenik-Knin County and the Croatian Chamber of Economy. Based on the research, it was determined that 75% of respondents considered the branding of Drnis ham "very important" and 25% "important". Branding of Drnis ham would bring the greatest benefit to ham manufacturers and the local community and it would lead to the creation of new jobs, increase the price of ham and the number of pig breeders, and contribute to the development of tourism, promotion and creation of a good image of the Drnis territory. Besides branding and protecting the Drnis ham, this paper also provides a review of the protection and branding of Krk ham and Istrian ham.


Considering the negative influence of public officials' strikes upon public welfare. most of states. in general. are legally postponing their right for collective action and instead developing such diverse measures to resolve labor disputes as conciliation. mediation. and arbitration. Despite of these efforts. labor disputes occurrence to some degree seems inevitable under presently dominant adversarial model of collective bargaining. Therefore. many industrialized states have attempted to invent a new cooperative model which may replace traditional model. In case of Korea. taking into account the dominant adversarial and distributive mood of labor-management relations. it is highly probable for collective bargaining in government that will be newly introduced in early 2006 to increase social conflicts and disputes. This article introduces win-win models for collective bargaining and labor-management committee which were developed by U. S. Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service(FMCS) and discussed ways to successfully institutionalize these models in Korean environment.


The heterogeneous electron transfer (ET) reactions between dimethylferrocenium (DiMFc+) or ferrocenium (Fc+) produced in situ in o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) and hexacyanoferrite [Fe(CN)64−] in aqueous phase have been investigated by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The potential difference across the water/NPOE (W/NPOE) interface was controlled externally to maintain a certain driving force for the ET reactions. The standard kinetic rate constants (k120) for the above bimolecular ET reactions were measured to be 0.075 and 0.050 cm s−1 M−1 when DiMFc and Fc were employed as the respective organic reactants. The transfer coefficients (α) were calculated to be 1.09 and 1.62, respectively. Those abnormal values of α were analyzed and ascribed to the Frumkin effect (or diffuse layer effect) at both sides of the interfaces. Some of the previous reports are summarized and also analyzed based on the Frumkin effect. The possible effect of ion transfer on the ET process is discussed in detail.


This article describes the steps required to generalize a sustainability credit rating system based on the analytical hierarchy process. We argue that such systems are ideal for commercial banks to improve their lending processes. Starting with the model by Zeidan et al. (2015), we transform the SCSS from a closed to an open platform by adding country and industry variables, two additional possible answers, and an explicit way to generate forward default probabilities. Finally, we illustrate the final report that could be used for similar models to help make banks greener. The final reports are generated after initial tests on a database of 100+ public companies, with over 1,000+ Monte Carlo simulations conducted in six months following the initial assessments.


In a double‐blind trial patients with atopic eczema received either oral evening primrose oil (EPO) (n= 14) or placebo (n= 11) for 12 weeks. In the EPO group a statistically significant improvement was observed in the overall severity and grade of inflammation and in the percentage of the body surface involved by eczema as well as in dryness and itch. Patients in the placebo group showed a significant reduction in inflammation. The patients receiving EPO showed a significantly greater reduction in inflammation than those receiving placebo.