The persistence of certain aspects of phase transition in the region above the critical point has been discussed from a thermodynamic point of view by A. Eucken, who pointed out the characteristics which might be expected of some of the differential coefficients, for example the isothermal modulus (∂p/∂V)T for p and T values in apparent continuation of the vapor pressure curve above the critical point. The continuity of p and T values through the critical point is strikingly brought out by measurements made by the junior author of the velocity of sound in CO2. The isothermal curves for sound velocity as a function of pressure show sharp minima both below and above the critical point. The p and T values for these minima below the critical point lie on the vapor pressure curve, while those above the critical point are on a continuation of the vapor pressure curve.


Integration of language courseware has been wildly practiced in teaching and learning foreign language. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of Rosetta stone's English Language Courseware (RSELC) on third grade students' motivation in five dimensions (intrinsic, extrinsic, self-efficacy, relevance, and anxiety) in public secondary school in Iran. This study utilized a quasi-experimental method using only post-test design which consists of two groups. Control group was taught using traditional instruction and experimental group was taught using educational software, namely RSELC. Both groups consist of 31Iranin secondary school students. In addition, A quantitative analyses revealed that there was significant difference between the groups on the overall motivation in favour of experimental group. Based on obtained results, the current study concluded RSELC that was an effective tool for teaching and learning English language at the third grade secondary school in Iran.


The number of flats of a hyperplane arrangement is considered as a generalization of the Bell number and the Stirling number of the second kind. In 1998, Robert Gill gave the exponential generating function of the number of flats of the extended Catalan arrangements, using species. In this article, we introduce the species of flats of the extended Catalan and Shi arrangements and they are given by iterated substitution of species of sets and lists. Moreover, we enumerate the flats of these arrangements in terms of infinite matrices.


ABSTRACT In this paper, links between the concepts of long-term care and lifelong learning are suggested, and notions of care and the author's construction of the Pedagogic Third will be proposed. The psychoanalysis of children stresses the importance of symbolic play, during which the child uses games to master internal conflicts. Analogous results might emerge from play that engages adult learners. However, where play helps children define roles and accept rule-regulated behaviour, we consider to what extent an adult learner is addressing desires which cannot be satisfied because they are too threatening, or desires which cannot be satisfied in reality and which are represented symbolically in play as an alternative. In order to work through these ideas, we consider a comedic representation of a hospital ward and an extract from the diary of a midwife who was also a long-term patient. The author's contribution to the conference was a workshop and not the presentation of a paper. As such, this paper has been written in retrospect and is consequently reflective in stance. Much of the work described in this paper is connected to a larger piece of work, a monograph in progress, due to be published in 2019.


Introduction. Throughout life, people experience potentially traumatic events that can lead to psychopathological manifestations and psychological distress, including trauma-related anxiety disorders. During the first month after exposure to a traumatic event, an acute stress reaction (ASR) may occur, which may then transform into post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is a heavy burden on the health care system of any country, negatively affects the physical and psychological well-being of a person, and, of course, impairs the social functioning of the victim.
Intrusive memories are one of the main symptoms of PTSD, they are anxious and obsessive, based on images of a traumatic event and are emotionally colored. PTSD models have shown that it is intrusive memories that can activate other PTSD symptoms. Based on this, it can be concluded that interventions aimed at overcoming intrusive memories will have a positive effect on other symptoms of PTSD.
Goal. Generalization of current data on the functioning of memory mechanisms underlying the occurrence of post-traumatic stress symptoms, systematization and comparison of theories of traumatic memory in recent years, and effective interventions that can be used to prevent PTSD.
Materials and methods. Qualitative and quantitative content analysis of English-language literature for the last 15 years was conducted on the main approaches to explaining the functioning of memory during traumatic events, the formation of traumatic memories. The search was performed using databases Pubmed, CrossRef.
Conclusions. This review summarizes the main theories that explain the occurrence of traumatic memories after a stressful event, the peculiarities of memory functioning and information processing. The ability to process traumatic memory is the basis for favorable post-traumatic adaptation. It is extremely important to develop behavioral interventions that can be mechanically controlled, low intensity and will be provided by non-specialists, will be easy to use, which will help to ensure their widespread use and accessibility.


Vector field (VF) is a special kind of multidimensional data. In each pixel, VF contains information about the direction and the magnitude of the measured quantity. To detect the patterns of interest in the field, special matching methods must be developed. We propose a method for the description and matching of VF patterns under an unknown affine transformation of the field. Unlike digital images, transformations of VFs act not only on the spatial coordinates but also on the field values, which makes the detection different. To measure the similarity between the template and the field patch, we propose original invariants with respect to affine transformation designed from moments. Their performance is demonstrated by experiments on real data from fluid mechanics.


Review of: Varnum, Kenneth J. (ed.) Exploring discovery: the front door to your library's licensed and digitized content London: Facet Publishing, 2016.


In order to explore the influence of different stepwise heating methods for the acid-producing phase on the gas production of the methane-producing phase, the stepwise heating method with the best acidification, the highest gas production and the best energy-saving effect was obtained. Using cow dung as the raw material, the acid-producing phase is used for stepwise warming, the temperature increase range is 20–35 °C, set three different step-by-step heating methods respectively: the first group is heated by 5 °C/2 d, and the second group is heated by 2.5 °C/d; the third group was heated by 2 °C, 8 °C and 5 °C respectively once every other day; constant temperature fermentation after heating to 35 °C; and a set of acid-producing phase constant temperature 35 °C fermentation; the methane-producing phase is always fermented at a constant temperature of 38 °C; analyze the changes of different parameters. The results show that, in the first group, the total mass concentration of volatile fatty acids is 9372.46 mg/L; the proportion of the total concentration of acetic acid butyric acid to the mass concentration of volatile fatty acids is 77 %; the cumulative gas production volume is 6253 mL, and the cumulative methane production volume is 3741 mL, the total energy consumption is 638.32 kJ, and the heat generated by biogas combustion is 156.33 kJ; the difference between system energy consumption and production capacity is 481.99 kJ. As for the second group, the total mass concentration of volatile fatty acids is 7810.49 mg/L, and the proportion of the total concentration of acetic acid butyric acid to the mass concentration of volatile fatty acids is 74 %. The cumulative gas production volume is 4583 mL, and the cumulative methane production volume is 2521 mL. The total energy consumption is 629.46 kJ, and the heat generated by biogas combustion is 114.58 kJ. Moreover, the difference between system energy consumption and production capacity is 514.88 kJ. In the third group, the total mass concentration of volatile fatty acids is 7664.71 mg/L, the proportion of the total concentration of acetic acid butyric acid to the mass concentration of volatile fatty acids is 75 %; the cumulative gas production volume is 4606 mL, the cumulative methane production volume is 2579 mL. The total energy consumption is 624.18 kJ, and the heat generated by biogas combustion is 115.15 kJ. The difference between system energy consumption and production capacity is 509.03 kJ. In the constant temperature 35 °C group, by contrast, the cumulative gas production volume is 6565 mL, the cumulative methane production volume is 3939 mL. The total energy consumption is 765.74 kJ, and the heat generated by biogas combustion is 164.13 kJ. The difference between system energy consumption and production capacity is 601.61 kJ. According to the comparative analysis of the three groups, the first group has the best acidification effect and highest gas production, and the difference in energy consumption compared with the constant temperature group is also lower, which is more economical. Therefore, the step-by-step heating method of 5 °C/2 d is the best.


We present a complete proof of the exact formula for the one-point distribution for the narrow-wedge Hopf-Cole solution to the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) equation. This presentation is intended to be self-contained so no previous knowledge about stochastic PDEs, or exactly solvable systems is presumed.


The performance of a turbo decoder depends strongly on the number of iterations in its decoding process. It is necessary to stop the decoding process at an appropriate moment to alleviate the serious burden, in terms of both the computational speed and latency, part of which is associated with too many iterations. In this letter, we introduce a criterion for finding the opportune moment to stop the decoding process, called a hard decision aided criterion based on bit interleaved parity, which is known to have much simpler hardware logic, compared with other schemes, and does not lead to any significant performance degradation.


The results of the investigation show that the medical condition and the health equipment level of the counties have been improved through the new rural CMS, but the medical service and the benefit from the new CMS are still quite poor. In order to solve the problems, the author puts forward a series of suggestions, particularly more state investment and valuable plans of the new cooperative medical service.


Chorea-Acanthocytosis (ChAc) is a rare human neurodegenerative disease caused by homozygous mutations in the VPS13A gene. Until now no treatment is available and it is not known why mutations in this specific gene lead to neurodegeneration. We established and validated a suitable model organism, Drosophila melanogaster, to study ChAc. Drosophila melanogaster Vps13 mutants showed shortened life span, decreased climbing ability and the presence of vacuoles in the brain. Furthermore, Vps13 mutant flies were sensitive to proteotoxic stress and accumulated ubiquitylated proteins. We performed immunoprecipitation experiments coupled to mass spectrometry (IP-MS) in fly heads using control and Vps13 mutant flies to obtain a list of possible Vps13 interactors and Galectin was identified as a possible candidate. The Interaction between Vps13 and Galectin was validated via immunoprecipitation in cultured insect cells. In addition, we showed that human VPS13A is associated with mitochondria and, through its FFAT domain, interacting with the ER protein VAP-A. These results suggest a role in the formation of ER-mitochondria membrane contact sites. Interestingly, in cells treated with fatty acid, VPS13A translocates from mitochondria to newly synthesized lipid droplets influencing their motility and size. Our data are discussed and reveal an emerging role of VPS13A in preventing neurodegeneration.


includes caravan (recreational vehicles, RVs) parks, tourist parks, campgrounds, and holiday resorts. In Australia, spending holidays at OHPs is a common leisure activity for families, retirees, and international tourists, particularly in coastal, tourism-dependent areas. Recently, there has been a shift towards OHPs with larger cabins, more amenities, and fewer sites for caravans or camping. This shift reflects a demand among consumers for better facilities and higher quality accommodations. Most Australian OHPs are small, family-operated businesses that face several barriers to business innovation, including a lack of financial resources, limited business experience, and complex government regulations. Innovation can be defined as finding and putting into practice new products or services in order to save money or gain an "edge" over competitors. Most research on innovation in business has focused on manufacturing or service industries at the corporate level, which may not have much relevance for the short-term focus and small business nature of tourism industries like Australian OHPs. Three innovation mindsets exist in the Australian outdoor hospitality park industry. While minimalist operators focus on lifestyle rather than business innovations, the majority of operators are imitators, adopting incremental changes that have been proven to be successful by a handful of operators who are industry innovators. Innovation, Australia, tourism, hospitality management, Outdoor Hospitality Park


"Visual Basic programming"on-line test system makes full use of campus resources,enriches the teaching methods and assessment tools.This paper describes the design based on principles of PHP technology development and the achievement of key technologies,and discusses the security of the system.


Abstract : The purpose of this study was to address some questions that Maslow's hierarchy suggests and to provide some insight into the decision making behavior of NCOs. To accomplish this, 234 NCOs completed a decision making exercise, based on policy capturing. The cues in the decision making exercise were a modified set of Maslow's hierarchy of human needs. The needs used in the exercise were: security, affiliation, esteem, autonomy, and self growth. Maslow hypothesized that the hierarchy was governed by a satisfaction-importance relationship. As a need is satisfied, it recedes in importance and the next higher need emerges. Regression analysis is used to determine the relative weights that a subject places on each of the need levels and analysis of variance is used to determine if any interactions of the cues are perceived. Some of the results of these analyses were: most subjects emphasized self growth and autonomy in their evaluation of the desirability of a job; many subjects had a moderate importance on a need that was nonadjacent to a need that had a primary importance; and most NCOs are consistent and linear in their decision making behavior. The major implications of the findings were: Maslow's hierarchy is not a hierarchy at all and NCOs want to use their full potential in their jobs. (Author)


In this work, we present the results of our multi-band microvariability study of the famous blazar BL Lac. We performed microvariablity observations of the source in the optical VRI bands for four nights in 2016. We studied the intranight flux and spectral variability of the source in detail with an objective to characterize microvariability in the blazars, a frequently observed phenomenon in blazars. The results show that the source often displays a fast flux variability with an amplitude as large as ~0.2 magnitude within a few hours, and that the color variability in the similar time scales can be characterized as "bluer-when-brighter" trend. We also observed markedly curved optical spectrum during one of the nights. Furthermore, the correlation between multi-band emission shows that in general the emission in all the bands are highly correlated; and in one of the nights V band emission was found to lead the I band emission by ~13 min. The search for characteristic timescale using z-transformed auto-correlation function and the structure function analyses reveals characteristic timescale of ~50 min in one of the R band observations. We try to explain the observed results in the context of the passage of shock waves through the relativistic outflows in blazars.


To solve the problem of fusion scheduling of relay protection device functional safety and information security, the measures of relay protection device functional safety and information security are selected based on the analysis of relay protection device safety requirements. The priority of each measure is analyzed and a priority-based fusion scheduling scheme of functional safety and information security is proposed. On the STM32F407ZG platform, the safety tasks are managed using the μC/ OS-II embedded operating system, and the safety tasks can be executed correctly.


Transport system having a plurality of sensors coupled to a computer system, the computer system is programmed to check a number of the plurality of safety functions than the number of sensors. A method for controlling the safety functions of the transport includes the steps of providing signals from a plurality of sensors disposed about the aircraft in a computer system; The step of operating the aircraft in the learning mode; In operation in the learning mode, prior to the computer system illustrating the physical geometry and acceptable operating characteristics of the aircraft type thereof available in the computer system, - determining the relationship between the logic stored in the sensor output signal; Determining a relationship between the sensor output signal to establish the safety integrity of the sensor; Storing the sensor signal pattern with the reference pattern; After the step of operating the aircraft, as a running mode in which the security monitoring functions; And during the run mode, to establish the safety integrity of the sensors, the operation of the computer system and the transport plane the reference pattern and the dictionary in the computer-including the step of comparing the pattern of the stored logic, and the sensor signal.


Purpose:The purpose of this paper is to explain how different individual factors at an executive level (CEO, CFO) has an effect on goodwill impairments and the accounted value of goodwill.Methodology:The paper has an deductive approach and is based upon a document study at firms listed at Nasdaq OMX Stockholm.Theoretical perspective:The essential theoretical perspective is positive accounting theory and the agency theory. Other theoretical perspectives in this paper are fair-value theory and the behavioral theory of the firm.Empiric foundation:The empirical foundation in this paper is quantitative and is based on data collected from annual reports from the firms that are listed at the Nasdaq OMX Stockholm.Conclusions:The collected data couldn't find any significance between the behavior of the key persons and goodwill impairment and the accounted value of goodwill.


We show that non-Abelian gauge fields arise in a nongauged quantum system in the adiabatic approximation by working out a model of N-dimensional rotational symmetry. The induced gauge fields are symmetric under N-dimensional rotations accompanied by compensating gauge transformations of the group SO(N).


Recognition memory can be supported by two distinct processes: recollection of an item and its related contextual information, and a general sense of familiarity for the item. Performance on recollection-based associative memory tests can be supported by familiarity when stimuli are "unitized", or encoded as a single representation. Unitization generally produces greater positivity in mid-frontal (FN400) potentials during recognition in ERP studies, also suggesting recruitment of familiarity. However, several experimental manipulations can lead to FN400 modulation, as well as differences in estimates of familiarity; thus, it is unclear what mechanism underlies this increase in familiarity-based retrieval. One proposal is that unitization may modulate the semantic relatedness between the two items; thus, unitization of stimuli with little semantic content would lead to reduced effects. To assess this claim, two ERP experiments were performed with semantically sparse stimuli (abstract images and pseudowords), in which participants either unitized stimuli or encoded them separately, and were later tested for their memory for the items. Results suggest that unitization may still be possible with semantically sparse stimuli, but that the neural correlates of unitization (namely, the FN400) are affected by this manipulation.


e20576 Background: With emerging treatment options for small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients after initial treatment failure, the real-world management of this disease should be assessed. This study aims to describe treatment patterns of real-world SCLC patients in the second-line therapy (2L) and third-line therapy (3L) setting. Methods: This was a descriptive study of real-world data sourced from ConcertAI electronic medical records, including data from CancerLinQ, an initiative of the American Society of Clinical Oncology of adults (age ≥ 18 years) with confirmed SCLC between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2018. Patients were excluded based on evidence of other primary cancer at baseline, missing stage, death prior to diagnosis, or clinical trial participation. Patients entered the cohort on their SCLC diagnosis date and were followed through three tumor progressions to assess treatment patterns. Treatment patterns were assessed in 2L and 3L. Baseline characteristics were assessed in the 6 months prior to each line. Patients were classified as having unknown treatment if they had a gap in medical records > 90 days or no recorded tumor response or death within 180 days. Results: Overall, 538 patients were identified; 131 with unknown treatment, 108 with no treatment, 299 with 1st line therapy (1L), 124 with 2L, and 44 3L. The majority (76%) of patients were diagnosed in a community hospital setting. The most common comorbidities were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2L 25%, 3L 16%), diabetes (2L 15%, 3L 14%), congestive heart failure (2L 7%, 3L 9%), and myocardial infarction (2L 3%, 3L 2%). Radiation therapy was commonly used in 2L and 3L (2L 48%, 3L 43%) as were immunotherapies (2L 23%, 3L 23%). The most common systemic therapy in 2L and 3L was nivolumab (19% and 16%). Topotecan accounted for 11% of patients treated in 2L and 7% of those in 3L. Conclusions: During this treatment era (pre-immunotherapy 1L approval) there were limited treatment options available for SCLC patients. Radiation therapy and immunotherapies were frequently used as 2L and 3L therapy.[Table: see text]


The vote this past June 1999 by the German Bundestag in favor of a national memorial to the murdered Jews of Europe marked the end of a decade-long debate that has yielded a rich discussion within contemporary German society around issues of memory and public culture. Daniel Libeskind's Jewish Museum, Christo and Jean-Claude's wrapped Reichstag, and Norman Foster's glass cupola are the prominent examples of the boom in public sites of memory such as museum, memorial, and monument in a culture seemingly obsessed with its past. The agreed-upon design for the Holocaust memorial is, however, unlikely to put to rest the conflicts at the heart of Germany's memorial culture. The addition of an information center to Peter Eisenman's vast field of columns has been widely criticized for compromising the memorial's avowedly intractable character. In contrast to the heroic tradition of the legitimizing, identity-nurturing monument, Eisenman's search for a form with which to memorialize the unrepresentability of the Holocaust led his project to be thought of as a counter-monument.


Combining the spin-dependent dispersion GDH-sum rule, the iso-vector, photo-excitation states projecting Cabibbo-Radicati sum rule, and the relativistic dipole-moment-fluctuation (or generalized Gottfried) sum rule with the three valence quark configuration of nucleons taken into account for the composition of the ground and the excited states of the nucleon, the relevant moments of the distribution and correlation functions of the quark electric dipole moment operators in the nucleon ground state are expressed via the experimentally measurable nucleon resonance photo-excitation amplitudes.These functions are of interest for checking detailed quark-configuration structure of the nucleon state vector.


The propensity of bowing convective line segments to produce severe weather was first recognized in the early studies of Nolen (1959) and Hamilton (1970). Fujita (1978) coined these segments "bow echoes" and provided the first conceptual model that described their evolution from strong, tall echo to bow echo due to intense downdrafts near the bow echo apex. Later studies (e.g., Smull and Houze 1987; Jorgensen and Smull 1993) linked these downdrafts, and thus damaging surface winds, to a descending rear-inflow jet (RIJ). Recent idealized simulations (e.g. Trapp and Weisman 2003) have shown the most intense damaging winds, compared to those produced by the RIJ within a given convective system, are induced by low-level mesovortices. Observational evidence (e.g. Atkins et al. 2005; Wheatley et al. 2005) has confirmed the proposed mesovortex-high wind association. Although the mechanisms for damaging wind production within bow echoes have been clarified through several observational and numerical studies, limited research exists (e.g. Bernardet and Cotton 1998) on the processes that bring these winds to the surface when a stable, nocturnal planetary boundary layer (PBL) is present. The influence of external surface boundaries (e.g. remnant outflow) on bow echo evolution is another incomplete area in severe local storm research. Observational studies (e.g. Klimowski et al. 2000; Przybylinski et al. 2000; Schmocker et al. 2000) have documented how bow-echo boundary interaction can ____________________________________________ * Corresponding author address: Kent H. Knopfmeier, Purdue Univ., Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2051; email: email@example.com influence bow echo and mesovortex formation and subsequent morphology. However, this work fails to elucidate the dynamics and the specific effects of the interaction. The ultimate goal of the present study is to address both issues through analysis and simulation of the 4 July 2004 bow echo that occurred in the central United States. This bow echo produced a long swath of straight-line wind damage and an F1 tornado along its path from southeastern Kansas through northern Alabama. Lese (2006) provides a radar analysis from the perspective of the Springfield, MO (KSGF) WSR88D, and additionally describes some of the warning operations issues raised by event. Our focus in this article is the formation of an externally produced outflow boundary and its eventual interaction with the bow echo. Observational data and real-data WRF simulation results depicting this progression are compared and contrasted. Also, through the idealized WRF configuration, the effects of a homogeneous environment on bow echo formation and evolution are presented.


SUMMARY This study explores the notion that many existing studies which show moderate relationships between role variables and stress symptoms are doing so because of the operational similarity of independent and dependent variables. It was predicted that the removal of such an artefact by clearly separating the two sets of variables would result in a nil relationship. Matched 'cases' and 'controls' were compared in two different organizations. The independent judgments of occupational health specialists were used to measure stress on a number of agreed dimensions, and role measurements were taken by the researchers in three different ways. On all comparisons made there was a strong trend suggesting no role/stress associations. The implications of the results for role stress studies are discussed.


Hardware necessary for cryopreservation of the isolated rat heart is described, consisting of a perfusion system and a temperature controller. The controller automatically impresses a linear temperature-time profile on the organ system with a temperature range of +40°C to -40°C. It is of the analog feedback type and features both rate and proportional feedback. Maximum temperature rate of change is ±8°C/min with this system and long term stability is ±0.5°C over 24 h. Biological applications of this device are discussed.


This paper is concerned with the analysis of firm performance, measured as total factor productivity, using a panel of over 1200 Bulgarian and 200 Estonian firms. The main empirical conclusions are (i) higher Financial and competitive pressure improves firm performance in Bulgaria; (ii) disorganization, measured by complexity of a sector, has a negative effect on productivity growth in Bulgaria; (iii) in Estonia there no evidence can be found that Financial pressure, competitive pressure nor disorganization has any effect on firm performance, suggesting that these factors only matter at the start of transition to a market economy.


This paper discusses shortfalls in relation to the requirements gathering phases of simulation. While many developments have taken place around supporting the model coding task of simulation, there are few tools available to assist in the requirements gathering phase. This is surprising as it has been reported by several researchers that the requirements phase can absorb twice as much resources as the coding phase. There are numerous process modeling tools available (over 100) that can and have been used to support the requirements phase of simulation. This paper provides a selective review of some of the most important in relation to simulation. A conclusion from this review is that none of the tools available adequately supports the requirements gathering phase of simulation. It is proposed that a process modeling tool be developed specifically to support simulation requirements gathering. The design objectives in the development of the tool are: (1) It should be capable of capturing a detailed description of a Discrete Event System; (2) It should have a low modeling burden and therefore be capable of being used by non specialists; (3) It should present modeling information at a high semantic level so that manufacturing personnel can rationalize with it; (4) It should have good visualization capabilities; (5) It should support project teamwork. Based on these design objectives a proposed simulation process modeling tool called Simulation Activity Diagrams (SAD) is presented.


N ORMAN THOMSON AND RAY POLIVKA'S COLLABORATION on APL2 in Depth, Springer Verlag, 1995, has produced a very interesting addition to the APL literature. It certainly is not an introduction to APL2 and so does not compete with APL2 at a Glance by Brown, Polivka, and Pakin. At the same dme, it is not intended to provide definitive descriptions in one place, so save your reference language manual. What this book does is to provide a good learning exposition for those who know APL but are not up to speed on APL2. The book consists of six chapters each with exercises. Answers to the exercises may be found in an appendix, but with a system at hand there are wonderful learning opportunities by working through most, if not all, of the exercises and checking them at the computer. The first three chapters are grouped into: Functions and Arrays (Chapter 1) and Operators (Chapter 2) with Chapter 3 dealing with Elementary Data Structuring. In addition to covering the straightforward extensions to APL, chapter one explores topics such as pardal enclose and disclose and axis qualifiers, which are sometimes passed over at first introduction. Throughout this chapter, and elsewhere in the book, the function DISPLAY is used extensively to help give a picture of the array that is produced by a computation. The text also provides rule summaries and illustrates short phrases that are commonly used, such as on page 34:


The article is a historical review of the problem of Novorossia. The author pays special attention to the emergence of the term of Novorossia, and to the historical conditions of accession of the territory in the 18 th century. The term and the political project of Novorossia were revived in the connection with the political crisis in Ukraine. Now Novorossia is a political entity that arises in the south-east of Ukraine during the antiKiev revolution. The author considers that there are three variants of the future of the self-proclaimed republics, and at the same time he notes two alternatives to this project in the civilization paradigm, viewing it in the sense of the local East European civilization.


In this paper,the inverse problems of constructing the irreducible tridiagonal matrixes,Jacobi matrixes and negative Jacobi matrixes with given three vector pairs are discussed.In the method for solving these problems,the equivalent relations between these problems and linear equation systems are considered.By using the conditions for the solvability of the linear equation systems,some necessary and sufficient conditions under which there exists a unique solution for the discussed problems are obtained.Furthermore a numerical algorithm and numerical experiments are presented.


The purpose of this paper is to consider those passages of Xenophon that illustrate certain fundamental doctrines of Athenian democratic thought, to determine the extent to which his views represent the norm, and to highlight any features that may betoken originality. It should, however, be noted at the outset that a number of the basic principles involved, particularly those that concern proper and improper relationships between the individual citizen and the community, are not exclusive to Athens or to democracy. Appropriately modified where necessary, they also occur in the little evidence we have for other cities and other forms of constitution. Therefore attention will be given in what follows to what Xenophon says not only about Athens but also about Sparta and the semi-mythical Persia of Cyropaedia.


Context: Triple valve surgery (TVS) is a relatively higher in-hospital mortality rate than any isolated valve surgery. In advanced-stage valvular heart disease, maladaptation may occur, creating RV-PA uncoupling. Aims To evaluate whether RV-PA coupling is associated with the in-hospital outcome of patients after TVS. Settings and Design: From the medical records, clinical and echocardiography data were collected and compared between the survived and patients with in-hospital mortality groups. Methods and Material: Patients with the rheumatic multivalvular disease who underwent triple valve surgery were included in the study. Statistical and analysis used Uni and bivariate analysis assessed any association between the RV-PA coupling using TAPSE/PASP and other clinical variables with the in-hospital mortality post TVS. Result: From 269 patients, the in-hospital mortality rate was 10 %. The median value of TAPSE/PASP ratio in all group is 0.41 (0.02-5.79). Impaired RV-PA coupling which value < 0.36 occurs in 38.3 % population. By multivariate analysis, independent predictors of in-hospital mortality were TAPSE/PASP < 0.36 (OR 3.46, 95 % CI 1.21 – 9.89; P 0.02), age (OR 1.04, 95 % CI 1.003-1.094; P 0.035), CPB duration, (OR 1.01, 95 % CI 1.003-1.017; P 0.005). Conclusion: RV-PA uncoupling assessed by TAPSE / PASP ratio < 0.36 is associated with the in-hospital mortality in patients post triple valve surgery. Other factors associated with the outcome were older age and longer CPB machine duration.


It is understandable that changing socio-cultural trends can profoundly affect an applied science such as psychotherapy, primarily via their modulating influences on socially desirable behavior, opinions, attitudes, and values. Until the end of the last millennium, the influence was locally specific. In contrast, reflecting economic and cultural globalization in the 21st century, everyday behavior and criteria of mental health are becoming similar world-wide ("behavior stereotypization"). The latter is an obvious consequence of the rapidly developing infor-


This paper briefly summarizes that earth pressure of wall back is distributed with wall's height;moreover,this earth pressure has non-linear relationship with the displacement.Due to the elevation of composite force point,the wall's stability mainly is controlled by anti-overturning.Combing with model experiment results,a calculation method for simulation on active earth pressure of rigid wall under non-limit state is presented.This calculation method could provide reference for the design and construction of retaining engineering.


In 2008, Gannon University was awarded a National Science Foundation S-STEM grant, which provided scholarship funding for academically talented students in STEM fields, having financial need. The program developed at Gannon University was designed to be quite extensive, providing an educational experience emphasizing not only technical mastery, but personal and professional development and community service through partnerships with nonprofit organizations in the local community. At the time of its development, the program was one-of-a-kind, providing a unique tool to marry technical education with the community-service mission of the university. The development of the program and lessons learned through the four years of that grant activity were previously detailed in another publication. Since that first grant was implemented, two more such grants have been awarded which have allowed the program at Gannon University to continue and evolve. The second four-year grant award period has been completed, and the most recent grant activity is in the midst of its first year. In the current paper, the authors describe lessons taken from the first grant activity, responsive changes made in the second grant activity, further lessons taken from that second grant and proposed responses to be incorporated in the current iteration of the grant. Topics of this paper include actions taken to foster better gender diversity in the program, evolution of grant-activity goals as a response to fruitless efforts, lessons learned with respect to identifying external partners, and lessons taken about assessment of student progress (along with warning signs of imminent trouble) along with planned actions to improve student success outcomes.


After blood pool labeling using technetium albumin, 32 scintigraphic projections are recorded by means of a rotating gamma-camera. An electrocardiographic multi-gating acquisition procedure selects the dynamic pictures during the cardiac cycle of the patient. The computer processing of this set of data and the reconstruction of multiple tomographic slices through the thorax allow a precise kinetic analysis of the cardiac walls.


An all composite, hydrogen fuel cell powered UAV is being developed at the Multidisciplinary Flight Dynamics and Control Laboratory (MFDCLab, www.calstatela.edu/centers/mfdclab) at California State University, Los Angeles. The fuel cell UAV is intended to demonstrate the integration of new technologies such as fuel cell power into unmanned aerial vehicle design. The UAV is radio controlled for takeoff and landings and will employ GPS and autopilot for autonomous flight, following a set loiter pattern under cruise conditions. A later goal of autonomous takeoff and landing is desired for the eventual packaging of a portable, lightweight, non polluting UAV for use in biological data sampling of remote, environmentally sensitive research sites. The MFDCLab works in partnership with the Center for Environmental Analysis - Center for Research Excellence in Science and Technology (CEA-CREST), which is a research laboratory supervised by the Biology Department at California State University, Los Angeles. A need was identified for a slow speed, low altitude UAV that could be used to photograph chaparral and sample CO2 levels to facilitate research on the effects of pollutant gas emissions on plant life. A description of the composite construction of the monocoque fuselage and foam core wings is presented along with an aerodynamic analysis of the UAV design. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis was used to validate the conceptual design of the UAV. A proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell with a metal hydride storage tank provides roughly 500 Watts of power. The relatively low power-to-weight ratio of the fuel cell power plant and the need for a low flight speed, dictated the use of a high aspect ratio wing in the UAV's aerodynamic configuration. This paper details the development of a fuel cell powered unmanned aerial vehicle. The design and construction of the UAV is presented along with results of aerodynamic and structural analyses.


This study looks at priorities in managing public hospitals by figuring out categories needed to examine the quality of each hospital. In order to analyze priorities and relative importance of valuation indicator in Seoul municipal hospitals, surveys were sent via e-mail to medical professionals who have participated in evaluation of municipal hospitals. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was conducted using the Expert Choice 11.5 program. The results show that 'providing public service' is considered to be the most important category for all kinds of public hospitals, followed by 'improving the quality of medical care,' 'hospital management and governance,' and 'efficient hospital management.' The importance of 'hospital management and governance' and 'efficient hospital management' is different depending on the types of hospitals, but the importance of 'providing public service' and 'improving the quality of care' remains the same regardless of the types of hospitals. Based on these results, the study comes to a conclusion that public hospitals should place high value on certain categories and their management purposes should differ depending on their specific fields and characteristics. This study will help furthering discussions on the identity and roles of public hospitals.


The objective of this study was to evaluate the milk production of Hampshire Down and Ile de France ewes, six or eight teeth old, nursing male or female lambs, as well as to evaluate the effect of litter size on milk production of Hampshire Down ewes. This study was carried out at the Farm School of the State University of Londrina, Brazil, between June and December, 2001. The animals fed on a Coastcross (Cynodon dactilon (L) Pears) pasture, and received food supplementation daily, 2 kg of corn silage and 100 g of grounded corn, from June to September. Milk production was estimated, by hand milking the ewes with the aid of 3 IU of oxitocyn injection, at days 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84 of lactation. There were no differences (P>0.05) in milk production and in ewe weights between breeds, ages, and between Hampshire Down ewes nursing twins or singlets. But, ewes nursing male lambs had greater (P<0.05) daily milk production than ewes nursing female lambs (1121,98 vs 886,27 ml). Milk production decreased from day 14 up to day 84 of lactation. It was concluded that the evaluated breeds had similar milk production, and that ewes nursing male lambs had greater milk production.


PurposeThis paper investigates whether adopting continuous improvement (CI) behaviors is related to better radical and incremental product and process innovation performance and identifies whether CI behaviors positively affect respondent perceptions on CI contributions to innovation performance.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 139 firms in Brazil, and cluster analysis was used to identify groups with different CI adoption levels. The nonparametric Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test was used to verify differences in innovation performance at companies via manager perceptions on CI and innovation.FindingsData show that more CI behavior implementation was associated with better product and process innovation performance. Furthermore, companies with more mature CI behavior levels innovate more, which may reinforce CI investments.Practical implicationsOrganizational managers focused on innovation should dedicate time to evaluating and developing CI behaviors, and maturing CI philosophies to improve performance. This study can contribute to the literature by offering insights for developing public policies, especially for emerging economies, or for companies seeking to become more competitive, since CI can foster and promote a culture of long-term innovation.Originality/valueDespite the fact that a relationship between CI and operational performance has already been established, there is still a lack of research that identifies the impacts of CI behavior on innovation. Focusing on CI behavior is important because it can be fostered by various programs and improvement initiatives, highlighting paths for managerial practices and academia. This study was conducted for an emerging economy.


Superjunction power semiconductor transistor and a method of producing an highly robust fast recovery. Containing N-type drain transistor, N type epitaxial layer is provided on the N-type drain, and then the first set, two shaped P-type body region, a first P-type body region, P-type first body region provided with at least two grooves the gate, the heavily doped N-type source and a second P-type body region, a field oxide layer is provided at the upper end of the trench gate, the heavily doped N-type source located in an upper portion of the first P-type body region in the trenches and limits between the gate, the second P-type heavily doped body region located below the N-type source and connected through a first metal contact with the source metal layer. The growth substrate is N-type epitaxial layer, a deep trench etch, making the first, second strip P type body region, and then making the trench gate, the first P-type body region, a heavily doped N-type source, and deposited aluminum forming source metal layer and a second contact metal, and finally making N-type drain. The present invention can improve the body diode reverse recovery characteristics and can improve the reliability of the device.


Stochastic dynamic analysis of structures with random parameters continues to be an open question in the field of civil engineering. As a newly developed method, the probability density evolution method (PDEM) can provide the probability density function (PDF) of the dynamic responses of highly nonlinear structures. In this paper, a new method based on PDEM and the kriging surrogate model, named the K-PDEM, is proposed to study the stochastic response of a structure. Being an exact interpolation method, the Gaussian process regression or the so-called kriging method is capable of producing highly accurate results. Unlike the traditional PDEM numerical method whose numerical precision is strongly influenced by the number of representative points, the K-PDEM employs the kriging method at each instant to generate additional time histories. Then, the PDEM, which is capable of capturing the instantaneous PDF of a dynamic response and its evolution, is employed in nonlinear stochastic dynamic systems. Because o...


In the recent decision of Wishart v Credit and Mercantile plc [2015] EWCA Civ 655, the Court of Appeal postponed a prior beneficial interest under a trust held by a person in actual occupation in favour of a later mortgage. The application of the usual principles in Williams and Glyn's Bank v Boland would have meant that the prior beneficial interest would have taken priority. But the Court of Appeal, applying what it termed the Brocklesby principle, held that the beneficiary was bound by the fraudulent actions of his trustee. This marks a return of principles of equitable priorities to the Land Registration Act 2002. The court did not, however, engage in the wider question of whether and to what extent the principles of equitable priorities, which were fashioned under a very different system of conveyancing, ought to be applicable to the Land Registration Act. This paper examines the previous law on equitable priorities and suggests how it would need to be modified before application to the Land Registration Act and argues that Wishart was wrongly decided.


A series of novel 3-(substitutedbenzylideneamino)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)(phenyl) methanone P1-12 derivatives were synthesized. The chemical structures of the compounds were proved by means of their IR, 1 H-NMR, mass spectroscopic data and elemental analyses. The results showed that most of the synthesized compounds exhibited significant anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities. Among the synthesized compounds P2, P5, P8, and P9 exhibited most potent in vitro antimicrobial activity. On the basis of the microbial results, further  insight  into  the  structural  requirements  for  targeting  pyrazol-1-yl)(phenyl) methanone to develop potential new agents to combat treatment of pathogenic strains .


The invention provides a long-acting enrofloxacin injection for livestock and poultry which is prepared by the following raw materials by weight percentage: 2-15% of the enrofloxacin, 5-10% of cosolvent, 10-15% of sustained release solvent, 0.5-10% of macromolecule sustained release material, 0.01-0.03% of a complexing agent, 0.1-0.3% of antioxidant and 30-80% of water for injection; the long-acting enrofloxacin injection for livestock and poultry optimizes various ingredients, does not affect curative effect under the condition of reducing the total dosage, and lowers treatment cost as well as has the advantages of long-term action, high efficiency, low cost, safety and reliability; the preparation method of the long-acting enrofloxacin injection is simple, so the production cost is reduced. The long-acting enrofloxacin injection is suitable for various infectious diseases in digestive system, respiratory system, urinary system and skin soft tissues resulting from sensitive bacteria and mycoplasma of cattle, pigs, poultry, dogs, cats and aquatic animals.


Hannah Arendt's distinct approach to political theorizing what she affectionately, yet not without ironical undertones, referred to as "my old-fashioned story-telling" (Arendt quoted in Disch 1993: 666) inspired much perplexity among commentators of her work. Indeed, her exercises in political thinking continue to manifest a stubborn resilience against all attempts at an easy categorization within established frameworks and schools of thought. This perplexity can no doubt be at least partly attributed to Arendt's general reluctance to engage in methodological and epistemological debates. Her work instead is guided by a rare attentiveness to the living experience of ever-changing reality, to which, in her words, "thought must remain bound ... as the only guideposts by which to take its bearings" (Arendt [1961] 1968: 14; see Hinchman & Hinchman 1984: 183). Yet this focus itself warrants an exploration of the ontological and epistemological premises that underlie it if we are not to miss out on its full import. Against this background, this chapter attempts to read Arendt's narrative approach to political phenomena not as "a method" strictly speaking, but in terms of her phenomenological-existentialist commitment to illuminating and making sense of the plural, unpredictable and changing worldly reality. In this way, it also aims to show that Arendt's "testament" (Arendt [1961] 1968: 5) consists of no prescriptions on what to think, nor does it offer clear-cut procedural rules on how to think. Rather, it arguably suggests a way of being in and relating to the world, whereby we continuously come to recognize the possibilities and limitations inherent in political action and our worldly existence as such.


A high speed data packet switching circuit has a software controlled primary processing unit (12), a plurality of network interface units (40a-40n) connected to a plurality of networks for receiving incoming data packet streams and for transmitting outgoing data packet streams, a plurality of high speed data stream hardware control circuits (14a-14p) for processing data packets in response to instructions from the primary processing unit (12) and circuitry for interconnecting the primary processing unit (12), the interface units (40a-40n), and the data stream control circuits (14a-14p). The primary processing unit (12), receives from the network interface unit (40a-40n) at least a first one of the data packets of each new data packet stream and assigns that stream to be processed by one of the data stream control circuits (14a-14p) without further processing by the primary processing unit (12). The apparatus and method thus perform routine, repetitive processing steps on the further packets of the data stream using the high speed hardware (14a-14p), while the initial processing and other non-repetitive or special processing of the data packets are performed in software. Particular hardware is described for effecting the high speed hardware processing of the data packets.


In Barbados economic hardship has a color. Ask Barbadians 'how're you doing?' and, if things are difficult in any way they might answer, 'Tings brown!' This seems to be an especially appropriate phrase for this paper which explores the inter-relations between contemporary racialized identificatory strategies and economic hardship in the Caribbean. My interest is in exploring the challenges Caribbean citizens and governments face in trying to pursue both democracy and economic sustainability at this time. One way in which these challenges continue to manifest themselves is in the overt and covert debates about who has the right to claim the protection of state institutions. Within these debates 'brown' surfaces as a way of drawing a line between those claims which are deemed legitimate and those which are deemed illegitimate. This paper focuses on four ways in which 'brown' defines the borders of dominant nationalist projects in Barbados. At the center of this article is an exploration of the difficulties facing Guyanese migrant workers in Barbados.


An experimental study on the behavior of the water hold-up by condensation of a fin-and-tube heat exchanger with regard to the surface characteristics, i.e., contact angles, was conducted. The static and dynamic contact angles were measured, and condensation experiments were conducted. Flow patterns on the fins with different surface characteristics were visualized. Results showed that the static contact angle is proportional to the dynamic contact angle within the range of this study. The water hold-up of the heat exchanger increases as the static or dynamic contact angle of its surfaces increases. Existence of transition of flow patterns was found as the static or dynamic angle increase. Due to the transition in the flow patterns, changes in the gradient of the water hold-up is occurred around the static angle of 80°.


Reflection on the Debugging Situation and Development Direction of Integrated Automation System in Substation Baiying Guo Heyuan Intelligence Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong, 251400, China Abstract With the rapid development and popularization of automation control technology nowadays, in the process of substation construction, the goal of unattended substation construction has been basically achieved, but at the same time higher requirements have been put forward for the commissioning of the integrated substation automation system. Therefore, the paper takes the integrated automation system of the power grid substation built in a certain area as an example, discusses the remote debugging methods, and compares various types of debugging methods, so as to realize the improvement of the remote debugging of the integrated automation system of the substation.


The inference and analysis of user search goals helps in improving search engine relevance. Search goals are interpreted accurately without any ambiguity on the basis of feedbacks collected from different users. This paper mainly focuses on devising a new searching strategy into social networking sites in order to restructure and refine the search goal of a user using his feedback sessions. Nowadays, most of the search engines give a wide list of results for the search query and they are not able to satisfy an exact need of a users intention. Hence exact search results are not obtained. Research and thesis show that in social networking sites, a feedback based search engine has not yet been implemented. Major processing steps are clustering, collecting feedback scores of each user and finally on the basis of collected feedbacks search results are restructured.


In this second paper of a series, two programs for EGA-equipped IBM-PC compatible machines are included with indications of their pedagogical uses in the teaching of elementary probability and statistics. Concepts illustrated include the coefficient of correlation, the expectation of a discrete distribution, the concept of a fair game, and the hypergeometric distribution. Three datasets useful for illustrating correlation are also documented and appended.


A fundamental experimental study is carried out to investigate the unsteady flow organization of an incident shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction at Mach 2.1. Planar and tomographic particle image velocimetry (PIV) are used in combination with data processing using the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), complemented with hot-wire anemometry (HWA) and nonlinear time series analyses. It is found that the global structure of the interaction region varies considerably in time and the mean flow-field is a simplified representation of a more complex instantaneous structure. An inter-relationship appears to exist between the incoming boundary layer, separated flow region, and reflected shock wave. The incoming boundary contains large-scale coherent motions, in the form of three-dimensional streamwise-elongated regions of relatively low- and high-speed fluid. The reflected shock wave region conforms to these regions as they enter the interaction, and may be viewed as a supposition of a streamwise translation and a spanwise rippling. The HWA results reveal that the reflected shock wave region contains energetic frequencies an order of magnitude lower than those found within the undisturbed boundary layer at the same distance from the wall. The time series is shown to be represented as a chaotic attractor in a limited dimensional state-space. This attractor has a rich, underlying structure, which contains the signatures of the low- and high-speed regions as they enter the interaction.


"Opportunities for the Development of the Competences of Resilient Operation in the Professional Care – Supervision Work – of Helpers, Especially in the Pastoral Vocation. Within the framework of this study, I present the specific resilience-enhancing role and characteristics of helpers, of a professional life path, professional caregivers, and supervising work with special focus on pastoral work, and helper vocation. I examine how the pastoral vocation picture finds its place in the family of helping vocations, how it can be defined in the search for identification, how therapy, education, how professional care appear in almost every aspect of pastoral work, and how vocation care and super success can be adapted in pastoral work. In each chapter, my reflection covers the most important resilience issues, identity issues, the person-centered approach and related concepts. I examine the relationships and methodology of resilience and supervision within the framework of helping occupations in the process of becoming a child, and I discuss how learning appears in the course of professional care along the lines of the ministry. The development of resilient competences in professional care has become important since the regime change, especially in the pastoral profession and in the intertwining of cooperation with assisting professions. Regarding the dialogue, purity and authentic presence of helper vocations and roles, the transparency and pastoral psychological approach of contexts and systems is an increasingly topical direction and issue. Main question: Is there sufficient insight and awareness to examine the respective helping vocations, the pastor's professional life path, his tired or burnt-out personality in the ministry, and his important fighting ability in the midst of crises? Are we looking for preventive ways? Is today's pastor motivated enough to pay attention to his psychical, spiritual, physical, and social health? If so, how can these be achieved? As a researcher, as an active psychotherapist working with couples and families, as a professional/supervisor, pastor wife, active Christian pastoral and mental health professional, and a pastoral psychologist, I think in several dimensions and systemic perspectives. As a helper, professional care-giver/supervisor, the issue of identity is important. I see spirituality as a kind of "driver" in the process, and I think it is decisive – it can be inspiring, but it can also be disincentive. Calibration is the task of the authentic helper of the time. That is, continuous reflection and self-reflection in a spiritual dimension. The goal is to mature, to fight/cope resiliently. The freedom to jump, the intuitive way, the path of development and learning are puzzle pieces of the spiritual dimension, a space for coping and fulfilment. Knowing God, I know myself, and knowing myself (in humility) brings me closer to God. Keywords: identity, professional identity, professional image of helpers and pastors, motivation, authenticity, empathy, IQ/EQ/SQ (intellect/emotion/spirituality – intelligence), focus, resilience, learning, stress, coping, professional care/supervision "


This work summarizes the current understanding of the mechanisms providing mucociliary clearance and their disorders in respiratory diseases. It is noted that currently the understanding of the drainage function of the respiratory tract and cough formation in bronchopulmonary pathology has significantly expanded, and therefore much attention is paid to the search for opportunities to correct these parts of pathogenesis. The use of drugs improving sputum rheology and decreasing inflammatory mucosal edema are of great importance in this aspect. The article summarizes the data on the possibilities of pathogenetic correction of respiratory disorders with the emphasis on the use of expectorants and mucolytic drugs made from herbal raw materials. For many of them a sufficiently rich clinical experience has been accumulated, and modern manufacturing techniques have significantly increased their quality and safety. The mucolytic and expectorant properties of modern herbal remedies are in many cases as good as those of synthetic drugs. An important feature of herbal remedies is that they contain a combination of many components with a complex therapeutic effect, whereby the quality of herbal remedies is ensured by the most modern manufacturing control mechanisms. The paper reflects the main therapeutic effects of herbal remedies, which depend on the plant species and are determined by their content of biologically active substances: alkaloids, glycosides (including anthraglycosides, cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids), phytoncides, essential oils, coumarins, tannins, resins, etc. The results of own observations on the use of herbal remedies in routine clinical practice are presented. The high adherence of patients to the use of herbal syrups and drops based on ivy extract in the therapy of cough syndrome in adults and children is shown.


According to the transactional stress theory (Lazarus & Folkman), cognitive appraisals refer to the stakes a person has in a stressful encounter and to the coping options. They result in either challenge, threat, or harm/loss. Personal resources and environmental demands can be seen as antecedents of these appraisals. The present experiment has been set up to assess the dynamic patterns of cognitive appraisals under stress. General self-efficacy as a personal resource was used as a between-group factor.


Objective To investigate the bank tellers' job burnout in Hebei Province,so as to reduce its occurrence.Methods Totally,298 bank tellers from different kinds of bank in Hebei Province selected by cluster sampling were surveyed with Chinese version of Maslach Burnout Inventory(MBI). Results Univariate analysis showed that significant differences existed in job burnout(P=0.000),emotion exhaustion(P=0.000),cynicism(P=0.000)and decreased sense of achievement(P=0.000)between different genders.Emotion exhaustion varied among bank tellers with different educational background(P=0.042)and with various working years(P=0.002).Logistic regression analysis showed that gender and working years were the significant influencing factors of emotion exhaustion and low sense of achievement,with overall contribution rates of 10.1% and 8.8% respectively,while gender was a significant predictor of cynicism,with an overall contribution rate of 14.7%. Conclusions The level of bank tellers' job burnout in Hebei Province is not high.But it shows a certain degree of job burnout tendency.


It is assumed that relations between $n$ players are represented by a directed graph or digraph. Such a digraph is called invariant if there is a link (arc) between any two players between whom there is also a directed path. We characterize a class of power indices for invariant digraphs based on four axioms: Null player, Constant sum, Anonymity, and the Transfer property. This class is determined by $2n-2$ parameters. By considering additional conditions about the effect of adding a directed link between two players, we single out three different, one-parameter families of power indices, reflecting several well-known indices from the literature: the Copeland score, $\beta$- and apex type indices.


LM25 aluminum alloy reinforced with 10 wt% of TiB2, WC, and ZrO2 were squeeze cast to investigate the effect of T6 heat treatment on tribo-mechanical properties. Among all, WC-reinforced composite achieved superior mechanical properties at the aging time of 8 h. Microstructural examination performed on all composites and alloy concluded that the presence of WC in T6 LM25 caused reduction of α-Al dendrite size, exhibiting superior properties for this composite. X-ray diffraction analysis conducted on alloy and WC-reinforced superior composite revealed formations of phases, which improved their mechanical properties. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis quantified the actual intensity of WC presence in the superior composite along with its other constituents. Response surface methodology model developed for wear test of the superior composite involves parametric range like applied load (10–50 N), sliding velocity (1–4 m/s), and sliding distance (500–2500 m). Analysis of variance along with regression analysis proved that, statistical analytical model developed good relationship between the actual wear rate and process parameters. Response surface plots represented the linearly increasing wear trend with respect to load and sliding distance. Wear rate dropped initially and raised later on along with velocity. Scanning electron microscopy exhibited the surface deformation prevailing on the composite surface at high load.


The theme of this year's British Academy of Childhood Disability (BACD) annual scientific meeting is maximizing potential for children and young people with sensory impairment. The majority of children with sensory impairment have additional disabilities. For example, Flanagan et al. found that 79% of a community-based sample of children with visual impairment had additional medical problems, with cerebral palsy being the most common. Conversely, we know that sensory impairment is frequently under-diagnosed in children with other disabilities, leading to failure to provide appropriate intervention. Many children with sensory impairment are part of a growing cohort of children with medical complexity (CMC), characterized by Cohen et al. as 'those with significant and/ or multiple chronic health conditions, functional limitations, and substantial healthcare use'. In 2006, in the USA, CMC accounted for 10% of admissions, 26% of bed days, 41% of costs, and 43% of deaths in children's hospitals. While there is much to be proud of in the improved survival of infants born preterm and in the novel treatments that have transformed our practice, we have to reflect on the challenges for families who are left to navigate through a fragmented healthcare system, with a different clinician looking after each symptom, system, or body part. As the children and their parents make their way through the emergency department, intensive care, onto the general paediatric ward, and into respiratory, gastroenterology, or orthopaedic outpatients, the standout question is: who should be leading and overseeing their medical care? CMC and their families need a trusted, long-term relationship with a senior clinician who can help them prioritize treatment options and make difficult shared decisions when the child's health deteriorates. The lack of such an individual is one of many factors that leads to conflict between families and healthcare staff, resulting in stress for all concerned. The impact on families is self-evident, but there is also a cost for staff in terms of low morale, burnout, and attrition. My question is, therefore: to what extent is this 'our problem' as paediatric neurologists and neurodisability consultants? The majority of CMC will have a neurological disorder, which is often their primary diagnosis. So, do we have the same status as all the other subspecialists caring for a specific symptom or should we be the 'first among equals', leading their care? Specialization is an inevitable consequence of advancing technology. To the primary care physician, the general paediatrician is a specialist, and to the general paediatrician, the paediatric neurologist is a specialist. But we have taken specialization still further with 'epileptologists', and specialists in tone management, autism, and sensory impairment. The workload associated with these specialist roles may mean that we are unable to also lead care for a large caseload of CMC; therefore, perhaps medical leadership should be delivered by a new breed of 'complexologists'. However, I believe that paediatric neurologists and neurodisability consultants still retain something very important: an understanding of the fundamentals of disability and a commitment to maximizing the potential of all children, regardless of the severity of their condition. If we cannot always lead care for our patients, it at least behoves us to be an important player in the team that provides teaching and support for our colleagues in other specialities. We should be able to show them how to value and maximize the life chances of the children with disabilities who will form an increasing part of their clinical caseload.


Soil arthropods play a significant role in soil processes (e.g. nutrient cycling). Diversity of soil invertebrates has been shown to positively influence plant diversity (De Deyn et al. 2003). In turn, plant diversity, and even plant species identity, can influence soil communities (Armbrecht et al. 2004, Ayres et al. 2006, Wardle 2006). In the particular case of plant invasions, several authors have shown that some animal groups in the soil can be affected by the change in plant community. For instance, Belnap & Philips (2001) showed that invasion by the annual grass Bromus tectorum (western US) decreased the overall abundance of soil invertebrates as well as the species richness of soil arthropods. These changes in soil communities during invasion have been proposed to facilitate the development of invasive plants, creating positive feedbacks (Callaway et al. 2004, Wolfe & Klironomos 2005). In the present study, the general hypothesis is that Senecio inaequidens (Asteraceae), invasive in Europe, and the native S. jacobaea (synonym: Jacobaea vulgaris) are not associated with the same community of soil arthropods, in terms of abundance, taxonomic assemblage and diversity.


In this paper a comparison between three different optical wavelength converters, all based on travelling wave semiconductor optical amplifiers, is carried out on the ground of a possible use of these devices in the optical layer of the transport network. Cross-gain modulation (XGM), cross-phase-modulation (XPM) and four-wave-mixing (FNM) converters are considered.


This ECAR research bulletin details the arguments emerging in the blogosphere and elsewhere both for and against the learning management system. It examines whether the LMS is destined to continue as the primary means of organizing the online learning experience for university students. The bulletin is a companion to an earlier ECAR research bulletin that examines the factors leading to the selection of the open source learning management system at the Open University in the United Kingdom.


Printed ISSN 2357-0652 Online ISSN 2735-4741 Organizational citizenship behavior is effective in ensuring hotels successful and improving its performance, so the purpose of this paper is to examine the level of organizational citizenship behavior among the Egyptian five-star hotels' employees in Luxor. The study utilized the questionnaires form as an instrument to collect data measure these variables. Out of 200 forms distributed, 142 forms were successfully filled out and collected. The study found that the level of organizational citizenship behavior among employees in fivestar hotels in Egypt was high in altruism dimension and was very high in courtesy, sportsmanship, conscientiousness, and civic virtue dimensions. On the other hand in fivestar hotels there were significant differences between demographic variable (Gender) in two dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior (sportsmanship and conscientiousness) the high mean of these dimension for females. In addition there were significant differences between demographic variable (Years of experience) in two dimensions of organizational citizenship (conscientiousness, and civic virtue) the high mean of these dimensions for old employees (11-20 years of experience). The study recommended that designing training programs aims to raise employees' awareness of the importance of organizational citizenship behavior. Organizational citizenship behavior,


Multiband detectors have many advantages compared with the single band detectors. In this paper a multi color, broad band infrared detector is proposed and analyzed. This multilayer quantum dot infrared detector utilizes the inter-valence band transitions in the InGaAs quantum dots to achieve the multicolor broad band response. Energy eigen values and wave functions of the hole states are determined by the numerical diagonalization of the Luttinger Kohn Hamiltonian. Absorption spectra is calculated by summing over the absorption due to transition from the heavy hole ground state to the all possible states. Then self-consistent numerical calculation method is used to determine the photocurrent and spectral responsivity of multilayer QDIP.


Giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect is a powerful technique for magnetic label detection. Co-based amorphous ribbons are cheap materials showing high GMI effect at low operation frequencies for close to zero magnitostriction compositions. In this work magnetic properties and GMI were studied for CoFeMoSiB amorphous ribbons in as-quenched and surface modified states without and in the presence of water-based ferrofluid with electrostatic stabilization of γ -Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles. Surface modification by ultrasound treatment resulted in appearance of round defects with average diameter of about 150 micrometers. The GMI difference for as-quenched ribbons in absence and in the presence of ferrofluid was measured for the frequency range of 0.5 to 10 MHz. Although proposed surface modification by the ultrasound treatment did not improve the sensitivity limit for ferrofluid detection, it did not decrease it either. Observed changes of GMI are useful for understanding of functionality of GMI biosensors.


The free energy of the incommensurate phase of thiourea is minimized qualitatively. Two classes of solutions with different symmetry properties are found and discussed. These correspond to incommensurate phases with two different superspace groups; the system goes from one to the other by a phase transition between incommensurate phases, under the control of certain anharmonic terms of the Landau free energy development, which involve the phases and amplitudes of harmonics one, two and three of the modulation L'energie libre de la phase incommensurable de la thiouree est minimisee qualitativement. Deux classes de solutions sont mises en evidence, avec des proprietes de symetrie differentes. Elles correspondent a deux phases incommensurables avec des supergroupes d'espaces differents; le systeme passe de l'une a l'autre par une transition de phase entre phases incommensurables, sous le controle de certains termes anharmoniques du developpement de Landau de l'energie libre, qui mettent en jeu les phases et les amplitudes des harmoniques un, deux et trois de la modulation


The tandem stators of a high load axial compressor have been optimized by changing three-dimensional(3-D) stacklines near the hub.An in-housed optimization platform for 3-D numerical aerodynamics design of compressors was used and the complex method was adopted.After the optimization,the separation near the hub has been removed,and the performance of the compressor has been effectively improved.


Purpose: To determine the effect of a supportive educational intervention based on the Orem self-care model on women with type 2 diabetes and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Setting: Hospital outpatient diabetes clinic. Subjects: Adult women with type 2 diabetes and mild-to-moderate diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Out of 410 patients, 120 diabetic patients were recruited and randomly assigned to trial group (N = 60) and control group (N = 60). Intervention: The trial group received a designed intervention consist of one-month supportive educational program with three months of follow-up (totally four months), based on self-care requisites according to the Orem self-care regarding diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The control group only received a routine care program in the diabetes clinic. Main measurements: The main outcomes were symptoms and severity of diabetic neuropathy. Further outcomes were fasting blood sugar and glycosylated hemoglobin. Results: By the end of the intervention, the number of participants reduced from 60 to 58 in the trial group and to 57 in the control group (totally 115). The intervention significantly decreased mean score of diabetic neuropathy symptoms (trial group: 3.26 vs. control group: 9.57, P = 0.001), severity (trial group: 5.86 vs. control group: 9.02, P = 0.001), fasting blood sugar (trial group: 151 vs. control group: 204, P = 0.001), and glycosylated hemoglobin (trial group: 7.85 vs. control group: 8.62, P = 0.004). Conclusion: Delivering a supportive-educational intervention based on the Orem self-care model on outpatient diabetes clinic can decrease the symptoms and severity of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Trial registration: It was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT2015021521095N1).


This work analyses energy expenditure in outdoor sport environments with augmented reality technology. Battery efficiency is becoming a relevant topic in the context of the varied outdoor end-user services, among other realms. It is a key to the acceptance and use of mobile technology. In outdoor environments, battery efficiency can be low, especially when information based on close-to-real-time requires internet access and the use of sensors. Such requirement is today evident with the growth of internet dependence and multiple sensors, which perform both actively and passively via fitness gadgets, smartphones, pervasive systems, and other personal mobile gadgets. In this context, it is relevant to understand how energy is spent with the accelerometer, global position system, and internet access (Wi-Fi or mobile data) providing smart data for outdoor sports activities. Through a prototype, an analysis is made based on the current battery autonomy, and an algorithm model for better battery efficiency is proposed.


The rapid development of World Wide Web has dramatically changed the way in which information is managed and accessed. The information in Web is increasing at a striking speed. At present, there are more than 7,500 terabytes of information in Web. Web information has covered all domains of human activities. This opened the opportunity for users to benefit from the available data. So Web is being concerned more and more. This paper introduces the process of virtual data and give a example to discuss the scheme of virtual data auto integration.


1. Comparison was made on the starch formation in leaves from various sugars snd glucose-l-phosphate. 2. Formation of starch from glucose-l-phosphate proceeds in the absence of respiration. Starchformation from sugars, however, must be coupled with respiration. 3. Among the various sugars tested, sucrose, maltose, glucose, fructose, and galactose were excellent material for starch formation. 4. The effects of pH and concentrations of salts of the solution were tested. It was found that the formation of starch was not significantly affected between pH values of 5.8_??_7.7. Greater concentrations of salts had markedly inhibiting effect on the formation of starch. 5. It was suggested that the energy necessary for the phosphorylation reaction of sugars would be obtained from the coupled respiration in the leaves.


The invention discloses a high-efficiency surface grinding machine for product spraying. The high-efficiency surface grinding machine for product spraying comprises a table top. A conveying assembly, a grinding assembly and a moving assembly are arranged on the table top. The conveying assembly is a conveying track arranged on the table top. The grinding assembly comprises a first abrasive paper assembly and a second abrasive paper assembly. Each abrasive paper assembly comprises a motor and an abrasive paper roller. The first abrasive paper roller and the second abrasive paper roller share the same abrasive paper. The other end of an abrasive paper roll with which the first abrasive paper roller is sleeved is wound around the second abrasive paper roller. A machining zone is arranged between the first abrasive paper roller and the second abrasive paper roller. The motors of the two abrasive paper assemblies rotate reversely at the same rotating speed. The moving assembly comprises a machining platform. The machining platform is driven by the motors to move on the conveying track. Products are placed on the machining platform. The machining platform is located at the same height as the machining zone of the abrasive paper. The high-efficiency surface grinding machine for product spraying is good in grinding effect; grinding time is shortened; the average grinding time of each product is only 5-6 S, so that grinding efficiency is greatly improved.


The problem of differentiation between homage to an worship of prophets and awliya is a centuries-long issue of Islamic theological science discussed by both theologians and secular researchers. Controversiasl attitudes thereto lead to an aggravation of relations in the religious environment and to a sharp deterioration of the socio-political situation in certain regions of the world. The latter can manifest itself in mutual accusations of disbelief by groups holding diametrally opposite views on this issue, which in some cases leads to armed conflicts. This issue has become one of the elements of the confrontation between Sufis and supporters of Wahhabism. The ways to resolve this conflict include strict adherence to the main Islamic sources of doctrine, namely the verses of the Holy Qur'an and authentic (mainly sahih, hasan) statements of Prophet Muhammad. The opinions of prominent theologians, representatives of madhhabs, are also to be considered if they do not contradict the Qur'an.


Chalcogenide glasses, which contain the chalcogen elements S, Se and Te covalently bonded with network forming elements such as Ge, As, Sb, etc, possess a higher third order (Kerr) optical nonlinearity at telecommunications wavelengths than any other known glass. Their high linear index and low optical absorption also makes it practical to use them to fabricate nanowire waveguides. In particular the third order nonlinear response of these materials displays a pure refractive nonlinearity with negligible two-photon absorption and a complete absence of free carrier effects. As a result we have been able to demonstrate all optical signal processing of telecommunications signals at speeds up to 640Gb/s [1] and RF spectral analysis with ≈3THz bandwidth [2] using waveguides made from As<inf>2</inf>S<inf>3</inf> chalcogenide glass with nonlinear parameters up to ≈10,000W−1km−1. However, in order to reduce power requirements higher values of the nonlinear parameter are desirable. Here we describe our first results using a new waveguide material: Ge<inf>11</inf>As<inf>22</inf>Se<inf>67</inf> whose nonlinearity is about 4 times larger than As<inf>2</inf>S<inf>3</inf> [3] and which has allowed us to achieve nonlinear parameters in air-clad rib waveguides in excess of 26000W−1km−1. Rib waveguides were fabricated by dry etching 340nm deep into 680nm thick glass films deposited by thermal evaporation onto an oxidized silicon wafer. Waveguides 3µm and 4µm wide were used in these experiments and these had nonlinear parameters (γ=2πn<inf>2</inf>/A<inf>eff</inf>γ) of 33000W−1km−1 and 26000W−1km−1 respectively - record values for a glass waveguide. This enhanced nonlinear response along with dispersion control leads to strong effects such as supercontinuum generation (Fig. 1(a)) and broad-band four wave mixing with large gain (Fig. 1(b)) using pulses with peak powers of 10–30W. The nonlinear response is also sufficient to allow nonlinear processing using CW powers in the 100mW range. This talk will describe the properties of Ge<inf>11</inf>As<inf>22</inf>Se<inf>67</inf> waveguides and their nonlinear properties at telecommunications wavelengths.


This research concerns to the submitted project to the Scientific Initiation Program of the Midwest State University (UNICENTRO) in 2015. Its main goal was to seek the theoretical propositions that aim to give prominence to the interpretation of socio-spatial phenomena, that is, to understand the representations of the sacred contextualized in the geographical imagination in the city of Palmeira, State of Parana. For a better analysis and understanding, we seek to understand the practices and uses of the "Bom Jesus do Monte", better known as "Capelinhas de Vieiras". This place is located in the community of Vieiras in the countryside of the county, in this area are built 14 chapels in cruse form, which represent the devotion of a Portuguese immigrant by the deities who attended him when requested. After the bibliographical analysis, informal interviews were conducted with people from the community of Vieiras, as well as questionnaires in the printed form were applied about the uses and utility of the place. Through the results obtained we come to some considerations and proposals, made at the end of this article.


OBJECTIVES
The objective of this research was to determine test intervals between intraoperator case reviews to minimize the impact of recall.

METHODS
Three pathologists were presented with a group of 120 slides and subsequently challenged with a study set of 120 slides after 2-week and 4-week intervals. The challenge set consisted of 60 slides seen during the initial review and 60 slides previously unseen within the study. Pathologists rendered a diagnosis for each slide and indicated whether they recalled seeing the slide previously (yes/no).

RESULTS
Two weeks after having been shown 60 cases from a challenge set of 120 cases, the pathologists correctly remembered 26, 22, and 24 cases or 40% overall. After 4 weeks, the pathologists correctly recalled 31% of cases previously seen.

CONCLUSIONS
Pathologists were capable of recalling from memory cases seen previously at 2 and 4 weeks. Recall rates may be sufficiently high to affect intraobserver study design.


The invention discloses a method for preparing a patterned sapphire substrate for the extension of a gallium nitride-based LED, which comprises the following steps of: vapor-depositing a layer of thin film made from a low-refractive index material on the sapphire substrate by using conventional technology; preparing a mask pattern on the thin film with a photoresistor; transferring a pattern of a photosensitive resist mask onto the thin film by etching; and cleaning the substrate to remove the residual photoresistor. As threading dislocation is deflected from a vertical direction to a horizontal direction when GaN is extended and grown on the patterned substrate obtained by the method, the threading dislocation density of a GaN-based extension layer is reduced, the crystal quality of the extension layer is improved, a non-radiative recombination centre of a semiconductor luminous material is reduced, radiative recombination is enhanced and the light emitting efficiency of the LED can be improved; and the method has the advantages of easily controlled preparation process, simplicity, diversity, high rate of finished products and production cost reduction.


This study empirically investigates the relationship between economic freedom and
 financial development in EU countries. Using panel data covering the years 2000–2017 and
 employing fixed effects, random effects, and the generalised method of moments (GMM),
 the paper examines the effect of economic freedom on financial development. The research
 results demonstrate that greater economic freedom is conducive to financial development
 in the EU. These findings remain robust to the use of an alternative index of economic
 freedom. The results imply that policies which promote economic freedom are likely to
 raise the level of a country's financial development.


The acoustic-phonetic decoding of complete sentences is a major bottleneck in continuous speech recognition. Our group, who has been working in this area for the past twelve years, first developed systems based on synchronous centi-second pattern-matching. In order to improve the accuracy of present phonetic decoders, we are now developing an expert production-rule system that should emulate the competence of an experienced spectrogram reader. After a brief description of the methodology used to elucidate the expert's knowledge and strategies, the paper explains how this expertise has been implemented ; results from the present experimental version of our system (APHODEX) are discussed. In order to increase efficiency while maintaining the same degree of accuracy, we are concurrently designing a system in which the expert's knowledge is represented by frames. An overall description of the system, which describes the phonetic decoding process in terms of a frame language is given in the second part of this paper.


In the context of the very challenging COLOMBUS and HERMES programmes (millions of lines of Ada code to be developped over the next decade), the European Space Agency has selected HOOD, the Hierarchical Object Oriented Design method proposed by CISI tNGENIERIE, merging the COD concepts retained by Booch [3] and some of the hierarchy principles found in GOOD [9] and enforced by Abstract Machines (a technique already in use at Matra Espace).


Over the past decade, private philanthropies have spearheaded a great deal of activity known in the field as "comprehensive, community-building initiatives" (for an overview of this field, see, for example, Eisen, 1992; Kubisch et al., in press; Stone, 1996). The public sector has also seen increasing activity of this type: The Empowerment Zone program, launched through federal legislation in 1993, is the most obvious example. These efforts, public and private, share a general approach to neighborhood development and the alleviation of the effects of poverty characterized by four crucial elements. First, they focus on geographically defined target areas, variously defined but almost always limited to a portion or portions of a city. Second, they provide support for a process of strategic planning based on a recognition of community assets and available resources as well as needs. Third, they insist on "community participation" in the governance, planning, and implementation of development activities at the local level. Finally, they focus on comprehensive development, including an attempt to integrate economic, physical, and human development activities. This article focuses on the last element. We are particularly interested in exploring community-based attempts to interconnect development strategies for maximizing the effects of resources and extent of neighborhood change. The article outlines the rationale for comprehensive development and examines possible approaches to its realization, drawing briefly on the literature in an attempt to put the concept in historical and current practice perspectives. It then examines the attempt to operationalize the idea of comprehensive development in one effort, the Neighborhood and Family Initiative (NFI) sponsored by the Ford Foundation, which is currently being implemented in a neighborhood in each of four American cities. The analysis is based on data collected through ongoing fieldwork, including qualitative interviews and focus groups and observation of collaborative-sponsored meetings, events, and relevant neighborhood activities. It is also based on a review of site-produced materials, including administrative documents, results of local evaluation, correspondence, and minutes, as well as materials in the Ford Foundation archives. (For a more detailed analysis of the initiative's principles and approaches to collaborative planning and integrated development, see Chaskin, 1992; Chaskin & Joseph, 1995; Chaskin & Ogletree, 1993.) Rationale for Comprehensive Development The interrelationship among a number of social problems, such as joblessness, lack of education, low income, poor housing, and inadequate health care, is broadly acknowledged and has provided much of the impetus for efforts to address multiple social needs by integrating strategies. This is especially true of efforts that seek to alleviate conditions of poverty, given that low-income families and individuals are more likely than middle-income families to encounter many of these problems concurrently. Levitan, Mangum, and Pines (1989), for example, suggested that although nearly 93 percent of middle-class families face one or fewer "obstacles to self-sufficiency," 81 percent of families in poverty face two or more such obstacles, and more than half face three or more. The concurrence of such disadvantages and social ills can be seen beyond the family level, clustered in particular, definable neighborhoods. Such neighborhood-level interactions are especially clear among poor, inner-city neighborhoods with populations of color, leading to what Wilson (1987) termed "concentration effects." The recognition of this interaction of individual and family circumstances at the neighborhood level is one rationale for the current focus on community-based comprehensive development. The assumption is that because needs and circumstances are varied and interrelated at the neighborhood level, any effective attempt to address these needs must take into account the whole range of issues and circumstances and be framed in an equally comprehensive and integrated manner. …


Each social network can be modeled as a graph G = [V, E] in which V is a vertex representing a person in this social network, and E is an edge representing the existence of a relationship between two individuals. The social infrastructure with size m is known as the Km group in the social network G with m individual. In other words, in a Km, each person knows other individuals and is in touch with them. The present study aims at developing a method for optimizing interpersonal communication in the social network using a simple cellular automaton algorithm. The experimental results obtained from both simulated social network and two real social networks were analyzed. The findings revealed that the proposed method has the potential to considerably reduce not only the number of colors assigned but also the running time of the program.


Objective:To establish a sensitive RP-HPLC method for determining the content of solanesol in tobac- co callus cultivated at different plant hormones combination and different culturing time.Method:Making use of Symmetry C_(18)(150 mm×4.6 mm,5.0 μm)as column,and in the ratio(1:1.5)with methanol and anhydrous etha- nol,the flow rate was 1.5 mL·min~(-1),with wavelength at 215 nm and sensitive degree was 2.00 AUFS.Result: The linear range for solanesol would be good within 0.05-1.10 mg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9997),the average recoveries(n =6)were 98.6% ,RSD=1.3%.Under certain plant hormone s combinations and time period,the content of solanesol would have changed in disciplinary way,especially when the callus cultivated on the regulator MS with 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid(1 mg·L~(-1))as solid culture for 40 days,the content of solanesol in the callus may reach 0.882%.Conclusion:The method is accurate,reliable and suitable for determination of the content solanesol in tobacco callus and the other tobacco tissue culture.